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61,170,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1377H2208N382O442S17 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C1377H2208N382O442S17}}
The molecular formula C1377H2208N382O442S17 (molar mass: 31731.9 g/mol) may refer to:
Asparaginase
Pegaspargase
Molecular formulas | C1377H2208N382O442S17 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 72 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
61,170,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C10H19NO2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C10H19NO2}}
The molecular formula C10H19NO2 (molar mass: 185.267 g/mol, ) may refer to:
Atagabalin
Procymate | C10H19NO2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 50 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
61,170,544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psathyrella%20corrugis | Psathyrella corrugis, is the type species of the basidiomycete fungus genus Psathyrella and family Psathyrellaceae. Originally described from Europe as Agaricus corrugis, the species is considered non-toxic but lacking in flesh, flavor and texture. It is inedible.
Nomenclature
The lectotype of Psathyrella is Psathyrella gracilis, however P. corrugis was published in 1794, 27 years before P. gracilis was first published, making P. corrugis the correct name. The name given here is according to Index Fungorum.
Description
The cap is 1–4 cm wide, bell-shaped and translucent when young; it flattens and becomes opaque with age. The gills are slightly reddish. The whitish stalk is tall and 1–3 mm wide. The spores are purple-brown, elliptical, and smooth.
It can be found growing around areas of dead wood.
The species sometimes fruits with Tubaria furfuracea. A similar species is Candolleomyces candolleanus.
Gallery
References
External links
Psathyrellaceae
Inedible fungi
Fungus species | Psathyrella corrugis | [
"Biology"
] | 240 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
61,171,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C17H18N2O3S | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C17H18N2O3S}}
The molecular formula C17H18N2O3S (molar mass: 330.40 g/mol, exact mass: 330.1038 u) may refer to:
Atibeprone
SB-205384
Molecular formulas | C17H18N2O3S | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 68 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
61,171,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C65H82N2O18S2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C65H82N2O18S2}}
The molecular formula C65H82N2O18S2 (molar mass: 1243.49 g/mol) may refer to:
Atracurium besilate
Cisatracurium besilate
Molecular formulas | C65H82N2O18S2 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 70 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
61,171,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C30H46O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C30H46O2}}
The molecular formula C30H46O2 (molar mass: 438.70 g/mol) may refer to:
Momordicinin
Ganoderol A
Molecular formulas | C30H46O2 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 53 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
61,173,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unistellar | Unistellar is a French manufacturer of computer-connected telescopes that allow non-professional skywatchers to observe astronomical objects at relatively low cost. The first product launched was named the eVscope, and used digital astrophotographic techniques. SETI Institute has partnered with Unistellar and will be able to send requests for information and notifications to users, and receive information about transient astronomical events.
The eVscope is a -diameter Prime focus reflector, focal length 450 mm. It projects its image onto a CMOS color sensor with 1.3 million pixels. The image is transmitted to a small screen in an eyepiece also mounted on the telescope. An electronic connection to a computer (smartphone, pad, or laptop) is required to make astronomical observations from the telescope. The digital technology allows multiple images to be stacked while subtracting the noise component of the observation producing images of Messier objects and faint stars as dim as an apparent magnitude of 15 with consumer-grade equipment.
History
The company was founded in Marseille, France, in 2015, with incubator investment from Incubateur Impulse and Pépinières d'Entreprises Innovantes with subsequent VC round capital from private investors and a VC firm named Brighteye Ventures. Unistellar unveiled their electronic telescope technology prototype in 2017 at CES2017 in Las Vegas and at IFA Next in Berlin.
The company experienced difficulties bringing the product to market. The consumer-grade electronic telescope was originally planned to be available in the "fall 2018" which subsequently shifted to "early 2019," then later in 2019.
By January 2020, the telescope was expected to be shipped worldwide between May and August 2020. As of December 2021, over 5000 telescopes had been delivered to customers
The kit included a custom tripod and mount, a Bahtinov mask and a protective cap. Later, Unistellar introduced two new telescopes, eVscope 2 with bigger FOV and better monitor which won the T3 Platinum Award, and eQuinox with longer battery life and no monitor.
Science
As presented in AGU 2021 Fall Meeting, the eVscope had observed many astronomical objects up to December 2021, including the detection by 79 observers of 85 transits by Jupiter-sized exoplanets, 281 asteroid occultations (including forty-five positive ones), and three shape and spin solutions for near-Earth asteroids. The network also supported NASA's TESS mission by making transatlantic observations of an exoplanet transit, and NASA's Lucy mission by profiling Trojan asteroids this spacecraft will visit. These data are collected by observers in Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Unistellar aims to expand the network to the rest of Asia and to South America.
The Unistellar Exoplanet (UE) campaign helped to improve the measurement accuracy of the orbital period of TOI 3799.01. The UE campaign also helps to refine the orbit of long-period exoplanets, such as the Jupiter-analog Kepler-167e and the eccentric planet HD 80606b, which have transit durations longer than 10 hours. This refinement will help with follow-up observations, such as JWST observation of HD 80606b.
Competitive offerings
The Stellina astrophotography telescope by Vaonis is a similar technology-facilitated telescope that uses a digital display in lieu of an eyepiece and stacks images to get high-resolution images of deep-sky objects.
See also
Digiscoping
References
Telescope manufacturers
French companies established in 2015
Telescopes | Unistellar | [
"Astronomy"
] | 726 | [
"Telescope manufacturers",
"People associated with astronomy",
"Telescopes",
"Astronomical instruments"
] |
61,173,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%201590 | IC 1590 is an open cluster located in the nebulosity of NGC 281. 279 stars with magnitudes less than or equal to 17 are visible within or near the cluster. The cluster is estimated to be 3.5 million years old, making it relatively young compared to other star systems. Inside the cluster is a multiple-star system that emits light which helps give the dust in NGC 281 its glow.
Gallery
See also
Cassiopeia
NGC 281
References
Open clusters
Cassiopeia (constellation)
1590 | IC 1590 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 107 | [
"Cassiopeia (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
61,173,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cederbaum%27s%20maximum%20flow%20theorem | Cederbaum's theorem defines hypothetical analog electrical networks which will automatically produce a solution to the minimum s–t cut problem. Alternatively, simulation of such a network will also produce a solution to the minimum s–t cut problem. This article gives basic definitions, a statement of the theorem and a proof of the theorem. The presentation in this article closely follows the presentation of the theorem in the original publication.
Definitions
Definitions in this article are consistent in all respects with those given in a discussion of the maximum-flow minimum-cut theorem.
Flow graph
Cederbaum's theorem applies to a particular type of directed graph: . V is the set of nodes. is the a set of directed edges: .
A positive weight is associated with each edge: . Two of the nodes must be s and t: and .
Flow
Flow, , is a positive quantity associated with each edge in the graph. Flow is constrained by the weight of the associated edge and by the conservation of flow at each vertex as described here.
Current
Current is defined as a map for each edge pair to the real numbers, . Current maps from the voltage to a range that is determined by the weights of the respective forward and reverse edges. Each edge pair is the tuple consisting of the forward and reverse edges for a given pair of vertices. The current in the forward and reverse directions between a pair of nodes are the additive inverses of one another: . Current is conserved at each interior node in the network. The net current at the and nodes is non-zero. The net current at the node is defined as the input current. For the set of neighbors of the node , :
Voltage
Voltage is defined as a mapping from the set of edge pairs to real numbers, . Voltage is directly analogous to electrical voltage in an electrical network. The voltage in the forward and reverse directions between a pair of nodes are the additive inverses of one another: . The input voltage is the sum of the voltages over a set of edges, , that form a path between the and nodes.
s–t cut
An s–t cut is a partition of the graph into two parts each containing one of either or . Where , , , the s–t cut is . The s–t cut set is the set of edges that start in and end in . The minimum s–t cut is the s–t cut whose cut set has the minimum weight. Formally, the cut set is defined as:
Electrical network
An electrical network is a model that is derived from a flow graph. Each resistive element in the electrical network corresponds to an edge pair in the flow graph. The positive and negative terminals of the electrical network are the nodes corresponding to the and terminals of the graph, respectively. The voltage state of the model becomes binary in the limit as the input voltage difference approaches . The behavior of the electrical network is defined by Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws. Voltages add to zero around all closed loops and currents add to zero at all nodes.
Resistive element
A resistive element in the context of this theorem is a component of the electrical network that corresponds to an edge pair in the flow graph.
iv characteristic
The characteristic is the relationship between current and voltage. The requirements are:
(i) Current and voltage are continuous function with respect to one another.
(ii) Current and voltage are non-decreasing functions with respect to one another.
(iii) The range of the current is limited by the weights of the forward and reverse edges corresponding to the resistive element. The current range may be inclusive or exclusive of the endpoints. The domain of the voltage is exclusive of the maximum and minimum currents:
Statement of theorem
The limit of the current between the input terminals of the electrical network as the input voltage, approaches , is equal to the weight of the minimum cut set .
Proof
Claim 1 Current at any resistive element in the electrical network in either direction is always less than or equal to the maximum flow at the corresponding edge in the graph. Therefore, the maximum current through the electrical network is less than the weight of the minimum cut of the flow graph:
Claim 2 As the input voltage approaches infinity, there exists at least one cut set such that the voltage across the cut set approaches infinity.
This implies that:
Given claims 1 and 2 above:
Related Topics
The existence and uniqueness of a solution to the equations of an electrical network composed of monotone resistive elements was established by Duffin.
Application
Cederbaum's maximum flow theorem is the basis for the Simcut algorithm.
References
Combinatorial optimization
Theorems in graph theory
Network flow problem | Cederbaum's maximum flow theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 930 | [
"Theorems in graph theory",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics"
] |
61,173,909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BALSAC%20%28database%29 | BALSAC is a population database that allows for the creation of genealogical histories from Quebec, covering individuals from within the province's territory from the beginning of European settlement in the 17th century to today. The database is named after the first letters of the regions it first included.
History
BALSAC was created in 1972 at the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi in partnership with Université Laval, McGill University, and the Université de Montréal on the initiative of Gérard Bouchard. The data are derived from vital records, mostly marriage certificates, that are connected through record linkage. These records can be combined for studies in disciplines such as human genetics, demography, geography, sociology, and history. The first milestone of the project was to recreate the population of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean from over 660,000 baptisms, marriages, and deaths in the region between 1838 and 1971. The database was expanded progressively to the entirety of Quebec's territory for the 19th and 20th centuries by matching data to marriage certificates, with the exception of a few regions for which baptismal and burial records were already digitized (Charlevoix and the Iles-de-la-Madeleine in part). In 2016, the linkage of nearly all Catholic marriages (around 1.25 million records) in Quebec from 1800 to 1940 was completed.
References
External links
BALSAC (English)
Genealogy
Genealogy databases
Online archives
Archives in Quebec | BALSAC (database) | [
"Biology"
] | 291 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Genealogy"
] |
61,173,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia%20M.%20Stoesser%20Lecturer%20in%20Chemistry | The Sylvia M. Stoesser Lecture series was established in 2000 by the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois. It is supported by alumna Yulan Tong and by Dow AgroSciences. It is named after the first woman chemist to work at Dow, Sylvia M. Stoesser. The lectureship is given every two years to "an individual who has made outstanding contributions to the chemical community and provides new perspectives in the chemical field outside academia."
Lecturers
References
Women and science
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
2000 establishments in Illinois
Chemistry events
Recurring events established in 2000
Biennial events
Women in Illinois
Chemistry education
University and college lecture series | Sylvia M. Stoesser Lecturer in Chemistry | [
"Technology"
] | 133 | [
"Women and science",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
61,174,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%20Lacertae | 12 Lacertae is a wide binary star system in the northern constellation of Lacerta, located roughly 1,260 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.23. The system is drifting closer to the Earth with a mean heliocentric radial velocity of –12.5. It is a probable member of the I Lacertae OB association (Lac OB1).
The primary component is a Beta Cephei variable with a stellar classification of B1.5III, matching a B-type star with the luminosity class of a giant star. It has been known to be variable for more than a century and has been extensively studied. The variable radial velocity of the star was discovered by W. S. Adams in 1912, and the light variations were established by 1919. The pulsational nature of the variability was shown by P. Ledoux in 1951, which led to one of the first world-wide observing campaigns with the star as its target. Dutch mathematician F. J. M. Barning analyzed the resulting data in 1963 and found four separate cycles of variation. By 1994, six periods had been confirmed.
The variable star designation of the primary is DD Lacertae, while 12 Lacertae is the Flamsteed designation. In general terms it varies in magnitude from 5.16 down to 5.28 with a period of . As many as eleven different frequencies have been detected, with the dominant cycle showing a frequency of 5.179034 cycles per day. Curiously, three of the frequencies form an equally-spaced triplet with cycles of 5.179, 5.334, and 5.490 per day, although this alignment appears to be a coincidence. It is a hybrid pulsator, showing mixed behaviors of a Beta Cephei variable and a slowly pulsating B-type star.
The primary is a massive star, having 9.5 times the mass of the Sun and an age of only 22 million years old. It has about 8.4 times the girth of the Sun. The averaged quadratic field strength of the surface magnetic field is . It is radiating 8,877 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 23,809 K. The estimated rotational velocity of the primary at the equator is ; about 10% of its break-up velocity. However, seismic models suggest the core region is rotating much more rapidly with a rotational velocity of up to , and thus the star is undergoing differential rotation.
The companion is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3V and visual magnitude 9.2. As of 2008, it had an angular separation of from the primary. There is a faint infrared nebulosity at a separation of from the pair that is most likely a bow shock.
References
B-type giants
Beta Cephei variables
Slowly pulsating B-type stars
A-type main-sequence stars
Binary stars
Lacerta
BD+39 4912
Lacertae, 12
214993
112031
8640
Lacertae, DD | 12 Lacertae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 658 | [
"Lacerta",
"Constellations"
] |
61,174,753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGCSE%20Award%20for%20Lifetime%20Service%20to%20the%20Computer%20Science%20Education%20Community | The SIGCSE Lifetime Service to Computer Science Education is an awarded granted by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) SIGCSE annually since 1997, for lifetime contributions to computer science education.
Laureates
Laureates have included:
Chris Stephenson, 2024
Renée McCauley, 2023
Simon, 2022
Cary Laxer, 2021
Alison Clear, 2020
Gloria Townsend, 2019
Eric S. Roberts, 2018
Mats Daniels, 2017
Barbara Boucher Owens, 2016
Frank Young, 2015
Andrea Lawrence, 2014
Henry Walker, 2013
, 2012
Gordon Davies, 2011
Peter J. Denning, 2010
Michael Clancy, 2009
Dennis J. Frailey, 2008
John Impagliazzo, 2007
Joyce Currie Little, 2006
Andrew McGettrick, 2005
Bruce Klein, 2004
, 2003
A. Joe Turner, 2002
, 2001
James Miller, 2000
Bob Aiken, 1999
Della Bonnette, 1998
Dick Austing, 1997
References
Academic awards
Computer science education | SIGCSE Award for Lifetime Service to the Computer Science Education Community | [
"Technology"
] | 193 | [
"Computer science education",
"Computer science"
] |
61,175,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%E2%80%93Curry%20theorem | In mathematical logic, the Scott–Curry theorem is a result in lambda calculus stating that if two non-empty sets of lambda terms A and B are closed under beta-convertibility then they are recursively inseparable.
Explanation
A set A of lambda terms is closed under beta-convertibility if for any lambda terms X and Y, if and X is β-equivalent to Y then . Two sets A and B of natural numbers are recursively separable if there exists a computable function such that if and if . Two sets of lambda terms are recursively separable if their corresponding sets under a Gödel numbering are recursively separable, and recursively inseparable otherwise.
The Scott–Curry theorem applies equally to sets of terms in combinatory logic with weak equality. It has parallels to Rice's theorem in computability theorem, which states that all non-trivial semantic properties of programs are undecidable.
The theorem has the immediate consequence that it is an undecidable problem to determine if two lambda terms are β-equivalent.
Proof
The proof is adapted from Barendregt in The Lambda Calculus.
Let A and B be closed under beta-convertibility and let a and b be lambda term representations of elements from A and B respectively. Suppose for a contradiction that f is a lambda term representing a computable function such that if and if (where equality is β-equality). Then define . Here, is true if its argument is zero and false otherwise, and is the identity so that is equal to x if b is true and y if b is false.
Then and similarly, . By the Second Recursion Theorem, there is a term X which is equal to f applied to the Church numeral of its Gödel numbering, X. Then implies that so in fact . The reverse assumption gives so . Either way we arise at a contradiction, and so f cannot be a function which separates A and B. Hence A and B are recursively inseparable.
History
Dana Scott first proved the theorem in 1963. The theorem, in a slightly less general form, was independently proven by Haskell Curry. It was published in Curry's 1969 paper "The undecidability of λK-conversion".
References
Lambda calculus
Undecidable problems | Scott–Curry theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 473 | [
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Computational problems",
"Undecidable problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
61,176,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20swap%20algorithms | In computer algorithms, block swap algorithms swap two regions of elements of an array. It is simple to swap two non-overlapping regions of an array of equal size. However, it is not simple to swap two non-overlapping regions of an array in-place that are next to each other, but are of unequal sizes (such swapping is equivalent to array rotation). Three algorithms are known to accomplish this: Bentley's juggling (also known as dolphin algorithm ), Gries-Mills, and reversal algorithm. All three algorithms are linear time O(n), (see Time complexity).
Reversal algorithm
The reversal algorithm is the simplest to explain, using rotations. A rotation is an in-place reversal of array elements. This method swaps two elements of an array from outside in within a range. The rotation works for an even or odd number of array elements. The reversal algorithm uses three in-place rotations to accomplish an in-place block swap:
Rotate region A
Rotate region B
Rotate region AB
Gries-Mills and reversal algorithms perform better than Bentley's juggling, because of their cache-friendly memory access pattern behavior.
The reversal algorithm parallelizes well, because rotations can be split into sub-regions, which can be rotated independently of others.
References
Algorithms
Arrays
Sorting algorithms | Block swap algorithms | [
"Mathematics"
] | 267 | [
"Sorting algorithms",
"Algorithms",
"Mathematical logic",
"Applied mathematics",
"Order theory"
] |
74,791,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalotaxus%20alkaloids | Cephalotaxus alkaloids are natural products characterized by pentacyclic structure.
Occurrence
These alkaloids are commonly found in the plum yew species (Cephalotaxus), especially in the Japanese plum-yew.
Representative
The most important representative is cephalotaxin. Other notable representatives include harringtonine and homoharringtonine.
Properties
Harringtonine and homoharringtonine exhibit antitumor activity and act against murine leukemia cells. They serve as protein and DNA biosynthesis inhibitors and are used against acute myelocytoxic leukemia.
References
Alkaloids
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings
Nitrogen heterocycles
Oxygen heterocycles | Cephalotaxus alkaloids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 145 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Natural products",
"Alkaloids"
] |
74,792,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%202023rve | SN 2023rve is a type II supernova that happened in the 10th magnitude barred spiral galaxy NGC 1097 on September 8, 2023. Scientists from the McDonald Observatory in the state of Texas, United States, have observed the supernova and conducted photometric measurements, they described it to be the brightest supernova in the sky as of September 12, 2023.
A dedicated page for this supernova was created on the "Bright Supernovae" website, which contains several images and light curves for this supernova.
It was added to the International Variable Star Index (VSX), maintained by the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO).
It was discovered by Mohammad Odeh from the UAE, using Al-Khatim Observatory (M44) maintained by the International Astronomical Center (IAC).
See also
SN 1992bd
SN 1999eu
SN 2006X
Spiral Galaxy NGC 1097
References
External links
NASA's APOD (2023 October 11)
Fornax
20030105
Supernova remnants
Supernovae | SN 2023rve | [
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 218 | [
"Supernovae",
"Astronomical events",
"Constellations",
"Explosions",
"Fornax"
] |
74,792,478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobesity | Autobesity, also known as car bloat and truck bloat, is the trend, beginning in about the 1990s, of cars increasing in average size and weight. The average weight of cars sold in Europe increased by 21% between 2001 and 2022. In the United States, SUVs and pickup trucks comprised more than 75% of new sales in 2024 compared to 38% in 2009.
Negative consequences
Among the consequences of increased car weight and size are:
Poorer air quality, even with electric vehicles, because heavier vehicles have higher energy consumption and release more tyre and brake particles (non-tailpipe emissions).
Reduced road safety, as heavier vehicles have greater kinetic energy, and taller vehicles are more likely to strike pedestrians in the head and torso, or even not be able to see small children who are below the driver's line of sight. Additionally, larger vehicles are more likely to hit pedestrians when turning due to poorer visibility. Vehicles with higher front ends and blunt profiles are 45% more likely to cause fatalities in crashes with pedestrians than smaller cars and trucks. In the United States, pedestrian fatalities increased by 57% between 2013 and 2022.
Parking issues for other vehicles, as they don't fit in typical parking spaces, often occupying multiple spaces.
Increased consumption of public space, promoting more sprawling cities and further exacerbating energy and automobile dependency.
Explanations
An individual driver may choose a large car for personal safety, though it threatens other road users. This in turn pushes others to choose large cars, a vicious circle. A US National Safety Council expert described autobesity as an "arms race".
Even though this is a decisive factor that some buyers do take into account, even the ones that don't actively search for larger vehicles are affected due to the increase in the number of safety features: from airbags to crumple zones. These require much more space in the vehicle, even adding areas of apparently empty space just so that the bodywork can move in case of an accident.
Government actions to counter autobesity
France, Norway, the Netherlands and Washington, D.C. (among others) tax vehicles by weight.
A 2023 European Parliament report proposes introducing a new "category B+" driving licence for cars heavier than .
From 2024 Paris will charge higher parking fees for SUVs.
In September 2024, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration proposed a rule mandating manufacturers to test their vehicles using pedestrian crash test dummies, with an estimate of saving 67 pedestrian lives per year.
References
External links
What is Autobesity? About Words - Cambridge Dictionary blog - New words – 21 August 2023
Cars
Urban planning
Automotive design
Transport culture
Public health
Health and transport
Health effects by subject | Autobesity | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 552 | [
"Transport culture",
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
74,793,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-Water%3A%20a%20Mosaic%20of%20Meditations | Light-Water: a Mosaic of Meditations is a "hypermedia work" that utilizes and layers images and poetry to "create a striking experience of poetic meditation." Created by Christy Sheffield Sanford in 1999, the work consists of ten poems that produce a "visual-literal meditation on light and water." Through the implementation of timelines within the poems and overall work, Light-Water illustrates how "space-time possibilities for literature can now be more adequately realized through the use of spatio-temporal dhtml editors."
Origins and influences
Sanford used Adobe Dreamweaver to complete this body of work, and this specific software allowed her to create a complicated, operational, and dynamic html scripting. Sanford said "special emphasis was placed on creating Timelines...Timelines were used to explore the kinetic properties/spirit of light and water."
Publication history
Light-Water was originally published in 1999 in an online journal by The New River. Through the use of the software Dreamweaver, this work exists on a web browser and is coded as a Dynamic HTML, or DHTML. As of 2022, this piece is accessible through the Electronic Literature Organization's The NEXT: Museum, Library, and Preservation Space, hosted at Washington State University Vancouver in Washington US. On the ELO Next's webpage, they note how "Amanda Hodes transferred the files for this copy to Dene Grigar in June 2022." While most of Sanford's works are no longer available or discoverable online, Light-Water remains accessible online and still remains the same as its original version and formatting.
Plot
Light-Water: a Mosaic of Meditations connects and emphasizes the natural and synthetic natures of light and water. Sanford uses the images to convey the message and help the reader visualize her poetic descriptions. With ten different poems, Cristy Sheffield Sanford creates a calming peace by looking at life through the lens of water and light. She details how light and water not only affect human life, but plant life and the entire view of the world. She uses various light sources like street lights, colorful stop lights, fire, and the moon to illustrate how everything we see, in life and in her work, has a purpose and is beautifully made or destroyed.
Story structure and navigation
The reader can enter the story by clicking on the image titles of one of the ten poems shown at the starting, mosaic title page. In each node and poem page, the reader can transition to the other poems through the linked titles of other poems at the bottom of the page. The three links at the bottom always include a link to the "Mosaic" title page in the middle and two different poems on either side of it. There is only one functional hypertext linked phrase within the text of the ten poems, and this link is located in the poem titled "Sweat". The navigation is simple and consistent, but it allows the reader to create their own path or follow a constructed sequence. Memmott notes how "For the most part, images are on equal ground with words -- there is little difference in the formal treatments of text and image. Images are intended to be metabolized as text, are meant as text -- are text. Vice versa."
Genre
This piece contains 10 poems. Light-Water is Electronic literature since it was created "using advanced web-techniques" and exists solely online through the web.
Critical reception
Describing the works in The New River, Timothy Luke and Jeremy Hunsinger said that the "combination of the visual and the literal is central to the direction of hypermedia" and that it is a creative synthesis between the reader and the work due to the blend of moving images and textual literature. In a critique titled "Mise en Place: Hypersensual Textility and Poly-vocal Narration," Talan Memmott said Sanford uses images and text interchangeably, creating metaphorical visuals by overlapping the text and images. He said that "the reader must not only read in a literary sense, but is asked to interpret the design, the contrasts, and interact with images and emergent metaphor. It is impressive just how much 'textility' images maintain in these works." The Electronic Literature Organization, the principle organization that promotes and supports e-lit, said that, "Sanford's visual lushness opened up radical new possibilities for the look of the screen and the combination of merged image, movement, and text."
References
External links
Light-Water: a Mosaic of Meditations
Sanford's home page
See the original work at https://thenewriver.us/wp-content/old-archives/newriver/sanford/light_water/series.html
Wikipedia Student Program
Hypermedia
1990s electronic literature works
1999 poems
Digital poems
Electronic literature
American electronic literature works | Light-Water: a Mosaic of Meditations | [
"Technology"
] | 979 | [
"Multimedia",
"Hypermedia"
] |
74,796,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20201585 | HD 201585 is a star located in the equatorial constellation Equuleus. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.23, making it readily visible in small telescopes but not to the naked eye. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 594 light-years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 201585's brightness is diminished by three-tenths of a magnitudes due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude of +1.81. HD 201585 is the star's Henry Draper Catalogue designation. It is also designated as MASCARA-1 meaning that it is the first star observed by the MASCARA exoplanet search program.
HD 201585 has a stellar classification of A3, indicating that it is an A-type star. However, later observations of the star's physical properties revealed a cooler class of A8. It has 1.9 times the mass of the Sun and 2.1 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 12 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it the typical white hue of an A-type star. HD 201585 either has a solar metallicity or an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = +0.15, depending on the source. Unfortunately, the latter value is poorly constrained. The star is estimated to be approximately 800 million years old and like most hot stars, it spins rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of .
Planetary system
HD 201585 b, also known as MASCARA-1b, was discovered around 2016 after astronomer G. J. J. Talens and colleagues observed planetary transit signals coming from HD 201585; its discovery was announced on July 13, 2017. It is a hot Jupiter with 3.7 times the mass of Jupiter and 1.60 times the radius of Jupiter. MASCARA-1b has a measured equilibrium temperature of . A 2022 study conducted on the planet found that it was unusually reflective for a hot Jupiter, having a geometric albedo of . Attempts to characterize its spectrum around the same year in a different study have failed due to MASCARA-1b's high surface gravity, resulting in a compact planetary atmosphere.
References
Equuleus
A-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
BD+10 04478
201585
104513
354619337 | HD 201585 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 496 | [
"Equuleus",
"Constellations"
] |
74,797,491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atg8ylation | Atg8ylation is a process of conjugation of mammalian ATG8 proteins (mATG8s) to proteins or membranes. The process is akin to the ubiquitylation of diverse substrates by ubiquitin. There are six principal mATG8s: LC3A, LC3B, LC3C, GABARAP, GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2. Together, they comprise a sub-class of ubiquitin-like molecules characterized by two N-terminal α-helices added to the ubiquitin core, which serve a dual role of forming a docking site for interacting proteins containing ATG8-interaction motifs and enhancing mATG8’s affinity for membranes.
Membrane atg8ylation
Membrane atg8ylation is a response to membrane stress, damage, and remodeling inputs. This process is best appreciated by analogy to ubiquitylation considering that atg8ylation is to membranes what ubiquitylation is to proteins. Membrane atg8ylation occurs via covalent modification by mATG8s of the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. The conjugation cascade that activates mATG8s and results in membrane atg8ylation is biochemically similar to protein ubiquitylation, as both systems require ATP, E1, E2 and E3 ligases. The specific factors leading to atg8ylation include two enzymatic cascades with ATG12-ATG5 and mATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) conjugates as their end products. The ATG12-ATG5 protein-protein conjugate combines with additional proteins such as ATG16L1 or TECPR1 to form E3 ligases that spatially guide the formation of protein-lipid conjugate resulting in atg8ylation of specific membrane domains
The specialization of atg8ylation for membranes is ensured by the two extra (relative to ubiquitin) α-helices at the N-terminus of mATG8s with concealed affinities for membranes realized during atg8ylation and intrinsic membrane affinities of the atg8ylation cascade E2 component ATG3, as well as E3 components ATG16L1 or TECPR.
Principles of membrane atg8ylation
Mammalian membranes that undergo atg8ylation include: canonical autophagosomes, phagosomes harboring phagocytosed pathogens or microbial products, perturbed or signaling endosomes, damaged lysosomes, exocytic compartments releasing exosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during its piecemeal ESCRT-dependent lysosomal degradation, and lipid droplets. The delimiting membrane of lipid droplets modified by LC3B is not a full lipid bilayer but a monolayer of phospholipids surrounding neutral lipid core. The lipid droplet atg8ylation illustrates the principle that any cellular membrane may undergo atg8ylation including double membranes of autophagosomes (double lipid bilayer), single membranes (single lipid bilayer) of phagosomes and endosomes, and a phospholipid monolayer (hemilayer) surrounding lipid droplets.
During canonical autophagy, which includes atg8ylation of growing phagophores, WIPI2, an effector of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (a stress-signaling phosphoinositide phospholipid) and a known interactor of ATG16L1 , helps dock the E3 ligase ATG12-ATG5/ATG16L1 to the phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-marked membranes. This presents activated mATG8s for conjugation to the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine embedded within the target membrane.
During noncanonical atg8ylation of stressed, damaged or remodeling membranes other than autophagosomes, the E3 ligases are recruited to target membranes by a variety of mechanisms. This includes docking of the ATG12-ATG5/ATG16L1 E3 ligase on vacuolar compartments including phagosomes, endosomes and lysosomes via binding of ATG16L1 to the vacuolar-type ATPase (v-ATPase). This binding is stimulated when the lumenal pH of the vacuole is perturbed. In other instances, the ATG12-ATG5/TECPR1 E3 ligase docks to stressed membranes via TECPR1, which recognizes the citofacially displayed sphingomyelin misplaced and exposed on perturbed membranes.
Manifestations of membrane atg8ylation
Atg8ylation is an important aspect of canonical autophagy. The initial stages of autophagy morphologically detectable as crescent phagophores do occur independently of all principal mATG8s. Phagophore formation proceeds in cells defective for mATG8 lipidation. However, the size of autophagosomes is smaller without atg8ylation. Further, the quality of autophagosomal membranes, such as membrane permeability, are adversely affected. The known effects of atg8ylation on autophagosomal membranes include membrane remodeling, kinetic effects, selective cargo sequestration into autophagosomes, and effects on autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Atg8ylation is important for ESCRT-dependent sealing of nascent autophagosomes and for their maintenance in an impervious state.
The non-autophagic processes dependent on atg8ylation include: LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis), LANDO (LC3-associated endocytosis), LC3-associated micropinocytosis (LAM), CASM (conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes) alternatively referred to as SMAC (single membrane ATG8 conjugation) , and ‘vATPase-ATG16L1 axis xenophagy’ known under an acronym VAIL (V-ATPase-ATG16L1-induced LC3 lipidation). Many of the physiological and disease-associated effects of atg8ylation are manifested via these noncanonical processes or through canonical autophagy.
References
Post-translational modification | Atg8ylation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,408 | [
"Post-translational modification",
"Gene expression",
"Biochemical reactions"
] |
74,797,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition%2070 | Expedition 70 was the 70th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station. The expedition began with the departure of Soyuz MS-23 on 27 September 2023 with Danish astronaut Andreas Mogensen taking over the ISS command. It ended with the departure of Soyuz MS-24 on 6 April 2024.
Background, Crew and Events
Initially, the expedition consisted of Andreas and his three SpaceX Crew-7 crewmates, Jasmin Moghbeli, Satoshi Furukawa, and Konstantin Borisov from America, Japan, and Russia respectively, as well as Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kononenko (who later assumed the ISS command) and Nikolai Chub (both on a year long ISS mission), and another American astronaut Loral O'Hara, who launched aboard Soyuz MS-24 on September 15, 2023 and were transferred from Expedition 69 alongside the SpaceX Crew-7 astronauts.
However, even after several months of outfitting EVAs and RTOd heat radiator installation, six months later on 9 October 2023, the Nauka RTOd radiator malfunctioned before active use of Nauka (the purpose of RTOd installation is to radiate heat from Nauka experiments). The malfunction, a leak, rendered the RTOd radiator unusable for Nauka. This is the third ISS radiator leak after Soyuz MS-22 and Progress MS-21 radiator leaks. If a spare RTOd is not available, Nauka experiments will have to rely on Nauka's main launch radiator and the module could never be utilized to its full capacity.
The crew was later replenished by subsequent crew rotation missions in the expedition, SpaceX Crew-8, consisting of American astronauts Matthew Dominick, Michael Barratt, Jeanette Epps, and Russian cosmonaut Alexander Grebenkin, and Soyuz MS-25, consisting of Russian cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky, Belarusian space tourist Marina Vasilevskaya, and American astronaut Tracy Caldwell-Dyson. Originally, the Boeing Starliner Crewed Flight Test was supposed to dock during the expedition. Instead, it was again moved farther down the vehicle schedule to May during Expedition 71. The space station was also visited by a non-expedition crew, Axiom Mission 3, consisting of former NASA astronaut Michael López-Alegría (who previously commanded the station during Expedition 14), Italian astronaut Walter Villadei, ESA Swedish Project astronaut Marcus Wandt, and Turkish astronaut Alper Gezeravcı.
Events manifest
Events involving crewed spacecraft are listed in bold.
Previous mission: Expedition 69
27 September 2023 – Soyuz MS-23 Undocking, official switch from Expedition 69
9 October 2023 – Nauka outfitting RtoD Add-on Heat Radiator Leak Event
25/26 October 2023 – EVA 1 (VKD-61) Kononenko/Chub: 7 hrs, 41 mins
1 November 2023 – EVA 2 (US-89) Moghbeli/O'Hara: 6 hrs, 42 mins
11 November 2023 – CRS SpX-29 Docking
29 November 2023 – Progress MS-23/84P Undocking
3 December 2023 – Progress MS-25/86P Docking
21 December 2023 – CRS SpX-29 Undocking
22 December 2023 – CRS NG-19 Unberthing & Release
20 January 2024 – Axiom Mission 3 Docking (Non-Expedition crew)
1 February 2024 – CRS Cygnus NG-20 Capture & Berthing
7 February 2024 – Axiom Mission 3 Undocking (Non-Expedition crew)
13 February 2024 – Progress MS-24/85P Undocking
17 February 2024 – Progress MS-26/87P Docking
5 March 2024 – SpaceX Crew-8 Docking
10 March 2024 – ISS Expedition 70 Change of Command Ceremony from Andreas Mogensen to Oleg Kononenko
11 March 2024 – SpaceX Crew-7 Undocking
23 March 2024 – CRS SpX-30 Docking
25 March 2024 – Soyuz MS-25 Docking (Expedition 70/71 & ISS EP-21)
29 March 2024 – Kononenko and Chub's seat liner from Soyuz MS-24 swapped with Novitsky and Vasilevskaya's seat liner from Soyuz MS-25 for MS-24 landing
6 April 2024 – Soyuz MS-24 Undocking, official switch to Expedition 71
Next: Expedition 71
Crew
Besides the expedition crew, Crew Dragon visited the station, carrying Axiom Mission 3, consisting of Michael López-Alegría of Axiom Space (formerly NASA), Walter Villadei of the Italian Ministry of Defence, Alper Gezeravcı of the Turkish Space Agency, and Marcus Wandt of the Swedish National Space Agency.
The Soyuz MS-25 vehicle carried expedition member Tracy Caldwell-Dyson and visitors Oleg Novitsky of Roscosmos and Marina Vasilevskaya, a flight attendant trained by the Belarus Space Agency for ISS EP-21. One week after docking, Novitsky and Vasilevskaya returned with expedition member Loral O'Hara on the Soyuz MS-24 vehicle. Meanwhile, Kononenko and Chub, who launched on MS-24, returned on the MS-25 vehicle.
Vehicle manifest
For the first time, during 25 March–6 April 2024, all seven currently active ports of ISS were occupied.
The Prichal aft, forward, starboard, and aft ports all have yet to be used since the module originally docked to the station and are not included in the table.
References
NASA
2023 in spaceflight
2024 in spaceflight
September 2023
October 2023
November 2023
December 2023
January 2024
February 2024
March 2024
April 2024
Spaceflight
Expeditions to the International Space Station | Expedition 70 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,190 | [
"Spaceflight",
"Outer space"
] |
74,797,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20181295 | HD 181295 is a star located in the southern constellation Telescopium. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.42, placing it near the limit of naked eye visibility, even under ideal conditions. The object is located relatively close at a distance of approximately 252 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, and it is currently drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 181295's brightness is diminished by 0.22 magnitudes due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude +2.14.
Proper motion variations from this star was first detected in a 2005 Hipparcos proper motion survey. These variations indicated the presence of an unseen companion tugging on the star. As of the follow up survey published in 2006, it is considered a probable astrometric binary with a 97% chance.
The visible component has a stellar classification of F0 V, indicating that it is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star that is generating energy via hydrogen fusion at its core. It has 1.74 times the mass of the Sun and 2.35 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 13.3 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it the typical yellowish-white of a F-type star. At the age of 1.41 billion years, HD 181295A is a rather evolved star for its class, having completed 77.3% of its main sequence lifetime. The star has an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = −0.27 and it spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of within 2.7 days.
References
F-type main-sequence stars
Astrometric binaries
Telescopium
Telescopii, 56
CD-51 12054
181295
095239
424748146 | HD 181295 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 387 | [
"Telescopium",
"Constellations"
] |
74,798,821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20C.%20Eltenton | George Charles Eltenton (14 April 1905 – 26 April 1991) was an English physicist, specialising in chemical physics and a pioneer of mass spectrometry. He was a Fellow of the Physical Society. He and his wife were suspected of being agents of the USSR looking for US atom bomb secrets. He was named by Robert Oppenheimer when interviewed by the Atomic Energy Commission which resulted in Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance, in the so-called Chevalier Incident.
Personal life
Eltenton was born in Manchester on 14 April 1905. He attended Bedales School and studied physics at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a first-class in Part I of the natural sciences tripos and a second in Part II. He married Ada Dorothea Hamilton (1904–2001) (known as Dorothea or Dolly) and they had three children: a son, Michael, and two daughters, Ann and Jane. Ann became a ballerina under the stage name Anya Linden. Jane was born in Russia. Eltenton died on 26 April 1991 in Heswall, Merseyside.
Professional life
Following university, Eltenton began work in 1930 at the British Cotton Research Institute. In the summer of 1931 however, Eltenton visited a friend he had known at Cambridge, Yulii Khariton, at the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics in Leningrad. He was offered a post in there, and moved to the USSR to work from 1933 until 1938, only leaving because, with the Soviet Great Purge, there was suspicion of foreigners. Like many others, his visa was not renewed, so he returned to England.
The same year he published a paper in the prestigious journal Nature, showing the first identification of free radicals by mass spectrometer, and was invited to the research laboratories of Shell Development Corporation, California to build one of the first mass spectrometers in the US. Here he produced significant work on free radical mass spectrometry.
In 1947 he returned to England, joining the research laboratory of Shell plc at Ellesmere Port, later transferring to the physics laboratory of Stanlow Refinery and producing a number of patents.
Political activity
USSR 1933–1938
Dorothea Eltenton wrote a book describing the family's life in the USSR. This was a happy time, despite primitive conditions compared with England, and she writes admiringly of the socialist society they experienced as it developed, with its community spirit, sexual equality and people's local democratic participation in decisions relating to work and public services. In particular they appreciated the free education and free health service. Her experience of maternity and post-natal care was favourably compared with that in the UK (a decade before the introduction of the National Health Service).
On vacations George Eltenton was able to enjoy his passions for motorcycling and rock climbing.
US 1938–1947
Eltenton was an open admirer of the USSR and its people. Both he and his wife gave lectures at the California Labor School on Russian life, and were active in the American Russian Institute. He was also a trade union activist for the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians at Shell, and was at a meeting where Robert Oppenheimer encouraged the formation of a section at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
In 1939, with the beginning of the Second World War he contacted the British Embassy to volunteer, but was told his work for the oil company was better use of his talents. In 1941 the USSR was invaded by Germany, and he and his wife became active members of the Russian War Relief organization.
In May 1942, after the US had also joined the war and was therefore an ally of the USSR, the Eltentons had Piotr Ivanov, the vice consul of the Soviet consulate in San Francisco as a dinner guest. It was there that Ivanov raised the possibility of atomic research being shared between the US and the USSR, and suggested three scientists who might be prepared to do so, if discretion could be assured. Eltenton was doubtful, but agreed to ask a mutual friend Haakon Chevalier to suggest this to Oppenheimer. Chevalier reported back that Oppenheimer was not interested, but when the fact of the approach was revealed by Oppenheimer in 1946, Eltenton was interviewed by the FBI.
UK 1947–1991
Shortly after being named in testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee, the Eltentons returned to England. He first took a senior position at the Shell physics research laboratory, but after investigation by MI5 was moved to an area solely concerned with refinery operations.
Publications
Patents
Magnetic method of pipe-line inspection, (1950).
Photoelectric colorimeter, (1950).
Refractive index measurement of fluids, (1951).
Process for the purification of spent sulphuric acid, (1952).
Infrared gas analyzer, (1954).
Improvements in and relating to the preparation of oil solutions of highly basic polyvalent metal salts of organic acids, (1956).
Process for removing coal and carbonaceous material from used sulfuric acid, (1957).
Improvements in or relating to apparatus for measuring vapour pressure, (1957).
Improvements in and relating to the preparation of basic polyvalent metal salts of organic acids, (1958).
Sulphonation of organic liquids, (1960).
A method of and apparatus for separating liquid phases, (1965).
Rotary separation of viscous pseudo-plastics, (1965).
References
1905 births
1991 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English physicists
Mass spectrometry
People educated at Bedales School | George C. Eltenton | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,127 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
74,798,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Smith%20%28amateur%20mathematician%29 | David Smith is an amateur mathematician and retired print technician from Bridlington, England, who is best known for his discoveries related to aperiodic monotiles that helped to solve the einstein problem.
Einstein tile
Initial discovery
Smith discovered a 13-sided polygon in November 2022 whilst using a software package called PolyForm Puzzle Solver to experiment with different shapes. After further experimentation using cardboard cut-outs, he realised that the shape appeared to tessellate but seemingly without ever achieving a regular pattern.
Contacting experts
Smith contacted Craig S. Kaplan from the University of Waterloo to alert him to this potential discovery of an aperiodic monotile. They nicknamed the newly discovered shape "the hat", because of its resemblance to a fedora. Kaplan proceeded to further inspect the polykite shape. During this time, Smith informed Kaplan that he had discovered yet another shape, which he nicknamed "the turtle", that appeared to have the same aperiodic tiling properties.
By mid-January 2023, Kaplan enlisted software developer Joseph Samuel Myers from Cambridge and mathematician Chaim Goodman-Strauss from the University of Arkansas in order to help complete the proof. Myers realised that "the hat" and "the turtle" were in fact a part of the same continuum of shapes, which possessed the same aperiodic tiling properties but with sides of varying lengths.
Publication and further proofs
The team published their proofs in a preprint paper called 'An aperiodic monotile' in March 2023.
Smith emailed Kaplan less than a week after the publication of their paper informing him of the apparent properties of a new shape. This shape, nicknamed "the spectre", was found at the midpoint of the team's spectrum of shapes published in their paper. It was an anomaly within the spectrum of shapes as it produced a periodic pattern when tiled with its reflection. However, Smith had discovered that it would produce an aperiodic pattern when tiled without its reflection.
The team worked on a proof that confirmed the chiral aperiodic tiling property of "the spectre" and published a preprint paper in May 2023.
References
External links
An aperiodic monotile by Smith, Myers, Kaplan, and Goodman-Strauss.
Amateur mathematicians
Tiling puzzles
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | David Smith (amateur mathematician) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 473 | [
"Tessellation",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Recreational mathematicians",
"Tiling puzzles",
"Symmetry"
] |
74,800,015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20177693 | HD 177693 (HR 7233; 48 G. Telescopii) is a solitary orange-hued star located in the southern constellation Telescopium. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.45, placing it near the limit for naked eye visibility, even under ideal conditions. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 376 light-years, and it is drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 177693's brightness is diminished by 0.24 magnitudes due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude of +1.03.
HD 177693 has a stellar classification of K1 III, indicating that it is an evolved orange giant. David Stanley Evans gave a less evolved class of K1 IV, instead indicating that it is a slightly evolved subgiant. It has 1.25 times the mass of the Sun but it has expanded to 10.6 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 50.2 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 177693 is slightly metal deficient with an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = −0.10 and it spins with a projected rotational velocity lower than .
References
K-type giants
Telescopium
Telescopii, 48
PD-55 09001
177693
094054
7233
230953185 | HD 177693 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 304 | [
"Telescopium",
"Constellations"
] |
74,800,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan%20Edirisinghe | Mohan Jayantha Edirisinghe is a biomaterials engineer who is the Bonfield Chair of Biomaterials in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at University College London. Edirisinghe studies new materials forming methodologies, with a focus on the development of new biostructures. He was appointed an Order of the British Empire in the 2021 New Year Honours for his services to Biomedical Engineering.
Early life and education
Edirisinghe was born in Sri Lanka. He was educated at the St Thomas College, Mount Lavinia. He studied at the University of Moratuwa, in a joint course between the British Council and University of Leeds. He eventually moved to Leeds for his postgraduate studies, where he completed a doctorate on alloy additions and how they impact the properties of cast iron and then a Doctor of Science degree was awarded for his materials research in 2000 by the University of Leeds.
Research and career
Edirisinghe works on materials forming and manufacturing for healthcare and drug delivery. He has developed complex nanofibres that can be used to generate antimicrobial filters, and nanobubbles that facilitate new modes of drug delivery. He developed electrohydrodyanmic printing methods (e.g. electro-spinning and electro-spraying) for biomedical applications. In 2010, Edirisinghe's inventions led to AtoCap, a spin-out company who focus on the encapsulation of generic drugs (e.g. antibiotics and chemotherapeutics) into a complex capsule. He has studied the protein composition of milk, and identified that casein, which contributes 80% of the protein in dairy milk, has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. Edirisinghe demonstrated that it could be incorporated into biodegradable plastic bandages to accelerate wound healing.
During the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, Edirisinghe worked with the Royal Academy of Engineering to create new respirator masks. His antiviral masks were developed and also worked on air filters that could be used in care homes, schools and on public transport.
Awards and honours
2005 Royal Society Brian Mercer (Innovation) Feasibility Award
2009 IOM3 Kroll Medal
2010 Materials Science Venture Prize
2012 UK Biomaterials Society Presidents Prize
2013 Royal Society Brian Mercer (Innovation) Feasibility Award
2015 Elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering
2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Armourers & Brasier's Prize
2017 Royal Society Brian Mercer (Innovation) Feasibility Award
2017 IOM3 Chapman Medal
2020 Elected Fellow of the European Academy of Sciences
2023 Royal Academy of Engineering Colin Campbell Mitchell Award
2024 Royal Society Clifford Paterson Medal and Lecture
Selected publications
C J Luo; M Nangrejo, M Edirisinghe (2010). "A novel method of selecting solvents for polymer electrospinning". Polymer. 51 (7): 1654-1662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.031
* The full list of publications can be accessed here.
References
Living people
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Academics of University College London
Sri Lankan emigrants to the United Kingdom
Bioengineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
21st-century British engineers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Year of birth missing (living people) | Mohan Edirisinghe | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 691 | [
"Bioengineers",
"Biological engineering"
] |
74,802,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levira%20Distillery | Levira Distillery (Destilaria Levira) is a distillery in São Lourenço do Bairro, Anadia, Portugal, founded in 1923.
According to Público, Levira is one of the country's largest distilleries.
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Levira partnered with Super Bock to make about of hand sanitizer from of alcohol used in beer.
In 2023, the distillery amassed a large quantity of wine in storage due to a European wine surplus. Inflation increased prices on food and drinks and consumers were drinking less wine both in Portugal and in the countries it typically exports to. This, combined with a productive grape harvest, led to increased storage.
On 10 September 2023, a storage tank of red wine collapsed, the force of its contents spilling out knocked over a second tank, resulting in about of wine flowing down Rua de Cima in the village of São Lourenço do Bairro. As of the following day, though the road and at least one basement flooded, there were no injuries. Local officials issued an environmental warning out of concern that the wine could contaminate the Certima River. The local fire department closed access to the road and tried to divert the wine away from the river into a field, which Levira then began to dredge. The distillery issued a statement taking responsibility and committing to clean it up. Clips of the incident went viral on social media.
References
External links
Distilleries
Anadia, Portugal | Levira Distillery | [
"Chemistry"
] | 307 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
74,802,761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma%20haemocanis | Mycoplasma haemocanis (formerly Haemobartonella canis) is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma. It rarely causes anemia in dogs with normal spleens and normal immune systems. Clinical anemia can develop when a carrier dog is splenectomized, or when a splenectomized dog is transfused with blood from a carrier donor. It affects many species of canids like dogs and foxes.
References
haemocanis
Pathogenic bacteria
Bacteria described in 1928 | Mycoplasma haemocanis | [
"Biology"
] | 113 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
74,803,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20American%20Society%20for%20the%20Psychology%20of%20Sport%20and%20Physical%20Activity | The North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) a multidisciplinary association of scholars from the behavioral sciences. Organization is related professions with the goals of promoting the scientific study of human behavior in sport and physical activity, facilitating dissemination of scientific knowledge, and advancing the improvement of research and teaching. The organization is one of the oldest organizations focusing on the psychological aspects of sport and physical activity. The organization focuses on sport psychology, motor learning, motor control, and motor development.
Journals
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP)
Journal of Motor Learning and Development (JMLD)
See also
Sport psychology
References
Organizations established in 1967
Sport psychology organizations
Motor control | North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity | [
"Biology"
] | 142 | [
"Behavior",
"Motor control"
] |
74,803,347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Society%20for%20Psychomotor%20Learning%20and%20Sport%20Psychology | The Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology () (SCAPPS) is a multidisciplinary association that promotes psychomotor learning and sport psychology in Canada.
History
SCAPPS was founded in 1969 by Robert Wilberg at the University of Alberta. Until 1977 the society was part of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. SCAPPS holds an annual convention every year and has been influential in the fields of motor behavior and sport psychology, particularly in North America.
Journals
Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport (JEMS)
See also
Sport psychology
References
Psychology organizations based in Canada
Organizations established in 1977
Sport psychology organizations
Motor control
1977 establishments in Canada | Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology | [
"Biology"
] | 140 | [
"Behavior",
"Motor control"
] |
74,804,633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone%2015%20Pro | The iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max are smartphones that were developed and marketed by Apple Inc. They are the seventeenth-generation flagship iPhones, succeeding the iPhone 14 Pro and iPhone 14 Pro Max.
The devices were unveiled alongside the iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus during the Apple Event at Apple Park in Cupertino, California, on September 12, 2023. Pre-orders began on September 15, and the devices were made available to the general public on September 22. The iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max were discontinued on September 9, 2024, following the announcement of the iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16 Pro Max.
Similar to the iPhone 15 and 15 Plus, the 15 Pro and Pro Max replaced the proprietary Lightning connector with USB-C to comply with European Union mandates. They also support Apple Intelligence, which uses AI to prioritize privacy-centric functions.
Design
The iPhone 15 Pro features the first major redesign of the outer shell of the device since the iPhone 12 Pro in 2020, featuring rounded edges, a slightly curved display, and back glass. The enclosure of the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max is made of grade 5 titanium, unlike the stainless steel frame of previous Pro models. The display bezels have also been reduced from 2.2mm to 1.55mm. The phone is available in four colors: natural titanium, blue titanium, white titanium, and black titanium. It is also the first premium iPhone since the iPhone X to not come in the gold color option.
Specifications
Hardware
Like the iPhone 15 and 15 Plus, the 15 Pro, and Pro Max replace the proprietary Lightning connector with USB-C to comply with the European Union mandating the use of this connector in smartphones with Directive (EU) 2022/2380 in 2022. Apple had already started to introduce USB-C to its handheld devices beginning with the third generation iPad Pro, released in 2018.
The iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max support AV1 video hardware decoding.
In iOS 18, the iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max are the first iPhones to be capable of supporting the new Apple Intelligence AI features, due to the increased amount of DRAM in these models and their fast 35 trillion-operation-per-second Neural Engine.
Chipset
The iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max feature the Apple A17 Pro system on a chip (SoC). It is built on TSMC's N3B fabrication process. It features a redesigned Apple graphics processing unit (GPU) which adds hardware-accelerated ray tracing; during the reveal event, Apple announced that games such as Death Stranding, Resident Evil Village and Assassin's Creed Mirage (all games originally designed for consoles and PCs) would come to iOS in the future.
Charging and transfer speeds
The iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max use USB-C with USB 3.2 Gen 2 transfer speeds (est. up to 10Gbit/s / 1.25 GB/s), an improvement over the iPhone 14 Pro and the iPhone 15/15 Plus base models which only have USB 2.0 transfer speeds (est. up to 480 Mbit/s / 60 MB/s).
Video output
All iPhone 15 models have support for DisplayPort Alternate Mode over USB-C video output with HDR up to 4K resolution.
Previous iPhone models (from iPhone 5 until iPhone 14 Pro) had a maximum supported resolution of (slightly less than 1080p) with the Lightning Digital AV Adapter due to technical constraints of the Lightning connector.
Action button
The iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max feature an Action button, replacing the mute switch that was present on every iPhone. The function of the Action button can be configured by the user. By default, the Action button toggles silent mode. Other options include opening the camera, recording a voice memo, or toggling a focus mode and more.
Software
The iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max launched with iOS 17 and is compatible with iOS 18 released in September 2024. Consistent with the UK Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure regulations, it will continue to receive major software updates for a minimum of five years to at least 2028.
Detailed specs
Hardware issues reported
Overheating
Some owners claimed that their iPhones were suffering from overheating issues, reportedly reaching temperatures as high as . Apple has also said that the phone's titanium frame "does not contribute to the heating issue." In addition, Apple stated the cause of iPhones overheating was a software bug. Apple has attempted to address the overheating issue with iOS 17.0.3 update.
Power bank reverse charging
Some owners have found that power banks designed for USB-C devices are not working correctly with the iPhone. Some banks will not charge the iPhone at all or the iPhone will attempt to charge the power bank instead.
NFC
Some owners of BMW vehicles using its wireless charging system with the iPhone have found that the NFC chip in charge of Apple Pay and also digital car keys can stop working correctly. Apple has attempted to fix these issues with iOS 17.1.1 and 17.2 updates.
Durability
A durability test video for the iPhone 15 Pro Max showed that the back glass was more prone to cracking after the content creator JerryRigEverything applied pressure on the back glass, which caused it to crack, saying that it was unexpected. A later video, published by the same YouTuber, cited that the possible reason for this was that the back glass is no longer glued to a metal plate; this change, and the hollow spots on the phone, may cause the back glass to crack if pressure was applied on those hollow spots; on the durability test video, in some angles, the glass is noticeably caved in to the phone, further proving that it broke due to a hollow spot on the phone. Additional testing by Consumer Reports found that the durability of the iPhone 15 Pro Max was generally excellent, with the back glass not breaking after 50 drops.
Repairability
The new iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max heavily advertised repairability as being a strong suit as the glue used to secure the back glass is much weaker meaning that a heat plate or gun can soften it without the need of a laser machine, similar to the iPhone 14, and unlike the 14 Pro.
However, a September 2023 report by iFixit found that repairability on the new iPhones was much worse compared to the 14 series due to various software locking issues, forcing people to buy new parts and repair machines specifically by Apple.
Release and critical reception
The devices were unveiled in 2023, alongside the iPhone 15 and 15 Plus during the September 12 Apple Event at Apple Park in Cupertino, California. Pre-orders began on September 15, and the devices were made available to the general public on September 22. The iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max were discontinued on September 9, 2024, following the announcement of the iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16 Pro Max.
GSMarena gave the phone 4.5 out of 5 stars. While its display, camera and speakers were praised, its high price was noted as a weak point. NotebookCheck gave it 91 out of 100 and praised its durability.
See also
List of longest smartphone telephoto lenses
References
External links
– official website
Mobile phones introduced in 2023
Products and services discontinued in 2024
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Discontinued flagship smartphones | IPhone 15 Pro | [
"Technology"
] | 1,510 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
69,043,471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmor-Chevrolet%20265-A%20engine | The Ilmor 265-A is a turbocharged, , V-8 Indy car racing engine, designed and developed by Ilmor, for use in the CART PPG Indy Car World Series; between 1986 and 1993.
2.65-liter Indy motor cubic inch based on the pre-chevy Studebaker 265, current generation is DFX Ford V-8
Mario Illien and Paul Morgan were working at Cosworth on the Cosworth DFX turbocharged methanol engine for the CART Indy Car World Series; differences of opinion over the direction in which DFX development should go (Cosworth were inherently conservative as they had a near monopoly) led them to break away from their parent company to pursue their own ideas. There was some acrimony in their split from Cosworth, their former employer claiming that the Ilmor engine was little different from their planned modifications to the DFX.
Founded as an independent British engine manufacturer in 1983, it started building engines for Indy cars with the money of team owner and chassis manufacturer Roger Penske. The Ilmor 265-A, badged initially as the Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V-8, debuted at the 1986 Indianapolis 500 with Team Penske driver Al Unser. In 1987, the engine program expanded to all three Penske team drivers (Rick Mears, Danny Sullivan, and Al Unser), Patrick Racing, and Newman/Haas Racing. Mario Andretti, driving for Newman/Haas, won at Long Beach, the engine's first Indy car victory. He also won the pole position for the 1987 Indianapolis 500. A year later, Rick Mears won the 1988 Indianapolis 500, the engine's first win at Indianapolis. The engine went on to have a stellar record in CART. From 1987 to 1991, the "Chevy-A" engine won 64 of 78 races.
In 1992, the 265-A engine was followed up by the 265-B engine. The "Chevy-B" was fielded singly by Penske Racing (Rick Mears and Emerson Fittipaldi) in 1992 and won four CART series races. All other Ilmor teams remained with the venerable "Chevy-A" for 1992. Bobby Rahal, driving a "Chevy-A" won the 1992 CART championship, the fifth consecutive (and final) for the 265-A. Al Unser Jr. won the 1992 Indianapolis 500 driving a "Chevy-A", also the fifth consecutive (and final) Indy 500 win for the 265-A. Emerson Fittipaldi drove a "Chevy-B" to 4th place in points, but both he and Mears dropped out of that year's Indy 500 due to crashes. It was at this time that Ilmor was receiving new competition from Cosworth, which had just introduced their new powerplant, the Ford-Cosworth XB.
For the 1993 season, the 265-C engine was introduced, intended to replace both the 265-A and the 265-B. The "Chevy-C" was used widespread, and produced continued success for Ilmor. Some backmarker teams continued to utilize the "A" and "B" engines during the 1993 season, but neither the "A" nor the "B" would win another Indy car race. Chevrolet dropped its badging support after the 1993 season.
Applications
Truesports 91C
Truesports 92C
Rahal-Hogan R/H-001
Lola T87/00
Lola T88/00
Lola T89/00
Lola T90/00
Lola T91/00
Galmer G92
Lola T92/00
Lola T93/00
March 86C
March 87C
March 88C
March 89C
Penske PC-12
Penske PC-15
Penske PC-16
Penske PC-17
Penske PC-18
Penske PC-19
Penske PC-20
Penske PC-21
Penske PC-22
References
External links
Chevrolet Motorsport's Official Website
Chevrolet IndyCar official website on chevrolet.com
Engines by model
Chevrolet engines
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
V8 engines | Ilmor-Chevrolet 265-A engine | [
"Technology"
] | 834 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,043,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick%20Indy%20V6%20engine | The Buick Indy V6 engine is a powerful turbocharged, , V-6, Indy car racing internal combustion engine, designed and produced by Buick for use in the CART PPG Indy Car World Series, and later the IRL IndyCar Series; between 1982 and 1997. It shares the same architecture, and mechanical design, and is based on the Buick V6 road car engine. A slightly destroked 3.0-liter V6 engine was also used in the March 85G and March 86G IMSA GTP sports prototypes.
Though the Buick engine never won a CART series race, it did see some success at the Indianapolis 500, which was sanctioned singly by USAC. This was largely due to the fact that USAC permitted the non-overhead cam "stock block" pushrod engines a higher level of turbocharger "boost" (55 inHG) than CART's rules allowed. This made the engine attractive to smaller teams competing in the Indy 500; giving them a chance to compete with the higher budget teams, many of which ran the powerful Ilmor-Chevy or the Cosworth. Though the Buick engine had notorious reliability issues for the 500 miles, it often excelled in qualifying. Pancho Carter won the pole position with a Buick at the 1985 Indianapolis 500, and Gary Bettenhausen was the fastest qualifier in 1991. Roberto Guerrero became the first driver to break the 230 mph barrier in time trials, winning the pole for the 1992 race. Jim Crawford led eight laps and finished 6th in 1988, and Al Unser Sr. notched Buick's best Indy finish with a third in 1992.
Applications
Indy Cars
March 82C
March 83C
March 84C
March 85C
March 86C
March 87C
March 88C
Lola T89/00
Lola T90/00
Lola T91/00
Lola T92/00
Lola T93/00
Lola T95/00
IMSA GTP/Group C sports prototypes
Alba AR3-001
March 85G
March 86G
Alba AR8-001
Alba AR9-001
Alba AR20-01
References
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
Buick engines
IndyCar Series
V6 engines | Buick Indy V6 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 436 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,043,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibelektroterm | Sibelektroterm () is a manufacturing company in Kirovsky District of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1945. The enterprise is a developer and manufacturer of electrometallurgical equipment.
Production
The plant produces electric furnaces, gas distribution and mining equipment, agricultural equipment etc.
Partnerships
The company collaborates with the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. In 2020, Sibelektroterm completed several complicated orders for the research work of this scientific organization. In addition, in November 2020, the company won a tender for the supply of magnetic cores for the Siberian Ring Photon Source (SKIF), which has been under construction in Koltsovo since August 2021.
According to an article published in Kontinent Sibir Online in 2021, 80% of the customers of Sibelektroterm's products were Kazakhstan plants.
References
Manufacturing companies based in Novosibirsk
Kirovsky District, Novosibirsk
Manufacturing companies established in 1945
Metallurgical facilities | Sibelektroterm | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 206 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Metallurgical facilities"
] |
69,044,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%20Indy%20V8%20engine | The Porsche Indy V8 engine (internal designation: Porsche Typ 9M0) is a 90-degree, four-stroke, single-turbocharged, 2.65-liter, V-8 Indy car racing engine, designed, developed and produced by Porsche, for use in the CART PPG Indy Car World Series; between 1980 and 1990. The engine was used in March chassis cars.
Applications
Interscope IR01
March 88C
March 89P
March 90P
Porsche 2708
References
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
Porsche
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
V8 engines
Porsche in motorsport | Porsche Indy V8 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 117 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,044,347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20turbocharged%20Indy%20V8%20engine | The Honda turbocharged Indy V8 engine is a single-turbocharged, 2.65-liter, V-8 Indy car racing engine, originally designed, developed and produced by Honda, in partnership with Judd, for use in the CART championship series between 1986 and 2002.
Background
As a result of Jack Brabham's long-standing relationship with Honda, Judd was hired by them to develop an engine for the company's return to Formula Two in association with Ron Tauranac's Ralt team.
After the demise of Formula Two at the end of the 1984 season, Judd continued to develop new engines for Honda. The first was the Judd AV, a turbocharged V8 engine built for Honda's CART campaign. It was first used on the CART circuit midway through the 1986 season, fielded by Galles Racing and driver Geoff Brabham. It was initially badged as the Brabham-Honda, and scored a fourth-place finish at the 1986 Michigan 500. In 1987, the engine was used for the first time at the Indianapolis 500. Brabham scored second-place finishes in 1987 at Pocono and Road America, as well as a third at the season finale at Miami.
The engine became known for its reliability and superior fuel mileage (particularly in the 500-mile races). However, it was at a decided power disadvantage compared to the top engine of the time, the Ilmor Chevrolet.
In 1988, Truesports with driver Bobby Rahal took over as the primary team, and the "Honda" name was dropped from the powerplant. During the 1988 season.
Applications
Lola T86/00
March 87C
Lola T9400
Reynard 95I
Reynard 96I
Lola T96/00
Reynard 97I
Lola T97/00
Reynard 98I
Reynard 99I
Reynard 2KI
Reynard 01I
Reynard 02I
Lola B02/00
References
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
Honda engines
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
V8 engines
Honda in motorsport | Honda turbocharged Indy V8 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 406 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,044,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa%20Romeo%20Indy%20V8%20engine | The Alfa Romeo Indy V8 engine is a turbocharged, 2.65-liter, Indy car racing engine, designed and built by Alfa Romeo, for use in the CART PPG Indy Car World Series; between 1989 and 1991. The engine was used in March and Lola car chassis'.
The Alfa Romeo engine was first campaigned in 1989 by Alex Morales Motorsports with Roberto Guerrero driving. The engine, however, was not ready for the start of the season, and the team missed the first four races, including that year's Indianapolis 500. The engine debuted at the Detroit street circuit, where Guerrero finished eighth. The team saw limited success the remainder of the season, recording only one more points finish and ultimately finishing 23rd in the driver's standings with only 6 total points.
For 1990, Patrick Racing took over the Alfa Romeo engine project, retaining Guerrero's services as driver while also signing Al Unser to a second car for Indianapolis and Michigan. Results were slightly better, with Guerrero scoring a season-high fifth at Toronto, but ultimately the engine proved uncompetitive on most circuits and Guerrero only finish 16th in points. For 1991, Danny Sullivan was enlisted as the primary driver for the program, with Guerrero being moved to a part-time schedule. Sullivan managed several top 10 finishes with the Alfa Romeo engine, but it remained a non-factor for race victories. Sullivan would finish 11th in points. During the 1991 season, rumors arose that Patrick Racing had acquired an Ilmor-Chevrolet engine - the dominant IndyCar engine of the time - and sent it to Alfa Romeo to aid development of Alfa's IndyCar engine. With potential legal action coming from Ilmor over this move, Patrick Racing sold their assets to Bobby Rahal, who they had originally signed to be a driver, prior to 1992. By this point, the original contract Patrick Racing had with Alfa Romeo had expired, and the new Rahal-Hogan Racing team chose to secure a lease for Ilmor-Chevrolet engines instead, thereby ending the use of the Alfa Romeo IndyCar engine.
When Alfa Romeo unveiled their (unrelated) 2.65-liter IndyCar engine, it was in the back of a March chassis; however, it was also seen testing at Fiorano Circuit in the unraced 637 chassis.
Applications
March 89CE-March 90CE
Lola T90/00
Lola T91/00
References
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
Alfa Romeo
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
V8 engines
Alfa Romeo in motorsport
Alfa Romeo engines | Alfa Romeo Indy V8 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 509 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,045,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium%20tetrabromide | Germanium tetrabromide is the inorganic compound with the formula GeBr4. It is a colorless solid that melts near room temperature. It can be formed by treating solid germanium with bromine, or by treating a germanium-copper mixture with bromine:
From this reaction, GeBr4 has a heat of formation of 83.3 kcal/mol.
The compound is liquid at 25 °C, and forms an interlocking liquid structure. From room temperature down to −60 °C the structure takes on a cubic α form, whereas at lower temperatures it takes on a monoclinic β form.
References
Germanium(IV) compounds
Bromides | Germanium tetrabromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 139 | [
"Bromides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
69,045,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Mohr | Catherine Jane Mohr (née Anderson, b. 1968) is a medical researcher from New Zealand, residing in the United States, who specializes in developing telemanipulator robotics for making surgery less invasive, and therefore providing faster recovery for patients. She had also designed fuel cells for land vehicles and high-altitude airplanes and studied sustainable architecture. Mohr is on the faculty of Stanford Medical School and is currently President of the Intuitive Foundation, the corporate foundation of Intuitive Surgical.
Family
Mohr was born Catherine Jane Anderson, in Dunedin, New Zealand. Her mother was a biostatistician and her father was a biochemist. When she was a preschooler her family moved to the United States so har father could pursue postdoctoral research. While her parents always intended to return to New Zealand, they never could find employment in the same place, so Mohr grew up in the US. She did keep her New Zealand citizenship, however.
Mohr's relationship with her spouse, Paul Mohr, started when she broke her pelvis in the year 2000, during a horseback riding incident. Immobilized for six weeks, her friends took care of her and had gatherings at her home, which is how their relationship got off the ground. They have daughter, Natalie.
Education
An avid tinker and bicycle racer, Mohr worked as a bicycle mechanic near Boston while in high school. When Mohr matriculated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, she was planning to study chemistry. Then, during her Sophomore year, joined a friend in founding a solar car racing team. During her first year on the team, of which she remained a member through her Senior year, Mohr realized that tinkering was what she loved and switcher her major to mechanical engineering. While on the solar car racing team, Mohr not only helped race in the US, but also worked on a car for Switzerland’s Tour de Sol and in 1987 she raced in Australia’s first World Solar Challenge, from Darwin to Adelaide. Her design work on wheels for solar cars, done in collaboration with James D. Worden, was recognized by a second place in the MIT Admiral Luis de Florez award. Also on her team was Megan Smith, who later became the Chief Technology Officer of the United States under President Barack Obama.
After completing her B.S. in mechanical engineering, Mohr continued with graduate school in the same field, also at MIT. Mohr graduated in 1992; her Masters' Thesis was entitled: "The Design of a Compact Actuator System for a Robotic Wrist/Hand." Although she was originally working towards a Ph.D., Mohr decided to leave school and work on electric cars.
In 1999, Mohr began fulfilling premed requirements through UCLA's extension school, and then matriculated at Stanford University School of Medicine. She earned her Doctor of Medicine in 2006, but elected not to move on to a residence program.
Career
From her bike mechanic days in high school, Mohr remained busy.
At MIT she held a number of teaching assistantships and research positions: under Dr. David Gordon Wilson, Mohr helped with a light for a bicycle that was powered by a crank generator; she worked on orthotic knee braces under Dr. Will Durfee; and was a TA for undergraduate design courses. She also worked for the Howe Lab at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, as an Applications Engineer for Premise, Inc., and from 1989-1992 she undertook various consulting jobs for Anderson Consulting.
When Mohr left school to work on electric cars, she became Rod Millen's program manager in California. She quickly moved on to be a mechanical engineer at AeroVironment, in Monrovia, California, working under Dr. Paul MacCready on fuel cells and hybrid batteries for land vehicles as well as high-altitude aircraft. She founded a laboratory focusing on creating fuel cell systems for aircraft designed to stay aloft for months at a time.
After about five years of this work, Mohr reconsidered how she wanted to move forward. She once told the New York Times that her interest in engineering is "about improving the human condition, and also, not incidentally, making the science better for when we and our loved ones need it." So, although she was doing research in partnerships with the major US car companies, the fact that in the mid-1990s there was no sign of hybrid or electric cars would be sold to consumers became an issue for her. As she contemplated her career path, she observed the testing of experimental medical devices during surgeries at Massachusetts General Hospital. When the technology did not work, Mohr started contemplating the engineering challenges of designing technology without a deep knowledge of the working of the human body. Eventually, Mohr decided to attend medical school.
Mohr once noted that during her five years of med school, taking an extra year for conducting research, the idea of applying robotics to surgery really started to take hold in the medical community. From investigating minimally invasive surgical tools to assisting on laparoscopic surgeries, as well as working as a teaching assistant, Mohr delved into interdisciplinary studies. With Dr. Myriam Curet, she co-developed a laparoscopic Roux-enY gastric bypass. It became part of the da Vinci Surgical System, developed by Intuitive Surgical, where she would later spend much of her career.
While in medical school, Mohr also founded medical device start-up Veresure to market the LapCap, a tool she invented that made laparoscopic surgery safer. During laparoscopic surgery, it is necessary to lift the abdominal wall away from the abdominal cavity, or else surgeons risk harming the intestines or a large blood vessel. At the time, the common way to lift the area was to use towel clips on either side of the navel. Mohr invented a bell-shaped device that creates a vacuum, thereby lifting the abdominal wall and creating an air pocket in the abdomen. She sold it to Aragon Surgical in 2006.
Since 2006, Mohr has also been an associate professor at the Stanford Medical School and studying methods for using simulations in surgical medical training. Additionally, she has been on the medical faculty at Singularity University, located at Moffet Field, since 2009.
By 2001, her spouse was already working for Intuitive Surgical, developer of the da Vinci surgical robot. Since she was interested in the potential for robotics lessening the force exerted on the body during surgery, she suggested some of her mentors at med school try the da Vinci. She began consulting for Intuitive, and eventually went to work for them full time.
Over several years she was Director of Medical Research, and then Senior Director and Vice President of the same department. Initially she continued work on techniques for minimizing pressure on the body during surgery. Over time, she looked at applications for new surgical technologies, including focal therapy for destroying tumors and infrared vision markers. She then spent about three years as Intuitive Surgical's Vice President of Strategy, before creating their Intuitive Foundation in 2018.
She also advises startups in the U.K., the U.S., and New Zealand.
Mohr is a member of Sigma Xi and the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering.
Patents
Mohr is listed as the inventor on approximately forty patents for medical devices.
Awards and honors
USA Science and Engineering Festival One of the “Nifty Fifty” noted science mentors (2012)
“Flying Kiwi” New Zealand Hi-Tech Hall of Fame (2014) - First woman to be inducted.
World Class New Zealander (2014)
Hood Fellowship, The Lion Foundation (2014)
NEXT Woman of the year, Health and Sciences Category (2015)
Silicon Valley Business Journal Women of Influence (2020) - recognized for work to get personal protective equipment for medical personnel in the early months of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Hobbies and professional sidelines
Mohr was an avid motorcyclist even before she really became much of an automobile driver.
Mohr scuba dives and enjoys traveling and cooking. During medical school she invented a chocolate coin stamping machine, although it never went anywhere. In 2011, Mohr began playing cello; she told the Mercury News a few years later that she did so because "one should always be a beginner at something."
In addition to her main career path, she got very interested in green architecture and developed a certain level of expertise in the area.
She has given TED Talks on robotic surgery, green architecture, and a diving accident involving a sea urchin that just predated her horseback riding accident in which she broke her pelvis.
References
New Zealand inventors
Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
Stanford University School of Medicine alumni
American women chief executives
New Zealand medical researchers
Women medical researchers
American medical researchers
New Zealand roboticists
American roboticists
Women roboticists
American mechanical engineers
Mechanical engineers
New Zealand mechanical engineers
1968 births
Living people
21st-century American women
Women inventors | Catherine Mohr | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,822 | [
"Mechanical engineers",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
69,046,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deudomperidone | Deudomperidone (developmental code name CIN-102; also known as deuterated domperidone) is a dopamine antagonist medication which is under development in the United States for the treatment of gastroparesis. It acts as a selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist and has peripheral selectivity. Deudomperidone is a deuterated form of domperidone, and it is suggested that deudomperidone may have improved efficacy, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics compared to domperidone. As of January 2022, deudomperidone is in phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of gastroparesis.
See also
Metopimazine
Trazpiroben
References
External links
Deudomperidone - AdisInsight
Antiemetics
Antigonadotropins
Benzimidazoles
Chloroarenes
D2 antagonists
D3 antagonists
Deuterated compounds
Experimental drugs
Motility stimulants
Peripherally selective drugs
Piperidines
Prolactin releasers
Ureas | Deudomperidone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 230 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
69,046,334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialane | Dialane is an unstable compound of aluminium and hydrogen with formula Al2H6. Dialane is unstable in that it reacts with itself to form a polymer, aluminium hydride. Isolated molecules can be stabilised and studied in solid hydrogen.
References
Aluminium compounds
Hydrogen compounds | Dialane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 56 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
69,046,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz%20500I%20engine | The Mercedes-Benz 500I engine is a highly powerful, turbocharged, 3.4-liter, Indy car racing V-8 engine, designed, developed, and built by Ilmor, in partnership with Mercedes-Benz, specifically to compete in the 1994 Indianapolis 500.
The Mercedes-Benz 500I engine was slightly lighter than the Ilmor 265D Indy V8 it replaced in the Penske PC-23, although because of its longer inlets, the 500I had a higher overall centre of gravity, thus changing the overall balance of the car a bit. The development and testing of the 500I engine, at that time called Ilmor 265E, took place in the utmost secrecy because there was a possibility of the turbocharger boost level being changed, or the engine being banned by the Indy 500 sanctioning body.
Background
Mercedes-Benz 500I
Much to the surprise of competitors, media, and fans, Marlboro Team Penske arrived at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway with a brand new, secretly-built 209 cid Mercedes-Benz pushrod engine, which was capable of a reported 1000 horsepower. Despite reliability issues with the engine and handling difficulties with the chassis, the three-car Penske team (Unser, Emerson Fittipaldi and Paul Tracy) dominated most of the month, and nearly the entire race. This engine used a provision in the rules intended for stock block pushrod engines such as the V-6 Buick engines that allowed an extra 650 cm³ and 10 inches (4.9 psi/33.8 kPa) of boost. This extra power (1,024 horsepower, which was up a 150-200 hp advantage over the conventional V-8s.) allowed the Penskes to run significantly faster, giving them the pole and outside front row on the grid for the 78th Indianapolis 500. Al Unser Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi dominated the race, eventually lapping the field with 16 laps to go in the 200 lap race when Emerson made contact with a wall coming out of Turn 4, giving Al Unser Jr. the lead and win. The only other driver who finished on the lead lap was rookie Jacques Villeneuve.
In the summer and fall of 1993, Ilmor and Penske engaged in a new engine program. Under complete secrecy, a 209-CID purpose-built, pushrod engine was being developed. Mercedes stepped in near the end of development and paid a fee in order to badge the engine as the Mercedes-Benz 500I. The engine was designed to exploit a perceived "loophole" that existed in USAC's rulebook since 1991. While CART sanctioned the rest of the Indycar season, the Indianapolis 500 itself was conducted by USAC under slightly different rules.
In an effort to appeal to smaller engine-building companies, USAC had permitted "stock-block" pushrod engines (generally defined as single non-OHC units fitted with two valves per cylinder actuated by pushrod and rocker arm). The traditional "stock blocks," saw some limited use in the early 1980s, but became mainstream at Indy starting with the introduction of the Buick V-6 Indy engine. Initially, the stock blocks were required to have some production-based parts. However, in 1991, USAC quietly lifted the requirement, and purpose-built pushrod engines were permitted to be designed for racing at the onset. Attempting to create an equivalency formula, both pushrod engine formats were allowed increased displacement (209.3 cid vs. 161.7), and increased turbocharger boost (55 inHG vs. 45 inHG)
Team Penske mated the engine with the in-house Penske chassis, the PC-23. It was introduced to the public in April, just days before opening day at Indy.
Applications
Penske PC-23
References
Engines by model
Mercedes-Benz engines
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
V8 engines
Mercedes-Benz in motorsport | Mercedes-Benz 500I engine | [
"Technology"
] | 798 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,049,623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20and%20sexuality | Being overweight or obese has influence on the sexuality of people in various different aspects. It can include negative aspects such as stigmatization which can be an obstacle for romantic developments, sexual dysfunction and an increased chance of risky sexual behavior. It can also have positive aspects in the form of fat fetishism.
Background
The number of people with obesity has greatly increased in recent decades.
Childhood and puberty
Childhood obesity is correlated to early puberty. Girls who go through puberty earlier are more likely to be sexually active than other girls of the same age and are more likely to become pregnant and contract STDs. In their teen years, increased weight can also lead to obstacles for romantic developments. A 2005 study showed that "a teenage girl’s odds for a romantic relationship… dropped 6 to 7 percent for every 1-point increase in her body mass index." Gay, bisexual and transgender children are more likely to be obese, according to a 2020 study. The root cause for this is unknown.
Stigma
Being obese or overweight is stigmatized. In 2007, Substantia Jones started The Adipositivity Project, which is an annual nude photography series depicting fat couples in a positive way to reduce the stigma.
Dating and relationships
For many, the stigma in dating remains even after having lost weight, also due to fear of gaining weight again. According to psychology professor David Sarwer, the prevailing belief is that people who have never been obese are better able to control their weight. Sex educator Laura Delarato noted that there is fetishization of fat bodies. Some dating sites exclusively for fat people have been made. BMI is highly correlated between romantic partners.
Sexual health and satisfaction
An increased body weight can lead to an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin, which causes testosterone to fail. That can cause the libido to decrease. It can also narrow down the blood vessels, which makes it harder to climax. Sex positions tend to be more limited.
Men
In men, it can lead to erectile dysfunction.
Women
Women in class 3 obesity experience the most impairment in sexual quality of life, with an overall lack of enjoyment of sexual activity. In women, it generally leads to low self-esteem and negative self image.
Fat fetishism
Fat fetishism (and "feederism") has been described as a sexual subculture, sexual fetish and a lifestyle.
Hanne Blank has written:"Feederism is a red herring, it creates alarm and controversy that derails more meaningful discourse about fat sexuality. All of fat people’s sexuality gets lost in the shadow of the mainstream media’s voyeuristic fixation on what is portrayed as a freak show."
Some people consider feederism to be a part of BDSM, because food is used as a means of control because the feeder decides what the feedee eats and how much their body changes. Some fat people do happily engage in the fetishism and find fulfillment in it. Many have felt fetishism thrust on them without consent. Aubrey Gordon has rejected the notion that fat attraction is necessarily a fetish. Feederism has been depicted in films like Feed and City Island, where the first was not consensual but the latter was.
Pornography and sex work
Web queries on Internet pornography websites for 'fat' outpaced 'skinny'. As a 33 stone woman, Amanda Faye has been able to make a living out of eating for the camera.
Leblouh
Leblouh is the practice of force-feeding women.
References
Further reading
External links
Oversized? Here's your guide to sexual bliss
Can Three Obese Singletons Find Love? (Obese Dating Documentary) | Too Fat for Love | Only Human
Meet Gainer Bull, the 500lb erotic weight gainer eating 10k calories a day to please his OnlyFans followers
These men are sexually aroused from overfeeding their partners
Obesity
Sexology
Social stigma | Obesity and sexuality | [
"Biology"
] | 803 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Sexology"
] |
69,049,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Hodge | Andrea Maria Hodge is a Colombian-born materials scientist and academic leader. She is the Department Chair of the Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science at University of Southern California, and the Arthur B. Freeman Professor and Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering. She is a leader in engineered nanomaterials research, with a focus on synthesis of micro- and nanoscale structures and structured grain boundaries.
Early career and education
Hodge pursued undergraduate studies in the Mechanical Engineering department at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and completed her Ph.D. in 2002 in material science at Northwestern University under the mentorship of Julia Weertman. She worked as a postdoctoral scholar, and then staff scientist, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 2002 until 2007.
Research
Hodge's oversees the Hodge Materials Research Group, and her academic research efforts on nanoporous gold is most well known and cited.
Academic leadership
Hodge has engaged in a variety of academic advisory appointments and STEM outreach activities. She is on the board of advisors for the mechanical engineering department at the University of California, Riverside, and the McCormick School of Engineering at Northwestern University. Hodge's is the 2020 recipient of the Julia and Johannes Weertman Educator Award, which recognizes her efforts towards improving education and educational leadership in materials science and metallurgy.
References
External links
Nanotechnologists
University of Southern California faculty
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
Northwestern University alumni
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Colombian scientists
21st-century Colombian women scientists
Colombian women scientists
Materials scientists and engineers
Women materials scientists and engineers
Colombian chemical engineers
Women chemical engineers | Andrea Hodge | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 338 | [
"Chemical engineers",
"Materials science",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Nanotechnology",
"Women chemical engineers",
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Nanotechnologists",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
69,049,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragna%20Rask-Nielsen | Ragna Marie Jenny Rask-Nielsen née Jensen (1900–1998) was a Danish biochemist and medical researcher. After she earned a PhD with a dissertation on the development of carcinogenic tumors in mice in 1948, she carried out laboratory-based studies on antibody-producing tumors. In 1963, her groundbreaking work on viruses causing cancerous lymphoma was published in the journal Nature. When she died at the age of 97, she left her large fortune to a research foundation.
Biography
Born on 15 September 1900 in Skive, Denmark, Jutland, Ragna Marie Jenny Jensen was the daughter of the merchant Emil Carl Jensen (1874–1948) and his wife Anna née Hansen (1872–1929). In October 1923 she married the specialist physician Hans Christian Rask-Nielsen (1896–1928). The marriage was dissolved in 1944.
An only child, she was brought up in a well-to-do home by parents who supported her educational aspirations. Her father was the brother of the Nobel prize winner Johannes V. Jensen and the women's rights activist Thit Jensen. After graduating from high school, she began to read medicine at the University of Copenhagen in 1919 but interrupted her studies when she married in 1923. She then devoted her attention to assisting her husband Hans Rask-Nielsen with his dissertation for a medical doctorate. Thereafter she helped him enthusiastically with his animal experiments, although the results were published only in his name.
Despite being upset by the divorce in 1944, Rask-Nielsen continued her studies, specializing in biology and graduating in 1945. She became an assistant at the university's Biological Institute, continued her experiments and published the results in her own name. Thanks to the support she received from her professor, the nutritionist Richard Ege, who understood her potential, she earned her doctorate in 1948 with a dissertation titled On the Development of Tumors in Various Tissues in Mice, Following Direct Application of a Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon.
Rask-Nielsen continued to conduct experimental leukemia research in the university's biology department, concentrating on anti-body producing tumors. She developed international contacts and made study trips to London and the United States. In 1963, the journal Nature published research showing that she was the first to prove the existence of viruses causing lymph node cancer in experiments with animals. In 1975, she received world recognition for her work when she was featured in the journal Cancer Research as one of the two European women who had had the greatest impact on basic medical-biological research in the 20th century.
Ragna Rask-Nielsen died in Copenhagen on 19 May 1998.
References
1900 births
1998 deaths
People from Skive Municipality
Danish biochemists
Women biochemists
University of Copenhagen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen | Ragna Rask-Nielsen | [
"Chemistry"
] | 554 | [
"Biochemists",
"Women biochemists"
] |
69,049,940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanetellurol | Methanetellurol is the organotellurium compound with the formula . It is the simplest organotellurium compound that has been purified in bulk. It is classified as a tellurol. A colorless gas, it decomposes to Te and methane near room temperature. It is prepared by reduction of dimethyl ditelluride using Na/ followed by protonation of the (sodium methanetellurolate) with sulfuric acid. Few publications describe this compound as a consequence of its instability and paucity of applications.
According to IR spectroscopy, νTe-H = 1995 cm−1. For the lighter homologues, νE-H = 2342 (E = Se), 2606 (E = S), and 3710 cm−1 (E = O) for methaneselenol, methanethiol, and methanol.
References
Organotellurium compounds
Hydrides
Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom | Methanetellurol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 197 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom"
] |
69,050,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tord%20Ekel%C3%B6f | Tord Johan Carl Ekelöf (born 12 September 1945 in Uppsala, Sweden) is a Swedish professor of particle physics at Uppsala University.
Biography
Ekelöf is the son of Per Olof Ekelöf and Marianne (Hesser) Ekelöf. He graduated in 1964 from the Cathedral School in Uppsala. Ekelöf became a bachelor of philosophy in 1966, a master's engineer in 1968 and obtained his PhD in 1972, all at Uppsala University.
Having obtained his PhD, under the supervision of Sven Kullander, Ekelöf spent several years at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva; first as research fellow from 1972 to 1975, then as a research associate from 1977 to 1979 and finally as a staff physicist from 1979 to 1983.
In the years 1983 to 1988, Ekelöf moved on to a position as researcher financed by the Swedish Research Council before he again became affiliated to CERN as a research associate from 1988 to 1990.
In 1990 he became a senior lecturer at Uppsala University and eventually full professor in 1998.
Throughout his career, Ekelöf has been active in experiments at the particle physics laboratory CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. He has participated in many different collaborations, including ATLAS and DELPHI, and authored a large number of scientific articles.
Ekelöf has contributed towards the establishment of the Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East.
In 2009, he was awarded the Björkénska Prize, a prestigious scientific award from Uppsala University.
References
People associated with CERN
Living people
1945 births
Academic staff of Uppsala University
Particle physicists | Tord Ekelöf | [
"Physics"
] | 328 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
69,050,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQ%20Velorum | KQ Velorum is a variable star system in the southern constellation of Vela. It has the identifier HD 94660 in the Henry Draper Catalogue; KQ Vel is the variable star designation. This appears as a sixth magnitude star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.112, and thus is dimly visible to the naked eye under suitable viewing conditions. The system is located at a distance of approximately 373 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of around 23 km/s.
This was first identified as a chemically peculiar star by Carlos and Mercedes Jaschek in 1959, who found spectral peculiarities in the silicon absorption bands. The long-term photometric variability of this star was reported by H. Hensberge in 1993, who noted a possibly complicated light curve with an estimated period on the order of 2,700 days. In 1975, E. F. Borra and J. D. Landstreet detected a strong magnetic field in excess of on the star. Radial velocity measurements by G. Mathys and associates (1997) demonstrated this is a spectroscopic binary system.
This single-lined spectroscopic binary has a physical separation of at least , an orbital period of , and a high eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.45. The visible component is an Ap star with a stellar classification of Ap(SiCr), although the effective temperature of 11,300 K is a closer match to a spectral type of B8.5p. P. Renson and associates (1991) gave a spectral type of A0p EuCrSi, indicating the spectrum shows peculiarities in the europium, chromium, and silicon bands. It is classified as an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable with a brightness that varies from 6.10 down to 6.12 in magnitude.
KQ Vel is a frequently-studied object that is often used as a magnetic standard star. The magnetic field of this star has a dipole strength of , while displaying additional quadropole and octopole moments. It is inclined to the rotation axis by 16°. The mean longitudinal field is almost constant, showing a strength of . The star is less than halfway through its main sequence lifespan, but is rotating very slowly with a period of around 2,800 days. It has three times the mass and 2.5 times the radius of the Sun, while radiating 105 times the Sun's luminosity.
The mass function of the system indicates that the secondary must have more than two times the mass of the Sun, yet there is no sign of it in otherwise high-quality spectra. A main sequence stellar companion of this mass would have a spectral type earlier than A5V. This led to the suggestion that this companion must be a compact object, either a black hole, a neutron star, or a pair of white dwarfs. In 2018 the companion was detected in the near infrared using the Pioneer instrument at the VLIT observatory, showing an H-band magnitude difference of at an angular separation of . This corresponds to a projected linear separation of a little over .
X-ray observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2016 strongly suggested that the companion is a neutron star, which would make KQ Velorum the first known pair of strongly magnetic Ap star and neutron star that have been discovered. Radio emission has also been detected from the secondary object, raising the possibility that the secondary is actually itself a binary containing a magnetically active star.
If KQ Velorum B is a neutron star, the system would be the product of a supernova explosion, possibly of the electron capture type that would not significantly disrupt the orbit. The strongly magnetic Ap star would likely be the result of a merger, perhaps from an W UMa close binary. The current neutron star may have been the tertiary member of the system, and it gained mass during a Roche lobe overflow of the binary components.
References
Ap stars
Neutron stars
Spectroscopic binaries
Vela (constellation)
094660
053379
4263
Velorum, KQ
Durchmusterung objects | KQ Velorum | [
"Astronomy"
] | 849 | [
"Vela (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
69,050,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Anellis | Irving H. Anellis (1946 to 2013) was a historian of philosophy.
Anellis began his study of philosophy in Boston, Massachusetts at Northeastern University, gaining his B.A. in 1969. He continued in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at Duquesne University, gaining the M.A. in 1971.
He studied with Jean van Heijenoort at Brandeis University and obtained the Ph.D. in 1977 with his thesis Ontological Commitment in Ideal Languages: Semantic Interpretations for Logical Positivism.
Anellis began his teaching career as a teaching assistant when at Northeastern. He taught at Mississippi Valley State University in 1980 and Mount Saint Clare College the next year. He was at University of Minnesota Duluth in 1982 and Des Moines Area Community College in the 1990s.
As a researching scholar he visited International Logic Review in Milan, Italy in 1982, and also the Bertrand Russell Editorial Project at McMaster University.
In 1989 he joined the Institute for American Thought and became a research associate in the Peirce Edition Project in 2008.
In 1990 he began to edit Modern Logic, a journal on 19th and 20th century logic. Later the title was changed to The Review of Modern Logic.
Irving Henry Anellis died 15 July 2013.
Works
1991: (with N. Houser) "Nineteenth Century Roots of Algebraic Logic and Universal Algebra"
1994: Jean van Heijenoort: Logic and its History in the Work and Writings of Jan van Heijenoort, Modern Logic Publishing
2005: Thirty-five biographical sketches in The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2005: "Some views of Russell and Russell's logic by his Contemporaries, with particular reference to Peirce", Seminar at Peirce Edition Project
2011: "How Peircean was the 'Fregean' Revolution in Logic?"
2012 [2006]: Evaluating Bertrand Russell, the Logician and His Work, Docent Press
References
CV at Indiana University
Irving Anellis Homepage at Blogspot
Irving Anellis at PhilPapers
1946 births
2013 deaths
American historians of mathematics
Brandeis University alumni
Duquesne University alumni
Northeastern University alumni
American logicians
Mathematical logicians | Irving Anellis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 428 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical logicians"
] |
69,050,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol%20dicypionate | Estradiol dicypionate (EDC), also known as estradiol 3,17β-dicypionate, is an estrogen ester which was never marketed. It is the C3 and C17β cypionate (cyclopentylpropionate) diester of estradiol.
See also
List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters
References
Abandoned drugs
Cypionate esters
Estradiol esters
Synthetic estrogens | Estradiol dicypionate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 101 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
69,050,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol%20dibenzoate | Estradiol dibenzoate (EDB), also known as estradiol 3,17β-dibenzoate, is an estrogen ester which was developed in the 1930s and was never marketed. It is the C3 and C17β benzoate diester of estradiol. Estradiol dibenzoate has a longer duration of action than estradiol benzoate (estradiol 3-benzoate) by depot injection.
See also
List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters
References
Abandoned drugs
Benzoate esters
Estradiol esters
Synthetic estrogens | Estradiol dibenzoate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 131 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
69,051,116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20search%20warrant | A reverse search warrant is a type of search warrant used in the United States, in which law enforcement obtains a court order for information from technology companies to identify a group of people who may be suspects in a crime. They differ from traditional search warrants, which typically apply to specific individuals. Geo-fence warrants, which seek data on mobile phone users who were in a specific location at a given time, and keyword warrants, which request information on users who searched specific phrases, are two types of reverse search warrants.
History
Reverse location warrants were first used in 2016, and have become increasingly widely used by United States law enforcement. Google reported that it had received 982 reverse location warrants in 2018, 8,396 in 2019, and 11,554 in 2020. A 2021 transparency report showed that 25% of data requests from law enforcement to Google were geo-fence data requests. Google is the most common recipient of reverse location warrants and the main provider of such data, although companies including Apple, Snapchat, Lyft, and Uber have also received such warrants.
Types
Geo-fence warrant
Geo-fence warrants, also called reverse location warrants, seek to compel data from search engine companies and other technology companies that collect mobile location data, to determine which users may have been in a specific location at a given time.
Keyword warrant
Keyword search warrants seek to compel search engine companies to release data on users who have searched specific phrases—for example, an address that was later the location of a crime. Keyword warrants are comparatively rare but have been used to request data from companies including Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo since at least 2017.
Genealogy database warrants
Companies that collect DNA data have received warrants from law enforcement seeking to access their databases. GEDMatch and Family Tree DNA have cooperated with such requests, while larger companies like Ancestry.com and 23andMe have stated they would fight such attempts by law enforcement. These warrants attempt to connect DNA samples from crime scenes with data belonging to commercial DNA testing companies. Even if a perpetrator of a crime has not submitted their data to such companies, DNA samples belonging to relatives, even quite distant ones, have been used to identify suspects and criminals.
Legality
Some lawyers and privacy experts have argued reverse search warrants are unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or unauthorized by the Stored Communications Act, notwithstanding the third-party doctrine (there is no reasonable expectation of privacy for information voluntarily given to third parties). The Fourth Amendment specifies that warrants may only be issued "upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." Some lawyers, legal scholars, and privacy experts have likened reverse search warrants to general warrants, which are not permitted by the Fourth Amendment because they lack specificity in terms of the place to be searched or the items to be seized. Although most judges have authorized geofence warrants, at least two federal judges have ruled that such warrants violate the Fourth Amendment's requirements of probable cause and particularity.
Groups including the New York Civil Liberties Union and the Surveillance Technology Oversight Project joined state senator Zellnor Myrie and assembly member Dan Quart in 2020 to begin work on legislation in New York that would prohibit both geo-fence and keyword warrants. Groups including the Electronic Frontier Foundation have opposed geofence warrants in amicus briefs filed in motions to quash such orders to disclose geofence data.
See also
Dragnet (policing)
References
Internet privacy
Law enforcement terminology
Searches and seizures
Warrants | Reverse search warrant | [
"Engineering"
] | 748 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer forensics"
] |
69,051,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Acetylbufotenine | O-Acetylbufotenine, or bufotenine O-acetate, also known as 5-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-AcO-DMT) or O-acetyl-N,N-dimethylserotonin, is a synthetic tryptamine derivative and putative serotonergic psychedelic. It is the O-acetylated analogue of the naturally occurring peripherally selective serotonergic tryptamine bufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltrypamine or N,N-dimethylserotonin) and is thought to act as a centrally penetrant prodrug of bufotenine.
Bufotenine has low lipophilicity, limitedly crosses the blood–brain barrier in animals, does not produce psychedelic-like effects in animals except at very high doses or administered directly into the brain, and produces inconsistent and weak psychedelic effects accompanied by pronounced peripheral side effects in humans. O-Acetylbufotenine, which is much more lipophilic than bufotenine due to its acetyl group, was developed in an attempt to overcome bufotenine's limitations and allow for the drug to efficiently cross the blood–brain barrier. In contrast to peripherally administered bufotenine, O-acetylbufotenine readily enters the brain in animals and produces robust psychedelic-like effects. In addition, O-acetylbufotenine was more potent than N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; O-methylbufotenine) in animals. However, the effects of O-acetylbufotenine in humans have not been assessed or reported. Alexander Shulgin speculated about O-acetylbufotenine in TiHKAL but did not personally synthesize or test it.
O-Acetylbufotenine is thought to be a prodrug of bufotenine, which is a non-selective agonist of many of the serotonin receptors, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (the activation of which is associated with psychedelic effects). However, O-acetylbufotenine has also unexpectedly been found to act directly as an agonist of certain serotonin receptors, including of the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D receptors.
The O-acetyl substitution of O-acetylbufotenine is expected to be cleaved quite rapidly in vivo, which may hinder the ability of O-acetylbufotenine to cross the blood–brain barrier and deliver bufotenine into the central nervous system. Because of this, other O-acyl derivatives of bufotenine besides O-acetylbufotenine have been developed and studied. One such analogue, O-pivalylbufotenine, has been assessed and has likewise been shown to produce psychedelic-like effects animals.
O-Acetylbufotenine was first described in the scientific literature by 1968.
See also
4-AcO-DMT
5-EtO-DMT
5-HO-AMT
5-HO-DiPT
O,O′-Diacetyldopamine
O,O′-Dipivaloyldopamine
α-Methyltryptophan
Neurotransmitter prodrug
References
Acetate esters
Designer drugs
Neurotransmitter precursors
Prodrugs
Psychedelic tryptamines
Serotonin receptor agonists
Tertiary amines | O-Acetylbufotenine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 781 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
69,052,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile%20Aurora%20Indy%20V8%20engine | The Oldsmobile Aurora Indy V8 engine is a 3.5-liter to 4.0-liter, naturally-aspirated, V-8 Indy car racing engine, designed, developed and produced by Oldsmobile, for use in the IRL IndyCar Series; from 1996 to 2001. It is a variant of the Northstar engine.
A twin-turbocharged version of this engine was used in the Cadillac Northstar LMP sports prototype race car.
Applications
IndyCars
Dallara IR-7
Dallara IR-8
Dallara IR-9
Dallara IR-00
Dallara IR-01
Lola T93/00
Lola T95/00
Reynard 94I
Reynard 95I
G-Force GF01
G-Force GF05
Le Mans Prototypes
Cadillac Northstar LMP
Riley & Scott Mk III
References
Engines by model
Aurora
IndyCar Series
V8 engines | Oldsmobile Aurora Indy V8 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 183 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,052,974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford-Cosworth%20Indy%20V8%20engine | The Ford-Cosworth Indy V8 engine is a series of mechanically similar, turbocharged, 2.65-liter V-8 engines, designed and developed by Ford in partnership with Cosworth for use in American open-wheel racing. It was produced for over 30 years and was used in the United States Auto Club (USAC) Championship Car series, CART, and Champ Car World Series between 1976 and 2007. The DFX engine was the Indy car version of the highly successful 3-liter Ford-Cosworth DFV Formula One engine developed by former Lotus engineer Keith Duckworth and Colin Chapman backing from Ford for the Lotus 49 to campaign the 1967 season. This engine had 155 wins between 1967 and 1985 in F1. The DFX variant was initially developed for Indy car use by Parnelli Jones in 1976, with Cosworth soon taking over. This engine won the Indianapolis 500 ten consecutive years from 1978 to 1987, as well as winning all USAC and CART championships between 1977 and 1987. It powered 81 consecutive Indy car victories from 1981 to 1986, with 153 Indy car victories total.
DFX
One of the most successful and longest-lived projects of Cosworth has been its Indy car engine program. In 1975; Cosworth developed the DFX, by destroking the engine to 2.65 L and adding a turbocharger, the DFX became the standard engine to run in IndyCar racing, ending the reign of the Offenhauser, and maintaining that position until the late 1980s.
A 2.65-L turbocharged version of the DFV was developed privately by the Vels Parnelli Jones team for the 1976 USAC season, in the face of opposition from Duckworth. The Parnelli-Cosworth car took its first victory at the 1976 Pocono 500, the fifth race of the season, driven by Al Unser. Unser and his Cosworth-powered Parnelli took two further victories before the end of the year, in Wisconsin and Phoenix, and finished the championship in fourth position.
Duckworth had been a guest of the Vels Parnelli team during the Pocono victory, as Parnelli Jones and Vel Miletich wanted to establish the team as the North American distributor for the turbocharged, Indycar-specification engine. However, shortly after the maiden race victory Cosworth poached two key engineers from the Parnelli team and set up facilities in Torrance, California, to develop and market the engine themselves. Henceforth it became known as the DFX. It went on to dominate Indy car racing in much the same way the DFV had dominated Formula One. The engine won the Indianapolis 500 ten consecutive years from 1978 until 1987, as well as winning all USAC and CART championships between 1977 and 1987 except for one. For a brief time in the early 1980s, some of the DFX engines were badged as Fords. The DFX powered 81 consecutive Indy car victories from 1981 to 1986, and 153 victories total. By the time it was replaced, the DFX was developing over .
DFS
In 1986 GM financed British firm Ilmor to build a competitor to the DFX in Indy car racing. Mario Illien's Ilmor Indy V-8 quickly took over dominance of the sport.
Ford responded by commissioning Cosworth to redesign the DFX to include a number of DFR improvements. In 1989, they introduced an updated "short stroke" version of the Indy car engine which would be referred to as the "DFS" ("S" for short stroke)., and the Nikasil Aluminium liners, adopted on DFY in 1983.
The engine was fielded by two teams in its first season: Kraco Racing (Bobby Rahal) and Dick Simon Racing (Arie Luyendyk), and its development was an effort to regain dominance of the sport. At the 1989 Indianapolis 500, neither car qualified in the front two rows, but both started in the top ten. On race day, both drivers dropped out with engine failures. Rahal won one race in 1989 at the Meadowlands Grand Prix. However, the Kraco team merged with Galles at season's end, dropped the program, and switched to Chevrolets.
In 1990, the factory development was continued by Scott Brayton and Dominic Dobson, but neither won any races. The engine was utilized by other CART teams in 1991–1992, and was retired after the introduction of the Ford Cosworth XB with only one victory, that being Rahal's in 1989.
XB / XD / XF / XFE
Ford-Cosworth designed a brand new line of engines for use in IndyCar to replace the aging DFX and DFS. The X-series, badged as the Ford-Cosworth, debuted in 1992, beginning with the XB. The powerplant won eight poles and five races in the 1992 season, and driver Michael Andretti finished second in points. In 1993, Nigel Mansell won five races en route to the 1993 CART championship, the first for the XB. In 1995, Jacques Villeneuve won the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1995 series championship. The XB won 10 of 17 races that year, making 1995 its most successful year in CART.
The XB was replaced by the XD in the CART series for 1996. The XB, however, was used by several teams in the 1996 Indy Racing League season, and won the 1996 Indianapolis 500.
The XF was developed for the 2000 season to replace the XD, and was chosen as the spec engine for the Champ Car World Series in 2003. The most recent derivative of the XF, the 2.65 L XFE continued in that role through the 2007 season. The Champ Car World Series imposed a rev limit of 12,000 rpm down from the over 15,000 rpm of 2002. The 2004 model of the XFE had a rated power of nominal at 1,054 mmHg (intake boost pressure), and a maximum power of at 1130 mmHg (during Push-to-Pass). The 2004 XFE maximum speed was 12,000 rpm (rev limited) and torque of . The aluminium and iron turbo housing ran a boost of 5.9 psi at sea level (= boost of 12 inches of mercury which is 41.5 inches of mercury absolute). The methanol-fuelled engine used a steel crankshaft and aluminium alloy pistons. Weight was and length was .
In 2007, the Ford name was removed from the engine pieces as the manufacturer elected not to continue sponsorship of the series. Several other engine changes were made, notably the removal of the calibrated "pop-off valve" designed to limit turbo boost pressure, replaced by engine electronics. The rated life of the engine was between rebuilds. Engines were sent by the race teams to Cosworth for the rebuild. In 2007, Champ Car switched to the new Panoz DP01 chassis, which was said to provide better ducting of airflow into the engine. The Champ Car World Series merged into the IndyCar Series prior to the 2008 season, and Cosworth does not currently provide engines to any American open-wheel racing series.
In mid-2003, Cosworth provided the 3.5 L V8 XG badged as a Chevrolet Gen 4 engine to IRL IndyCar Series teams after the proprietary Ilmor-built Chevrolet Gen 3 engine proved inadequate against rival Hondas and Toyotas during the 2003 season. While many teams left Chevrolet after the 2003 season, those that stayed saw a significant improvement in performance with the new "Chevworth" engine compared to their previous units. The XG finished second in its first race at Michigan on July 27, 2003. Sam Hornish, Jr. went on to win 3 races that season with the new XG. The XG was reduced in size to 3 L for the 2004 season and it won one race in 2005 during Chevrolet's final season in IRL.
References
Engines by model
Ford engines
Cosworth
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
V8 engines | Ford-Cosworth Indy V8 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 1,655 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,053,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165%20Halsey%20Street | 165 Halsey Street, formerly known as the Bamberger Building, is a 14-story, office tower in Downtown Newark, New Jersey. Built in 1912–1929, it was designed by Jarvis Hunt. The building spans the entire block between Halsey Street, Market Street, Washington Street, and Bank Street. 165 Halsey Street is a major colocation center in New York metropolitan area; according to Center for Land Use Interpretation, it is among the world's largest carrier hotels. It is a contributing property to the Four Corners Historic District.
Bamberger's
165 Halsey Street was initially built in 1912 as an eight-story, flagship store of Bamberger's to expand the operations from its original store across Halsey Street. It was expanded twice in 1922 and 1929 to become a 14-story building with a total floor area of . The building address was 109-135 Market Street. After Bamberger's expanded its operations to suburban stores, some parts of the building were converted to an office space and the building became the headquarters of Bamberger's. After R. H. Macy & Co. took over Bamberger's, the operations in New Jersey stores retained the Bamberger's name. As the sales continued to decline at the Newark location and Macy's New York and New Jersey merged their operations, the building lost the headquarters status and the store itself was renamed Macy's. In 1992, Macy's closed the Newark store and the building remained vacant until 1996.
Colocation center
After the closure in 1992, the building stayed vacant until October 1996. Samuel Jemal saw a potential of retrofitting the building into a major telecommunication center. The building was built with sturdy construction and its large areas are suitable for large equipment of telecommunication switches and data center operations. The building became known as 165 Halsey Street after the conversion. Early tenants included Level 3 Communications, and MCI Communications which took up a large amount of space within 18 months of the reopening. By 2004, many other telecommunication companies including Verizon Communications and Qwest had moved in.
165 Halsey Street is one of the three main carrier hotels in New York metro. The other two are 111 8th Avenue and 60 Hudson in Manhattan. The tenants of 165 Halsey Street are large telecommunication companies, colocation providers and data center providers:
AboveNet
BT America
Centurylink
Equinix
IPC Network Services
Level 3 Communications
Lexent Metro Connect
NetCarrier
Sidera
Telecom Italia
Verizon Business
XO Communications
Zayo Group
Meet-me rooms
The owner of 165 Halsey Street created the first meet-me room to provide cross connection services in 2000 and the business has since expanded. In 2016, the fifth meet-me room was created. It was the first time that the facility offered DC power to supply directly to the equipment. , there are six meet-me rooms on five floors of the building with a total floor area of more than
Connectivity
There are about 60 networks that support peering to exchange data at 165 Halsey Street. These include a variety of industries. Each of major cloud computing providers, Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform, has a point of presence at the building. Content and interactive gaming providers such as Netflix, Apple TV and Sony PlayStation are also connected to other networks at the building. Other networks are those of telecommunication companies, internet service providers, network (including dark fiber) and data center providers, and educational organizations.
There are four internet exchange points at the building: DE-CIX New York, NetIX, NYIIX, and Equinix Internet Exchange. The building is also a principal access point of the Apollo optical submarine communications cable system crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Other Apollo principal access points in New York metro are 111 Eighth Avenue, 60 Hudson Street, and the cable landing point in Manasquan, New Jersey.
Major financial exchanges have presence at the building. The Secure Financial Transaction Infrastructure (SFTI) of Intercontinental Exchange (the operator of New York Stock Exchange and other global exchanges) that connects to more than 120 trading venues globally has nine access points in the United States. One of those is located at the building. Nasdaq Express Connect, a low-latency point-to-point network that connects Nasdaq data center with trading venues in New York, Chicago and Canada, uses two colocation centers at 165 Halsey Street and 111 Eighth Avenue to cross connect with the SFTI to access NYSE, NYSE Arca, NYSE American, and NYSE National. CME Group has a network solution called EConnect to allow its clients to access its markets from New York and New Jersey locations. EConnect has point-of-presence locations at 165 Halsey Street, 111 8th Ave, and Equinix data centers in Secaucus, New Jersey.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Newark
Hahne and Company
References
Buildings and structures in Newark, New Jersey
Historic district contributing properties in Newark, New Jersey
Internet in the United States
Telecommunications buildings in the United States
Department store buildings in the United States
Data centers
Retail buildings in New Jersey | 165 Halsey Street | [
"Technology"
] | 1,033 | [
"Data centers",
"Computers"
] |
69,053,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anziaic%20acid | Anziaic acid is a depside found in lichens. It gives a red reaction in the C test. The two phenolic rings have a pentyl side chain. It is an ester dimer of olivetolic acid.
Anziaic acid works as an antibacterial compound by inhibiting topoisomerase.
Production
Anziaic acid has been artificially produced from olivetolic acid by benzylation of the O-phenol positions, and then condensing with trifluoroacetic anhydride.
Properties
Anziaic acid is colourless. It can be dissolved in ethanol, ethanol-water mixture, or cyclohexane-benzene mixture.
Related
Perlatolic acid, dihydropicrolichenic acid, 2'-O-methylanziaic acid, 2-O-methylperlatolic acid, 2'-O-methylperlatolic and planaic acid are derivatives of anziaic acid, where a methyl group replaces a hydrogen in some of the hydroxy positions on the rings.
Occurrence
Anziaic acid is found in Parmeliaceae including Hypotrachyna, Stereocaulon, and Cetrelia,
References
Carboxylate esters
Polyphenols
Lichen products | Anziaic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 270 | [
"Natural products",
"Lichen products"
] |
69,053,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20RA16%20engine | The Honda RA16 engine is a highly-successful and extremely powerful, turbocharged, 1.5-litre, 80-degree, V-6 racing engine, designed for use in Formula One; between 1983 and 1988. The customer engines were used by Spirit, Williams, Lotus, and McLaren.
Overview
Honda returned to Formula One in as an engine supplier for Spirit and stayed in the sport for a decade, at various times teaming with Williams (1983–87), Lotus (1987–88), McLaren (1988–92) and finally Tyrrell (1991). Though they often supplied their engines to more than one team per season, Honda did not always supply the same specification engines to different teams in the same season. For example, in as Williams had an existing contract, they were supplied with the latest 1.5-litre RA167E V6 engine, while Lotus was supplied with the RA166E engine which had to be adapted to a lower fuel limit and turbo boost restriction, thus limiting its effectiveness, though, for the last year of the original turbo era in , both Lotus and McLaren used the same specification RA168E.
As an engine supplier, Honda made its World Championship debut with Spirit's Swedish driver Stefan Johansson at the 1983 British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Johansson qualified in an encouraging 14th place (although some 4.5 seconds slower than pole), though he would retire after just 5 laps with fuel problems. Johansson had given the Honda its on-track debut earlier in the year at the non-championship 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch (the last non-championship race in F1 history) where despite unreliability, the 1.5-litre turbocharged V6 engine dubbed the RA163E had impressed with its speed. By the final race of the 1983 season in South Africa, Honda had begun its association with Williams where reigning (and outgoing) World Champion Keke Rosberg served notice that the Honda was on the pace by qualifying 6th, only 7/10s slower than the Ferrari of pole winner Patrick Tambay.
Rosberg would give Honda its first win as an engine supplier when he outlasted the field to win the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix and by the end of the season where Briton Nigel Mansell and Rosberg won the final 3 races of the season (Rosberg had already won that year's Detroit Grand Prix), it was clear that Honda had the engine to beat in Formula One.
At their peak (1986–1988), Honda engines were considered the ticket to Grand Prix glory due to their power, reliability, sophistication, and winning track record. Honda's commitment to F1 was such that Nigel Mansell, who drove Honda-powered Williams cars from 1985 to 1987 recalled in a 2011 interview that Honda was making and developing 4 to 6 totally different engines in a single season. Honda won six consecutive constructors' championships as an engine manufacturer (two with Williams between 1986 and 1987 and four with McLaren between 1988 and 1991), as well as five consecutive drivers' championships (one by Nelson Piquet in 1987, one by Alain Prost in , and three by Ayrton Senna in , and ).
Honda's supreme year in its days as an engine supplier came with McLaren in 1988. Mated to the Steve Nichols and Gordon Murray designed McLaren MP4/4 and with then dual World Champion Alain Prost and Brazilian Ayrton Senna as the drivers, the McLaren-Honda duo had an almost perfect season. Unlike most, Honda built an all-new V6 turbo (the RA168E) for the year to cope with the reduced fuel limit (150 litres) and turbo boost limit (2.5 bar, down from 4.0 bar in 1987) and it paid massive dividends. McLaren-Honda claimed 15 pole positions in the 16 races, 13 of them for Senna, and also claimed 15 race wins, 8 from Senna (a new season record) and 7 from Prost which actually equaled the old record he jointly held with Jim Clark. McLaren-Honda scored a then-record 199 points in the Constructors' Championship, a massive 134 points ahead of second-placed Ferrari (whose driver Gerhard Berger was the only non-Honda-powered pole winner in Britain and the only non-Honda-powered winner in Italy), while Senna and Prost were the only drivers in contention for the Drivers' Championship ultimately won by Senna. Prost actually scored more points than Senna over the course of the season, largely thanks to 7-second-place finishes to go with his 7 wins, but under the rules of the time, only the best 11 scores counted to the championship which saw the title go to the Brazilian.
Fittingly in the last race of Formula One's original turbo era, the 1988 Australian Grand Prix, Honda-powered drivers closed out the podium with Prost defeating Senna with the Lotus of Nelson Piquet finishing an easy 3rd.
Applications
Spirit 201
Williams FW09
Williams FW10
Williams FW11
Lotus 99T
Lotus 100T
McLaren MP4/4
See also
Alfa Romeo 8-cylinder F1 engine
BMW M12
Ferrari turbocharged V6 F1 engine
Ford TEC
Renault EF-Type engine
TAG-Porsche TTE PO1 engine
References
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
Honda engines
Formula One engines
V6 engines
Honda in motorsport
Honda in Formula One | Honda RA16 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 1,093 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,053,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20tracing | Tracing the origins of novel viruses and the specific pathways by which they enter the population is based on epidemiological, genomic, virological and clinical studies. This requires that key stakeholders, such as researchers and health workers on the ground pass data to international agencies such as the WHO or the MSF, as free of restrictions as possible, within the constraints of medical privacy laws.
John Snow traced the origins of 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump, heralding the advent of epidemiology. However, after the pandemic subsided Snow's findings were rejected by government officials causing a political controversy.
In an interview with Discover Magazine, Ian Lipkin said of virus hunting "Initially the evidence is circumstantial", likening it to criminology where a motive and opportunity need to be established.
See also
Emerging infectious disease
Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens
WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence
References
Public health
Health policy
Epidemiology | Origin tracing | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 204 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
59,714,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine%20trip | A turbine trip is the automatic safety shutdown of a power-generation turbine due to unexpected events. Due to the number of issues that may cause a trip, they are relatively common events. The term is common in both coal and nuclear power generation.
Many events can cause a turbine trip, including:
turbine overspeed condition where the turbine accelerates over its design speed, typically by 10%
low vacuum in the secondary cooling loop, or condenser
lubrication failure for any number of reasons
vibrations due to any number of issues
In order to trip the turbine, inlet steam must be removed from the feed. This is normally accomplished with dump valves that re-route the feed steam from the turbine inlet directly into the condensers.
References
Power station technology
Turbines | Turbine trip | [
"Chemistry"
] | 154 | [
"Turbines",
"Turbomachinery"
] |
59,714,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous%20Authentication%20of%20Equals | In cryptography, Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) is a password-based authentication and password-authenticated key agreement method.
Authentication
SAE is a variant of the Dragonfly Key Exchange defined in , based on Diffie–Hellman key exchange using finite cyclic groups which can be a primary cyclic group or an elliptic curve. The problem of using Diffie–Hellman key exchange is that it does not have an authentication mechanism. So the resulting key is influenced by a pre-shared key and the MAC addresses of both peers to solve the authentication problem.
Use
IEEE 802.11s
SAE was originally implemented for use between peers in IEEE 802.11s. When peers discover each other (and security is enabled) they take part in an SAE exchange. If SAE completes successfully, each peer knows the other party possesses the mesh password and, as a by-product of the SAE exchange, the two peers establish a cryptographically strong key. This key is used with the "Authenticated Mesh Peering Exchange" (AMPE) to establish a secure peering and derive a session key to protect mesh traffic, including routing traffic.
WPA3
In January 2018, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced WPA3 as a replacement to WPA2. The new standard uses 128-bit encryption in WPA3-Personal mode (192-bit in WPA3-Enterprise) and forward secrecy. The WPA3 standard also replaces the pre-shared key (PSK) exchange with Simultaneous Authentication of Equals as defined in IEEE 802.11-2016 resulting in a more secure initial key exchange in personal mode. The Wi-Fi Alliance also claims that WPA3 will mitigate security issues posed by weak passwords and simplify the process of setting up devices with no display interface.
Security
In 2019 Eyal Ronen and Mathy Vanhoef (co-author of the KRACK attack) released an analysis of WPA3's Dragonfly handshake and found that "an attacker within range of a victim can still recover the password" and the bugs found "allow an adversary to impersonate any user, and thereby access the Wi-Fi network, without knowing the user's password."
See also
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
Key-agreement protocol
KRACK
IEEE 802.1X
References
Further reading
Password authentication
Authentication protocols
Key-agreement protocols
Computer network security
Cryptographic protocols
IEEE 802.11 | Simultaneous Authentication of Equals | [
"Engineering"
] | 497 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Computer network security"
] |
59,714,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123Movies | 123Movies, GoMovies, GoStream, MeMovies or 123movieshub was a network of file streaming websites operating from Vietnam which allowed users to watch films for free. It was called the world's "most popular illegal site" by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) in March 2018, before being shut down a few weeks later on foot of a criminal investigation by the Vietnamese authorities.
Development
The site went through several name changes after being shut down from different domains; sometimes the name appeared as "123Movies", and other times as "123movies". The original name, and URL, was 123movies.to, which changed to other domains including 123movies.is before redirecting to gomovies.to and later gomovies.is. It was changed to gostream.is, and then to memovies.to, before changing to 123movieshub.to/is and remaining there until shutdown.
In October 2016, the MPAA listed 123Movies in its Online Notorious Markets overview to the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), stating that: "The site has a global Alexa rank of 559 and a local rank of 386 in the U.S. 123movies.to had 9.26 million worldwide unique visitors in August 2016 according to SimilarWeb data". In October 2016, Business Insider reported that 123movies.to was the "most-used pirate website" in the United Kingdom.
123Movies included HD, HD-RIP, Blu-ray and camera qualities of films. The video hosters and players it used included Openload, Streamango, and MyCloud. During its existence and shutdown period, the site was covered by TorrentFreak regarding its features, uptime/downtime, shutdown, and reasons for shutdown.
In December 2017, the creators of 123movies launched another streaming site dedicated to anime, named AnimeHub.to, which remained online for months after 123Movies's shutdown.
Shutdown
In March 2017, TorrentFreak reported that the US ambassador to Vietnam, Ted Osius, had been in talks with the local Minister of Information and Communications, Truong Minh Tuan, about shutting down illegal video streaming sites operating from Vietnam, and listed 123movies as one specific site.
In October 2017, the MPAA listed 123Movies (and GoStream.is) in its Online Notorious Markets overview to the Office of the United States Trade Representative, stating that while the site was technically hosted from Ukraine that: "The site takes numerous steps to hide the identity of the
operator, including using Cloudflare, but there is strong reason to believe the operator is still in Vietnam; content is uploaded using cyberlockers from numerous email accounts originating from Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy".
In March 2018, the MPAA said that the site was the "most popular illegal site in the world", stated it was operated from Vietnam and estimated that it received 98 million visitors per month. On 19 March 2018, a note on the site's home page announced its shutdown, and urged users to "respect filmmakers by paying for movies and TV-shows".
Reappearance
In October 2018, the MPAA's update on Online Notorious Markets to the United States Trade Representative, said that the closure of 123movies, 123movieshub, gostream, and gomovies, on foot of a criminal investigation in Vietnam in 2018, was "an important development" in combatting illegal film piracy services. However, the MPAA report also noted that numerous copycat sites had emerged in at least eight other countries. In November 2018 TorrentFreak reported sites connected or similar to 123Movies such as WatchAsap had also been shut down by the FBI, but were re-directing to other file sharing sites. While the website was blocked in India, numerous clones proliferated in India in 2018.
See also
FMovies
List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom
Putlocker, similar online movie streaming network
YIFY Torrents (or YTS), online movie file downloading network
Popcorn Time, a freeware program allowing users to watch movies through torrenting on several platforms.
Notes
References
External links
MPAA Research on Notorious Markets
Film websites
Defunct video on demand services
Defunct websites
Companies with year of disestablishment missing
Companies with year of establishment missing
Streaming media systems
Internet services shut down by a legal challenge
Internet censorship
Notorious markets
Internet censorship in India | 123Movies | [
"Technology"
] | 933 | [
"Streaming media systems",
"Telecommunications systems",
"Computer systems"
] |
59,714,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203665 | NGC 3665 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. It is located at a distance of circa 85 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3665 is about 85,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 23, 1789.
Characteristics
NGC 3665 is a lenticular galaxy whose disk is characterised by the presence of a circular dust lane. The galaxy has high molecular gas content, as determined by the detection of CO lines. The molecular gas mass in the galaxy is estimated to be 108.91 . The galaxy has a UV excess that indicates the presence of a young stellar population. The total star formation rate in NGC 3665 is estimated to be 1.7 per year. This rate is less than the one expected based on the molecular gas reservoirs of the galaxy. It has been suggested that the compact yet massive bulge of the galaxy has stabilised the cold gas, and thus suppressed star formation.
The nucleus of the galaxy is active and hosts a low luminosity transition active galactic nucleus (AGN). The most accepted theory for the energy source of AGNs is the presence of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. The mass of the black hole in the centre of NGC 3665 is measured using the rotation of the molecular gas around the nucleus as , or based on the M–sigma relation.
NGC 3665 has been found to emit radio waves. Its emission appears elongated at a position angle perpendicular to the dust lane, with the most luminous region being in the nucleus. The emission extends for more than 5 arcminutes in 610 MHz. In 1.4 GHz, the galaxy has one jet with FRI morphology, that extends for more than 3 kpc. In 5 GHz, emission appears in the nucleus and two jet-like structures. The southeast source has not been resolved, while the northwest extends for 0.7 arcseconds, which corresponds to 120 pc at the distance of NGC 3665. The radio emission is likely associated with a low luminosity AGN.
Supernova
One supernova has been detected in NGC 3665, SN 2002hl. It was discovered by T. Boles in unfiltered CCD images taken on November 5, 2002 with a 0.35-m reflector, as part of the U.K. Nova/Supernova Patrol. The supernova had then a magnitude of 16.3. The spectrum of the supernova obtained on November 5 indicated it was a type Ia supernova about one or two months after maximum light.
Nearby galaxies
NGC 3665 is the brightest member of a galaxy group known as the NGC 3665 group. Other members of the group include NGC 3648, NGC 3652, NGC 3658, and UGC 6433. NGC 3658 lies 15 arcminutes from NGC 3665.
References
External links
NGC 3665 on SIMBAD
Lenticular galaxies
Ursa Major
3665
06426
35064
Astronomical objects discovered in 1789
Discoveries by William Herschel
Galaxies discovered in 1789
+07-24-003 | NGC 3665 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 634 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
59,716,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Maher | Barbara Ann Maher is a Professor Emerita of Environmental Science at Lancaster University. She served as director of the Centre for Environmental magnetism & Palaeomagnetism until 2021 and works on magnetic nanoparticles and pollution.
Education and early career
Maher earned her Bachelor's degree in geography at the University of Liverpool. She remained there for her graduate studies, earning a PhD in environmental geophysics for research on the origins and transformations of magnetic minerals in soils.
Career and research
After completing her PhD, Maher was made a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Fellow at the Department of Geophysics, University of Edinburgh. She joined the School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia as a lecturer in 1987 and was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1996 and Reader in 1998. Here she investigated the magnetic properties of ultrafine sub-micron magnetites. Using her understanding of magnetic mineral formation in soils, she evaluated the paleo-climate of the Chinese Loess Plateau. She developed spatial and temporal reconstructions of the Asian palaeomonsoon. She was the Royal Institution Scientists for the new century lecturer in 1999. She edited the book Quaternary Climates, Environments and Magnetism in 1999.
Maher also studies magnetic nanoparticles to track dust impacts on climate change and changes in human health due to particulate air pollution. She was described by Richard Harrison as having "single-handedly developed the field of environmental magnetism". She demonstrated that soils that were exposed to higher rainfall make more magnetite. She has studied how windblown dusts impacted the levels of greenhouse gases. She is interested in magnetic records of Quaternary terrestrial sediments. She launched the Quantifying Uncertainty in the Earth System (QUEST) Working Group on Dust in 2008.
Maher became interested in metal-rich particulate pollution. In 2013 Maher demonstrated that silver birch trees could be used as pollution filters. The result was part of an investigation into the impact of roadside trees on the concentration of particulate matter found in people's homes. Silver birch trees are covered in tiny hairs, which can trap the particulate matter whilst allowing clean air to circulate. The matter is washed off the leaves when it rains, allowing the birch trees to trap even more particulate matter. Her work was examined by Michael Mosley and Gabriel Weston on the BBC show Trust Me, I'm a Doctor. They found that the pollution collected in houses protected by silver birch trees was 50 - 60% lower than in houses without them.
In 2016 Maher found toxic, metal-rich nanoparticles in human brain tissue. By studying the nanoparticles using an electron microscope, Maher found they were small and round, some with surface crystallites, indicating that they had been formed at high temperatures, rather than in the brain itself. The nanoparticles comprise a mix of iron-rich, strongly magnetic particles associated with other metals, including platinum, cobalt, aluminium and titanium. Similar metal-rich nanoparticles occur in abundance in urban air pollution, especially at busy roadsides. As the nanoparticles have diameters that are less than 200 nm, they can enter the brain via the lungs and blood circulation, via ingestion and transport through the neuroenteric system, and through the olfactory nerve. Magnetite can produce reactive oxygen species in the brain. Maher became concerned that these magnetite particles could be linked to Alzheimer's disease, mental illness and reduced intelligence. Her work on air pollution nanoparticles in human tissues attracts worldwide scientific, and media, attention. She has appeared on numerous BBC News and World Service TV and radio programmes, including BBC Radio 4's Inside Science in 2018, discussing the Government of the United Kingdom Clean Air Strategy. S
Awards and honours
1999 Royal Institution Lecturer, Scientists for the New Century
2005 Chree Medal and Prize, Institute of Physics (IOP), renamed Institute of Physics Edward Appleton Medal and Prize in 2008
2002-2006 and 2006-2008 Chair, Rock Magnetism group, International Union of Geophysics & Geodesy
2006-2012 Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award
2008 -2010 Vice President of the Quaternary Research Association
2013 Pilkington Teaching Award, Lancaster University
2014 Schlumberger Medal and Award, Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, renamed the Neumann Medal in 2021
2020 Fellowship, American Geophysical Union
2021 Bullard Lecturer, American Geophysical Union
2023 AGU College of Fellows Distinguished Lecturer
2024 Awarded membership, Academia Europaea
2024 Elected, Fellow of the Royal Society
References
Environmental scientists
British climatologists
Women climatologists
Academics of Lancaster University
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of East Anglia
1960 births
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society | Barbara Maher | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 970 | [
"Environmental scientists",
"British environmental scientists"
] |
59,716,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease%20ecology | Disease ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology concerned with the mechanisms, patterns, and effects of host-pathogen interactions, particularly those of infectious diseases. For example, it examines how parasites spread through and influence wildlife populations and communities. By studying the flow of diseases within the natural environment, scientists seek to better understand how changes within our environment can shape how pathogens, and other diseases, travel. Therefore, diseases ecology seeks to understand the links between ecological interactions and disease evolution. New emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (infecting both wildlife and humans) are increasing at unprecedented rates which can have lasting impacts on public health, ecosystem health, and biodiversity.
Factors affecting spread of diseases
Parasitic infections, along with certain transmitted diseases, are present in wildlife which can have severe health effects on particular individuals and populations. Constant host-parasite interactions make disease ecology critical in conservation ecology.
Ecological factors
Ecological factors that can determine the persistence and the spread of diseases are population size, density, and composition. Host population size is important in the context of host-parasite interactions since the spread of diseases needs a host population large enough to sustain parasitic interactions. The health of the overall population (and the size of the weakened population members) will also influence the way that parasites and diseases will transmit among members. Additionally, competition and predation dynamics in the ecosystem can influence the density of potential hosts which can either propagate or limit the spread of diseases.
Predator-prey interactions
In some cases when a parasite has weakened an animal it will become easier prey for a predator species. Occasionally predators will prefer feeding on the sick or infected prey even though they carry a parasite because of the opportunity weak prey present. Without the presence of a predator species the prey species would likely exceed manageable numbers therefore leading to the rapid spread of pathogens throughout the prey population. Available host numbers increased when the infected individuals are not removed due to low predation. However, there are some situations where predator feeding can disturb a pathogen that previously was dormant leading to an epidemic that otherwise would not have occurred. Some parasites are able to survive when their host species is consumed leading to the parasite being distributed in the waste of the predator which can continue the spread of disease.
Parasitism
Parasitism in disease ecology is important because it can shape the way many habitats function because they are disease carriers. These diseases can alter the timing of events, biogeochemical cycles, and even the flow of energy in a habitat. Parasites are able to limit population growth and reproduction of species which may lead to a shift in the balance of an ecosystem. Other ways parasites impact systems are through nutrient cycles. Parasites are able to create imbalances of the elements in a system through the relationship they have with a host and the host's diet.
Biological factors
Biological factors that can determine the persistence of diseases include parameters pertaining at the level of the individual within the population (one single organism). Sex differences are found to be prevalent in disease transmission. For example, male American minks are larger and travel wider distances, making them more prone to come into contact with parasites and diseases. The host species age may additionally affect the rate in which diseases are transmitted. Younger members of populations have yet to acquire herd immunity and are therefore more susceptible to parasitic infections.
Anthropogenic factors
Anthropogenic factors of disease spread can be through the introduction or translocation of wildlife for conservation purposes by humans. Additionally, human activity is changing the way in which diseases move through the natural environment.
In relation to anthropogenic factors
Humans are strongly impacting how diseases spread by creating what is known as "novel species associations". Globalization, mainly through world travel and trade, has created a system in which pathogens, and other species, are more in contact with one another than before. Ecological disruption, including habitat fragmentation and road construction, degrade natural landscapes and have been studied as drivers of recent emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases worldwide. Scientists have speculated that habitat destruction and biodiversity loss are some of the main reasons influencing the rapid spread of non-human, disease carrying vectors. The loss of predators, that mitigate the ability for pathogen transmission, can increase the rate of disease transmission. Human anthropogenic induced climate change is becoming problematic, as parasites and their associated diseases, can move to higher latitudes with increasing global temperatures. New diseases can therefore infect populations that were previously never in contact with certain pathogens.
Urbanization and biodiversity loss
Urbanization is considered one of the main land-use changes, defined as the growth in the area and number of people inhabiting cities and creates artificial landscapes of built-up structures for human use. With over 65% of the global human population living in cities by 2025, ecological impacts of urbanization focuses mainly on biodiversity loss defined as the decline in species richness. With empirical evidence, scientists are understanding that biodiversity loss is associated with increased disease transmission and worsening of disease severity for humans, wildlife, and certain plant species. As biodiversity is lost worldwide, it is oftentimes the larger, slower reproducing animal species that will go extinct first. This leaves smaller, more adaptable, fast reproducing species abundant. Research has shown that these smaller species are more likely the ones to carry and transmit pathogens (key examples include bats, rats, and mice).
Invasive species
Globalization, especially world trade and travel, has facilitated the spread of non-native species worldwide. Newly introduced invasive species have the ability to alter ecological dynamics through local and regional extinction of native species. This can promote changes to the ecosystem including the shift in abundance and richness of native species. New invasive species, and the diseases they potentially carry, can escape into the environment and alter the existing natural ecosystems and the ecosystem services that people are dependent upon, including water quality and nutrient availability.
Habitat fragmentation
Encroachment on natural ecosystems and wildlife with rapid urbanization exposes humans to a wide variety of disease carrying animals. Habitat fragmentation leads to increased edge effects and increases the contact between different communities, vectors, and pathogens which can increase disease transmission. It is argued that between 2013 and 2015, the Ebola virus disease (EDB) outbreak in West Africa began due to deforestation and habitat degradation. In this case, frugivorous and insectivorous bat species had less forest serving as a barrier between them and dense human settlements. Transmission of the Ebola virus is believed to have occurred through direct contact with bat species carrying the pathogen and humans, encroaching on natural ecosystems.
Climate change
Scientists have deemed vector borne diseases to be sensitive to changes in weather and climate. The abundance of disease carrying vectors in the environment depends on multiple factors, including temperature, relative humidity, and water availability, all factors necessary for the reproductive processes and success of disease carrying vectors. Climate change predictions include rising temperatures and changes in rainfall pattern which can create suitable habitats and increases the overall survival rate and fitness of pathogen carrying species. With a warming climate, pathogens and parasites can begin shifting their native geographic ranges to higher latitudes and infect host species in which they have no prior interaction with. The shift in rainfall patterns can additionally indicate the presence of disease carrying vectors. For example, mosquitos spread diseases such as malaria and lymphatic filariasis. The distribution of lymphatic filariasis via mosquitos can be determined by looking at soil moisture content, an indicator of viable mosquito breeding habitat (as mosquito larvae need shallow, stagnant water to survive). As temperature and precipitation patterns change, so will soil moisture levels and the corresponding mosquito populations.
As climate change continues to disrupt ecosystems around the world it can make both human and non-human populations more or less vulnerable to disease depending on the specific effects of climate change on the disease. The subject of climate change and its impact on disease is increasingly attracting the attention of health professionals and climate-change scientists, particularly with respect to malaria and other vector-transmitted human diseases. More specifically, climate change can impact malaria transmissions by extending the season of transmission and creating more breeding sites due to increasing temperatures and rainfall, respectively. Increases in malaria transmissions and other vector-transmitted human diseases can have a devastating impact on communities that do not receive appropriate medical care and on people who have not had exposure to these diseases.
In relation to tropical, northern temperate zones, and the Arctic
It is thought that the effects of climate change on temperature will increase with latitude. This means that northern temperate zones will experience more temperature changes than tropical zones. Tropical zones experience less climate variability, so organisms in tropical zones have adjusted to a continuous climate. Therefore, slight disruptions in climate can dramatically affect the organisms in tropical zones. Climate change can affect organisms by elongating their reproductive cycles. In addition to this, climate change allows for pathogens to expand beyond tropical zones, dramatically impacting species because of the introduction of new pathogens. These impacted species include humans and human livestock.
Changes in northern temperate zones and the Arctic are also expected. More specifically, the effects of climate change on temperature increase with latitude, so the temperature in northern temperate zones is projected to increase and the temperature in the Arctic is projected to increase even more. Like tropical zones, climate change in northern temperate zones and the Arctic can also cause species to move beyond their original niche. For example, climate change has allowed elk to move north in areas that overlap with other species such as caribou. When the elk move, they introduce new pathogens into the area, thus harming the caribou.
Models and predicting disease ecology
There are numerous approaches when predicting the impacts of climate change on diseases. Static approaches use reproduction rates to find how climate change will affect vectors. An example of the use of static approaches is a process-based model called MIASMA. This model explores the relationship between different climate change scenarios and the reproduction rate of vectors. This model has been used specifically to look at mosquitoes in African highlands to make predictions about the future of the development and feeding of mosquitoes. Additionally, this model can be used to find the population of mosquitoes that bite, allowing predictions of diseases such as dengue fever.
Another approach includes statistical based models, which relies on observations unlike process-based models. An example of this type of model is CLIMEX, which maps vector species over geographical locations while accounting for climate factors. It is important to note that this approach does have limitations. CLIMEX does not include all factors that impact vector species.
Time-series models can also be used to find how climate change will modify disease dynamics. However this approach has a downside; only a limited number of locations and pathogens can be looked at simultaneously using time-series models.
Predictions of ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) can also help predict diseases. ENSO events can create cooler temperatures in the Western Tropical Pacific and warmer temperatures in the Central and Eastern Tropical Pacific leading to intense precipitation and storms. Changes in climate due to ENSO can affect the dynamics of diseases and can affect the water sources humans use. For example, in 1991, cholera reappeared in Peru around the same time as an el Niño event occurred. ENSO events can be anticipated early on, and therefore by predicting ENSO, predictions about disease transmission peaks can be made up to two months before they occur.
Notable examples in disease ecology
Malaria
Malaria is a disease transferred by the female Anopheles mosquito, located predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and is a long withstanding public health issue. It is a disease that is strongly regulated by climate factors and therefore climate change will have a notable impact on the transmission of the disease. As temperatures warm, the reproductive phase of the Plasmodium parasite, within the gut of the female mosquito, will undergo completion. This will ensure that the female mosquito becomes infective before the end of its lifespan. Precipitation is also a critical factor for the breeding and the transmission of malaria and with climate change influencing regular precipitation patterns, studies are finding that mosquito breeding potential can increase as a direct result of climate change.
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is the most common tickborne disease throughout the United States and Europe with an estimated 476,000 cases in Europe and 200,000 cases in the United States per year. Recently, studies have concluded that there is an increased risk of Lyme disease in Southern Canada due to the home range expansion of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis, which is responsible for carrying the disease. Climate change creates milder winters and extended Spring and Autumn seasons. This creates hospitable habitats for ticks thrive at higher latitudes (where they are normally not found). Human infections of Lyme disease have been increasingly prominent in certain southern parts of Canadian provinces such as Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia. According to Canadian published studies, other environmental factors are contributing to the expansion of the Ixodes scapularis home range which include the introduction of the vector through migratory birds and density of deer populations.
West Nile virus
West Nile virus is transferred between mosquitos and birds of prey including eagles, hawks, falcons, and owls. In the United States, West Nile Virus is being increasingly studied in New York and Connecticut due to the effects of climate change on two disease carrying vectors. Climate change is promoting the hybridization amongst two mosquito vectors (C. pipiens and C. quinquefasciatus) which can have an effect on the genetic composition of the hybrid allowing it to become more effective at transmitting diseases and increases its adaptability to different climactic conditions.
See also
References
Bibliography
Epidemiology | Disease ecology | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,754 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
59,717,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno%20Platform | Uno Platform () is an open source cross-platform graphical user interface that allows WinUI and Universal Windows Platform (UWP) - based code to run on iOS, macOS, Linux, Android, and WebAssembly. Uno Platform is released under the Apache 2.0 license.
Applications can be built by using the UWP tools in Visual Studio on Windows, including XAML and C# Edit and Continue, and run on iOS, Android or in WebAssembly in a web browser. A plug in for Microsoft Visual Studio is available from Microsoft's Visual Studio Marketplace. The community surrounding Uno Platform open source project comes together at its annual conference UnoConf.
See also
WebAssembly
Blazor
.NET Multi-platform App UI (.NET MAUI)
Windows App SDK
References
Further reading
The Register: WinUI and WinRT: Official modern Windows API now universal thanks to WebAssembly
InfoWorld: Put Windows apps on the web with Uno
Channel9: Uno Platform Part 1
External links
Uno Platform
Mobile software development
Mobile software programming tools
Software development by platforms
Software using the Apache license
Web development software | Uno Platform | [
"Technology"
] | 233 | [
"Software development by platforms",
"Computing platforms"
] |
59,717,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Chemistry%20at%20the%20Space-Time%20Limit | Center for Chemistry at the Space-Time Limit or CaSTL Center is a National Science Foundation Center for Chemical Innovation.
The CaSTL Center was established through a cooperative agreement between the National Science Foundation and the University of California, Irvine in 2008. Vartkess Ara Apkarian, a Professor of Chemistry at the University of California Irvine, is the director of the center. Notable members of the center include researchers in nanoscience such as Richard Van Duyne, Hrvoje Petek, Wilson Ho, H. Kumar Wickramasinghe, George Schatz, Eric Potma, Lasse Jensen, Matt Law, Nien-Hui Ge, Jennifer Shumaker-Parry, Ruqian Wu.
Mission
The mission of the CaSTL Center is "develop the essential science and technology to probe single chemical events in real space and time". CaSTL researchers proposed and developed a new tool, called Chemiscope, a chemist's microscope, to accomplish this goal.
Accomplishments
Microscopy with a Single Molecule Scanning Electrometer
CaSTL researchers developed experimental & theoretical tools to image electrostatic fields and charge distributions with sub-nanometer spatial resolution. They demonstrated the first single molecule limit in miniaturization of microElectroMechanical Systems (SMEMS). They demonstrated that vibrations of a single tip-attached carbon monoxide molecule can serve as a force sensor and can act as an electric-to-mechanical force transducer where the vibrations are read optically via tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This discovery enabled researchers to access electric fields, capacitance and conductivity within molecules, which will impact fields ranging from molecular electronics to catalytic chemistry.
Imaging Vibrational Normal Modes of Single Molecules
Internal vibrations of molecules determine the structural transformations that determine chemistry such as reactivity. A CaSTL team led by Vartkess Ara Apkarian measured the vibrational normal modes of a single cobalt-tetraphenylporphyrin molecule on a copper surface with atomically confined light. This study used a variant of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to measure vibrational spectra within a single molecule. Chemists use a variety of tools, including Infrared spectroscopy, to measure vibrations of molecules, however, measuring the normal modes of a single molecule has been elusive because microscopy with atomistic resolution requires a magnification nearly three orders of magnitude higher than the optical diffraction limit.
Broader impacts
The CaSTL Center organized several scientific events such as symposia, workshops, summer schools on single molecule chemistry. Noted among these are the 2018 Telluride Workshop on Molecular Videography and a symposium with the theme "Toward Chemistry in Real Space and Time" at the 2019 Fall Meeting of the American Chemical Society.
Informal Science Education
An educational video game titled Bond Breaker was developed by CaSTL scientists in collaboration with TestTubeGames where players are introduced to light-matter interactions through a series of problems that they must solve. This game become very popular and featured on the front page of Scientific American. This game is currently available on several gaming platforms across the world. A Classroom version of the game, Bond Breaker - Classroom Edition, based on Next-Generation Science Standards, was released in 2019. This video game consists of a series of game levels, animations, quizzes and NGSS Lesson plans. The characters in this game were chosen to promote diversity and equity in STEM disciplines.
Science Animations
CaSTL scientists helped the development of a series of science animations, such as What is an Atom and How Do We Know?, What are Atoms Made of?, What is a Molecule?, and How to See a Virus, explaining the basic concepts of nanoscience to the broader public.
CaSTL - ASU Pathways Program
CaSTL scientists partnered with the Albany State University to provide Summer Research Experience to the underrepresented undergraduate students with the support from University of California, Office of the President. This program later attracted participation from other historically black colleges and universities institutions such as Hampton University, Tuskegee University.
References
National Science Foundation
Chemistry organizations
Nanotechnology institutions
University of California, Irvine buildings and structures
Nanoscale Science Research Centers | Center for Chemistry at the Space-Time Limit | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 838 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology institutions",
"nan"
] |
59,719,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyanomethane | Tetracyanomethane or carbon tetracyanide is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a percyanoalkane. It is a molecular carbon nitride. The structure can be considered as methane with all hydrogen atoms replaced by cyanide groups. It was first made by Erwin Mayer in 1969.
Properties
Tetracyanomethane is a solid at room temperature. It decomposes over 160 °C without melting, and although it can be in a dilute vapour, no liquid form is known.
The molecules of tetracyanomethane have a tetrahedral symmetry (3m or Td). The molecule has C-C distance of 1.484 Å and C-N distance of 1.161 Å in the gas form. In the solid the C≡N bond shortens to 1.147 Å. The C-C bond has a force constant of 4.86×105 dyn/cm which is slightly greater than the C-Cl bond in carbon tetrachloride, but a fair bit weaker than in the tricyanomethanide ion. At pressures over 7 GPa tetracyanomethane starts to polymerize to form a disorganised covalent network solid. At higher pressure the white colour yellows and darkens to black. Over 20 GPa the polymerization is total.
The bulk modulus K0 = 4.4 and its derivative K0' = 18.
Production
Tetracyanomethane can be made by reacting cyanogen chloride with silver tricyanomethanide.
Reactions
In an acid solution in water tetracyanomethane is hydrolysed to yield tricyanomethanide and ammonium ions along with carbon dioxide. In alkaline solutions tricyanomethanide and cyanate ions are produced.
See also
Tricyanomethane (cyanoform)
Tetraethynylmethane
References
Nitriles | Tetracyanomethane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 404 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
59,722,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis%20%28TV%20series%29 | Osmosis is a French science fiction television series created by Audrey Fouché. The first season, consisting of eight episodes, was released on 29 March 2019 on Netflix. The series stars Hugo Becker, Agathe Bonitzer, Stéphane Pitti, Gaël Kamilindi, Suzanne Rault-Balet, Luna Silva, Manoel Dupont and Yuming Hey.
On 17 January 2020, Netflix cancelled the series after one season.
Synopsis
Set in near-future Paris, the science-fiction drama sees a new dating app called Osmosis that can decode true love, digging deep into its users' brain data to find a perfect match. But is there a price to pay when letting an algorithm decide whom you will love, using technology that can access the innermost recesses of your mind and your best-kept secrets?
Cast and characters
Main
Hugo Becker as Paul Vanhove, CEO of Osmosis and first tester of the implant.
Agathe Bonitzer as Esther Vanhove, Paul's sister and technical genius creator of Osmosis
Stéphane Pitti as Lucas Apert
Gaël Kamilindi as Gabriel
Suzanne Rault-Balet as Swann
Luna Silva as Ana Stern
Manoel Dupont as Niels Larsen
Yuming Hey as Billie Tual
Recurring
Vincent Renaudet as Martin, the AI of Osmosis
Lena Laprès as Claire Salomon
Philypa Phoenix as Joséphine Vanhove, Paul's wife.
Lionel Lingelser as Léopold Goulard
Fabien Ducommun as Antoine Fouché
Waly Dia as Simon
Aurélia Petit as Louise Vanhove
Christiane Conil as Cécile Larsen
Laure-Lucile Simon as Eloan Spivack
Dimitri Storoge as Mathieu Christo
Pierre Hancisse as Samuel Kahn
Sarah-Jane Sauvegrain as Romy
Camille-François Nicol as Tom
Jeremy Lewin as Romeo
Jimmy Labeeu as Ilyes
Production
Development
On 11 May 2017, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of eight episodes. The series is created by Audrey Fouché, who is credited as an executive producer. Osmosis is based on an idea from a former project of the same title created by Louis Chiche, William Chiche and Gabriel Chiche and produced by Telfrance and Arte in 2015. In February 2019, it was announced that the series would premiere on 29 March 2019. The production company reportedly spent a budget of 8 million euros for the first season, with each episode costing €1 million. On 1 April 2019, it was confirmed that Audrey Fouché departed the series as a showrunner after the first season. On 17 January 2020, Netflix cancelled the series after one season.
Casting
In August 2018, it was announced that Hugo Becker, Agathe Bonitzer, Stephane Pitti, Gael Kamilindi and Suzanne Rault-Balet had been cast in the series. In February 2019, it was announced that Luna Silva, Manoel Dupont and Yuming Hey were added to the cast.
Filming
Principal photography for the first season took place on location in Paris in 2018.
Episodes
Release
On 28 February 2019, the official trailer for the series was released.
Premiere
On 24 March 2019, the series held its official premiere with the screening of the first two episodes at the Series Mania International Festival in Lille, France.
Reception
The first season received positive reviews upon its release. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 6/10 based on 5 reviews.
Noah Berlatsky from The Verge mentioned in a positive review of the first two episodes of the series, that "Technology in Osmosis doesn't create a dystopia or a utopia in itself. It's just a tool, and different people project different dreams and fears onto it, for better and worse" and that this "level of nuance and awareness makes Osmosis start out thoughtful and refreshing." Greg Wheeler from The Review Geek recommended the first season in their review of the series by stating that "Osmosis is a really thrilling sci-fi trip, one asking some big questions around love and relationships while delivering a well written story full of twists and turns along the way."
Devin Townsend from The Breeze complimented the first season in his review by adding that the series is "thought-provoking and edges on the air of irony. It relies on the audience's knowledge of the challenging world of dating and how cynical the human race is becoming with their choice of an "other half"." In a positive review of the series, Jon O'Brien from i-D wrote that, "Osmosis delivers a more optimistic proclamation. Humankind and machines can in fact live in relative harmony, and without the fear of murderous robot dogs, head-exploding video games or hashtag-powered genocides. And should disaster strike, it's more likely to be us pesky humans to blame."
Emma Stefansky from Thrillist praised the series, stating that "Osmosis joins the ranks of shows like the German time-travel thriller Dark, the Danish zombie eco-pocalypse The Rain, and the South Korean medieval drama Kingdom, creating a subgenre within Netflix of remarkably good foreign-language genre television" and further adding that it "is the kind of show you can just sit and absorb." Laurie Clarke of Techworld gave the series a positive recommendation saying that its "handling of a technologically entwined future is much more subtle than the at-times hamfisted approach of Black Mirror and it breathes some much-needed humanity back into tech-centric fictions."
References
External links
2010s French drama television series
2010s LGBTQ-related drama television series
2010s science fiction television series
2019 French television series debuts
2019 French television series endings
Dystopian television series
French-language television shows
Netflix television dramas
2010s French LGBTQ-related television series
French science fiction television series
Hard science fiction
LGBTQ-related web series
Fiction about malware
Fiction about nanotechnology
Serial drama television series
Television series about artificial intelligence
Television series set in the future
Television series set in the 21st century
Television shows set in Paris
French web series
French spy television series | Osmosis (TV series) | [
"Materials_science"
] | 1,272 | [
"Fiction about nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
59,724,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207531 | NGC 7531 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the constellation Grus. It is located at a distance of about 70 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 7531 is about 95,000 light years across. It was discovered by John Herschel on September 2, 1836.
Characteristics
The inner region of NGC 7531 is characterised by a high surface brightness ring. The ring is a place of active star formation and a number of star clusters and H II regions have been identified in it. The star formation rate of the inner ring is estimated to be 0.41 ± 0.12 per year based on H-alpha emission. A weak bar is observed in the near infrared inside the ring, along with dust lanes. Yet, the motions at the inner ring are predominately circular. The inner ring may lie at the location of the inner Lindblad resonance.
The galaxy has two patchy spiral arms that are relatively well defined but are of low surface brightness. H II regions have also been observed at the spiral arms of the galaxy, where there is also active star formation, which is more intense at the southwest region. A supermassive black hole is believed to lie in the centre of the galaxy whose mass is estimated to be 3–48 million (107.07±0.61) , based on the spiral arm pitch angle. The galaxy is seen with an inclination of 66°.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 7531, SN 2012dj. It was a type Ib/c supernova with a peak magnitude of 15.3.
Nearby galaxies
In long exposure photographic plates of the galaxy, a large low surface brightness region structure was observed 2.6 arcminutes west from the nucleus of the galaxy, that has more than half the apparent diameter of NGC 7531. It has been identified as a stellar cloud that may be a dwarf satellite of the galaxy or a shell created by the tidal disruption of NGC 7531.
NGC 7531 is a member of the NGC 7582 galaxy group. Other members of the group include NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599, which are also known as the Grus Quartet, NGC 7496, NGC 7632, and IC 5325. This group, along with the group centred around IC 1459 form the Grus cloud, a region of elevated galaxy density. The Grus cloud, along with the nearby Pavo-Indus cloud, lies between the Local Supercluster and Pavo–Indus Supercluster.
See also
NGC 4622, and NGC 5364 - two similar spiral galaxies with inner rings
Messier 94 - spiral galaxy with a similar inner ring
References
External links
NGC 7531 on SIMBAD
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Grus (constellation)
7531
70800
Discoveries by John Herschel
Astronomical objects discovered in 1836 | NGC 7531 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 589 | [
"Grus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
59,725,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202460 | NGC 2460 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis. It was discovered by German astronomer Wilhelm Tempel on August 11, 1882.
It is also identified as an active nucleus galaxy. Its redshift of 0.004837 gives a distance of 22 megaparsecs, or approximately 70 million light-years.
Physical characteristics
NGC 2460 has an absolute magnitude of −21.0, and an apparent magnitude of 11.46. Several arms extend for long distances from the central galaxy, perhaps as a result of an interaction with nearby galaxy PGC 213434. The galaxy has a radial velocity of 1446 km/s.
References
External links
2460
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Camelopardalis
Discoveries by Wilhelm Tempel
022270 | NGC 2460 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 161 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
64,648,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20chemical%20databases | This is a list of websites that contain lists of chemicals, or databases of chemical information. There is further detail on the content of these and other resources in a Wikibook of information sources.
References
Databases
Chemistry | List of chemical databases | [
"Chemistry"
] | 44 | [
"Chemical databases",
"nan"
] |
64,649,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20drawing | In graph drawing, a convex drawing of a planar graph is a drawing that represents the vertices of the graph as points in the Euclidean plane and the edges as straight line segments, in such a way that all of the faces of the drawing (including the outer face) have a convex boundary. The boundary of a face may pass straight through one of the vertices of the graph without turning; a strictly convex drawing asks in addition that the face boundary turns at each vertex. That is, in a strictly convex drawing, each vertex of the graph is also a vertex of each convex polygon describing the shape of each incident face.
Every polyhedral graph has a strictly convex drawing, for instance obtained as the Schlegel diagram of a convex polyhedron representing the graph. For these graphs, a convex (but not necessarily strictly convex) drawing can be found within a grid whose length on each side is linear in the number of vertices of the graph, in linear time. However, strictly convex drawings may require larger grids; for instance, for any polyhedron such as a pyramid in which one face has a linear number of vertices, a strictly convex drawing of its graph requires a grid of cubic area. A linear-time algorithm can find strictly convex drawings of polyhedral graphs in a grid whose length on each side is quadratic.
Other graphs that are not polyhedral can also have convex drawings, or strictly convex drawings. Some graphs, such as the complete bipartite graph , have convex drawings but not strictly convex drawings. A combinatorial characterization for the graphs with convex drawings is known, and they can be recognized in linear time, but the grid dimensions needed for their drawings and an efficient algorithm for constructing small convex grid drawings of these graphs are not known in all cases.
Convex drawings should be distinguished from convex embeddings, in which each vertex is required to lie within the convex hull of its neighboring vertices. Convex embeddings can exist in dimensions other than two, do not require their graph to be planar, and even for planar embeddings of planar graphs do not necessarily force the outer face to be convex.
References
Graph drawing
Planar graphs | Convex drawing | [
"Mathematics"
] | 441 | [
"Planes (geometry)",
"Planar graphs"
] |
64,649,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchitcherik | A tchitcherik or tchitcherik sakwa (plural: tchitcheri sakab) is a statue of the ancestors of the Moba of northern Togo and Ghana.
Uses
Tchitcheri sakab are wooden sculptures of varying sizes (around a metre in general) that represent figures of ancestors, the word sakab meaning "ancestors" in Moba language. They are planted in the soil, sometimes up to the groin, which explains why the legs are often eaten by xylophagus insects. The tchitcheri are named after the clan of the ancestors they are supposed to honor.
Only the diviners can order such a sculpture, they also determine its size and sex. The tchitcheri are minimalist sculptures reminiscent of abstract art, a cylindrical trunk with straight arms and legs, surmounted by a round head and without neck.
References
Bibliography
Douglas Newton, African and Oceanic Art in Jerusalem: The Israel Museum, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), 2001
Annie Dupuis, Jacques Ivanoff, Ethnocentrisme et création, 2014
Dieter Gleisberg, Merkur & die Musen: Schätze der Weltkultur aus Leipzig, 1989
Mein Afrika: die Sammlung Fritz Koenig, 2000
African art
Magic (supernatural)
Religious objects | Tchitcherik | [
"Physics"
] | 278 | [
"Magic items",
"Religious objects",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
64,649,692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill%20and%20finish | In the pharmaceutical industry, fill and finish (also referred to as fill finish, fill-finish or fill/finish) is the process of filling vials with vaccine, biological and pharmaceutical Drug Substances (DS) and finishing the process of packaging the medicine for distribution. Many vaccine manufacturers use third parties to fill and finish their vaccines.
The fill/finish process is a common bottleneck in the manufacturing and deployment of vaccines.
To address this problem, in 2013 the U.S. federal government created the Fill Finish Manufacturing Network, a network of third-party provider contracts intended to perform fill and finish operations for vaccines against future infectious diseases. As part of its response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK government has provided financial support for fill and finish operations.
References
Vaccination
Manufacturing
Drug manufacturing
Packaging | Fill and finish | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 165 | [
"Vaccination",
"Manufacturing",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
64,649,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206375 | NGC 6375 is a galaxy in the New General Catalog. It is located in the sky within the constellation Hercules. It is an E0 type lenticular, elliptical galaxy. It was discovered by German astronomer Albert Marth in 1864 with a mirror type telescope with a diameter of 121.92 cm (48 inches).
References
External links
SEDS
10875
6375
Hercules (constellation)
Elliptical galaxies | NGC 6375 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 81 | [
"Hercules (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
64,649,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine%20N-oxide | Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) is a synthetic drug used mainly in biomedical research as a ligand to activate Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), despite the initial belief that it was biologically inert. However, it has been shown to not enter the brain after administration and to reverse metabolize in peripheral tissues to form clozapine. Clozapine can bind to a number of different serotonergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors within the brain. These off-target effects mean behavioral data using the CNO-DREADD system have to be interpreted with caution.
Alternatives to CNO with more affinity, more inert character, and faster kinetics include Compound 21 (C21) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ).
References
Neuroscience
Pharmacology | Clozapine N-oxide | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 174 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Neuroscience",
"Medicinal chemistry"
] |
64,649,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204701 | NGC 4701 is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1054 ± 24km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . However, 10 non-redshift measurements give a greater distance of .It was discovered by the German-British astronomer William Herschel on 30 April 1786 using a 47.5 cm (18.7 inch) diameter mirror type telescope. It is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.
NGC 4701 is a member of the M49 Group (also known as LGG 292). This group contains at least 127 galaxies, including 63 galaxies from the New General Catalogue and 20 galaxies from the Index Catalogue.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
07975
4701
Virgo (constellation)
Unbarred spiral galaxies
043331
+01-33-015
17860430
Discoveries by William Herschel
12466+0339 | NGC 4701 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 225 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
64,651,278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Wilansky | Albert "Tommy" Wilansky (13 September 1921, St. John's, Newfoundland – 3 July 2017, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) was a Canadian-American mathematician, known for introducing Smith numbers.
Biography
Wilansky was educated as an undergraduate at Dalhousie University, where he received an M.A. in mathematics in 1944. From 1944 to 1947 he was a graduate student at Brown University. In 1947 he received his Ph.D. with advisor Clarence Raymond Adams and dissertation An application of Banach linear functionals to the theory of summability.
From 1948 until his official retirement in 1992, Wilansky was a faculty member of the mathematics department of Lehigh University.
Wilansky did research in analysis, specializing in summability theory, linear topological spaces, Banach algebras, and functional analysis. He was the author of several books and the author or co-author of more than 80 articles. He lectured at over 50 different universities. In 1969 he received the Mathematical Association of America's Lester R. Ford Award for his 1968 article Spectral Decomposition of Matrices for High School Students. (The 1969 award was also given individually to 5 other mathematicians.)
Wilansky was married to his first wife from 1947 until her death in 1969. They had two daughters. He had three step-daughters from his second marriage.
Selected publications
Articles
Books
References
1921 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Functional analysts
Mathematical analysts
Dalhousie University alumni
Brown University alumni
Lehigh University faculty
Canadian emigrants to the United States | Albert Wilansky | [
"Mathematics"
] | 315 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
64,651,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204614 | NGC 4614 is a barred lenticular galaxy in the New General Catalog. It is located in the constellation of Coma Berenices. It was discovered in 1864 by the German astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest with a 11.9 inch (11 inch) diameter lens type telescope.
One supernova, SN 2018ata (type Ia, mag. 20), was discovered in NGC 4614 on 10 April 2018.
References
External links
SEDS
Barred lenticular galaxies
4614
Coma Berenices
042573 | NGC 4614 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 104 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
64,652,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-WHO%20Focus%20Group%20on%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20for%20Health | The ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health (AI for Health) is an inter-agency collaboration between the World Health Organization and the ITU, which created a benchmarking framework to assess the accuracy of AI in health.
This organization convenes an international network of experts and stakeholders from fields like research, practice, regulation, ethics, public health, etc, that develops guideline documentation and code. The documents address ethics, assessment/evaluation, handling, and regulation of AI for health solutions, covering specific use cases including AI in ophthalmology, histopathology, dentistry, malaria detection, radiology, symptom checker applications, etc. FG-AI4H has established an ad hoc group concerned with digital technologies for health emergencies, including COVID-19. All documentation is public.
The idea for the Focus Group came out of the Health Track of the 2018 AI for Good Global Summit. Administratively, FG-AI4H was created by ITU-T Study Group 16. Under ITU-T's framework, participation in Focus Groups is open to anyone from an ITU Member State. The secretariat is provided by the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (under Director Chaesub Lee). It was first created at the July 2018 meeting with a lifetime of two years, at the July 2020 meeting, this was extended for another two years, where the focus group also submitted its deliverables to its parent body. It was also presented at the NeurIPS 2020 health workshop.
The outline of the benchmarking framework was published in a commentary in The Lancet.
AI for Health Framework
The Deliverables (outputs) of the Focus Group AI for Health are structured in the AI for Health Framework, which roughly corresponds to the dashed-line area in the above ecosystem diagram. Depending on their primary domain being health or ICT, the individual components of the AI for Health Framework were ratified by the corresponding United Nations Specialized Agency, as WHO Guidelines and ITU Recommendations respectively.
Standards drawn up by FG-AI4H are titled as:
AI4H ethics considerations
AI4H regulatory [best practices | considerations]
AI4H requirements specification
AI software life cycle specification
Data specification
AI training best practices specification
AI4H evaluation considerations
AI4H scale-up and adoption
AI4H applications and platforms
Use cases of the ITU-WHO Focus Group on AI for Health
See also
World Health Organization (WHO)
ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
Artificial intelligence in healthcare
Digital health
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
References
World Health Organization
International Telecommunication Union
Scientific organizations established in 2018
Regulation of artificial intelligence | ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health | [
"Technology"
] | 527 | [
"Computing and society",
"Regulation of artificial intelligence"
] |
64,653,791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20of%202020 | The following is a list of weather events that occurred on Earth in the year 2020.
Global conditions
As 2020 began, sea surface temperatures were above normal in the eastern Pacific Ocean near the equator, which had the potential to develop into El Niño conditions. On January 9, a group of climate scientists writing for ENSO Blog published their forecast for atmospheric conditions. They believed that there was a 60% chance that the environment would remain in neutral conditions related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); this was based on the expectation that the above normal water temperatures would return to normal. By March, there was little evidence of increased rainfall near the equator. Trade winds were enhanced in the central and tropical Pacific Ocean, and water temperatures remained above normal. On April 9, ENSO Blog reaffirmed their belief that environmental conditions would remain neutral. However, the sea surface temperatures near the equatorial pacific began to cool well below average, indicating a developing La Niña. As a result, the ENSO Blog issued La Niña watch, stating a 50–55% chance of a strong La Niña. In September, NOAA confirmed that the environment shifted to a La Niña pattern, based on lower than normal water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean near the equator. The ENSO Blog estimated a 75% chance that La Niña conditions would persist through the end of the year, in part due to a strengthening Walker circulation.
Monthly summary
January 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of , which was 2.05°F (1.14°C) above the 20th century average. This made January 2020 the warmest January on record, surpassing 2016 by 0.04°F (0.02°C). The month's departure from the average was the fourth highest of any month ever recorded. January 2020 was also the warmest January on record in the Northern Hemisphere.
February 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of , which was 2.11°F (1.17°C) above the 20th century average. It was the second warmest February on record, behind only 2016.
March 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of , which was 2.09°F (1.16°C) above the 20th century average. The month was the warmest March on record for South America.
April 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of , which was 1.91°F (1.06°C) above the 20th century average. The month was the warmest April on record for the Caribbean, with reliable records for the area beginning in 1910. The global ocean temperature during the month was , which was the highest April temperature since global records began in 1880.
May 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of , tying 2016 for the warmest May on record. The temperature was 1.71°F (0.95°C) above the 20th century average. It was the hottest ever recorded May in the Northern Hemisphere, and for all of Asia.
June 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of , which was 1.66°F (0.92°C) above the 20th century average.
July 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of , tying 2016 for the second warmest July on record, and just shy of June 2019's record warmth. The temperature was 1.66°F (0.92°C) above the 20th century average. The Arctic sea ice extent was 23.1% below the average from 1981 to 2020, which was the smallest sea ice extent on record.
September 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of which was the highest global surface land and water temperature in 141 year record by 1.75°F (0.97°C) surpassing the record of 2015 and 2016 by 0.04°F (0.02°C).
Summary by weather type
Winter storms and cold waves
North America
The winter season in North America, was harsh and the most significant weather events to affect North America in several years. It was the costliest on record with a damage total of at least $197 billion (2021 USD). This season included four storms with reaching Category 3 on Regional Snowfall Index scale, however these storms occurred in 2021. These damages were mostly contributed by a crippling cold wave occurred in mid-February. Along with that, several other major events occur such as an early-season severe ice storm in the South, a powerful nor'easter in mid-December, another major nor'easter on Groundhog Day, two widespread major blizzards in mid-February that affected the South and the Midwest, a major blizzard in March that affected the Rockies, and a late-season nor'easter that affected most of New England. It was also the deadliest winter season in over a decade, causing at least 235 fatalities. A La Niña weather pattern influenced most of the winter in North America during the season.
Floods
In 2020, eighteen flood events occurred, of which twelve occurred in Asia, two occurred in Europe, two occurred in Africa, one occurred in North America and one occurred in South America.
In January, a subtropical storm named Kurumĺ caused heavy rainfall in southeast region of Brazil. The highest rainfall occurred in the state Minas Gerais's capital Belo Horizonte. The flash flooding also caused mudslides in the region. In Europe, UK suffered a severe winter flooding. It initially started in November last year, but the flood continued in isolated regions during December and January. It got worsen after Storm Ciara and Storm Dennis affected in February and caused flash flooding, becoming the wettest month since records began in 1766. England and Wales had on average of rainfall in this month beating the record from 1833. Meanwhile Spain and France had recorded flash flooding thanks due to Storm Gloria.
In February, the southeast region of Kentucky experienced heavy rainfall and affected the counties of Bell, Clay, Harlan, Knox, Leslie, Letcher, Perry and Whitley counties. The governor of Kentucky declared state of emergency in these counties.
In March, a series of flood events affected the countries of Rwanda, Kenya, Somalia, Burundi, Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti and Tanzania affecting at least 1.3 million people. It began with heavy downpour which led to massive landslides and flooding.
Droughts, heat waves, and wildfires
From May 16–19, a heatwave affected southeastern Europe, with temperatures reaching .
In June, large wildfires spread across the Alaskan tundra. The Bush Fire burned across Arizona for several days, becoming the fifth largest ever recorded in the state.
Tornadoes
There were 1,058 tornadoes in the United States, as well as dozens of other tornadoes around the world. Worldwide, tornadoes have killed 90 people, including 78 in the United States. Tornadoes have caused US$4.4 billion in damage. For the first time in history, there were no tornadoes in the National Weather Service Wichita, Kansas coverage zone.
The first significant tornado outbreak occurred on January 10 and 11. Tornadoes in the Southeastern United States killed 7 people, and caused $1.1 billion in damage. An EF2 tornado in Louisiana caused 3 deaths and $1.325 million in damage.
On March 2-3, a tornado outbreak caused 25 deaths, and $1.607 billion in damage, mainly across Tennessee. An EF3 tornado struck Nashville, causing 5 deaths, 220 injuries and $1.504 billion in damage. Then, an EF4 tornado destroyed Cookeville and Putnam County.
On April 12–13, an outbreak of 141 confirmed tornadoes affected the southeastern United States. The outbreak left $3 billion in damage and killed 32 people, making it the deadliest tornado outbreak since 2014.
As Hurricane Isaias moved quickly north along the East Coast of the United States, it spawned an outbreak of 39 tornadoes that left two fatalities, both of which related to an EF3 tornado near Windsor, North Carolina. It was the strongest tornado spawned by a tropical cyclone in the United States since 2005.
Tropical cyclones
The Atlantic hurricane season was the most active on record, with a record 30 named storms, surpassing 2005. There was a record 11 tropical cyclones that struck the United States, with the strongest – Hurricane Laura – leaving $19 billion in damage when it struck Louisiana. In November, powerful hurricanes Eta and Iota struck Central America within a two week period, resulting in significant damage and loss of life. The Pacific hurricane season had a record early start in late April, although it did not feature a hurricane until July 23, one of the latest dates on record.
The Pacific typhoon season was fairly inactive for the first half of the year, with its first storm, Vongfong, forming in late May and moving across the Philippines; the typhoon caused around ₱1.57 billion (US$50 million) in damage, and killed 5 people. For the first July on record, the month did not include a single typhoon. In October, Super Typhoon Goni made landfall in The Philippines with 319 k/mh (195 mph) winds, making it the strongest storm to ever make landfall on record.
Events in meteorology
24 March – The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) announced that a worldwide reduction in aircraft flights due to the COVID-19 pandemic could impact the accuracy of weather forecasts, citing commercial airlines' use of Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) as an integral contribution to weather forecast accuracy. The ECMWF predicted that AMDAR coverage would decrease by 65% or more due to the drop in commercial flights.
24 June – The World Meteorological Organization announces new records for the longest lightning bolt (700 km) and the "megaflash" with the longest duration (16.73 s).
Timeline
This is a timeline of weather events during 2020.
January
January 3 - Jacksonville, Florida ties a monthly record high temperature of . However, the record was broken three years later on January 30, 2023, when Jacksonville hit .
January 4-5 - Flash floods in Israel leave 4 people dead.
January 10–11 – A tornado outbreak in the South Central and Southeastern United States results in 12 fatalities (7 tornadic and 5 non-tornadic) and 19 injuries from 80 tornadoes that caused $1.1 billion (2020 USD) in damage as well as 318,000 power outages. The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a moderate risk of severe weather for much of the Southern United States, including a 15% hatched risk of tornadoes for this outbreak.
January 11 - An EF2 tornado in Louisiana during the Tornado outbreak of January 10-11, 2020 causes 3 deaths and $1.325 million in damage.
January 11–20 – Cyclone Tino kills two people and caused $5.83 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoan Islands, Tuvalu, and Tonga.
January 14–19 – A winter storm, unofficially named Winter Storm Jacob by The Weather Channel, kills four people and caused 21,000 power outages across the United States and Canada.
January 17–25 – European Windstorm Gloria kills 14 people with three missing and caused at least $200 million (2020 USD) in damage as well as over 337,000 power outages across Spain, Portugal, France, Morocco, and Gibraltar.
January 22–26 – Tropical Storm Diane kills 31 people and causes damage across Madagascar.
January 23–25 – Subtropical Storm Kurumí becomes a factor of the 2020 Brazilian floods and mudslides which kills 70 people and caused widespread damage across Brazil.
February
February 2–(Unknown) – A series of wildfires across the Paraná Delta burned 220,000 acres and caused $137,934 (2020 USD) in damage.
February 5–7 – A tornado outbreak in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States results in one tornadic fatality and seven injuries from 37 tornadoes that caused over $925 million (2020 USD) in damage.
February 6 – Meteorologists report a record high temperature of on the northern tip of Antarctica.
February 6 – A record-breaking temperature is recorded at an Argentine weather base on the northern tip of Antarctica, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The previous record was in March 2015.
February 9 – Another Antarctic weather research station, located on Seymour Island, registered a temperature of , considered to be a "likely record" and requiring some open questions to be answered before being confirmed.
March
March 2–3 – A tornado outbreak in Tennessee, Alabama, Southern Kentucky, and Southeastern Missouri results in 26 fatalities (25 tornadic and 1 non-tornadic) and 309 injuries from 15 tornadoes that caused $1.606 billion (2020 USD) in damage.
March 3 – An EF3 tornado during the Tornado outbreak of March 2–3 kills five people and caused $1.504 billion (2020 USD) in damage, becoming the 6th costliest tornado in United States history.
March 3 – An EF4 tornado during the Tornado outbreak of March 2–3 kills 19 people and caused $100 million (2020 USD) in damage.
March 3–4 – A tornado outbreak in Vietnam kills five people (1 tornadic and 4 non-tornadic) and destroyed 350 homes and damaged 6,800 others.
March 12–15 – Severe Storms in the Middle East kills 21 people and caused damage across Egypt, State of Palestine, Jordan, Israel, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
March 12–20 – Cyclone Herold kills five people and causes an unknown amount of damage across Madagascar, Tromelin Island, Mauritius, and Rodrigues.
April
April 1–11 – Cyclone Harold kills 31 people with 22 missing and caused $123.5 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga.
April 4–14 – The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone wildfires burn 116,139 acres.
April 12–13 – The 2020 Easter tornado outbreak results in 38 fatalities (32 tornadic and 6 non-tornadic) and 257 injuries from 140 tornadoes across ten states that caused $3 billion (2020 USD) in damage and caused over 4.3 million power outages. The outbreak caused multiple tornado emergencies to be issued by the National Weather Service.
April 12 – An EF4 tornado, in Mississippi, during the 2020 Easter tornado outbreak, kills eight people and injured 95 others. The tornado was estimated to be 2.25 miles wide, causing it to be the widest tornado in Mississippi state history and the third largest in US history.
April 12 – An EF2 tornado in Georgia caused 8 deaths and injured 24 others. The tornado is notable for not having a tornado warning issued until it was already on the ground for 8 minutes.
April 19–20 – A tornado outbreak in the Southern United States results in two fatalities from 22 tornadoes.
April 22–23 – A tornado outbreak in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia results in 7 fatalities (6 tornadic and 1 non-tornadic) and 64 injuries from 45 tornadoes that caused $1.1 billion (2020 USD) in damage.
April 22 - An EF3 tornado in Texas during the Tornado outbreak of April 22-23, 2020 causes 3 deaths, 33 injuries and $5 million in damage.
April 29 –A lightning strike, also dubbed "megaflash", occurred over the southern United States on April 29, 2020 as a new world record for the longest lightning strike. This was verified on January 31, 2022.
May
May 3 – A derecho sweeps through Missouri and Tennessee causing the worst power outage on record in Nashville. 1 person was killed and 3 others were injured.
May 8–18 – Typhoon Vongfong kills five people and caused $50 million (2020 USD) in damage across Palau, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
May 8 – A long track EF2 tornado hits Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico, which resulted in two fatalities.
May 16-21 – Tropical Storm Arthur
May 16–21 – Cyclone Amphan kills 128 and caused $13.7 billion (2020 USD) in damage across India (West Bengal, Odisha, Andaman Islands), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. Cyclone Amphan became the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean and the first super cyclonic storm to have formed in the Bay of Bengal since the 1999 Odisha cyclone.
May 20 – A tornado in Indonesia killed two people.
May 24–(Unknown) – Wildfires in Uttarakhand, India kills two people.
May 27–28 – Tropical Storm Bertha
May 30–31 – Tropical Storm Amanda
June
June 1–12 – Tropical Storm Cristobal
June 1–4 – Cyclone Nisarga kills six people and caused $803 million (2020 USD) in damage across India. Nisarga became the strongest storm to strike the state in the month of June since 1891.
June 1–August 18 – Floods in Kerala, India killed 140 people, with 12 missing, injured 40 others, and caused $254 (2020 USD) in damage.
June 3 – A derecho sweeps through Pennsylvania and New Jersey cutting power to 850,000 and killing 4.
June 5–July 23 – The Bighorn Fire in Arizona injured seven people and burned 119,987 acres.
June 10 – A strong tornado in Vietnam killed three people and injured 18 others.
June 10-11 – A rare derecho sweeps through Colorado and moves northeast through the Rockies and Great Plains.
June 18 - *The longest lasting lightning strike at 17 seconds takes place over Uruguay. This was verified on January 31, 2022.
June 20 – Verkhoyansk, Russia, located about 10 km (6 mi) north of the Arctic Circle, recorded a temperature of , its highest ever temperature on record, and potentially the highest ever recorded temperature in the arctic.
July
July became the wettest July on record in Newark, New Jersey.
July 9 - The hottest July temperature in Buffalo, New York history occurred, with a high of .
July 9–11 – Tropical Storm Fay kills six people and caused over $350 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Southeastern United States, East Coast of the United States, and Atlantic Canada.
July 20–30 – Hurricane Douglas caused damage to Hawaii and became the closest passing Pacific hurricane to the island of Oahu on record, surpassing the previous record held by Hurricane Dot in 1959.
July 23–26 – Hurricane Hanna kills nine people and caused over $1.2 billion (2020 USD) in damage across Cuba, Hispaniola, the Gulf Coast (mainly Texas), and Mexico.
July 30–August 5 – Hurricane Isaias kills 17 people and caused $4.73 billion (2020 USD) in damage across West Africa, Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, The Bahamas, the East Coast of the United States, and Eastern Canada.
July 30–August 14 – Typhoon Hagupit, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Dindo, kills 17 people will 11 missing and caused $411 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China, Korean Peninsula, Kamchatka Peninsula, and Alaska.
July 31–August 3 – Tropical Storm Sinlaku kills four people and caused $12.94 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos.
August
August 3–4 – A tornado outbreak from Hurricane Isaias kills two people and injured 26 people from 39 tornadoes.
August 4 - An EF3 tornado from Hurricane Isaias in North Carolina kills 2 people, injured 14 more and causes $1 million in damage.
August 9–11 – Tropical Storm Mekkhala caused $159 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Taiwan, and East China.
August 10–11 – A powerful derecho in the Midwestern United States results in four fatalities and caused widespread storm damage as well as 25 tornadoes. The overall derecho caused about $11 billion (2020 USD) in damage and thousands of power outages.
August 15 – An EF1 anticyclonic fire tornado in California from the Loyalton Fire has a tornado warning issued by the National Weather Service, marking the first ever anticyclonic fire tornado to have a tornado warning issued for one.
August 16 – Death Valley recorded a high temperature of , which, if verified, would be the 3rd hottest temperature ever recorded on Earth, and the hottest temperature recorded on Earth since 1931.
August 16–24 – Hurricane Genevieve kills six people and caused $50 million (2020 USD) in damage across Southwestern Mexico, Socorro Island, Baja California Peninsula, and Southern California.
August 16–20 – Tropical Storm Higos kills seven people and caused $142 million (2020 USD) in damage across Mainland China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Hong Kong.
August 18–December 31 – The Dolan Fire injured 15 people and burned 128,050 acres.
August 20–29 – Hurricane Laura kills 81 people and caused $19.1 billion (2020 USD) in damage across Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, The Bahamas, and the United States. Hurricane Laura is tied with the 1856 Last Island hurricane and Hurricane Ida as the strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in the U.S. state of Louisiana, as measured by maximum sustained winds and Laura became the earliest 12th named storm on record.
August 20–30 – Typhoon Bavi kills one person and caused $11.7 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, North China, and Northeast China.
August 21–25 – Hurricane Marco caused $35 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Leeward Islands, Venezuela, Central America, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, and the Gulf Coast of the United States.
August 27–September 7 – Typhoon Maysak kills 46 people and caused over $100 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Northeast China, and Russian Far East.
August 30–September 10 – Typhoon Haishen kills four people with six missing and caused over $100 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Northeastern China.
September
September 1–4 – Hurricane Nana caused $20 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Windward Islands, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico.
September 7–8 – The 2020 Utah windstorm kills one person and caused 200,000 power outages across Utah.
September 7–28 – Hurricane Paulette kills one person and caused $50 million (2020 USD) in damage across Cape Verde, Bermuda, the East Coast of the United States, Azores, and Madeira.
September 11–18 – Hurricane Sally kills nine people and caused $7.3 billion (2020 USD) in damage across The Bahamas, Cuba, the U.S. Gulf Coast, and the Southeastern United States.
September 12–24 – Hurricane Teddy kills three people and caused $35 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Lesser Antilles, Bermuda, the East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada, and Southern Greenland.
September 14–17 – Tropical Storm Vicky kills one person and caused damage across Cape Verde.
September 14–21 – Cyclone Ianos, also known as Medicane Ianos, kills four people with one missing and caused at least $100 million (2020 USD) in damage across Libya, Italy, Malta, Greece, Crete, and Cyrenaica.
September 15–18 – Tropical Storm Noul kills 18 people and caused $175.2 million (2020 USD) in damage across Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
September 17–19 – Subtropical Storm Alpha kills one person and caused $24.2 million (2020 USD) in damage across Portugal and Spain. Subtropical Storm Alpha was also the first subtropical cyclone or tropical cyclone observed to ever make landfall in mainland Portugal.
September 17–25 – Tropical Storm Beta kills one person and caused $225 million (2020 USD) in damage across Mexico, the Gulf Coast of the United States, and the Southeastern United States.
October
October 2–6 – Hurricane Gamma kills six people and caused $100 million (2020 USD) in damage across Honduras, the Yucatán Peninsula, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Florida.
October 4–12 – Hurricane Delta kills six people and caused $3.09 billion (2020 USD) in damage across Jamaica, Nicaragua, the Cayman Islands, the Yucatán Peninsula, the Gulf Coast of the United States, the Southeastern United States, and the Northeastern United States.
October 6–12 – Tropical Storm Linfa kills 139 people with 27 missing and caused $217 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar.
October 7 – A serial derecho sweeps through the New England region and produces 3 microbursts in New York: an 80mph one in Root, a 90mph one in Pittstown, and a 100mph one in Johnsonville.
October 11–14 – Floods in Hyderabad, India associated with Deep Depression BOB 02, kill 98 people and caused $681 million (2020 USD) in damage across Hyderabad and other parts of India.
October 11–14 – Tropical Storm Nangka kills four people with five missing and caused $2.94 million (2020 USD) in damage across China, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
October 13–16 – Tropical Depression Olef kills ten people and caused $27.9 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines and Vietnam.
October 18–25 – Typhoon Saudel, also known as Typhoon Pepito, caused $15.2 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam.
October 19–26 – Hurricane Epsilon kills one person and caused damage across the Caribbean, the East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Canada, the British Isles, Iceland, and Portugal.
October 22–30 – Typhoon Molave kills 71 people with 46 missing and caused $660 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Spratly Islands, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar.
October 24–29 – Hurricane Zeta kills nine people and caused $4.4 billion (2020 USD) in damage across the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, the Gulf Coast of the United States, the Southeastern United States, the Mid-Atlantic United States, New England, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.
October 26–November 6 – Typhoon Goni, also known as Super Typhoon Rolly, kills 32 people and caused $415 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
October 31–November 14 – Hurricane Eta kills 175 people with over 100 missing and caused $8.3 billion (2020 USD) in damage across San Andrés, Jamaica, Central America, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, The Bahamas, and the Southeastern United States.
November
November 8–15 – Typhoon Vamco, also known as Typhoon Ulysses, kills 102 people with 10 missing and caused $437.4 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand.
November 13–18 – Hurricane Iota kills 84 people with 41 missing and caused $1.4 billion (2020 USD) in damage across the ABC Islands, Colombia, Jamaica, Central America (particularly Honduras and Nicaragua).
November 21–24 – Cyclone Gati kills nine people with 30 missing and caused millions in damage across Somalia and Yemen. Cyclone Gati was the strongest tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in Somalia and the first hurricane-force cyclone to make landfall in Somalia.
November 23–27 – Cyclone Nivar kills 14 people and caused $600 million (2020 USD) in damage across Sri Lanka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry.
November 30–December 5 – Cyclone Burevi kills 11 people with five missing and causes damage across Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
November 29–December 2 – A tornado outbreak and winter storm, unofficially named Winter Storm Dane by The Weather Channel, caused over 100,000 power outages and caused $100 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Southern United States, the Ohio Valley, the Northeastern United States, and Eastern Canada. The storm had five tornadoes confirmed by the National Weather Service.
December
December 4-8 - The December 5–6, 2020 nor'easter causes $25 million and 280,000 power outages in the Northeastern United States.
December 10 – A tornado in South Africa kills one person and injures another.
December 11–24 – Cyclone Yasa kills four people with one missing and caused $246.7 million (2020 USD) in damage across Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga.
December 18–25 – Tropical Storm Krovanh, also known as Tropical Depression Vicky, kills nine people with one missing and caused $4.48 million (2020 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand.
December 19, 2020 – January 3, 2021 – Tropical Storm Chalane kills seven people and caused damage across Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia.
December 30, 2020 – January 3, 2021 – The New Year's North American winter storm kills one person and caused 119,000 power outages. The storm caused $35 million (2021 USD) in damage across the United States and Canada.
See also
2020 in the environment and environmental sciences
Weather of 2019
References
Weather events
Weather by year
2020-related lists | Weather of 2020 | [
"Physics"
] | 6,051 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather by year",
"Weather events"
] |
64,653,862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Hazard | Cyril Hazard is a British astronomer. He is known for revolutionising quasar observation with John Bolton in 1962. His work allowed other astronomers to find redshifts from the emission lines from other radio sources.
Early work
Cyril Hazard was born on 18th March 1928 in No.6, Flosh Cottages, Cleator, Cumberland.
Cyril Hazard grew up in Cleator Moor, Cumberland.. He got his doctorate from the University of Manchester, studying under Sir Bernard Lovell and Robert Hanbury Brown. He worked first at Jodrell Bank.
In 1950, radio emission from the Andromeda Galaxy were detected by Robert Hanbury Brown and Hazard at the Jodrell Bank Observatory.
The discovery of quasars
Two radio sources were involved 3C 48 and 3C 273
Measurements taken by Cyril Hazard and John Bolton during one of the occultations using the Parkes Radio Telescope allowed Maarten Schmidt to optically identify the object and obtain an optical spectrum using the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Mount Palomar. This spectrum revealed the same strange emission lines. Schmidt realized that these were actually spectral lines of hydrogen redshifted at the rate of 15.8 percent. This discovery showed that 3C 273 was receding at a rate of 47,000 km/s.
The technique
As the source is occulting behind the moon ( viz. passing behind), Fresnel style diffraction patterns are produced which can be detected by very large radio telescopes and the exact locations calculated.
Memory
The minor planet 9305 Hazard, discovered on 7 October 1986 by Edward "Ted" Bowell, was named after him.
References
Bibliography
Hazard, C.; Mackey, M. B.; and Shimmeris, A. J. "Investigation of the radio Source 3C273 by the Method of Lunar Occultation." Nature 197, 1037, 1963.
1928 births
Living people
20th-century British astronomers
21st-century British astronomers
20th-century English astronomers | Cyril Hazard | [
"Astronomy"
] | 399 | [
"Astronomers",
"Astronomer stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
64,654,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo%20Huston | Malo Hutson is the Dean of the School of Architecture at the University of Virginia. Prior to serving as dean, Hutson was an Associate Professor in Urban Planning at Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation with a focus on equity through urban policy, health and the built environment.
Education and career
Hutson received his Ph.D from the Department of Urban Studies & Planning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2006 and Bachelor of Arts in Sociology and Master of City Planning degrees from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 and 1999 respectively. Before he joined Columbia, Hutson was an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley and the Associate Director of the Institute of Urban & Regional Planning and Chair of the Urban Studies Program. Hutson was also a fellow at University of Michigan's Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health as an alum of the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program.
Projects and writings
Hutson has participated in many national initiatives, such as the Obama Administration's White House Forum on Environmental Justice, and the PEW Charitable Trusts and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Impact Project.
In his book The Urban Struggle for Economics, Environmental, and Social Justice: Deepening Their Roots (Routledge, 2016), he writes of the relationship of local residents with their community leaders to challenge the gentrification of the neighborhood.
References
Living people
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation faculty
Urban planning
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Virginia faculty | Malo Huston | [
"Engineering"
] | 312 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
64,655,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing%20Sun | Jing Sun is a Chinese American marine engineer and control theorist who studies control systems for vehicle propulsion, and is known for her work combining robust control and adaptive control. She is Michael G. Parsons Collegiate Professor of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at the University of Michigan, and chair of the University of Michigan Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.
Education and career
Sun earned a bachelor's degree in 1982 in electrical and electronic engineering, and a master's degree in automatic control in 1984, both from the University of Science and Technology of China. She completed a Ph.D. in electrical engineering systems at the University of Southern California in 1989.
After completing her doctorate, she became an assistant professor at Wayne State University, but left academia in 1993 to become a control systems engineer at Ford Research Laboratories, part of the Ford Motor Company. In 2003 she returned to academia as an associate professor at the University of Michigan.
Books
With Petros A. Ioannou, Sun is the coauthor of the book Robust Adaptive Control (Prentice-Hall, 1996, and Dover, 2012)..
Recognition
With Jessy Grizzle, Sun won the Control Systems Technology Award of the IEEE Control Systems Society in 2003. In 2004, she was named an IEEE Fellow "for contributions to systems theory and automotive powertrain control". Sun was given the Michael G. Parsons Collegiate Professorship in 2015. In 2020 she was elected as a fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American marine engineers
American women engineers
Chinese naval architects
Chinese women engineers
Chinese engineers
Control theorists
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
University of Southern California alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the International Federation of Automatic Control
American women academics
21st-century American women | Jing Sun | [
"Engineering"
] | 361 | [
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
64,656,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20octal | Syllabic octal and split octal are two similar notations for 8-bit and 16-bit octal numbers, respectively, used in some historical contexts.
Syllabic octal
Syllabic octal is an 8-bit octal number representation that was used by English Electric in conjunction with their KDF9 machine in the mid-1960s.
Although the word 'byte' had been coined by the designers of the IBM 7030 Stretch for a group of eight bits, it was not yet well known, and English Electric used the word 'syllable' for what is now called a byte.
Machine code programming used an unusual form of octal, known locally as 'bastardized octal'. It represented 8 bits with three octal digits but the first digit represented only the two most-significant bits (with values 0..3), whilst the others the remaining two groups of three bits (with values 0..7) each. A more polite colloquial name was 'silly octal', derived from the official name which was syllabic octal (also known as 'slob-octal' or 'slob' notation,).
This 8-bit notation was similar to the later 16-bit split octal notation.
Split octal
Split octal is an unusual address notation used by Heathkit's PAM8 and portions of HDOS for the Heathkit H8 in the late 1970s (and sometimes up to the present). It was also used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
Following this convention, 16-bit addresses were split into two 8-bit numbers printed separately in octal, that is base 8 on 8-bit boundaries: the first memory location was "000.000" and the memory location after "000.377" was "001.000" (rather than "000.400").
In order to distinguish numbers in split-octal notation from ordinary 16-bit octal numbers, the two digit groups were often separated by a slash (/), dot (.), colon (:), comma (,), hyphen (-), or hash mark (#).
Most minicomputers and microcomputers used either straight octal (where 377 is followed by 400) or hexadecimal. With the introduction of the optional HA8-6 Z80 processor replacement for the 8080 board, the front-panel keyboard got a new set of labels and hexadecimal notation was used instead of octal.
Through tricky number alignment the HP-16C and other Hewlett-Packard RPN calculators supporting base conversion can implicitly support numbers in split octal as well.
See also
IBM SQUOZE
DEC RADIX 50
Squawk code
Segment:offset addressing
References
Further reading
Early microcomputers
Binary arithmetic
Positional numeral systems | Split octal | [
"Mathematics"
] | 595 | [
"Numeral systems",
"Arithmetic",
"Binary arithmetic",
"Positional numeral systems"
] |
64,656,081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20embedding | In geometric graph theory, a convex embedding of a graph is an embedding of the graph into a Euclidean space, with its vertices represented as points and its edges as line segments, so that all of the vertices outside a specified subset belong to the convex hull of their neighbors. More precisely, if is a subset of the vertices of the graph, then a convex -embedding embeds the graph in such a way that every vertex either belongs to or is placed within the convex hull of its neighbors. A convex embedding into -dimensional Euclidean space is said to be in general position if every subset of its vertices spans a subspace of dimension .
Convex embeddings were introduced by W. T. Tutte in 1963. Tutte showed that if the outer face of a planar graph is fixed to the shape of a given convex polygon in the plane, and the remaining vertices are placed by solving a system of linear equations describing the behavior of ideal springs on the edges of the graph, then the result will be a convex -embedding. More strongly, every face of an embedding constructed in this way will be a convex polygon, resulting in a convex drawing of the graph.
Beyond planarity, convex embeddings gained interest from a 1988 result of Nati Linial, László Lovász, and Avi Wigderson that a graph is -vertex-connected if and only if it has a -dimensional convex -embedding in general position, for some of of its vertices, and that if it is -vertex-connected then such an embedding can be constructed in polynomial time by choosing to be any subset of vertices, and solving Tutte's system of linear equations.
One-dimensional convex embeddings (in general position), for a specified set of two vertices, are equivalent to bipolar orientations of the given graph.
References
Geometric graph theory | Convex embedding | [
"Mathematics"
] | 394 | [
"Geometric graph theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
64,656,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated%20electronic%20decelerator | The graduated electronic decelerator (GED) is a torture device that delivers powerful electric shocks to the skin. Created by Matthew Israel for use on people at the Judge Rotenberg Center as part of the institution's behavior modification program, the device and the school's punishment program have been condemned as torture by the United Nations special rapporteur on torture. In 2020, the device was banned in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration, however the ban was overturned in federal court a year later. In response, the United States Congress amended the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to expand FDA's authority to ban such devices.
Matthew Israel created the GED to replace the older punishments of spankings, pinches, and muscle squeezes, but continued to use restraints, sensory deprivation, and the withholding of food. These older punishments were often used in combination with the GED: For example, a student could be restrained to a board and then given several GED shocks in succession. While the school advertises its behavior modification program as safe, effective, and backed by science, these claims are disputed by independent experts, and the device is often condemned as a form of torture.
History
The GED was created by Matthew Israel, the founder of Judge Rotenberg Center. Before it made use of electric shocks, the school used pinches, spankings, muscle squeezes, and a wide variety of other methods of aversive intervention including punitive restraints, sensory deprivation, and the withholding of food. Matthew Israel said that the school moved to electric shocks because “A lot of injuries were occurring” and also because it is more consistent. After the school began to use electric shocks as punishment, it phased out pinches, spankings, and muscle squeezes, but retained most other aversion interventions which were used alongside, and sometimes at the same time as, the electric shocks. For example, it was a common punishment to apply multiple GED shocks while the subject was restrained.
The GED is based on the Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System (SIBIS), a controversial device that delivered electric shocks to the skin for the purpose of inhibiting self-harming behavior. The SIBIS delivers a weak skin shock that lasts 0.2 seconds. The JRC used the SIBIS on 29 students between 1988 and 1990, but, in some cases, the shock was not powerful enough to produce compliance. Matthew Israel reported that one student was shocked by the SIBIS over 5,000 times in a day without producing the desired change in behavior. Israel asked the manufacturer of the SIBIS, Human Technologies, to build a device that delivered stronger shocks, but they refused. Israel then designed the GED-1, which could deliver a much more powerful shock than the SIBIS, that would last ten times as long. In 1994, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared the device for the treatment of self-harming behavior, as they considered it "substantially equivalent" to the SIBIS.
By 1992, Matthew Israel had also designed and deployed the GED-3a and GED-4. These new GEDs were built to deliver much more powerful shocks than the original GED-1, and were never cleared for use by the FDA. Israel stated that he created the more powerful devices "Because some students had adapted to the [GED-1]".
In 2000, the FDA incorrectly notified the JRC that it qualified for exemption from registration of the GED-3a and GED-4. When the FDA recognized this error in 2011, it notified the JRC that the devices were not approved for use and ordered that they stop using them. The JRC ignored the FDA's demands and continued to use the devices until they were banned in 2020. At the time of the ban, the GED-3a and GED-4 were the only versions of the GED in use at the center.
The use of the device was condemned as torture by the United Nations. The use of the GED has been condemned by human rights groups and disability rights organizations. In 2020, it became the third device ever banned by the FDA in the history of the organization.
A federal court later found that the FDA ban was an "inappropriately promulgated rule". The FDA rule was a ban on using these devices to treat violent or self-injurious behaviors, while not banning the device for "other purposes". A three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit found that this was an overstep of its authority, as it cannot regulate the practice of medicine. In response, Congress amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to expand FDA's authority and allow them to ban a medical device for a particular use; irrespective, of any other approved use.
Specifications and design
Three versions of the GED are known to have been used: The GED-1, GED-3a, and GED-4. Of these devices, the GED-1 is the least powerful and the GED-4 is the most powerful. The GED-1 produces a shock of 30 mA, lasting two seconds. The GED-4 produces a shock of 90 mA, lasting two seconds. For comparison, a cattle prod produces a shock of not more than 10 mA lasting a fraction of a second. According to James Eason, a professor of biomedical engineering at Washington and Lee University, the GED's lowest shock setting is about twice the threshold that pain researchers consider tolerable to most adult humans.
Use
Intended use
The center has stated that the GED was only used as a last resort to prevent aggressive or self-injurious behavior after positive behavioral support had failed. However, a 2006 report by the New York State Education Department found that no significant positive behavioral support program existed, and that the device was regularly used for minor infractions such as:
Failing to be neat
Wrapping one's foot around the leg of a chair
Stopping work for more than ten seconds
Closing one's eyes for more than five seconds
Minor acts of noncompliance
Other reported reasons for administering shocks include:
Using the bathroom without permission
Urinating on oneself after being refused the right to use the bathroom
Screaming while being shocked
Attempting to remove the GED
Additionally, the report found that the GED could be programmed to give automated skin shocks in response to targeted behaviors. For example, some students were made to sit on GED seats that would automatically administer skin shocks for the target behavior of standing up, while others wore waist holsters that would administer skin shocks if the student pulled a hand out of the holster. Shocks were administered continuously until the target behavior stopped occurring. The center did not have necessary approval from the FDA to use the device in this way.
An FDA investigation found that some parents and guardians were pressured into giving consent to put their child on the GED, that they were not provided with accurate information about the device's risks, and that other options were not exhausted before resorting to the GED. The agency also found that the GED could cause both physical and psychological harm, including: pain, burns, tissue damage, depression, fear, and aggression. Furthermore, they concluded that the GED device may have caused one resident to enter a catatonic state, and that it can in some cases worsen the behaviors that it claims to treat.
Residents were made to wear the GED devices at all hours, even during showers and sleep. Residents report that they were sometimes awoken by shocks at night, which were administered for reasons including nighttime incontinence, tensing up while asleep, and having broken a rule earlier in the day. Resident would also be shocked if they failed to stay awake at daytime. One resident reported that after being shocked while asleep, staff would not explain to her why she was shocked. Fear of these shocks produced extreme insomnia, which persisted even after she went off the GED.
At the time of the ban, the JRC was the only institution in the United States using electric skin shocks to control behavior.
Accidental activation and malfunction
The GEDs were known to sometimes malfunction, delivering repeated skin shocks until they were removed. Additionally, staff sometimes activated them by accident. Accidental activation by staff is called "misapplication."
Court approval
Before a resident could be put on the GED, they had to have a behavior plan approved by the school, a parent or guardian, and a court. JRC staff report that they followed the behavior plans to the letter. Greg Miller, a teacher's assistant at the JRC, reported that on one occasion, he saw a girl with cerebral palsy shocked for moaning and reaching out to hold a staff member's hand. On another occasion, he reached into his pocket without first announcing his intention to the class. Four children screamed out in fear, and he was forced to shock them. Miller said that this kind of scenario occurred "all the time" at the school. Staff were continually observed by cameras to ensure that they administered the prescribed shocks, and feared losing their jobs if they did not.
Efficacy and ethics
When asked why the GED had not been studied in peer-reviewed scientific literature, Israel responded: "We've been so busy just managing and running the school and defending ourselves against enemies. It's been hard to justify the time." Israel reports that the GED has been used on children as young as "seven or eight". Since 2002, at least two peer-reviewed studies have been published on the GED. The first study compares the effect of applying repeated shocks to the same area versus alternating between different areas. The study concludes that repeated shocks to the same area are more painful, and thus more effective in altering behavior. A second study, co-authored by Israel himself, investigated the side effects of the GED and asserted that there are none.
Matthew Israel said in an interview with Mother Jones that he thinks the GED should be used more often.
Incidents
Andre McCollins incident
In 2002, Andre McCollins, an autistic student from New York City, was restrained on a four-point board and shocked 31 times with the GED over the course of seven hours. The first shock was given after he did not take off his coat when asked; subsequent shocks were given as punishments for screaming and tensing up while being shocked. The day after the incident, McCollins' mother had to drive him to the hospital, as he was unable to speak and had third-degree burns on many parts of his body. The doctor diagnosed him with acute stress disorder, a short-term disorder defined by the existence of posttraumatic stress symptoms. A video of the event was released to the public, with clips airing on national news.
Hoax phone call incident
After the center received a phone call alleging that two of its residents had misbehaved earlier that evening, staff woke them from their beds, restrained them, and repeatedly gave them electric shocks. One of the residents received 77 shocks and the other received 29. After the incident, one of the residents had to be treated for burns. The phone call was later found to be a hoax perpetrated by a former resident who was pretending to be a supervisor.
Reactions
United Nations
The use of the device was condemned as torture by the United Nations special rapporteur on torture.
FDA
In 2020, it became the third device ever banned by the FDA in the history of the organization.
The Judge Rotenberg Center filed a lawsuit against the FDA, and in July 2021, the DC Circuit Court overturned the ban, meaning that the school can still use the devices. In response, congress expanded the FDA’s remit to enable it to ban medical devices for a particular use irrespective of approval for other uses. This effectively overturned the ruling reached by the court in 2021.
In March 2024, the FDA again proposed a ban on the device. Formal comments on the proposal are being accepted until May 28, 2024, after which a final decision will be made.
Human rights groups
The use of the GED has been condemned by human rights groups and disability rights organizations.
Parents
A number of parents have said that they were deceived by the JRC's claims, and would never have put their children through the program if they had known the truth. Some of these parents have filed and won lawsuits against the institute.
Other parents have expressed support for the device, saying that it helped them control their child's behavior. One parent, Marguerite Famolare, claimed that all she had to do was show her son the remote control and "He'll automatically comply to whatever my signal command may be, whether it is 'Put on your seatbelt,' or 'Hand me that apple,' or 'Sit appropriately and eat your food.'"
Lawsuits
There have been numerous lawsuits related to the device. In 2006, the family of Evelyn Nicholson sued the school over the use of electric shocks, claiming that the treatment was inhumane and violated her civil rights. The lawsuit was later settled for $65,000.
Ban
In March 2020, the GED was banned by the FDA on the grounds that the devices present an "unreasonable and substantial risk of illness or injury." However, the ban was subsequently overturned in July of the following year on the grounds that the FDA was seeking to interfere with the practice of medicine, which is regulated by states.
In December 2022, a bill was passed which gives the FDA explicit authority to ban a medical device for one or more intended uses.
In March 2024, the FDA again proposed a ban of the GED. The public comment period for the proposed rule ended May 28, 2024, and a final decision is pending as of July 2024
See also
Electrical injury
Pain compliance
Stun belt
Tucker Telephone, a torture device modified from a crank telephone that administered electric shocks
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
GED Patent Information
American inventions
Autism pseudoscience
Behaviorism
Behavior modification
Contemporary instruments of torture
Human rights abuses in the United States
Medical controversies in the United States
Medical scandals in the United States
North American instruments of torture
Physical restraint
Psychiatry controversies
School violence
Torture in the United States
Violence against children
Violence against disabled people | Graduated electronic decelerator | [
"Biology"
] | 2,922 | [
"Behavior modification",
"Human behavior",
"Behavior",
"Behaviorism"
] |
64,657,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Ta%20Fang | Wei-Ta Fang () is a Taiwanese wetland scientist and environmental educator, a distinguished professor, vice dean of the College of Science, and the director of the Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University. President of the Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter.
Early life and education
Fang was born in Kaohsiung, Taiwan on 14 February 1966. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in land economics and administration from National Taipei University in 1989. He completed a master's degree in environmental planning (MEP) from Arizona State University, in 1994, followed by a second master's degree in landscape architecture in design studies (MDes.S.) from the Harvard Graduate School of Design in 2001. He obtained a Ph.D. from the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University in 2005.
Career
He served as a specialist in the Taipei Land Management Bureau in 1991 and 1992 and a senior specialist in charge of environmental education and environmental impact assessments (EIAs) at Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration(EPA) Headquarters from 1994 to 2006. He was also co-principal investigator (co-PI) for the National Environmental Literacy Survey in Taiwan during 2012 and 2020. He is currently serving as distinguished professor, vice dean of the College of Science, and as director of the Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, and is president of the Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter. and the president of Taiwan Wetland Society. He was awarded the designation of visiting research fellow from the director, Dr. Xingyuan He at the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Changchun, China in March 2016 His currently studies focus on the psychological, social, and physical environmental characteristics to predict pro-environmental behavioral changes, such as smartphone usage children during COVID-19 periods.
Publications
《The Living Environmental Education: Sound Science toward a Cleaner, Safer, and Healthier Future》
《Tourism in Emerging Economies: The Way We Green, Sustainable, and Healthy》
《Envisioning Environmental Literacy: Action and Outreach》
《Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan》
《Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education》
References
Living people
1966 births
Environmental scientists
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Scientists from Kaohsiung
National Taipei University alumni
Academic staff of the National Taiwan Normal University
Arizona State University alumni
Texas A&M University alumni
Taiwanese expatriates in the United States | Wei-Ta Fang | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 518 | [
"Environmental scientists"
] |
64,657,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%20Building%20Codes | Nepal Building Codes (NBC) are a set of a technical documents developed by The Department of Urban Development and Building Construction under the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works of Nepal. The codes were first drafted in 1993–1994 and were adopted in 2003. It was included in the gazette in 2006. Adherence to the NBC is mandatory in all municipalities and some rural municipalities in Nepal. Prior to the promulgation of the NBC, various codes (e.g. Indian, British, American) were used in Nepal.
The NBC allow the use of any international codes and standards that meet the minimum requirements of the NBC. Some rules of thumb are also accepted in the codes. The NBC have provisions for both urban and rural buildings to make them seismically resilient.
See also
Department of Urban Development and Building Construction
External links
Official website
References
Building codes
Government of Nepal
Politics of Nepal
2003 establishments in Nepal | Nepal Building Codes | [
"Engineering"
] | 180 | [
"Building engineering",
"Building codes"
] |
64,657,822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes%20on%20Polyhedra | Descartes on Polyhedra: A Study of the "De solidorum elementis" is a book in the history of mathematics, concerning the work of René Descartes on polyhedra. Central to the book is the disputed priority for Euler's polyhedral formula between Leonhard Euler, who published an explicit version of the formula, and Descartes, whose De solidorum elementis includes a result from which the formula is easily derived.
Descartes on Polyhedra was written by Pasquale Joseph Federico (1902–1982), and published posthumously by Springer-Verlag in 1982, with the assistance of Federico's widow Bianca M. Federico, as volume 4 of their book series Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
The original Latin manuscript of De solidorum elementis was written circa 1630 by Descartes; reviewer Marjorie Senechal calls it "the first general treatment of polyhedra", Descartes' only work in this area, and unfinished, with its statements disordered and some incorrect. It turned up in Stockholm in Descartes' estate after his death in 1650, was soaked for three days in the Seine when the ship carrying it back to Paris was wrecked, and survived long enough for Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz to copy it in 1676 before disappearing for good. Leibniz's copy, also lost, was rediscovered in Hannover around 1860. The first part of Descartes on Polyhedra relates this history, sketches the biography of Descartes, provides an eleven-page facsimile reproduction of Leibniz's copy, and gives a transcription, English translation, and commentary on this text, including explanations of some of its notation.
In De solidorum elementis, Descartes states (without proof) Descartes' theorem on total angular defect, a discrete version of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem according to which the angular defects of the vertices of a convex polyhedron (the amount by which the angles at that vertex fall short of the angle surrounding any point on a flat plane) always sum to exactly . Descartes used this theorem to prove that the five Platonic solids are the only possible regular polyhedra. It is also possible to derive Euler's formula relating the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a convex polyhedron from Descartes' theorem, and De solidorum elementis also includes a formula more closely resembling Euler's relating the number of vertices, faces, and plane angles of a polyhedron. Since the rediscovery of Descartes' manuscript, many scholars have argued that the credit for Euler's formula should go to Descartes rather than to Leonhard Euler, who published the formula (with an incorrect proof) in 1752. The second part of Descartes on Polyhedra reviews this debate, and compares the reasoning of Descartes and Euler on these topics. Ultimately, the book concludes that Descartes probably did not discover Euler's formula, and reviewers Senechal and H. S. M. Coxeter agree, writing that Descartes did not have a concept for the edges of a polyhedron, and without that could not have formulated Euler's formula itself. Subsequently, to this work, it was discovered that Francesco Maurolico had provided a more direct and much earlier predecessor to the work of Euler, an observation in 1537 (without proof of its more general applicability) that Euler's formula itself holds true for the five Platonic solids.
The second part of Descartes' book, and the third part of Descartes on Polyhedra, connects the theory of polyhedra to number theory. It concerns figurate numbers defined by Descartes from polyhedra, generalizing the classical Greek definitions of figurate numbers such as the square numbers and triangular numbers from two-dimensional polygons. In this part Descartes uses both the Platonic solids and some of the semiregular polyhedra, but not the snub polyhedra.
Audience and reception
Reviewer F. A. Sherk, after noting the obvious relevance of Descartes on Polyhedra to historians of mathematics, recommends it as well to geometers and to amateur mathematicians. He writes that it provides a good introduction to some important topics in the mathematics of polyhedra, makes an interesting connection to number theory, and is easily readable without much background knowledge. Marjorie Senechal points out that, beyond the question of priority between Descartes and Euler, the book is also useful for illuminating what was known of geometry more generally at the time of Descartes. More briefly, reviewer L. Führer calls the book beautiful, readable, and lively, but expensive.
See also
List of books about polyhedra
References
Books about René Descartes
Books about the history of mathematics
Polyhedra
Figurate numbers
1982 non-fiction books | Descartes on Polyhedra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,043 | [
"Figurate numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
64,657,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalosome | Signalosomes are large supramolecular protein complexes that undergo clustering (oligomerisation or polymerisation) and/or colloidal phase separation to form biomolecular condensates that increase the local concentration and signalling activity of the individual components. They are an example of molecular self-assembly and self-organisation in cell biology.
Examples
Wnt signalosome: Transduction of Wnt signals from the plasma membrane depends on clustering of LRP6 receptors with Dishevelled (Dvl) proteins to recruit the Axin complex for inactivation.
B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosome: The B-cell receptor (BCR) binds antigen and undergoes clustering to induce signal transduction.
T-cell receptor (TCR) signalosome: Antigen presentation to T-cells is recognised by the T-cell receptor (TCR), which initiates clustering and activation of downstream signalling to induce T-cell responses.
COP9 signalosome: Catalyses the hydrolysis of NEDD8 protein from the Cullin subunit of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL). Therefore, it is responsible for CRL deneddylation – at the same time, it is able to bind deneddylated cullin-RING complex and retain them in deactivated form. COP9 signalosome thus serves as a sole deactivator of CRLs.
RIP1/RIP3 Necrosome: A signalling complex involved in necrotic cell death.
Inflammasomes: The AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes are filamentous assemblies that elicit host defense inside cells by activating caspase-1 for cytokine maturation and cell death.
References
Protein complexes | Signalosome | [
"Chemistry"
] | 373 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
64,659,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20complex | The independence complex of a graph is a mathematical object describing the independent sets of the graph. Formally, the independence complex of an undirected graph G, denoted by I(G), is an abstract simplicial complex (that is, a family of finite sets closed under the operation of taking subsets), formed by the sets of vertices in the independent sets of G. Any subset of an independent set is itself an independent set, so I(G) is indeed closed under taking subsets.
Every independent set in a graph is a clique in its complement graph, and vice versa. Therefore, the independence complex of a graph equals the clique complex of its complement graph, and vice versa.
Homology groups
Several authors studied the relations between the properties of a graph G = (V, E), and the homology groups of its independence complex I(G). In particular, several properties related to the dominating sets in G guarantee that some reduced homology groups of I(G) are trivial.
1. The total domination number of G, denoted , is the minimum cardinality of a total dominating set of G - a set S such that every vertex of V is adjacent to a vertex of S. If then .
2. The total domination number of a subset A of V in G, denoted , is the minimum cardinality of a set S such that every vertex of A is adjacent to a vertex of S. The independence domination number of G, denoted , is the maximum, over all independent sets A in G, of . If , then .
3. The domination number of G, denoted , is the minimum cardinality of a dominating set of G - a set S such that every vertex of V \ S is adjacent to a vertex of S. Note that . If G is a chordal graph and then .
4. The induced matching number of G, denoted , is the largest cardinality of an induced matching in G - a matching that includes every edge connecting any two vertices in the subset. If there exists a subset A of V such that then . This is a generalization of both properties 1 and 2 above.
5. The non-dominating independence complex of G, denoted I'(G), is the abstract simplicial complex of the independent sets that are not dominating sets of G. Obviously I'(G) is contained in I(G); denote the inclusion map by . If G is a chordal graph then the induced map is zero for all . This is a generalization of property 3 above.
6. The fractional star-domination number of G, denoted , is the minimum size of a fractional star-dominating set in G. If then .
Related concepts
Meshulam's game is a game played on a graph G, that can be used to calculate a lower bound on the homological connectivity of the independence complex of G.
The matching complex of a graph G, denoted M(G), is an abstract simplicial complex of the matchings in G. It is the independence complex of the line graph of G.
The (m,n)-chessboard complex is the matching complex on the complete bipartite graph Km,n. It is the abstract simplicial complex of all sets of positions on an m-by-n chessboard, on which it is possible to put rooks without each of them threatening the other.
The clique complex of G is the independence complex of the complement graph of G.
See also
Rainbow-independent set
References
Simplicial sets
Simplicial homology
Graph theory | Independence complex | [
"Mathematics"
] | 734 | [
"Graph theory objects",
"Graph theory",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Families of sets",
"Mathematical relations",
"Simplicial sets"
] |
64,659,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Musschenbroek%20vacuum%20pump | The van Musschenbroek vacuum pump is an instrument from the late 17th century constructed by the Dutch craftsman . A series of pumps were designed and produced over the years, with the 1698-model as one of the more prominent examples. It was based on an air pump design by . This model was used to study fluids (gas or liquid) at the University of Groningen. The pump enabled physical, chemical and medical experiments to give a more illustrative explanation of the scientific theories that were presented to the students of the university. This use of experimental demonstrations during teaching was relatively new in Europe at the time.
The instrument is currently part of the collection at the University Museum of Groningen in the Netherlands.
Background
Around 1675, the two craftsmen brothers Samuel and Johan van Musschenbroek switched from manufacturing oil lamps to specializing in scientific instrument making. They had their own workshop in Leiden, the Netherlands. The older brother Samuel was the main craftsman in the workshop, but following his death in 1681 at the age of 41, Johan took over the family business. In the following years, the workshop became one of Europe's most important suppliers of air pumps, microscopes and other instruments. Their pumps were exported mainly to Germany, Italy, Scotland and Sweden.
Evolution of the pump design
The design of vacuum pumps evolved over time in the workshop. The first produced vacuum pump in the workshop was a request by Burchard de Volder, a professor of physics at the Leiden University. The pump was constructed in 1675 and was based on a design by Robert Hooke. This instrument never became a bestseller in the workshop due to its cumbersomeness and its impracticality since it required two men to operate.
To improve the pump, Wolferd Senguerd, also a professor of Leiden University, designed a simplified version of the pump without changing its function. This adapted the instrument into a more convenient air pump which could be operated single-handed. The pump design was published in Senguerd's "Philosophia Naturalis" in 1685.
Meanwhile, around 1679 in France, Denis Papin, a French physicist and inventor, had made a similar design and construction, but was never credited of his work by Senguerd. The Papin pump was only successful in France.
Johan van Musschenbroek used the design of Senguerd to construct the 1698 van Musschenbroek vacuum pump. This pump was amongst at least 40 others, where nine is still preserved today. It is estimated that three pumps were produced every two years when production was at its highest. The pump became a great success in most of Europe except for France. The vacuum pump was fairly expensive. It was sold with accessories for 500 guilders, equal to about half a professor's annual salary at the time. Over time a cheaper alternative was offered for less than 175 guilders; a horizontal version mentioned as 'poor man's pump', which sold well.
The van Musschenbroek workshop
The workshop pioneered the European instrument market by selling high grade instruments. It was one of the first workshops to sell instruments, at a fixed price, through a catalogue instead of negotiating the price with each customer. In the period 1660 to 1700, production switched from oil lamps to scientific instruments, mainly microscopes and air pumps. These were primarily sold to the University of Leiden, located next to the workshop. At the beginning of the 18th century, the workshop provided a much larger variety of equipment and also exported outside the Dutch Republic. Extraordinary to other scientific instrumental workshops of the time, the Musschenbroek workshop offered anatomical and surgical instruments. The workshop also produced and exported thermometers, barometers, central forces-, and falling objects machines.
Some of the van Musschenbroek instruments can be recognized by the family seal, 'Oosterse Lamp'. The seal is an Oriental brass lamp with the crossed keys of the Leiden city arms. It is a symbol of the workshop's origin started by Joost van Musschenbroek, a Dutch lampmaker and the father of Samuel- and Johan van Musschenbroek. The story of the family-driven workshop ended with the death of Jan Joosten van Musschenbroek, the son of Johan van Musschenbroek, in 1748.
Use
The van Musschenbroek vacuum pump is used to transport a fluid from one place (the chamber) to another (the receiver). It was mainly used for air to create vacuum. The pump was used to study the transport of fluids and thereby its properties (fluid dynamics), but also the behavior of fluids under reduced pressure.
Construction
The 1698 van Musschenbroek vacuum pump contains a number of items:
A chamber for experiments
A pipe connected to a diagonal barrel containing a valve
A diagonal barrel, containing a piston, screwed to a wooden base. The barrel contains two pipes which can be opened or closed using the valves. Both pipes are connected to the main house. The pipe connected to the chamber allows transport of material from the chamber to the receiving end at vacuum.
A receiving end where the fluid (often air) is transferred to.
Four spanners connected to a main house, used to pull up the piston and thereby create vacuum.
The 1698 van Musschenbroek vacuum pump has the 'Oosterse Lamp' seal placed on the wooden base of the main house. On the seal, it says: "1698, Jan van Musschenbroek Fecit", meaning "1698, made by Jan van Musschenbroek" referring to Johan van Musschenbroek.
Operation
During an experiment, the following steps are performed:
The object/compound of interest is placed within the chamber.
The valves are opened to allow free passage of the fluid (often air).
The spanners are then turned counter-clockwise to pull up the piston and thereby create vacuum.
Because of the vacuum, the fluid (often air) is transferred from the chamber, through the pipes and into the receiver. No receiver is needed if the fluid removed from the chamber is air.
Examples of experiments
Johan van Musschenbroek described a set of experiments that could be performed using his vacuum pump. His two main experiments described: 1) the inability of sound movement in vacuum and 2) the facilitation of movement of mercury in vacuum.
The first experiment was made using a clock inside the chamber. Van Musschenbroek demonstrated that no sound was present at the receiving end, suggesting that sound cannot travel in vacuum.
The other experiment was made by placing mercury, or another fluid, at vacuum to facilitate movement of the fluid. The experiment was suggested to be used for anatomical experiments e.g. to visualize the arteries of the human body using a colored substance, like mercury.
The discovery of portable mercurial phosphor by Johann Bernoulli
Johann Bernoulli taught physics at University of Groningen between 1695 and 1705. He acquired the 1698 van Musschenbroek vacuum pump from the Musschenbroek workshop in early 1698 along with other instruments expecting "not to do anything important" and only to "amuse our students with mathematico-physical experiments".
In 1700 Bernoulli proved himself wrong. When studying barometric light with the pump, he discovered that the bright light caused by electroluminescence when making vacuum in a mercury-filled container, would improve when adding phosphorus compounds. This resulted in the discovery of portable mercurial phosphorus, which consisted of a light-emitting container with mercurial and phosphorus compounds under vacuum. To the delight of Bernoulli, Johan van Musschenbroek optimized his design, and made small vials containing mercury at vacuum. The vial could be sealed and sold as portable, cold, bottled light, which became very popular at the time as an alternative to warm light from candles and fires. Johan van Musschenbroek sold many air-tight vials containing the mercurial phosphorus of Bernoulli.
Johann Bernoulli described Johan van Musschenbroek as "a Leiden mechanic with great experience and singular dexterity in the construction of instruments, who has also made those which I use". Bernoulli also had such praise for the 1698 van Musschenbroek vacuum pump that he boasted it could make vacuum of 0.0001 atmosphere, and maintain the pressure for almost 24 hours, although the actual performance of the pump must have been worse due to the technology limits of the time.
References
Vacuum pumps | Van Musschenbroek vacuum pump | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,753 | [
"Vacuum pumps",
"Vacuum systems",
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
64,660,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20Watch%203 | The Samsung Galaxy Watch 3 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Watch3) is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics that was released on August 5, 2020 at Samsung's Unpacked Event alongside the flagships of the Galaxy Note series and Galaxy Z series, i.e., the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2, respectively.
Due to limitations of the COVID-19 pandemic on certain social gatherings, the smartwatch was released via Samsung's online channels.
Specifications
Hardware
The Galaxy Watch 3 comes with a 1.4 (360×360) inch circular Super AMOLED display with a pixel density of 257 ppi (360 pixels/1.4 inches= 257.14 Pixels/Inch), powered by a non-removable 340 mAh battery and recharged using Qi inductive charging. The smartwatch has 1 GB of RAM and 8 GB of internal storage. The Galaxy Watch 3 also features a fully rotatable physical bezel with the display glass made from Corning Gorilla Glass DX. The device is compatible with a 20 or 22 mm straps, depending on model. The Galaxy Watch 3 comes in Bronze, Black, and Silver colour options.
Software
The smartwatch was released with Tizen 5.5 that features Samsung's unique software overlay.
Pricing
The Galaxy Watch 3 has a retail price of US$399 for the 41 mm and US$479 for the 45 mm option.
Reception
Ars Technica called Galaxy Watch 3 a "refresh" of Galaxy Watch Active2, which does not have "a ton in the way of new features outside of added fall detection", but "offers all the conveniences you’d expect, like the ability to take calls, check voicemails, and send texts".
Engadget called Galaxy Watch 3 "the best non-Apple smartwatch".
See also
Samsung Galaxy S21
References
External links
Watch 3
Samsung wearable devices
Smartwatches | Samsung Galaxy Watch 3 | [
"Technology"
] | 399 | [
"Smartwatches"
] |
64,660,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20entropy%20oxide | High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are complex oxides that contain five or more principal metal cations and have a single-phase crystal structure. The first HEO, (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O in a rock salt structure, was reported in 2015 by Rost et al. HEOs have been successfully synthesized in many structures, including fluorites, perovskites, and spinels. HEOs are currently being investigated for applications as functional materials.
History
In the realm of high-entropy materials, HEOs are preceded by high-entropy alloys (HEAs), which were first reported by Yeh et al. in 2004. HEAs are alloys of five or more principal metallic elements. Some HEAs have been shown to possess desirable mechanical properties, such as retaining strength/hardness at high temperatures. HEA research substantially accelerated in the 2010s.
The first HEO, (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O in a rock salt structure, was reported in 2015 by Rost et al. Similar to HEAs, (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O is a multicomponent single-phase material. The cation site in (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O material is compositionally disordered, similar to HEAs. However, unlike HEAs, (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O contains an ordered anion sublattice. Following the discovery of HEOs in 2015, the field rapidly expanded.
Since the discovery of HEOs, the field of high-entropy materials has expanded to include high-entropy metal diborides, high-entropy carbides, high-entropy sulfides, and high-entropy alumino-silicides.
Predicting HEO Formation
Principle of Entropy Stabilization
The formation of HEOs is based on the principle of entropy stabilization. Thermodynamics predicts that the structure which minimizes Gibbs free energy for a given temperature and pressure will form. The formula for Gibbs free energy is given by:
where G is Gibbs free energy, H is enthalpy, T is absolute temperature, and S is entropy. It can clearly be seen from this formula that a large entropy reduces Gibbs free energy and thus favors phase stability. It can also be seen that entropy becomes increasingly important in determining phase stability at higher temperatures. In a multi-component system, one component of entropy is the entropy of mixing (). For an ideal mixture, takes the form:
where R is the ideal gas constant, n is the number of components, and ci is the atomic fraction of component i. The value of increases as the number of components increases. For a given number of components, is maximized when the atomic fractions of the components approach equimolar amounts.
Evidence for entropy stabilization is given by the original rock salt HEO (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O. Single-phase (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O may be prepared by solid-state reaction of CuO, CoO, NiO, MgO, and ZnO. Rost et al. reported that under solid state reaction conditions that produce single-phase (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O, the absence of any one of the five oxide precursors will result in a multi-phase sample, suggesting that configurational entropy stabilizes the material.
Other Considerations
It can clearly be seen from the formula for Gibbs free energy that enthalpy reduction is another important indicator of phase stability. For an HEO to form, the enthalpy of formation must be sufficiently small to be overcome by configurational entropy. Furthermore, the discussion above assumes that the reaction kinetics allow for the thermodynamically favored phase to form.
Synthesis Methods
Solid-State Reaction
Bulk samples of HEOs may be prepared by the solid-state reaction method. In this technique, oxide precursors are ball milled and pressed into a green body, which is sintered at a high temperature. The thermal energy provided accelerates diffusion within the green body, allowing new phases to form within the sample. Solid-state reactions are often carried out in the presence of air to allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-deficient mixtures to release and absorb oxygen from the atmosphere, respectively. Oxide precursors are not required to have the same crystal structure as the desired HEO for the solid-state reaction method to be effective. For example, CuO and ZnO may be used as precursors to synthesize (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O. At room temperature, CuO has the tenorite structure and ZnO has the wurtzite structure.
Polymeric Steric Entrapment
Polymeric steric entrapment is a wet chemistry technique for synthesizing oxides. It is based on similar principles as the sol–gel process, which has also been used to synthesize HEOs. Polymeric steric entrapment requires water-soluble compounds containing the desired metal cation (e.g., metal acetates, metal chlorides) to be placed in a solution with water and a water-soluble polymer (e.g., PVA, PEG). In solution, the cations are thoroughly mixed and held close together by the polymer chains. The water is driven off to produce a foam whose organic components are burned off with a calcining step, producing a fine and pure mixed oxide powder, which may be pressed into a green body and sintered. This method was first reported by Nguyen et al. in 2011. In 2017, Kriven and Tseng reported the first polymeric steric entrapment HEO synthesis.
Polymeric steric entrapment can be used to synthesize bulk HEO samples that are difficult to successfully synthesize the solid-state method. For example, Musico et al. synthesized the high entropy cuprate (LaNdGdTbDy)0.4CuO4 using solid-state reaction and polymeric steric entrapment. X-ray diffraction of the sample prepared with solid-state reaction showed small inclusions of a second phase, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed inhomogeneous distributions of some cations. Neither impurity peaks nor evidence of inhomogeneous cation distribution was found in the sample of this material prepared with polymeric steric entrapment.
Other Techniques
Other techniques that have been used to synthesize HEOs include:
Nebulized spray pyrolysis
Pulsed laser deposition
Magnetron sputtering
Sol-gel method
Anodizing HEA precursors
Hot pressing
HEO Materials
The first HEOs synthesized had the rock-salt structure. Since then, the family of HEOs has expanded to include perovskite, spinel, fluorite, and other structures. Some of these structures, such as the perovskite structure, are notable in that they have two cation sites, each of which may independently possess compositional disorder. For example, high entropy perovskites (GdLaNdSmY)0.2MnO3 (A-site configurational entropy), Gd(CoCrFeMnNi)0.2O3 (B-site configurational entropy), and (GdLaNdSmY)0.2(CoCrFeMnNi)0.2O3 (A-site and B-site configurational entropy) have been synthesized.
Properties and Applications
In contrast to HEAs, which are typically investigated for their mechanical properties, HEOs are often studied as functional materials. The original HEO, (MgNiCuCoZn)0.2O, has been investigated as a promising material for applications in energy production and storage, e.g. as anode material in Li-ion batteries, or as large k dielectric material, or in catalysis.
Low Thermal Conductivity
It has been shown that increasing the configurational entropy of a material reduces its lattice thermal conductivity. Correspondingly, HEOs typically have lower thermal conductivities than materials with the same crystal structure and only one cation per lattice site. The thermal conductivity of HEOs is usually greater than or comparable to the thermal conductivity of amorphous materials containing the same components. However, crystalline materials typically have higher elastic moduli than amorphous materials of the same components. The combination of these factors leads to HEOs occupying a unique region of the property space by having the highest elastic modulus to thermal conductivity ratios of all materials.
Property Tunability Through Cation Selection
HEOs enhance functional property tunability through cation selection. Magnetic, catalytic, and thermophysical properties may be tuned by modifying the cation composition of a given HEO. Many material applications demand a highly specific set of properties. For example, thermal barrier coatings require thermal expansion coefficient matching with a metal surface, high-temperature phase stability, low thermal conductivity, and chemical inertness, among other properties. Due to their innate tunability, HEOs have been proposed as candidates for advanced material applications such as thermal barrier coatings.
Terminology
The definition of high-entropy oxide is debated. In oxide literature, the term is commonly used to refer to any oxide with at least five principal cations. However, it has been suggested that this is a misnomer, as most reports neglect to calculate configurational entropy. Additionally, a survey of 10 HEOs found that only 3 were entropy-stabilized. It has been suggested that the term HEO be replaced with three terms: compositionally complex oxide, high-entropy oxide, and entropy-stabilized oxide. In this scheme, compositionally complex refers to materials with multiple elements occupying the same sublattice, high-entropy refers to materials where configurational entropy plays a role in stabilization, and entropy-stabilized refers to materials where entropy dominates the enthalpy term and is necessary for the formation of a crystalline phase.
See also
High-entropy alloy
References
Oxides | High entropy oxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,045 | [
"Oxides",
"Salts"
] |
72,008,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Celia%20Mota | Ana Celia Mota (born 1935) is a retired Argentine-American condensed matter physicist specializing in phenomena at ultracold temperatures, including superfluids and superconductors. She is a professor emerita at ETH Zurich in Switzerland.
Education and career
Mota was born in 1935 in Argentina, and is a US citizen. She studied physics at the Balseiro Institute in Argentina, where she earned a licenciate in 1960, and became a doctoral student of John C. Wheatley. Her research with him concerned the heat capacity of liquid Helium-3.
After earning her doctorate in 1967, she worked for eight years in the Department of Physics and Institute for Pure and Applied Physical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego, and then for five more years at the University of Cologne, before joining ETH Zurich in 1980. At ETH Zurich, she was Senior Researcher in the Laboratory of Solid State Physics, professor, and director of a research group on low-temperature physics.
Recognition
Mota was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1994, after a nomination from the APS Division of Condensed Matter Physics, "for work on superfluidity and superconductivity at ultra-low temperatures".
References
1935 births
Living people
Argentine physicists
Argentine women physicists
American physicists
American women physicists
Swiss physicists
Swiss women physicists
Condensed matter physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Academic staff of ETH Zurich | Ana Celia Mota | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 300 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
72,010,167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibia%20%28taxon%29 | There are several taxa named amphibia. These include:
Amphibia (class), classis Amphibia, the amphibians
Species
Species with the specific epithet 'amphibia'
Rorippa amphibia (R. amphibia), a plant
Persicaria amphibia (P. amphibia), a plant
Neritina amphibia (N. amphibia), a snail
Aranea amphibia (A. amphibia), a spider
See also
Amphibian (disambiguation)
Amphibia (disambiguation)
Latin biological phrases | Amphibia (taxon) | [
"Biology"
] | 130 | [
"Latin biological phrases"
] |
72,010,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expand%20North%20Star | Expand North Star, previously known as GITEX Future Stars, is an annual technology startup event in Dubai at the Dubai World Trade Center. Strategically a part of GITEX GLOBAL, North Star showcases startups in front of tech industry professionals from more than 100 countries worldwide.
The event also features multiple conferences across nine stages, including the 10x Stage, Pitch Stage, Spotlight Stage, Rising Stage, Marketing Mania, Creative Economy, Youth X, Blockchain Stage and Fintech Stage. The event also organizes a pitch competition by the name of Supernova Challenge with a cash prize of USD 200,000.
History
North Star Dubai was started as GITEX Future Stars in 2016. It is being held annually along with the technology event GITEX in Dubai at the Dubai World Trade Centre.
In 2017, the event took place between October 8 to 12. Christopher Schroeder moderated several panels at the event.
The 2018 event took place from October 14 to 17. Etisalat launched innovation programme, "Future Now."
The 2019 event took place from October 6 to 9.
The 2020 event took place between December 6 to 10. It also held "Israel Innovation Discovery Day" on December 8 which featured investors and technology experts.
In 2021, the event was renamed from GITEX Future Stars to North Star Dubai and it took place from October 17 to 20. That year, "GITEX YouthX Unipreneur" was launched to showcase youth leadership initiatives and tech startups in the event. In 2021, Dubai World Trade Center announced that the GITEX Future Stars would be rebranded to North Star Dubai.
In 2022, along with GITEX Global (formerly known as GITEX), it took place from October 10 to 13. It also started a panel named "Africa Fast 100," for African tech start-ups.
The four-day 2024 event, named Expand North Star, will take place from October 13–16.
References
External links
Computer-related trade shows
Trade fairs in the United Arab Emirates
Events in Dubai
Technology events | Expand North Star | [
"Technology"
] | 419 | [
"Computer industry",
"Computer-related trade shows"
] |
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