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72,010,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilarab%20Bin%20Haitham%20Award%20for%20Architectural%20Design | The Bilarab bin Haitham Award for Architectural Design is a local Omani award launched by His Highness Sayyid Bilarab bin Haitham Al Said . The award is coming in line with the future vision of Oman (Oman Vision 2040), in which part of it is developing the Omani governorates architecturally. The award seeks projects and designs that best suit the Omani environment and civilizational identity. It is the only award at the level of the Arab World Awards whose shields are designed with non-fungible token technology (NFT).
About
The award is being launched on Saturday, 15 January 2022. The first cycle of the award lasted for two months. After announcing the award, His Highness Sayyid Bilarab bin Haitham Al Said gave a statement stating the award aims and the participation criteria.
The award seeks to exploit the environmental diversity that the Sultanate of Oman enjoys in its various governorates. The award presents different topics in architectural design in each of its cycles, which target a specific architectural topic each year. At the level of participation, participation in the award can be individual or collective. The collective participation should not be exceeding three people per group post.
The award targets only Omani youth specialized in the fields of architecture, design and urban planning, provided that the age of the participant is not over 35 years old.
First cycle
The target location in the first cycle of the award is the (Mina) port enclave of Wilayat of Muttrah, Governorate of Muscat. The location runs along a 7,500 seafront sector of the town where an edifice symbolizing the 50-year accomplishments of Oman Renaissance under the leadership of the late His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said, and envisaging the aspirations under the leadership of His Majesty Sultan Haitham bin Tarik.
The total number of completed applicants that fulfilled the conditions in the first cycle of the award was 356, submitted by the youth of the Sultanate of Oman who fulfilled the conditions for participation in the award The applicants submitted for the first cycle of the award varied, as participants presented multiple concepts and designs for architectural landmarks, some of which were models and buildings inspired by Omani culture, besides tourist attractions and commercial buildings inspired by some icons of Omani history, in addition to parks and open commercial markets equipped with various facilities and services. Ten projects submitted by nineteen young Omanis were qualified for the next stage of the evaluation. They were divided into five individual teams, and five group teams, which in total included fourteen participants.
Winning project
The Muttrah Square Project by Abdullah al Bahri, Omaima al Hinai and Ahmed al Jahdhami won first place. The Muttrah Square project has a unique landmark, where an iconic bridge in the middle of the square is designed in the form of a bird over the sea. The project is handed to Muscat Municipality, which will execute project.
Second cycle
The second cycle of the Award is selecting Williyat of Sur; Museum for Maritime History. The proposed land plot is 14154 square meters, which is selected by the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism that will execute the winning project.
Winning project
Mohammed Salah Al Balushi won the first place for his design inspired by the scene of the gathering of ships in Khor Al Battah in the Wilayat of Sur during periods of prosperous maritime activity. The building of Sur Maritime Museum was designed to embody the Omani maritime heritage at the peak of its prosperity with the aim of reviving this history.
In addition to the basic components of the museum, the project includes a main walkway "Boulevard" containing cafes, restaurants and a park, as well as another walkway overlooking the sea, linking the sea street walkway to Khor Al Battah Bridge and the Ship Factory.
References
Architecture awards
Design awards
Culture of Oman | Bilarab Bin Haitham Award for Architectural Design | [
"Engineering"
] | 781 | [
"Design",
"Design awards"
] |
72,010,909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy%20differential%20equation | Fuzzy differential equation are general concept of ordinary differential equation in mathematics defined as differential inclusion for non-uniform upper hemicontinuity convex set with compactness in fuzzy set.
for all .
First order fuzzy differential equation
A first order fuzzy differential equation with real constant or variable coefficients
where is a real continuous function and is a fuzzy continuous function
such that .
Linear systems of fuzzy differential equations
A system of equations of the form
where are real functions and are fuzzy functions
Fuzzy partial differential equations
A fuzzy differential equation with partial differential operator is
for all .
Fuzzy fractional differential equation
A fuzzy differential equation with fractional differential operator is
for all where is a rational number.
References
Fuzzy logic
Differential equations | Fuzzy differential equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 136 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations"
] |
72,011,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20myths | Solar myth (Latin: solaris «solar») — mythologization of the Sun and its impact on earthly life; usually closely associated with lunar myths.
Contrary to the assumptions of ethnographers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, in the "primitive", archaic religious and mythological systems, a particularly revered "cult of the Sun" is not observed. In them, the Sun is perceived as a minor character or even an inanimate object. Among the archaic solar myths are myths about the emergence of the Sun and the destruction of superfluous suns, about the disappearance and return of the Sun, common among African, Siberian, and Australian peoples. As Vyacheslav Ivanov suggests, twin myths about the Sun and the Moon and the motif of the “heavenly wedding” also seem archaic. In the most ancient versions (in particular, among the Siberian peoples), the Sun in this pair represents a woman, and the Moon represents a man.
According to the ethnographer Arthur Hocart, the cult of the Sun comes to the fore in cultures where the role of the "sacred king" is increasing. In Sumerian-Akkadian mythology, the sun god Shamash is still inferior in importance to the moon god, but is already becoming one of the most revered deities. Solar cults play an important role in ancient Egyptian religion. Among the Egyptian solar deities are Ra, Horus, Amun, Khepri - the scarab god, rolling the Sun across the sky. In the 14th century BC Pharaoh Akhenaten attempts a radical religious reform and introduces a single cult of the Aten in Egypt (originally the personification of the solar disk).
Solar cults occupy an important place in Indo-European mythology, where they are associated with the cult of the horse and the image of the divine twins (Ashvins, Dioscuri). According to Indo-European ideas, the Sun “travels” (or “carries”) across the sky on a horse-drawn cart, passing through the sky in a day. Examples of Indo-European solar deities are the ancient Indian Surya, the Greek Apollo and Helios, the Roman Sol. Solar origin has one of the main deities of late Zoroastrianism - Mitra.
Various researchers associate the Slavic gods Dazhbog, Khors with the cult of the Sun; the lack of information on Slavic pre-Christian mythology does not allow us to unambiguously confirm or refute these constructions.
Developed solar cults existed in South and Mesoamerica (Huitzilopochtli, Inti).
The supreme deity in the Japanese pantheon of Shinto is the sun goddess Amaterasu.
Azerbaijani historian Aydin Mammadov writes that in the pre-Islamic spiritual culture of the Azerbaijani people, beliefs and rituals associated with the cult of the Sun occupy a special place. The cult of the Sun arose in ancient times as a result of the natural human need for sunlight and warmth and is firmly rooted in the minds of people, in their mythologized thinking. In Azerbaijan, the cult of the daylight experienced its heyday in the Bronze Age. According to many researchers, dolmens and cromlechs known in Azerbaijan are also associated with the cult of the Sun.
Ethnographers of the mythological school of the 18-19th centuries gave exaggerated significance to solar myths, declaring various cult heroes and mythological characters as personifications of the Sun, who in fact have no real connections with it. These exaggerations in their turn prompted parodic essays, which ostensibly demonstrated that figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte and Max Müller were solar myths.
See also
Solar deity
Literature
Солярные мифы / Иванов В. В. // Мифы народов мира : Энцикл. в 2 т. / гл. ред. С. А. Токарев. — 2-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1988. — Т. 2 : К—Я. — 719 с.
Элиаде, М. Солнце и поклонение Солнцу // Избранные сочинения : Очерки сравнительного религиоведения : моногр. / Пер. с англ.. — М. : Ладомир, 1999. — С. 127–153. — 488 с. — 2200 экз. — ISBN 5-86218-346-9.
Олкотт, У. Т. Мифы о солнце / Пер. с англ.. — М. : Центрполиграф, 2013. — 218 с. — ISBN 978-5-9524-5070-7.
Мамедов, А. Б. Культ Солнца в древней системе верований азербайджанцев : арх. 23 ноября 2018 // İrs-Наследие : журн. — 2017. — № 5 (89). — С. 32–37.
References
Sun myths
Astronomical myths | Solar myths | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,201 | [
"Astronomical myths",
"Sun myths"
] |
72,011,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy%20Pigulevsky | Georgy Vasilyevich Pigulevsky (; – 19 September 1964) was a soviet organic chemist, specializing in natural product chemistry. He studied essential oils and resins of plants, as well as terpene compounds extracted from them.
Life
G.V. Pigulevsky was born on December 10, 1888 (November 28, old style) in Kovno (nowadays Kaunas, Lithuania) in the family of a lawyer Vasily Ivanovich Pigulevsky. There were two other sons in the family - Boris and Vladimir. In 1906, after graduating from the Vilna Gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University. After graduation in 1911, he stayed at the Department of Chemistry at the suggestion of Professor L.A. Chugaev. Since 1912 he simultaneously became a laboratory assistant in the Agricultural Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, in 1914-23 he worked as a scientific specialist of the same committee. At the same time, he lectured at the Psychoneurological Institute (1914-1918). In 1919, he taught analytical chemistry at the Women's Medical Institute.
In 1920 Pigulevsky became a lecturer (since 1929 - associate professor) at Petrograd University (later - Leningrad State University). In 1924-1928, he worked as the head of the laboratory of labor protection of the People's Commissariat for Labour of the North-Western Region. In 1929, Pigulevsky was elected as a professor of the Institute of Chemical Technology. In the same year, he headed the Department of fats and oils of this Institute (1929-1930). In 1931-1934 while continuing to teach at Leningrad State University, Pigulevsky headed the Department of Organic Chemistry at the Arkhangelsk Forestry Engineering Institute. In 1934, he became a professor of organic chemistry at Leningrad State University. At the same time, he headed the laboratory of bioproducts of this University. In 1935, he obtained Doctor of Science in chemistry degree without thesis defense.
In 1941-1942, as a part of a group of chemists Pigulevsky organized the production of medicines (streptocide, phenamine, glucose, sulfidine and sulfazol) in besieged Leningrad. In the summer of 1942, he was evacuated to Kazan. In 1942-1943, he served as a senior researcher at the I.P. Pavlov Physiological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1943, Pigulevsky accepted an invitation to head the biochemical laboratory of the V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute and led it until the end of his life. In 1944, Pigulevsky returned to Leningrad.
After coming back to Leningrad, he again headed the laboratory of bioproducts at Leningrad State University. In 1957, this laboratory was reorganized as the problematic laboratory of natural compounds of the Faculty of Chemistry of the Leningrad State University. Pigulevsky headed it until the end of his life. He died in 1964 in Leningrad.
Scientific career
In his first scientific works carried out under the guidance of Chugaev, Pigulevsky studied the chemistry of terpenes. Subsequently, essential oils and resins of coniferous plants became the main subject of his research. In addition to studying their formation and reactions, Pigulevsky also studied the optical properties of terpene compounds isolated from these oils. A number of articles were devoted to direct studies of plant materials from which essential oils and resins were extracted. His research of essential oils were of great practical importance, some of the substances discovered by Pigulevsky were applied in the perfume industry.
An important part of his research was the study of vegetable fats. Pigulevsky discovered the correlation between the degree of unsaturation of fats and the climate in which plants grew. Some of his works were devoted to the chemical properties of unsaturated acids.
In 1937, Pigulevsky was one of the first organic chemists in the USSR who began using the phenomenon of Raman scattering of light (the Raman effect) to study the physical properties of organic substances. By 1961, large number of Raman spectra had been collected for compounds found in essential oils of coniferous plants.
While working as the head of the laboratory of the labor protection department of the People's Commissariat of Labour, Pigulevsky published a number of works on the use of various devices in industry, as well as on the identification of harmful substances in the air.
Other activities
Pedagogical work was an important part of the life of Pigulevsky. From 1911 to 1964, with a break for the duration of the war, he taught at Leningrad State University and lectured at other universities and institutes. During this time, he read many lecture courses: “Fats and oils”, “About derivatives of aliphatic terpenes”, “Resins”, “Terpenes”, “Essential oils”, etc.
Pigulevsky was a member of the Academic Council of the Leningrad branch of the D.I. Mendeleev All-Union Chemical Society, as well as a member of the Central Council of the D.I. Mendeleev All-Union Chemical Society. In 1946-1947, he was a member of the editorial board of the journal "Sovietskaya Botanica". From 1937 until the end of his life, he was a member of the editorial committee of the Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR.
Works
During his life, Pigulevsky became the author of more than 200 publications. He was the author of several monographs, including:
"Essential oils"
"Formation and transformation of essential oils and resins in conifers"
"Chemistry of Terpenes"
Awards and prizes
1916 - A.M. Butlerov Small Prize of the Russian Physics and Chemistry Society (for the research on the composition of oil of plant species of the same family)
1953 - Order of Lenin
1954 - Prize of the D.I. Mendeleev All-Union Chemical Society
Family
Pigulevsky was married to Nina Viktorovna Pigulevskaya (1894-1970), a soviet historian, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, specialist in the history of Byzantium, the Near and Middle East in the early Middle Ages.
References
External links
Biographia G.V. Pigulevskogo na sayte real-aroma.ru
1888 births
1964 deaths
Soviet organic chemists
Russian organic chemists
Scientists from Kaunas | Georgy Pigulevsky | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,324 | [
"Soviet organic chemists",
"Organic chemists",
"Russian organic chemists"
] |
72,012,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle%20Lafont | Marcelle Lafont (23 November 1905 - 8 October 1982) was a chemist, chemical engineer, member of the French Resistance and later a politician. Born into the successful bourgeois Lafont family (owners of the Adolphe Lafont company) she broke with tradition and earned a degree in chemical engineering, became a truck driver, an aviator and spoke several languages. In 1935 she ran for election in Villeurbanne when women still did not have the right to vote in France. During the Second World War, her work in the French Resistance earned her the Resistance Medal. She later took up politics in Songieu.
Early life and education
Marcelle Lafont was born in the 3rd arrondissement of Lyon on 23 November 1905, the only daughter of Pauline (née Falb) and Adolphe Lafont. Her father was an industrialist and founder of the company Adolphe Lafont, the first inventors of salopettes. Her mother used the family fortune and connections in her philanthropic work. The young Marcelle often accompanied her father to the factory, and learned how the industrial and technical world worked in the workshops.
As an only child, Marcelle Lafont was brought up to be her father's successor, encouraged to pursue a rigorous education, not usual at the time for a young girl who was part of the Lyonnaise bourgeoisie. Her mother Pauline Lafont was well educated, having graduated from the lycée Edgar Quinet, and was involved in running the family business. From 1921 - 1925, Madame Lafont oversaw the development of the now listed Art Deco family home, aka Villa La Ferrandière, near the family factory. She commissioned interiors inspired by those discovered at Pompei, seen on a family visit there. The house was designed by the Bureau Technique de Construction led by engineers Léon Lelièvre (1878-1938) and Léon Barbier (1849-1930) and incorporated cutting-edge technologies in a house. It was connected to the factory by an electrical circuit, a water supply and an underground passage.Marcelle Lafont passed her Baccalauréat in elementary mathematics and earning a licence ès sciences, a higher level secondary education qualification. She then passed the entrance examination to the engineering college l'école de chimie de Lyon and graduated as a chemical engineer in 1930.
Her maternal grandparents were German-speaking Swiss, so she grew up fluent in the language, which proved useful later in life. She was also fluent in English and Malagasy.
In the 1930s, she obtained her HGV license and in 1937, she was certified as a pilot and flew as a member of the Lyon flying club.
Career
As a qualified chemical engineer, Marcelle would have been able to start her career in the family business, but wanted to prove herself independently, and found employment at the Bertholus airography factory in Caluire.
After this, she returned to the Lafont family company, working in the dyeing workshop. In 1937 when the company became a Société Anonyme, a public limited liability company, her father appointed her to the board of directors and described her as "mon fils” (my son).
In 1935, her uncle Ernest Lafont became Minister of Health and Sports, and asked her to take care of child welfare in his cabinet. She was in charge of crèches, orphanages, and the monitoring of young offenders and sick children. When his ministerial position came to an end in 1936, she remained with him as his assistant while he was a député.
In 1947, after the Second World War, she returned to a position in the family company until her father's death in 1952. She then resigned from the board of directors and she and her mother divided the shares held by Adolphe Lafont between them and the Lafont factory employees' association. They retired to the family property at Songieu in the Ain region.
Social work
Marcelle Lafont inherited her Protestant mother's commitment to social action. She worked to improve conditions for factory workers and was active in organisations with educational or medical aims at a national level, including the Ligue d'Études et de Réformes de l'Enfance délinquante (League for the Study and Reform of Delinquent Children) and Guérir et Revivre (Healing and Living). These associations had been set up by the Reformed Church of France.
In 1934, together with her mother, she hosted the women's programme L'heure de la femme on the Lyon radio station La-Doua, opened by her uncle Ernest Lafont.
1935 political candidacy in Villeurbanne
In 1935, at the request of Lazare Goujon, mayor of Villeurbanne, Lafont ran as a conseillère municipale privée (private municipal councillor) in Villeurbanne, an election organised in parallel with the official elections for the town hall. Women would not have the right to vote in France until 1944, so this function of private municipal councillor was experimental. They were elected by the electorate, could take part in the work of the commissions, be given projects, and attend the public meetings of the town council, but their voice was only consultative and they could not take part in the discussions. Lazare Goujon's idea was to change the law on women's suffrage by proving that they were capable of taking on political responsibilities.
In an interview with Paris-Soir, Marcelle Lafont presented her manifesto: Le respect des consciences, le respect de la mère et de l'enfant, l'enseignement ménager obligatoire, l'espéranto dans les programmes scolaires et le développement de la pratique des sports. (Respect for consciences, respect for mothers and children, compulsory domestic education, esperanto in the school curriculum and the development of sports". She also explained: "We are women of no party, we are women".
The list presented by Marcelle Lafont's Union française pour le suffrage des femmes was defeated by the communist list, and came second out of three. These experimental women's lists received interest from over 50% of voters.
Second World War - resistance work
In 1939, Lafont asked to join the air force as a pilot but was refused. She was assigned to Home Front duties, specifically defence against aerial attacks and was deputy to the departmental director of the Rhône. Her role included organising flying teams for detecting poison gas.
On 19 June 1939, on the cusp of the invasion of Lyon, she transported armed soldiers out of the city in her truck to prevent them from being taken prisoner. She also hid some troops in her Home Front defence post. She managed to infiltrate the Casernes de la Part-Dieu barracks in Lyon, which had been requisitioned by the Germans as a prison camp, to provide the men with food and medicine.
After to fall of France, Lafont looked after refugees and people expelled from Alsace and Lorraine. In November 1940, she joined the women's section of the Amitiés africaines drivers and supplied the prison camps and hospitals. She repatriated about 300 sick and wounded people from metropolitan France and the French colonies in her lorry.
She twice travelled to Germany without official papers to bring food and clothing to the kommandos (forced labour workers) in the Stuttgart region and to the Oflag XII-B prisoner of war camp in Mainz.
While delivering supplies to the Charleville stalag, on 25 October 1941, she helped the non-commissioned officer Antoine Blanquez escape by hiding him in her truck to take him to Paris. She later repeated this operation and helped another prisoner escape under similar circumstances.
In 1942, as she was no longer allowed to go to Germany, she stayed in the zone libre (free zone) to look after soldiers from the colonies. She became the director of a home in Fréjus which looked after these units. She also asked the Ministry of the Colonies to create a corps d'assistantes coloniales and became its director from December 1942 until the end of 1947. The service was then dissolved because all the men were repatriated.From 23 August 1944 to the liberation of Lyon on 2 September 1944, the corps d'assistantes coloniales provided supplies to army units from the French colonies: around 500 men stationed in Villeurbanne, Décines, Saint-Fons and Vaulx-en-Velin. Later, they did the same in the towns of Péage-de-Rousillon and Saint-Rambert-d'Albon .
She was promoted to the rank of captain on 28 September 1945 by the Minister for the Colonies.
She received letters of thanks and recognition from the soldiers until her death in 1982 and she recognised with official commendations by these soldiers' home countries.
Medals and commendations
Marcelle Lafont received several medals and orders of commendation in recognition of her actions and bravery. She was awarded the Médaille de la Résistance In March 1947, and later was made a Chevalier de l'Ordre impérial du Dragon d'Annam, an Officier de l'Ordre indochinois du Million d'éléphants et du Parasol blanc, was awarded the Médaille de la Santé publique and the Mérite agricole.
Personal life
In 1935 Lafont met André Clayeux at the Ministry of Health and Sport. He became her life partner, although they did not marry. He was a sports champion, a triple jumper, seconded from his infantry regiment, and was responsible for organising French participation in the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Marcelle Lafont was appointed to represent the Minister at the 1936 Winter Olympics and left for Garmisch-Partenkirchen in February 1936. Together they broadcast the opening ski jumping event.
Clayeux was Commander of the French 62nd Tank Battalion during the Second World War and taken prisoner on 25 June 1940. He was detained at Oflag XII-B, a German prisoner of war camp for officers in Mainz Citadel. Lafont discovered his presence there in 1942 as part of her work for the French Red Cross.
After the war Clayeux became Director of Sports at the Ministry of National Education and created l’Institut National des Sports.
The couple retired together to Songieu where Clayeux died on 30 January 1971.
Lafont was actively involved in village life of Songieu. She was deputy mayor from March 1959 to March 1966 and mayor from March 1966 to March 1973. With André Clayeux, she founded the Cercle Amical de Songieu. After his death, she tried her hand at raising dairy cows and pheasants, as her father had wished when he bought the property. The inhabitants nicknamed her "La demoiselle de Songieu".
References
Further reading
. .
.
.
External links
Pauline Lafont
Adolphe Lafont (entreprise)
1905 births
1982 deaths
People from Lyon
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Knights of the Order of Agricultural Merit
French Resistance members
20th-century French engineers
20th-century French women engineers
French engineers
French chemical engineers
Women chemical engineers | Marcelle Lafont | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,294 | [
"Women chemical engineers",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
72,012,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga%20Water%20Supply%20Scheme | Ganga Water Lift Project () is a multi-phase drinking water project in Bihar, India. It is the ambitious project of Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar to supply safe drinking water to the water-alarmed towns like Gaya, Rajgir and Nawada, located in southern part of the state through pipeline by lifting water from Ganga river near Hathidah Ghat in Mokama in Patna district. The cost of first phase of this project was initially approved with , the cost was later revised to . Government of Bihar approved the first phase of the coveted Ganga Water Lift Scheme (GWLS) of Water Resource Department (WRD) in December 2019. Ganga Water Lift Project is part of Nitish Kumar's ‘Jal-Jivan-Hariyali Abhiyan' which is aimed to minimize the bad effects of climate change.
Project details
The total length of pipeline that supply Ganga waters to three towns is 190.90 km. The Ganga water is lifted near Hathidah Ghat in Mokama and the pipeline crosses alongside the national highways and state highways. The main pipeline runs from Hathidah to Giriyak via Sarmera and Barbigha. From Giriyak, one pipeline goes to Rajgir, while another to Nawada. The water from Ganga is brought to Motnaje water treatment plant in Nawada district through a pipeline. In Gaya, urban development & housing department (UDHD) will ensure supply of water to the households through pipeline. The Public health & engineering department (PHED) will be responsible for Ganga water supply in Nawada. The length of the pipeline on Hathidah-Motnaje-Tetar-Abgilla pipe route is 150 km.
Third pipeline goes to Manpur (near Gaya) via Vanganga, Tapovan and Jethia. A major water storage point is constructed near Manpur. Similar storage point is to be constructed for other towns too. The project is completed in three phases. Ganga water will be supplied to Gaya, Bodhgaya and Rajgir in the first phase of the project. Nawada town would be covered in the second phase.
Hyderabad-based infrastructure firm Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd (MEIL) completed phase 1 of Ganga Water Lift Project in 2022.
See also
Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project
Colorado River Aqueduct
References
Water treatment | Ganga Water Supply Scheme | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 497 | [
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Water technology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
72,013,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C1%27-Ferrocenediisocyanate | 1,1'-Ferrocenediisocyanate (1,1'-diisocyanatoferrocene) is the organoiron compound with the formula . It is the simplest diisocyanate derivative of ferrocene. It can be synthesized by the Curtius rearrangement of the diacyl azide, using several protocols starting from 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid. The compound is useful as an intermediate in the synthesis of
1,1'-diaminoferrocene by hydrolysis of the isocyanates. Various poly(siloxane–urethane) crosslinked polymers can be formed by reaction with siloxane-diols. These compounds are of interest as electrochemically active polymers that might have good mechanical properties at low temperature.
References
Ferrocenes
Cyclopentadienyl complexes
Isocyanates | 1,1'-Ferrocenediisocyanate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 193 | [
"Isocyanates",
"Cyclopentadienyl complexes",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
72,013,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial%20natural%20short%20sleep | Familial natural short sleep is a rare, genetic, typically inherited trait where an individual sleeps for fewer hours than average without suffering from daytime sleepiness or other consequences of sleep deprivation. This process is entirely natural in this kind of individual, and it is caused by certain genetic mutations. A person with this trait is known as a "natural short sleeper".
This condition is not to be confused with intentional sleep deprivation, which leaves symptoms such as irritability or temporarily impaired cognitive abilities in people who are predisposed to sleep a normal amount of time but not in people with FNSS.
This sleep type is not considered to be a genetic disorder nor are there any known harmful effects to overall health associated with it; therefore it is considered to be a genetic, benign trait.
Presentation
Signs
Individuals with this trait are known for having the life-long ability of being able to sleep for a lesser amount of time than average people, usually 4 to 6 hours (less than the average sleeptime of 8 hours) each night while waking up feeling relatively well-rested, they also have a notable absence of any sort of consequence that derives from depriving oneself of sleep, something an average person would not be able to do on the sleeptime (and the frequency of said sleeptime) that is common for people with FNSS.
Another common trait among people with familial natural short sleep is an increased ability at recalling memories. Other common traits include outgoing personality, high productiveness, lower body mass index than average (possibly due to faster metabolism), higher resilience and heightened pain tolerance. All of these traits are of slightly better quality in people with natural short sleep than in people with natural normal sleep, essentially making them slightly more efficient than average people.
Onset
This condition is life-long, meaning that a natural short sleeper has naturally slept for a shorter time than average for most, if not all, of their lives.
Inheritance
This trait is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, which means that for a person to be a natural short sleeper, they must have at least one copy of a mutation related to this condition, this mutation must have been either inherited or it must have arisen from a spontaneous genetic error. A carrier for a mutation associated with FNSS has a 50% chance of transmitting the mutation to one of their offspring.
Complications
This condition has no known health complications associated with it.
A study done in 2001 showed that natural short sleepers are more prone to subclinical hypomania, a temporary mental state most common during adolescence characterized by racing thoughts, abnormally high focus on goal-directed activities, unusually euphoric mood, and a perceptual innecessity for sleep.
Genetics
Early research, particularly from the lab of Ying-Hui Fu, named several mutations as causing heritable short sleep in studied families. These mutations implicated the genes DEC2/BHLHE41, ADRB1, NPSR1, and GRM1. However, subsequent biobank research showed that other carriers of these mutations or of different high-impact mutations in the same genes do not exhibit any reduction in sleep duration. This indicates that the short sleeper phenotype in the original case reports had a different basis.
Current genome-wide association studies suggest that sleep behaviors such as sleep length are highly polygenic, with most heritability explained by variants with small effects. The largest non-pathogenic genetic effect on sleep duration found to date is a change of 2.44 or 3.24 minutes associated with variation in the PAX8 gene.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually not necessary, as this trait is not considered a disorder in and of itself, however, there are various methods one's doctor can use to diagnose the condition, including but not limited to the use of questionnaires such as the morningness-eveningness questionnaire, the Munich chronotype questionnaire, etc. Clinical diagnostic methods for the condition include electroencephalograms, delta-power analyses, and genetic testing.
Differential diagnosis
There are other conditions similar to this specific trait that share some characteristics between each other, these include:
Advanced sleep phase syndrome, this is a rare condition affecting the circadian rhythm in which individuals have an early sleep onset and equally early sleep awakening that is part of their regular sleep schedule. While both sleep traits are similar in the sense of early awakening, patients with FASP typically spend the same amount of time (8 hours) sleeping as an average person, while patients with FNSS do not. Another difference between the two is that early sleep onset is not a feature shown by people with familial natural short sleep. Like familial natural short sleep, it has the tendency to be hereditary.
Delayed sleep phase syndrome, this is a more common circadian rhythm condition (estimated to affect around 16% of adolescents in the U.S.) characterized by late sleep onset and equally late sleep awakening. While both sleep traits are similar in the sense of late sleep-onset, individuals with FNSS do not suffer from late sleep awakening. Unlike FNSS, this condition is not highly heritable, but it does seem to have at least some genetic component linked to it.
List of conditions that may be confused with FNSS include:
Insomnia, this is a common sleep disorder which can be acute or chronic and is characterized by an individual's difficulty to fall asleep, this usually leads to them to stay up late involuntarily which shortens their sleep time. While insomnia and FNSS share some common features (late sleep onset, for example), those with insomnia do suffer from the consequences associated with sleep deprivation, something people with FNSS do not suffer from, as they actually have a resistance against them.
Prevalence
It is estimated that approximately 1 to 3 percent of the population has the trait. In the U.S., natural short sleepers are a small part of a larger group comprising 30–35% of the population who sleep less than recommended.
Familial natural short sleep and Alzheimer's disease
For some unknown reason, individuals with this condition (and their associated mutations) might be genetically protected against neurodegenerative disorders, mainly those that cause dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Ying-Hui Fu did a study using animal mouse models who were genetically engineered to carry mutations associated with natural short sleep and mutations associated with an increased risk of suffering from dementia; the results showed that mice with both FNSS and dementia mutations did not show as much symptoms of dementia as their dementia-alone predisposed mice counterparts. the same mice who had both Alzheimer's and short sleep gene mutations also had lesser amounts of Aβ plaque depositions in their hippocampuses and brain cortexes than those who only carried the Alzheimer's mutations. The FNSS-related mutations that were used in the study were DEC2-P384R and NPSR1-Y206H, and the Alzheimer's disease-related mutations were PS19 and 5XFAD.
See also
Sleep apnea
Sleep epigenetics
Fatal familial insomnia
Hypersomnia
Sleep paralysis
Sleep walking
Parasomnia
References
Sleep physiology | Familial natural short sleep | [
"Biology"
] | 1,478 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep physiology",
"Sleep"
] |
72,013,429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Barbados | Barbados observes Atlantic Standard Time (UTC−4) year-round.
IANA time zone database
In the IANA time zone database, Barbados is given one zone in the file zone.tab—America/Barbados. "BB" refers to the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. Data for Barbados directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database; columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself:
References
External links
Current time in Barbados at Time.is
Time in Barbados at TimeAndDate
Time by country
Geography of Barbados
Time in North America | Time in Barbados | [
"Physics"
] | 122 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
72,015,301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Biodiversity%20Institute | The Human Biodiversity Institute (HBI) refers to a far-right group of scientists, academics, and others associated with pseudoscientific race theories and neo-eugenics. Founded by Steve Sailer in the late 1990s, the theories were given the euphemism human biodiversity. Ideas that originated in the group, presently believed to be dormant, have since entered general alt-right discourse.
Origins
The Human Biodiversity Institute was founded by Steve Sailer, a journalist who has written for VDARE, an American far-right political website. Sailer has held numerous explicitly racist views. He has bemoaned a perceived lack of white identity politics, and has blamed this on a Jewish conspiracy. The Southern Poverty Law Center has described Sailer as a white supremacist. Sailer began using the term "human biodiversity" in the mid-1990s. The Human Biodiversity Institute was run by Steve Sailer as a think tank in the late 1990s through the 2000s.
Themes
The framing of human biodiversity discourse is meant to confer upon the movement scientific authority, and present it as empirical and rational. On this basis, advocates of this idea wish to advance social policies based on their observations. In a study on white nationalism, the authors describe human biodiversity as a movement to "catalog and create hereditarian ideas" about racial differences, and to then distribute them as red pills to transform online discourse. Human biodiversity materials are used by alt-right proponents to make arguments on 4chan, Reddit, and Twitter. Some proponents promote it in the alt-right blogosphere.
The human biodiversity movement refers to a set of ideas about scientific racism that formed in the 1990s. Sailer developed a concept of "ethnic nepotism", favoring members of one's own group. Sailer took this as a biological imperative that necessitates "ethnocentrism, clannishness, xenophobia, nationalism, and racism", when applied to the scale of an entire society for "ethnic nepotism".
The Southern Poverty Law Center has also associated the Human Biodiversity Institute with neo-eugenics. In 1999, the Human Biodiversity Institute presented a seminar advocating for genetically modified humans. The seminar was held at the Hudson Institute and was attended by Margaret Thatcher.
Influence
Between 2007 and 2014, terminology used by Stormfront for scientific racism changed from "racialism" and "race realism", to "human biodiversity".
The Southern Poverty Law Center has associated human biodiversity with the alt-right and white nationalism. The Anti-Defamation League has associated human biodiversity with the alt-right and white supremacy. An April 2017 article in New York Magazine described the movement as a "mainstay" of the alt-right.
Human biodiversity was one of the main publishing subjects of Washington Summit Publishers, a white nationalist publishing company run by Richard B. Spencer. Quillette has also published work supporting human biodiversity, leading to accusations of pseudoscience and eugenics. Contributors who have written on the topic of human biodivesity for Quillette include Ben Winegard, Bo Winegard, Brian Boutwell, and John Paul Wright.
Human biodiversity has been promoted by Milo Yiannopoulos. It has also been promoted by Stefan Molyneux. and influenced Stephen Miller, political advisor to Donald Trump. It also influenced Dominic Cummings, political advisor to Boris Johnson.
Membership
According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, the members of the Human Biodiversity Institute consisted mainly of journalists, academics, and scientists who discussed "differences in race, sex and sexual orientation". By summer 1999, the group consisted of dozens of well-known figures from a variety of different fields. Members of the Human Biodiversity Institute communicated primarily via an invitation-only electronic mailing list. This mailing list was called the Human Biodiversity Discussion Group. In the early history of the mailing list, Sailer published a roster of members on his website.
In 2003, known members of Human Biodiversity Institute included J. Philippe Rushton, Charles Murray, Kevin MacDonald, Gregory Cochran, J. Michael Bailey, and Ray Blanchard. The HBI also included several journalists who worked to popularize the theories and books of HBI members.
Steven Pinker was an early member of the Human Biodiversity Discussion Group. Pinker also published work by Steve Sailer in 2004, and quoted Sailer on his website. In 2009, Malcolm Gladwell brought attention to Pinker's ties to Steve Sailer, and Sailer's views on race and intelligence, after Pinker cited Sailer. According to a 2021 study on white nationalism by Panofsky et al., political centrists such as Steven Pinker have played a role in legitimizing the ideas of the human biodiversity movement.
The electronic mailing list eventually went defunct, and discourse moved on to right-wing blogs, in which members started writing about subjects such as race, genetics, and intelligence.
Views
Human races
Human biodiversity discourse presumes that different human races have inherently different physical and mental capabilities. Charles Murray, a member of the Human Biodiversity Institute, was a writer of the 1994 book, The Bell Curve, which argued that African Americans were less intelligent than white Americans. The book argued that innate biological differences made racial equity impossible. They instead advocated for different roles for each race in society. Steve Sailer advocated for similar ideas, espousing different strengths for different races and ethnic groups, and advocating against affirmative action. Marantz describes how this idea combines with ideas about white supremacy:
Advocates of human biodiversity may attempt to portray their views of scientific racism as being completely objective. They may then express sadness about the "reality" of differences in racial intelligence, and the implications of those differences:
Homosexuality
In an August 2003 article, the founder of the Human Biodiversity Institute, Steve Sailer, characterized homosexuality as a "disease" that may be eliminated by parents in the future. HBI member Gregory Cochran has theorized that homosexuality may be caused by a gay germ. In 2008, J. Michael Bailey, another HBI member, was questioned by bioethicist Alice Dreger on whether he also viewed homosexuality as a "disease" that could be eradicated. Bailey denied that his 2001 paper, "Parental Selection of Children's Sexual Orientation", advocated for eliminating homosexuality, as he noted "[H]omosexuality, like heterosexuality, is ethically neutral." However, he did say that it would be morally acceptable, assuming means morally unproblematic in themselves, for parents to genetically select heterosexuality over homosexuality for their own children:
According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Steve Sailer has portrayed homosexuality as something that might possibly be "cured", following Gregory Cochran's theories, and has also expressed a lack of concern about the ethics or morality of whether people would "cure" homosexuality.
Transgender people
The Southern Poverty Law Center has noted that many of the early supporters of J. Michael Bailey's book, The Man Who Would Be Queen, were members of the Human Biodiversity Institute. Ray Blanchard, the originator of the theory about transgender women promoted in the book, is also associated with the Human Biodiversity Institute. The book advances the theory by Blanchard that female-attracted transgender women are men with abnormal paraphilias or sexual orientations (e.g. autogynephilia). In March 2003, Steve Sailer wrote that he was sent a pre-release copy of The Man Who Would Be Queen.
According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Blanchard's autogynephilia theory has since been promoted by anti-LGBT hate groups. These include Family Research Council (FRC), and the American College of Pediatricians (ACPeds). In a May 2018 report, the Southern Poverty Law Center referred to Ray Blanchard as an anti-trans psychologist.
According to a 2020 study reflecting on articles from Bailey and Blanchard, "Bailey and Blanchard's work has long been criticised for perpetuating stereotypes and prejudices against trans women, notably suggesting that LGBQ trans women's primary motivation for transitioning is sexual arousal." The study refers to Blanchard's theory of autogynephilia as a discredited theory.
Wikipedia
In a review of far-right editing on Wikipedia, the Southern Poverty Law Center highlighted human biodiversity as one set of views that may be promoted by far-right editors:
See also
Alt-right pipeline
Biological determinism
Eugenics
History of the race and intelligence controversy
References
Organizations that oppose LGBTQ rights in the United States
Alt-right organizations
Eugenics in the United States
Race and intelligence controversy
Scientific racism
White nationalism in the United States | Human Biodiversity Institute | [
"Biology"
] | 1,752 | [
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories",
"Scientific racism"
] |
72,016,563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomyxa%20edulis | Sarcomyxa edulis is a species of fungus in the family Sarcomyxaceae. Fruit bodies grow as ochraceous to ochraceous-brown, overlapping fan- or oyster-shaped caps on the wood of deciduous trees. The gills on the underside are closely spaced, ochraceous, and have an adnate attachment to the stipe. Spores are smooth, amyloid, and measure 4.5–6 by 1–2 μm.
The species was previously confused with the greenish-capped Sarcomyxa serotina which is bitter-tasting. Sarcomyxa edulis is mild-tasting and edible. In Japan, where it is called mukitake, it is considered "one of the most delicious edible mushrooms" and a system has recently been developed to cultivate the mushroom in plastic greenhouses. In China, it is called “元蘑/yuanmo,” “黄蘑/huangmo,” or “冻蘑/dongmo”. It is considered a delicacy in China, rich in nutrition. "Generally, it grows on the fallen woods of broad-leaved trees in remote mountains and old forests, but not all broad-leaved trees are suitable for its growth, and the rotten basswood is very easy to grow S. edulis". "S. edulisis distributed in provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanxi, Guangxi, northern Shaanxi, Sichuan" in China, and at present, China already has high yield cultivation techniques.
Sarcomyxa edulis is known to occur in China, Japan, and the Russian Far East.
References
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of Asia
Edible fungi
fungi in cultivation
Fungus species | Sarcomyxa edulis | [
"Biology"
] | 358 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,017,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20White%20Noise | Lego White Noise is an album or playlist of white noise created solely with the sounds of Lego bricks. Released as a stream in February 2021 by the Lego Group, the 210-minute album was recorded by sound designers using 10,000 bricks, with each track focused on separate routines or sounds, and features ASMR qualities intended to help adults relax. It has been described as a work of musique concrète.
Recording and composition
Lego White Noise was conceived by the Lego Group's creative head Primus Manokaran, who deems it "a collection of soundscapes" intended to aid with relaxation and mindfulness. Author Sandeep Das describes it as an "audio supplement" for listeners "trying to go to sleep, after a stressful meeting or while taking a stroll in the park". It was part of a larger Lego relaxation campaign intended for adults, alongside Lego products including a flower bouquet and bonsai tree.
The album, which runs for 210 minutes, includes seven 30-minute tracks, and consists entirely of the "sounds of people building/pouring/searching for LEGO bricks." Sound designers worked with 10,000 Lego bricks to experiment with in the album's creation, and each track profiles a different sound or routine, including pieces being trickled or clicked. Manokaran said that he found each brick to have their own distinct acoustic properties, and referred to the recording as "like composing with 10,000 tiny instruments." The designers used a multitude of Lego elements ranging in size, and to achieve ambience, the only audio signal processing techniques used were equalization and reverb. It has been described as white noise, and a "soothing ASMR playlist". John Doran of The Guardian also noted the ASMR qualities and compared some parts of the album to Einstürzende Neubauten and the music covered in The Wire.
"Built for Two" is an abstract noise track depicting the sound of a typical Lego session, with "bricks being scraped across baseplates". "Searching for the One (Brick)" showcases a hand rustling through a bag of bricks, followed by "the sought-after brick being set aside for later use." "Wild as the Wind" emulates the sound of rustling trees in the wind, achieved by "sifting through waves of LEGOs". "The Waterfall" is the sound of numerous bricks being poured onto each other, while "It All Clicks" is centred on the sound of bricks being clicked together.
Release and reception
Lego White Noise was released by the LEGO Group and West One Music Group on 1 February 2021. It was made available for free download and streaming on music platforms including Spotify, iTunes and Apple Music. The album cover features Lego's adult-oriented flower bouquet set.
In his article for The Guardian, John Doran wrote that "Lego White Noise joins the ranks of great musique concrète" and deemed it to be "the experimental album of 2021". He noted that the sounds of Lego bricks may change when the company switches production to more eco-friendly plastics, and that in documenting "a potentially doomed sound", the album could become "a work of hauntology, a valuable sonic document evoking happy cultural memories of childhoods, and parenthoods, via sounds now in danger of being altered for good." A reviewer for YP noted that while Lego bricks are known for making "distractingly sharp noises", the album instead profiles "a calm white noise that will down out most unwanted sounds." They wrote: "The soothing sound of trickling, rustling, clicking, falling is magnificently Zen, and the perfect soundscape for these troubled times." Clinton Matos of Hypertext wrote that while the album is promoted as white noise, it is better understood as a work of ASMR, which they deemed "a real rabbit hole of a subject and a big money maker for creators of it on places like YouTube." Michele Debczak of Mental Floss recommended the album for white noise or "brain-tingling ASMR". "Searching for the One (Brick)" has been highlighted as the album's best track by several writers.
Track listing
"Built for Two" – 30:00
"Wild as the Wind" – 30:00
"Searching for the One (Brick)" – 29:46
"It All Clicks" – 30:00
"The Waterfall" – 30:00
"Big Hearted Bricks" – 30:00
"The Night Builder" – 30:00
Personnel
Jinn – sound engineer
See also
Field recording
Ambient music
References
2021 albums
Lego music
Noise music albums
Musique concrète albums
Experimental music albums
Sound effects albums
Autonomous sensory meridian response
Field recording
Hauntology (music) albums | Lego White Noise | [
"Engineering"
] | 965 | [
"Audio engineering",
"Field recording"
] |
72,021,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja%20Lapajne%20Oblak | Sonja Lapajne Oblak (July 15, 1906 – September 29, 1993) was a Slovenian architect. She was the first Slovenian woman to graduate as a civil engineer from the Faculty of Technology in Ljubljana and Slovenia's first female urban planner. She was a member of the Partisans during the Second World War, and she survived incarceration in the Ravensbruck concentration camp before playing a part in rebuilding Yugoslavia in the postwar period.
Early life and education
Sonja Lapajne was born in Šentvid pri Ljubljani in 1906 and baptized Zofija-Sonja. Her parents were Antonija and Živko Lapajne, her father was a prominent medical doctor specialising in the treatment of tuberculosis and public health work, including running a hygiene institute with an interest in eugenics after the First World War.
She became the first Slovenian woman to graduate as a civil engineer from the Faculty of Technology in Ljubljana in 1932.
Career
From 1934 to 1943 she worked as a structural engineer for the technical department of the royal administration of the province of Drava Banate in Ljubljana, supervising the construction of buildings planned by the state at the time. She collaborated with prominent architects of the time, Jože Plečnik, Emil Navinšek, Vinko Glanz, and Edvard Ravnikar. She calculated the world's first corridor-free, reinforced concrete school building designed by the architect Navinsek in 1936.
She worked on the static calculations for the construction of reinforced concrete buildings and supervised their creation. Buildings she worked on included Ljublijana's Gimnazija Bezigrad High School, the Gallery of Modern Art and the National and University Library, and the King Hotel in Rogaška Slatina.
Second World War
In 1941 she joined the Yugoslav Partisans, a resistance movement against the Axis forces during the Second World War, led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. By 1943 she was the party secretary of the Liberation Front, but she was captured and imprisoned by the Italians. After the Italian capitulation, she was interned in the German Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she remained until the end of the war.
Postwar career
Lapajne Oblak became Slovenia's first female urban planner. After the war she worked in leading construction companies in Yugoslavia and as an urban planner. In the 1950s, she was involved in the development plan for the Mura Valley region in northeastern Slovenia. Until her retirement in 1969, she was the director of the Institute for Architecture, Urban Planning, and Civil Engineering in Ljubljana.
Sonja Lapajne Oblak died in 1993 in Ljubljana.
Awards
Order of Merits for the People with Golden Star (1976)
Order of the Republic with Silver Wreath (1973)
Order of Brotherhood and Unity, 2nd class
Order of Labour, 2nd class
Order of Merits for the People, 3rd class (1946)
Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941
Commemoration
Sonia Lapagne Oblak featured in the exhibition To the Fore: Female Pioneers of Slovenian Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Design at the DESSA Gallery, Ljubljana in 2017.
In 2018 she was featured In the Foreground: Pioneering Women of Slovenian Architecture, Construction and Design, organised by the Slovenian Academy of Sciences, an outdoor exhibition along the promenade on the Krakov Embankment. The other 19 women featured were Darinka Battelino, Alenka Kham Pičman, Janja Lap, Dana Pajnič, Lidija Podbregar, Barbara Rot, Olga Rusanova, Erna Tomšič, Mojca Vogelnik, Vladimira Bratuž, Majda Dobravec Lajovic, Mgada Fornazarič Kocmut, Marta Ivanšek, Nives Kalin Vehovar, Juta Krulc, Seta Mušič, Dušana Šantel Kanoni, Gizela Šuklje and Branka Tancig Novak.
References
1906 births
1993 deaths
Slovenian architects
Slovene Partisans
Slovenian women architects
20th-century Slovenian architects
20th-century architects
Yugoslav architects
Urban planners
Slovenian urban planners
Yugoslav urban planners
Women urban planners
Civil engineers
Female resistance members of World War II
Slovenian women engineers
Slovenian engineers | Sonja Lapajne Oblak | [
"Engineering"
] | 854 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineers"
] |
72,021,589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Lokhtin | Vladimir Mikhailovich Lokhtin ( 1849 – 1919) was a Russian hydrologist who examined the mechanism of riverbed and channel maintenance and stability based on the slope and the size of the sediment at the bottom of the river.
Lokhtin was born in St. Petersburg and graduated in 1875 in the institute of railways engineers following which he joined the ministry of railways and was involved in surveys of the Kama River. From 1878 he worked in the navigation commission and headed a survey of the Dniester in 1882 and then on the Volga near Nizhny Novgorod from 1892 where there was an effort in straightening the river flow. He was involved in studies for water transport and in 1904 examined ice conditions on the Neva river. From 1907 he was inspector for metalled roads. His major work on hydrology was published in 1895, O mekhanizme rechnogo rusla (“On the Mechanism of a Riverbed” 1895), in which he examined the slope of the river, the erosion of the river bottom and the water discharge regime based on which he used a measure known now as the Lokhtin coefficient which could be used to determine if a stream would tend to flow in one channel, deepen, become shallower, or separate into braided channels. He also examined the mechanism of formation of shoals and spits.
The Lokhtin coefficient is used as an indicator of stability of river channels:
where d is the average (or often the median) particle diameter of the sediment in mm and ∆H is the fall of the river (in m / km). Lokhtin's work was further improved upon by N.I. Makkaveyev (1908–1983).
References
External links
Материалы для описания русских рек и истории улучшения их судоходных условий (1906)
Река Аму и ее древнее соединение с Каспийским морем. (1879)
A. K. Proskuryakov (“V. M. Lokhtin and N. S. Lelyavsky. Founders of the Theory of the Formation of the Riverbed”; Leningrad, 1951)
1849 births
1919 deaths
Scientists from the Russian Empire
Hydrologists
People from Saint Petersburg | Vladimir Lokhtin | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 518 | [
"Hydrology",
"Hydrologists"
] |
72,022,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C1%27-Ferrocenetrisulfide | 1,1'-Ferrocenetrisulfide is the organoiron compound with the formula . A yellow solid, it is the simplest polysulfide derivative of ferrocene. It can be synthesized by treatment of dilithioferrocene with elemental sulfur. Using proton NMR spectroscopy, the relatively slow conformational flexing of the trisulfide ring can be established.
References
Ferrocenes
Cyclopentadienyl complexes
Polysulfides | 1,1'-Ferrocenetrisulfide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 97 | [
"Cyclopentadienyl complexes",
"Organic compounds",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
77,766,072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Gunton | Elliott Gunton (born 1999), also known by his online pseudonyms Glubz and planet, is a convicted British cybercriminal from Norfolk.
TalkTalk security breach
On 21 October 2015, Gunton engaged in a "sustained cyberattack" against British telecom company TalkTalk, stealing the names, addresses, e-mails, and bank details of its users.
During the subsequent search of his home, law enforcement found "indecent images of children" on Gunton's devices. He also confessed to targeting the websites of Manchester University and Cambridge University.
In November 2016, Gunton pleaded guilty to his role in the data breach, telling the youth court that he was "just showing off to [his] mates." He received a 12-month youth rehabilitation order.
August 2019 conviction
Gunton was again investigated in April 2019, after CCleaner was found on his computer during an unannounced police visit, which was in violation of his Sexual Harm Prevention Order (SHPO). Through the investigation, he was found to have committed further crimes after his initial arrest, and in August 2019, he pleaded guilty to, in 2017 and 2018, laundering money, committing Computer Misuse Act crimes, and breaching a SHPO. He had also probed the websites of local high schools for vulnerabilities and illegally accessed Australian telecom company Telstra's systems, which he then used to gain access to the Instagram account @adesignersmind to send "grotesquely offensive" messages to the owner's customers.
During a search of Gunton's home, police discovered £407,359.35 in cryptocurrency, which he had allegedly acquired from selling the account details of Instagram users on cybercrime forums. He was sentenced to 20 months of imprisonment but was immediately released due to time served. Gunton's mother and father were given three- and five-month suspended sentences, respectively, for transferring the stolen funds.
After his conviction, Gunton's cryptocurrency was auctioned off, the "first ever on the instruction of a police force in the UK."
EtherDelta cryptocurrency theft
On 13 August 2019, Gunton and Anthony Tyler Nashatka ("psycho") of Michigan were indicted by a federal grand jury for their involvement in a December 2017 scheme to steal over US$1.4 million in Ethereum. The two were accused of simjacking the CEO of the cryptocurrency exchange EtherDelta and using his access to redirect its users to a clone of EtherDelta, which would give Gunton and Nashatka details of cryptocurrency wallets that users had entered.
In July 2024, Gunton was sentenced to years of imprisonment for his involvement in the scheme.
See also
List of cybercriminals
References
1999 births
British cybercriminals
Criminals from Norfolk
English people convicted of child pornography offences
Hackers
Living people | Elliott Gunton | [
"Technology"
] | 613 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
77,767,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundstrom%20Stones | The Lundstrom Stones or Lundstrom Walking Stones (previously known as the Loon Stones) are a pair of American natural lifting stones located in Charlestown, New Hampshire. They are used as a test of physical strength and endurance.
History
The pair of stones were found by blacksmith and stone-lifter John Lundstrom from North Reading, Massachusetts who often competed at farmer's walk type events during the late 70s and early 80s as a member of Clan Anderson. At the time, the heaviest stones used in Highland games in both United States and Canada were up to a combined , and they were not challenging enough. Lundstrom searched through local quarries to find something suitable in the range of .
Specifications
In 1983, after searching along the rock-strewn channel of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, Lundstrom found two near elliptical stones which he thought would suffice the new challenge. One of them had a smooth surface and the other was rough, giving them a unique appearance. After drilling and forging the two stones with steel rods, they were connected to a couple of iron gripping rings by a couple of chains. The rough stone weighed and the smooth stone weighed for a combined weight of . The poundages were engraved to the sides of each of them.
The objective is to pick up the two stones from their rings, stand upright, and then walk them as far as possible in farmer's walk style before the grip gives out. Walking them has been a staple event at the Loon Mountain Highland Games of New Hampshire, the Quechee games, the Festival at Fort 4, and New England Stone Lifting.
Since the death of Lundstrom in 2013, Robert Troupe acts as the custodian of the stones.
World records
All-time world record – by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (2015)
→ Former record holders include Benedikt Magnússon, Gerard Benderoth and Stefán Sölvi Pétursson.
Master's (40y+) record – by John Lundstrom (2011)
Women's record – by Chloe Brennan (2023)
References
Notes:
1983 establishments in New Hampshire
1983 in strength athletics
Charlestown, New Hampshire
Stones | Lundstrom Stones | [
"Physics"
] | 438 | [
"Stones",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
77,768,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki%20Morisita | (27 January 1913 - 25 February 1997) was a Japanese ecologist and professor emeritus of animal ecology at Kyoto University. He is known as the father of population ecology in Japan. Morisita's overlap index and Morisita's index of dispersion are named after him.
In addition to his work on statistical ecology, he also studied the natural history of Japanese ants. With several other myrmecologists, he produced a complete catalogue of ants in Japan. Three species of ants are named after him (Pyramica morisitai, Proceratium morisitai , and Lasius morisitai).
Biography
Morisita was born in Osaka and spent his high school years in Kōchi. He obtained a bachelor's of agriculture at Kyoto University in 1932, and later a doctorate of science in 1950. He studied the water strider Gerris lacustris as part of his graduate studies. After graduating, he worked as a professor in the department of biology at Kyushu University. He later became a professor in the zoology department of Kyoto University. In 1976, he retired and was named professor emeritus.
He published the book Studies on Methods of Estimating Population Density, Biomass, and Productivity in Terrestrial Animals in 1977.
He was awarded the Zoological Society of Japan Award in 1964, and the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd Class in 1986. After his death, the Morisita Memorial & Research Foundation was named in his honor.
Name
Like many academics from Kyoto University, Morisita had a preference for the spelling of his name in foreign language papers, writing it as "Morisita" using Kunrei-shiki romanization, rather than the English-based Hepburn romanization "Morishita".
References
External links
Morisita Masaaki Research Memorial Museum archives (in Japanese)
1913 births
1997 deaths
Kyoto University alumni
Ecologists
Japanese zoologists
Myrmecologists
Scientists from Osaka | Masaaki Morisita | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 390 | [
"Ecologists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
77,768,491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28R%29-1-Aminoindane | (R)-1-Aminoindane ((R)-1-AI; developmental code name TVP-136 or TV-136), or (R)-1-aminoindan, is the major metabolite of the selective MAO-B inhibitor and antiparkinsonian agent rasagiline ((R)-N-propargyl-1-aminoindane). In contrast to rasagiline, it lacks significant monoamine oxidase inhibition. In addition, unlike selegiline and its amphetamine metabolites, it lacks monoamine reuptake-inhibiting and -releasing activities and associated amphetamine-like psychostimulant effects. However, (R)-1-aminoindane retains neuroprotective effects and certain other activities.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
In contrast to rasagiline, (R)-1-aminoindane is either devoid of monoamine oxidase inhibition or shows only weak inhibition of MAO-B. Unlike selegiline and its levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine metabolites, rasagiline and (R)-1-aminoindane have no amphetamine-like activity.
In spite of the preceding however, (R)-1-aminoindane is not lacking in pharmacological activity. Like rasagiline, it shows neuroprotective activity in some experimental models. In addition, (R)-1-aminoindane has been found to enhance striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission and to improve motor function independent of MAO inhibition in animal models of Parkinson's disease.
2-Aminoindane, a closely related positional isomer of 1-aminoindane, is known to inhibit the reuptake and induce the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and to produce psychostimulant-like effects in rodents, albeit with lower potency than amphetamine. However, rasagiline does not metabolize into this compound, and 1-aminoindane does not have the same effects. 1-Aminoindane has been found to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine 28-fold less potently than 2-aminoindane and to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine 300-fold less potently than 2-aminoindan, with values for dopamine reuptake inhibition in one study of 0.4μM for amphetamine, 3.3μM for 2-aminoindan, and 1mM for 1-aminoindane. In contrast to 2-aminoindan, which increased locomotor activity in rodents (+49%), 1-aminoindane suppressed locomotor activity (–69%). On the other hand however, 1-aminoindane has been found to enhance the psychostimulant-like effects of amphetamine in rodents.
Chemistry
(R)-1-Aminoindane is a 1-aminoindane derivative. It is specifically the (R)-enantiomer of 1-aminoindane, which is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. 1-Aminoindane is structurally related to 2-aminoindan. A number of derivatives of 1- and 2-aminoindane are known.
References
1-Aminoindanes
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
Enantiopure drugs
Human drug metabolites
Neuroprotective agents | (R)-1-Aminoindane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 739 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Stereochemistry",
"Human drug metabolites",
"Enantiopure drugs"
] |
77,769,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwoods%20Rising | Redwoods Rising is a joint venture of the Save the Redwoods League, California State Parks, and the National Park Service that works together to restore logged Coastal Redwood forests, and help remain old growth forests in Redwood National and State Parks. Redwoods Rising also works with local Native American tribes. Redwoods Rising was founded in April 2018 at an event in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. Redwood National and State Parks as of public lands, of this land were commercially logged in the past. About 96 percent of the world's old-growth coast redwood forest has been logged. The work is being done in the California Coast Ranges in North Coast of California's Redwood forests. Almost half (about 45 percent) of what remains is in the Redwood National and State Parks. The Redwoods Rising projects are also helping to restore the health of streams, also the fish and amphibians that live there. Coastal Redwoods are the tallest tree species on Earth. Coastal Redwood live only in the humid temperate rainforest of North Coast of California and Southern Oregon. Redwood National and State Parks contain land and villages belonging to the Native American groups Yurok and Tolowa. Yurok Indian Reservation is partly in the park.
Parks
Parks in the Redwood National and State Parks, that Redwoods Rising works in:
Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park
Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
Redwoods Rising projects have been done in the Mill Creek watershed and Prairie Creek watershed.
Goals
Stated goals of Redwoods Rising:
Create a shared restoration strategy
Enhance capacity for larger and more frequent restoration projects
Develop dedicated and increased funding to support ecosystem restoration
Build and expand public support for restoring, protecting, and stewarding redwood ecosystems
See also
California Department of Parks and Recreation
National parks in California
List of national parks of the United States
References
External links
of Redwood National Park
of Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
of Humboldt Redwoods State Park
of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
Inventory of the Redwood National Park Collection, 1926–1980, at Forest History Society
Redwood National and State Parks
State parks of California
Old-growth forests
2018 establishments in California | Redwoods Rising | [
"Biology"
] | 426 | [
"Old-growth forests",
"Ecosystems"
] |
77,769,744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocom%202000 | Radiocom 2000 was a French mobile telephone network launched in 1985, which gradually replaced the earlier analogue "public correspondence" network. It was deployed by France Télécom Mobiles. It is classified in the category of first generation mobile networks (1G).
The network covered almost all mainland France. The subscriptions offered could be regional (Île de France, Lyon Region, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur), Provincial and National. Operating in the vhf frequency band, the network used digital technology for signalling and analogue modulation for voice. Frequencies were dynamically allocated according to needs.
It was with Radiocom 2000 that the first concepts of cellular telephony appeared with, shortly after its launch, the appearance of the handover called "High Density Network" (capacity to change cells dynamically) and the allocation of frequencies within a cell.
Faced with the growing demand of subscribers, several frequency bands were used on the Radiocom 2000 network, in particular the 200 MHz and 160 MHz bands in the Île-de-France, Lyon and Marseille regions as well as the 175 MHz band from 1990 in the north-eastern quarter of France. To meet the demand for additional capacity, from 1990 mobile devices became dual-band 400/900 MHz, developed by Matra, Mobitel, and Sagem as manufacturers. Alcatel and Nokia distributed these same handsets via their respective brands.
Handsets used rechargeable nickel–cadmium batteries. The antenna was smaller than that of a terminal from the early 1980s, but the terminal was still bulky and prohibitively expensive (with a device and subscription rental).
In 1988 it had 60,000 subscribers and more than 90% of the devices were installed on board vehicles. That same year, competition appeared with the birth of the Société française de radiotéléphones (SFR), using the NMT-F (Nordic Mobile Telephone "French") standard.
On 1 October 1998, a shutdown date of 31 December 1998 was confirmed for the Radiocom 2000 network. However, in the end, the shutdown was delayed by one and a half years.
On 28 July 2000, the Radiocom 2000 network and national subscriptions (400 MHz + 900 MHz) were closed in favour of the GSM standard. NMT-F services were also closed that day. The last subscribers to the Radiocom 2000 system were then offered a switch to the new GSM standard, on the Itinéris network of France Télécom.
Notes and references
External links
L2L1: The history of the mobile phone in France - in French
Mobile telecommunications
Mobile telecommunications standards | Radiocom 2000 | [
"Technology"
] | 529 | [
"Mobile telecommunications",
"Mobile telecommunications standards"
] |
77,769,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoradrine | Bedoradrine (; developmental code names KUR-1246, MN-221) is a sympathomimetic and bronchodilator medication that was developed for the treatment of preterm labor, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but was never marketed. It acts as an ultra-selective long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. The drug was intended for intravenous administration.
See also
Hexoprenaline
Ritodrine
Terbutaline
References
2-Aminotetralins
Abandoned drugs
Beta2-adrenergic agonists
Bronchodilators
Dimethylamino compounds
Enantiopure drugs
Phenols
Phenylethanolamines
Tocolytics
Diols | Bedoradrine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 165 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Drug safety",
"Enantiopure drugs",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,770,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxethedrin | Dioxethedrin (), or dioxethedrine, also known as 3,4-dihydroxy-N-ethylnorephedrine, is a sympathomimetic medication. It was a component of the antitussive syrup Bexol (a combination of dioxethedrin, codeine, and promethazine). It is an ephedrine derivative (and hence is a phenethylamine and amphetamine) and is described as a bronchodilator and β-adrenergic receptor agonist. Analogues of dioxethedrin include dioxifedrine (α-methylepinephrine; 3,4-dihydroxyephedrine), corbadrine (levonordefrin; α-methylnorepinephrine), and α-methyldopamine.
References
Abandoned drugs
Antitussives
Beta-adrenergic agonists
Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines
Bronchodilators
Catecholamines
Decongestants
Peripherally selective drugs
Sympathomimetics
Triols | Dioxethedrin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 239 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,770,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20William%20Strutt%2C%20Lord%20Rayleigh%20Medal%20and%20Prize | The John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize is an award of the UK-based Institute of Physics (IOP) for "distinguished contributions to theoretical (including mathematical and computational) physics". The award, named in honour of Lord Rayleigh, consists of a medal with £1,000 and a certificate.
The John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize (established in 2008) should not be confused with the Rayleigh Medal, which was established by the Institute of Acoustics in 1970.
Recipients
References
Awards of the Institute of Physics
Awards established in 2008
Physics awards
Science and technology awards | John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize | [
"Technology"
] | 126 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Physics awards"
] |
77,770,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxifedrine | Dioxifedrine (), or dioxifedrin, also known as α-methylepinephrine or as 3,4-dihydroxyephedrine, is a sympathomimetic medication that was never marketed. It is described as a β-adrenergic receptor agonist and bronchodilator. The drug is a substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine and is the catecholamine (3,4-dihydroxylated) derivative of ephedrine and the amphetamine (α-methylated) analogue of epinephrine (adrenaline). Analogues of dioxifedrine include dioxethedrin (α-methyl-N-ethylnorepinephrine), corbadrine (levonordefrin; α-methylnorepinephrine), and α-methyldopamine.
References
Abandoned drugs
Adrenergic receptor agonists
Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines
Bronchodilators
Catecholamines
Methamphetamines
Peripherally selective drugs
Sympathomimetics
Triols | Dioxifedrine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 240 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,771,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnellum%20gatesiae | Hydnellum gatesiae is a species of mushroom in the family Bankeraceae. It was described by James K. Douch, Luke J. Vaughan, and Tom W. May in 2024. The specific epithet refers to Genevieve M. Gates, who collected all specimens used in the species description. The type locality is Kermandie Falls, Australia.
See also
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2024
Fungi of Australia
Fungus species
gatesiae | Hydnellum gatesiae | [
"Biology"
] | 93 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,771,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnellum%20nothofagacearum | Hydnellum nothofagacearum is a species of mushroom in the family Bankeraceae. It was described by James K. Douch and Jerry A. Cooper in 2024. The specific epithet refers to Nothofagaceae, with which these fungi are associated. The type locality is in Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand.
See also
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2024
Fungus species
nothofagacearum
Fungi of New Zealand | Hydnellum nothofagacearum | [
"Biology"
] | 94 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,771,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnellum%20pseudoioeides | Hydnellum pseudoioeides is a species of mushroom in the family Bankeraceae. It was described by James K. Douch and Jerry A. Cooper in 2024. The specific epithet refers to this species' misidentification as H. ioeides. The type locality is Otago Lakes, New Zealand.
See also
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2024
Fungus species
pseudoioeides
Fungi of New Zealand | Hydnellum pseudoioeides | [
"Biology"
] | 91 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,771,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnellum%20variisporum | Hydnellum variisporum is a species of mushroom in the family Bankeraceae. It was described by James K. Douch, Richard Robinson, and Luke J. Vaughan in 2024. The specific epithet refers to variability observed in the spores. The type locality is Denmark, Western Australia.
See also
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2024
Fungi of Australia
Fungus species
variisporum | Hydnellum variisporum | [
"Biology"
] | 85 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,771,248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon%20austrofibulatus | Sarcodon austrofibulatus is a species of mushroom in the family Bankeraceae. It was described by James K. Douch, Luke J. Vaughan, and Tom W. May in 2024. The specific epithet refers to presence of clamp connections. The type locality is Wombat State Forest, Australia.
See also
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2024
Fungi of Australia
Fungus species
Thelephorales | Sarcodon austrofibulatus | [
"Biology"
] | 89 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,771,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosarcodon%20carbonarius | Neosarcodon carbonarius is a species of mushroom in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Rudolf Arnold Maas Geesteranus, as Sarcodon carbonarius, but transferred to the genus Neosarcodon by Jerry A. Cooper and Tom W. May in 2024. It occurs in New Zealand.
References
External links
Fungi described in 2024
Fungus species
Thelephorales
Fungi of New Zealand | Neosarcodon carbonarius | [
"Biology"
] | 89 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,771,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers%20Drowning | Strangers Drowning: Impossible Idealism, Drastic Choices, and the Urge to Help is a 2015 non-fiction book about extreme altruists, authored by The New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar. It's structured as a series of profiles on people she refers to as "do-gooders" including the humanitarian Dorothy Granada, Baba Amte and his family, and a couple who adopted 20 children.
Themes
MacFarquhar explores the concepts of morality, effective altruism and utilitarianism, alternating chapters between profiles and essays on the ambivalence and mistrust that's prevalent in literature and society towards people who dedicate themselves to helping others in extreme ways.
The book's title refers to an adaptation of the thought experiment proposed by philosopher Peter Singer in his essay Famine, Affluence, and Morality:
if I am walking past a shallow pond and see a child drowning in it, I ought to wade in and pull the child out. This will mean getting my clothes muddy, but this is insignificant while the death of the child would presumably be a very bad thing. ... the principle takes ... no account of proximity or distance. It makes no moral difference whether the person I can help is a neighbor's child ten yards from me or a Bengali whose name I shall never know, ten thousand miles away.
In the introduction of the book, MacFarquhar relates a variation of the trolley problem in which a professor and student discuss the morality in a choice between rescuing either one's mother or two strangers from drowning.
References
External links
2015 non-fiction books
Morality
Effective altruism
Altruism
Books about effective altruism | Strangers Drowning | [
"Biology"
] | 344 | [
"Effective altruism",
"Behavior",
"Altruism"
] |
77,771,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205605 | NGC5605 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Libra. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 3635 ± 18km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, three non redshift measurements give a distance of . The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 11 May 1784.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC5605 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nucleus with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable.
Unique Trio of Supernovae
NGC5605 is the only galaxy known where three supernovae were visible at the same time. The first was SN2022bn (typeIb, mag. 18.6), discovered on 5 January 2022. The second supernova, SN 2022ec (typeII, mag 18.8), was reported on 7 January. The third, SN 2022pv (typeII, mag 19.1), was discovered on 13 January.
See also
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
References
External links
5605
051492
-02-37-003
14223-1256
Libra_(constellation)
17840511
Discoveries by William Herschel
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies | NGC 5605 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 299 | [
"Libra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,771,525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachydrine | Stachydrine, also known as proline betaine, is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in citrus, caper, chestnuts, alfalfa, Leonurus japonicus, Maclura tricuspidata, Stachys arvensis and Arisaema heterophyllum. It has been studied for its potential health benefits.
References
Zwitterions
Alkaloids
Pyrrolidines
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Carboxylic acids | Stachydrine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 99 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Matter",
"Natural products",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Zwitterions",
"Ions",
"Alkaloids"
] |
77,772,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2032667 | HD 32667 is a hierarchical triple star system located about away in the southern constellation of Lepus. The brightest of the three components, and the only one visible, is a hot white subgiant star. With an apparent magnitude of 5.582, it is faintly visible by the naked eye in dark skies. In Chinese astronomy, the star was given the name Jiǔ yóu zēng qī (), meaning it was the seventh star added to the asterism Jiǔ yóu (, "Imperial Military Flag") in the Net mansion, when the star chart () was compiled between 1744 and 1752.
The star is listed in the Catalogue of Ap, HgMn and Am Stars as an A2-type Am star designated Renson 8370, although astronomer Dorrit Hoffleit suggested the contrary, classing it as an A3 weak-line star.
Stellar companions
HD 32667 Ab
Radial velocity variations were reported as early as 1930, indicating the existence of an unresolved companion (HD 32667 Ab) orbiting close to the primary star. The 1991 edition of the Bright Star Catalogue lists HD 32667 (HR 1645) as a spectroscopic binary. However, this secondary star would remain hardly studied, with existing measurements being of "very bad" quality. In 2019, rough constraints were made on the nature of the secondary, namely that it does not weigh more than 1.44 , has either a highly eccentric (e~0.8) 46-day orbit or a 4-day orbit with an indeterminate eccentricity, and has a substantial magnitude difference with the brighter primary. Further research is needed to determine its precise characteristics.
HD 32667 B
A distant red dwarf companion revolving around the inner binary (Aa/Ab) was discovered in 2019 from data collected by the Gemini Planet Imager. The discovery paper described it as a 110.3 (0.1053 ) ultra-cool dwarf with a spectral type of M8, located at a separation of 0.533" from the inner binary. A 2023 study presented a semi-major axis of , a substantially higher mass of 0.21 , and a spectral type of M4V.
References
A-type subgiants
M-type main-sequence stars
Triple star systems
Lepus (constellation)
Leporis, 10
032667
CD-24 02795
J05035326-2423174
023554
1645 | HD 32667 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 502 | [
"Lepus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,773,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASARsat | LASARsat (Laser-Assisted Satellite Reentry satellite) is a Czech scientific microsatellite, which is to be launched into Earth orbit before the end of 2024.
The LASARsat mission is a continuation of the Czech high school team LASAR, which won the Conrad Challenge, a global STEM competition held in Houston. The satellite is designed to test the possibilities of using high-power lasers for traffic management in orbit and to help to solve the problem of space debris.
The satellite should be launched into a Low Earth orbit by SpaceX's Falcon 9 as part of the Bandwagon-2 mission.
Description
LASARsat is 1U specification CubeSat, with dimensions of 10×10×11.3 centimeters and total volume of 1000 cubic centimeters.
Payload
The satellite has control, energy and communication equipment on board, the latter being designed for amateur radio contact. LASARsat is also carrying a small capsule with non-alcoholic Czech beer.
Scientific instruments
Seven scientific instruments will be on board LASARsat:
Photodiodes, which will be used to measure the laser's energy losses in Earth's atmosphere.
Series of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which will improve tracking accuracy.
Retroreflectors, which will reflect the laser beam back to Earth's surface to allow its further study.
Langmuir probe, which will measure changes in ionization upon laser's impact.
Earthcam, a camera for capturing the Earth's surface, on which the effects of the laser beam on optical sensors will be tested.
Two dosimeters, one supplied by Czech Aerospace Research Centre and the other one by SkyFox Labs.
Mission
The satellite main mission is to gain further data on the possible usage of the LASAR method and usage of Earth-based lasers in space in general.
Orbit
The satellite is supposed to reach a low Earth orbit at an altitude of 400 to 500 kilometres, with an inclination of 45.5 degrees and an orbital period of 96 minutes.
References
Student satellites
Satellites
CubeSats | LASARsat | [
"Astronomy"
] | 414 | [
"Satellites",
"Outer space"
] |
77,773,234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20hexafluoroplatinate | Ammonium hexafluoroplatinate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
A reaction of lanthanum(III) hexafluoroplatinate and ammonium hydroxide:
Physical properties
Ammonium hexafluoroplatinate forms pale yellow crystals of cubic system, space group Fm3m.
Chemical properties
Ammonium hexafluoroplatinate hydrolyses, foming the insoluble platinum(IV) hydroxide:
References
Fluoro complexes
Platinum compounds
Ammonium compounds
Fluorometallates
Hexafluorides | Ammonium hexafluoroplatinate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 119 | [
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
77,773,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomage | Bloomage, also known as Bloomage Biotech, is a biomaterial company based in China. Bloomage primarily specializes in hyaluronic acid and other bioactive substances products. It is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.
History
In 2000, Bloomage was established and began to mass-produce hyaluronic acid using microbial fermentation.
Bloomage's first plant in Jinan was completed and put into production in 2005.
Bloomage was licensed by the US FDA and established a US subsidiary in 2012.
Products
Bloomage specializes in hyaluronic acid microbial fermentation production. It also focuses on pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food-grade application products.
Other than hyaluronic acid, Bloomage also manufactures recombinant collagen, ergothioneine, ectoine, GABA, PDRN, among others. The company also produces skin fillers and various cosmetic products.
References
External links
Biomaterials
2000 establishments in China
Chemical companies of China | Bloomage | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 207 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
77,775,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Dennis%20%28scientist%29 | Alan Robert Dennis, Baron of Cowie (born 1960) is a Canadian-American scientist specializing in Information Systems and nobleman in the Baronage of Scotland. He is a professor and holds the John T. Chambers Chair of Internet Systems at the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University.
Education and employment
Dennis earned his Bachelor of Computer Science from Acadia University in 1982, his MBA from Queen's University in 1984, and his PhD in Business Administration from the University of Arizona in 1991. He began his academic career as a professor at The University of Georgia and moved to Indiana University in 2000, where he continues to work as a leader in Information Systems research.
Dennis has authored over 150 research papers, chaired 16 dissertations, and co-authored four books. His research explores team collaboration, the spread of fake news on social media, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence.
Research
Dennis's research focuses on team collaboration, media synchronicity, the spread of fake news, and artificial intelligence.
Teams and Group Support Systems
Dennis is well-known as one of the early pioneers of research to support teams and groups, working under Prof. Jay Nunamaker at the University of Arizona from 1987-1991. He has published dozens of articles and conference papers on this topic and continues this research stream into the present day. Key papers include
A.R. Dennis, J.F. George, L.M. Jessup, J.F. Nunamaker Jr., and D.R. Vogel, "Information Technology to Support Electronic Meetings," MIS Quarterly, 12:4, 1988, 591-624.
J.F. Nunamaker, Jr., A.R. Dennis, J.S. Valacich, D.R. Vogel, and J.F. George, "Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work," Communications of the ACM, 34:7, 1991, 40-61.
A. R. Dennis, B.H. Wixom and R. J. Vandenberg, "Understanding Fit and Appropriation Effects in Group Support Systems via Meta-Analysis," MIS Quarterly, 25:2, June, 2001, 167-197.
A.R. Dennis, A. Lakhiwal, and A. Sachdeva, “AI Agents as Team Members: Effects on Satisfaction, Conflict, Trustworthiness, and Willingness to Work With,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 40:2, 2023, 307-337.
Media
One of his major contributions to Information Systems research was his work on media, including the debunking of Media Richness theory and the development of Media Synchronicity Theory:
A. R. Dennis, R. M. Fuller, and J. S. Valacich, "Media, Tasks, and Communication Processes: A Theory of Media Synchronicity,” MIS Quarterly, 32:3, 2008, 575-600
A.R. Dennis and S.T. Kinney, "Testing Media Richness Theory In The New Media: The Effects of Cues, Feedback, and Task Equivocality," Information Systems Research, 1998, 9:3, 256-274.
Fake News
Dennis was an early contributor to research on Fake News on social media, and continues this research today:
P. L. Moravec, R.K. Minas, and A.R. Dennis, “Fake News on Social Media: People Believe What They Want to Believe When It Makes No Sense at All,” MIS Quarterly, 43:4, 2019, 1343-1360.
A. Kim and A.R. Dennis, “Says Who? How News Presentation Format Influences Believability and the Engagement of Social Media Users,” MIS Quarterly, 43:3, 2019, 1025-1039.
S. Seol, J.M. Mejia, and A.R. Dennis “Lying for Viewers: Comingling Partisan Falsehoods into Political News Videos Drives more Viewing and Sharing by Leveraging Speaker and Media Firm Reputations,” MIS Quarterly, 48:2, 2024, 551-582.
Artificial Intelligence
Dennis has a major research stream on conversational agents controlled by Artificial Intelligence (AI). This work focuses on text-based chatbots and more realistic digital humans:
M. Seymour, D. Lovallo, K. Riemer, A.R. Dennis, and L. Yuan, “AI with a Human Face,” Harvard Business Review, March-April 2023, 49-54.
A. Sachdeva, A. Kim, and A.R. Dennis “Taking the Chat out of Chatbot? Collecting User Reviews with Chatbots and Web Forms,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 41:1, 2024, 146-176.
M. Seymour, L. Yuan, K. Reimer, and A.R. Dennis, “Less Artificial, More Intelligent: Understanding Affinity, Trustworthiness, and Preference for Digital Humans,” Information Systems Research, in press.
Books
Dennis has authored several influential books:
Business Data Communications and Networking (14th Edition)
Systems Analysis and Design (8th Edition)
Systems Analysis and Design: An Object-Oriented Approach with UML (6th Edition)
Networking in the Internet Age
Career and Personal Life
Dennis was born and raised in Prince Edward Island, Canada. In 1978, he moved to Wolfville, Nova Scotia, to attend Acadia University, where he earned his Bachelor of Computer Science in 1982. He then moved to Queen’s University and received a Master of Business Administration in 1984.
From 1984 to 1987, he taught as a Lecturer at the Queen’s School of Business. Dennis moved to Tucson, Arizona, to pursue his PhD in Business Administration (specializing in Management Information Systems), which he earned in 1991 from the University of Arizona.
In 1991, Dennis joined the Terry College of Business at the University of Georgia as an Assistant Professor, later becoming Associate Professor in 1995 and Professor in 1999. In 2000, he moved to Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business, becoming the first John T. Chambers Chair of Internet Systems.
Dennis married Eileen Robichaud in 1982; they divorced in 2004. He married Kelley McNamara in 2010; they divorced in 2015. He received the title Baron of Cowie in 2020 following the death of his father, G. Douglas Dennis. In 2022, he married DeVon Rightley-Tucker, Baroness of Cowie.
Dennis has one son, Alexander (Alec) Dennis, Younger of Cowie (born 1993), who is an Assistant Professor of Information Systems at Iowa State University.
Awards and recognition
Dennis has received numerous awards for research, teaching, and service. The most notable include:
AIS Fellow (2012): Recognized by the Association for Information Systems (AIS) for significant global contributions to Information Systems.
LEO Award (2021): Recognized for lifetime exceptional achievement in Information Systems, named for the world's first business computer (Lyons Electronic Office).
Dennis was ranked among the top 1% of the most influential researchers globally across all scientific disciplines in 2021.
References
External links
Google Scholar Profile
;
Canadian scientists
Indiana University faculty
Baronies in the Baronage of Scotland
University of Arizona alumni
1960 births
Living people
Information systems researchers
Management Information Systems Quarterly editors | Alan Dennis (scientist) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,484 | [
"Information systems",
"Information systems researchers"
] |
70,536,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20to%20prayer | A call to prayer is a summons for participants of a faith to attend a group worship or to begin a required set of prayers. The call is one of the earliest forms of telecommunication, communicating to people across great distances. All religions have a form of prayer, and many major religions have a form of the call to prayer.
Christianity
On a daily basis, church bells are rung in major Christian denominations at the canonical hours prayed at fixed prayer times, as well as at the start of a church service.
In the early Church, different methods were used to call the worshippers: playing trumpets, hitting wooden planks, shouting, or using a courier. Greek monasteries would ring a semantron (flat metal plate) to announce services.
Paulinus of Nola, an early church father, is traditionally credited with the introduction of the use of bell in devotions. The steeple bells were known as s. However, the invention credited to Paulinus was probably the work of Nicetas of Remesiana, and most likely used in the churches used by the Bessi in the highlands of Western Thrace. In AD 604, Pope Sabinian introduced the ringing of bells at the canonical hours and the celebration of the Eucharist. Their use spread rapidly as the bells were not only useful signaling the call to worship, but could be used in times of danger.
The Roman tintinnabuli were made from forged metal and were not large in size. By the end of the 7th century, larger bells originating from Campania and Nola were cast. The bells consequently took the eponymous names of campana and nola from cities. By the early Middle Ages, church bells became common throughout the rest of Europe, and were most likely spread by the Irish missionaries and their Celtic influence.
Islam
The Adhan ( ) is the Islamic call to prayer. It has different names in different languages. It is recited by a muezzin at defined times of the day. The call is recited loudly from the mosque five times a day on most days and all day long during the religious holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, traditionally from the minaret. It is the first call summoning Muslims to enter the mosque for obligatory (fard) prayer (salah). A second call, known as the iqamah summons those within the mosque to line up for the beginning of the prayers. The main purpose behind the multiple loud pronouncements of adhan in every mosque is to make available to everyone an easily intelligible summary of Islamic belief. After the call is made, Muslims are gathered to go to pray.
Hinduism
In Indian Hinduism, Nepali Hinduism and Balinese Hinduism, the Trisandya is a prayer said three times each day: six in the morning, noon, and six in the evening, in line with the Sandhyavandanam tradition.
The Puja Tri Sandhya is the call to prayer.
Judaism
The Barechu (, also Borchu, Barekhu or Bar'chu) is the beginning of the Jewish prayer service. It serves as a call to prayer, and is recited before the blessings over the morning and evening Jewish prayer services (the Shema, Shacharit and Maariv), and before each aliyah in the Torah reading.
See also
Angelus
Awgatha
References
Further reading
External links
Prayer
Religious practices
Spirituality | Call to prayer | [
"Biology"
] | 690 | [
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70,538,067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Barrangi | Mohammad Barrangi is an artist born in Rasht, Iran in 1988. Barrangi studied art before moving into book illustration, graduating from the Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon in 2011. He left Iran in 2017 and lives in Yorkshire.
Art
Barrangi’s work is inspired by his heritage, Iranian mythological stories and contemporary events of social upheaval. His works combines elements of Persian calligraphy, old scientific illustration, storytelling, text, and humour. Using a creative process involving drawing and printing on handmade paper and using traditional calligraphy pens and mark-marking styles, he creates works which are often developed into large-scale murals.
My work often focuses on journeys and travelling. Sometimes I will combine elements from classical Western paintings with Eastern stories or imagery.
Barrangi’s work centres on experiences of travel, journeys and his lived experience with immigration and disability. His works often contain images of animals such as birds, reptiles and mythical creatures to talk about migration, freedom, companionship, and different experiences of this world. Reflecting his own experience as an artist with a disability, his works often represent characters with limb difference, lost arms and legs, or other disabilities, as well as images of women that he admires such as family members and friends, or exiled Iranian queens.
I create images that come from my soul and feelings in which I show part of my homeland. I use Persian calligraphy and alphabetic shapes as the main components in my work. These elements are something like poetry for me. I try to invite the audience to visit Iran by looking at my artwork and getting familiar with my process of thinking. I hope I am being able to convey a little bit of this with my art.
Having left his homeland in 2017, he was placed in an initial accommodation centre in Wakefield. During this time, he was introduced to The Art House in Wakefield and welcomed into their Studio of Sanctuary residency programme. In 2020 he studied at the Royal Drawing School in London.
Printmaking
Born with the use of only one arm, Barrangi works directly on the floor and uses his feet to stabilise his prints while he is cutting or printing. Reflecting on his lived experience, his work includes characters with missing limbs.
To create his prints, Barrangi begins by preparing handcrafted papers. Inspired by scientific illustrations, storytelling, and text, he uses a unique process involving traditional Persian calligraphy to create drawings, which he then digitises. Using inkjet printouts, he transfers the designs using solvents, collaging them directly onto paper which has been prepared with Iranian wood stain. The final results are delicate works on paper that evoke ancient manuscripts, both in colour and in texture, and in which he hopes to transport his audience to Iran using his art.
Barrangi’s prints are often translated into large-scale murals that occupy full gallery walls. After directly applying the prints, he embarks on the long process of rubbing away the top layer of fibres to reveal the images underneath
Sculpture
In 2022, Barrangi opened a major solo exhibition, titled Dreamland, at the Art House in Wakefield showing new prints, murals, and sculpture, made for the first time. Dreamland was the first time Barrangi had translated his evocative illustrations into sculptural forms, developed using pioneering 3D-printing technology with Wakefield-based XPLOR. His sculpture Wonderland (2022), was a 2.5-metre-tall sculpture of a woman riding a stag, a recurring character in his prints. Waiting for a Saviour (2022) is a mural that includes a three-dimensional form, the zebra-unicorn, a fantastical hybrid creature taken from his The Mystical Creatures of Eden canvas series, in which he attempts to blur the boundaries between imagination and reality.
Publications
Fariduddin Attar: Vogelgespräche. Illustrated, Farsi-German edition. Text editing from Marjan Fouladvand, Illustrations from Mohammad Barrangi. Edition Orient, Berlin 2022, ISBN 978-3-945506-27-1
Exhibitions
Barrangi regularly exhibits in the UK and internationally. Exhibitions have included Muestra del IV Premi International, Tragaluz; Pressing Matters; Shape Open 2018: Collective Influence; Illustrate 2018, Portugal; Art TSUM, Kiev; Ratata Festival, Macerata; The 6th International Tokyo Mini-Print Triennial; Bologna Illustrators Exhibition 2018; Story Museum, Oxford; and Hafez Gallery in Saudi Arabia 2019. Advocartsy presented Barrangi’s U.S. debut with a solo exhibition titled The Conference of the Birds in early 2020. In 2021 he presented work for Diaspora Pavilion 2 at Block 336 in London, and had a solo exhibition at Edinburgh Printmakers in 2022.
His most comprehensive solo exhibition in the UK, Dreamland, was held at the Art House in Wakefield in 2022.
Running
Alongside his artistic practice, sport has played a major role in Barrangi's life. At the age of 19 he began running, and joined the Iranian national team before going on to represent his country as a Paralympian in 100m and 200m races. He describes competitive running as a form of meditation, and a metaphor for life, "training day in and day out to become a hero".
References
21st-century Iranian artists
21st-century Iranian male artists
1988 births
Artists from Wakefield
Collage artists
Track and field athletes with disabilities
Draughtsmen
Iranian expatriates in England
Islamic Azad University alumni
Living people
Male competitors in athletics with disabilities
Iranian muralists
People from Rasht | Mohammad Barrangi | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,142 | [
"Design engineering",
"Draughtsmen"
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70,539,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNz7q |
GNz7q is a starburst galaxy with a candidate proto-supermassive black hole in the early Universe, at a redshift of 7.1899 ± 0.0005, estimated to have existed only 750 years after the Big Bang. It was discovered in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-North (GOODS-North) field taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The discovery is "the first observation of a rapidly growing black hole in the early universe" and is thought to help explain the growth of supermassive black holes less than a billion years after the Big Bang.
See also
Direct collapse black hole, a process by which black holes may form less than a few hundred million years after the Big Bang
J0313–1806, the earliest known supermassive black hole as of 2021, formed a few hundred million years after the Big Bang
References
Sources
External links
Zoom Into GNz7q, video, European Space Agency
Supermassive black holes
Astronomical objects discovered in 2022
Starburst galaxies
Ursa Major | GNz7q | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 214 | [
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"Astronomy stubs",
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70,541,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix%20F%C3%A9lix-Robin | The Prix Félix-Robin is a prize awarded by the Société française de physique to reward a physicist for a career’s work.
The prize originated from the will of the engineer Félix Robin. He donated money aimed at rewarding remarkable scientific work carried out by a Frenchman in France. The prize was first awarded in 1922.
Laureates
Institut d'optique (1917)
Maurice de Broglie (1922)
Jean Cabannes (1924)
F. Croze (1926)
Antonin Andant (1928)
D. Chalonge (1930)
Étienne Hirsch (1931)
G. Foex (1932)
A. Dauvillier (1934)
Henri Adolphe Gondet (1936)
Louis Néel (1938)
Jean-Paul Mathieu (1940)
Louis Leprince-Ringuet (1942)
Albert Arnulf (1944)
Alfred Kastler (1946)
Gaston Dupouy (1948)
Henri Bizette (1950)
Jacques Yvon (1952)
Jean Brossel (1954)
Georges-Albert Boutry (1956)
Pierre Biquard (1958)
Maurice Lévy (1959)
Pierre Dufieux (1960)
Serge Nikitine (1961)
Maurice Françon (1962)
Jacques Friedel (1963)
L. Weill (1964)
Raimond Castaing (1965)
Michel Soutif (1966)
Jacques Thirion (1967)
Claude Bloch (1968)
Ionel Solomon (1969)
André Herpin (1970)
Évry Schatzman (1971)
Vittorio Luzzati (1972)
Charles Peyrou (1973)
Pierre Aigrain (1974)
Louis Michel (1975)
Jacques Prentki (1976)
Bernard Cagnac (1977)
Henri Benoit (1978)
Jean-Louis Steinberg (1979)
Bernard Jacrot (1980)
Marianne Lambert (1981)
Marc Lefort (1982)
Pierre Marin (1983)
Jacques des Cloizeaux (1984)
James Lequeux (1985)
Claude Mercier (1986)
Gérard Mainfray (1987)
Claude Itzykson (1988)
Sidney Leach (1989)
Bernard Jancovici (1990)
Claude Benoit à la Guillaume (1991)
André Samain (1992)
Georges Amsel (1993)
Yves Petroff (1994)
Pierre Bareyre (1995)
Jean-Michel Besson (1996)
Alain Omont (1997)
Anne-Marie Levelut (1998)
Michel Spiro (1999)
François Ducastelle (2000)
Jacques Haissinsky (2001)
Jacques Bauche (2002)
Dominique Levesque (2003)
Liliane Léger (2004)
Michel Lannoo (2005)
Claude Boccara (2006)
Jean-Eudes Augustin (2007)
Rémi Jullien (2008)
Mikhail Dyakonov (2009)
Élisabeth Giacobino (2010)
Henri Godfrin (2011)
Jean-Pierre Lasota (2012)
Jean-Pierre Gauyacq (2013)
Sydney Galès (2014)
Pawel Pieranski (2015)
References
Physics awards
French science and technology awards | Prix Félix-Robin | [
"Technology"
] | 625 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Physics awards"
] |
70,542,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Hydroxyamoxapine | 8-Hydroxyamoxapine is an active metabolite of the antidepressant drug amoxapine (Asendin). It contributes to amoxapine's pharmacology. It is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) with similar norepinephrine, but more serotonin, reuptake inhibition as its parent compound. It plays a part in balancing amoxapine's ratio of serotonin to norepinephrine transporter blockage.
See also
7-Hydroxyamoxapine
References
Dibenzoxazepines
1-Piperazinyl compounds
Human drug metabolites
Chloroarenes | 8-Hydroxyamoxapine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 152 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
70,543,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing%20Things%20Media | Doing Things Media (DTM) is an American digital media company that focuses on pop culture and humor. Its brands include Middle Class Fancy, Animals Doing Things, Shitheadsteve, Recess Therapy, Bob Does Sports, and Overheard.
It was co-founded in 2017 by Reid Hailey and Derek Lucas and was headquartered in Atlanta before opting for permanent remote work. DTM's clients include Netflix, Amazon, Anheuser-Busch, and T-Mobile. As of 2023, the company has 35+ social media meme accounts with over 75 million followers across Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat.
History
Doing Things Media was founded by Reid Hailey and Derek Lucas in 2017 after both had developed large followings for posting internet memes on Instagram. Reid Hailey created an Instagram meme account named @Shitheadsteve in 2014, while taking college classes. The account obtained one million followers in less than a year, and Hailey created other accounts such as @Trashcanpaul and @HouseofGaming. Hailey met his future co-founder Derek Lucas after Lucas created the meme account @DrunkPeopleDoingThings in 2015. Both Reid Hailey and Derek Lucas dropped out of college. Lucas starting a medical-marijuana delivery service before co-founding Doing Things Media.
Hailey and Lucas were part of a group message that called itself the Meme Illuminati. The chat included meme accounts and celebrities including Chris D'Elia, John Mayer, and B.J. Novak.
In February 2022, Doing Things secured a $21.5 million Series A funding round. In August, DTM partnered with Paramount+ to host the season three premiere of Star Trek: Lower Decks.
Doing Things Media was named Most Innovative Publisher at the 2022 Digiday Awards.
Work
Paper Magazine writes that "the overall theme of what makes it onto any of their meme pages seems to be 'nostalgic wholesomeness' — humor that somehow doesn't offend anyone because the stereotypes they joke about are so deeply benign." DTM describes itself as a "24/7 dopamine drip machine.” Because it produces dozens of popular social media accounts, DTM is able to cross-promote new projects.
As of 2020, 30% of the company's revenue comes from e-commerce. In addition, Doing Things Media makes money from subscription content and TV production and sponsored ads that resemble memes.
Doing Things Media had a TV show on Nat Geo Wild called "Animals Doing Things" based on its @AnimalsDoingThings account. Howie Mandel is its narrator, executive producer, and director. The company wrote a book called Doggos Doing Things based on its @DoggosDoingThings account. “We are always thinking about how to turn our social presence into a product," co-founder Reid Hailey told The Hustle. "Can we make a game? Can we make a beverage?”
Middle Class Fancy
Doing Things Media acquired the brand MiddleClassFancy in 2018. In 2021, MiddleClassFancy teamed up with Guy Fieri to release a limited-edition burger at Fieri's ghost kitchen called Guy Fieri's Flavortown Kitchen.
All Gas No Brakes
In 2019, Andrew Callaghan became a full-time content creator for Doing Things Media after the company's co-founder Reid Hailey saw one of Callaghan's videos. Doing Things also hired Callaghan's longtime friends, Nic Mosher and Evan Gilbert-Katz. All Gas No Brakes got traction on YouTube in late 2019 and throughout 2020. In May 2020, the company signed a development deal with Abso Lutely Productions for a TV series based on All Gas No Brakes. The relationship eventually soured between Callaghan and Doing Things Media, with Callaghan citing contract issues and exploitative behaviour by Doing Things Media as the reason for his departure.
Recess Therapy
In 2020, Julian Shapiro-Barnum began a video series in which he interviews children, originally titled as Kids Doing Things. Doing Things Media hired Shapiro-Barnum, rebranded the account, and launched it as Recess Therapy. The host was inspired how “kids in the playground remained joyous despite the pandemic’s perturbations.” In an interview with The New York Times, Shapiro-Barnum said, “The reason it’s called Recess Therapy is that the original idea was that I was going to bring things that I was struggling with to children and, like, get advice from them.”
Since its launch, Recess Therapy has over 2.4 million followers. In 2022, the series produced the viral video Corn Kid, which was named #1 TikTok trend of 2022.
In December 2022, Shapiro-Barnum received the Family Entertainment Safe Streaming Hero Award at Variety's inaugural Family Entertainment Awards Dinner.
Overheard
In January 2023, Doing Things Media acquired Overheard, a social media brand dedicated to sharing eavesdropped conversations in locales like Los Angeles and New York.
Bob Does Sports
In 2021, Doing Things Media partnered with Robby Berger to create Bob Does Sports, an online series focusing on golf content. Co-hosted by Fat Perez and Joe Demare, the account has over 330,000 Instagram followers.
Controversy
Doing Things Media faced criticism for posting sponsored content about Mike Bloomberg's presidential campaign across twelve of the company's pages. According to Reuters, Doing Things Media founder Reid Hailey said it was "a creative decision, rather than an endorsement of Bloomberg." Other meme accounts, such as those affiliated with FuckJerry, also promoted Bloomberg.
References
Instagram accounts
Internet-related controversies
Internet-based works
Memes
Social media companies of the United States | Doing Things Media | [
"Technology"
] | 1,168 | [
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70,543,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable%20Data%20Transfer | Reliable Data Transfer is a topic in computer networking concerning the transfer of data across unreliable channels. Unreliability is one of the drawbacks of packet switched networks such as the modern internet, as packet loss can occur for a variety of reasons, and delivery of packets is not guaranteed to happen in the order that the packets were sent. Therefore, in order to create long-term data streams over the internet, techniques have been developed to provide reliability, which are generally implemented in the Transport layer of the internet protocol suite.
In instructional materials, the topic is often presented in the form of theoretical example protocols which are themselves referred to as "RDT", in order to introduce students to the problems and solutions encountered in Transport layer protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol. These sources often describe a pseudo-API and include Finite-state machine diagrams to illustrate how such a protocol might be implemented, as well as a version history. These details are generally consistent between sources, yet are often left uncited, so the origin of this theoretical RDT protocol is unclear.
Example Versions
Sources that describe an example RDT protocol often provide a "version history" to illustrate the development of modern Transport layer techniques, generally resembling the below:
Reliable Data Transfer 1.0
With Reliable Data Transfer 1.0, the data can only be transferred via a reliable data channel. It is the most simple of the Reliable Data Transfer protocols in terms of algorithm processing.
Reliable Data Transfer 2.0
Reliable Data Transfer 2.0 supports reliable data transfer in unreliable data channels. It uses a checksum to detect errors. The receiver sends acknowledgement message if the message is complete, and if the message is incomplete, it sends a negative acknowledgement message and requests the data again.
Reliable Data Transfer 2.1
Reliable Data Transfer 2.1 also supports reliable data transfers in unreliable data channels and uses a checksum to detect errors. However, to prevent duplicate messages, it adds a sequence number to each packet. The receiver sends acknowledgement message with corresponding sequence ID if the data is complete, and sends a negative acknowledgement message with corresponding sequence ID and asks the sender to send again if the message is not complete.
Reliable Data Transfer 3.0
Reliable Data Transfer 3.0, like earlier versions of the protocol, supports reliable data transfer in unreliable data channels, uses checksums to check for errors, and adds sequence numbers to data packets. Additionally, it includes a countdown timer to detect packet loss. If the sender cannot acknowledge specific data in a certain duration, it will consider as packet as lost and will send it again.
References
See also
Reliable Data Protocol
Computer Networking
Go-Back-N ARQ
Selective Repeat ARQ
Computer networking
Error detection and correction | Reliable Data Transfer | [
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70,543,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomastigotoides | Holomastigotoides is a genus of parabasalids found in the hindgut of lower termites. It is characterized by its dense, organized arrangement of flagella on the cell surface and the presence of a mitotic spindle outside its nucleus during the majority of its cell cycle. As a symbiont of termites, Holomastigotoides is able to ingest wood and aid its host in digestion. In return, Holomastigotoides is supplied with a stable habitat and steady supply of food. Holomastigotoides has notably been studied to observe the mechanisms of chromosomal pairing and segregation in haploid and diploid cells.
Taxonomy
Holomastigotoides was first described by Max Hartmann in 1910. Hartmann mistakenly identified Holomastigotoides as the female form of the parabasalid Trichonympha hertwigi, which he observed living in a species of termite, Coptotermes sp., in Brazil. After initial discovery, Giovanni Battista Grassi and Anna Foa reclassified Hartmann's “male” form of T. hertwigi to Holomastigotoides in 1911, thus establishing the first use of the genus. The original host species of Holomastigotoides described by Hartmann was later invalidated due to lack of description, and Coptotermes testaceus was subsequently named the type host for Holomastigotoides hertwigi as it is the only species of Coptotermes native to Brazil.
The following species are recognized:
H. aureus
H. batututi
H. bigfooti
H. hartmanni
H. minor
H. mirabile
H. oxyrhynchus
Habitat and ecology
Holomastigotoides is an obligate symbiont of lower termites. Holomastigotoides lives in hindguts of lower termites, where it feeds on wood and assists the termite in wood digestion. This allows the termite to access and use nutrients found in wood that they would not have been able to digest otherwise. Holomastigotoides can be transferred from termite to termite by way of feeding on anal secretions of other termites during juvenile stages.
Since discovery, Holomastigotoides species have been found in multiple termite genera, including Coptotermes, Heterotermes, Prorhinotermes, Psammotermes, and Anacanthotermes. It is possible for multiple species of Holomastigotoides to reside in an individual host termite species. This may be a result of speciation of Holomastigotoides within a single host species or a result of possible co-speciation between Holomastigotoides and its hosts.
Morphology
Cell surface and flagella
Holomastigotoides is a cone-shaped cell. One of the most notable features of Holomastigotoides is the high density of flagella on the cell surface, with some reports of up to 10 000 flagella on a single cell. The organization of the flagella in Holomastigotoides is attributed to the arrangement of its flagellar bands in a spiral formation around the cell. The flagellar bands originate from the anterior apex of the cell and spiral posteriorly in progressively larger spirals, wrapping around the circumference of the cell. An individual flagellar band is made up of many basal bodies arranged in a single row, and a single flagellum emerges from each basal body, giving Holomastigotoides its characteristic, highly flagellated appearance. The basal bodies of a flagellar band are linked by a fiber system that consists of three different fiber types. Each flagellar band is associated with an axostyle, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies. The high density of external flagella helps prevent pieces of ingested wood in the termite hindgut from contacting and damaging cell surfaces. The number of flagellar bands varies based on the species of Holomastigotoides. The posterior base of Holomastigotoides cells are not flagellated, and contain vesicles that are likely used for phagocytosis of wood.
Basal bodies and fiber system
Near the anterior apex of the cell, the basal bodies are arranged tightly together within the flagellar bands, to such an extent that some basal bodies will overlap with each other. The fiber system associated with the basal bodies is also compressed in this apical region, and thus the fiber types are more difficult to distinguish. As basal bodies become more widely spaced further away from the cell apex, the fiber types are also easier to distinguish. Basal bodies transition into flagella distally, and the transition point is indicated by a transition plate. An axosome is found between the transition plate and the central microtubules of an individual flagellum.
Holomastigotoides also possesses parabasal bodies, as is characteristic of parabasalids. The parabasal bodies consist of a Golgi body and a parabasal fiber, and are closely associated with the basal bodies of the flagella. Golgi bodies have been observed to overlap with parabasal fibers near the base of the nucleus.
The basal bodies of a flagellar band are linked by a fiber system, which consists of the parabasal fiber, fibrous ribbon, and KI fiber. The parabasal fiber provides a surface for microtubule formation, and there is one parabasal fiber for each flagellar band. The parabasal fiber possesses a dark lining that has been suggested to be a microtubule organizing centre for the axostyle. The size of parabasal fibers decreases as they extend further past the apex, to the point where they cannot be observed in the mid-region or base of the cell. Parabasal fibers are densely concentrated in the cell's apex, and axostyles closely associated with the parabasal fibers also accumulate in this location. The fibrous ribbon is a long sheet that looks like an accordion, and connects all the basal bodies in an individual flagellar band. An individual fibrous ribbon is as long as the length of an individual flagellar body. KI fibers are named for their distinctive shape, and specifically link basal bodies in triplets. KI fibers can change shape, which also changes the distance between basal bodies and regulates how close or far they are from each other. The fibrous ribbon and KI fiber are thought to have a role in controlling cell shape by moving the flagellar bands. They also play roles in regulating the direction a Holomastigotoides cell moves in, coordinating the beating of flagella, and assisting in accommodating large pieces of wood during phagocytosis.
Axostyles
Axostyles can be located along the entire length of a flagellar band. They can extend from the cytoplasm to the cell base and surround the nucleus. They can also be found in the cortical cytoplasm, which is the cytoplasm that falls between the plasma membrane and flagellar basal bodies. Axostyles in the cortical cytoplasm extend along the entire length of the flagellar bands. Some axostyles follow the spiral arrangement of the flagellar bands and regulate the positions of the Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum in the cell. Notably, flagellar bands 4 and 5 are specialized, and possess extensions into the cytoplasm that contain the poles of the cell's extra-nuclear mitotic spindle.
Cytoskeleton
Centrin is a protein found in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, and plays a role in cell division. In Holomastigotoides cells, there is a high concentration of centrin at the apex of the cell associated with the parabasal fibers, the flagellar bands, and the mitotic spindle. As these are sites where changes in cell shape and movement are initiated, this implies a possible role of centrin in controlling cell shape, direction of movement, and mitosis. Holomastigotoides has been observed to change cell shape and direction of movement constantly. Intracellular calcium ion concentration affects centrin, which in turn can change flagellar band structure and basal body orientation.
Cytoplasm
In the cytoplasm, food vacuoles are distributed widely and contain ingested wood. Ingested wood particles and glycogen have also been observed to be freely distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
Instead of mitochondria, hydrogenosomes are found in Holomastigotoides cells. They are responsible for producing ATP when converting pyruvate to acetate, providing Holomastigotoides cells with energy. The hydrogenosomes are located either between the plasma membrane and flagellar basal bodies or dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. They are thought to accumulate near the basal bodies to support high energy demands of the flagella, and have been observed to divide independently. Golgi bodies can be found on the interior side of flagellar bands, spaced evenly. Endoplasmic reticulum elements can be found between Golgi and basal bodies.
Nucleus and mitotic spindle
The nucleus of Holomastigotoides is located in the anterior apex of the cell, and is associated with a mitotic spindle located outside of the nucleus. This mitotic spindle is persistent throughout most of the cell cycle, which is unusual for eukaryotic cells and characteristic of Holomastigotoides. An extranuclear matrix surrounds the nuclear envelope, except at the points where it contacts the mitotic spindle. Kinetochores insert into the nuclear envelope at the points of contact with the spindle poles. The nucleus maintains its characteristic position at the cell's apex through contact between kinetochores and spindle poles and apical parabasal fibers. In many other eukaryotic cells, most of the cytoplasmic microtubules are dissociated to form the mitotic spindle. However, this is not the case in Holomastigotoides cells. The mitotic spindle of Holomastigotoides is unique in that it remains in the cell during most of the cell cycle, along with the flagella. Spindle poles are present to maintain spindle microtubules while the mitotic spindle is present. This is possible because cytoplasmic microtubules and mitotic microtubules have different origins in the Holomastigotoides cell. The microtubules used for the cytoskeleton and mitosis are separate, and thus the cytoskeleton does not need to be disassembled for cell division to be initiated in Holomastigotoides. The persistence of the extra-nuclear mitotic spindle and presence of MPM-2, a mitotic protein, indicates that Holomastigotoides spend most of their cell cycle in a suspended stage of prophase.
Chromosomes and cell division
Holomastigotoides has two forms: haploid and diploid. In the haploid form, it possesses two chromosomes. In the diploid form, it possesses four chromosomes. Forms with greater ploidies have also been observed, and ploidies can vary between individuals belonging to the same species of Holomastigotoides.
The chromosomes of Holomastigotoides can easily be distinguished due to size, as one will be shorter than the other. As the chromosomes replicate, they uncoil and appear to extend in length. After replication, the sister chromatids re-coil and shorten before separating and pairing with their homologues. Chromosomes have been observed to have terminal centromeres. Crossing over has been observed, possibly to prevent complete segregation or no segregation of the chromatids.
Holomastigotoides has been observed to reproduce through asexual division. During cell division, the nucleus and chromosomes elongate longitudinally. A constriction forms in the middle of the nucleus until two daughter nuclei are produced, effectively splitting the chromosomes in half so that each daughter nucleus has the same chromosomes. Chromosome division has been observed to occur in a longitudinal direction, rather than transverse. In Holomastigotoides, telophase has been observed in greater detail. Telophase occurs via the separation and coiling of flagellar band. While this flagellar band coils, it pulls a daughter nucleus to the basal end of the cell. The number of flagellar bands in a daughter cell is determined by duplication of basal bodies at the end of cell division.
Taxonomy
The species of Holomastigotoides found in the Rhinotermitidae form a monophyletic group, which suggests that Holomastigotoides has been ancestrally present in this group of termites. This is supported by the observation of Holomastigotoides in Prorhinotermes simplex and other genera in the Rhinotermitidae. P. simplex branches separately from other genera in the Rhinotermitidae, implying the ancestral condition of Holomastigotoides. Two Holomastigotoides species in Coptotermes testaceus branch with two Holomastigotoides species in C. formosanus, which suggests that Holomastigotoides may have speciated alongside its host termites. However, the presence of multiple Holomastigotoides species in host species eliminates the possibility that Holomastigotoides strictly co-speciated with its host termites, and other mechanisms are likely involved in the phenomena observed.
There is strong support for Holomastigotoides to form a monophyletic group with species found in Coptotermes.
References
Metamonads
Symbiosis | Holomastigotoides | [
"Biology"
] | 2,889 | [
"Biological interactions",
"Behavior",
"Symbiosis"
] |
70,545,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesuvium%20maritimum | Sesuvium maritimum is an annual herbaceous plant native to southeastern North America in the family Aizoaceae. This species is commonly known as the annual or slender sea purslane or Puerto Rico Sea-purslane. It can be found on sandy beaches, salt marshes, or other coastal regions.
Description
Sesuvium maritimum is a succulent herb that can grow up to 30 cm tall, with smooth, glabrous leaves and white or pink inflorescences. Its leaves are covered with dozens of fleshy projections known as papillae. They are commonly found along the southeastern coast of North America from as far north as Rhode Island to southern regions of Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Bahamas, and other surrounding islands. It has an opposite or sub-opposite leaf arrangement composed of simple, oblanceolate or linear fleshy leaves that are about 1-2.5 cm long and 1–5 mm wide. Furthermore, the leaves are known to be glabrous or rarely minutely papillose, the apex are rounded, acute, or obtuse with margins of the leaves being entire. Flowers are actinomorphic and normally composed of 4–5 fused petals that form a cup-like structure. Within the flower are 5 stamens, usually with a pink coloration, and a partially inferior ovary. Sepals are 2-3 mm long and attached near the top of the calyx tube.
Fruits
They form a pyxis (dry dehiscent capsules) around 4–5 mm in length that appear soon after flowering and persist until September. Upon maturity the capsules will spit open. The seeds produced are typically smooth and vary in color from black to brown, as well as, the amount produced can be between 30–50.
Distribution
This plant is commonly present within costal regions of eastern US (Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas). They reach far down as, southern regions of Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Bahamas, and other surrounding islands. Furthermore, it was found to be present in Kansas and Oklahoma.
Taxonomy
The Sesuvium genus was named after the Gallic tribe Sesuvii, who resided in the Atlantic maritime region of France from around 58–50 BC.
Conservation status
The slender sea purslane is currently endangered in New York state, Maryland, North Carolina, Kansas, and Southern Florida. It is also considered vulnerable in the state of Virginia. Globally, Sesuvium maritimum has a conservation status of G5 (globally secure).
Uses
In the past, sea purslane were once used as medicine to treat scurvy and venomous wounds. In addition, it's one of several plants that aid in the prevention of coastal erosion.
References
maritimum | Sesuvium maritimum | [
"Chemistry"
] | 592 | [
"Halophytes",
"Salts"
] |
67,630,778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20suffix%20array | In computer science, a generalized suffix array (GSA) is a suffix array containing all suffixes for a set of strings. Given the set of strings of total length , it is a lexicographically sorted array of all suffixes of each string in . It is primarily used in bioinformatics and string processing.
Functionality
The functionality of a generalized suffix array is as follows:
For a collection or set of strings, .
It is a lexicographically sorted array of all suffixes of each string in the set .
In the array, each suffix is represented by an integer pair which denotes the suffix starting from position in .
In the case where different strings in have identical suffixes, in the generalized suffix array, those suffixes will occupy consecutive positions. However, for convenience, the exception can be made where repeats will not be listed.
A generalized suffix array can be generated for a generalized suffix tree. When compared to a generalized suffix tree, while the generalized suffix array will require more time to construct, it will use less space than the tree.
Construction Algorithms and Implementations
Algorithms and tools for constructing a generalized suffix array include:
Fei Shi's (1996) algorithm which runs in worst case time and space, where is the sum of the lengths of all strings in and the length of the longest string in . This includes sorting, searching and finding the longest common prefixes.
The external generalized enhanced suffix array, or eGSA, construction algorithm which specializes in external memory construction, is particularly useful when the size of the input collection or data structure is larger than the amount of available internal memory
gsufsort is an open-source, fast, portable and lightweight tool for the construction of generalized suffix arrays and related data structures like Burrows–Wheeler transform or LCP Array)
Mnemonist, a collection of data structures implemented in JavaScript contains an implementation for a generalized suffix tree and can be found publicly on npm and GitHub.
Solving the Pattern Matching Problem
Generalized suffix arrays can be used to solve the pattern matching problem:
Given a pattern and a text , find all occurrences of in .
Using the generalized suffix array of , then first, the suffixes that have as a prefix need to be found.
Since is a lexicographically sorted array of the suffixes of , then all such suffixes will appear in consecutive positions within . Particularly important, since is sorted, it makes identification of suffixes possible and easy using binary search.
Using binary search, first find the smallest index in such that contains as a prefix, or determine that no such suffix is present. In the case where the suffix is not found, does not occur in . Otherwise, find the largest index which contains as a prefix. The elements in the range indicate the starting positions of the occurrences of in .
Binary search on takes comparisons. is compared with a suffix to determine their lexicographic order in each comparison that is done. Thus, this requires comparing at most characters. Note that a array is not required, but will offer the benefit of a lower running time.
The runtime of the algorithm is . By comparison, solving this problem using suffix trees takes time. Note that with a generalized suffix array, the space required is smaller compared to a suffix tree, since the algorithm only requires space for words and the space to store the string. As mentioned above, by optionally keeping track of information which will use slightly more space, the running time of the algorithm can be improved to .
Other Applications
A generalized suffix array can be utilized to compute the longest common subsequence of all the strings in a set or collection. A naive implementation would compute the largest common subsequence of all the strings in the set in .
A generalized suffix array can be utilized to find the longest previous factor array, a concept central to text compression techniques and in the detection of motifs and repeats
See also
Suffix Tree
Suffix Array
Generalized Suffix Tree
Pattern matching problem
Bioinformatics
References
External links
Generalized enhanced suffix array construction in external memory
Arrays
Computer science suffixes
Substring indices | Generalized suffix array | [
"Technology"
] | 815 | [
"Computer science",
"Computer science suffixes"
] |
67,631,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoplastis | Discoplastis is a genus of algae belonging to the family Phacidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe, Northern America, Southeastern Asia and Australia.
Species:
Discoplastis spathirhyncha (Skuja) Triemer
References
Euglenozoa genera | Discoplastis | [
"Biology"
] | 63 | [
"Algae stubs",
"Algae"
] |
67,631,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK%20Centre%20for%20Astrobiology | The UK Centre for Astrobiology was set up at the University of Edinburgh in 2011 by Charles Cockell. It was set up as a UK node, formally affiliated as an international partner with the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) alongside other national nodes until the NAI's dissolution in 2019. It was established as a virtual centre to sit at the interdisciplinary boundary of planetary sciences/astronomy and biological/earth sciences investigating numerous aspects of life in the universe, specifically 'how habitable worlds form in the Universe and how life emerges, proliferates and leaves traces on these worlds' as well as engaging in work on the robotic and human exploration of space and in space ethics, philosophy and governance.
In the ten years from 2011 to 2021, the UKCA led or was affiliated with over 150 scientific papers in this period. Its published scientific work encompassed life in extremes, exoplanet biosignatures, biosignatures of life on Mars and early Earth, analogue research and other areas encompassing the habitability of planetary bodies. For example, the Centre oversaw the launch and implementation of the first biological mining experiment in space on the International Space Station in support of long-term human space settlement, demonstrating the use of microorganisms to mine economically important elements in space. The centre's members were involved in Mars analog missions, expeditions to numerous extreme environments, as well as space missions such as NASA's Curiosity rover mission. The centre was microbiology lead on the NASA BASALT project (Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains) to develop NASA plans for the human exploration of Mars. It was scientific coordinator of the EU Framework 7 project MASE (Mars Analogues for Space Exploration) investigating microbial life in numerous Mars-like environments. It organised a number of conferences in this ten-year period, hosting UK and European-level astrobiology conferences.
The UKCA launched a number of scientific and technical initiatives. It set up the world's first underground astrobiology laboratory in the Boulby Underground Science Laboratory, running a program MINAR (MIne Analog Research) from 2013 which brought in international teams from NASA, ESA, India, and universities across the UK and internationally to study life in the deep subsurface and test planetary exploration equipment. In particular, MINAR focuses on the synergies between planetary exploration and mining, using the active mine environment to test technologies that create synergies between these two areas, such as rovers to carry out 3D mapping and gas detection for safety and structural assessments in mines and the exploration of other planets. The initiative hosted the NASA Spaceward Bound project and ESA astronaut training.
The centre also launched numerous education initiatives. For example, the Centre set up and hosted the astrobiology academy, an initiative to bring teachers together to develop curriculum and lesson plans that used astrobiology to teach science in schools. The initiative produced lesson plans that were used to launch astrobiology in Scottish primary and secondary schools in association with the Scottish government's RAISE programme (Raising Aspiration in Science Education). The material became part of the National Resource Guide and the National Education Portal. It has been used to teach astrobiology across India in collaboration with the A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Centre, reaching tens of thousands of students.
In 2016, the centre, in collaboration with the Scottish Prison Service, launched Life Beyond, which involved prisoners in the design of settlements beyond Earth. Scottish prisoners published two books on settlement designs for the Moon and Mars. This led to the development of a distance learning Life Beyond course, which can be undertaken by any prisoner around the world, distributed to English and Welsh prisons in collaboration with the Prisoners' Education Trust. Given the similarities between prisons and planetary stations (confinement, interdependence), the project tapped into prisoners' experience of confinement to imagine life beyond Earth, involving them in literacy, science, governance and civic responsibility. Life Beyond was cited by EuroPris as an example of best education practice in European prisons.
The centre led initiatives in considering space governance and space philosophy. For example, between 2013 and 2015 it led three international workshops to consider the future of forms of liberty beyond Earth, investigating the political philosophy of extraterrestrial settlement and in particular the effects of the extraterrestrial environment on forms of freedom. This led to three multi-author books published with Springer on the political philosophy of liberty beyond Earth.
The centre launched and led undergraduate and postgraduate astrobiology courses at the University of Edinburgh leading to a textbook published with Wiley-Blackwell on Astrobiology, which is in its second edition. It led and offered the world's first massive open on-line course (MOOC) in astrobiology in 2012 with Coursera, which attracted over 150,000 students.
References
Astrobiology
Mars
Educational organisations based in the United Kingdom | UK Centre for Astrobiology | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 970 | [
"Origin of life",
"Speculative evolution",
"Astrobiology",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
67,631,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator%20physicist | An accelerator physicist is a scientist who contributes to the field of accelerator physics, involving the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying beams of charged particles accelerated to high energies and the structures and materials needed to do so. In addition to developing and applying such basic theoretical models, an accelerator physicist contributes to the design, operation and optimization of particle accelerators.
Significant accelerator physicists
John Cockcroft
Ernest Courant
Helen T. Edwards
Donald William Kerst
Ernest Lawrence
Carlo Rubbia
Ernest Rutherford
Andrew Sessler
Robert Van de Graaff
Simon van der Meer
Ernest Walton
Rolf Widerøe
See also
Accelerator physics
List of particle accelerators
References
Accelerator physics | Accelerator physicist | [
"Physics"
] | 126 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Accelerator physics",
"Experimental physics"
] |
67,631,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyviria | Ribozyviria is a realm of satellite nucleic acids — infectious agents that resemble viruses, but cannot replicate without a helper virus. Established in ICTV TaxoProp 2020.012D, the realm is named after the presence of genomic and antigenomic ribozymes of the Deltavirus type. The agents in Ribozyviria are satellite nucleic acids, which are distinct from satellite viruses in that they do not encode all of their own structural proteins but require proteins from their helper viruses in order to assemble. Additional common features include a rod-like structure, an RNA-binding "delta antigen" encoded in the genome, and animal hosts. Furthermore, the size range of the genomes of these viruses is between around 1547–1735nt, they encode a hammerhead ribozyme or a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme, and their coding capacity only involves one conserved protein. Most lineages of this realm are poorly understood, the notable exception being the genus Deltavirus, comprising the causal agents of hepatitis D in humans.
The realm Ribozyviria has an unclear evolutionary origin. It has been proposed that they may have derived from retrozymes (a family of retrotransposons) or a viroid-like element (i.e. viroids and satellites) with capsid protein capture.
Taxonomy
Historical development
The first taxa of this realm to receive acceptance by the ICTV is the species Hepatitis delta virus and its genus Deltavirus, in 1993. Deltavirus remained unassigned to any higher taxa until 2018, when the ICTV mistakenly classified Deltavirus within the then newly established realm, Riboviria. In 2019, this error was rectified and Deltavirus returned to its original position. In 2020, Hepatitis delta virus was abolished and replaced with eight new species, and the taxonomy developed to reach its current form, detailed below.
Current status
Ribozyviria contains a single family, Kolmioviridae, with no intermediate taxa between realm and family. This family contains eight genera.
The names of all genera in this realm allude to the letter D in various languages. The family name comes from Finnish kolmio "triangle," another reference to the Greek letter "Δ" (delta).
This taxonomy is shown hereafter:
Realm: Ribozyviria
Family: Kolmioviridae
Genus: Daazvirus (from the Gothic alphabet)
Species: Daazvirus cynopis [Chinese fire belly newt virus 1 (CFBNV-1), formerly amHDV] (host: Cynops orientalis)
Genus: Dagazvirus (from the Elder Futhark)
Species: Dagazvirus schedorhinotermitis [rhinotermitid virus 1 (RTV-1), rHDV] (host: Schedorhinotermes intermedius)
Genus: Daletvirus (from the Hebrew alphabet)
Species: Daletvirus boae [Swiss snake colony virus 1 (SwSCV-1), formerly sHDV] (host: Boa constrictor, Liasis mackloti savuensis)
Genus: Dalvirus (from the Arabic alphabet)
Species: Dalvirus anatis [dabbling duck virus 1 (DabDV-1), formerly avHDV] (host: Anas gracilis, A. castanea, A. superciliosa)
Genus: Deevirus (from the English alphabet)
Species: Deevirus actinopterygii [ray-finned fish virus 1 (RFFV-1), formerly fHDV] (host: various Actinopterygii spp.)
Genus: Deltavirus (from the Greek alphabet)
Species: Deltavirus cameroonense [human hepatitis delta virus 7 (HDV-7)] (host: Homo sapiens)
Species: Deltavirus carense [human hepatitis delta virus 6 (HDV-6)] (host: H. sapiens)
Species: Deltavirus italiense [human hepatitis delta virus 1 (HDV-1)] (host: H. sapiens)
Species: Deltavirus japanense [human hepatitis delta virus 2 (HDV-2)] (host: H. sapiens)
Species: Deltavirus peruense [human hepatitis delta virus 3 (HDV-3)] (host: H. sapiens)
Species: Deltavirus senegalense [human hepatitis delta virus 8 (HDV-8)] (host: H. sapiens)
Species: Deltavirus taiwanense [human hepatitis delta virus 4 (HDV-4)] (host: H. sapiens)
Species: Deltavirus togense [human hepatitis delta virus 5 (HDV-5)] (host: H. sapiens)
Genus: Dobrovirus (from the early Cyrillic alphabet)
Species: Dobrovirus bufonis [Chusan Island toad virus 1 (CITV-1), formerly tfHDV] (host: Bufo gargarizans)
Genus: Thurisazvirus (from the Elder Futhark)
Species: Thurisazvirus myis [Tome's spiny-rat virus 1 (TSRV-1), formerly RDev] (host: Proechimys semispinosus)
See also
List of higher virus taxa
Retrozyme
Viroid
References
Further reading
Viruses
Virus realms | Ribozyviria | [
"Biology"
] | 1,114 | [
"Viruses",
"Tree of life (biology)",
"Microorganisms"
] |
67,631,987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnaviria | Adnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes archaeal viruses that have a filamentous virion (i.e. body) and a linear, double-stranded DNA genome. The genome exists in A-form (A-DNA) and encodes a dimeric major capsid protein (MCP) that contains the SIRV2 fold, a type of alpha-helix bundle containing four helices. The virion consists of the genome encased in capsid proteins to form a helical nucleoprotein complex. For some adnaviruses, this helix is surrounded by a lipid membrane called an envelope. Some contain an additional protein layer between the nucleoprotein helix and the envelope. Complete virions are long and thin and may be flexible or a stiff like a rod.
Adnaviria was established in 2020 after cryogenic electron microscopy showed that the viruses in the realm were related due to a shared MCP, A-DNA, and general virion structure. Viruses in Adnaviria infect hyperthermophilic and acidophilic archaea, i.e. archaea that inhabit very high temperature environments and highly acidic environments. Their A-DNA genome may be an adaptation to this extreme environment. Viruses in Adnaviria have potentially existed for a long time, as it is thought that they may have infected the last archaeal common ancestor. In general, they show no genetic relation to any viruses outside the realm.
Etymology
Adnaviria takes the first part of its name, Adna-, from A-DNA, which refers to the A-form genomic DNA of all viruses in the realm. The second part, -viria is the suffix used for virus realms. The sole kingdom in the realm, Zilligvirae, is named after Wolfram Zillig (1925–2005) for his research on hyperthermophilic archaea, with the virus kingdom suffix -virae. The name of the sole phylum, Taleaviricota, is derived from Latin talea, which means "rod" and refers to the morphology of viruses in the realm, and the virus phylum suffix -viricota. Lastly, the sole class in the realm, Tokiviricetes, is constructed from Georgian toki (თოკი), which means "thread", and the suffix used for virus classes, -viricetes.
Characteristics
Viruses in Adnaviria infect hyperthermophilic and acidophilic archaea and have linear, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes that range from about 16 to 56 kilobase pairs in length. The ends of their genomes contain inverted terminal repeats. Their genomes exist in A-form, also called A-DNA, a type of DNA that has a compact right-handed helix with more base pairs per turn than B-form DNA. The creation of genomic A-DNA is caused by an interaction with major capsid protein (MCP) dimers, which, during virion assembly, cover pre-genomic B-DNA to form a helical nucleoprotein complex that contains genomic A-DNA. The A-form genome may be an adaptation to allow DNA survival under extreme conditions. Furthermore, viruses in Adnaviria have high genome redundancy, which also might be an adaptation to survive such extreme environments.
The nucleoprotein helix is composed of asymmetric units of two MCPs. For rudiviruses, this is homodimer, a molecule formed by the bonding of two identical MCPs. For lipothrixviruses and tristromaviruses, it is heterodimer, a molecule formed by the bonding of two different MCPs that are paralogous, i.e. the result of a gene duplication event. The MCPs of viruses in Adnaviria contain a folded structure that consists of a type of alpha-helix bundle that contains four helices, called the SIRV2 fold and named after Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2 (SIRV2). The four-helix bundle is found at the end (C-terminus) of the protein while the beginning (N-terminus) of the protein has an extended α-helical arm that wraps tightly around the dsDNA genome to change it to A-form. Variations in the protein structure exist, but the same base structure is retained in all adnaviruses.
Adnaviruses have filamentous virions, i.e. they are long, thin, and cylindrical. Lipothrixviruses and ungulaviruses have flexible virions about 410–2,200 nanometers (nm) in length and 24–38 nm in width in which the nucleoprotein helix is surrounded by a lipid envelope. Tristromaviruses, about 400 by 32 nm, likewise have flexible virions with an envelope, and they contain an additional protein sheath layer between the nucleoprotein complex and the envelope. Rudviruses have stiff, non-enveloped, rod-like virions about 600–900 by 23 nm. At both ends of the virion, lipothrixviruses and ungulaviruses have mop- or claw-like structures connected to a collar, whereas rudiviruses and tristromaviruses have plugs at each end from which bundles of thin filaments emanate.
Phylogenetics
Viruses in Adnaviria have potentially existed for a long time, as it is thought that they may have infected the last archaeal common ancestor. In general, they show no genetic relation to viruses outside the realm. The only genes that are shared with other viruses are glycosyltransferases, ribbon-helix-helix transcription factors, and anti-CRISPR proteins. Adnaviruses are morphologically similar to non-archaeal filamentous viruses but their virions are built from different capsid proteins. Viruses of Clavaviridae, a family of filamentous archaeal viruses, likewise possess MCPs and virion organization that show no relation to the MCPs and virion organization of viruses in Adnaviria and for that reason are excluded from the realm.
Classification
Adnaviria is monotypic down to the rank of its sole class, Tokiviricetes, which has three orders. This taxonomy is shown hereafter:
Realm: Adnaviria
Kingdom: Zilligvirae
Phylum: Taleaviricota
Class: Tokiviricetes
Order: Ligamenvirales
Order: Maximonvirales
Order: Primavirales
History
Viruses of Adnaviria began to be discovered in the 1980s by Wolfram Zillig and his colleagues. To discover these viruses, Zillig developed the methods used to culture their hosts. The first of these to be described were TTV1, TTV2, and TTV3 in 1983. TTV1 was classified as the first lipothrixvirus but is now classified as a tristromavirus. SIRV2, a rudivirus, became a model for studying virus-host interactions after its discovery in 1998. The families Lipothrixviridae and Rudiviridae were then united under the order Ligamenvirales in 2012 based on evidence of their relation. Cryogenic electron microscopy would later show in 2020 that the MCPs of tristromaviruses contained a SIRV2-like fold like ligamenviruses, which provided justification for establishing Adnaviria in the same year.
See also
List of higher virus taxa
References
External links
Archaeal viruses
Virus realms | Adnaviria | [
"Biology"
] | 1,597 | [
"Archaea",
"Archaeal viruses"
] |
67,632,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldaviricetes | Naldaviricetes is a class of viruses, which infect arthropods. Members of Naldaviricetes are characterized by large enveloped rod-shaped virions, circular double-stranded DNA genomes, and replication in the nucleus of the host cell. All of them (including the unassigned Polydnaviridae family) share a set of unique genes not found in other viruses, which include the presence of multiple interspersed direct repeats, various subunits of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase, four late expression factor genes, and infectivity factor genes suggesting a common host entry mechanism.
Phylogenetics
These viruses encompass several genes that are distantly related to core genes of the Nucleocytoviricota and thus could be highly derived members of the DJR-MCP viruses (kingdom Bamfordvirae of the realm Varidnaviria), despite the absence of the DJR-MCP and formation of odd-shaped virions. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of several essential genes that are shared by all these arthoropod viruses and the Nucleocytoviricota, such as PolB, RNAP subunits, helicase-primase and thiol oxidoreductase, has suggested that this group of viruses might be a highly derived offshoot of the Nucleocytoviricota.
Classification
Naldaviricetes contains one order and a family unassigned to an order. This taxonomy is shown hereafter:
Class: Naldaviricetes
Order: Lefavirales
Unassigned family: Nimaviridae
The unassigned family Polydnaviridae is a potential member of the group because they share the characteristic genes of Naldaviricetes and appear to have evolved from nudiviruses of the order Lefavirales.
References
Viruses
Virus classes | Naldaviricetes | [
"Biology"
] | 380 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses",
"Tree of life (biology)",
"Microorganisms"
] |
67,632,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023%20global%20chip%20shortage | Between 2020 and 2023, there was a worldwide chip shortage affecting more than 169 industries, which led to major price increases, long queues, and reselling among consumers and manufacturers for automobiles, graphics cards, video game consoles, computers, household appliances, and other consumer electronics that require integrated circuits (commonly called "chips").
From early 2020, the effects of and the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in supply chains and logistics which, coupled with a 13% increase in global demand for PCs owing to some countries' shift to a stay-at-home economy, impacted the availability of key chips necessary for the manufacturing of a broad range of electronics. The pandemic's impact on the manufacture of semiconductors in South Korea and Taiwan was cited as a cause for the shortage, with constrained supply impacting industries as broad as console gaming and the automotive industry.
In February 2021, market analysts IHS Markit were cited by the BBC as forecasting the impact of the dearth to last through to the third quarter of 2021; lead times on chip supply at this time had already extended to 15 weeks, the longest lead time since 2017. By April 2021, lead times for semiconductors from Broadcom Inc. had "extended to 22.2 weeks, up from 12.2 weeks in February 2020".
Severe weather events including the droughts in Taiwan during the summer of 2021 could also be a significant contributing factor. The droughts threatened to affect the production due to the lack of available ultrapure water that is needed to clean the factories and wafers.
At the end of Quarter 1 of 2021, used car prices in some countries were increasing due to the demand from both economic recovery, as well as the chip shortage. The price of some cars increased as much as 10% in Q1. By 2023, the automotive industry largely recovered with global car production up 3%. In the same year, the global chip shortage had mostly subsided.
Causes
The global chip crisis was due to a combination of different events described as a perfect storm with the snowball effect of the COVID-19 pandemic being the primary reason for accelerating shortages. Another contributing factor is that demand is so great that existing production capacity is unable to keep up. Other causes have been attributed to the China–United States trade war and the 2021 drought in Taiwan.
COVID-19 pandemic
An increase in remote work and remote learning caused a surge in demand for computers, network peripherals, and other consumer electronics with chips. Due to lockdowns, chip production facilities were shut down, leading to the depletion of inventories. In the fourth quarter of 2020, traditional computer sales saw a 26.1% growth over the previous year.
China–United States trade war
In September 2020, as part of the economic conflict between China and the United States, the US Department of Commerce imposed restrictions on China's largest chip manufacturer, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), which made it harder for them to sell to companies with American ties. These restrictions forced companies to use other manufacturing plants like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited (TSMC) and Samsung. However, these companies were already producing at maximum capacity.
In 2020, GlobalFoundries, a U.S.-based chipmaker and AMD's semiconductor manufacturing arm before its IPO, ceased operations at its only Chinese plant. The fab was supposed to produce 300 mm wafers, but the 65,000-square-meter factory in Beijing never began production.
In October 2022, the United States announced they would introduce further measures in restricting sales of computer chip technology to Chinese companies, primarily affecting sales of advanced chips necessary for cutting-edge technologies. As a result, the shares of major Asian chipmaker companies slumped during the reopening of stock markets in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea after public holidays.
In October 2022, Washington mandated that companies using US software or hardware must obtain licenses before exporting chips to China. This is regardless of their country of origin. The US also urged Japan and the Netherlands to implement similar regulations.
Cryptocurrency
The increased use of proof-of-work cryptocurrencies led to a large amount of mining, done primarily with general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs). The high demand for GPUs for cryptocurrency mining reduced their availability for other uses.
Severe weather
A severe winter storm in February 2021 forced the closure of three plants in Austin, Texas, owned by Samsung, Infineon, and NXP Semiconductors, due to loss of electricity. This set back supply from these plants by several months.
Taiwan is the leader of the global semiconductor industry, with TSMC alone accounting for more than 50% of the global wafer foundry market in 2020. In 2021, Taiwan experienced its worst drought in more than half a century, leading to problems among chip manufacturers that use large amounts of ultra-pure water to clean their factories and wafers. For example, TSMC's facilities used more than 63,000 tons of water a day, more than 10% of the supply of two local reservoirs.
Fires at facilities
An Asahi Kasei semiconductor plant which specializes in ADC and DAC components caught fire in October 2020. Another Japanese factory owned by Renesas Electronics, which supplies 30% of the global market for microcontroller units used in cars, caught fire in March 2021; Renesas said it would take at least 100 days for them to get back to normal production. In January 2022, a fire from the Berlin plant of ASML affected the production of EUV lithography equipment used in chip production.
Russia–Ukraine war
The price of neon, a noble gas needed for lasers in chip manufacture, increased sixfold between December 2021 and March 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine. The supply of neon was severely constrained by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, sparking fears that the conflict could worsen the chip shortage. Ukraine produces about half of the global neon supply as a byproduct of the Russian steel industry, and 90% of the semiconductor-grade neon used in the United States. Semiconductor manufacturers have searched for alternative suppliers, such as noble-gas manufacturers in China, but any new supplier would take at least nine months to increase production. The supply of krypton and xenon, of which Ukraine is also a major exporter, was affected as well.
Russia exports about 40% of the global supply of the metal palladium, used in certain chip components, and the supply of palladium could be affected by trade sanctions imposed by Western governments.
Impacted industries
According to an analysis by Goldman Sachs, at least 169 industries have been impacted by the global chip shortage, with the automotive and consumer electronics industries among the most affected by the crisis.
Cars
The average modern car can have between 1,400 and 1,500 chips, some even up to 3,000. Cars account for 15% of global chip consumption, while personal electronics account for around 50%. Chip revenues are even more skewed towards non-automotive sectors. The chip shortage is expected to cost the global automotive industry US$210 billion in revenue in 2021. Despite lower sales, some manufacturers increased profits over 2020, as Toyota and General Motors, for example, saw record profits for 2021, due to resilient demand and decreased financial incentives offered to buyers.
At the start of the pandemic, car manufacturers incorrectly predicted that sales would drop, canceled chip orders, and were unprepared to meet demand. Chip manufacturers had more commitments from the IT sector, which reduced capacity for car chips. Ford parked thousands of unfinished vehicles at Kentucky Speedway as the company waited for chips to finish assembling those cars. Toyota planned to cut vehicle production worldwide by 40% in September 2021, while General Motors announced it would halt production of almost all cars at its North American plants for a week or two that same month. During the third quarter of 2021, there were only two-thirds as many new car sales in the United States as there had been during the same time period in 2020, as supply could not meet demand. Opel closed its Eisenach manufacturing plant until 2022 because of the shortage, causing 1,300 workers to be temporarily laid off. In mid-2022 Automotive manufacturing corporation Stellantis paused production at two plants in France claiming a lack of semiconductors.
Desktop computers and graphics cards
The availability of virtually all components required to build a desktop computer has been greatly impacted by the global chip shortage. The two main manufacturers of CPU chips, AMD and Intel, have struggled to keep up with the rising demand of their products as a result of the global pandemic. Furthermore, the global chip shortage has made it difficult to acquire graphics cards, with the availability of new and used graphics processing unit (GPU) cards being further worsened by an increase in cryptocurrency mining in 2021. Furthermore, AMD and Nvidia, the leading manufacturers of GPU cards, both released new models of their flagship cards during the pandemic; these newer models were in extremely high demand, and rarely found in stock. Furthermore, scalpers often utilize Internet bots to automatically buy out a retailer's stock in a matter of seconds. These cards are then resold with the price marked up to 300% above the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP).
However, pricing for GPUs has begun to go back to MSRP due to Ether (one of the most used cryptocurrencies, second to Bitcoin by market capitalization) undergoing a consensus mechanism change dubbed "The Merge", which changed it from proof-of-work (PoW) to the more efficient proof-of-stake (PoS) around 15 September 2022. This, combined with the release of 40-series Nvidia GPUs, alongside decreasing cryptomining profitability as the coin prices plummeted, resulted in cryptominers offloading their used cards to the market.
Video game consoles
During the COVID-19 pandemic, cinemas and theaters were closed to prevent the spread of the virus, leading many people to turn to home entertainment during periods of self-isolation, which increased the demand for video game consoles. With the release of the ninth generation of video game consoles coinciding with the pandemic, demand increased even further, with both Microsoft and Sony reporting record demand for their new consoles. Microsoft expected in February 2021 that shortages of the Xbox Series X and Series S would continue until at least mid-2021, while Sony warned in May 2021 that short supply of the PlayStation 5 console would continue into 2022. Both companies use AMD chips manufactured by TSMC in their ninth-generation consoles, which puts extra strain on the supply chain. As supply problems persisted, scalpers resold the consoles on websites such as eBay for 50–100% above their retail price. Nintendo made 20% fewer Switch consoles. The company originally planned to produce as many as 30 million units, but was only able to produce 24 million through their fiscal year, which was until March 2022.
Credit and other IC cards
Modern credit cards have EMV chips used for contactless payments. The shortage caused the typical replacement time for a credit card in the U.S. to increase from ten business days to six to eight weeks.
In June 2023, Japanese railway operators JR East and Tokyo Metro decided to temporarily suspend sales on Suica and PASMO cards, initially unregistered ones, then completely except for commuter passes, cards for children, and time-limited variants for foreign tourists.
Reactions
Governments
On February 24, 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden signed an executive order trying to address the chip shortage by reviewing options to strengthen the semiconductor supply chain. Later in April, CEOs of major technology companies and U.S. government officials attended a virtual summit with the White House to talk about improving the resilience of the semiconductor supply chain. In a virtual meeting on September 23, 2021, which followed another meeting in May, the White House pressed automakers, chip manufacturers and others to provide information on the ongoing crisis that has forced cuts to U.S. automobile production, and to take the lead in helping solve it.
On September 15, 2021, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen trailed a forthcoming European Chips Act in her State of the Union address. It was announced that the European Union will use legislation to push for greater resilience and sovereignty in regional semiconductor supply chains.
In December 2021, India outlined a plan to boost its chip manufacturing base.
US Congress passed the CHIPS Act in summer 2022 and on August 9, 2022, President Biden signed the bill into law. The bill is focused on domestic manufacturing, research and national security, providing $52.7 billion in subsidies and tax credits for companies that manufacture chips in the United States. It also includes $200 billion for new manufacturing initiatives and scientific research.
In January 2023, the U.S., Japan, and the Netherlands reached an agreement to limit certain advanced chip exports to China.
In March 2023, the Japanese government intends to impose restrictions on the export of computer chip-making equipment. This move follows similar actions previously taken by the Netherlands and the US. It is expected to take effect in July 2023. However, Yasutoshi Nishimura, Japanese trade minister, emphasized that this plan is not related to that of the US's move.
This restriction will impact 23 types of tools used in semiconductor production, ranging from immersion lithography machines to silicon wafer cleaners. Moreover, among the major technology businesses to be affected are Nikon and Tokyo Electron.
On 6 September 2024, The Dutch government expanded export licensing for ASML's chipmaking equipment, aligning with U.S. efforts to restrict China's access to advanced technology.
Companies
On July 22, 2021, Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger said he expects the chip shortage will get worse in the second half of 2021 and that it will be a year or two before supplies return to normal. On August 19, 2021, Jensen Huang, CEO of Nvidia, said he expects the shortage to continue well into 2022, while AMD CEO Lisa Su said on September 27, 2021, that the shortage would improve throughout the second half of 2022, though she warned that supply would remain tight until then. However, IBM CEO Arvind Krishna said on October 11 that any prediction of a resolution to the chip shortage by the end of 2022 is optimistic, and that he sees it "more likely" that the issue will not be fully solved until 2023 or 2024.
On September 24, 2021, Taiwan's TSMC said it is actively supporting and working with all stakeholders to overcome the global chip crisis, after its participation at the White House virtual meeting on September 23. Earlier in April 2021, TSMC announced that it plans to invest US$100 billion over the next three years to increase capacity at its plants, days after Intel announced a US$20 billion plan to expand its advanced chip making capacity in Arizona. Already in May 2020, TSMC announced its US$12 billion plan to build and operate a semiconductor fab in Arizona, their second manufacturing site in the United States. Construction is underway as of June 2021, with chip production targeted to begin in 2024.
In December 2022, TSMC announced it would triple its investment in its Arizona plants to a total of $40 billion. The start of chip production at the first factory has been pushed back to 2025, while the second factory is expected to be operational by 2027 or 2028. On April 8, 2024, the United States Department of Commerce awarded TSMC a $6.6 billion subsidy for advanced semiconductor production in Phoenix, Arizona and up to $5 billion in low-cost government loans. TSMC agreed to expand its planned investment by $25 billion to $65 billion and to add a third Arizona factory by 2030.
On November 9, 2021, TSMC announced a partnership deal with Sony (Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation) for a new $7 billion chip factory in Kumamoto, Japan. The plant will produce 22-nanometer and 28-nanometer chips to address strong global demand for specialty chip technologies. Construction on the factory began in 2022. The factory opened two years later in February 2024. In the same month, TSMC announced it will open a second manufacturing plant in Japan with backing from Sony and automaker Toyota. The second factory is expected to be operational by 2027.
On September 20, 2021, the CEO of U.S. automaker General Motors, Mary Barra, said that the chip shortage has forced a supply chain rethink. Barra said that the company will source more semiconductors directly from chip manufacturers instead of suppliers to adapt to the ongoing global chip shortage. In February 2023, General Motors reached a deal with chipmaker GlobalFoundries to dedicate part of an upstate New York factory to supply the automaker and avoid future chip shortage disruptions.
ASML Holding, the largest supplier for the semiconductor industry and the sole supplier of extreme ultraviolet lithography photolithography machines to produce the most advanced computer chips, has been profiting from the chip shortage.
On November 29, 2021, Nissan CEO, Makoto Uchida, told the BBC it was too early to say when normal deliveries of microchips, and therefore finished cars, would resume.
On January 17, 2023, ABB chairman Peter Voser told CNBC that he believes the worst of the chip supply crunch has subsided and added that slowing growth has helped balance out supply and demand.
References
2020 in computing
2020s in economic history
2021 in computing
2022 in computing
2023 in computing
Chip shortage
Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology | 2020–2023 global chip shortage | [
"Technology"
] | 3,678 | [
"History of science and technology",
"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology"
] |
67,632,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefavirales | Lefavirales is an order of viruses of the class Naldaviricetes. Viruses of this order have Hexapoda and Crustacea as their hosts, including Adoxophyes and Carcinus
Classification
Lefavirales is part of the incertae sedis class Naldaviricetes. It contains the following three families with ten genera assigned to them collectively:
Baculoviridae
Alphabaculovirus
Betabaculovirus
Deltabaculovirus
Gammabaculovirus
Hytrosaviridae
Glossinavirus
Muscavirus
Nudiviridae
Alphanudivirus
Betanudivirus
Deltanudivirus
Gammanudivirus
References
Viruses
Virus orders | Lefavirales | [
"Biology"
] | 143 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses",
"Tree of life (biology)",
"Microorganisms"
] |
67,633,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoneuroscience | Nanoneuroscience is an interdisciplinary field that integrates nanotechnology and neuroscience. One of its main goals is to gain a detailed understanding of how the nervous system operates and, thus, how neurons organize themselves in the brain. Consequently, creating drugs and devices that are able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) are essential to allow for detailed imaging and diagnoses. The blood brain barrier functions as a highly specialized semipermeable membrane surrounding the brain, preventing harmful molecules that may be dissolved in the circulation blood from entering the central nervous system.
The main two hurdles for drug-delivering molecules to access the brain are size (must have a molecular weight < 400 Da) and lipid solubility. Physicians hope to circumvent difficulties in accessing the central nervous system through viral gene therapy. This often involves direct injection into the patient's brain or cerebral spinal fluid. The drawback of this therapy is that it is invasive and carries a high risk factor due to the necessity of surgery for the treatment to be administered. Because of this, only 3.6% of clinical trials in this field have progressed to stage III since the concept of gene therapy was developed in the 1980s.
Another proposed way to cross the BBB is through temporary intentional disruption of the barrier. This method was first inspired by certain pathological conditions that were discovered to break down this barrier by themselves, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and seizure conditions.
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are unique from macromolecules because their surface properties are dependent on their size, allowing for strategic manipulation of these properties (or, "programming") by scientists that would not be possible otherwise. Likewise, nanoparticle shape can also be varied to give a different set of characteristics based on the surface area to volume ratio of the particle.
Nanoparticles have promising therapeutic effects when treating neurodegenerative diseases. Oxygen reactive polymer (ORP) is a nano-platform programmed to react with oxygen and has been shown to detect and reduce the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed immediately after traumatic brain injuries. Nanoparticles have also been employed as a "neuroprotective" measure, as is the case with Alzheimer's disease and stroke models. Alzheimer's disease results in toxic aggregates of the amyloid beta protein formed in the brain. In one study, gold nanoparticles were programmed to attach themselves to these aggregates and were successful in breaking them up. Likewise, with ischemic stroke models, cells in the affected region of the brain undergo apoptosis, dramatically reducing blood flow to important parts of the brain and often resulting in death or severe mental and physical changes. Platinum nanoparticles have been shown to act as ROS, serving as "biological antioxidants" and significantly reducing oxidation in the brain as a result of stroke. Nanoparticles can also lead to neurotoxicity and cause permanent BBB damage either from brain oedema or from unrelated molecules crossing the BBB and causing brain damage. This proves further long term in vivo studies are needed to gain enough understanding to allow for successful clinical trials.
One of the most common nano-based drug delivery platforms is liposome-based delivery. They are both lipid-soluble and nano-scale and thus are permitted through a fully functioning BBB. Additionally, lipids themselves are biological molecules, making them highly biocompatible, which in turn lowers the risk of cell toxicity. The bilayer that is formed allows the molecule to fully encapsulate any drug, protecting it while it is travelling through the body. One drawback to shielding the drug from the outside cells is that it no longer has specificity, and requires coupling to extra antibodies to be able to target a biological site. Due to their low stability, liposome-based nanoparticles for drug delivery have a short shelf life.
Targeted therapy using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is also a popular topic of research and has led to several stage III clinical trials. Invasiveness is not an issue here because a magnetic force can be applied from the outside of a patient's body to interact and direct the MNPs. This strategy has been proven successful in delivering brain-derived neurotropic factor, a naturally occurring gene thought to promote neurorehabilitation, across the BBB.
Nano-imaging tools
The visualization of neuronal activity is of key importance in neuroscience. Nano-imaging tools with nanoscale resolution help in these areas. These optical imaging tools are PALM and STORM which helps visualize nanoscale objects within cells. So far, these imaging tools revealed the dynamic behavior and organization of the actin cytoskeleton inside the cells, which will assist in understanding how neurons probe their involvement during neuronal outgrowth and in response to injury, and how they differentiate axonal processes and characterization of receptor clustering and stoichiometry at the plasma inside the synapses, which are critical for understanding how synapses respond to changes in neuronal activity. These past works focused on devices for stimulation or inhibition of neural activity, but the crucial aspect is the ability for the device to simultaneously monitor neural activity. The major aspect that is to be improved in the nano imaging tools is the effective collection of the light as a major problem is that biological tissue are dispersive media that do not allow a straightforward propagation and control of light. These devices use nanoneedle and nanowire for probing and stimulation.
Nanowires
Nanowires are artificial nano- or micro-sized "needles" that can provide high-fidelity electrophysiological recordings if used as microscopic electrodes for neuronal recordings. Nanowires are an attractive as they are highly functional structures that offer unique electronic properties that are affected by biological/chemical species adsorbed on their surface; mostly the conductivity. This conductivity variance depending on chemical species present allows enhanced sensing performances. Nanowires are also able to act as non-invasive and highly local probes. These versatility of nanowires makes it optimal for interfacing with neurons due to the fact that the contact length along the axon (or the dendrite projection crossing a nanowires) is just about 20 nm.
References
Nanotechnology
Neurotechnology
Interdisciplinary subfields of medicine | Nanoneuroscience | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,311 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
67,635,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20metals | In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction. Usually, in an electrolytic cell, it can function generally as a cathode, but not generally as an anode because a (highly resistive) oxide of the metal forms under anodic conditions. Valve metals include commonly aluminium, titanium, tantalum, and niobium. Other metals may also be considered as valve metals, such as tungsten, chromium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, vanadium, bismuth or antimony.
References
Electrochemistry
Metallurgical processes
Metals | Valve metals | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 133 | [
"Metals",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemistry stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
67,635,312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesseltinella | Hesseltinella is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Cunninghamellaceae.
The genus name of Hesseltinella is in honour of Clifford William Hesseltine (1917–1999), who was an American botanist (Mycology), Microbiologist, from the University of Wisconsin.
The genus was circumscribed by Harbansh Prasad Upadhyay in Persoonia vol.6 (issue 1) on pages 111, 116-117 in 1970.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
It has one known species; Hesseltinella vesiculosa H.P.Upadhyay
References
Fungi | Hesseltinella | [
"Biology"
] | 132 | [
"Fungi"
] |
67,635,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angulomyces | Angulomyces is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Angulomycetaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Northern America.
Species:
Angulomyces argentinensis Letcher
References
Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycota genera | Angulomyces | [
"Biology"
] | 59 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
67,637,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongronella | Gongronella is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Cunninghamellaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Species:
Gongronella brasiliensis
Gongronella butleri
Gongronella guangdongensis
References
Fungi | Gongronella | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungi"
] |
67,637,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Blood-Fresh | Royal Blood-Fresh () is a traditional Korean medicine (Koryo medicine) health supplement derived from soybeans. It is manufactured in North Korea and is the most famous product sold by the North Korean company, Pugang Pharmaceutic.
It is marketed as a "blood purifier" and a preventative against deep-vein thrombosis. It is marketed to foreigners during Air Koryo flights and has been sold at Pyongyang Gwan, a North Korean restaurant in Hanoi, Vietnam. It has been dismissed outside of North Korea as a non-scientific "miracle cure".
In 2017, three Russian nationals were arrested in South Korea for selling North Korean drugs, which included Royal Blood-Fresh, Kumdang-2, and Neo-Viagra-Y.R.
See also
Tetrodocain
References
Healthcare in North Korea
Traditional Korean medicine
Drugs | Royal Blood-Fresh | [
"Chemistry"
] | 185 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Drugs",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
67,638,170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20of%202021 | The following is a list of weather events that occurred in 2021. The year began with La Niña conditions. There were several natural disasters around the world from various types of weather, including blizzards, cold waves, droughts, heat waves, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones. In December, powerful Typhoon Rai moved through the southern Philippines, killing 410 people and becoming the deadliest single weather event of the year. The costliest event of the year, and the costliest natural disaster on record in the United States, was from a North American cold wave in February 2021, which caused $196.4 billion (USD) in damage; the freezing temperatures and widespread power outages in Texas killed hundreds of people. Another significant natural disaster was Hurricane Ida, which struck southeastern Louisiana and later flooded the Northeastern United States, resulting in $70 billion (USD) in damage. December saw two record-breaking tornado outbreaks, only four days apart from each other. In Europe, the European Severe Storms Laboratory documented 1,482 weather-related injuries and 568 weather-related fatalities. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration documented 796 weather-related fatalities and at least 1,327 weather-related injuries in the United States and the territories of the United States.
Global conditions
The year began with La Niña conditions that developed the previous year. This was reflected in cooler than normal sea surface temperatures in the south Pacific Ocean. However, conditions were unlike typical La Niña events, with above normal temperatures in the United States in January, but colder than normal temperatures in February. By March and April, the La Niña conditions had begun to weaken. On May 13, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) assessed that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) transitioned into its neutral phase. However, following cooler than normal temperatures in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, NOAA declared that the global weather conditions shifted back to La Niña by October.
Deadliest events
Weather summaries by type
Cold waves and winter storms
In January, at least 70 people in Japan died while removing snow, related to a blizzard that dropped of snowfall. At least 1,500 people were stranded on a highway.
In February, extreme cold affected much of North America. During much of the winter, a high pressure system existed over southeastern Canada and Greenland, while lower than normal pressure existed over northeastern Asia into Alaska. A winter storm left more than 9 million people without power from northern Mexico to the northeastern United States; nearly half of the power outages were in Texas. There were 172 deaths in the United States, The system is estimated to have cost over $196.5 billion (2021 USD) in damages, including at least $195 billion in the United States and over $1.5 billion in Mexico, making it the costliest winter storm on record, as well as the costliest natural disaster recorded in the United States. It is also the deadliest winter storm in North America since the 1993 Storm of the Century, which killed 318 people. Another winter storm added on to the effects, leading to 29 deaths and $2 billion in damage, and caused 4 million power outages.
At the same time, a cold wave impacts Greece. This cold wave resulted in 3 deaths, and resulted in Greece getting their heaviest snowfall since 2008. Temperatures dropped as low as .
In March, a record-breaking blizzard affects the Rocky Mountains. Although no one died, the system caused $75 million in damage. Cheyenne, Wyoming saw their largest two-day snowfall on record. It also became Denver's fourth largest blizzard. The storm caused car crashes which resulted in 22 injuries.
Droughts
A drought in western North America began in 2020 and continued into 2021. A 20-month period from January 2020 to August 2021 recorded the least rainfall since 1895. Lake Powell hit record low levels in July 2021, and due to Lake Mead dropping so low, water restrictions were imposed. By mid-August 2021, Iowa was facing extreme drought. Drought also affected over 85% of Mexico.
Floods
In March, a multi-day rain event caused significant flooding for many parts of Eastern and Central Australia from the March 17–21, being called a 1 in 100-year event. Comboyne, New South Wales reported a four-day total of
Significant flooding occurred along the Mid North Coast and Central Australia. The Manning River at Taree equalled its 1929 record, Wingham, New South Wales saw its highest levels since 1978, The Gwydir River was 0.2m short of its 1955 record and the Mehi River in Moree, New South Wales was 0.4m below its 1955 peak. One man died due to his car losing control in Mona Vale, New South Wales, a bodyboarder who disappeared on the Coffs Harbour seashore is presumed dead. 2 more fatalities confirmed on the 24th and a woman went missing on the 26th and later discovered. In addition, floods in Hawaii left a person missing, caused $49 million in damage, and caused 1,300 power outages. Haiku recorded of rain, and parts of the state receive . David Ige declared a state of emergency due to the floods.
In July, a storm system stalled over Germany, producing torrential rainfall and flash flooding. With at least 184 deaths, the floods are the deadliest natural disaster in Germany since the North Sea flood of 1962. There were also 42 deaths in Belgium. Then, floods in Henan result in at least 302 deaths. Most of the deaths and damage were in Zhengzhou. At the end of the month, floods in Afghanistan cause 113 deaths.
On August 21, severe flash flooding impacted Middle Tennessee. The state set a 24-hour precipitation record of , and resulted in 20 deaths. The death toll was initially 22, but was lowered when more accurate counts were published. The flooding also affected Kentucky but to a much lesser extent.
On September 1 and 2, major flash flooding affected the Northeastern United States due to the remnants of Hurricane Ida. This causes 55 deaths and around $20 billion in damage. Before the storm, the Weather Prediction Center issued a high risk for flash flooding. This became New York's 9th wettest tropical cyclone on record. New York City got its first flash flood emergency. Between 8:51 p.m. and 9:51 p.m. on September 1, New York City saw of rain, its wettest hour on record.
The 2021 Pacific Northwest floods comprise a series of floods that affected British Columbia, Canada, and parts of neighboring Washington state in the United States in November and December. The flooding and numerous mass wasting events were caused by a Pineapple Express, a type of atmospheric river, which brought heavy rain to parts of southern British Columbia and northwestern United States. The natural disaster prompted a state of emergency for the province of British Columbia. Damage was at least $2.5 billion. That same month, floods in South Asia caused 41 fatalities. In addition, over 11,000 people were displaced. Over 11,000 were displaced in India due to BOB 05's rainfall impact.
At the end of the year into 2022, Malaysia experienced intense floods. 54 people died causing over $4.77 billion in damage. This was fueled by Tropical Depression 29W. Comparisons were drawn to the floods seven years prior. This was declared a once in 100 year event. This became the deadliest tropical cyclone in Malaysia since Tropical Storm Greg of 1996.
Heat waves
A winter heat wave in February across Eurasia. Sweden saw its highest ever February temperature at . Beijing also surpassed its February heat record by over five degrees when it hit .
An extreme heat wave affected much of Western North America from late June through mid-July 2021, resulting in the highest temperature ever measured in Canada at . The heat wave kills 229 Americans alone, and causes $8.9 billion in the US alone. Over 600 Canadians die, making it the deadliest weather event in the history of Canada. The heat wave breaks an all-time high temperature record in Washington and ties one in Oregon.
Tornadoes
There were 1,374 preliminary filtered reports of tornadoes in the United States in 2021, of which at least 1,278 were confirmed. Worldwide, 151 tornado-related deaths were confirmed with 104 in the United States, 28 in China, six in the Czech Republic, four in Russia, three in Italy, two in India and one each in Canada, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Turkey. The year started well below average with the lowest amount of tornado reports through the first two months in the past 16 years and remained below-average for most of the year due to inactivity during April, June, September, and November. Despite this, several intense outbreaks occurred in March, May, July, August, and October. May, for the first time ever, had no tornadoes above EF2 status. The year ended on a destructive note, however, as December was incredibly active, more than doubling the previous record, which pushed 2021 above average. Additionally, 2021 had the most tornado fatalities in the United States since 2011. Almost all of the fatalities were due to the Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021. The 2021 Western Kentucky tornado becomes the longest tracked tornado in December, and the tornado outbreak becomes the deadliest in December. The December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak brought the first December tornadoes on record to Minnesota. This made December 2021 the most active December for tornadoes on record. In addition, 2021 saw the 2nd highest confirmed number of tornadoes in both Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Tropical and subtropical cyclones
In the Southern Hemisphere, there were two tropical cyclones that formed in late December and persisted into January 2021 – the remnants of Tropical Storm Chalane over southern Africa, and a tropical depression east of Madagascar that would soon become Tropical Storm Danilo. In April, Cyclone Seroja produced deadly flooding in Indonesia and East Timor, killing at least 272 people. Also in the month, Typhoon Surigae in the northwest Pacific Ocean became the strongest Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone to form before the month of May; it attained 10-minute maximum sustained winds of , according to the Japan Meteorological Agency, or one-minute sustained wind of according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. In May, the Eastern Pacific basin had its earliest tropical storm on record, with Tropical Storm Andres. Also in May, Cyclone Tauktae tied a cyclone in 1998 to become the strongest cyclone to strike Gujarat, with sustained winds of ; Tauktae killed at least 118 people in India, with another 66 deaths after Barge P305 sank near Heera oil field, off the coast of Mumbai. In August, Hurricane Ida struck the U.S. state of Louisiana with sustained winds of , tying 2020's Hurricane Laura and the 1856 Last Island hurricane as the strongest on record to hit the state. Throughout the United States, damage from Ida was estimated at US$64.5 billion. In December, Typhoon Rai struck the eastern Philippines, which killed 410 people.
Wildfires
In June, the taiga forests in Siberia and the Far East region of Russia were hit by unprecedented wildfires, following record-breaking heat and drought. For the first time in recorded history, wildfire smoke reached the North Pole. In July and August, Turkey experienced its worst ever wildfire season. The fires caused 9 deaths.
Africa was also hit by wildfires. Across Algeria, wildfires killed 90 people. On April 18, a wildfire affects Table Mountain National Park and Cape Town in South Africa. The fires injured 5 firefighters.
North America was hit extremely hard by wildfires in 2021. The United States saw 5.6 million acres burn and Canada saw 10.34 million acres burn. It was predicted to be severe as early as April 2021 due to record drought. Unhealthy air from the fires spread as far as New Hampshire. One particularly severe wildfire was the Lytton wildfire. The fires caused 2 deaths, and destroyed 90% of Lytton, British Columbia. Then, in July, the Dixie Fire became the largest single wildfire in California's history. Suppression costs alone were $637 million. When the cause was determined, PG&E pled guilty to 85 felonies. Oregon also sees a massive wildfire, the Bootleg Fire. This became the third largest in state history. The wildfire is believed to have created a fire tornado. Wildfire activity persisted into December. On December 15, the December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak caused strong, dry winds across Kansas, leading to wildfires that kill two. On December 30, the Marshall Fire became the most destructive fire in Colorado history, causing over $513 million in damage. The fire was extinguished by January 1, 2022, due to heavy snow.
Timeline
This is a timeline of weather events during 2021.
January
December 30, 2020 – January 3, 2021 – The New Year's North American winter storm kills one person and caused 119,000 power outages. The storm caused $35 million (2021 USD) in damage across the United States and Canada, per Aon.
January 1–6 – Cyclone Imogen caused $10 million (2021 USD) in damage across Australia.
January 7–15 – Storm Filomena killed five people and caused $2.2 billion (2021 USD) in damage across Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar, Andorra, France, Morocco, Italy, Vatican City, San Marino, Greece, Turkey, and Ukraine.
January 14–25 – Cyclone Eloise kills 27 people with 11 missing and caused $10 million (2021 USD) in damage across Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Eswatini.
January 26 – An EF3 tornado hits Fultondale, Alabama, killing one person and injuring 30 others.
January 26 – February 5 – Cyclone Ana kills one person with five missing and caused $1 million (2021 USD) in damage in Fiji.
January 31 – February 3 – The 2021 Groundhog Day nor'easter kills 7 people, knocks out power for over 500,000 people, and caused $1.85 billion (2021 USD).
February
February 1–7 – The 2021 Wooroloo bushfire in Australia burns 27,000 acres and 86 buildings and injured eight people.
February 6 – Four skiers were killed and four others were injured in an avalanche in Millcreek Canyon, Utah, United States.
February 6–22 – A cold wave, in addition to winter storms Uri and Viola, kills at least 278 people, causes power outages for millions of people across the United States, and causes $198.6 billion (2021 USD) in damage. This cold wave also led to the 2021 Texas power crisis which resulted in 210 to 702 deaths.
February 7 – The Chamoli disaster was triggered a rock and ice avalanche. The flood resulted in 83 deaths and 121 missing.
February 8 – Twenty-four workers died in a flooded illegally-run textile workshop in a private house in Tangier, Morocco, which occurred as a result of intense rains that hit the region. Ten others were rescued and hospitalized.
February 10–12 – An ice storm across the United States killed 12 people and caused over $75 million (2021 USD) in damage. The first ice storm warning ever issued for Richmond, Virginia was due to this storm.
February 11 – The Met Office reports an overnight temperature of −22.9 °C in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, the coldest weather in the UK since 1995.
February 13 – A series of severe weather-related incidents in Northern Italy leaves four people dead and 25 others injured.
February 13–16 – A cold wave in Greece killed three people.
February 15 – A tornado in Brunswick County, North Carolina, associated with Winter Storm Uri, kills three people and injures ten others.
February 16–23 – Tropical Storm Dujuan, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Auring, kills one person with four missing and caused $3.29 million (2021 USD) in damage across Palau and the Philippines.
February 27 – March 8 – Cyclone Niran caused 70,000 power outages and caused $200 million (2021 USD) in damage across Queensland, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.
March
March 4–17 – The March 2021 North American blizzard occurs, causing $75 million (2021 USD) in damage. The blizzard caused over 54,000 to lose power and several areas received some of their heaviest late-season snowfall on record.
March 16–18 – A tornado outbreak in the Southeastern United States and Southern Plains resulted in one non-tornadic fatality and six injuries from 51 tornadoes. 25 of those 51 tornadoes occurred in Alabama, which locally refer to this outbreak as the Saint Patrick's Day tornado outbreak of 2021.
March 24–28 – A tornado outbreak in the Southern United States resulted in 14 fatalities (7 direct tornadic, 1 indirect tornadic and 8 non-tornadic) and 37+ injuries from 43 tornadoes. The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued its second high-risk outlook for the month of March, as well as the second high-risk outlook for 2021 on March 25 when the bulk of activity was expected. Two tornado emergencies were issued during this outbreak by the National Weather Service.
March 25 – An EF3 tornado during the Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28 kills six people and injured ten others in Ohatchee, Alabama.
March 26 – An EF4 tornado during the Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24-28, 2021 in Newnan, Georgia kills one person indirectly, and causes $20.5 million in damage.
April
April 3–12 – Cyclone Seroja kills 272 people and causing $490.7 million (2021 USD) in damage. The cyclone brought historic flooding and landslides to portions of southern Indonesia and East Timor and later went on to make landfall in Western Australia's Mid West region, becoming the first to do so since 1999.
April 9–11 – An EF3 tornado in Louisiana kills one during a tornado outbreak. The system also caused two deaths due to straight-line winds in Louisiana and Florida.
April 12 – May 2 – Typhoon Surigae, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Bising, kills ten people with eight missing, and caused about $10.74 million (2021 USD) in damage across the Caroline Islands, Palau, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Kuril Islands, Russian Far East, and Alaska. 63 cities experienced power interruptions; however, power was restored in 54 of those cities. Typhoon Surigae became a category 5 super typhoon and became the strongest pre-May typhoon on record.
April 15 - Severe Nor'wester locally named kalboishakhi - severe thunderstorm, rain, and high wind affecting Bangladesh, particularly Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Dhaka with devastating effect and loss of life.
April 18 – The Cape Town fire occurs destroying Mostert's Mill in Cape Town, South Africa, after a fire spreads from Table Mountain.
April 21 - Whiteout conditions along Interstate 41 result in one person being killed in an 80-vehicle crash.
May
May 2–4 – A tornado outbreak occurs in the Southeastern United States and the Great Plains, resulting in 97 tornadoes that caused $1.3 billion (2021 USD) in damage, and ten injuries. There are also four non-tornadic fatalities.
May 9 – A landslide at a clandestine gold mine in Siguiri, Guinea, kills at least fifteen miners.
May 14–19 – Cyclone Tauktae kills 174 people, with 81 missing, and caused $2.12 billion (2021 USD) in damage in India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Pakistan.
May 16 - Floods in Texas and Louisiana kill 5 people.
May 20 – July 23 – The Johnson Fire, in New Mexico, burned 88,918 acres.
May 22 – The Gansu ultramarathon disaster occurs with 21 people dying from hypothermia when high winds and freezing rain strike a long-distance race in Jingtai, Gansu, China.
May 23–28 – Cyclone Yaas kills 20 people and caused $2.84 billion (2021 USD) in damage across Bangladesh, India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), and Nepal. The total damages in West Bengal, the most heavily impacted Indian state from Yaas, were estimated to be around ₹20 thousand crore (US$2.76 billion).
May 29–30 – Many cities in the Northeastern United States set record low high temperatures. New York City sees a high of , while Philadelphia has a high of , both becoming the coldest high for the day. Albany, New York recorded a high of on May 29 and on May 30, both breaking records. The storm system also dumped up to just outside New York City. Nearly an inch of snow fell on Mount Snow in Vermont. Due to the rain in New York City, two games between the New York Mets and Atlanta Braves were postponed. Rain in Washington DC also forced a game between the Milwaukee Brewers and Washington Nationals to be postponed.
May 29 – June 6 – Tropical Storm Choi-wan, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Dante, occurs, killing 11 with 2 missing and causes $6.39 million (2021 USD) in damage in Palau, the Philippines, Taiwan and Japan.
June
June–October – Wildfires in Algeria kills 90 people.
June 11–13 – Tropical Storm Koguma kills one person with two missing and caused $9.87 million (2021 USD) in damage across South China, Vietnam and Indochina.
June 11 – Lake Mead drops to its lowest water level ever recorded due to the 2020–21 North American drought.
June 18-19 – A storm complex resulted in one fatality due to flooding in Indiana, caused a hailstorm resulting in $1.9 billion in damage, and spawned 7 tornadoes.
June 18–20 – Tropical Storm Dolores kills three people and caused $50 million (2021 USD) in damage in Mexico.
June 19–23 – Tropical Storm Claudette kills 14 people and caused $375 million (2021 USD) in damage in the United States.
June 20–21 – A tornado outbreak in Canada kills one person due to an EF2 tornado in Quebec.
June 24 – A rare, powerful and deadly IF4 tornado passes through several villages in southeastern Czech Republic, causing catastrophic damage and results in the deaths of six people and 200 others are injured. The tornado caused 15+ billion CZK (~693.9 million USD) in damage and is the strongest tornado ever recorded on the International Fujita scale.
June 25–30 – Hurricane Enrique kills two people and caused more than $50 million (2021 USD) in damage in Mexico.
June 25 – July 7 – The 2021 Western North America heat wave results in 914 confirmed deaths with up to 1,408+ deaths estimated. Damage totals are $8.9 billion in the United States alone.
June 29 – The temperature reaches in Lytton, British Columbia, breaking the all-time record for hottest temperature ever recorded in Canada for the third day in a row. The temperature reached in Lytton on June 28 and on June 27, both records. These record high temperatures are a result of the 2021 Western North America heat wave.
June 30 – The Lytton wildfire kills 2 people and burned 206,926 acres. The wildfire is a result of the 2021 Western North America heat wave.
June 30 - Newark, New Jersey sets their all time hottest temperature in June, at .
July
July 1–14 – Hurricane Elsa kills 13 people, and caused $1.2 billion (2021 USD) in damage in the Caribbean, the United States, and Canada.
July 3 – The 2021 Atami landslide occurs in Atami, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, killing 27. The landslide was a result of heavy rainfall with the city receiving of rainfall in a 48-hour period.
July 3-4 - Several record low highs were set. On July 3, this included in Boston, in Worcester. On July 4, this included Augusta, Maine, with a high of . Record daily precipitation also hit the city, accumulating to .
July 3–5 – A huge wildfire spreads through Limassol, Cyprus, killing four people and forcing the evacuation of several villages. It is described as the worst wildfire in the country's history.
July 6 – August 15 – The Bootleg Fire occurs in Oregon, resulting in 413,765 acres being burned and 408 building being destroyed.
July 10 - The all-time high temperature of the state of Utah, at , is tied in Saint George. Las Vegas also tied their all time high temperature, also at .
July 12–25 – The 2021 European floods results in 243 deaths and caused $11.8 billion (2021 USD) in damage across Europe.
July 12 – 65 people were killed by lightning strikes in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, with a single strike killing 16 at Amer Fort near Jaipur.
July 13 – October 25 – The Dixie Fire kills one firefighter, burns 963,309 acres and damaged over 1,300 structures. The Dixie Fire became the largest single (i.e. non-complex) wildfire in California's history and it was the first fire known to have burned across the crest of the Sierra Nevada. It caused $1.15 billion in damage.
July 15–31 – Typhoon In-fa kills 6 people and resulted in $1 billion (2021 USD) in damage in the Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China, and North Korea.
July 17–31 – Floods in Henan, China result in the deaths of 302 people with 50 missing and causing around 82 billion yuan (US$12.7 billion) in damage.
July 18 – Heavy floods in Mumbai, India, caused a landslide that kills 32 people and injured 5 others.
July 22–August – Floods in Maharashtra kills 208 people with eight missing.
July 26 – A dust storm caused a 20-vehicle pileup on Interstate 15 in the U.S. state of Utah, killing eight people and injuring several others.
July 28–29 – A tornado outbreak across the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Mid-Atlantic kills one person (non-tornadic), injured 13 others, and caused $315 million (2021 USD) in damage.
July 29 – A possible EF0 anticyclonic tornado touches down in Bustleton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during the tornado outbreak of July 28–29, 2021.
July 28 – Floods in Islamabad, Pakistan kills two people. Started after the cloudburst in Islamabad, Pakistan, caused flood situation in many parts of the federal capital and killed two people.
July 28 – August 1 – Floods in Afghanistan kill at least 113 people.
August
August 4 – Seventeen people were killed in northern Bangladesh during a lightning strike on a boat celebrating a wedding.
August 11–20 – Tropical Storm Fred kills seven people and caused $1.3 billion (2021 USD) in damage in the Caribbean, the Eastern United States, and Canada.
August 11 – At least 10 people were killed and dozens more trapped under debris after a landslide in a Himalayan district of Himachal Pradesh, India.
August 13–21 – Hurricane Grace kills 16 people and caused $513 million (2021 USD) in damage across the Caribbean and Mexico.
August 15 – Heavy rain in Japan causes a landslide in Okaya, Nagano leaving 3 people dead after the landslide damaged their house.
August 16–24 – Hurricane Henri kills two people and caused $550 million (2021 USD) in damage in Bermuda, the northeastern United States, and southern Nova Scotia.
August 18 – Flash flooding caused by torrential rains kills at least seven people in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
August 21 – Floods in Tennessee kill 20 people and cause $101.11 million in damage. A record of rain in 24 hours was reported in McEwen, Tennessee.
August 25–30 – Hurricane Nora kills three people and caused $125 million (2021 USD) in damage in Western Mexico.
August 25 – September 4 – Hurricane Ida kills 115 people and causes $75.25 billion (2021 USD) in damage, making this the fifth-costliest hurricane on record. The precursor to Ida killed 20 people and left 17 people missing after torrential rains caused landslides in western Venezuela. The hurricane also impacted Colombia, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, the United States, and Canada. In addition, from August 29 to September 2, the Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak kills one person and injures seven others from 35 tornadoes.
September
September 2-7 - The precursor to Tropical Storm Mindy caused 23 deaths and $75 million in Mexico.
September 7-9 - Death Valley sets two global heat records. The high of in September 7 is the latest any spot on the globe saw a temperature in the 50s°C. On September 9, the low of became the warmest low on record in September.
September 7–13 – Hurricane Olaf kills one person and caused $10 million (2021 USD) in damage across Western Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula.
September 10 – Two people were killed and nine others were injured after a powerful whirlwind hits Pantelleria, Sicily, Italy.
September 12–18 – Hurricane Nicholas caused over 700,000 power outages, kills 4 people and caused $1 billion (2021 USD) in damage across the Yucatán Peninsula, Tamaulipas, and the Gulf Coast of the United States. A state of emergency was declared by Governor of Louisiana, John Bel Edwards, in preparation for the hurricane.
October
The hottest October occurred in Newark, New Jersey, Washington DC, Milwaukee, Scranton, Pennsylvania, Williamsburg, Virginia, Baltimore, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Syracuse, New York occurs. Toledo also has its wettest October.
October 6 – Five people were killed by flash flooding which occurred in parts of the U.S. states of Alabama and Tennessee, with as much as of rain falling in some areas.
October 13–16 – European Windstorm Ballos kills two people and causes damage across France (Corsica), Italy, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Albania.
October 19–26 – The October 2021 Northeast Pacific bomb cyclone occurs killing two people, causing a power outage to 370,500 people, and caused $400 million in damage to Russia's Far East, Japan, Alaska, the Western United States, and Western Canada. The bomb cyclone had a minimum central pressure of at its peak, making it the most powerful cyclone recorded in the Northeast Pacific.
October 20–23 – European Windstorm Aurore, kills six people, causes 525,000 power outages, and causes more than $100 million (2021 USD) in damage across the United Kingdom, France, Czech Republic, Poland, Netherlands, Germany, and Russia.
October 24 – November 2 – Cyclone Apollo, also known as Medicane Nearchus, killed seven and caused $245 million (2021 USD) in damage across Algeria, Tunisia, Italy (especially Sicily), Malta, Libya, Cyprus, and Turkey.
October 25–28 – The October 2021 nor'easter, which eventually became Tropical Storm Wanda, kills at least two people and causes more than $200 million (2021 USD) in damage across the United States and Canada.
October 27 – An EF1 tornado hits Moss Point, Mississippi killing one person.
November
November 5–18 – European Windstorm Blas kills nine people and caused damage across Algeria, the Balearic Islands, the east coast of Spain, Southern France, Morocco, Sardinia, and Sicily.
November 6 – An extremely rare EF0 tornado hit Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and caused significant damage to the areas surrounding the University of British Columbia.
November 6–12 – Floods in South India caused by Depression BOB 05 kills 41 people and causes damage across India and Sri Lanka.
November 14 – December 17 – Floods in the Pacific Northwest kill six people across Southern British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, United States and causes over $2.5 billion (2021 USD) in damage. Washington Governor Jay Inslee issued a state of emergency on November 15 covering 14 counties in Western Washington, and on November 17, a state of emergency was declared in British Columbia.
November 17 – A tornado moved through Modica, Sicily, killing one person, injuring two others, and severely damaging several homes.
November 21–23 – A series of floods in Atlantic Canada caused damage across that area. The floods prompted a state of emergency to be declared in Inverness and Victoria.
December
December 2–6 – Cyclone Jawad kills two people and caused damage across India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal) and Bangladesh.
December 5–9 – European Windstorm Barra kills three people with one missing and caused damage and caused over 59,000 power outages across Ireland and the United Kingdom.
December 9–11 – A winter storm, unofficially named Winter Storm Atticus impacted the United States and Canada and caused over 500,000 power outages. This winter storm later created the Tornado Outbreak of December 10–11, 2021, which killed 95 people (89 tornadic and 6 non-tornadic) and injured 672 throughout the United States from 71 tornadoes. During the outbreak, the National Weather Service issued eight tornado emergencies, setting a new record for the most issued during the month of December. The outbreak prompted the Governor of Kentucky, Andy Beshear, to declare a state of emergency for portions of Western Kentucky.
December 10 – A violent, long tracked EF4 tornado in Western Kentucky kills at least 58 people (57 direct and 1 indirect), injures 515 others, and caused catastrophic damage to numerous towns in Kentucky, including Mayfield, Benton, Dawson Springs, and Bremen.
December 10 – An EF3 tornado in Illinois kills six people, injures one and caused catastrophic damage to an Amazon warehouse in Edwardsville, Illinois.
December 10 – A long tracked EF3 tornado causes $11.026 in damage and 34 injuries to portions of Tennessee and Kentucky along its path.
December 11 – An EF3 tornado kills 16 people directly, plus one indirect, and injures 63 others after hitting Bowling Green, Kentucky and caused Western Kentucky University to lose power.
December 10–13 – Subtropical Storm Ubá kills 15 people and caused damage across Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. On 10 December 2021, according to the Brazilian Navy, the system transitioned into a subtropical depression. Subtropical Storm Ubá caused 30 municipalities in Bahia, Brazil, to decree a state of emergency.
December 10–14 – Cyclone Ruby caused over 14,800 power outages and damage across the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia.
December 11–21 – Typhoon Rai, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Odette, kills 410 people with 80 missing, and caused $1.02 billion (2021 USD) in damage across the Caroline Islands, Palau, the Philippines, the Spratly Islands, Vietnam, South China, Hong Kong and Macau.
December 13–18 – A historic derecho, winter storm, and windstorm across North America kills five people directly and two people indirectly through a wildfire outbreak in Kansas, caused 117 tornadoes, and caused over 600,000 power outages. This tornado outbreak set the record for the most tornadoes during a December outbreak. The initial winter storm, unofficially named Winter Storm Bankston by The Weather Channel, became a category 3 atmospheric river event, which heavy rain and snow to the west coast of the United States. The winter storm caused California's statewide snowpack to increase from 19% of normal to 83% of normal.
December 16–22 – Winter Storm Carmel kills four people and caused damage across Greece, Cyprus, and Israel.
December 16, 2021 – January 19, 2022 – Floods in Malaysia, locally called Banjir Shah Alam, caused by Tropical Depression 29W kills 54 people with two missing and caused over $4.77 billion (2021 USD) in damage across Malaysia.
December 24–Present – Floods in Bahia, Brazil kills 21 people and injured over 280 others. As a result of the floods, 72 municipalities of Bahia declared a state of emergency.
December 24, 2021 – January 6, 2022 – Tropical Cyclone Seth kills two people and caused severe flooding in southeastern Queensland.
December 25 – The National Weather Service office in Boquillas, Texas records a temperature of , marking the highest temperature ever recorded in the United States on Christmas Day.
December 28 - A temperature of in Kodiak, Alaska becomes the all time warmest statewide temperature for the entire month.
December 30, 2021 – January 1, 2022 – Grass fires in Boulder County, Colorado killed one person, left two people missing and injured six others. Wind gusts of were reported and the fire destroyed 1,084 structures and caused $513 million (2022 USD) in damage.
See also
2021 in the environment and environmental sciences
Weather of 2020
References
Weather by year
Weather-related lists
2021-related lists | Weather of 2021 | [
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67,638,248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%28III%29%20sulfate | Gallium(III) sulfate refers to the chemical compound, a salt, with the formula Ga2(SO4)3, or its hydrates Ga2(SO4)3·xH2O. Gallium metal dissolves in sulfuric acid to form solutions containing [Ga(OH2)6]3+ and SO42− ions. The octadecahydrate Ga2(SO4)3·18H2O crystallises from these solutions at room temperature. This hydrate loses water in stages when heated, forming the anhydrate Ga2(SO4)3 above 150 °C and completely above 310 °C. Anhydrous Ga2(SO4)3 is isostructural with iron(III) sulfate, crystallizing in the rhombohedral space group R.
Preparation
Gallium(III) sulfate is prepared from the reaction of hydroxygallium diacetate and sulfuric acid. The two reactants were mixed at 90 °C and left for 2 days which produced the octadecahydrate. Then, it was dried in a vacuum for 2 hours which created the extremely hygroscopic anhydrous form. The overall reaction is below:
After the production, it was confirmed to be the simple salt, Ga2(SO4)3, by x-ray diffraction.
Properties
When heated over 680 °C, gallium sulfate gives off sulfur trioxide, yielding gallium(III) oxide.
A gallium sulfate solution in water mixed with zinc sulfate can precipitate ZnGa2O4.
Derivatives
Basic gallium sulfate is known with the formula (H3O)Ga3(SO4)2(OH)6.
Double gallium sulfates are known with composition NaGa3(SO4)2(OH)6, KGa3(SO4)2(OH)6, RbGa3(SO4)2(OH)6, NH4Ga3(SO4)2(OH)6. These compounds are isostructural with jarosite and alunite. Jarosite and alunite can contain a small amount of gallium substituted for iron or aluminium. Organic base double gallium sulfates can contain different core structures, these can be chains of [Ga(SO4)3]3-, [Ga(OH)(SO4)2]2- or [Ga(H2O)2(SO4)2]− or sheets of [Ga(H2O)2(SO4)2]− units.
References
Gallium compounds
Sulfates
Catalysts | Gallium(III) sulfate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 540 | [
"Catalysis",
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67,638,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Viagra-Y.R. | Neo-Viagra-Y.R. ( is a pharmaceutical product produced by the Korea Oriental Instant Medicinal Centre, a state-owned North Korean company. The product was developed in 2005, by north Korean doctor Ryu Il nam.
Although marketed as a herbal health supplement based in Koryo medicine (traditional Korean medicine promoted by North Korea), analysis of the product shows that its active ingredient is 50 mg of Sildenafil (the lowest dose of Pfizer's genuine Viagra tablets), though used in a different formulation to genuine Viagra tablets. As the drug has not been independently clinically tested, it may cause serious side effects such as a heart attack or death.
The product is marketed as medicine which can cure sexual dysfunction in both men and women, cure hepatitis, ease bone pain, cure kidney dysfunction and arteriosclerosis, with testimonials describing it as "the magic medication of the 21st century". Promotional material for the product describes it as "the best sexual function activator at the moment" which is "officially recognized in many countries for its excellent effect in immediately increasing stamina and it is believed to be better than American Sildenafil (Viagra)".
It is believed to be primarily targeted for export, as a means for the North Korean government (which is subject to economic sanctions) to earn foreign currency. It is sold by websites based in China and Russia. In 2017, police in Busan, South Korea, arrested three Russian nationals for illegally selling North Korean Sildenafil and Neo-Viagra-Y.R. tablets in South Korea.
See also
Illicit activities of North Korea, which formerly included the selling of fake Viagra tablets
Pugang Pharmaceutic Company, another North Korean pharmaceutical company:
Royal Blood-Fresh
Kumdang-2
Tetrodocain
References
Healthcare in North Korea
Traditional Korean medicine
PDE5 inhibitors | Neo-Viagra-Y.R. | [
"Chemistry"
] | 389 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
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67,639,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Melhase | Margaret Melhase Fuchs (August 13, 1919August 8, 2006) was an American chemist and a co-discoverer, with Glenn T. Seaborg, of the isotope caesium-137.
Education and research career
In 1940, Melhase was an undergraduate in the college of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. She was president of the Student Affiliates of the American Chemical Society and was considering doctoral studies and a career in chemistry. Honors students typically took on research projects at the time, and she sought advice from her close friend, nuclear chemist Gerhart Friedlander; Friedlander was then a graduate student under the supervision of Glenn T. Seaborg, and he suggested she approach him for a project. She spoke to Seaborg in his lab, and he proposed they work together to search for a Group 1 element among the fission products of uranium. Her laboratory was above those of Nobel Prize winners Willard Libby and Melvin Calvin.
In March 1941, Melhase worked with Art Wahl. He handed her 100 grams of a uranium compound (uranyl nitrate) that had been neutron-irradiated by a cyclotron. Using a Lauritzen quartz fiber electroscope, she discovered the Cs-137 several months later. Despite establishing herself as a promising young experimental scientist, nuclear research during World War II was treated with strict secrecy and it was not publicized. Significant research on the isotope followed, but their results were not made available until after the war.
Melhase received a bachelor's degree in nuclear chemistry and planned to apply for graduate studies at UC Berkeley. However, the head of the chemistry department, Gilbert N. Lewis, was refusing entry to women; the last woman the department admitted had gotten married shortly after her graduation and he considered her education a "waste". She worked for the Philadelphia Quartz Company in El Cerrito, California. She rejoined the Manhattan Project from 1944 to 1946. Without an advanced degree, she did not continue her career in science.
Though references to her work are scant, Seaborg shares credit of his discovery of Cs-137 with her. Writing in 1961, he stated:
He also wrote in 1990 that "it is appropriate to credit both G. T. Seaborg and M. Melhase for the 'birth' of cesium 137."
Personal life
Margaret was an only child, born in Berkeley, California to mother Margaret Orchard and father John Melhase, who worked as a geologist.
During her time at UC Berkeley, Melhase was a member of the Berkeley Folk Dancers and edited the group's newsletter. She met mathematics professor Robert A. Fuchs at a folk dance, and the two married in 1945 and had three children. She and her husband moved to Los Angeles. She was a supporter of social causes, organizing marches for agricultural workers and housing and aiding immigrant Laotian families in Los Angeles.
References
1919 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American women scientists
Manhattan Project people
Nuclear chemists
People from Berkeley, California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Women chemists
21st-century American women
Women on the Manhattan Project | Margaret Melhase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 638 | [
"Nuclear chemists"
] |
67,639,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydoabsidia | Chlamydoabsidia is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Cunninghamellaceae.
Species:
Chlamydoabsidia padenii Hesselt. & J.J.Ellis
References
Fungi | Chlamydoabsidia | [
"Biology"
] | 43 | [
"Fungi"
] |
67,639,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20Oriental%20Instant%20Medicinal%20Centre | The Korea Oriental Instant Medicinal Centre () is a state-owned North Korean pharmaceutical company founded in 1968. It is best known for selling Neo-Viagra-Y.R., an alleged traditional Korean (Koryo) medical supplement, whose active ingredient is 50 mg of Sildenafil (Viagra), combined with Korean herbal medicines.
Products
Neo-Viagra-Y.R.
Tongbanghangamso(동방항암소):medicine for purported cancer treatment made from korean traditional medicine ingredients such as ginseng and Eleutherococcus (known in korean as Ogapi).
Hyolgwansechokso(혈관세척소):medicine purported to have blood vessel cleaning effects using ingredients such as herb extracts.
See also
Pugang Pharmaceutic Company, another state-run pharmaceutical company in North Korea
References
Medical and health organizations based in North Korea
Traditional Korean medicine
Drugs
Companies of North Korea | Korea Oriental Instant Medicinal Centre | [
"Chemistry"
] | 214 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Drugs",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
67,640,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodocain | Tetrodocain () is medical injection produced by the Korea Jangsaeng Joint Venture Company () in North Korea. The injection was first claimed to be invented by the company in 2004. According to the state-run Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), the main ingredient of the injection is tetrodotoxin, isolated from puffer poisons, and operates as an anaesthetic. It has been sold for international export on sites based in Russia and China.
KCNA described the medicine as efficacious in treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer, tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis, pancreatitis and HIV/AIDS. These claims have been deemed to be either exaggerated or false. The North Korean government also marketed its use in drug detoxification from narcotics such as opium, cocaine and heroin.
Related works
North Korea released a supposed clinical research thesis about the usage of tetrodocain for anesthetics in 2015.
See also
Traditional Korean medicine
Kumdang-2
Neo-Viagra-Y.R.
Royal Blood-Fresh
References
Healthcare in North Korea
Traditional Korean medicine
Drugs | Tetrodocain | [
"Chemistry"
] | 229 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Drugs",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
67,640,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureoumbra | Aureoumbra is a genus of algae belonging to the family Sarcinochrysidaceae.
Species:
Aureoumbra geitleri
Aureoumbra lagunensis
References
Ochrophyta
Ochrophyte genera | Aureoumbra | [
"Biology"
] | 49 | [
"Ochrophyta",
"Algae"
] |
53,547,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized%20wastewater%20system | Decentralized wastewater systems (also referred to as decentralized wastewater treatment systems) convey, treat and dispose or reuse wastewater from small and low-density communities, buildings and dwellings in remote areas, individual public or private properties. Wastewater flow is generated when appropriate water supply is available within the buildings or close to them.
Decentralized wastewater systems treat, reuse or dispose the effluent in relatively close vicinity to its source of generation. They have the purpose to protect public health and the natural environment by reducing substantially health and environmental hazards.
They are also referred as "decentralized wastewater treatment systems" because the main technical challenge is the adequate choice of a treatment and/or disposal facility. A commonly used acronym for decentralized wastewater treatment system, is DEWATS.
Background
Comparison to centralized systems
Centralized wastewater systems are the most widely applied in well-developed urban environments and the oldest approach to the solution of the problems associated with wastewater. They collect wastewater in large and bulk pipeline networks, also referred as sewerage, which transport it at long distances to one or several treatment plants. Storm water can be collected in either combined sewers or in a separate storm water drains. The latter consists of two separate pipeline systems, one for the wastewater and one for the storm water. The treated effluent is disposed in different ways, most often discharged into natural water bodies. The treated effluent may also be used for beneficial purposes and in this case it is referred as reclaimed water.
The main difference between decentralized and centralized systems is in the conveyance structure. In decentralized systems the treatment and disposal or reuse of the effluent is close to the source of generation. This results in a small conveyance network, in some cases limited only to one pipeline. The size of the network allows for applications of different conveyance methods, in addition to the well-known gravity sewers, such as pressurized sewers and vacuum sewers. The quantity of the effluent is low and is characterized by significant fluctuations.
Applications
In locations with developed infrastructure, decentralized wastewater systems could be a viable alternative of the conventional centralized system, especially in cases of upgrading or retrofitting existing systems. This can be easier to accomplish with decentralized systems, as centralized infrastructures have long lifetimes and are locked into their location and condition. Many different combinations and variations of hybrid systems are possible.
Decentralized applications are a necessity in cases of new urban developments, where the construction of the infrastructure is not ready or will be executed in future. In many regions, the infrastructure development (roads, water supply and especially wastewater/drainage systems) is executed years after the housing development. In such cases decentralized wastewater facilities are considered as a temporary solution, but they are mandatory, in order to prevent public health and ecological problems. In this context, decentralized solutions are favorable in their ability to be locally applied as needed, while still carrying the potential to cover large areas at lower costs.
Decentralized systems allow for flow separation or source separation, which segregates different types of wastewater, based on their origin, such as: black water, greywater and urine. This approach requires separate parallel pipeline/plumbing systems to convey the segregated flows and the purpose is to apply different level of treatment and handling of each flow and to enhance the safe reuse and disposal of the end products.
In the specific case of developing countries, where localities with poor infrastructure are common, decentralized wastewater treatment has been promoted extensively because of the possibility to apply technologies with low operation and maintenance requirements. In addition, decentralized approaches require smaller scale investments, compared to centralized solutions.
Types
Based on the size of the served area, different scales of decentralization could be found:
Decentralization at the level of a suburb or satellite township in an urban area – these systems could be defined as small centralized systems when applied to small towns or rural communities. But if they are applied only to selected suburbs or districts in medium or large population centres, with existing centralized system, the whole system could be defined as a hybrid system, where decentralization is applied to parts of the whole drained area.
Decentralization at the level of a neighbourhood – this category includes clusters of homes, gated communities, small districts and areas, which are served by vacuum sewers.
Decentralization at "on-site" level (on-site sanitation) – in these cases the whole system lays within one property and serves one or several buildings.
Wastewater treatment options
Treatment/disposal facilities requiring effluent infiltration
Usually they are applied at on-site level and are adequate because of the very low wastewater quantity generated. However, they require suitable soil conditions, permitting infiltration of the excess water, and low ground water table. If not applied properly, they may be a serious source of ground water pollution.
Pit latrines are applied when the water supply is very scarce and wastewater flow can hardly be generated. They are the most common sanitation technique in under-developed areas.
Septic tanks are the most common on-site treatment technology used, which can be applied successfully where an adequate water supply is available and the soil/groundwater conditions are acceptable.
Treatment facilities resembling natural purification processes
Their application requires significant surface area, because of the slow pace of the biological processes applied. For the same reason they are more suitable for warmer climates, because the rate of the purification process is temperature dependent. These technologies are more resilient to fluctuating loads and do not require complex maintenance and operation. Constructed wetlands are more suitable for applications at on-site or at neighbourhood level, while stabilization ponds could be a viable alternative for decentralized systems at the level of small towns or rural communities.
Engineered wastewater treatment technologies
There is a large variety of wastewater treatment plants where different treatment processes and technologies are applied. Small-scale treatment facilities in decentralized systems, apply similar technologies as medium or large plants. For on-site applications package plants are developed, which are compact and have different compartments for the different processes. However, the design and operation of small treatment plants, especially at neighbourhood or on-site level, present significant challenges to wastewater engineers, related to flow fluctuations, necessity of competent and specialized operation and maintenance, required to deal with a large number of small plants, and relatively high per capita cost.
Regulations and management
Water pollution regulations in the form of legislation documents, guidelines or ordinances prescribe the necessary level of treatment, so that the treated effluent meets the requirements for safe disposal or reuse. Effluent may be disposed by discharging into a natural water body or infiltrated in the ground. In addition, regulations mention requirements regarding the design and operation of wastewater systems, as well as the penalties and other measures for their enforcement. Centralized systems are designed, built and operated in order to fulfil the existing regulations. Their management usually is executed by local authorities. In hybrid systems and small centralized systems in towns or rural communities management can be executed in the same way.
In the case of decentralization at on-site level and clusters of buildings, the whole wastewater system is located within private premises. The costs and responsibility for the design, construction, operation and maintenance is the responsibility of the owner. In many cases specialized companies might execute the operation and maintenance procedures. The local authorities issue permits and may provide support for the operation and management in the form of collecting wastes, issuing certificates/licenses for standardized treatment equipment, or for selected qualified private companies. From regulatory point of view, the control of the quality of treated effluent for reuse, discharge or disposal is entirely the responsibility of local or national government authorities. This might be a challenge if a large number of systems must be controlled and inspected. It is in the owner's interest to operate and maintain the system properly, especially in the case of reuse of the treated effluent. Most often the operational problems are associated with clogging of the treatment facilities as result of irregular removal of the sludge or hydraulic overloading due to increased number of population served or increased water consumption.
Urban planning and infrastructure issues
Wastewater systems are part of the infrastructure of urban or rural communities and the urban planning process. Urban planning data and information, such as plots of individual dwellings, roads/streets, stormwater drainage, water supply, and electricity systems are essential for the design and implementation of a sustainable wastewater system. In decentralized wastewater systems, which collect and treat wastewater only, stormwater might be overlooked and cause flooding problems. If planned decentralized solutions are applied, stormwater drainage should be executed together with the roads system.
In under-developed population centres where no infrastructure is available, is difficult to provide sustainable sanitation measures; e.g. pit latrines/septic tanks need periodic cleansing, usually executed by vacuum trucks, which have to access the latrine and need a basic road for this purpose. Fecal sludge management deals with the organization and implementation of this practice in a sustainable way, including collection, transport, treatment and disposal/reuse of faecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks.
In the cases of new urban/rural developments, or the retrofitting of existing ones, it is advisable to consider different alternatives regarding the design of the wastewater system, including decentralized solutions. A sustainable approach would require optimal technical solutions in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. From this perspective, centralized solutions might be more appropriate in many cases, depending on existing sizes of plots, topography, geology, groundwater tables and climatic conditions. But when applied adequately, decentralized systems allow for the application of environmentally friendly solutions and reuse of the treated effluent, including resource recovery. In this way, alternative water resources are provided and the environment is protected. Public awareness, perceptions and support play an important part in the urban planning process for choosing adequate wastewater systems which fit the specific context.
Examples
BORDA
One example of decentralized treatment is the "DEWATS technology" which has been promoted under this name by the German NGO BORDA. It has been applied in many countries in South East Asia and in South Africa. It applies anaerobic treatment processes, including anaerobic baffled reactors (ABRs) and anaerobic filters, followed by aerobic treatment in ponds or in constructed wetlands. This technology was researched and tested in South Africa where it was shown that the treatment efficiency was lower than expected.
Botswana Technology Centre
A case study of a decentralized wastewater system at on-site level with treated effluent reuse was performed at the Botswana Technology Centre in Gaborone, Botswana. It is an example of a decentralized wastewater system, which serves one institutional building, located in an area served by municipal sewerage. Wastewater from the building is treated in a plant consisting of: septic tank, followed by planted rock filter, bio-filter and a surface flow wetland. The treated effluent is reused for irrigation of the surrounding green areas, but the study registered outflow from the wetland only during periods of heavy rains. This example shows the need for careful estimation of the expected quantity, quality and fluctuations of the generated wastewater when designing decentralized wastewater systems.
EcoSwell
Founded in 2013, the Peru-based NGO EcoSwell works on rural development projects, including water supply and sanitation in Peru; they are based in the northwestern Lobitos district of the Talara region, an arid coastal area that faces water stress. EcoSwell establishes decentralized wastewater systems with the help of local residents and interns, including communal biodigesters, dry toilets, and greywater reuse projects. They also work on reforestation and constructed wetlands as avenues to naturally treat waste effluent and deactivate pathogens.
See also
History of water supply and sanitation
Onsite sewage facility
Sanitation
Sewer mining
Wastewater treatment
References
External links
Library of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance containing further information
Pressurized sewer explains the principle of pressurized sewers.
Code of practice - on-site wastewater management, Publication 891.4, July 2016, Environment Protection Agency, Victoria, Au , a comprehensive example of a regulating practice of decentralized wastewater systems.
Sanitation
Water pollution | Decentralized wastewater system | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,492 | [
"Water pollution"
] |
53,548,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risky%20sexual%20behavior | Risky sexual behavior is the description of the activity that will increase the probability that a person engaging in sexual activity with another person infected with a sexually transmitted infection will be infected, become unintentionally pregnant, or make a partner pregnant. It can mean two similar things: the behavior itself, and the description of the partner's behavior.
The behavior could be unprotected vaginal, oral, anal, or non-penetrative manual intercourse. The partner could be a non-exclusive sexual partner, HIV-positive, and/or an intravenous drug user.
Factors
Risky sexual behaviors can include:
Sex and drugs such as alcohol or methamphetamine.
Barebacking, i.e. sex without using condoms.
Mouth-to-genital contact.
Starting sexual activity at a young age.
Having multiple sexual partners.
Having a high-risk partner, someone who has multiple sexual partners and/or infections.
Anal sex without using condoms and proper lubrication.
Sex with a partner who has ever injected drugs.
Engaging in sex work.
Consumption of pornographic materials (which can encourage other risky sexual behaviors)
Risky sexual behavior includes unprotected intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and illicit drug use. The use of alcoholic drinks and illicit drugs greatly increases the risk of gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. Trauma from penile-anal sex has been identified as a risky sexual behavior.
Risky sexual behaviors can lead to serious consequences both for person and their partner(s). This sometimes includes cervical cancer, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. An association exists between those with a higher incidence of body modifications (such as body piercings and tattoos) and risky sexual behaviors.
Epidemiology
According to the National Youth Behavior Risk Survey, 19% of all sexually active adolescents in the US consumed alcohol or used other drugs before their last sexual intercourse. In contrast, adolescents who reported no substance use were found to be the least likely to engage in sexual risk-taking.
Most Canadian and American adolescents aged 15 to 19 years describe having had sexual intercourse at least one time. In the same population, 23.9% and 45.5% of young, adolescent females describe having sex with two or more sexual partners during the previous year. Of the males in the same population, 32.1% of Canadian males had two or more partners and 50.8% of American males also describe a similar experience.
Alcohol is the most commonly used substance among youth aged 18–25 years. 10% of young adults had an alcohol use disorder in 2018, which is greater than the prevalence among all other age cohorts. Research indicates that alcohol can lead to risky sexual behavior including lack of condom use, sexual intercourse with a non-primary partner, as well as lower likelihood of using contraception in general.
Among older age cohorts, a similar positive trend can be observed in risky sexual behavior when combined with alcohol use. For instance, research on older men who have sex with men (MSM) showed that the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual activities increased with the use of alcohol and other drugs.
Treatment and interventions
There are several factors linked to risky sexual behaviors. These include inconsistent condom use, alcohol use, polysubstance abuse, depression, lack of social support, recent incarceration, residing with a partner, and exposure to intimate partner violence and childhood sexual abuse. Further research is needed to establish the exact causal relationship between these factors and risky sexual behaviors. Sexual health risk reduction can include motivational exercises, assertiveness skills, educational and behavioral interventions. Counseling has been developed and implemented for people with severe mental illness, may improve participants' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors or practices (including assertiveness skills) and could lead to a reduction in risky sexual behavior.
There are several studies on the management of risky sexual behavior among youth, with most focusing on the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV. A meta-analysis evaluating prevention interventions among adolescents offers support for these programs in contributing to successful outcomes such as decreased incident STIs, increased condom use, and decreased or delayed penetrative sex. The findings showed that most interventions were administered in a group format and involved psychoeducation on HIV/AIDS, active interpersonal skills-training with some additionally focusing on self-management skills-training and condom information/ demonstrations. Some evidence suggests that family interventions may be beneficial in preventing long-term risky sexual behavior in early adulthood.
See also
Date rape
Drug-facilitated sexual assault
Non-consensual condom removal
References
External links
Drug Use and Sexual Behaviors Reported by Adults: United States, 1999–2002
Sexual health
HIV/AIDS
Epidemiology
Medical terminology | Risky sexual behavior | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 970 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
53,549,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/261%20%28number%29 | 261 (two hundred [and] sixty-one) is the natural number following 260 and preceding 262. It has the prime factorization 32·29.
Mathematical properties
There are six divisors of this number, the divisors being , , , , , and 261 itself. 261 is a deficient number, since
261 is nonagonal number, unique period in base 2, and the number of possible unfolded tesseract patterns.
261 is a lucky number, as well as an odious number, meaning it has an odd number of 1's in its binary expansion, which is (with 3 ones in it).
References
Integers | 261 (number) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 132 | [
"Elementary mathematics",
"Integers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
53,549,637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch%20Queue | In Computer Architecture, While Branch predictions Branch queue takes place. When Branch Predictor predicts if the branch is taken or not, Branch queue stores the predictions that to be used later.
Branch queue consists 2 values only. Taken or Not Taken.
Branch queue helps other algorithms to increase parallelism and optimization. It is not software implemented or Hardware one, It falls under hardware software co-design.
References
Computer architecture | Branch Queue | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 84 | [
"Computers",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer architecture"
] |
53,551,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCB%20Fellow | ISCB Fellowship is an award granted to scientists that the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) judges to have made “outstanding contributions to the fields of computational biology and bioinformatics”. , there are 76 Fellows of the ISCB including Michael Ashburner, Alex Bateman, Bonnie Berger, Steven E. Brenner, Janet Kelso, Daphne Koller, Michael Levitt, Sarah Teichmann and Shoshana Wodak. See List of Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology for a comprehensive listing.
Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology
The first seven fellows of the ISCB were laureates of the ISCB Senior Scientist Award from 2003 to 2009:
Webb Miller
David Haussler
Temple F. Smith
Michael Waterman
Janet Thornton
David J. Lipman
David Sankoff
Since 2009, new fellows have been nominated from the community of ISCB members and voted on annually by a selection committee. New fellows are traditionally inaugurated at the annual Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference.
References
Bioinformatics
Computational biology
Academic awards | ISCB Fellow | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 217 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Computational biology"
] |
53,551,948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Moser%20equation | In number theory, the Erdős–Moser equation is
where and are restricted to the positive integers—that is, it is considered as a Diophantine equation. The only known solution is , and Paul Erdős conjectured that no further solutions exist. Any further solutions must have .
Throughout this article, refers exclusively to prime numbers.
Constraints on solutions
In 1953, Leo Moser proved that, in any further solutions,
is even,
implies ,
implies ,
implies ,
is squarefree,
is either squarefree or 4 times an odd squarefree number,
is squarefree,
is squarefree,
and
.
In 1966, it was additionally shown that
, and
cannot be prime.
In 1994, it was shown that
divides ,
, where is the 2-adic valuation of ; equivalently, ,
for any odd prime divding , we have ,
any prime factor of must be irregular and > 10000.
In 1999, Moser's method was refined to show that .
In 2002, it was shown that must be a multiple of , where the symbol indicates the primorial; that is, is the product of all prime numbers . This number exceeds .
In 2009, it was shown that must be a convergent of ; in what the authors of that paper call "one of very few instances where a large scale computation of a numerical constant has an application", it was then determined that .
In 2010, it was shown that
and , and
has at least 4,990,906 prime factors, none of which are repeated.
The number 4,990,906 arises from the fact that where is the th prime number.
Moser's method
First, let be a prime factor of . Leo Moser showed that this implies that divides and that
which upon multiplying by yields
This in turn implies that must be squarefree. Furthermore, since nontrivial solutions have and since all squarefree numbers in this range must have at least one odd prime factor, the assumption that divides implies that must be even.
One congruence of the form () exists for each prime factor of . Multiplying all of them together yields
Expanding out the product yields
where the higher-order terms are products of multiple factors of the form , with different values of in each factor. These terms are all divisible by , so they all drop out of the congruence, yielding
Dividing out the modulus yields
Similar reasoning yields the congruences
The congruences (), (), (), and () are quite restrictive; for example, the only values of which satisfy () are 3, 7, and 43, and these are ruled out by ().
We now split into two cases: either is even, or it is odd.
In the case that is even, adding the left-hand sides of the congruences (), (), (), and () must yield an integer, and this integer must be at least 4. Furthermore, the Euclidean algorithm shows that no prime can divide more than one of the numbers in the set , and that 2 and 3 can divide at most two of these numbers. Letting , we then have
Since there are no nontrivial solutions with , the part of the LHS of () outside the sigma cannot exceed ; we therefore have
Therefore, if , then . In Moser's original paper, bounds on the prime-counting function are used to observe that
Therefore, must exceed the product of the first 10,000,000 primes. This in turn implies that in this case.
In the case that is odd, we cannot use (), so instead of () we obtain
where . On the surface, this appears to be a weaker condition than (), but since is odd, the prime 2 cannot appear on the greater side of this inequality, and it turns out to be a stronger restriction on than the other case.
Therefore any nontrivial solutions have .
In 1999, this method was refined by using computers to replace the prime-counting estimates with exact computations; this yielded the bound .
Bounding the ratio
Let . Then the Erdős–Moser equation becomes .
Method 1: Integral comparisons
By comparing the sum to definite integrals of the function , one can obtain the bounds .
The sum is the upper Riemann sum corresponding to the integral in which the interval has been partitioned on the integer values of , so we have
By hypothesis, , so
which leads to
Similarly, is the lower Riemann sum corresponding to the integral in which the interval has been partitioned on the integer values of , so we have
By hypothesis, , so
and so
Applying this to () yields
Computation shows that there are no nontrivial solutions with , so we have
Combining this with () yields , as desired.
Method 2: Algebraic manipulations
The upper bound can be reduced to using an algebraic method:
Let be a positive integer. Then the binomial theorem yields
Summing over yields
Reindexing on the left and rearranging on the right yields
Taking yields
By hypothesis, , so
Since the RHS is positive, we must therefore have
Returning to () and taking yields
Substituting this into () to eliminate yields
Reindexing the sum on the right with the substitution yields
We already know from () that . This leaves open the possibility that ; however, substituting this into () yields
which is impossible for , since the sum contains only positive terms. Therefore any nontrivial solutions must have ; combining this with () yields
We therefore observe that the left-hand side of () is positive, so
Since , the sequence is decreasing. This and () together imply that its first term (the term with ) must be positive: if it were not, then every term in the sum would be nonpositive, and therefore so would the sum itself. Thus,
which yields
and therefore
as desired.
Continued fractions
Any potential solutions to the equation must arise from the continued fraction of the natural logarithm of 2: specifically, must be a convergent of that number.
By expanding the Taylor series of about , one finds
More elaborate analysis sharpens this to
for and .
The Erdős–Moser equation is equivalent to
Applying () to each term in this sum yields
where and . Further manipulation eventually yields
We already know that is bounded as ; making the ansatz , and therefore , and substituting it into () yields
therefore . We therefore have
and so
Substituting these formulas into () yields and . Putting these into () yields
The term must be bounded effectively. To that end, we define the function
The inequality () then takes the form
and we further have
for . Therefore
Comparing these with () then shows that, for , we have
and therefore
Recalling that Moser showed that indeed , and then invoking Legendre's theorem on continued fractions, finally proves that must be a convergent to . Leveraging this result, 31 billion decimal digits of can be used to exclude any nontrivial solutions below .
See also
List of conjectures by Paul Erdős
List of things named after Paul Erdős
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
Sums of powers
Faulhaber's formula
References
Diophantine equations
Moser equation
Unsolved problems in number theory | Erdős–Moser equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,483 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Unsolved problems in number theory",
"Diophantine equations",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
53,552,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachychiton%20sp.%20Ormeau | Brachychiton sp. Ormeau is a rare and endangered rainforest tree found in Queensland, Australia.
Description
A species of tree belonging to the genus Brachychiton, it reaches up to 25 metres in height. The leaves are dropped during the dry season, a time of year the species favours for reproduction, and return as pale to coppery coloured new growth. The flowering period is during September, the profuse display of green to white bell-shaped flowers appearing at the terminus of the branches; the width of each flower is around 10 mm. Fruiting pods appear from January to February, these are 3 cm long, brown, and boat-shaped. During the later stages of growth the trunk begins to form an exaggerated bottle shape, and the leaves alter from a deeply lobed shape, divided from five to nine times, to a glossy and often elliptical leaf 12 to 20 cm long.
The tree is capable of attaining a great age, over 120 years being possible. Sexual maturity is reached after around twenty years.
Distribution and range
The Ormeau bottle trees are noticeably restricted in range, extending over a range of only 6.5 km2 and occurring in very low population densities. The largest stand, regarded as the most viable population, is reported to consist of 131 plants. Another two reproductive populations have been found in separate locations nearby but each contains fewer than ten trees; other individuals occur as non-seeding outliers within this total population of 161 trees.
Conservation
The main population occurs within an 'environmental park', the Wongawallan Conservation Area in the rural suburb of Wongawallan, Queensland, where it is afforded some protection from threatening factors. The small groups outside this area are located on a lease for proposed quarries. The federal government has named this tree as one of thirty plant species to be given the highest priority for protection from extinction, and that its status be improved by the year 2020. The major threats identified are habitat loss, fire, insect and weed infestation and the low genetic diversity of those populations that remain.
References
Ormeau
Malvales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Undescribed plant species | Brachychiton sp. Ormeau | [
"Biology"
] | 439 | [
"Undescribed plant species",
"Plants"
] |
53,552,374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Weights%20and%20Measures | On Weights and Measures is a historical, lexical, metrological, and geographical treatise compiled in 392 AD in Constantia by Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 315–403). The greater part of the work is devoted to a discussion on Greek and Roman weights and measures.
The composition was written at the request of a Persian priest, sent to Epiphanius by letter from the Roman emperor in Constantinople. Although five fragments of an early Greek version are known to exist, with one entitled Περὶ μέτρων καὶ στάθμων (On Weights and Measures), added by a later hand, this Syriac version is the only complete copy that has survived. Partial translations in Armenian and Georgian are also known to exist. Its modern title belies its content, as the work also contains important historical anecdotes about people and places not written about elsewhere.
Two manuscripts of On Weights and Measures, written in Syriac on parchment, are preserved at the British Museum in London. The older (Or. Add. 17148) was found in Egypt and, according to the colophon, was written in the Seleucid era, in "nine-hundred and sixty-[...]" (with the last digit effaced, meaning, that it was written between the years 649 AD–659 AD). The younger manuscript is designated "Or. Add. 14620".
The first to attempt a modern publication of Epiphanius' work was Paul de Lagarde in 1880, who reconstructed the original Syriac text by exchanging it with Hebrew characters, and who had earlier published excerpts from several of the Greek fragments treating on weights and measures in his Symmicta. In 1973, a critical edition of the Greek text was published by E.D. Moutsoulas in Theologia.
Synopsis
Part One
In folios [54b–55c], Hadrian's journey and arrival in the East is dated "47 years after the destruction of Jerusalem."
Translations
In folios [47a–49a]; [51d–52a]; [56d–57b] Epiphanius names four major translations of the Hebrew Bible, made in the Greek tongue: the LXX made by the seventy-two translators, another by Aquila of Pontus, one by Theodotion, and yet another by Symmachus. A fifth Greek translation was discovered in wine jars in Jericho, and a sixth in Nicopolis near Actium. Afterwards, Origen arranged six columns of the extant Greek translations and two of the Hebrew side by side, naming it the Hexapla. Epiphanius expands his description of the translation of the seventy-two translators (known as the Septuagint) and how they were assigned thirty-six cells, two to each cell, on the Pharian island. Two translators translated the Book of Genesis, another two the Book of Exodus, another two the Book of Leviticus, and so forth, until the entire 22 canonical books of the Hebrew Bible (today there are 24) had all been translated into the Greek tongue. The seventy-two translators were drawn from the twelve tribes of Israel, six men to each tribe who were skilled in the Greek language.
In folios [49a–50a] Epiphanius gives a description of the canonical books of the Hebrew Bible and translations made of the same. In his day, he notes that the Scroll of Ruth and the Book of Judges were joined together, and considered as one book. So, too, the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah were joined, and considered as one book, as were First and Second Chronicles (Paraleipomena) considered as one book, as were the First and Second Samuel (Book of First and Second Kingdoms) considered as one book, and the First and Second Kings (Book of Third and Fourth Kingdoms) considered as one book.
Part Two
Prominent figures
In spite of Epiphanius' interest in Jewish themes, his narrative often takes on a distorted and stereotypical view of Judaism. Still, he is an invaluable source on the lives of people and places that figure highly in Jewish lore. In folios [54a–55c]; [55c–55d] Epiphanius treats on the lives of two prominent persons who became proselytes to the Jewish religion; the one Aquila (known also as Onkelos) who was a relation of Hadrian, and whom he made the overseer of Jerusalem's rebuilding around 115 AD. The other person of interest who is described by him is Symmachus, also known as Sūmkos () in rabbinic literature. Symmachus is mentioned as belonging originally to the Samaritan nation, and is said to have converted to Judaism during the reign of Verus. He subsequently underwent a second circumcision and became a disciple of Rabbi Meir. Symmachus belonged to the fifth generation (165–200 CE) of Rabbinical teachers referred to in the text of the Mishnah. The Emperor Hadrian is said to have passed through Palestine while en route to Egypt, some 47 years after the destruction of Jerusalem.
Part Three
Weights and Measures
Folios [61d–73b] contain a treatise on the known weights and measures used in his day among the Hebrews, the Greeks and the Romans. He states the equivalent weights for the kab (cab), kor, the lethekh (Lethek), homer, bath, modius (Hebrew: seah = lit. "measure"), and mina (Hebrew: maneh), among others. Epiphanius, explaining the sense of certain obscure passages in the original Aramaic New Testament, writes: "The talent is called Maneh (mina) among the Hebrews," the equivalent of 100 denarii. In folios [62b–62c] Epiphanius distinguishes between "a handful" () in I Kings 17:12 and "a handful" () in Exodus 9:8 and Leviticus 16:12; in the former case it refers to only one handful, but in latter cases it refers to "a measure of two handfuls."
Part Four
Geography of Palestine, Asia Minor and the Levant
In folios [73b–75a] Epiphanius gives the names of several cities and places of renown, both in his time and in ancient times, such as: Mount Ararat (§ 61), Aṭaṭ (§ 62), or what is known as the "threshing floor of the thorn bush" (), and whose description echoes that of Rashi's commentary on Genesis 50:10, Abarim (§ 63); Aviʿazar (§ 68), or what is Eḇen haʿezer of I Samuel 4:1, said to be "fourteen [Roman] miles distant east and north of Eleutheropolis, in a valley"; Carmel(§ 77); Carmel of the sea (§ 78); Akko (§ 76); Anathoth (§ 66); Azekah (§ 64) - a city in whose time was called Ḥǝwarta; Bethel (§ 73); Ophrah (§ 67); Carthage (§ 79) - where the Canaanites had migrated from Phoenicia and who were called in his day Bizakanoi (scattered people); Rekem (§ 71), Jaffa (§ 75), Jerusalem(§ 74), et al.
Chronology of the Ptolemies
Ptolemy (I), also called Soter (of the Rabbit [Lagos]) = reigned 40 years
Ptolemy (II) Philadelphus = reigned 38 years
Ptolemy (III) the Well-Doer (Euergetes) = 24 years
Ptolemy (IV) Philopator = 21 years
Ptolemy (V) Epiphanes = 22 years
Ptolemy (VI) Philometor = 34 years
Ptolemy (VIII) the Lover of Learning and the Well-Doer = 29 years
Ptolemy the Savior (Soter) = 15 years
Ptolemy (X) who is also Alexas = 12 years
Ptolemy (IX) the brother of Alexas = 8 years
Ptolemy (XII) Dionysius = 31 years
Cleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemy = 32 years
Chronology of the Roman emperors
Augustus = reigned 56 years, 6 months
Tiberius = reigned 23 years
Gaius = 3 years, 9 months, 29 days
Claudius = 13 years, 1 month, 28 days
Nero = 13 years, 7 months, 27 days
Galba = 7 months, 26 days
Otho = 3 months, 5 days
Vitellius = reign: 8 months, 12 days
Vespasian = reign: 9 years, 7 months, 12 days
Titus = reign: 2 years, 2 months, 2 days
Domitian = reign: 15 years, 5 months
Nerva = reign: 1 year, 4 months
Trajan = reign: 19 years
Hadrian = reign: 21 years
Antoninus, surnamed Pius = reign: 22 years
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ("otherwise known as Verus", also "called Commodus Lucius") = reign: 19 years. Of these years, 7 years he ruled jointly with Lucius Aurelius Commodus
Commodus II = reign: 13 years
Pertinax = 6 months
Severus (reigned jointly with his son, Antoninus) = reign: 18 years
Caracalla, also called Geta, who is also Antoninus = reign: 7 years (ruled jointly with Lucius Aurelius Commodus)
Macrinus = 1 year
Antoninus II = 4 years
Alexander, the son of Mammaea = reign: 13 years
Maximian = 3 years
Gordian = 6 years
Philip = 7 years
Decius = 1 year, 3 months
Gallienus (Gallus), who ruled jointly with Volusianus = 2 years, 4 months
Valerian, who ruled jointly with Gallienus, also known as Gallus = 12 years
Claudius = 1 year, 9 months
Aurelian = 5 years, 6 months
Tacitus = 6 months
Probus = 6 years, 4 months
Carus, who ruled jointly with his sons, Carinus and Numerian = 2 years
Diocletian, who ruled jointly with Maximian, Constantine and Maxentius = 20 years
Maximian (Galerius), Licinius and Constantine, who ruled in succession one after the other = 32 years
Constans, Constantine and Constantius, followed by Julian, Jovian, Valentinian the Great, Valens, Gratian the son of Valentinian, Valentinian the younger (son of Valentinian), Theodosius, Arcadius the son of Theodosius, Honorius the Illustrious, who was the son of Theodosius, as far as the time of Epiphanius, during the second consulship of Arcadius Augustus and Rufus [year 392] . Years collected altogether: 57 years.
The regnal years of the Caesars as stated by Epiphanius differ slightly in some places from the extant Greek sources. With respect to events in Rome after the reign of Pertinax, both Epiphanius and Jerome do not mention the ascension of Didius Julianus after the assassination of Pertinax, but write only that Severus succeeded him. This may have been because they did not consider his 9-week reign, which he obtained through usurpation, to be legitimate. Similarly, Epiphanius does not mention the ascension of Aemilian. It can be adduced from Jerome's Chronicon that Aemilian, who "caused a revolt in Moesia," was never officially confirmed by the Senate in Rome. Epiphanius' method of recording the regnal years from Augustus to Hadrian, with his pinpoint recollection of the number of months and days to each reign, can be said to be accurate, based on Josephus' own testimony about himself, saying that he was aged 56 in the 13th year of the reign of Caesar Domitian, and that he (Josephus) was born in the 1st year of Caesar Gaius. Using Epiphanius' chronology for the later empire, the years are collected as 56. By comparison, the span of years in Suetonius' De vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars), which gives 14 years for Claudius and 15 years for Nero, the same time frame would span a period of some 58 years.
See also
Chronograph of 354, which contains a similar list of rulers
List of Roman emperors
Canon of Kings
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Renan Baker, "Epiphanius, 'On Weights and Measures' §14: Hadrian's Journey to the East and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem", pub. in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 182 (2012), pp. 157–167 ()
4th-century books
Texts in Syriac
4th-century history books
Works by Epiphanius of Salamis
Holy Land during Byzantine rule
Chronicles containing universal histories in Greek
Textual scholarship
History of the Levant
Obsolete units of measurement
Units of volume
Systems of units
Human-based units of measurement
Christian apologetic works
Treatises
Regnal lists
Chronicles in Koine Greek | On Weights and Measures | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,758 | [
"Obsolete units of measurement",
"Units of volume",
"Systems of units",
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
53,553,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable%20Data%20Protocol | The Reliable Data Protocol (RDP) is a network transport protocol defined in RFC 908 and was updated in RFC 1151. It is meant to provide facilities for remote loading, debugging and bulk transfer of images and data.
The Reliable Data Protocol is an IP protocol, on the same layer as TCP and UDP. It is number 27 in the list of IP protocol numbers.
Similar to TCP, the Reliable Data Protocol is connection oriented, but, contrary to TCP, it does not require sequenced delivery of segments.
The Reliable Data Protocol has not gained popularity, though experimental implementations for BSD exist.
References
See also
Reliable Data Transfer
Transport layer protocols
Internet protocols | Reliable Data Protocol | [
"Technology"
] | 139 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
53,554,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopussy%20%28software%29 | Octopussy, also known as 8Pussy, is a free and open-source computer-software which monitors systems, by constantly analyzing the syslog data they generate and transmit to such a central Octopussy server (thus often called a SIEM solution). Therefore, software like Octopussy plays an important role in maintaining an information security management system within ISO/IEC 27001-compliant environments.
Octopussy has the ability to monitor any device that supports the syslog protocol, such as servers, routers, switches, firewalls, load balancers, and its important applications and services. The main purpose of the software is to alert its administrators and users to different kinds of events, like system outages, attacks on systems or errors in applications. However, unlike Nagios or Icinga, Octopussy is not a state-checker and therefore problems cannot be resolved within the application. The software also makes no prescription whatsoever on which messages must be/must not be analyzed. As such, Octopussy can be seen as less powerful than other popular commercial software in the same category (event monitoring and log analysis).
Octopussy is compatible with many Linux system distributions like Debian, Ubuntu, OpenSUSE, CentOS, RHEL and even meta-distributions as Gentoo or Arch Linux. Although Octopussy was originally designed to run on Linux, it could be ported to other Unix variants like FreeBSD with minimal effort. Octopussy has extensive report generating features and also various interfaces to other software, like e.g. NSCA (Nagios), Jabber/XMPP and Zabbix. With the help of software like Snare even Windows EventLogs can be processed.
Octopussy is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
Characteristics
Although Octopussy is free and open-source software it has a variety of characteristics also found in some professional enterprise applications like Splunk, SAWMILL or Kiwi Syslog.
Octopussy features
At the time of writing, Octopussy comes with the following set of features:
Basic LDAP support (v1.0+) for Octopussy users and contacts with filter mechanism
Alert sending by email, IM (Jabber), NSCA (Nagios) and Zabbix
Map functionality to show the system infrastructure known to Octopussy
Exportable reports by email, FTP and SCP
Input & output plugins for manual and automatic reports
Report scheduling and automated report generation based on parameters
A log viewer to search for syslog messages received by Octopussy
An RRDtool to provide data graphing of syslog activity for enabled services
Comprehensive service definitions (Apache 2, BIND, BSD Kernel ...)
A wizard to easily create new services and/or message patterns for existing services
An option to enable or disable services and alerts for every system under surveillance
Online updates for services, tables and l18n (language support)
Multi-language support: English French German Italian Spanish Portuguese Russian
A web-interface for viewing current devices status, alerts, log messages, etc.
A themable interface and report documents
Manageability of Octopussy core services from the operating system shell
Flat-text formatted configuration files (integrates with many configuration editors)
An option to timely rotate and store received syslog messages in various locations
User management with the ability of granular permission configuration
Simple outline of styles and GUI components in ASP for easy modification
Supported services
Some of the (meta-)services supported by/known by Octopussy are:
Apache 2, BIND, BSD Kernel, BSD PAM, BSD System, Cisco Routers (ASR), Cisco Switches, ClamAV, DenyAll Reverse Proxy, DRBD, F5 BigIP, Fortinet FW, HP-Tools, Ironport MailServer, Juniper Netscreen FW, Juniper Netscreen NSM, LDAP, Linux AppArmor, Linux Auditd, Linux IPTables, Linux Kernel, Linux PAM, Linux System, Monit, MySQL, Nagios, Neoteris/Juniper FW, NetApp NetCache, Postfix, PostgreSQL, Samba, Samhain, SNMPd, Squid, SSHd, Syslog-ng, TACACS, VMware ESX(i), Windows Snare Agent, Windows System, Xen ...
Processible events
Events receivable from services and thus processible by Octopussy include:
Failed and/or successful logins, especially of higher privileged users
Violation of access permissions or policies in applications and operating systems
Write and/or read access in critical environments, e.g. with AppArmor or SELinux
Established or terminated VPN tunnels in systems, like e.g. Juniper Netscreen
Objects like processes or files which security context or configuration changed
Started or stopped processes on an operating system level
Critical system states like (unrecoverable) hardware or software failure
Change in operating system state due to boot, reboot or shutdown
Information regarding network connections/traffic, including ICMP messages, etc.
Detection or otherwise handling of malware (i.e. worms, viruses, trojans)
Dependencies
The software requires RSYSLOG installed on the syslog-server and expects systems that are monitored to run one of the numerous available syslog services, like e.g. syslogd/klogd, RSYSLOG or syslog-ng.
The software further depends on the Apache 2 HTTP Server installed, with Apache::ASP, Mod_Perl and Mod_SSL. Octopussy also requires a MySQL DBMS (actual database is installed/copied during Octopussy setup) as well as a recent Perl interpreter installed on the operating system, with a variety of Perl modules from CPAN (e.g. Crypt::PasswdMD5, DBD::mysql, JSON, Unix::Syslog, XML::Simple). A comprehensive list of those modules can be found within the software packages/archives README.txt file. In addition to that NSCD and RRDtool are a requirement. RRDtool aids in the creation of graphs that will be displayed on the Octopussy dashboard or shown on a per-device/per-service level.
Architecture
Octopussy receives syslog messages via syslog protocol and therefore behaves passively, not running any type of network agent on the remote machines under monitoring/surveillance. Octopussy completely conforms to RfC 3164 and RfC 3195 of the IETF, describing syslog as the logging mechanism in Unix-like/BSD operating systems. That especially includes the internal representation of the facility and severity-principle where applicable.
The software is driven by a semi-stateful event correlation engine. This means that the engine records and thus knows its internal state, but only uses it to some extent to link together logically related elements for the same device, in order to draw a conclusion (i.e. to generate an alert). In Octopussy the semi-stateful correlation engine, with its so called sliding window (a shifting window being the logical boundary of a number of events during a certain period of time), is capable of comparing known past events with present ones based on a limited number of comparative values.
Octopussy Dispatcher
The Octo-Dispatcher is the component used by the Octopussy software to receive syslog lines from RSYSLOG and dispatch them into device directories. Every device registered and activated within Octopussy gets its syslog messages assigned to it depending on the device name. Noteworthy is also the adjacent Octo-Replay component, which is the program used by the Octopussy software to replay log messages for some device or service (it receives and processes recognized logs and puts them back into the incoming directory).
Octopussy Parser
The Octo-Parser and Octo-Uparser are two of Octopussy's most important core components. The Octo-Parser is the program used by the Octopussy software to parse logs in syslog format for each device registered within Octopussy. It basically uses a regex-engine and commences pattern matching on incoming syslog messages. The Octo-Uparser is restarted every time device's services are changed, to check if previously received "unknown" log messages can be associated with a service.
In some cases Octo-Pusher is also called in advance to process non-syslog messages incoming from some devices. In that regard, the device setting "asynchronous" is helpful to process such log messages, after they were sent to an Octopussy server using e.g. FTP, rsync or SSH/SCP.
Octopussy Interface
The Octopussy interface (GUI) is the default user-interface and provides configuration management, device and service management as well as alert definition and therefore extends the Octopussy core components. Devices are displayed in tabular form on the Devices page, with the following descriptors as a minimum: hostname, IP address, log type, device model/type, FQDN and OS.
Hence, the interface (Octo-Web) mainly provides access to other Octopussy core components like Octo-Commander, Octo-Message-Finder, Octo-Reporter and Octo-Statistic-Reporter. The Octopussy front-end/GUI is written in Perl 5, employing Apache::ASP to structure and display content.
In addition to that, Octopussy core services can also be accessed from the operating system shell. That represents a convenient way for administrators to start/stop services or make fundamental configuration changes.
Octopussy RRD
The Octopussy RRD graph generator is a core component of the software and installed by default. Since the generation of such graphs is very resource intensive administrators may opt to disable it on an Octopussy syslog server with a less powerful CPU and a low amount of RAM. The generated RRD graphs displays the activity of all active services for monitored devices, highly depending on the specific service. After a restart of the Octopussy software or during operation, Octo-Dispatcher and Octo-Parser will always process syslog messages in their buffer and queue first and RRD graph generation is delayed. Octo-RRD further depends on Octo-Scheduler, to execute the Octopussy::Report function in order to generate syslog activity RRD graphs, that have been scheduled previously. Finally Octo-Sender has the capability to send report data to arbitrary recipients.
Extensions
There is a plug-in/module system in Octopussy, which is mainly geared towards the modification of Octopussy reports. Such a plug-in consists out of a description file, which defines the plug-in name and functions, and a code file with perl code to process the actual data.
There are also extensions for software related to Octopussy, like e.g. a Nagios plug-in that checks the Octopussy core services (i.e. Octo-Dispatcher, Octo-Scheduler, etc.) as well as the Octopussy parser states and log partitions.
Services & Patterns
The creation of new services and service patterns presents the most important way to extend Octopussy without making changes to the source code. However, since patterns are outlined as simplified regular expressions, administrators should have at least some basic knowledge about regex in general. It is further strongly recommended to build on already existing services and also understand the meaning of a message objects' basic fields, which are message ID, pattern, log level, taxonomy, table and rank.
Usually the logs wizard is used to search the system for unrecognized syslog messages per device to generate new service patterns. During the process the creation of patterns should be in a way that enables Octopussy to distinguish messages based on their severity and taxonomy.
See also
Log management and intelligence
Splunk – An enterprise log analysis software
Comparison of network monitoring systems
Web log analysis software
List of web analytics software
References
External links
Octopussy Documentation on GitHub
Computer logging
Free network management software
System monitors
Linux security software
System software
Unix security-related software
Internet Protocol based network software
System administration
Octopussy | Octopussy (software) | [
"Technology"
] | 2,527 | [
"Information systems",
"Computer logging",
"System administration"
] |
53,555,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20E.%20Bierley | Paul Edmund Bierley (February 3, 1926 – April 9, 2016) was an American music historian. Among his awards were a Society for American Music Lifetime Achievement Award and receiving an Honorary Doctor of Music from Ohio State University.
Career
During World War II era, he was a B-25 bomber radio operator and gunner for the Army Air Forces and served in the United States. He was stationed at Westover Air Force Base and played in the Army Air Forces band. He married Pauline in 1948. He graduated with a degree in aeronautical engineering from Ohio State University in 1953, and worked for North American Aviation and Ellanef Manufacturing.
Bierley later began an active musical career. He conducted extensive research on John Philip Sousa and wrote books about him, Henry Fillmore, and historical books about music. He wrote liner notes for album and CDs and magazine articles. He portrayed Uncle Sam at band concerts and lectured on musical subjects. Bierley founded Integrity Research Foundation and Integrity Press.
He had relationships with local music organizations like Brass Band of Columbus, Columbus Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Concert Band, Wheeling Steel Band of Portsmouth, Ohio Village Brass, the Virginia Grand Military Band, as well as the North American Aviation Concert Band, the New Sousa Band, and the World Symphony Orchestra. He was a member of the Tubists Universal Brotherhood Association and the International Tuba and Euphonium Society.
Among his awards were a Society of American Music Lifetime Achievement Award and receiving an Honorary Doctor of Music from Ohio State University.
Personal life
Paul Edmund Bierley, the son of William and Minnie Bierley, was born in 1926 in Portsmouth, Ohio. He married Pauline in 1948, with whom they had son John and daughter Lois. He lived much of his married life in Westerville, Ohio. Pauline died before Bierley, who died on April 9, 2016. His remains were donated to the Ohio State University College of Medicine.
Bibliography
His notable books are:
John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon (1973);
The Music of Henry Fillmore and Will Huff (1982);
The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music, Composers and their music (2 Vol.s), by William Harold Rehrig (born 1939), Paul Bierley (1991);
Marching Along: Recollections of Men, Women and Music (1994);
The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa (2010);
New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial
References
External links
Paul E. Bierley, University of Illinois Library
Paul Bierley Interview at NAMM Oral History Library
1926 births
2016 deaths
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
Aerospace engineers
People from Portsmouth, Ohio
People from Westerville, Ohio
John Philip Sousa
American music historians
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Historians from Ohio | Paul E. Bierley | [
"Engineering"
] | 563 | [
"Aerospace engineers",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
53,556,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Roth%20%28cyberneticist%29 | Michael Roth (18 June 1936 – 23 July 2019) was a German engineer and professor of automation, specializing in microprocessor technology, computer science and sociology as well as philosophy of science. He was one of the pioneers in the area of computer engineering in Germany.
Life
Roth was born in Lomnička, and originally completed his vocational training as a mechanic for agricultural machinery and as a programmer. He started his university studies in 1957 at the then Hochschule fuer Elektrotechnik Ilmenau in electrical engineering, with a specialization in control engineering under Karl Reinisch. He received his academic degree as a Diplom-Ingenieur (Dipl.-Ing.) in 1963. After that, he worked at the institute for computer engineering ("maschinelle Rechentechnik") as a scientific assistant. He successfully completed this work in 1967 earning a Doctorate degree as a Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.). His dissertation was in the domain of computer engineering, focusing on the design of hybrid computers. This constituted an essential foundation for his later research. Subsequently, he finished additional studies at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1967/68.
Roth was appointed associate professor at the TH Ilmenau in 1970, in the department of Technical and Biomedical Cybernetics ("Technische und Biomedizinische Kybernetik", TBK, Director: Karl Reinisch). In cooperation with expert committees from the Chamber of Technology ("Kammer der Technik", KdT, the organization of engineers, technicians, and researchers of the GDR) and the electronics industry of Thuringia, he developed the new special field of microcomputer technology, which he also introduced as an independent subject, publishing specialized reference books in several editions.
Roth stimulated the launch of this technology not only through his research and development work, but also through his involvement in continuous education for this industrial technology as well as through the publication of specialized books. As a researcher, he focused on questions concerning the development of components and tools for intelligent automation systems.
In 1978, he was appointed Professor for Automation and Technical Cybernetics ("Automatik und Technische Kybernetik") at the TH Ilmenau. This appointment spoke highly of his knowledge and his wealth of experience. His lectures and his textbooks extended the training of engineers with degrees in microprocessor technology – at the time, microprocessor technology was a rare specialization in the German-speaking area.
His cooperation with other professors – one of them being in the data centre with its director, Reinhold Schönefeld – led to extensive industry-level research and internship opportunities in microprocessor technology with the TH Ilmenau. These opportunities were considered unique when compared to other university facilities in the German-speaking area. Roth thus contributed to establishing research and development at the department of Technical and Biomedical Cybernetics, and making it thrive. In parallel, he worked on the technology transfer to the surrounding computer businesses.
During his professional activities, Roth developed various microcontroller applications and implementations. Through this, he gained experience with programming languages, the usage of the accompanying development tools as well as the hardware and software components. Systems for visualization were used to efficiently communicate between man and machine. Further work on real-life applications and objects for demonstration purposes extended his knowledge and experience in the area of programming. He also gained a sound skill level in the area of data communication and related subdomains.
By no means had Roth ever considered this field as being technologically finalized. As such, he continuously worked in close contact with industry and research partners to scientifically advance future development. Through his committee work in the Informatics Society of the GDR and specific publications of books and magazines, he contributed to an increased appreciation of the new field of microprocessor technology in East Germany.
Furthermore, since his early years, Roth had been interested in a higher-level view of the evolution of science. In 1986, he completed his Habilitation at the TU Dresden in the field of the philosophy of science.
Scientific roles
Roth started as the research area lead of the aforementioned department TBK; he then became its director. On the basis of his specialized research work, he became a co-founder of the specialized studies „Computer Engineering“. In addition to that, he was the founder of the postgraduate degree of an engineer with a specialization „Microprocessor technology“.
Roth was the founder and editor of the magazine „Mikroprozessortechnik“ at the East German publishing company Verlag Technik Berlin. In an evening talk at a technical committee conference of the Chamber of Technology (KdT) in Angelroda in April 1982, he described the tedious processes for founding this magazine under the conditions in the GDR: For 15 years he made efforts until a small number of copies of „Mikroprozessortechnik“ were allowed to be released. It was forbidden to use the word „Informatik“, as Günter Mittag,a member of the Politbüro of the SED considered this a term of West German ideology. The argument of a limited quota of paper available to the publisher had to be overcome, as well as the criticism that the publishing company VEB Verlag Technik had not published a new magazine for 28 years.
His work as co-founder of the magazine Ethics and Social Sciences ("Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften", a forum for a culture of deliberation) at the West German publishing company Westdeutscher Verlag illustrates his ability for unconventional thinking and his interest in questions concerning the future.
For many years, Roth was the chair of the Thuringia subdivision of the Verband Hochschule und Wissenschaft (Association for Higher Education and Science, VHW) in the German Civil Service Federation, as well as a member of the federal board of the VHW in Bonn (chair at the time: Reinhard Kuhnert). This professional association of professors, university lecturers and scientific assistants at universities and institutes of higher education was founded in November 1990 in Thuringia to engage employees and civil servants, where the VHW as part of the German Civil Service Federation also has the right of hearing in legislative procedures and the collective bargaining law.
Roth contributed as an expert to the advisory panel „Delphi-Prognose“ of the Fraunhofer Society.
Fields
Michael Roth worked in a wide variety of fields:
Automation Technology
Technical Cybernetics
Computer Engineering
Computer Science and Sociology
Information Society
Knowledge Economy
Evolution of Society as well as
Universities and higher education institutions.
Roth gave numerous lectures about his research results at scientific conferences and events, whose realization he partially encouraged and organized himself. His scientific publications at the same time reflect his teamwork and consist of more than 100 pieces of work, including several books with up to 5 editions. In parallel, he participated in various reports, providing expert opinion.
Bibliography (selection)
Verwendung nichtlinearer Strukturen in steuerbaren Hochgeschwindigkeits-Operationsverstärkern. Dissertation, TH Ilmenau, Fakultät für naturwissenschaftlich-technische Grundlagen, Ilmenau 1967.
Elektronische Bauelemente der technischen Kybernetik. In: Funktionseinheiten der technischen Kybernetik, 8. Lehrbrief (F 77/8), Lehrbriefe für das Hochschulfernstudium, hrsg. von der Zentralstelle für das Hochschulfernstudium des Ministeriums für Hoch- und Fachschulwesen 1974.
Elektronische analoge und hybride Funktionseinheiten. In: Funktionseinheiten der technischen Kybernetik, 10. Lehrbrief (F 77/10), Lehrbriefe für das Hochschulfernstudium, hrsg. von der Zentralstelle für das Hochschulfernstudium des Ministeriums für Hoch- und Fachschulwesen 1974.
mit Werner Kriesel: Elektronische digitale Funktionseinheiten. In: Funktionseinheiten der technischen Kybernetik, 11. Lehrbrief (F 77/11), Lehrbriefe für das Hochschulfernstudium, hrsg. von der Zentralstelle für das Hochschulfernstudium des Ministeriums für Hoch- und Fachschulwesen 1974.
Mikroprozessoren. Wesen, Technologie, Weiterentwicklung, Aufbau, Programmierung, Anwendung. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift und Kammer der Technik-Hochschulsektion an der TH Ilmenau, Ilmenau 1977, 2. Und 3. Auflage 1978, 4. Auflage 1979, 5. Auflage, KDT-Bezirksverband, Suhl 1980.
mit Todor Shergowski, Walter Krug: Speicherschaltkreise der Mikroprozessortechnik. Institut für Film, Bild und Ton, Berlin 1982.
mit Todor Shergowski, Walter Krug: Funktionsblöcke ausgewählter Mikroprozessoren. Institut für Film, Bild und Ton, Berlin 1982.
mit Todor Shergowski, Ilse Renner: Peripherie-Schaltkreise der Mikroprozessortechnik. Institut für Film, Bild und Ton, Berlin 1983.
Evolution und Kooperation – Mensch und intelligenter Automat (Analysen und Hypothesen). Habilitation (Dissertation B), Technische Universität, Dresden 1986.
Michael Roth (Hrsg.): Beiträge zur Mikrocomputertechnik. Verlag Technik, Berlin 1986, .
mit Helga Schwietzke: Mikroprozessor-Architekturen. Institut für Film, Bild und Ton, Berlin 1988.
Die intelligente Maschine – der Computer als Experte. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig; Jena; Berlin 1988, .
mit Klaus Kaplick, Dieter Orlamünder, Heinz Bergmann: Computertechnik von A bis Z. Hrsg.: Jochen Horn. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1990, .
Universitäten – Hochschulen: akademisch – technologisch? Verband Hochschule und Wissenschaft, VHW-Mitteilungen 1/1994.
Grundlegende Merkmale der gesellschaftlichen Evolution zur Wissensgesellschaft. Verband Hochschule und Wissenschaft, VHW-Mitteilungen 10/1997.
Postulate zum Wandel der High-Tech-Industriegesellschaft zur High-Org-Wissensgesellschaft. In: Christiane Floyd, Christian Fuchs, Wolfgang Hofkirchner (Hrsg.): Stufen zur Informationsgesellschaft. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski. Peter Lang – Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Wien 2002, .
Die Zukunft der „Universität in der Wissensgesellschaft“. In: Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski; Rainer E. Zimmermann (Hrsg.): Kybernetik, Logik, Semiotik. Philosophische Sichtweisen. Tagung aus Anlass des 100. Geburtstages von Georg Klaus. trafo Wissenschaftsverlag, Berlin 2015 (Abhandlungen der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften, Bd. 40), S. 425–440, .
Immunsysteme in der biologischen, informationstechnischen und sozialen Evolution. In: Frank Fuchs-Kittowski; Werner Kriesel (Hrsg.): Informatik und Gesellschaft. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski. Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, PL Academic Research, Frankfurt a. M.; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Warszawa; Wien 2016, (Print), E- (E-Book).
Literature
Heinrich Kindler: Aufgabensammlung zur Regelungstechnik. Verlag Technik Berlin, Oldenbourg-Verlag München, Wien, 1964 (mit H. Buchta und H.-H. Wilfert).
Karl Reinisch: Kybernetische Grundlagen und Beschreibung kontinuierlicher Systeme. Verlag Technik Berlin 1974.
Horst Völz: Elektronik. Grundlagen, Prinzipien, Zusammenhänge. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1974, 2. Auflage 1979, 1002 S.
Wolf Martin: Mikrocomputer in der Prozessdatenverarbeitung. Aufbau und Einsatz der Mikrocomputer zur Überwachung, Steuerung und Regelung. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, Wien 1977, .
Heinz Töpfer, Werner Kriesel: Funktionseinheiten der Automatisierungstechnik – elektrisch, pneumatisch, hydraulisch. Verlag Technik, Berlin und VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, 5. Auflage 1988, .
Albert Jugel: Mikroprozessorsysteme. Verlag Technik, Berlin 1978.
Wolfgang Schwarz, Gernot Meyer, Dietrich Eckhardt: Mikrorechner. Wirkungsweise, Programmierung, Applikation. Verlag Technik, Berlin 1980, 2. Auflage 1981.
Wolfgang Fritzsch: Prozessrechentechnik. Automatisierte Systeme mit Prozess- und Mikroprozessrechnern. Verlag Technik, Berlin 1981, 2.Auflage 1983, 3. Auflage 1986.
Klaus Kabitzsch: Mikrorechner in der Automatisierungspraxis. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1987, .
Manfred Thoma: Heinz Töpfer 60 Jahre. In: Automatisierungstechnik, München. Jg. 38, Nr. 7, 1990, S. 245–246.
Peter Neumann u. a.: SPS-Standard: IEC 1131 : Programmierung in verteilten Automatisierungssystemen. Oldenbourg-Industrieverlag, München; Wien 1995, 2. Auflage 1998, 3. Auflage 2000, .
Werner Kriesel, Hans Rohr, Andreas Koch: Geschichte und Zukunft der Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, .
Lothar Starke: Vom Hydraulischen Regler zum Prozessleitsystem. Die Erfolgsgeschichte der Askania-Werke Berlin und der Geräte- und Regler-Werke Teltow. 140 Jahre Industriegeschichte, Tradition und Zukunft. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2009, .
Hans-Joachim Zander, Georg Bretthauer: Prof. Heinz Töpfer zum 80. Geburtstag. In: Automatisierungstechnik, München. Jg. 58, Nr. 7, 2010, S. 413–415.
Wolfgang Weller: Automatisierungstechnik im Wandel der Zeit – Entwicklungsgeschichte eines faszinierenden Fachgebiets. Verlag epubli GmbH Berlin, 2013, sowie als E-Book.
Hans-Joachim Zander: Steuerung ereignisdiskreter Prozesse. Neuartige Methoden zur Prozessbeschreibung und zum Entwurf von Steuerungsalgorithmen. Springer Vieweg Verlag, Wiesbaden 2015, , E-Book-.
Tilo Heimbold: Einführung in die Automatisierungstechnik. Automatisierungssysteme, Komponenten, Projektierung und Planung. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig im Carl Hanser Verlag München 2015, , E-Book-.
Ulrich Busch, Michael Thomas (Hrsg.): Ein Vierteljahrhundert Deutsche Einheit – Facetten einer unvollendeten Integration. trafo Wissenschaftsverlag, Berlin 2015 (Abhandlungen der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften, Bd. 42), .
Werner Kriesel: Zukunfts-Modelle für Informatik, Automatik und Kommunikation. In: Frank Fuchs-Kittowski; Werner Kriesel (Hrsg.): Informatik und Gesellschaft. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski. Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, PL Academic Research, Frankfurt a. M.; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Warszawa; Wien 2016, (Print), E- (E-Book).
References
External links
Homepage of TU Ilmenau
Electrical engineers
Engineering academics
Academic staff of Technische Universität Ilmenau
East German scientists
Carpathian German people
1936 births
2019 deaths
20th-century German engineers | Michael Roth (cyberneticist) | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,732 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
53,557,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C12H22O4 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C12H22O4}}
The molecular formula C12H22O4 (molar mass: 230.30 g/mol, exact mass: 230.1518 u) may refer to:
Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
1,6-Hexanediol diglycidyl ether | C12H22O4 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 75 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
53,558,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings%20of%20academic%20publishers | There are a number of approaches to ranking academic publishing groups and publishers. Rankings rely on subjective impressions by the scholarly community, on analyses of prize winners of scientific associations, discipline, a publisher's reputation, and its impact factor (particularly in the sciences).
Ranking challenges
Publications are often judged by venue, rather than merit. This has been criticized in the Leiden Manifesto and the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment. According to the manifesto, "Science and technology indicators are prone to conceptual ambiguity and uncertainty and require strong assumptions that are not universally accepted. The meaning of citation counts, for example, has long been debated. Thus, best practice uses multiple indicators to provide a more robust and pluralistic picture."
Moreover, studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank", contrary to widespread expectations.
In a study assessing an increasingly-diversified array of publishers and their service to the academic community, Janice S. Lewis concluded that college and university librarians ranked university presses higher and commercial publishers lower than did members of the American Political Science Association.
According to Colin Steele, a librarian at the Australian National Library in Canberra, "Listings of publishers by title also fail to take into account that some university presses are strong in certain disciplines, but not across the whole spectrum." Rankings can vary widely by discipline.
Australian Political Science rankings
The Australian Political Studies Association (APSA) ranked academic publishers in 2007, taking into consideration both book and journal publication. By 2022 this was replaced by a ranking of journal titles only.
In 2007, their top-ranked (A+) publishers were:
Cambridge University Press
University of Chicago Press
Columbia University Press
Harvard University Press
MIT Press
Oxford University Press/Clarendon (UK/US)
Princeton University Press
Stanford University Press
University of California Press
Yale University Press
In 2007, their second-ranked (A) publishers were:
Alfred A. Knopf
Allen & Unwin
Cornell University Press
Duke University Press
Edward Elgar
Elsevier Science Ltd
IPA, Warsaw
Johns Hopkins University Press
Kluwer
Manchester University Press
Melbourne University Press
New York University Press
Palgrave MacMillan (UK and Australia, St. Martin's Press in US)
Politico's
Polity Press
Routledge (Taylor and Francis)
Sage Publishing
Science Publishers
Univ. of Pennsylvania Press
University of Michigan Press
University of Minnesota Press
University of New South Wales Press
University of Toronto Press
WHO/EDM, Geneva
Wiley-Blackwell
AP, London
Basic Books, New York
Blackwell, Oxford
Clarendon Press, Gloucestershire, UK
CRC, Ghent, Belgium
CRC, New York
Harper & Row, New York
John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, UK
Pergamon Press, Oxford/Amsterdam
Prentice Hall, Eaglewood Cliffs (NJ), US
Random House, New York
Springer, London/Berlin
SENSE rankings
The Research School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE Research School) has ranked scientific publishers every year from 2006 until 2022. This ranking was intended for internal use only and is not anymore available.
Spanish National Research Council rankings
In 2012 and 2014, the Spanish National Research Council asked 11,864 Spanish academics to name the 10 most prestigious academic publishers from over 600 international and 500 Spanish-language publishers. It received 2,731 responses, a response rate of 23.05 percent. Results were compiled using a weighted average. The results were:
Cambridge University Press
Oxford University Press
Springer Nature
Routledge
Elsevier
Peter Lang
Thomson Reuters
Blackwell
De Gruyter
McGraw Hill
IGI Global
Granada rankings
To quantitatively assess the output of a publishing company, in 2014 a research group associated with the University of Granada created a methodology based on the Thomson-Reuters Book Citation Index. The quantitative weight of the publishers is based on output data, impact (citations) and publisher profile. According to the Granada study, the 10 leading companies were:
Springer
Palgrave Macmillan
Routledge
Cambridge University Press
Elsevier
Nova Science Publishers
Edward Elgar
Information Age Publishing
Princeton University Press
University of California Press
IGI Global
Libcitation rankings
The Research Impact Measurement Service (RIMS) at the University of New South Wales presented a quantitative methodology of bibliometric comparisons of book publishers. In a Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology article, Howard D. White et al. wrote: "Bibliometric measures for evaluating research units in the book-oriented humanities and social sciences are underdeveloped relative to those available for journal-oriented science and technology". The RIMS proposed what they called a "libcitation count", counting the libraries holding a given book as reported in a national (or international) union catalog. In the follow-up literature, comparing research units or even the output of publishing companies became the target of research. White et al. wrote,
Libcitations, according to the RIMS, reflect what librarians know about the prestige of publishers, the opinions of reviewers, and the reputations of authors.
See also
Academic publishing
Bibliometrics
Citation impact
Journal ranking
Informetrics
Publishing
References
Further reading
Amsler, S. S., & Bolsmann, C. (2012). University ranking as social exclusion. British journal of sociology of education, 33(2), 283–301.
Andrés, A. (2009). Measuring academic research: how to undertake a bibliometric study. Oxford: Chandos Publishing.
Bornmann, L., Mutz, R., & Daniel, H. D. (2013). Multilevel‐statistical reformulation of citation‐based university rankings: The Leiden ranking 2011/2012. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(8), 1649–1658.
Braun, Tibor et al. (1985). Scientometric indicators: a 32 country comparative evaluation of publishing performance and citation impact. Singapore; Philadelphia: World Scientific.
Dill, D. D., & Soo, M. (2005). Academic quality, league tables, and public policy: A cross-national analysis of university ranking systems. Higher Education, 49(4), 495–533.
Donohue, Joseph C. (1974). Understanding scientific literatures: a bibliometric approach. Cambridge, MIT Press.
Drummond, R., & Wartho, R. (2009). RIMS: the research impact measurement service at the University of New South Wales. Australian Academic & Research Libraries,
Herb, U., Kranz, E., Leidinger, T., & Mittelsdorf, B. (2010). How to assess the impact of an electronic document? And what does impact mean anyway? Reliable usage statistics in heterogeneous repository communities. OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives, 26(2), 133–145.
Hug, Sven E.; Ochsner, Michael; Daniel, Hans-Dieter. (2013). Criteria for assessing research quality in the humanities: a Delphi study among scholars of English literature, German literature and art history. Research Evaluation. Dec2013, Vol. 22 Issue 5, p369-383.
Kousha, K., Thelwall, M., & Rezaie, S. (2011). Assessing the citation impact of books: The role of Google Books, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(11), 2147–2164.
Oltersdorf, J. (2013). Publikationen: Funktion und Repräsentation (Doctoral dissertation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät I).
Rostaing, H., Boutin, E., & Mannina, B. (1999). Evaluation of internet resources: bibliometric techniques applications. cybermetrics, 99.
Sadlak, J., & Liu, N. C. (2007). The world-class university and ranking: Aiming beyond status. Bucharest, Romania/Shanghai, China/Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Unesco-Cepes.
Sahel, J. A. (2011). Quality versus quantity: assessing individual research performance. Science translational medicine, 3(84)
Sieber, J., & Gradmann, S. (2011). How to best assess monographs?. Humboldt University Berlin.
Tausch, A. (2011). On the Global Impact of Selected Social-Policy Publishers in More Than 100 Countries. Journal of Scholarly Publishing, 42(4), 476–513.
Tausch, A. (2018). The Market Power of Global Scientific Publishing Companies in the Age of Globalization: An Analysis Based on the OCLC Worldcat (June 16, 2018). Journal of Globalization Studies, 9(2), 63–91. Also Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3197632 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3197632.
Tausch, A. (2022). Beyond 'Channel Registers' Ways and Aberrations of Ranking International Academic Book Publishers (September 18, 2022). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4222481 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4222481.
Taylor, P., & Braddock, R. (2007). International university ranking systems and the idea of university excellence. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 29(3),
Thelwall, M., Klitkou, A., Verbeek, A., Stuart, D., & Vincent, C. (2010). Policy‐ relevant Webometrics for individual scientific fields. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(7), 1464–1475.
Torres-Salinas, D., Robinson-García, N., & López-Cózar, E. D. (2012). Towards a Book Publishers Citation Reports. First approach using the Book Citation Index. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.7067.
Torres-Salinas, D., Robinson-García, N., Cabezas-Clavijo, Á., & Jiménez-Contreras, E. (2014). Analyzing the citation characteristics of books: edited books, book series and publisher types in the book citation index. Scientometrics, 98(3), 2113–2127.
Torres-Salinas, D., Robinson-Garcia, N., Miguel Campanario, J., & Delgado López- Cózar, E. (2014). Coverage, field specialisation and the impact of scientific publishers indexed in the Book Citation Index. Online Information Review, 38(1), 24–42.
Torres-Salinas, D., Rodríguez-Sánchez, R., Robinson-García, N., Fdez-Valdivia, J., & García, J. A. (2013). Mapping citation patterns of book chapters in the Book Citation Index. Journal of Informetrics, 7(2), 412–424.
Usher, A., & Savino, M. (2007). A global survey of university ranking and league tables. Higher Education in Europe, 32(1), 5–15.
Vinkler, Peter (2010). The evaluation of research by scientometric indicators. Oxford [England] : Chandos Publishing.
Waltman, L., & Schreiber, M. (2013). On the calculation of percentile‐based bibliometric indicators. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(2), 372–379.
White, H. D.; Boell, Sebastian K.; Yu, H.; Davis, M.; Wilson, C. S.; Cole, Fletcher T.H. J. (2009) Libcitations: A measure for comparative assessment of book publications in the humanities and social sciences. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology. Jun2009, Vol. 60 Issue 6, p1083-1096.
Zuccala, A. A., & White, H. D. (2015). Correlating Libcitations and Citations in the Humanities with WorldCat and Scopus Data. In A. A. Salah, Y. Tonta, A. A. Akdag Salah, C. Sugimoto, & U. Al (Eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI), Istanbul, Turkey, 29 June to 4 July 2015. (pp. 305–316). Bogazici University.
Zuccala, A., & Guns, R. (2013). Comparing book citations in humanities journals to library holdings: Scholarly use versus perceived cultural benefit. In 14th international conference of the international society for scientometrics and informetrics (pp. 353–360).
Zuccala, A., Guns, R., Cornacchia, R., & Bod, R. (2014). Can we rank scholarly book publishers? A bibliometric experiment with the field of history. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology.
Zuccala, A., Someren, M., & Bellen, M. (2014). A machine‐learning approach to coding book reviews as quality indicators: Toward a theory of megacitation. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(11), 2248–2260.
External links
Scilit rankings of journals and publishers, automated by MDPI
Academic publishing companies
Library science
University and college rankings | Rankings of academic publishers | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 2,860 | [
"Bibliometrics",
"Quantity",
"Science and technology studies",
"Metrics"
] |
53,559,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKEW | SKEW is the ticker symbol for the CBOE Skew Index, a measure of the perceived tail risk of the distribution of S&P 500 investment returns over a 30-day horizon.
The index values are calculated and published by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) based on current S&P 500 options market data.
SKEW is similar to the VIX index, but instead of measuring implied volatility based on a normal distribution, it measures an implied risk of future returns realizing outlier behavior. The index model defines an outlier as two or more standard deviations below the mean, which would characterize a black swan event or market crash. The index value typically reflects the trading activity of portfolio managers hedging tail risk with options, to protect portfolios from a large, sudden decline in the market. A SKEW value of 100 indicates the options market perceives a low risk of outlier returns; values increasing above 100 reflect an increased perception of risk for future outlier event(s).
See also
Skewness risk
Taleb distribution
Volatility skew
References
External links
Google Finance page for current SKEW values, and historical charts
American stock market indices
S&P Global
Options (finance)
Derivatives (finance)
Mathematical finance
Technical analysis | SKEW | [
"Mathematics"
] | 257 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical finance"
] |
53,559,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-gas%20%28petroleum%29 | In an oil and gas production, flash-gas is a spontaneous vapor that is produced from the heating or depressurization of the extracted oil mixture during different phases of production. Flash evaporation, or flashing, is the process of volatile components suddenly vaporizing from their liquid state. This often happens during the transportation of petroleum products through pipelines and into vessels, such as when the stream from a common separation unit flows into an on-site atmospheric storage tank. Vessels that are used to intentionally “flash” a mixture of gas and saturated liquids are aptly named "flash drums." A type of vapor-liquid separator. A venting apparatus is used in these vessels to prevent damage due to increasing pressure, extreme cases of this are referred to as boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE).
The composition of the gas that is flashed is dependent on many factors, therefore it is suggested that all extractions be analyzed to determine accurate compositional values. As a generality, this definition applies to the nature of flashing hydrocarbons (HC) that make up oil and natural gas, “If the saturated liquid is a multi-component liquid (for example, a mixture of propane, isobutane and normal butane), the flashed vapor is richer in the more volatile components than is the remaining liquid". Although the flashed portion will be primarily components with higher volatilities (lighter HC), heavier HC will also flash into the vapor phase to some extent. Composition of flash gas is highly dependent on temperature and pressure and can therefore be manipulated using these control variables to become a usable resource (natural gas, natural gas liquids (NGL’s), alternative fuels, etc.) if proper infrastructure and sponsorship is in place.
The production of flash-gas and its release into the atmosphere, via venting and improper handling during production, is of concern to environmental efforts due to the presence of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP), Greenhouse Gases (GHG), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) which have been suggested to have harmful long-term environmental impacts. Various efforts by organizations around the world have been made to develop appropriate guidelines for handling flash gas as well as tools for evaluating flash emissions through model based calculations.
Natural Gas Liquids/Liquid Petroleum Gas
Natural gas liquids (NGL) are the fraction of the hydrocarbons, primarily having 2-8 carbon atoms, that are present in the flash gas during oil production or as liquids in natural gas production. In other words, NGL is the liquids removed from natural gas such as ethane and heavier products. Components of NGL’s have varying states during production, meaning that some will exist solely as a liquid or vapor, and some will be a mixture of the two depending on the current temperature and pressure. Therefore, it is necessary that components of NGL are distinguished as either natural-gas condensate, heavier components (C5+), or “other NGL”, lighter components that typically remain in the vapor phase during production. NGL is not to be confused with its subcategory LPG, liquefied petroleum gas, described as “hydrocarbon mixtures in which the main components are propane, iso and normal butane, propylene and butylenes.”
Capturing NGL’s has shown an uptick in their economic share of U.S. production levels the past few years, sparking interest for advancement in recovery techniques for petroleum extraction. Uses of NGLs vary, from other combustible fuels like autogas and natural gasoline, to the manufacturing of plastics. The apparent value of these materials has put the level of products developed from NGLs at an all-time high in the United States in 2015. Despite its value and use, many of the components that make up NGL and LPG become considered “waste gas” during production and are flared on-site or vented into the atmosphere as flash gas. This can be due to a lack of infrastructure to capture and store and/or transport these liquids to market. Profitability under current models is highly dependent on the access to pipeline infrastructure, gas volume produced, and the number of/distance between production facilities (batteries).
Environmental Concerns
Flash gas is the emissions from flash evaporation, breathing emissions, and working emissions. Breathing, or standing emissions, occur naturally as liquid sits in a vessel and undergoes normal evaporation into the atmosphere. Working emissions are created when the liquid is agitated, such as during transportation, emptying/filling of tanks, sampling, etc. Contained within all of these emissions are materials that have been deemed hazardous to humans and the environment by regulatory agencies and scientific bodies worldwide. The complex nature of chemical interactions in flare, flash, and other production vapors have spawned many efforts to describe and control how these hydrocarbons interact with other materials in the atmosphere to create air pollution. The study of these interactions is encompassed by the field of atmospheric chemistry.
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP)
The environmental impact of emissions can be quantified in terms of the amount of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) they contain. HAPs, also known as toxic air contaminants, are defined by the EPA as “those known to cause cancer and other serious health impacts”. In the United States, legislation known as the Clean Air Act mandated the EPA to regulate appropriate levels of HAP emissions from source categories such as industrial and mobile.
There are currently 187 different chemical compounds that are classified as HAP which are declared in the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). Oil and natural gas production is known as a stationary source and is therefore required by the Clean Air Act to follow guidelines put forth by NESHAP, New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and Control Techniques Guidelines to reduce the amount of emissions the industry produces.
The EPA, as of 2015, has public record of two [2005/2011] National Air Toxics Assessments (NATA) which present the effects of air toxic emissions on a national-scale. In addition to identifying and prioritizing air toxins, the assessment determines specific locations that are at risk so that corrective measures may be implemented. Reports also go into detail about potential cancers and health problems associated with the level of reported toxins.
Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
Greenhouse gases are classified by their ability to absorb and emit radiation energy in atmosphere. This process of energy capture and release is what allows for the greenhouse effect, when energy trapped within the gas causes a resulting warming of the atmospheric temperature. Greenhouse gases are necessary for keeping our atmosphere warm enough to sustain life but also serve as a medium for over-heating to occur, a phenomenon referred to as global warming. GHGs are produced both directly and indirectly during many production phases of the oil and gas industry.
It is estimated that 90% of GHG emissions from fossil fuels is due to its combustion. As of 2009, energy-related CO2 emissions made up more than 80% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Flare and flash gas both contain GHGs and therefore contribute to their release into the atmosphere, estimates of their emission levels during petroleum production vary due to largely unmeasured release of flash gas and other forms of fugitive emissions.
One study estimated a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of the GHG carbon dioxide (CO2) is due directly to human activities since 1750. GHGs other than CO2 which are produced during petroleum operations are also a concern to the environment. On average, 43.6% of waste gas from a typical plant is methane. Methane has 28-36 times the amount of global warming potential (GWP) as CO2 because of its ability to absorb more radiation energy. Nitrous oxide has a GWP of 265-298 times that of CO2 and is known to also be released during flaring and combustion of fossil fuels.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals, some of which occur naturally in oil and gas, that have high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature. As a result, these chemicals exhibit an ease of transition from the liquid to the vapor state under atmospheric (ambient) conditions. In general chemistry terms, VOCs are organic molecules with low molecular weights, boiling points below 200 ˚C, and low to medium solubility in water. The EPA defines VOC’s as, “Any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates and ammonium carbonate, which participates is atmospheric photochemical reactions, except those designated by the EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity.”
In 1977, the EPA released “Recommended Policy on Control of Volatile Organic Compounds” in which they separated VOCs based on three criteria: photochemical reactivity, role in stratospheric O3 depletion, and direct health effects. The Safe Drinking Water act lays out guidelines for levels of hazardous materials, including some VOCs, that are acceptable in the water of the United States. VOCs are hazardous to the environment due to their ability to form ground level ozone or smog through photochemical reactions. As well as contributing to indoor pollutants, VOCs are also known to have “respiratory, allergic, or immune effects in infants and children”. There are concerns that these compounds can be cancer causing in both humans and animals. In particular, exposure to the VOC benzene during crude oil production could pose potentially serious health risks to workers.
Photochemical Reactions
Much of the negative impact associated with VOCs stems from their ability to participate in photochemical reactions with primary pollutants (NOx) in the atmosphere. Photochemical reactions are defined as, “a chemical reaction initiated by the absorption of energy in the form of light”. These reactions often result in the production of photo-chemical oxidants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and other peroxy compounds in the atmosphere. These oxidants participate in further atmospheric reactions which are said to “produce haze, damage plant and animal life, and materials such as rubber, induce discomfort and are suspected to have toxic effects on humans.”
Mechanistic description for the formation of Photochemical Smog
{\mathit NO2} + \mathit hv -> {\mathit NO} + \mathit O (1)
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with UV radiation to form nitrogen oxide and an oxygen radical.
{\mathit O} + \mathit O_2 -> {\mathit O_3} (2)
The radical oxygen combines with O2 gas in the atmosphere to form ozone.
{\mathit O_3} + \mathit NO -> {\mathit NO_2} + \mathit O_2 (3)
Ozone reacts with nitrogen oxide to form nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
{\mathit RH} + \mathit OH{.} -> {\mathit R{.}} + \mathit H_2O (4)
A species of VOC bound to hydrogen reacts with hydroxide to form a VOC free-radical and water vapor.
{\mathit R{.}} + \mathit O_2 -> {\mathit RO_2} (5)
The free-radical VOC reacts with oxygen to form a VOC bound with oxygen gas.
{\mathit RO2} + \mathit NO -> {\mathit RO^-{.}} +\mathit NO_2 (6)
The VOC oxygen bond is broken in the presence of nitrogen oxide, forming a VOC-oxygen anion and nitrogen dioxide to further participate in reaction 3.
Where hv is UV radiation and R is a volatile organic compound (VOC).
Additionally, some organic compounds (notably aldehydes) can photolyze in the atmosphere to form radicals which participate in atmospheric reactions. [46] VOCs or oxidant precursors are emitted to the atmosphere from both natural and man-made sources. Globally, natural emissions appear to outweigh anthropogenic emissions. However, it is the high concentration of anthropogenic sources of volatile organics together with NOx emissions from combustion processes in urban areas which increase the risk of the urban ozone problem. Wind and other climatological activities (transport mechanisms) then carry the formed oxidant into rural areas.
VOC Diagnostics
Studies have been done to try to find if VOCs can be directly related to cancers in the human body. One such example is a group that collected breath samples from a lung cancer patient to determine the VOC content of the lungs before and after surgery. This study suggests that there may be certain biomarker VOCs that indicate the presence of a disease or cancer in a patient. Additional researchers have also begun trying to identify ties between the onset of cancer and the levels of VOCs in the environment. A database to gather information on cancer and other aspects of VOCs in human cell lines, the human volatilome, has been started by researchers.
Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA)
Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA) are a type of hazardous particulate that is not currently well understood, but is thought to make up a significant portion of the tropospheric aerosol or submicron atmospheric particle mass. [50,51] Aerosols effect the atmospheric radiative balance through the absorption and scattering of radiant energy, leading to shifts in weather via changes in cloud drop nucleation and the solar radiation budget. They are said to be formed “when the atmospheric oxidation products of volatile organic compounds undergo gas-particle transfer.”
The contribution of VOCs to the levels of SOA in the atmosphere have been modeled using simulation chamber experiments to gain a better understanding of the chemistry involved. SOAs are said to be a major causative factor to the mortality rates associated with the exposure to harmful fine particulate air pollution however there is an absence of in vitro particle exposure techniques to test for toxicity. There is research currently being done to find the interaction between SOA’s and lung cells to see their potential harmful effects.
Methods for Calculating and Estimating Flash Gas Composition and Flash Loss
Flash Gas Calculations
Calculation of flash gas content is often based on the principle of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and combines theories like Raoult’s Law with component mass/energy balances, similar to those used in distillation unit operations. Since the mixture is of multiple components, more complex equations like the Rachford-Rice equation are applicable in ideal situations and have frequently been used in chemical plants and refineries. It is important to note that these equations are based on the ideal gas law and liquids at thermodynamic equilibrium, while hydrocarbons in oil and gas production are considered to be non-ideal or real, and may not be in equilibrium. Additional relationships, such as the Van Der Waals equation and other equations of state (EOS) can be applied to account for these discrepancies and can be used to provide a better estimation of flash gas content. Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons show even further deviation from ideal behavior and need additional computational adjustments, such as Sutton’s modification to Steward et al.
Chemical Simulation
More realistic modelling techniques encompass variable conditions that can occur on-site during petroleum processing by using sample analysis software at the flash site, e.g. ProMax Software, which is able to predict emissions and losses due to flash, i.e. working and standing losses. Other techniques that are used to make calculations of flash losses (without sampling and analysis) are referred to as chemical process simulators, e.g. WinSim, Designer II, HYSIM, and VMG. These programs can also have the ability to incorporate data from site-specific samples to give more accurate results. Alternatively, a captured liquid or gas sample can be analyzed in a laboratory setting to determine the composition and dissolved gas-oil-ratio (GOR) using precise measurement techniques. However, this only provides insight on the sample of flash gas and does not account for real time fluctuations of all on-site sources of flash gas, including working and standing losses.
Estimations Based on Volatile Organic Compounds
Another acceptable technique in flash estimation is the Vasques-Beggs Equation (VBE) which calculates the amount of flash gas in terms of total VOC and not into their individual components. This model can only calculate the instantaneous flash gas and does not calculate the working or standing flash gas losses. Additional equations have been developed to use in accordance with the VBE equation to determine species-specific losses, such as HAP-calc for determining the amount of Hazardous Air Pollution (HAP) produced.
Equations of State
An equation of state (EOS) is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables which describes the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions. EOS are used to make calculations about the predicted phase-behavior of hydrocarbons before extraction from a reservoir. Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson are examples of two commonly used EOS in industry for determining critical properties of multicomponent mixtures. These equations can be useful for the prediction and estimation of flash loss when used in conjunction with sampling and reservoir data.
Reduction of Flare Gas
Vapor Recovery Units
Vapor Recovery Units (VRU’s) have commonly been used to capture vented gas and other waste gas (vapor recovery) during petroleum production, it was originally created to capture hydrogen sulfide from oilfield stock tanks. A VRU works by compressing the flash gas that is produced in storage tanks and other units to be put into a pipeline. A basic VRU is made up of a scrubber, compressor, and a switch. Once the pressure in the tank reaches the set-point, the switch kicks on the compressor and sends the vapor to a scrubber where the liquid portion is separated out. The gas portions can be used to fuel on-site operation, be transported to storage tanks for further separation, can be piped out directly to another facility, or be injected into a compressor; the liquid portions (NGLs) that commonly form are normally sent to the water tank. If they are sent to oil storage they will re-vaporize and go through the VRU, creating an endless cycle.
VRU’s can create revenue through the resale and use of the captured vapors that would have been vented into the environment and lost. The revenue produced is dependent on the amount of vapor captured and sold into a pipeline. Analysis has been done to show the economic impacts from emission reduction and capture using VRU and other technology. These units also reduce the amount of emissions of VOCs associated with oil and natural gas production, again by preventing them from being vented directly into the atmosphere.
There have been concerns raised about the efficiency of VRU’s. It has been pointed out that vapor recovery units (VRU’s) cannot recover lighter hydrocarbons that have been dissolved into the liquid phase because the units are designed to recover what is already in the vapor phase. Also, when the gas in put under high pipeline pressure, NGLs are condensed out and are returned to the water tank (in rare instances they are processed and sold as NGL’s).
Thief Hatch Alternatives/Vapor Recovery Towers
Thief hatch, also known as a gauge hatch, is a term given to a close-able aperture on a tank or vessel used in the oil and gas industry. These hatches are placed in atmospheric or low pressure tanks in order to allow for level or sample measurements and to provide vacuum relief to the vessel. Thief hatches are also used in gauge tanks and in transport vehicles where they must be opened to the atmosphere to take measurements and samples. Flash gas is readily leaked whenever these hatches are opened and therefore they can pose a problem in terms of emissions. There have also been reports of fatalities caused by manual tank gauging and sampling via thief hatches.
Vapor recovery towers (VRT) have been posed as a potential solution for vapor loss via thief hatches. VRTs are a way to reduce the vapor loading on storage tanks by removing some of the flash gas before it gets to the oil tanks. The VRT can improve safety by reducing the potential for issues relating to high vapor evolution from the oil tanks.
Heater Treaters
Heater treaters are often used in industry for the following: To break up emulsions to separate the oil from produced water, stabilize the crude oil or condensate by separating volatile, lighter hydrocarbon fractions, (C1-C8) from the heavy, less volatile fraction (C9+) for safety reasons. Vent gas from heater treaters is known as a significant source of flash gas and consequential VOCs. It is possible to re-route this vent gas to a VRU to capture some of the stream or other processing units in order to reduce emissions and make additional revenue.
Oil and Gas Separators/Pressure Optimization
Three phase separators are used in oil and gas production to separate water, oil, and gas into isolated streams. A separator, in general, is a pressurized vessel that is used to divide a product based on principles of chemical separation such as phase and density. These vessels are also known as de-liquidizers or degassers because they either remove liquid from the bulk gas stream or remove gas from the bulk liquid stream during processing. Pressure optimization based on sample compositions taken upstream can provide a solution to inefficient separations and can help to reduce the overall amount of flash gas produced.
See also
Flash-gas (refrigeration)
Vapor recovery
References
Petroleum
Pollution control technologies | Flash-gas (petroleum) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 4,466 | [
"Petroleum",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Pollution control technologies",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
53,559,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20substitution | Hazard substitution is a hazard control strategy in which a material or process is replaced with another that is less hazardous. Substitution is the second most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard controls in protecting workers, after elimination. Substitution and elimination are most effective early in the design process, when they may be inexpensive and simple to implement, while for an existing process they may require major changes in equipment and procedures. The concept of prevention through design emphasizes integrating the more effective control methods such as elimination and substitution early in the design phase.
Hazard substitutions can involve not only changing one chemical for another, but also using the same chemical in a less hazardous form. Substitutions can also be made to processes and equipment. In making a substitution, the hazards of the new material should be considered and monitored, so that a new hazard is not unwittingly introduced, causing "regrettable substitutions". Substitution can also fail as a strategy if the hazardous process or material is reintroduced at a later stage in the design or production phases, or if cost or quality concerns cause a substitution to not be adopted.
Examples
Chemicals
A common substitution is to replace a toxic chemical with a less toxic one. Some examples include replacing the solvent benzene, a carcinogen, with toluene; switching from organic solvents to water-based detergents; and replacing paints containing lead with those containing non-leaded pigments. Dry cleaning can avoid the use of toxic perchloroethylene by using petroleum-based solvents, supercritical carbon dioxide, or wet cleaning techniques. Chemical substitutions are an example of green chemistry.
Chemicals can also be substituted with a different form of the same chemical. In general, inhalation exposure to dusty powders can be reduced by using a slurry or suspension of particles in a liquid solvent instead of a dry powder, or substituting larger particles such as pellets or ingots. Some chemicals, such as nanomaterials, often cannot be eliminated or substituted with conventional materials because their unique properties are necessary to the desired product or process. However, it may be possible to choose properties of the nanoparticle such as size, shape, functionalization, surface charge, solubility, agglomeration, and aggregation state to improve their toxicological properties while retaining the desired functionality.
In 2014, the U.S. National Academies released a recommended decision-making framework for chemical substitutions. The framework maintained health-related metrics used by previous frameworks, including carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, acute and chronic toxicity, dermal and eye irritation, and dermal and respiratory sensitization, and ecotoxicity. It added an emphasis on assessing actual exposure rather than only the inherent hazards of the chemical itself, decision rules for resolving trade-offs among hazards, and consideration of novel data sources on hazards such as simulations. The assessment framework has 13 steps, many of which are unique, such as dedicated steps for scoping and problem formulation, assessing physicochemical properties, broader life-cycle assessment, and research and innovation. The framework also provides guidance on tools and sources for scientific information.
Processes and equipment
Hazards to workers can be reduced by limiting or replacing procedures that may aerosolize toxic materials contained in the item. Examples include limiting agitation procedures such as sonication, or by using a lower-temperature process in chemical reactors to minimize release of materials in exhaust. Substituting a water-jet cutting process instead of mechanical sawing of a solid item also creates less dust.
Equipment can also be substituted, for example using a self-retracting lifeline instead of a fixed rope for fall protection, or packaging materials in smaller containers to prevent lifting injuries. Health effects from noise can be controlled by purchasing or renting less noisy equipment. This topic has been the subject of several Buy Quiet campaigns, and the NIOSH Power Tools Database contains data on sound power, pressure, and vibration levels of many power tools.
Regrettable substitutions
A regrettable substitution occurs when a material or process believed to be less hazardous turns out to have an unexpected hazard. One well-known example occurred when dichloromethane was phased out as a brake cleaner due to its environmental effects, but its replacement n-hexane was subsequently found to be neurotoxic. Often the substances being replaced have well-studied hazards, but the alternatives may have little or no toxicity data, making alternatives assessments difficult. Often, chemicals with no toxicity data are considered preferable since they do not prompt such concerns as a California Proposition 65 warning.
Another type of regrettable substitution involves shifting the burden of a hazard to another party. One example is that the potent neurotoxin acrylamide can be replaced with the safer N-vinyl formamide, but the synthesis of the latter requires use of the highly toxic hydrogen cyanide, increasing the hazards to workers in the manufacturing firm. In performing an alternatives assessment, including the effects over the entire product lifecycle as part of a life-cycle assessment can mitigate this.
References
Industrial hygiene
Safety engineering
Risk analysis | Hazard substitution | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,047 | [
"Safety engineering",
"Systems engineering"
] |
62,408,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus%20submarinus | Bacillus submarinus is a species in the genus Bacillus, meaning it is rod shaped while being capable of producing endospores. B. submarinus is Gram + , where there is a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
Description
Bacillus submarinus is a gram positive, aerobic meaning that it requires oxygen for metabolism. B. submarinus is a sporulating bacteria which is when the cell puts it genetic information in a spore during a cell's dormant phase, rod-shaped, bacterium of the genus Bacillus that is commonly found in the ocean at extreme depths and pressures. As with other members of the genus Bacillus, it can form an endospore a bud that contains genetic information in the chance the bacteria cell dies, later when conditions become more hospitable the bacteria returns, surviving extreme conditions.
Habitat
This species is commonly found in the ocean waters, primarily in the Atlantic Ocean. Bacillus submarinus is able to live in oceans at a depth of more than 5000 m, withstanding extreme hydrostatic pressure that is above Pa or around 15954 Psi. In contrast, the human femur can only withstand a maximum of 1,700 Psi before shattering.
Reproduction
Bacillus submarinus divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells, producing a single endospore that can remain viable for decades and is resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions such as ocean acidification. They do not reproduce like eukaryotic cells by mitosis but, a process known as binary fission. In binary fission the DNA in the prokaryote is not condensed in structures similar to chromosomes, but make a copy of the DNA and the cell divides in half.
Uses
Bacillus submarinus is proven to decompose oil that is found in the ocean such as after an oil spill. As B. submarinus begins the process of decomposing oil in the ocean they form tarballs. In these tarballs the B. submarinus works with other organisms such as Chromobacterium violaceum and Candida marina to change the chemical structure of the oil by decomposing it and causing the molecules in oil to bond to other materials around organism.
References
submarinus
Marine biology | Bacillus submarinus | [
"Biology"
] | 471 | [
"Marine biology"
] |
62,409,684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride%20phosphate | The fluoride phosphates or phosphate fluorides are inorganic double salts that contain both fluoride and phosphate anions. In mineralogy, Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals groups these as 22.1. The Nickel-Strunz grouping is 8.BN.
Related mixed anion compounds are the chloride phosphates, the fluoride arsenates and fluoride vanadates.
They are distinct from the fluorophosphates: monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate and hexafluorophosphate which have fluorine bonds to the phosphorus.
Minerals
Artificial
References
Fluorides
Phosphates
Mixed anion compounds | Fluoride phosphate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 139 | [
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Salts",
"Phosphates",
"Fluorides",
"Ions"
] |
62,409,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-HO-McPeT | 4-HO-McPeT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-cyclopentyltryptamine) is a tryptamine derivative which has serotonergic effects.
See also
4-HO-DSBT
4-HO-McPT
4-HO-MPMI
4-HO-pyr-T
4-HO-DMT (Psilocin)
PiPT
References
Hydroxyarenes
Tryptamines | 4-HO-McPeT | [
"Chemistry"
] | 93 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
62,409,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivalent%20group%2014%20radicals | A trivalent group 14 radical (also known as a trivalent tetrel radical) is a molecule that contains a group 14 element (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) with three bonds and a free radical, having the general formula of R3E•. Such compounds can be categorized into three different types, depending on the structure (or equivalently the orbital in which the unpaired electron resides) and the energetic barrier to inversion. A molecule that remains rigidly in a pyramidal structure has an electron in a sp3 orbital is denoted as Type A. A structure that is pyramidal, but flexible, is denoted as Type B. And a planar structure with an electron that typically would reside in a pure p orbital is denoted as Type C. The structure of such molecules has been determined by probing the nature of the orbital that the unpaired electron resides in using spectroscopy, as well as directly with X-ray methods. Trivalent tetrel radicals tend to be synthesized from their tetravalent counterparts (i.e. R3EY where Y is a species that will dissociate).
Stability
While the trivalent triphenylmethyl radical, which was the first organic radical described, has been known for over 100 years, characterization of transient, persistent, or stable radicals of heavier tetrel compounds have been only accessible in recent years (from the 1960s to the present). The most recent large advance has been the characterization of the first stable trivalent lead radical, as described in 2007.
Such developments have only been made in recent years because these compounds tend to be highly reactive (with respect to reactions such as dimerization and radical chain reactions). There have been two main approaches for stabilization. Firstly electronic stabilization, the tetrel is connected to an electron-rich atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. Secondly steric stabilization, the tetrel is surrounded by bulky ligands (such as -Y(SiMe3)2 (Y = N, CH), -Si(SiMe3)2Et (-Ebt), or -Si(SiMe3)3 (-Hyp)). It has become convention to describe a radical that can persist long enough for spectroscopic or chemical analysis as persistent and a radical that can persist indefinitely as stable. Trivalent tetrels can also synthesized in a cyclic structure (e.g. Ar3Ge3•). This class of molecules tends to be slightly more stable than the acyclic analogues as there is a stabilization through the delocalization of the unpaired electrons within the π-system.
Synthetic methodology
Trivalent radicals can be prepared from the tetrel hydride (for arbitrary radical species Z).
Z• + R3EH → ZH + R3E•
They can also be formed by oxidation of the salt (typically with GeCl2•dioxane in Et2O).
R3ENa + ECl2•dioxane → R3E•
They can be formed via photolysis.
R3EH + hν → R3E•
R3Si-SiR3 + hν → 2 R3E•
Or they can be formed via thermal disproportionation (thermolysis) of the related dimeric species.
R2EER2 → ER3• + ER•
These can also be formed via gamma-irradiation of an ER4 complex.
R4E + hν → R3E• + R•
As well as by a reduction pathway.
R3ECl + Na → R3E• + NaCl
Spectroscopy and characterization
Electronic spectroscopy
Information about the structure of these trivalent tetrels has been determined by mainly EPR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, however the geometry of transient small molecules has been determined via resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization, transient UV absorption spectroscopy, and microwave spectroscopy by determining vibrational and rotational resonance frequencies.
ESR/EPR spectroscopy
Electron paramagnetic resonance has been paramount for the study of trivalent tetrels as the hyperfine coupling to the tetrel reveals the orbital in which the unpaired electron resides, and the orbital composition directly correlates to the structure of the molecule. The isotropic component of the hyperfine coupling to the central tetrel scales proportionally with the spin density in the valence s orbital on that atom (see the Figure on the right). By comparing this isotropic hyperfine coupling constant to the theoretical hyperfine splitting of an electron in a pure valence s orbital, one can calculate the percent of the unpaired spin density in the valence s orbital. Similarly, the ratio of the anisotropic hyperfine coupling constant to the anisotropic hyperfine coupling of a single electron in a pure atomic p orbital reveals the percent of spin occupation in a valence p orbital. However, measurement of the anisotropic component of the hyperfine tensor are more difficult and not as frequent in literature.
The percent of spin occupation in the valence s orbital can be used to directly probe the structure of these molecules. If the spin occupation 100% in a p orbital, then the molecule will have a Type C planar structure. However, if there is 25% s orbital and 75% p orbital occupation, then the molecule will have a pyramidal Type A structure. Any intermediate value is possible and would correspond to a Type B structure. Values of greater than 25% s orbital contribution can also be found upon coordination of a tetrel to electronegative ligands (-OR, -F, -NR2, -Cl).
There is also a correlation between the g-shift (∆g = gmeas - ge) and the geometry for series of compounds with ligands of similar electronegativities. More electronegative ligands correspond to more tetrahedral geometries. Lower g values correlate more with pyramidal structures, while higher g values correlate with planar structures. It has also been demonstrated using tris(trialkylsilyl)silyl radicals that the more bulky the ligands are, the more a planar structure will be favored, and the lower the hyperfine coupling constant will be.
Theoretical calculations
It has been shown that there are two main factors that dictate whether a complex will be a Type A, B, or C structure. The lighter the tetrel, the more it will have a tendency to remain planar. This has been ascribed due to the pseudo Jahn–Teller effect, as the E-R anti-bonding orbitals (of R3E•) can more significantly mix with the non-bonding SOMO (singly occupied molecular orbital) due to a more electropositive and diffuse central atom. The barrier for inversion has been calculated at the NL-SCF/TZ2P level to be increasing for EH3• C, Si, Ge, Sn at 0.0, 3.7, 3.8, 7.0 kcal/mol (the barrier for inversion of methyl radical is zero as it is most stable in a planar Type C structure).
References
Free radicals | Trivalent group 14 radicals | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,487 | [
"Senescence",
"Free radicals",
"Biomolecules"
] |
62,410,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate%20chloride | The carbonate chlorides are double salts containing both carbonate and chloride anions. Quite a few minerals are known. Several artificial compounds have been made. Some complexes have both carbonate and chloride ligands. They are part of the family of . In turn these are a part of mixed anion materials.
The carbonate chlorides do not have a bond from chlorine to carbon, however "chlorocarbonate" has also been used to refer to the chloroformates which contain the group ClC(O)O-.
Formation
Natural
Scapolite is produced in nature by metasomatism, where hot high pressure water solutions of carbon dioxide and sodium chloride modify plagioclase.
Chloroartinite is found in Sorel cements exposed to air.
Minerals
In 2016 27 chloride containing carbonate minerals were known.
Artificial
Complexes
The "lanthaballs" are lanthanoid atom clusters held together by carbonate and other ligands. They can form chlorides. Examples are [La13(ccnm)6(CO3)14(H2O)6(phen)18] Cl3(CO3)·25H2O where ccnm is carbamoylcyanonitrosomethanide and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline. Praseodymium (Pr) or cerium (Ce) can substitute for lanthanum (La). Other lanthanide cluster compounds include :(H3O)6[Dy76O10(OH)138(OAc)20(L)44(H2O)34]•2CO3•4
Cl2•L•2OAc (nicknamed Dy76) and (H3O)6[Dy48O6(OH)84(OAc)4(L)15(hmp)18(H2O)20]•CO3•14Cl•2H2O (termed Dy48-T) with OAc=acetate, and L=3-furancarboxylate and Hhmp=2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid.
Platinum can form complexes with carbonate and chloride ligands, in addition to an amino acid. Examples include the platinum compound [Pt(gluH)Cl(CO3)]2.2H2O gluH=glutamic acid, and Na[Pt(gln)Cl2(CO3)].H2O gln=glutamine. Rhodium complexes include Rh2(bipy)2(CO3)2Cl (bipy=bipyridine)
References
Carbonates
Chlorides
Mixed anion compounds
Double salts | Carbonate chloride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 571 | [
"Matter",
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Double salts",
"Salts",
"Ions"
] |
62,410,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvifomes%20robiniae | Fulvifomes robiniae, commonly called the cracked cap polypore, is a fungus of the family of Hymenochaetaceae. The fungus primarily infests black locusts, aided by openings caused by Megacyllene robiniae infestation, but also grows on various other trees such as Carya, oak, and Acacia. Cracked cap polypore is sympatric with most of its hosts. It has a brown spore print, leaving brown streaks on the tree below the fungus.
The species was formerly considered part of the genus Phellinus, but was moved to the genus Fulvifomes when that genus was resurrected based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence.
References
Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of North America
Fungi described in 1903
robiniae
Fungus species | Fulvifomes robiniae | [
"Biology"
] | 169 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
62,410,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Daily | College Daily () is a new media publication whose primary audience is Chinese students studying in North America.
Overview
College Daily was founded in 2014 and expanded from there. The primary audience is overseas Chinese students, particularly those studying in North America.
In August 2019, The New Yorker published a story about College Daily, calling it a "post-truth" publication where Chinese students in the U.S. receive their news." The story noted that College Daily had aggregated and reproduced content sourced from Infowars and RT as well as state propaganda outlets such as Sputnik News.
As of August 2019 the College Daily employed 30 in their Beijing office and 15 at their New York City office.
CollegeDaily has raised a total of $3M in funding over 1 round. This was a Series A round raised on Nov 28, 2017.
CollegeDaily is funded by 3 investors. Tencent Holdings and CMC Capital Group are the most recent investors.
College Daily articles about Yale have been linked to Chinese state propaganda by the Yale Daily News.
History
CollegeDaily.cn is a Beijing-based news and information platform targeting international Chinese students as well as international college and university faculty and Student Affairs professionals.
Founded in 2014, CollegeDailyCN has grown to cover most of international students studying in North America. Every day, over 500,000 reader get useful information from its multiple platforms. It also has a team of student journalists and editors who provide useful articles and researches to the readers.
The College Daily has spread misleading and false information about the 2019 Hong Kong Protests including that protesters would receive a $20 million reward for killing a police officer. The Diplomat described their efforts to spread misleading information as “notorious."
In September 2019 the College Daily published a story calling for Australian journalist and academic Vicky Xiuzhong Xu’s estranged father to be expelled from China due to her outspoken journalism. The article asserted that Xu was an “American mouthpiece” and that she only criticized the Chinese government in order to get political asylum in Australia.
See also
Chinese Students and Scholars Association
References
New media
Mass media companies of China
Mass media companies of the United States | College Daily | [
"Technology"
] | 432 | [
"Multimedia",
"New media"
] |
62,411,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20T.%20Briscoe | Herman Thompson Briscoe (November 6, 1893 – October 8, 1960) was an American chemist and professor of chemistry. The Herman T. Briscoe Professorship in Chemistry at Indiana University was established in 1961, and the Herman T. Briscoe Quadrangle Dormitory was dedicated in 1966.
Early life and education
Herman T. Briscoe was born on November 6, 1893, in Shoals, Indiana. Briscoe received his teaching certificate in 1912 from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana and began teaching at his home high school in Shoals for three academic years before becoming principal of Shoals high school and later superintendent of Shoals school district. He returned to Indiana University, earning his A.B. degree in chemistry with high distinction in 1917. Briscoe would then enlist in the U.S. army as a private in May 1918, transferring to the Hercules Powder Company as a research chemist until his discharge in 1919. Between 1919 and 1922, Briscoe held successful teaching positions at Stark’s Military Academy, as an Austin Teaching Fellow at Harvard University, and at Colby College. Returning to Indiana University for a third time, Herman T. Briscoe received his A.M. and Ph.D. degrees in chemistry in 1924 under the guidance of Professor Frank C. Mathers.
Briscoe married Orah Elberta Briscoe (née Cole) in 1928. Orah, born in Liberty Center, IN in 1907, received her B.A. in Latin in 1929 and her M.A. in English in 1934. In 1929, their first child Catherine was born. They would have a total of 4 children.
Career
After receiving his Ph.D., Herman T. Briscoe was appointed assistant professor of chemistry at Indiana University, working his way to professor of chemistry in 1928. Throughout his career, Briscoe authored or coauthored 23 publications on conductivity, physical properties, and the reactions of organic and inorganic molecules, supervised the graduate studies of 25 students, and published several general chemistry textbooks.
In 1938, President of Indiana University Herman B. Wells appointed Briscoe as the secretary of the newly established self-survey committee, which sought the feedback of faculty and proposed administrative changes accordingly. In the same year, Briscoe was appointed Chairman of the Department of Chemistry of Indiana University following the recommendation of retiring Chairman Robert E. Lyons. Herman Briscoe would continue on to become Indiana University's first Dean of Faculties in 1939 and Vice President of Indiana University in 1940. Briscoe gave up his appointment as Chairman of the Department of Chemistry in order to focus on his administrative roles as Vice President and Dean of Faculties, in which he served until his retirement in 1959.
Organizational involvement
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1934)
Fellow of the Indiana Academy of Science (1935)
American Chemical Society
Phi Beta Kappa
Sigma Xi
Tau Kappa Alpha
Phi Lambda Upsilon
Alpha Chi Sigma
Lambda Chi Alpha
Books
Qualitative Chemical Analysis: Principles and methods, 1931
General Chemistry for Colleges, 1935
The Structure and properties of Matter, 1935
An Introduction to College Chemistry, 1937
References
Indiana University Bloomington faculty
Analytical chemists
American inorganic chemists
1893 births
1960 deaths
Scientists from Indianapolis
People from Martin County, Indiana
Indiana University Bloomington alumni | Herman T. Briscoe | [
"Chemistry"
] | 662 | [
"American inorganic chemists",
"Analytical chemists",
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
62,412,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole%20blood%20clotting%20test | The whole blood clotting test is a blood test used to check the coagulation mechanism in the blood following a snake bite. If the test is positive after a bite in South East Asia it indicates the snake was a viper rather than an elapid.
It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of antivenin therapy.
Method
This test indirectly measures the severity of defibrinogenation in envenomed samples. The test is done by collecting 2 ml of venous blood in a dry and clean glass tube. The clot and stability of the formed clot is checked after 20 minutes.
References
Blood tests | Whole blood clotting test | [
"Chemistry"
] | 129 | [
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
62,413,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere%20Computing | Ampere Computing LLC is an American fabless semiconductor company based in Santa Clara, California that develops processors for servers operating in large scale environments. It was founded in 2017 by Renée James.
Ampere has offices in: Portland, Oregon; Taipei, Taiwan; Raleigh, North Carolina; Bangalore, India; Warsaw, Poland; and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
History
Ampere Computing was founded in the Fall of 2017 by Renée James, ex-President of Intel, with funding from The Carlyle Group. James acquired a team from MACOM Technology Solutions (formerly AppliedMicro) in addition to several industry hires to start the company. Ampere Computing is an ARM architecture licensee and develops its own server microprocessors. Ampere fabricates its products at TSMC.
In April 2019, Ampere announced its second major investment round, including investment from Arm Holdings and Oracle Corporation. In June 2019, Nvidia announced a partnership with Ampere to bring support for Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). In November 2019, Nvidia announced a reference design platform for graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated ARM-based servers including Ampere.
In the first half of 2020, Ampere announced Ampere Altra an 80-core and Ampere Altra Max a 128-core processor without the use of simultaneous multithreading.
In March 2020, the company announced a partnership with Oracle. In September of that year, Oracle said it would launch bare-metal and virtual machine instances in early 2021 based on Ampere Altra.
In November 2020, Ampere was named one of the top 10 hottest semiconductor startups by CRN.
In May 2021, the company announced a partnership with Microsoft. In July of that year, Ampere acquired OnSpecta, an AI technology startup. After the acquisition, the companies were able to demonstrate four times faster acceleration on Ampere-based instances running AI-inference workloads.
In April 2022, Ampere said that it had filed a confidential prospectus with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, signaling its intent to go public.
In June 2022, HPE announced their Gen11 ProLiant system would use Ampere Altra and Ampere Altra Max Cloud Native Processors.
In July 2022, Google announced T2A instances using Ampere Altra in the Google cloud and in August 2022 Microsoft announced their instances of Ampere running in Azure.
Products
Ampere develops ARM-based computer processors and CPU cores under their Altra brands. These are used in databases, media encoding, web services, network acceleration, mobile gaming, AI inference processing, and other applications and programs that need to scale.
On February 5, 2018, Ampere announced the eMAG 8180 featuring 32x Skylark cores fabricated on TSMC's 16FF+ process. It supports a turbo of up to 3.3 GHz with a TDP of 125 W, 8ch 64-bit DDR4, up to 1 TB DDR4 per socket, and 42x PCIe 3.0 Lanes. The Skylark cores were based on AppliedMicro's X-Gene 3. Packet offers servers with the eMAG 8180 and 128 GB DRAM, 480 GB SSD, and 2x 10 Gbit/s networking. On September 19, 2018, Ampere announced the availability of a version featuring 16x Skylark cores.
2020
On March 3, 2020, Ampere announced the Ampere Altra featuring 80 cores fabricated on TSMC's N7 process for hyperscale computing. It was the first server-grade processor to include 80 cores and the Q80-30 conserves power by running at 161 W in use. The cores are semi-custom Arm Neoverse N1 cores with Ampere modifications. It supports a frequency of up to 3.3 GHz with TDP of 250 W, 8ch 72-bit DDR4, up to 4 TB DDR4-3200 per socket, 128x PCIe 4.0 Lanes, 1 MB L2 per core and 32 MB SLC.
Ampere also announced their roadmap with Ampere Altra Max (2021) in development and AmpereOne (2022) defined.
2021
The 128-core Altra Max was released in 2021 and targeted hyperscale cloud providers. It uses the same server socket and platforms as Ampere Altra, and both products have one thread per core. The Altra Max CPUs provide 128 Arm v8.2+ cores per chip and run up to 3.0 GHz. They also support eight channels of DDR4-3200 memory and 128 lanes of PCIe Gen4.
Also in 2021, Oracle launched its Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) using Ampere Altra processors.
2022
In February 2022, Ampere and Rigetti Computing announced a strategic partnership to create hybrid quantum-classical computers. The companies will combine Ampere's Altra Max CPUs with Rigetti's Quantum Processing Units (QPU) in cloud-based High-Performance Computing (HPC) environments.
In April, Microsoft previewed its Azure Virtual Machines running on the Ampere Altra. The VMs run scale-out workloads, web servers, application servers, open source databases, cloud native .NET applications, Java applications, gaming servers, media servers, and other processes.
In May, Ampere announced the sampling of AmpereOne CPUs, 5 nanometer chips based on its in-house Ampere-developed core. AmpereOne will add support for DDR5 main memory and PCIe Gen5 peripherals.
On June 28, 2022, HPE became first tier-one server provider to offer compute with optimized cloud-native silicon for service providers and enterprises embracing cloud-native development with new line of HPE ProLiant RL Gen11 servers, using Ampere® Altra® and Ampere® Altra® Max processors, delivering high performance and power efficiency.
2023
During April 2023, Ampere released the Altra developer's kit, an IoT Prototype Kit based on Ampere Altra, aimed at cloud developers, available in 32-core, 64-core, and 80-core formats.
2024
In May 2024, Ampere updated its AmpereOne roadmap to 256 cores and announced a joint effort with Qualcomm on CPUs and accelerators.
Customers
Ampere's customers include Microsoft Azure, Tencent Cloud, Oracle, ByteDance, Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE), Cloudflare, Equinix, Kingsoft Cloud, Meituan, Scaleway, UCloud, Foxconn Industrial Internet, Gigabyte, Inspur, Cruise, Hetzner, Project Ronin, Wiwynn and Google Cloud Platform
Cruise uses an Ampere Altra variant for its autonomous driving unit. The CPU was selected because of its throughput and low power consumption.
In 2021, Oracle, Microsoft, Tencent, and ByteDance committed to using Ampere's customized chips, first announced in May. In April 2022, Microsoft previewed Ampere Altra processors in its new Azure D-and E- series virtual machines. The Dpsv5 series is built for Linux enterprise application types, and the Epsv5 series is for memory-intensive Linux workloads. They provide up to 64 vCPUs, include VM sizes with 2GiB, 4GiB, and 8GiB per vCPU memory configurations, up to 40 Gbit/s networking, and high-performance local SSD storage.
In 2022, Microsoft's Ampere Altra-based Azure servers became the first cloud solution provider server to be Arm SystemReady SR certified. The Azure VMs, powered by Altra processors, were also the first to be SystemReady Virtual Environment standard certified. SystemReady defines a set of firmware and hardware standards as a baseline for system development for software developers, original equipment vendors, and chipmakers.
References
External links
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
Companies based in Silicon Valley
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Fabless semiconductor companies
Technology companies established in 2017
American companies established in 2019
Cloud computing
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
The Carlyle Group companies | Ampere Computing | [
"Technology"
] | 1,699 | [
"Announced information technology acquisitions",
"Information technology",
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
62,413,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spornosexual | Spornosexual is a blend of sports and the clipping porno, compounded with sexual. The term was coined by Mark Simpson in 2014 to describe a man "who is influenced in his appearance by the stars of sport and pornography". It recognises young men who use "their toned bodies on social media as a means of feeling valuable in society." Jamie Hakim has described this as a "power-shift of a segment of society who have historically defined themselves through their mind, whilst at the same time defining those they have subordinated - such as women - through their bodies".
Simpson also coined the term metrosexual in 1994.
Details
The term originated in an article by cultural commentator Mark Simpson in 2014; Simpson's metrosexual is a portmanteau of metropolitan and heterosexual. He describes spornosexuals as frequently working class men who exercise at a gym in order to share eroticised selfies of their toned bodies on social media. Simpson considers spornosexuality as the second, more extreme, generation of metrosexuality, since the "uptake by men of products, practises and pleasures previously ring-fenced for women and gay men" has become normalised. Instead, Simpson claims, spornosexual men want to be recognised for their bodies rather than their clothes. Examples of such men include Dan Osborne, Thom Evans, David McIntosh and Cristiano Ronaldo.
Jamie Hakim's research, "The Spornosexual: the affective contradictions of male body-work in neoliberal digital culture", was published in the Journal of Gender Studies in 2016. Hakim writes that young men defining their value through their body is a response to the effects of austerity on them since 2008, when the ability to create value through other means became harder. "This is all the more surprising because this use of body-image to derive social value has long been associated with groups men tended to be viewed as inferior." HuffPost said this research "went as far as blaming the financial crisis for the rise of the 'Spornosexual'".
Greg Wolfman has written about a proliferation of men's "consumer lifestyles", or "marketed manhoods", that includes spornosexual with lumbersexual and hipster.
See also
References
Further reading
Popular culture neologisms
Cultural appropriation
Narcissism
Fashion
Stereotypes of men
Stereotypes of urban people
Terms for men
Subcultures
2010s fads and trends
2010s neologisms
Heterosexuality | Spornosexual | [
"Biology"
] | 528 | [
"Behavior",
"Narcissism",
"Human behavior"
] |
62,414,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging | Portable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is referred to the imaging provided by an MRI scanner that has mobility and portability. It provides MR imaging to the patient in-time and on-site, for example, in intensive care unit (ICU) where there is danger associated with moving the patient, in an ambulance, after a disaster rescue, or in a field hospital/medical tent.
Superconducting-magnet-based portable MRI
The superconducting magnet is one of the main sources to supply a homogeneous main static magnetic field (B0) for MR imaging. Normally it ranges from 1 T to 7 T. To obtain mobility for a conventional MRI scanner that uses a superconducting magnet to supply B0, it is placed in a trailer.
The magnetic field strength of such a mobile MRI scanner is within the range of 1.5 T to 3 T. The weight of the scanner is the same as one sited in a hospital and the price is higher than a traditional one in the hospital, which is due to the mobility added to the scanner. It can be sited by a medical tent by a battlefield.
Resistive electromagnet-based portable MRI
The electromagnet is another source to supply homogeneous B0 for MR imaging. It offers mobility to MRI as electromagnet is relatively light and easier to move around compared to a superconducting magnet. Moreover, an electromagnet does not require a complicated cooling system. Matthew Rosen and his colleagues from Massachusetts General Hospital have developed a 6.5 mT (65 Gauss) electromagnet-based system. The scanner has a 220 cm diameter and is sited in a copper-mesh enclosure where it has been used mostly for human head imaging, although the system was originally designed to perform hyperpolarized 3He lung imaging with subjects in both upright and horizontal orientations. Magritek has a table-top system using an electromagnet to supply B0. The imaging volume is a cylinder with a diameter of 1–2 cm. The downside of using an electromagnet for MRI is the field strength. It is usually below 10 mT if the field of view (FoV) is relatively large, e.g. a diameter of spherical volume (DSV) of 20 cm for head imaging.
Permanent-magnet-based portable MRI
A permanent magnet array (PMA) can supply B0 field for MRI. It does not require power nor a cooling system, which helps to simplify the hardware of a scanner favoring portability. To supply a homogeneous B0 within an FoV of 40–50 cm for a body scan, a PMA, usually in a C-shape or an H-shape, goes up to a room size and is heavy. The field strength is usually below 0.5 T. Siemens has a product, MAGNETOM C, which has a magnetic field of 0.35 T for a body scan. The scanner is a room-sized, 233×206×160 cm, and has a weight of 17.6 tons. Its FoV can go up to 40 cm with a homogeneity of less than 100 ppm. When the concept of body dedication is applied to a PMA-based system where the magnet and other apparatus are built around a targeted body-part under imaging (e.g. the angle, the knee, the shoulder, the arm), the size of the scanner can be reduced to half of a room-size
for a homogeneous field for a DSV of around 10–15 cm. A C-shaped PMA was reduced to a table-top size to have a homogeneous field within a DSV of 1–2 cm for imaging
Using a PMA to supply a homogeneous B0 and relying on linear gradient fields supplied by gradient coils cannot give us a PMA with portability and a relatively large imaging volume simultaneously. Allowing magnetic field that has non-linear gradients to encode the signal for imaging leads to the possibility of having a relatively light PMA (tens to hundreds of kgs) and a relatively large FoV (15–25 DSV) at the same time. A Halbach array supplies a magnetic field that points in the transversal direction and has a quadrupolar pattern
. An Inward-outward (IO) ring pair array supplies a magnetic field that points in the longitudinal direction which allows the application of the advancement of RF coils to the system. The pattern supplied by the latest designed IO ring pair array can be very close to a linear pattern, which leads to an efficient signal encoding and a good image quality
Calculation tools that calculate the magnetic fields of an PMA are necessary for an PMA design. A fast calculation provide high flexibility in magnet designs. MagTetris is a recently proposed method for fast calculations of magnetic fields.
Forums on portable MRI/low-field MRI
ISMRM Workshop on Low Field MRI, 17-18 March 2022
A special section at the 2022 IEEE International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC 2022)， High field or low field for MRI, what do you think?, 16-18 May 2022
References
Magnetic resonance imaging
Medical imaging | Portable magnetic resonance imaging | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,055 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Magnetic resonance imaging"
] |
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