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75,415,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-54175446 | JNJ-54175446 is an investigational P2X7 receptor antagonist developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. It is hoped that the drug can reduce neuroinflammation and therefore treat psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder.
See also
JNJ-55308942
References
Drugs developed by Johnson & Johnson
Receptor antagonists
Purines
Triazolopyridines
Chloroarenes
Fluoroarenes
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Small-molecule drugs
Experimental antidepressants | JNJ-54175446 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 107 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Receptor antagonists"
] |
75,415,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C25H29N3O | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C25H29N3O}}
The molecular formula C25H29N3O (Molar mass: 387.527 g/mol) may refer to:
CUMYL-NBMINACA
Nufenoxole | C25H29N3O | [
"Chemistry"
] | 57 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
69,539,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20appearances%20of%20the%20Moon%20in%20fiction | The Moon has been the subject of many works of art and literature and the inspiration for numerous others. The Moon in fiction is a motif in the visual arts, the performing arts, poetry, prose, and music. Works are included in this list if they are fictional and prominently feature the Moon.
Before the telescope was invented (–1608)
Lucian's and True History, written in the 2nd century AD, deal with imaginary voyages to the Moon such as on a fountain after going past the Pillars of Hercules. The theme did not become popular until the 17th century.
The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, a 10th-century Japanese folktale, tells of a mysterious Moon Princess growing up on Earth as the adopted daughter of a bamboo cutter and his wife, dazzling human Princes and the Emperor himself with her beauty, and finally going back to her people at "The Capital of the Moon" (Tsuki-no-Miyako 月の都), leaving many broken hearts on Earth. It is among the first texts of any culture assuming the Moon to be an inhabited world and describing travel between it and the Earth.
One of the earliest fictional flights to the Moon took place on the pages of Ludovico Ariosto's well-known Italian epic poem Orlando Furioso (1516). The protagonist Orlando, having been thwarted in love, goes mad with despair and rampages through Europe and Africa, destroying everything in his path. The English knight Astolfo, seeking to find a cure for Orlando's madness, flies up to the Moon in Elijah's flaming chariot. In this depiction, the Moon is where everything lost on Earth is to be found, including Orlando's wits, and Astolfo brings them back in a bottle and makes Orlando sniff them, thus restoring him to sanity.
A fairy tale titled The Buried Moon features the Moon walking on Earth in its anthropomorphic form. After getting stuck in a bog, it is imprisoned by evil creatures. The Moon is then rescued by humans with the aid of an old wise woman.
From the first telescope to Apollo 11 (1608–1969)
The invention of the telescope hastened the popular acceptance of the concept of "a world in the Moon", that the Moon was an inhabitable planet which might be reached via some sort of aerial carriage.
Fantasy
Literature
Pan Twardowski, a sorcerer who made a deal with the Devil in Polish folklore and literature, is depicted as having escaped from the Devil who was taking him to Hell and ending up living on the Moon, his only companion being a spider; from time to time Twardowski lets the spider descend to Earth on a thread and bring him news from the world below.
Edward Young's poem entitled The Complaint, and the Consolation; or, Night Thoughts (1742–1745), was a favorite of poets and painters of Romanticism including William Blake and Samuel Palmer.
"The Galoshes of Fortune" (1838) by Hans Christian Andersen. A watchman unknowingly fits on a pair of magic galoshes that can grant people's wishes. As he wishes he could visit the Moon the shoes send him flying there. There he meets several Moon men who all wonder whether Earth is inhabited and decide this must be impossible. Back on Earth the lifeless body of the watchman is found and he is brought to a hospital, where they take his shoes off, breaking the spell again. He awakens and declares it to have been the most terrible night he had ever experienced.
The Marvellous and Incredible Adventures of Charles Thunderbolt, in the Moon (1851) by Charles Rumball, features a steam-powered spaceship which allows the protagonist to travel to the Moon and Jupiter.
The Princess of the Moon: A Confederate Fairy Story (1869) by "A Lady of Warrenton, Va" (Cora Semmes Ives) has the "Fairy of the Moon" descend to Earth to save a Confederate soldier from his grief after the U.S. Civil War. She gifts him with a Pegasus steed that can fly him anywhere. After surveying the South and the Union, he flies to the Moon, meets the king of the Moon and his people, falls in love with the princess, and helps their kingdom fight off an invasion of Union soldiers arriving in balloons.
In Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska's Living Grave: A Ukrainian Legend [Zhyva Mohyla: Ukrainska Lehenda], first published in 1889, the Moon is often referred as the 'kozak (cossack) sun'.
Johnny Gruelle's 1922 children's book, The Magical Land of Noom, relates the adventures of two Earth children among the inhabitants of the far side of the Moon.
Roverandom by J. R. R. Tolkien was written in 1925 to console his son Michael, then four years old, for the loss of a beloved toy dog. In the story, the dog has flown to the Moon and had a whole series of amusing adventures there. The story was only published posthumously. In addition, Isil and the guidesman Tilion in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth cosmology are based in Tolkien's familiarity with Norse and Gaelic myths of the Moon.
"The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late" (1923) is J. R. R. Tolkien's imagined original song behind the nursery rhyme "Hey Diddle Diddle The Cat and the Fiddle ... the cow jumped over the moon", invented by back formation.
Doctor Dolittle in the Moon (1928) was intended to be the last of Hugh Lofting's Doctor Dolittle books. The Doctor, with his unique ability to communicate with animals, arrived in the Moon on the back of a giant moth and finds a considerably different kind of fauna (for example, Moon insects are far bigger than the local birds), and more startlingly, intelligent plants whose language he learns (as he never did with earthly plants). He also meets the Moon's single human inhabitant, a prehistoric man who has grown into an enormous giant due to lunar foods and conditions (which soon happens to the doctor himself). But it is doubtful whether he would ever be allowed to return to Earth.
The literary basis of the 1962 Polish fantasy movie The Two Who Stole the Moon was a story of the same title, written by Kornel Makuszyński in 1928.
Goodnight Moon (1947) by Margaret Wise Brown, illustrated by Clement Hurd.
The Distance of the Moon, the first and probably the best-known story in the Cosmicomics collection of short stories by Italian author Italo Calvino. Calvino takes the fact that the Moon used to be much closer to the Earth and builds a story about a love triangle among people who used to jump between the Earth and the Moon, in which lovers drift apart as the Moon recedes.
Theater
Il mondo della luna (1777)
, an 1899 operetta by Paul Lincke, depicts a fantastic Moon which the protagonist, amateur inventor Steppke, comes to visit.
Film
Melody Time (1948). In the segment "Pecos Bill", Pecos Bill's fiancée Slue Foot Sue gets thrown to the Moon by Pecos' horse Widowmaker, where she stays for all time. Bill is so depressed by the loss of his love that he howls at the Moon, and coyotes join in out of sympathy. This is a tall tale of why coyotes howl at the Moon.
The Two Who Stole the Moon (1962) has twin brothers capture the Moon in a fishing net as the Moon sets down.
Science fiction
Literature
Early stories
17th century
Vejamen de la Luna (A Satirical Tract on the Moon) by Anastasio Pantaleón de Ribera (written in 1626 and published posthumously in 1634). The writer falls asleep and is transported to Selenopolis, the Imperial Court of the Moon. This lunar city is a disguised Madrid, where poets are satirized as lunatics. The work, although apparently following the traditional Ptolemaic vision of the cosmos, responds to the new cosmology as presented by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler.
The Dream (Somnium) (1634) by Johannes Kepler (written before 1610, but not published during Kepler's life). An Icelandic voyager is transported to the Moon by aerial demons; an occasion for Kepler to offer some of his astronomical theories in the guise of fiction.
The Man in the Moone (1638) by Francis Godwin. A Spaniard flies to the Moon using a contraption pulled by geese. The lunar journey is according to the scholar Sarah Hutton a key element of "the utopian aspect of the narrative, as the vital link between earthly and lunar societies".
The Discovery of a World in the Moone, or a discourse tending to prove that 'tis probable there may be another habitable world in that planet. (1638) by John Wilkins.
Voyage dans la Lune (1657) by Cyrano de Bergerac, inspired by Godwin. Cyrano is launched toward the Moon by fireworks.
18th century
The Consolidator (1705) by Daniel Defoe. Travels between China and the Moon on an engine called The Consolidator (a satire on the Parliament of England).
A Voyage to Cacklogallinia (1727) by Samuel Brunt
Acajou et Zirphile (1744) by Charles Pinot Duclos. In this satirical fairy tale, the prince Acajou travels to the Moon to retrieve the severed head of the princess Zirphile and restore it to her body.
Syzygies and Lunar Quadratures Aligned to the Meridian of Mérida of the Yucatán by an Anctitone or Inhabitant of the Moon (1775), by Franciscan friar Manuel Antonio de Rivas
Newest Voyage (1784) by Vasily Levshin. A protagonist flies in a self-constructed winged apparatus.
The improbable adventures of Baron Munchausen (1786) included two voyages to the Moon, and a description of its flora and fauna.
A Voyage to the Moon (1793) by Aratus (the penname of an anonymous British author, not the original Greek scientist)
19th century
The Conquest by the Moon (1809) by Washington Irving. An invasion story meant as an allegory about treatment of Native Americans by European settlers in America.
Land of Acephals (1824) by Wilhelm Küchelbecker. Flight in a balloon.
A Voyage to the Moon (1827) by George Tucker.
"The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" (1835) by Edgar Allan Poe features a repairer of bellows in Rotterdam who creates a giant balloon and an 'air compressor' to allow him to travel to the Moon.
In the Great Moon Hoax of 1835, a newspaper reporter concocted a series of stories purporting to describe the discovery of life on the Moon, talking of such creatures as winged humanoids and goats.
20th century
The Hopkins Manuscript (1939) is a social-political dystopian novel written by R. C. Sherriff. It describes how the nations of the world, bent on destroying each other, band together to meet a common disaster—the imminent threat of the Moon itself landing on Earth.
First voyage
The first flight to the Moon was a popular topic of science fiction before the actual landing in 1969.
From the Earth to the Moon (1865) and its sequel Around the Moon (1870) by Jules Verne, in which a projectile is launched from Florida and lands in the Pacific Ocean, not unlike in the Apollo program lunar orbit rendezvous.
In Les Exilés de la Terre (Exiled from Earth, 1887), by Paschal Grousset (writing as André Laurie), a Sudanese mountain composed of pure iron ore is converted into a huge electro-magnet and catapulted to the Moon where the protagonists have various adventures.
The First Men in the Moon (1901) by H. G. Wells in which a spaceship gets to the Moon with the aid of Cavorite; a material which shields out gravity. It is inhabited by insect-like Selenites who are ruled by a Grand Lunar, and who prevent Cavor from returning to Earth after learning of humanity's warlike nature.
Na srebrnym globie [The Silver Globe] (1903), by Polish writer Jerzy Żuławski in which a first expedition from Earth gives birth to a lunar society. The story was continued in Zwycięzca [The Conqueror] (1910) and Stara Ziemia [The Old Earth] (1911). This so-called Lunar Trilogy was the first modern Polish SF story. It was adapted to the screen as On the Silver Globe by Andrzej Żuławski.
"Trends" is a 1939 short story by Isaac Asimov in which religious fanatics oppose a fictional first flight to the Moon in the 1970s.
Prelude to Space is a 1951 novel by Arthur C. Clarke recounting the events leading up to a fictional first flight to the Moon in 1978.
Colonization
Human settlements on the Moon are found in many science fiction novels, short stories and films. Not all have the Moon colony itself as central to the plot.
Menace from the Moon (1925), by English writer Bohun Lynch. A lunar colony, founded in 1654 by a Dutchman, an Englishman, an Italian, and "their women", threatens Earth with heat-ray doom unless it helps them escape their dying world.
Earthlight (1955) by Arthur C. Clarke. A settlement on the Moon becomes caught in the crossfire of a war between Earth and a federation of Mars and Venus.
A Fall of Moondust (1961) by Arthur C. Clarke. A lunar dust boat full of tourists sinks into a sea of Moon dust.
Inhabited Moon
The Moon is sometimes imagined as having, now or in the distant past, indigenous life and civilization.
The narrator is a London businessman named Bedford who withdraws to the countryside to write a play, by which he hopes to alleviate his financial problems. Bedford rents a small countryside house in Lympne, in Kent, where he wants to work in peace. He is bothered every afternoon, however, at precisely the same time, by a passer-by making odd noises. After two weeks Bedford accosts the man, who proves to be a reclusive physicist named Mr. Cavor. Bedford befriends Cavor when he learns he is developing a new material, cavorite, which can negate the force of gravity.
The First Men in the Moon (1901) by H. G. Wells, the Moon is inhabited by insectoid "Selenites". Jules Verne objected to the story as Wells had relied on an invented anti-gravity mechanism rather than a plausible technology.
Lost Paradise (1936) by C. L. Moore. This Northwest Smith story tells how the once-fertile Moon became an airless wasteland.
In C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength (1945), written in response to Wells' book, the Moon (Sulva) is described as being home to a race of extreme eugenicists. On the near side, the elite caste seems to have dispensed with organic existence altogether, by some means never clearly described; the only holdouts against this trend are an embattled minority on the far side. The response of the characters to this state of affairs varies according to their status: Professor Filostrato, of the wicked N.I.C.E., considers the Sulvans "[a] great race, further advanced than we", while the Christian champion Elwin Ransom describes them as "an accursed people, full of pride and lust."
In Badger's Moon (1949) by Elleston Trevor, four animals travel to the Moon by rocket ship and meet the inhabitants.
Moon Man (1966) by Tomi Ungerer features the Man from the Moon coming to Earth, where he is imprisoned because he's different.
The ″Lomokome″ Papers (1968) by Herman Wouk. Lt. Daniel Butler is left marooned on the Moon. A rescue ship finds a manuscript written by Lt. Butler where he tells a story of how he was held captive by people who live beneath the Moon's surface and how they conduct their lives, introducing various social and political commentaries by Wouk. For example, since wars are won by the possessor of the greatest industrial potential, the city states of the Moon have replaced war by intensive drives to produce consumer goods, the highest producer being declared the winner without needing to mobilize soldiers to kill each other.
The Matthew Looney series of children's books by Jerome Beatty Jr (written 1961–1978) is an amusing set of stories about an inhabited Moon whose government is intent on invading the Earth.
Robert A. Heinlein
Robert A. Heinlein wrote extensively, prolifically, and inter-connectedly about first voyages and colonization of the Moon, which he most often called Luna.
Heinlein was also involved with the films Destination Moon and Project Moonbase.
"Requiem" (1940). A lyrical story about Harriman, the man who financed the first Moon landing (see also "The Man Who Sold the Moon", below).
Rocket Ship Galileo (1947). A physicist and several prodigy teenagers convert a sub-orbital rocket ship to reach the Moon where they are profoundly surprised and have to act quickly to deal with a malignant menace.
"Columbus Was a Dope", as Lyle Monroe, (1947). In a bar on the Moon, a chance encounter reveals both deep and practical attitudes about space exploration.
"The Long Watch" (aka "Rebellion on the Moon", 1948). An officer in charge of a nuclear arsenal on the Moon makes tough decisions.
"Gentlemen, Be Seated!" (1948). A dangerous leak develops in a lunar tunnel and the men devise a unique way to deal with it until a repair can be made.
"The Black Pits of Luna" (1948). A Boy Scout visits cities on the Moon.
"The Man Who Sold the Moon" (1949 short story, first published in 1951). In this story, a prequel to "Requiem" (above), events revolve around a fictional first Moon landing in 1978.
"Nothing Ever Happens on the Moon" (1949). A 21st-century Boy Scout on the Moon encounters numerous hazards and predicaments in a bid to earn Eagle Scout (Moon).
The Rolling Stones (1952). The exceptional Stone family lives on the Moon and after extensive background and preparation of their own ship they depart to tour and live in the Solar System.
"The Menace From Earth", 1957. A lunar teenage girl's romance is disrupted by a newcomer. Extensive descriptions, most noteworthy is the muscle-power flying in a huge sealed cavern.
"Searchlight", (1962). A short-short piece about a rescue on the Moon.
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966). In this Hugo Award winning novel, the Moon is a penal colony, especially for political prisoners and their descendants. They revolt for independence from Earth-based control. The novel discusses issues of sustainability, health, transportation, family organization, artificial intelligence, and political governance.
The Cat Who Walks Through Walls (1985). About a third of the book takes place on a Free Luna that is a continuation of the Luna in The Moon is a Harsh Mistress. Free-enterprise is rampant; Luna City is called L-City. Hazel Stone from The Rolling Stones and TMiaHM appears.
Film
Le Voyage dans la Lune (1902) written and directed by Georges Méliès. Released in the US as A Trip to the Moon. A French silent film loosely based upon the Jules Verne novel From the Earth to the Moon and the First Men in the Moon. Includes a famous scene where the rocket hits the Man of the Moon in the eye.
Frau im Mond ("Woman in the Moon", 1929), written and directed by Fritz Lang. Based on the novel Die Frau im Mond (1928) by Lang's then-wife and collaborator Thea von Harbou, translated in English as The Rocket to the Moon (1930). The film was released in the US as By Rocket to the Moon, and in the UK as Woman in the Moon. A silent movie often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films, in which the basics of rocket travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time.
Things to Come (1936) was an early science fiction film and featured a spacecraft sending two people on the first crewed flight around the Moon launched into space by a space gun in the year 2036.
Destination Moon (1950) was a groundbreaking science fiction film, based on a story treatment by Robert A. Heinlein and directed by George Pal.
Project Moonbase (1953). A failed television pilot converted into a film.
First Men in the Moon (1964) is a science fiction film loosely based on H. G. Wells' novel The First Men in the Moon.
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. Includes a scene at a lunar administrative base in the Clavius crater.
Planet of the Apes (1968) by Franklin J. Schaffner. Dodge observes that there is no moon in the sky, implying that the Moon was destroyed during the wars that turned the Earth into the Planet of the Apes.
Television
Men into Space (1959–1960) is a science-fiction television series produced by Ziv Television Programs, Inc. and broadcast on CBS. The series depicted the efforts of the U.S. Air Force to send American astronauts into space. Several episodes depicted the first lunar landing, additional flights to the Moon, building and working on Moon bases, and using the Moon as a staging area to launch a mission to Mars.
An early episode of the long-running British television series Doctor Who features the Moon before the Apollo 11 mission:
The Moonbase (1967). A four-part serial set in the year 2070, where a moonbase has been established to use a gravity-control device called the Gravitron to control the weather on Earth.
Comics
In an early Ibis the Invincible story the Moon has members of a humanoid race composed of stone that competed with humanity over the Earth and were exiled to the Moon thousands of years ago where they are frozen. A Professor makes a rocket ship to go to the Moon with Taia, and Ibis follows them. Two of the creatures are taken on the ship, and revive on a journey back to Earth, but are killed when the spaceship crashes.
De Avonturen van Pa Pinkelman (1945) by Godfried Bomans and drawn by Carol Voges has the characters set foot on the Moon, where they spent a long time and meet an entire society, even with his own national anthem.
In Hergé's Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon (1953–1954), Tintin and his companions make the first voyage to the Moon and Tintin becomes the first explorer on the Moon.
In The Adventures of Nero story "De Daverende Pitteleer" (1959) by Marc Sleen Nero and his friends accidentally land on the Moon. They meet a Moon man there too, before continuing their flight to their original destination on Earth. The Moon is depicted just like Earth, with the characters walking around without having to use a space helmet or undergoing any effect of gravity loss.
In The Adventures of Nero story "De Paarse Futen" (1968) Nero and his friends travel at sea and pick up a pair of American astronauts who crash-landed in the ocean after their attempt to travel to the Moon once again failed. Adhemar uses a magic wand to send them to the Moon and says: "This time the Americans beat the Russians." Near the end of the story a US military official arrives to congratulate Adhemar for what he has done and awards him a medal.
In the Marvel Universe, the Moon contains the Blue Area, the home of the Inhumans. It was built by the Skrull race, in events which led to their Inter-galactic war with the Kree race. The powerful Watcher, Uatu, watches the Solar System from a base on the Moon. In FF #13 the Fantastic Four make the first landing on the Moon (this was published before 1969), and battle the communist villain the Red Ghost and his Super-apes.
After Apollo 11 (1969–)
Fantasy
Literature
In the first book of the Captain Underpants series by Dav Pilkey (1997), a villain named Dr. Diaper attempted to blow up the Moon using a crystal powered by the Laser-Matic 2000, a plan to destroy every major city on Earth.
Rabbit and the Moon (1998) by Douglas Wood, how Rabbit reached the Moon.
The Boy Who Climbed Into the Moon (2010) by David Almond, about a boy who climbs a ladder to the Moon and goes inside.
Theater
The End of the Moon by Laurie Anderson is a 90-minute monologue created as part of Anderson's two years as NASA artist-in-residence. It premiered in a two-week run at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Harvey Theater in March 2005.
Far Side of the Moon by Robert Lepage, a theatre creator/performer from Québec.
Music
"Moon," a solo track by Jin, featured on BTS' 2020 studio album Map of the Soul: 7. Jin assumes the perspective of the Moon, circling and being perpetually watchful of the Earth, which represents the group's fanbase.
Television
H2O: Just Add Water (2006–2010). The Moon influences the life of the mermaids, is able to transform normal people into mermaids and turn mermaids into humans.
Two spin-off series; Mako: Island of Secrets (2013–2016) and H2O: Mermaid Adventures (2015).
Science fiction
Literature
Colonization
Human settlements on the Moon are found in many science fiction novels, short stories and films. Not all have the Moon colony itself as central to the plot.
The Lathe of Heaven (1971) by Ursula K. Le Guin. In one of the alternate realities in the novel lunar bases are established by 2002, only to be attacked by aliens from Aldebaran (who in another reality turn out to be benign).
The Gods Themselves (1973) by Isaac Asimov. The third section of the novel takes place in a lunar settlement in the early 22nd Century.
Inherit the Stars (1977) by James P. Hogan is the first book of the Giants series. The Moon turns out to have previously orbited Minerva, a planet that exploded to form the asteroid belt 50,000 years ago.
Lunar Descent by Allen Steele (1991) Set in 2024, the novel describes a base called Descartes Station.
Ice (2002) by Shane Johnson. A fictional Apollo 19 mission takes a disastrous turn when the Apollo Lunar Module ascent engine fails to fire. The astronauts then set out on their own as far as their new heavy lunar rover will take them. Their exploration leads miraculously to an ancient—but still functioning—lunar base.
People Came From Earth by Stephen Baxter, printed in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Seventeenth Annual Collection.
The Juniper Tree by John Kessel tells of a free-love matriarchal society on the Moon, printed in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Eighteenth Annual Collection
In the novels A Fall of Moondust, Earthlight, Rendezvous with Rama, and 2001: A Space Odyssey, by Arthur C. Clarke, colonies of various sizes and functions exist on the Moon—some the size of cities
The Moonrise and Moonwar books by Ben Bova tell the story of a lunar base built by an American corporation, which eventually rebels against Earth control. The books form part of the "Grand Tour" series.
Moonfall (1998) by Jack McDevitt features a comet heading for a collision with the Moon just as the first base is being opened. .
The short story "Byrd Land Six" (2010) by Alastair Reynolds includes a Moon colony centered around mining helium-3.
In the Hyperion stories by Dan Simmons, the Moon is one of several hundred colonized celestial bodies; however, it is left almost entirely abandoned as 99% of the existing colonized planets are preferable to the Moon.
Life as We Knew It (2006) by Susan Beth Pfeffer, a novel focusing on the effects of an asteroid colliding with the Moon and knocking its orbit closer to Earth.
Learning the World by Ken MacLeod, a first contact novel. Humans trace their history from the Moon caves, the inference being failure of the primary.
Luna is the capital of the Society and home of its Sovereign in Pierce Brown's Red Rising series of novels: Red Rising (2014), Golden Son (2015) and Morning Star (2016).
Luna: New Moon (2015) by Ian McDonald, and its 2016 sequel Luna: Wolf Moon, are about several rival families which compete for helium-3 mining operations on the Moon.
Limit (2013) by Frank Schätzing: a sf thriller concerning the mining of Helium-3 and tourism activities on the Moon.
Neal Stephenson's Seveneves (2015) opens with an unexplained event shattering the Moon. In the aftermath of the Earth's devastation by the fragments, a handful of survivors settle on the Moon's now-exposed iron core.
Artemis, a 2017 Andy Weir novel set in a fictional but scientifically plausible lunar city. The city's economy (based on tourism) is described in considerable detail. Major resources include a nuclear power plant, an aluminum smelter and an oxygen production facility.
Film
Moon Zero Two (1969). Billed as a 'space western', this Hammer Films production followed shortly after 2001: A Space Odyssey. In the year 2021 the Moon is in the process of being colonized, and this new frontier is attracting a diverse group of people.
Flash Gordon (1980). Emperor Ming the Merciless plans to destroy the Earth by pushing the Moon on a collision course; at the beginning of the film he showers the Earth with lunar rocks.
Superman II (1980) Three supervillains from the Phantom Zone (Ursa, General Zod, and Non) kill all the astronauts on a mission on the Moon before heading to Earth.
Airplane II: The Sequel (1982) A spaceplane is launched on a voyage to a colonized settlement on the Moon, encountering many difficulties on the way.
Nothing Lasts Forever (1984) A comedy in which the New York Port Authority takes tourists on bus trips to the Moon.
Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman and Nuclear Man fight on the Moon, eventually causing a solar eclipse.
Moontrap (1989). Astronauts find ancient woman and alien robots on the Moon.
The Dark Side of the Moon (1990). It is revealed that the Bermuda Triangle opens a gateway to Hell when it aligns with another triangular zone on the far side of the Moon, allowing the Devil to haunt and kill the crews of any vessel or spaceship that goes between the two triangles.
Star Trek: First Contact (1996). By the 24th century there were approximately 50 million people living on the Moon, and on a clear day, at least two cities and man-made Lake Armstrong were visible from Earth – as such, time-traveler William Riker, sitting in the cockpit of the first warp prototype, marvels at the sight of the "unspoiled" Moon in 2063.
Starship Troopers (1997). In the 23rd century, the Moon has been colonized with many military bases on it, and has a huge space station orbiting it, from which starships launch on voyages.
The Fifth Element (1997) the Moon is implied to be colonized as the protagonist receives angry calls from his mother complaining about being left there instead of being brought along to a rigged vacation he won. The ball of fire directed by the "Great Evil" is turned into a second moon that orbits the Earth; the film's novelization confirms that our current Moon was the previous attempt of the Great Evil to destroy the Earth.
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999). Dr. Evil attempts to destroy Washington, D.C., with a giant laser from his Moon base, but Austin Powers is able to stop him.
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000). In a dream, Sherman Klump accidentally blows up the Moon while trying to prevent an asteroid hitting Earth, which it does.
Titan A.E. (2000). When an evil alien race called the Drej destroys Earth, huge chunks of debris from Earth collide with the Moon and break it in half, destroying it.
Space Cowboys (2000). An astronaut rides a disused Russian satellite with nuclear missiles to the Moon to prevent it from entering Earth's atmosphere.
Millennium Actress (2001). One of the films that the actress Chiyoko Fujiwara stars in is a sci-fi one, in which a spaceship launches from a base on the Moon on an interstellar voyage.
Recess: School's Out (2001). A tractor beam is used in a school in an attempt to move the Moon into a different orbit around Earth, which would end summer and cause a new ice age.
The Adventures of Pluto Nash (2002) is set on an extensively colonized Moon in the 2080s.
The Time Machine (2002). The Moon is accidentally destroyed by human efforts at colonization in 2037. The film is not specific as to how exactly it occurs, but the use of nuclear weapons for creating caverns is cited as a cause. The destruction causes humanity to divide into Morlocks and Eloi.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005). The Moon is shown being rebuilt by the Magrathian construction crew in orbit around the new Earth Mark II, implying that it was also destroyed when the Vogons destroyed the first Earth.
WALL-E (2008) One scene in this film seems to reference an abandoned human colonization attempt on the Moon in the early 22nd century; a holographic sign is seen next to the Apollo 11 landing site advertising a proposal for an outlet mall on the Moon.
Impact (2009) In this TV miniseries, the Moon is hit by a meteor shower, sending it on a collision course with Earth.
Watchmen (2009) During the title sequence of this alternate history superhero film, Doctor Manhattan is shown assisting the Apollo 11 mission, filming Neil Armstrong as he walks on the Moon.
Mr. Nobody (2009) In the future depicted by this movie Mars is shown to be colonized and in the extended cut, a TV ad promotes a vacation on the Moon, implying that it has been colonized as well.
Moon (2009) Film about a solitary lunar employee mining for new energy resources who experiences a personal crisis as the end of his three-year contract nears. It is the feature debut of director Duncan Jones starring Sam Rockwell.
Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) The Apollo 11 mission to the Moon in 1969 turned out to be a top secret mission to examine the remains of an ancient Transformer Spacecraft containing deceased alien robots.
Apollo 18 (2011) follows a fictional top-secret Apollo 18 mission and its discovery on the Moon.
Iron Sky (2012) Nazis attack the Earth from a base on the dark side of the Moon while a coalition, led by president Sarah Palin attempts to defeat them.
Men in Black 3 (2012) opens with the alien antagonist escaping from LunarMax, a maximum security prison on the Moon.
Oblivion (2013) An alien race destroys the Moon, causing massive earthquakes and tsunamis that cause great damage to the Earth.
Stranded (2013) Astronauts working at a lunar mining base are harassed by an aggressive alien life form.
Independence Day: Resurgence (2016) A defense base is on the Moon.
Beyond Skyline (2017) The film ends with an alien spaceship battle next to the Moon.
Alita: Battle Angel (2019) The protagonist has a flashback that reminds her that she once fought in a battle on the lunar surface.
Ad Astra (2019) In this film, the Moon has various bases and colonies for tourism, with countries competing to gain more lunar territory for their mining companies and pirates attacking those who cross the satellite's "no man's land". The protagonist is appalled by humanity making life on the Moon similar to Earth's.
Television
Moonbase 3 (1973). A British science fiction television show about a lunar base; aired six episodes.
Two Gerry Anderson's series featured moonbases:
UFO (1970). The SHADO Moonbase is used as the launch site for SHADO Interceptors sent to destroy invading alien spaceships. Also seen are a Dalotek Corporation outpost and a Sovatek Corporation base.
Space: 1999 (ITC Entertainment, 1975–1977). Featured Moonbase Alpha on a Moon that had been blasted out of its orbit by a nuclear explosion at phenomenal velocity. The opening episode indicates that the base coordinated nuclear waste disposal, spaceflight operations and training, and subsequent episodes suggest mining, surface surveys and exploration, indicating a versatile base for multiple use, overseen by an international organization on Earth, the International Lunar Finance Commission, a division of the World Space Commission.
Star Cops (1987). The titular police force has its base of operations on the Moon.
"Masks", a 1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode in which the relationship between Masaka and Korgano is described as similar to the relationship between the Sun and the Moon.
Colonization of the Moon is mentioned several times in the Star Trek franchise.
Star Trek: Enterprise. The Moon has already been colonized in this series.
The Next Generation. The character Dr. Beverly Crusher was born in Copernicus City on the surface of the Moon.
Deep Space Nine mentions settlements on the Moon called Tycho City, New Berlin, and Lunaport. It is also revealed that Earth's Moon is referred to by its Latin name, Luna, probably to distinguish it from the thousands of moons throughout the universe. It is also revealed that living on the Moon is seen by many humans as something of a novelty, as Jake Sisko uses the slang term "Lunar schooner" somewhat affectionately when he meets a girl from there.
Three Moons Over Milford (2006) was a short-lived ABC Family science fiction drama television series in which a giant asteroid collides with the Moon, fracturing it into three large pieces (hence the “three moons” of the series’ title). The pieces are now in a doomsday spiral that will, in just a few years, send them crashing to Earth and obliterating all life on the planet. Knowing that they are doomed soon to die, people cast aside all social, cultural, and moral conventions and begin to live their lives to the fullest, totally without inhibitions, in what little time they have left.
The Umbrella Academy (2019). One of the main characters, Luther, has been sent to the Moon on a mission assigned by his adoptive father. After returning to Earth four years later due to his father's death, Luther discovers that the mission was just an excuse to be exiled. The Moon is also involved in the apocalypse that Number Five is trying to prevent.
For All Mankind (2019) depicts an alternate history in which the Soviet Union lands a human on the Moon before the United States and the Space Race doesn't end. The US and USSR respectively build Jamestown Base and Zvezda Base near Shackleton Crater.
The Silent Sea (2021) depicts an abandoned research station, built in attempt to find water on the Moon.
Moonhaven (2022) is a terraformed colony of the same name, built to solve Earth's problems.
Comics
In the DC Universe, the Moon is the location of the Justice League Watchtower until its destruction by Alexander Luthor and also a former home of Eclipso.
In Judge Dredd the Moon is the site of a small colony named Luna City One.
Computer and video games
Battlezone – Set during the 1960s with an alternative history plot, in which the space race is used to cover up the military deployment of US and USSR into space, the Moon is set a stage as the first mission in the NSDF Campaign.
Boktai – Both the protagonist and his twin brother are half descendants of an ancient civilization that used to inhabit the Moon, the Lunar Children. Their mother and aunt belonged to those people and were the last survivors. In the third game, Django travels to the Moon to reach Mahoroba, the Lunar Children's abandoned capital, where an ancient evil was sealed and the last boss battle takes place.
Call of Duty Black Ops – The Moon is one of the maps available through the Rezurection map pack.
Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare – The Terminal map remake takes place on the Moon.
Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge – In one of Soviet Campaign missions, the general was assigned to establish his base there in order to destroy Yuri's Lunar Command Center to prevent the Earth from falling under his psychic mind control.
Darius II – The Moon is inhabited by enemy forces and underground bases players must confront on the fourth level.
Dead Moon – Aliens crash land on the Moon and use it as their headquarters for invading Earth.
Descent – the main character (the Material Defender) has to clean the Solar System of infected PTMC mines, starting from the Moon. Consequently, the first three levels of the game take place in an outpost, a sci-lab, and a military base on the Moon.
Destiny – The Moon had previously been inhabited during humanity's "Golden Age", long before the events of the game. The majority of the gameplay on the surface is centered around Oceanus Procellarum (known by its English translation, "Ocean of Storms"), with a pair of maps in the Crucible (PvP) set in nearby Mare Cognitum.
Destroy All Humans! 2 – The final area of the game takes place on a Russian moonbase called "Solaris".
Donkey Kong Country Returns – After the final boss, Donkey Kong is blasted into space, as he falls, he powers up a punch and punches the Moon, causing to fall on the Volcano.
Duke Nukem 3D – The second episode of the game, Lunar Apocalypse, takes place on a series of space stations that lead to the Moon's surface.
Einhänder – The protagonist, a spacecraft fighter from Moon colony Selene. is sent to the Earth during the events of the Second Moon War.
Final Fantasy IV/II (U.S SNES version) – Both the protagonist, Cecil, and his older brother and enemy until a certain point, Golbez/Theodore, are the sons of a human women and a Lunarian, the people living on the Moon. In the last part of the game the main characters travel to the Moon to confront the final boss.
Infinite Undiscovery – The main antagonist has enchained the Moon in order to gain its power.
The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask – Link, the protagonist, must prevent the Moon from crashing to Earth within three days. The Moon carries a face that dreads its inevitable destruction.
Mass Effect – One of the sidemissions is set on the Moon.
Metal Black (video game) – After a massive alien invasion on Earth, the Moon is overtaken by the aliens so as to involve it in their plot and its darkside sets the scene for the second level boss fight.
Military Madness – Moon colonization wars exist between the Union and Xenon.
Moonbase – add-on for SimCity Classic to build a lunar colony rather than an earthbound city.
Moonbase Commander
Moon Patrol (Irem)
Moon Tycoon – A colony building game, claims to be the first 3-D Sim game.
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door – Mario must journey to the Moon to recover the last Crystal Star from Lord Crump.
Persona 3 – The phases of the moon are prominently featured as a sign of progression. The final boss uses the moon to attempt to bring about the "Fall", the death of all life on Earth.
Portal 2 – Chell, having learned that Moon rocks are very good portal conductors, fires a portal at the Moon to save herself from death.
Rebel Moon Rising, a PC game by Fenris Wolf and GT Interactive.
Spelunky 2 – Ana travels to the moon to look for her missing parents. The interior of the moon contains Earth-like environments, like jungles and oceans.
Star Control 2 – features a now uninhabited moonbase.
Star Ocean: Till the End of Time – features a moonbase.
Sonic Adventure 2 – Dr. Eggman destroyed half the Moon with the ARK's Eclipse Cannon.
Strikers 1945 – In the original Japanese release of the game, players are rocketed towards the enemy's real headquarters situated on the Moon's surface for the last two levels.
Super Mario Odyssey – A family of wedding planner rabbits from the Moon's far side try to obstruct Mario as he rescues Peach from Bowser's attempt to forcibly marry her in a wedding hall which exists on the near side. The game contains many references to the Moon and has three playable areas which take place on the Moon—the Moon Kingdom, Dark Side, and Darker Side.
Terra Diver – In the future, the Moon is one of many points of galactic resources utilised by companies on Earth and hosts a company owned outpost stationed on a nearby asteroid where the fourth boss awaits.
Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward – The ending of the game reveals that the events actually take place on the Moon in the year 2074 in a Moon base.
Wolfenstein: The New Order – The game takes place on a secret Nazi moonbase near the end of the game.
DuckTales – The fifth and final level takes place on the Moon.
Animation
Space Brothers is a Japanese anime based on the manga of the same name. Two young brothers see a UFO, inspiring them to become astronauts and go to the Moon. While the younger brother (Hibito) eventually becomes a JAXA astronaut, the older brother (Mutta) loses his motivation and becomes wrapped in mundane life. The story follows each brother as Nanba finds his inspiration, struggles through the JAXA tests and NASA training, while Hibito becomes the first Japanese astronaut to walk on the Moon but afterward wrestles with his unwanted fame and his crippling fears from a close brush with death.
Sailor Moon. In this Japanese anime and manga series, the Moon was once home to the kingdom known as Silver Millennium, until a conflict between it and the Earth caused the Moon to take its current form. The titular heroine, the reincarnation of the princess of the aforementioned kingdom, is based on aspects of the Greek goddess Selene and Princess Kaguya. Her civilian name, Usagi Tsukino, is a play on words for Moon Rabbit "tsuki no usagi".
Mr Moon is a 2010 children's TV series in which the main character is anthropomorphism of the Moon exploring the Solar System with his friends.
In the manga and anime series Naruto, the Moon was created by Hagoromo Otsutsuki to contain the transformed and powerless husk of his mother Kaguya. The dwindling descendants of his brother Hamura safe guarding the Gedo Statue until it was stolen by Madara Uchiha for his Project Tsuki no Me agenda.
Planetes (2003). A Japanese anime television series set at a time when travel to the Moon has become an everyday occurrence.
Mobile Suit Gundam. Throughout most of this anime saga, the Moon has been extensively colonised, with underground cities built inside of the larger craters.
Exosquad. In this American military science fiction series, the Moon is the site of the fiercest battle between Terran and Neosapien forces. The victory achieved by the Terrans on the Moon soon leads to the liberation of Earth.
A Grand Day Out (1989) the first Wallace and Gromit short film is about the two building a rocket to get to the Moon, which is made of cheese.
Futurama. By the year 3000, a theme park has been constructed on the Moon inside a giant dome with an artificial atmosphere, and an artificial gravity. First seen in the second episode The Series Has Landed.
Megas XLR. on one episode the Glorft attempt to convert the Moon into a Missile. Coop also ends up blowing up half the Moon (in the credits he's seen putting the Moon back together).
Codename: Kids Next Door. The headquarters of the KND organization is a treehouse built on the Moon.
Aqua Teen Hunger Force. Among the recurring characters are The Mooninites, which hail from the Moon.
Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann. The Moon is used by the Anti-Spirals as the "Human Extermination System", and is designed to fall on the Earth once a million humans live on the surface. It is later discovered that the Moon is actually one of Lord Genome's battleships.
Origin: Spirits of the Past. An anime movie set in Japan 300 years in the future. An apocalypse was brought about by extensive genetic engineering on trees, conducted at a research facility on the Moon, in order to produce trees capable of growing in harsh, arid conditions. The trees became conscious and spread to Earth in a fiery holocaust, wiping out most of modern civilization and fragmenting the Moon.
The Tick. Supervillain Chairface Chippendale attempts to create the ultimate act of vandalism by writing his name on the Moon's surface with a powerful laser. He is only able to write "CHA" before being thwarted by The Tick. Some time later a mission to the Moon is mounted with the intent of repairing this damage. The Tick is given a backpack full of explosives and told to wait in the carved-out "C". When the backpack explodes, The Tick is hurled out of the Solar System, but the "C" is repaired, leaving "HA" still visible from Earth.
Despicable Me (2010)
Avatar: The Last Airbender: In this Nickelodeon cartoon series the Moon is a major part of the lore and spirituality of the Water Tribes. According to legend the first waterbenders learned how to bend water by watching the Moon push and pull the water and were eventually able to do so themselves.
In Space Jam, Mr. Swackhammer, the villain of the film gets sent there at the end of the game by the Monstars.
In Transformers: Armada, The Mini-Con ship Exodus crash-landed on the Moon, scattering its stasis-locked passengers all over Earth. Later, the Decepticons would set up a base inside the derelict ship, from where they would teleport to various locations on Earth to search for the Mini-Cons.
In official supplemental materials for Neon Genesis Evangelion, the impact that created the Moon – known in-universe as First Impact – is revealed to have been caused by the "Black Moon", an artificial construct carrying the Angel Lilith; as an allusion, Rei Ayanami is frequently depicted in the series and in official artwork with a full moon motif. During Third Impact as depicted in The End of Evangelion, Lilith's blood is shown to splatter onto the Moon from low Earth orbit. In the Rebuild of Evangelion movies, the existence of NERV's Tabgha Lunar Base is revealed. Various features depicted on the surface in the first film include a large red stain not unlike the one created by Lilith in The End of Evangelion, a series of coffin-like objects – one of which is revealed to contain Kaworu Nagisa – and a large humanoid entity resembling Lilith's original depiction. In the second film, Gendo Ikari and Kozou Fuyutsuki travel to the base in a large spacecraft but are denied entry; they subsequently observe the giant entity from above, revealing it as the under-construction Evangelion Mark.06.
In the popular animation show My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, the Moon and the Sun are raised each day and night by two alicorn princesses called Luna and Celestia, respectively. A thousand years prior to the first episode, Luna grew jealous that the ponies living in the world slept during her night, and tried to make the night last forever, taking the name 'Nightmare Moon'. Celestia subsequently banished her to the Moon, and arranged for the show's main characters to assist in redeeming her.
In Steven Universe the Moon has an ancient base that belonged to Pink Diamond.
In the anime series Inazuma Eleven GO, antagonist Bitway Ozrock seals the Moon away to demonstrate his true strength, and uses the effects of its absence on the Earth to coerce the World's joint governments to agree to his demands.
At the end of the Arthur episode "The Boy Who Cried Comet", Arthur and his friends are shown unmasking themselves, showing them as aliens who live in a city on the far side of the Moon.
In the Teen Titans Go! episode "Starfire the Terrible," Starfire says she has rigged the Moon to explode, which Cyborg dismisses. Cut to the Moon covered in dynamite seconds before it explodes, shocking the other Titans Starfire laughs/gargles before she really does down the milk carton, telling them that she only did it because Robin loved the Moon so much.
SpongeBob SquarePants. In "Sandy's Rocket," SpongeBob and Patrick take Sandy's rocket to what they think is the Moon, but they're still in Bikini Bottom. Trouble endues when they capture all the citizens, thinking they're aliens. In "Mooncation," Sandy goes to the moon for a vacation with SpongeBob.
Hanazuki: Full of Treasures. In this series, the moonflowers are species that plant Treasure Trees to protect their moons from the Big Bad.
Mixels. In the episode "Mixel Moon Madness," it is revealed that there are Mixels that live on the Moon. There are Oribitons which are space-themed Mixels and Glowkies which are nocturnal-based creatures.
Legends of Chima. In the episode "The Hundred Year Moon," It is said that once every hundred years for two nights the Moon makes the Wolf Tribe go to their barbaric side.
Kido Senkan Nadeshiko. Earth comes under attack from the descendants of exiled Lunar separatists. United Earth is shown to have a base on the Moon.
Aldnoah.Zero. The Moon was the site of a hypergate built by an ancient civilization that enabled transport between it and Mars. Due to the hypergate going out of control due to fighting on the Moon's surface during the First Earth-Mars War, part of the Moon was destroyed.
Land of the Lustrous. The Moon people (also called “lunarians”) are a race of humanoid beings who are the villains and capture the gems (lustrous) and use them as jewelry.
DuckTales (2017). As seen in the Season 1 finale, Huey, Dewey, and Louie's mother, Della Duck, has been stuck on the Moon for a decade after crashing there. She eventually returns to the Earth, but the Moon aliens (who she tried to befriend with) launched the invasion on the Earth because they wanted to have the Earth revolve around the Moon instead of the opposite, but this plan fails.
See also
Colonization of the Moon
Moon in science fiction
Moon landings in fiction
Apollo 11 in popular culture
The Moon is made of green cheese
List of fictional astronauts (Project Apollo era)
List of fictional astronauts (futuristic exploration of Moon)
References
Davis, Peter G. 'Weird Science', New York Magazine (March 14, 2005) [A review of Laurie Anderson's The End of the Moon]
James, Clive. Be Careful When They Offer You the Moon (1970) Retrieved May 12, 2005
Footnotes
External links
Popular Moon songs
Reviews of Lunar Science Fiction
Index on the Moon TV Tropes.com
Fiction about Earth
Lists of astronomical locations in fiction | List of appearances of the Moon in fiction | [
"Astronomy"
] | 11,577 | [
"Lists of astronomical locations in fiction",
"Astronomy-related lists"
] |
69,539,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenichiro%20Yoshida | Kenichiro Yoshida (born 20 October 1959) is a Japanese businessman who has been the chief executive officer of Sony since April 2018 and chairman since June 2020, succeeding Kazuo Hirai, prior to which Yoshida was the company's chief financial officer.
Career
Yoshida was born in Kumamoto in 1959, where his father, a court judge, was posted at the time. Immediately after graduating from the University of Tokyo with a B.A. in economics in 1983, Yoshida joined Sony, and worked across the company's subsidiaries in the US and Japan.
In the year 2000, he worked for Sony subsidiary So-net, which he took public in 2005. He rejoined Sony in 2013 as deputy chief financial officer and was promoted to chief financial officer the following year. In his role as CFO, he was credited with pushing the company through an extensive restructuring which turned around Sony's losses from consumer electronics.
Personal life
Yoshida has an autistic son and makes it a point to spend at least one entire day a week with him. He has been active in raising awareness about autism.
References
Living people
Japanese chief executives
Chief operating officers
Sony people
University of Tokyo alumni
20th-century Japanese businesspeople
21st-century Japanese businesspeople
1959 births | Kenichiro Yoshida | [
"Technology"
] | 259 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Proprietary technology salespersons"
] |
69,540,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChoKyun%20Rha | ChoKyun Rha (October 5, 1933 – March 2, 2021) was a Korean-born American food technologist, inventor, and professor of biomaterials science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She was the first Asian woman awarded tenure at MIT.
Early life
ChoKyun Rha was born in Seoul, the daughter of SaeJin Rha and Young Soon Choi Rha. Her father was a physician and dean of the medical school at Seoul National University. She moved to the United States in 1956, and attended Miami University in Ohio, before enrolling at MIT as an undergraduate. She finished a bachelor's degree in 1962, with a senior thesis on the storage of dried scallions. She stayed at MIT to earn master's degrees in 1964 and 1966, and completed a doctoral degree in 1967, with a dissertation titled "Thermal Sterilization of Flexibly Packaged Foods".
Career
Rha was a professor of biomaterials science and engineering at MIT, until her retirement in 2006. In 1980, she became the first Asian woman to earn tenure at MIT. She helped establish Genzyme, a biotechnology firm, and founded and directed the Malaysia-MIT Biotechnology Partnership Program. She endowed a professorship in industrial biotechnology at MIT. She was a co-founder of Women’s World Banking, a microfinancing program.
Rha's research focused on biochemistry and biotechnology for food and other applications. Her work was published in academic journalist including Journal of Food Science, Nature Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bioresource Technology, Biotechnology Letters, and British Journal of Nutrition. She earned her first of several patents in 1988, with a process for encapsulation. As part of her work in Malaysia, she developed several patented products derived from palm oil.
Publications
"Evaluation of cheese texture" (1978, with Cho Lee and Em Imoto)
"Microstructure of soybean protein aggregates and its relation to the physical and textural properties of the curd" (1978, with Cho Lee)
"Single-Cell Protein: Engineering, Economics, and Utilization in Foods" (1980, with C. L. Cooney and S. R. Tannenbaum)
"Improved detergent-based recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)" (2011, with Yung-Han Yang, Christopher Brigham, Laura Willis, and Anthony Sinskey)
Theory, Determination and Control of Physical Properties of Food Materials (book edited by Rha, 2012)
Characterization of chitosan film" (2012, with Carlos A. Kienzle-Sterzer and Dolores Rodriguez Sanchez)
"Characterization of an extracellular lipase and its chaperone from Ralstonia eutropha H16" (2013, with Jingnan Lu, Christopher Brigham, and Anthony Sinskey)
Personal life
ChoKyun Rha married fellow MIT professor Anthony Sinskey, and the couple frequently collaborated on research. She had two sons, Tong-ik Lee Sinskey and Taeminn Song, both of whom graduated from MIT. Rha died in 2021, in Boston, aged 87 years.
References
1933 births
2021 deaths
Academics from Seoul
South Korean emigrants to the United States
American women scientists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Food technology
Biotechnologists | ChoKyun Rha | [
"Biology"
] | 680 | [
"Biotechnologists"
] |
69,543,788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM151A | Family with sequence similarity 151 member A (abbreviated FAM151A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM151A gene. The protein is a transmembrane protein expressed in the kidney tubules, and is an ortholog of menorin, a protein involved in neuron development in nematodes.
Gene
The FAM151A gene contains 8 exons and is located on the minus strand of chromosome 1 at 1p32.3, spanning approximately 14 kbp. The last exon contains approximately half of the coding sequence, and overlaps with the 3' UTR of gene ACOT11. No alternative splicings of FAM151A are known.
Expression
The mRNA transcript of FAM151A is expressed in the kidney, small intestine, and liver, while the FAM151A protein is only expressed in kidney tubules.
Protein
The FAM151A protein contains three known domains, one transmembrane domain and two domains of unknown function DUF2181. DUF2181 is a member of the GDPD/PLCD superfamily, which are known to hydrolyze glycerophosphodiester bonds. The second DUF2181 of FAM151A is hypothesized to be nonfunctional through homology analysis. The molecular weight of FAM151A is known to be approximately 95 kDa.
Evolutionary history
Orthologs of FAM151A
FAM151A has direct orthologs in chimpanzee, mouse, zebrafish, and other members of the clade Eumetazoa that diverged from humans up to around 700 million years ago. However, FAM151A does not have any known orthologs in birds.
Protein family FAM151/Menorin
FAM151A has one known paralog in humans, FAM151B, which contains only the first DUF2181 and no transmembrane region. In mammals, both FAM151A and FAM151B are homologs of the C. elegans menorin gene, involved in dendrite branching.
Clinical significance
FAM151A contains an SNP, rs11206394, that is a significant predictor of colorectal cancer. The SNP is a missense mutation that occurs in the region of the second DUF2181 of FAM151A that overlaps with the 3' UTR of ACOT11. Individuals with both copies of the minor allele have been observed to have the odds of cancer decreased between 11% and 59%.
References
Proteins
Genes
Uncharacterized proteins | FAM151A | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 568 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Uncharacterized proteins",
"Protein classification",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins"
] |
69,543,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatrogon | Somatrogon, sold under the brand name Ngenla, is a medication for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. Somatrogon is a glycosylated protein constructed from human growth hormone and a small part of human chorionic gonadotropin which is appended to both the N-terminal and C-terminal. Somatrogon is a human growth hormone analog.
The most common side effects include reactions at the site of injection, headache, and fever.
Somatrogon was approved for medical use in Australia in November 2021, in the European Union in February 2022, and in the United States in June 2023.
Medical uses
Somatrogon is indicated for the treatment of children who have growth failure due to inadequate secretion of endogenous growth hormone.
History
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved somatrogon based on one clinical trial (NCT02968004) of 224 children with growth hormone deficiency and short stature. The trial was conducted at 84 sites in 24 countries including Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Georgia, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, South Korea, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, and the United States. This trial was used to assess efficacy and safety. The benefits and side effects were evaluated in a clinical trial. Children aged 3 to 12 years old were assigned at random to weekly somatrogon or another daily approved growth hormone for 52 weeks.
Society and culture
Legal status
In December 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Ngenla, intended for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents from three years of age. The applicant for this medicinal product is Pfizer Europe MA EEIG. Somatrogon was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2022.
Names
Somatrogon is the international nonproprietary name.
References
Further reading
Growth factors
Orphan drugs
Drugs developed by Pfizer | Somatrogon | [
"Chemistry"
] | 443 | [
"Growth factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
69,544,019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD%20Blade%20battery | The BYD blade battery is a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery for electric vehicles, designed and manufactured by FinDreams Battery, a subsidiary of Chinese manufacturing company BYD.
The blade battery is most commonly a long and wide single-cell battery with a special design, which can be placed in an array and inserted into a battery pack like a blade. It is made in various lengths and thicknesses. The space utilization of the battery pack is increased by over 50% compared to most conventional lithium iron phosphate block batteries.
The blade battery was officially launched by BYD in 2020. BYD claims that compared with ternary lithium batteries and traditional lithium iron phosphate batteries, the blade battery holds advantages in safety, range, longevity, strength and power.
Safety
BYD claims that, in the nail penetration test, the blade battery emitted no smoke or fire after being penetrated, and its surface temperature reached only . The blade battery also passed other extreme test conditions, such as being crushed and bent, being heated in a furnace to , and being overcharged by 260%. None of these resulted in a fire or explosion.
BYD claims that "EVs equipped with the blade battery would be far less susceptible to catching fire – even when they are severely damaged."
In July 2021, a BYD Han EV with blade batteries was crash-tested in China (car-to-car crash test) versus an Arcfox Alpha-S. About 48 hours after the test, the BYD Han was producing smoke and allegedly caught on fire. BYD argued that the fire was due to the misuse of battery coolant. Specifically, the "red" coolant used was identified as electrically conductive, which caused further reaction when the blade battery and wirings were damaged. The standard battery coolant used in the Han is "purple", which is not conductive. BYD also stated the testing was "not mainstream, non-authoritative, and not within the industry standard", and wishes for the media to communicate with the company to understand the specification to the car before testing for a more objective and reasonable result.
References
Lithium-ion batteries
BYD Company
BYD Auto | BYD Blade battery | [
"Chemistry"
] | 439 | [
"Phosphates",
"Salts"
] |
69,544,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHIELDS | The Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer (SHIELDS) mission is intended to study light from interstellar particles that have drifted into the Solar System in order to learn about the nearest reaches of interstellar space. The purpose of the mission is acquire a spatial map of scattered solar ultraviolet emission from interplanetary hydrogen that has crossed and been modified by the ion pile-up along the outer edge of the heliosphere. SHIELDS was successfully launched by NASA on April 19, 2021, from the White Sands Missile Range, in New Mexico. Flown aboard a sounding rocket, the mission is very short: an instrument stays in space for few minutes.
See also
List of NASA missions
References
Space probes launched in 2021
NASA space probes | SHIELDS | [
"Astronomy"
] | 153 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
69,545,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARCS | SPARCS (Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat) is an American ultraviolet space nano-telescope in the CubeSat 6U format (30x20x10 cm at launch, 12 kg) whose objective is to study the near and far ultraviolet radiation of galactic red dwarfs. The mission selected by NASA is developed and managed by Arizona State University with the participation of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) which provides the telescope and its detectors.
The objective of the SPARCS mission is to study the ultraviolet emissions of around ten red dwarfs in order to model its impact. SPARCS is with ASTERIA one of the first space astronomy missions using the extremely miniaturized CubeSat format. This new category of satellite opens up prospects in the field of long-term observations of astronomical phenomena thanks to their reduced cost.
SPARCS plans to be ready to launch by Q1 2025.
References
CubeSats
NASA satellites orbiting Earth
Space telescopes orbiting Earth
Ultraviolet telescopes
University of Arizona
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2025 in spaceflight | SPARCS | [
"Astronomy"
] | 207 | [
"Space telescopes",
"Space telescopes orbiting Earth"
] |
69,545,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary%20biology%20of%20the%20Nile%20crocodile | Nile crocodiles are apex predators throughout their range. In the water, this species is an agile and rapid hunter relying on both movement and pressure sensors to catch any prey that presents itself inside or near the waterfront. Out of the water, however, the Nile crocodile can only rely on its limbs, as it gallops on solid ground, to chase prey. No matter where they attack prey, this and other crocodilians take practically all of their food by ambush, needing to grab their prey in a matter of seconds to succeed. They have an ectothermic metabolism, so can survive for long periods between meals—though when they do eat, they can eat up to half their body weight at a time. However, for such large animals, their stomachs are relatively small, not much larger than a basketball in an average-sized adult, so as a rule, they are anything but voracious eaters.
Young crocodiles feed more actively than their elders according to studies in Uganda and Zambia. In general, at the smallest sizes (), Nile crocodiles were most likely to have full stomachs (17.4% full per Cott); adults at in length were most likely to have empty stomachs (20.2%). In the largest size range studied by Cott, , they were the second most likely to either have full stomachs (10%) or empty stomachs (20%). Other studies have also shown a large number of adult Nile crocodiles with empty stomachs. For example, in Lake Turkana, Kenya, 48.4% of crocodiles had empty stomachs. The stomachs of brooding females are always empty, meaning that they can survive several months without food.
Invertebrates
The type and size of the prey depends mostly on the size of the crocodile. The diet of young crocodiles is made up largely of insects and other invertebrates, since this is the only prey the same animals can easily take. More than 100 species and genera of insects were identified among the food of crocodiles of this age. Of the insects taken there, beetles made up 58% of the diet, including Hydrophilus and Cybister. Giant water bugs but also crickets and dragonflies. Arachnids such as Dolomedes water spiders are taken, but always secondarily to insects in Uganda and Zambia.
Crabs are also largely taken by crocodiles under , especially the genus Potamonautes, with different species being the primary crustacean food in different areas. Mollusks may occasionally be taken by young crocodiles (they are taken in larger numbers later in life in parts of Uganda and Zambia). In the Okavango Delta, Botswana, the diet was similar but young crocodiles ate a broader range of insects and invertebrates, with beetles taken in similar numbers to other, similar prey, both aquatic and terrestrial. In Botswana, arachnids were more often found in young crocodiles than in Uganda and Zambia. In Zimbabwe, the dietary composition was broadly similar to that in other areas. However, in the Ugandan portion of Lake Victoria, true bugs and dragonflies both seem to outnumber beetles notably and up to a length of crocodiles had stomach contents that were made up 70–75% of insects.
After Nile crocodiles reach , the significance of most invertebrates in the diet decreases precipitously. An exception to this is in Uganda and Zambia, where subadults and adults of even large sizes, up to , may eat very large numbers of snails. Nearly 70% of the crocodiles examined by Cott (1961) had some remains of snails inside their stomachs. Predation on amuplariid water snails was especially heavy in Bangweulu Swamp, Lake Mweru Wantipa, and the Kafue Flats, where mollusks representing 89.1, 87, and 84.7% of all prey in these locations, respectively. Gastropoda (4126 records per Cott) were taken much more than Lamellibranchiata (six records). Notable favorites include Pila ovata, which lives just under water on rocky surfaces (mainly found in crocodiles from Uganda) and Lanistes ovum, which is found submerged among water plants and on detritus (mainly from stomachs in Zambia).
Fish
During the time from when they are roughly long (roughly 5 to 9 years old), Nile crocodiles seem to have the broadest diet of any age range. They take more or less much the same small prey as smaller crocodiles, including insects and arachnids, but also take many small to medium-sized vertebrates and quickly become capable taking down prey up to their own weight. Fish become especially significant around this age and size. However, Cott (1961) found that the only size range where fish were numerically dominant over other types of food was from . This size range consists of subadult males and a mixture of subadult and adult females. In Lake Turkana, fish were the only food in the stomachs of 45.4% of the crocodiles that did not have empty stomachs, in total 87.8% of the crocodiles that did not have empty stomachs there had fish in their stomachs. Graham (1968) noted that throughout East Africa, crocodile diets are driven by the regional availability of prey. The arid land surrounding Lake Turkana is a relatively barren region for diverse or numerous prey other than fish, so fish are an exceptionally important food source to crocodiles there.> In Lake Kyoga and Lake Kwana, 73.1% of the crocodiles that did not have empty stomachs had fish in their stomachs. At Lake St. Lucia in South Africa, many Nile crocodile congregate to feed on striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) as they make their seaward migration for spawning. Here, the crocodiles may line up in dozens across narrow straits of the estuary to effectively force the mullet into easy striking distance, with no observed in-fighting among these crocodile feeding congregations. At this time of plenty (before irrigation operations by humans led St. Lucia to have dangerously high saline levels), a crocodile could expect to eat of mullet daily, an exceptionally large daily amount for a crocodile.
Larger fish, like catfish and freshwater bass, are preferred by adults more than in length. Particularly small fish are likely to be eaten only in case of sudden encounter, mostly in shallow, dry-season ponds where not much effort is needed to catch the small, agile prey. Most observed fishing by crocodiles takes place in waters less than deep and fish are often caught when they swim into contact with the crocodile's head, even literally right into the reptile's mouth. Across much of their range, they take any fish they encounter, but largish and relatively sluggish mesopredator fish such as lungfish and Barbus carp seem to be most widely reported. Many other genera are taken widely and relatively regularly, including Tilapia (which was the most significant prey genus in Lake Turkana), Clarias, Haplochromis, and Mormyrus. In Uganda and Zambia, lungfish comprised nearly two-thirds of the piscivorian diet for crocodiles. Similarly, in Lake Baringo, the lungfish is the crocodile's main prey and the crocodile is the lungfish's primary predator. In the Okavango Delta, the African pikes (Hepsetus spp.) were the leading prey group for subadults, comprising more than a fourth of the diet. Extremely large fish, such as Nile perch (Lates niloticus), goliath tigerfish (Hydrocynus goliath), and even sharks, are taken on occasion, in addition to big catfish, such as Bagrus spp. and Clarias gariepinus, which are preyed upon quite regularly in areas where they are common. In the Zambezi River and Lake St. Lucia, Nile crocodiles have been known to prey on bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus). The largest fishes attacked in such cases may potentially weigh more than .
When capturing large fish, they often drag the fish onto shore and swing their heads around to smash the fish onto the ground until it is dead or incapacitated. More modestly sized fish are generally swallowed whole. The Nile crocodile has a reputation as a voracious and destructive feeder on freshwater fish, many of which are essential to the livelihoods of local fisherman and the industry of sport fishing. However, this is very much an unearned reputation. As cold-blooded creatures, Nile crocodiles need to eat far less compared to an equivalent-weighted warm-blooded animal. The crocodile of consumes an average of fish per day. In comparison, piscivorous water birds from Africa eat far more per day despite being a fraction of the body size of a crocodile; for example, a cormorant eats up to per day (about 70% of its own body weight), while a pelican consumes up to per day (about 35% of its own weight). The taking of commercially important fish, such as Tilapia, has been mentioned as a source of conflict between humans and crocodiles, and used as justification for crocodile-culling operations; however, even a primarily piscivorous crocodile needs relatively so little fish that it cannot deplete fish populations on its own without other (often anthropogenic) influences. Additionally, crocodiles readily take dead or dying fish given the opportunity, thus are likely to incidentally improve the health of some fish species' populations as this lessens their exposure to diseases and infection.
Reptiles and amphibians
Frogs are regionally significant prey for small, young crocodiles in many regions, mainly those in the size range. The main amphibian prey species from Uganda and Zambia was the African common toad (Amietophrynus regularis) while in Botswana, the main amphibian prey was the reed frog (Hyperolius viridiflavus). Even the largest frog in the world, the goliath frog (Conraua goliath), has reportedly been preyed on by young Nile crocodiles.
In general, reptiles become relatively common only in the diet in larger juvenile specimens and subadults. Large reptiles, or armoured reptiles such as turtles, were almost negligible in crocodiles under and most common in the stomachs of crocodiles over in length from Uganda and Zambia. Small species of reptiles are largely ignored as prey at this size. Freshwater turtles are often the most frequently recorded reptilian prey, unsurprisingly perhaps because most other reptiles other than a small handful of Lycodonomorphus water snakes are more terrestrial than water-based.
In a study, the serrated hinged terrapin (Pelusios sinuatus) (also sometimes referred to as the "water tortoise") was more commonly reported in the stomach contents of adult crocodiles from Kruger National Park than any single mammal species. Other turtle species commonly recorded among Nile crocodile prey include the Speke's hinge-back tortoise (Kinixys spekii) and East African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger). Beyond their ready availability and respectable size, turtles are favored by big crocodiles due to their slowness, which allows the cumbersome crocodiles to capture them more easily than swifter vertebrates. While adults have a sufficient bite force to crush turtle shells, younger crocodiles sometimes are overly ambitious, and will choke to death attempting to swallow whole large river turtles. A variety of snakes has been preyed on from relatively small, innocuous species such as the common egg-eating snake (Dasypeltis scabra) to the largest African snakes species, the African rock python (Python sebae), which can exceed in length and weigh over . Venomous species, including the puff adder (Bitis arietans), the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca), and the black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) have been recorded as Nile crocodile prey. The only frequently recorded lizard prey is the large Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus), although this mesopredator may be eaten fairly regularly, as they often share similar habitat preferences, whenever a crocodile is able to ambush the stealthy monitor, which is more agile on land than the bulkier crocodile.
Birds
Numerous birds, including storks, small wading birds, waterfowl, eagles, and even small, swift-flying birds, may be snatched. As a whole, birds are quite secondary prey, rarely comprising more than 10–15% of crocodiles' diets, although are taken fairly evenly across all crocodile size ranges, excluding juveniles less than . Birds most often taken are African darters (Anhinga rufa) and reed (Microcarbo africanus) and white-breasted cormorants (Phalacrocorax lucidus), followed by various waterfowl, including most breeding geese and ducks in Africa. Slow-swimming pelicans are also vulnerable to crocodiles. Nile crocodiles apparently frequently station themselves underneath breeding colonies of darters, cormorants, herons, egrets, and stork and presumably snatch up fledgling birds as they drop to the water before they can competently escape the saurian, as has been recorded with several other crocodilians.
Wading birds, even large and relatively slow-moving types such as the goliath heron (Ardea goliath), tend to be highly cautious in avoiding deep water in crocodile-occupied wetlands, whereas cormorants and waterfowl forage over deeper water and are easier for crocodiles to ambush, with Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca) and spur-winged geese (Plectropterus gambensis) recorded as being taken largely while flightless due to molting their flight feathers. In one case, a crocodile was filmed capturing a striated heron (Butorides striata) in mid-flight. Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) are known to be grabbed while they dive for fish as are possibly African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer), while crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) have reportedly been ambushed on land at carrion. Crocodiles are occasionally successful in grabbing passerines such as weaver birds, including the abundant red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea), and swallows, having been observed to breach the water and in a matter of seconds sweep off a branch full of birds with remarkable success. Larger land birds, such as bustards, guineafowl, ground hornbills (Bucorvus spp.) and ostriches (Struthio camelus), may be taken when they come to water to drink, but like most birds, are seldom harassed and a minor part of the diet.
Mammals
Determining the percentage of any specific food item in a crocodile's diet is difficult because their defecation in water makes scat analysis impossible, and capturing individual animals to analyze their stomach contents is painstaking. In addition, as an animal that feeds rarely, sometimes only a few times in a year, even the individual stomach content examinations sometimes prove to be unsuccessful. However, as crocodiles grow, relying solely on small and agile food items such as fish becomes difficult, this causes a shift in the diet as the animal matures, for energy conservation purposes, as in other predators. Nonetheless, starting around , they can become capable mammalian hunters and their ability to overpower a wide range of mammals increases along with their size. Crocodiles less than may take a variety of medium–sized mammals up to equal their own mass, including various monkeys, duikers, rodents, hares, pangolins, bats, dik-dik, suni (Neotragus moschatus), oribi (Ourebia ourebi) and other small ungulates up to the size of a Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii).
Rodents and shrews may enter the diet of juvenile crocodiles, i.e. , and become commonplace in subadult and small adult crocodiles. Species recorded include the Natal multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis), African marsh rat (Dasymys incomtus), common rufous-nosed rat (Oenomys hypoxanthus), and savanna swamp shrew (Crocidura longipes). In many areas, the cane rats are a particular favorite mammalian food for crocodiles, particularly the relatively large greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). In Uganda and Zambia, the latter species are the leading overall mammalian prey type for crocodiles and one Kenyan crocodile of in length had 40 greater cane rats in its stomach. Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis) are known to have been preyed on several times in Kruger National Park, their quills apparently being an insufficient defense against the tough jaws and digestive systems of crocodiles. Small carnivores are readily taken opportunistically, including both African clawless otters (Aonyx capensis) and spotted-necked otters (Hydrictis maculicollis), as well as water mongoose (Atilax paludinosus), African wildcats (Felis lybica) and servals (Leptailurus serval).
Adult Nile crocodiles, i.e. at least , are apex predators. While adults can and will consume nearly all types of prey consumed by the younger specimens, as adult crocodiles gain bulk, they lose much of the necessary maneuverability to capture agile prey such as fish and are not likely to meet their dietary needs by consuming small prey and may expel unnecessary amounts of energy, so take them secondarily to larger prey. Primates of various sizes may be taken by subadult or adult crocodiles. In some areas, some number of baboons are taken, such as in Okavango Delta, where chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) are eaten and Uganda, where olive baboons (Papio anubis) are taken. No records of them hunting apes (other than humans) have been made, but based on a strong reluctance to cross waters with crocodiles and a violent reaction to the visual stimuli of crocodiles, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla beringei) are thought to consider Nile crocodiles a serious threat. Few details are known about the dietary habits of Nile crocodiles living in Madagascar, although they are considered potential predators of several lemur species. Other nonungulate prey known to be attacked by Nile crocodiles includes aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) and African manatees (Trichechus senegalensis).
Among the mammals, the bulk of the prey for adults are antelope. In particular, the genus Kobus is often among the most vulnerable because it forages primarily in wetland areas and seeks to evade more prolific mammalian predators (such as hyenas, lions, etc.) by traveling along waterways. In some cases in Kruger National Park, antelope have been driven into water while being pursued by packs of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), which hunt by endurance, engaging prey in a grueling chase until it is exhausted (a very successful hunting style), only to be killed by opportunistic crocodiles. While not as extensively aquatic as the genus Kobus, the reedbucks and the impala (Aepyceros melampus) have both shown a partiality for grasslands adjoining wetlands and riparian zones, so are also very commonly recorded prey items. In Kruger National Park, over the course of 22 years of discontinuous observation, 60% of the large-game kills observed as perpetrated by crocodiles consisted of impala, while more than 15% of observed kills were made up of waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), the largest of the genus Kobus at more than in weight. Elsewhere, the waterbuck appears to be the most significant mammalian prey for large adult crocodiles, such as in Uganda and Zambia (although due to more sporadic general ungulate populations in those countries, ungulates are less common as prey than in some other countries), as well as in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park, South Africa. Other antelopes recorded as prey including gazelles, bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), steenbok (Raphicerus campestris), eland (Taurotragus oryx), gemsbok (Oryx gazella), sable (Hippotragus niger) and roan antelopes (Hippotragus equinus), up to a half dozen types of duiker, topi (Damaliscus lunatus), hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) and both species of wildebeest (Connochaetes sp.).
Other ungulates are taken by Nile crocodile more or less opportunistically. These may include Grévy's (Equus grevyi) and plains zebras (Equus quagga), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), bushpigs (Potamochoerus larvatus) and red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus). In Maasai Mara, Tanzania, large crocodiles congregate at river crossings used by migrating herds of Burchell's zebras and blue wildebeests (Connochaetes taurinus), picking off hundreds of these large ungulates annually. All domesticated ungulates and pet animals will on occasion be hunted by Nile crocodiles, up to the size of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) and cattle (Bos taurus) In Tanzania, up to 54 head of cattle may be lost to crocodiles annually, increasing the human-crocodile conflict level. Goats (Capra hircus), donkeys (Equus asinus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) may also rank among the most regularly recorded domesticated animals to be taken by Nile crocodiles.
Particularly large adults, on occasion, take on even larger prey, such as giraffe (Giraffa sp.), Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and young African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana). Even heavier prey, such as black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), have been killed by crocodiles. In one case in the Tana River of Kenya, as observed by Max Fleishmann (communicated via letter to Theodore Roosevelt), a Nile crocodile was able to bring down one of these huge herbivores by the help of muddy bank terrain, the adult female rhino's poor decision to enter deeper water rather than retreat to land and finally having been joined in drowning the animal by one to two other crocodiles. An additional case of predation on an adult black rhino was reportedly observed in northern Zambia. A bull giraffe that lost his footing on a river bank in Kruger National Park was seen to be killed by a large crocodile, while in another case there, a healthy bull buffalo was seen to be overpowered and killed by an average-sized adult male crocodile measuring after a massive struggle, an incident less commonly seen at this size. Since crocodiles are solitary hunters, the Nile crocodile is the only predator in Africa known to attack full-grown Cape buffaloes alone, compared to the preferred pride attack method of lions.
Although Nile crocodiles occasionally prey on hippo calves, even large adult crocodiles rarely attack them because of the aggressive defense by mother hippos and the close protection of the herd, which pose a serious threat. Hippo calves have been observed to at times act brazenly around crocodiles, foraging without apparent concern and even bumping into the reptiles. However, some large Nile crocodiles have been recorded as predators of subadult hippos; anecdotally, the infamous giant crocodile Gustave was reported to have been seen killing adult female hippos. A specimen from Zambia was found to have eaten a "half-grown hippo". At the no-longer-existent Ripon Falls in Uganda, one adult bull hippo was seen to be badly injured in a mating battle with a rival bull hippo, and was then subsequently attacked by several crocodiles, causing it to retreat to a reedbed. When the male hippo returned to the water, it was drowned and killed by the group of Nile crocodiles amid "a truly terrifying commotion". However, other than rare instances, adults of megafauna species such as hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and elephants are not regular prey and are not typically attacked, with the exception of giraffes, since their anatomy makes them vulnerable to attack while taking a drink.
Nile crocodiles occasionally prey on big cats including lions and leopards. However, in order to save energy, crocodiles do not prefer such agile animals, as most attacks will end before they can strike. Thus they usually attack agile prey in the absence of regular prey items. Other large carnivores that dwell in Africa near the top of the food chain can also on occasion fall prey to crocodiles. Such predators that can find themselves victim to crocodiles include hyenas (3 out of 4 species reported as prey for Nile crocodiles, only the desert-dwelling brown (Parahyaena brunnea) being excluded), African wild dogs, jackals, and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).
Vegetation
In the Nile crocodile as well as in at least 13 other species of crocodilian, a variety of fruit (mostly fleshy) has been found in stomach content. While these are probably sometimes used as gastroliths, they are likely often ingested for their nutritional value. Based on these findings, it has also been suggested that crocodiles may act as seed dispersers.
References
Crocodylidae
Eating behaviors
Predation | Dietary biology of the Nile crocodile | [
"Biology"
] | 5,509 | [
"Biological interactions",
"Eating behaviors",
"Behavior"
] |
69,546,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignelli%20Associates | Vignelli Associates was a design firm co-founded and run by Massimo and Lella Vignelli in New York City, from 1971 to 2014. They worked firmly within the modernist tradition, stressing simplicity by using basic geometric shapes and a limited range of typefaces. Their design work, encompassing graphic design, branding and corporate identity, architecture and interiors, and industrial design is considered among the most influential of the 20th century.
Founding
In 1965, Massimo Vignelli co-founded the corporate design consultancy Unimark International with Bob Noorda, and Ralph Eckerstrom. In 1971, Vignelli resigned from Unimark, in part because the design vision which he supported became diluted as the company grew, diversified, and increasingly emphasized marketing, rather than design. Soon after, Massimo and Lella Vignelli founded Vignelli Associates, opening offices in New York, Paris, and Milan.
Work
Some of their most well-known designs involved brand identity for major clients including Knoll International (1965), for which they led a comprehensive review of the company's visual presence, American Airlines (1967), for which they designed the airline's logo, and the New York City Subway, for which they designed the signage and wayfinding systems and map first at Unimark and then as Vignelli Associates.
In later years, the couple's noteworthy commissions included the corporate identities for Bloomingdale's department store (1972) and for automobile and motorcycle manufacturers Lancia (1978) and Ducati (1992), as well as the signage system for the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (1997). Their significant furniture designs included the Handkerchief chair for Knoll International (1982), the Serenissimo table (1985) for Italian manufacturer Acerbis, and the Magic coffee table (1990) for Acerbis's lower-priced Morphos label. Other Vignelli designs have also included retail layouts for Artemide, jewelry for Cleto Munari, and glassware for Venini and Steuben Glass Works.
Former Vignelli Associates employee Michael Bierut wrote that "it seemed to me that the whole city of New York was a permanent Vignelli exhibition [around 1981]. To get to the office, I rode in a subway with Vignelli-designed signage, shared the sidewalk with people holding Vignelli-designed Bloomingdale’s shopping bags, walked by St. Peter’s Church with its Vignelli-designed pipe organ visible through the window. At Vignelli Associates, I felt I was at the center of the universe."
Vignelli Associate's work was recognized by Compasso d'Oro awards (in 1964 for their Heller stacking dinnerware and 1998 for the graphic identity of COSMIT), and with a shared AIGA Gold Medal (1983) for their accomplishments and contributions to design. AIGA described their design output together as "prodigious in quantity, far-ranging in media and scope and consistent in excellence." In addition, Lella and Massimo were each individually honored with a wide range of awards and honorary degrees over the course of their lives and careers.
Archives and legacy
Massimo and Lella Vignelli agreed to donate their entire design collection to Rochester Institute of Technology in 2008. The Vignelli Center For Design Studies, designed by Lella and Massimo Vignelli, houses the archive. The building, which completed in September 2010, offers exhibition spaces, classrooms, and offices among its numerous amenities. Massimo Vignelli had this to say about it:The Vignelli Center for Design Studies will house our comprehensive archive of graphic design, furniture and objects, under the direction of R. Roger Remington, the Vignelli Distinguished Professor of Design at RIT, the center will foster studies related to Modernist design with programs and exhibitions on our work as well as other related subjects.Massimo Vignelli died on May 27, 2014, in New York City, at the age of 83. Lella Vignelli died in her home in Manhattan on December 22, 2016, at age 82, from dementia.
References
External links
Domus Magazine article by Michael Bierut including photographs and plans of Vignelli Associates office (originally Domus 835, March 2001)
Design institutions
Design companies
Defunct companies based in New York City
Graphic design studios
Branding companies
Modernism
AIGA medalists
Italian design
American designers
Italian designers
1971 establishments in New York City
2014 disestablishments in New York (state)
Compasso d'Oro Award recipients | Vignelli Associates | [
"Engineering"
] | 929 | [
"Design",
"Engineering companies",
"Design institutions",
"Design companies"
] |
69,547,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing%20New%20Horizons | Chasing New Horizons: Inside the Epic First Mission to Pluto is a book by American planetary scientist Alan Stern and astrobiologist and non-fiction writer David Grinspoon, published in 2018. Grinspoon acts as a narrator, though the book is written from Alan Stern's perspective; he is the principal investigator of New Horizons mission to Pluto.
Background and reception
The book tells a story of a space probe to Pluto, that was proposed by the author, Alan Stern, in the early 1990s. The mission had been cancelled several times, and there were a harsh competition between Stern's group and that of JPL to get approval of the mission design from NASA.
Kirkus reviews called the book "an exploration of the fascinating science and complex bureaucracy behind the first journey to Pluto", and pointed that the authors "deliver a meticulously detailed, riveting chronicle of America’s history-making mission to Pluto, escorting readers through the immense hurdles and hard work involved in the landmark mission." Another review praised the book saying that "Stern and Grinspoon recreate the mission’s highs and lows in a compulsively readable tale. In the hands of less gifted storytellers, much of the early years— the internal competition for funds, a feud with Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA’s alternating red and green lights—would have been tedious. But Stern and Grinspoon skillfully tease out the drama, with vivid portraits of the young scientists and engineers who were willing to stake their careers on challenges straight out of a Star Wars film". Review by the Wall Street Journal juxtaposed public awareness of a photos made by the probe and of a team behind it. "The image captured a bright white region on Pluto's surface in the shape of a heart, "creating an emotional attachment for this small, previously indistinct planet at the edge of our planetary system," write Alan Stern and David Grinspoon in their riveting account Chasing New Horizons. Many are still unaware of the 2,500 people that it took to snap that picture—as well as the many years of waiting."
Louisa Preston noted in a review for the Physics World that the book "reads like a novel", but also noted that it is biased in favor of Stern:
What follows next however is the story of decades of disappointment and a real insight into how hard it is to get any space mission off the ground. Going into this part of the book, I thought I would be a bit bored – who really wants to read about funding wars and academic rivalries? Well, it turns out that I do. The narrative of this part of the story is incredibly emotive and almost exciting. Grinspoon portrays NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory staff as the villains – trying to control and influence a project that was never theirs to begin with. His obviously biased view positions Stern as the hero – a veritable rebel fighting "the establishment".
Despite this, her review is positive, and she said that "book is really Grinspoon and Stern’s chance to pay homage to the thousands of people who played a part in making this mission a success."
Virgil Adumitroaie in a review for AIAA Journal was impressed how "The authors' passion for space exploration transpires equally in doom and gloom or elating situations and is only surpassed by their indestructible optimism."
References
2018 non-fiction books
Space exploration
Pluto
New Horizons | Chasing New Horizons | [
"Astronomy"
] | 710 | [
"Space exploration",
"Outer space"
] |
69,551,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20azide%20complex | Transition metal azide complexes are coordination complexes containing one or more azide (N3−) ligands. In addition to coordination complexes, this article summarizes homoleptic transition metal azides, which are often coordination polymers.
Structure and bonding
Azide is a pseudohalide but more nucleophilic than chloride, as reflected by the higher pKa of hydrazoic acid (4.6) vs hydrochloric acid (-5.9). As a monodentate ligand, azide binds through one of the two terminal nitrogen atoms, i.e. M-N=N=N. The N3 unit is linear or nearly so. The M-N-N angles are quite bent. Azide functions as a bridging ligand via two bonding modes. Commonly the metals share the same nitrogen ("N-diazonium" mode). Less common is the motif M-N=N=N-M, illustrated by [Cu(N3)(PPh3)2]2.
General synthetic methods
Traditionally, metal azide complexes are prepared by salt metathesis, e.g. the reaction of metal chlorides with sodium azide. In some cases, trimethylsilyl azide is employed as the azide source. Another popular route include acid-base reactions hydrazoic acid HN3 and either hydrido or lewis base complexes. Still other methods rely on halide-azide exchange with trimethylsilyl azide SiMe3N3 with the metal fluorides as incomplete halide/azide exchange is often seen when using the chloride derivatives.
Homoleptic complexes
Many homoleptic complexes (with only one kind of ligand) are known. Coordination numbers range from 2 (e.g., [Au(N3)2]−) to 7 (e.g., [W(N3)7]−). Many homoleptic complexes are octahedral anions of the type [M(N3)6]n-:
dianions for tetravalent metals V, Pt, Ti, Zr, Hf
trianions for trivalent metals Cr, Fe, Ru, Rh, Ir
tetraanions for the divalent Ni
For some metals, homoleptic complexes exist in two oxidation states: [Au(N3)2]− vs [Au(N3)4]− and [Pt(N3)6]2- vs [Pt(N3)4]2-.
Binary azide compounds can take on several structures including discrete compounds, or one- two, and three-dimensional nets, leading some to dub them as "polyazides". Reactivity studies of azide compounds are relatively limited due to how sensitive they can be.
Group 3
Neutral unsolvated group 3 polyazide is only known for divalent europium(II) compound, Eu(N3)2. Attempts to react lanthanide hydroxides with HN3 result in their basic azides, Ln(OH)(N3)2 or Ln(OH)2N3.
Group 4
Group 4 polyazides of the formula M(N3)4 are predicted to have linear or near linear M-N-N angles unlike their main group counterparts which are predicted to have bent M-N-N angles. This couldn’t be proved in the case of Ti(N3)4, owing to difficulty in crystallization. However, incorporation of large spacer counterions or N-donor adducts makes the compounds far easier to work with. In the cases of [PPh4]2[M(N3)6] (M=Ti, Zr, Hf), only the axial ligands exhibit near linear M-N-N angles whereas the equatorial ligands are closer to bent angles. This deviation in theory is also seen in the N-donor adducts.
The main hypothesis given for why these compounds do not have linear M-N-N angles despite theoretical calculations is that these adducts are not tetrahedral. In the homoleptic tetrahedral compounds, the nitrogen closest to the (+IV) metal center is positioned in such a way that the three valence electron pairs can donate to the vacant d orbitals on the metal and therefore the azido can act as a tridentate donor ligand in which case the expected coordination would be linear. Since the adduct compounds are not tetrahedral, the azido group can only act as a monodentate donor with two sterically active electron pairs which result in a bent M-N-N bond angles.
Group 5
The neutral binary V(IV) azide as well as V(III), V(IV), and V(V) azido ions are known. Similar to the neutral Ti(IV) azide, V(N3)4 is difficult to study due to high shock and temperature instability. However, [V(N3)6]2- paired with a large, inert counterion is relatively stable and crystalizeses as a near perfect octahedral. In contrast to V(IV), the neutral binary V(V) could not be synthesized and attempts result in the reduction of V(V) to V(IV) with the elimination of N2 gas. Fortunately, the oxidation potentials of anions are lower than that of their parent compounds so [V(N3)6]− can be formed. Unlike [V(N3)6]2-, [V(N3)6]− is highly shock sensitive and distorted from octahedral symmetry with three long and three short M-N bonds in mer positions.
The neutral binary Nb(N3)5 and Ta(N3)5 also exist, and the acetonitrile adducts of these compounds contain a nearly linear azido trans to the coordinating acetonitrile. They represent the first evidence of linear M-N-N bonding. The corresponding anions [Nb(N3)6]−, [Nb(N3)7]2-, [Ta(N3)6]−, and [Ta(N3)7]2- are known and accordingly are much less shock sensitive. The structure of the hexaazido monoanions are similar to other heptaazido monoanions with bent azido ligands despite being predicted to have perfect S6 symmetry in the gas phase for [Nb(N3)6]. The heptaazido dianions possess monocapped triangular-prismatic 1/4/2 structures unlike the actinide trianion [U(N3)7]3- which crystallizes as a monocapped octahedron or pentagonal bipyramid. Several N-donor adducts are known to exist as well. Reactions of the neutral binary NbF5 and TaF5 in the presence of Me3SiN3 with N-donors containing small bite angles such as 2,2’-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline result in self ionization products of the type [M(N3)4L2]+[M(N3)6]− (L= N-donor) whereas N-donors containing large bite angles such as 3,3’-bipryidine or 4,4’-bipyridine produces the neutral pentaazide adducts M(N3)5•L (L=N-donor).
Group 6
Both Mo(N3)6 and W(N3)6 have been synthesized, and W(N3)6 is stable enough to grow single crystals. Contrary to group 4 and group 5 binary azido compounds, the anionic [Mo(N3)7]− and [W(N3)7]− are less stable and more sensitive to handle than their neutral parent compounds. Upon warming solutions of the heptaazido anions in either MeCN or SO2 to room temperature, the tetraazido nitrido ions [NMo(N3)4]− and [NW(N3)4]− are formed with elimination of N2.
Group 7
The first Mn polyazide compound was prepared by Wöhler et al. in 1917 by reaction of MnCO3 with HN3 to form Mn(N3)2. Many divalent Mn azide salts have been synthesized. 1D chains are formed when 2,2’-bipyridine, a bidentate ligand, is used as the counter ion in the reaction between Mn(ClO4)2 • 6H2O and excess NaN3. This results in a chain with alternating EE and EO bridges which predictably gives alternating antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic coupling. Another 2D structure is accessed via the reaction of (PPh4)2MnCl2 with AgN3 to form the [PPh4]2[Mn(N3)4].
The first example of a 3D azido compound was [N(CH3)4][Mn(N3)3]. This compound has a pseudo-perovskite structure with [N(CH3)4]+ ions in the cavities between the Mn centers. The azido moieties are arranged in an EE fashion, and indeed, this compound exhibits the expected antiferromagnetic behavior. The cesium analogue Cs[Mn(N3)3] is synthesized in a similar manner. For each 6 coordinate Mn, four of the azido linkages are EE and two are EO instead of all six being EE. This arrangement results in a honeycomb-like shape and a rare example of alternating ferro-antiferromagnetic interactions in 3D solid.
Examples of manganese azido compounds in higher oxidation states are rare. The triazide acetonitrile adduct can be prepared using the fluoride exchange route to give Mn(N3)3CN as a dark red shock sensitive compound. Upon addition of PPh4N3 the compound disproportionates into an insensitive mixture of [PPh4]2[Mn(N3)2] and [PPh4]2[Mn(N3)6]. The Mn(IV) salt can be prepared on its own by using Cs2MnF6 as the starting material to give the highly explosive Cs2[Mn(N3)6].
Group 8
Pentaazidoiron (III) ion [Fe(N3)5]2- can be made by treating iron(III) salts with sodium azide. An iron azide reagent can be generated in situ. NaN3 and iron (III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 are combined in methanol and added to an organoborane followed by slow addition of 30% hydrogen peroxide, presumably forming Fe(N3)3. When combined with alkenes, the equivalent of hydrogen azide add in an anti-Markovnikov fashion.
[n-Bu4N]3[Ru(N3)6] is prepared by treating K2[RuIVCl6] with NaN3. N2 gas is liberated in this reaction, which involves reduction of Ru(IV) to Ru(III).
Group 9
Tetraazido cobalt(II) compounds have been isolated as both the tetraphenylphosphonium and tetraphenylarsonium salts from solutions of cobalt sulfate with a 15 time sexcess of NaN3 to yield [Ph4P]2[Co(N3)4] and [Ph4As]2[Co(N3)4] respectively. The autooxidation of solutions of [Co(N3)4]2- can be used as a colorimetric spot test for the presence of sulfite ions.
Tetrabutylammonium salts of rhodium(III) and iridium(III) azides are known and are prepared by reacting a large excess of NaN3 in an aqueous solution with the corresponding Na3[MCl6] • 12H2O metal chloride salt to form [n-Bu4N]3[Rh(N3)6] and [n-Bu4N]3[Ir(N3)6].
Group 10
The binary nickel azide Ni(N3)2 has been prepared by distilling HN3 onto nickel carbonate. Samples of Ni(N3)2 decompose upon heating .
[Pd(N3)4]2- anions are square planar and the degree of interaction between the anion and its corresponding cation can be determined by the amount of deviation in the torsion angles from the ideal geometry. Various platinates [Pt(N3)4]2- and [Pt(N3)6]4- are known and are prepared from Pt chloride salts with NaN3. Pt(II) salts tend to be far less stable than the Pt(IV) versions, and they either decompose fairly rapidly upon standing or explode. Their sensitivity in part has been explained by poor crystal packing.
Group 11
Both copper(I) and copper(II) azides are known. The binary copper(I) azide, CuN3, which is white, is a one-dimensional polymer. Molecular Copper (II) azides include salts of [Cu(N3)4]2- and [Cu(N3)6]2-. {[Cu(N3)3]−}n forms 1D chains wherein octahedral Cu(II) centers are linked by both EE and EO bridging azides. All copper azides are explosive but their sensitivities vary widely from the parent azides CuN3 and Cu(N3)2 which are extremely sensitive to the ions paired with large countercations that are practically insensitive.
Silver (I) azide is a well known explosive compound and has been demonstrated to form a 2D coordination polymer with square planar Ag+ ions surrounded by azido ligands in an EE fashion. Slow ramping of temperature from 150 °C to 251 °C results in melting and slow decomposition but rapid heating to 300 °C results in an explosion.
Gold(III) azide is known as the tetraethylammonium salt [Et4N][Au(N3)4] and also adopts a square planar structure. However unlike the silver azide, the gold azide is not stable at room temperature and will decompose after a few days and its metal azide bonds have significant covalent character.
Group 12
While Zn(N3)2 has been known since the late 1890s, solvent free Zn(N3)2 was isolated for the first time in 2016 from a dry ethereal solution of HN3 and Et2Zn in n-hexane. Zn(N3)2 crystallizes in three different polymorphs α-Zn(N3)2 and the labile β-Zn(N3)2 and γ-Zn(N3)2 forms.
The first mercury (I) azide was realized by Curtius in 1890 by combining aqueous mercury(I) salts with alkali metal azides and by combining HN3 with elemental mercury to produce Hg2(N3)2. Both mercury (I) and mercury(II) azides can be easily prepared by mixing the respective mercury nitrates with sodium azide in aqueous solution at roomtemperature. The mercury (II) azide Hg(N3)2 exists in two polymorphs α-Hg(N3)2 and β-Hg(N3)2. The β form is very labile and quickly turns into the α polymorphs at room temperature. However, the β polymorph can prepared in analogy to β-Pb(N3)2 by slow diffusion of aqueous NaN3 into a solution of Hg(NO3)2 separated by a layer of aqueous NaNO3, but crystals nearly always explode during formation leading to a mixture of α and β polymorphs.
Binary cadmium azide Cd(N3)2 can be prepared from CdCO3 and aqueous HN3. However, it is structural unrelated to the mercury or zinc anaolgues and is based on repeat units of Cd2(N3)10 double octahedrals.
Mixed ligand complexes
Azide forms myriad mixed ligand complexes. Examples include Zn(N3)2(NH3)2 and (C5H5)2Ti(N3)2.
Reactions
A characteristic reaction of azide complexes and compounds) is degradation via loss of nitrogen gas. The stoichiometry for a diazide compound is:
The process often occurs explosively.
Azide ligands are react with nitrosonium to give nitrous oxide. This reaction is used to generate coordinatively unsaturated complexes.
[Co(NH3)5N3]2+ + NO+ + H2O → [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+ + N2O + N2
This approach was used to prepare the previously elusive dicationic complex pentamminecobalt(III) perchlorate, .
See also
Main group azido compounds
References
Ligands
Azides | Transition metal azide complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,663 | [
"Explosive chemicals",
"Azides",
"Ligands",
"Coordination chemistry"
] |
69,551,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Prequalified%20Vaccines | The List of Prequalified Vaccines, published by the World Health Organization, lists vaccines that are found to be safe, effective and of good quality, after undergoing investigation of relevant data, testing and examination of their production sites.
High priority vaccines eligible for WHO prequalification (2018-2020)
References
World Health Organization
Publications established in 1987
Vaccines | List of Prequalified Vaccines | [
"Biology"
] | 70 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccines"
] |
69,551,495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisetron | Indisetron (INN; trade name Sinseron) is a drug used for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It was approved by Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency in 2004.
Indisetron exerts its effects as a dual serotonin 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor antagonist.
See also
Granisetron
Ondansetron
References
Antiemetics
Indazoles
Amides | Indisetron | [
"Chemistry"
] | 91 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
72,572,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoctial%20hours | An equinoctial hour is one of the 24 equal parts of the full day (which includes daytime and nighttime).
Its length, unlike the temporal hour, does not vary with the season, but is constant. The measurement of the full day with equinoctial hours of equal length was first used about 2,400 years ago in Babylonia to make astronomical observations comparable regardless of the season. Our present hour is an equinoctial hour, freed only from its seasonal variation and from the small error due to some uniform Earth rotation, and realized by modern technical means (atomic clock, satellite and VLBI-Astrometry).
When the temporal hour was used, the daytime and nighttime, whose lengths vary greatly throughout the year, were each divided into 12 hours. This corresponded to the earlier sentiment and custom of not grouping the night with the daytime.
The name equinoctial hours refers to the fact that the temporal hours of the daytime (daylight hours) and those of the night are of equal length at each of the equinoxes.
History
Equinoctial hours () are found, in distinction to the , the 'unequal' hours, at least in Ancient Greece.
Geminos of Rhodes reported the observation of Pytheas of Massalia that the duration of the night depended on the geographical latitude of the place in question. However, it is not clear from his explanations whether he meant equal or equinoctial hours. Otto Neugebauer cites this account as the oldest testimony to the concept of hour (¹ra) as a defined measure of time.
The Babylonian calendar knew no division of the day into 24 time units, so Ancient Egyptian influence for this system can be considered probable. The period of its origin can be dated to the 4th century BC, since Pytheas of Massalia refers to the terminus G¨j perÐodoj introduced by Eudoxus of Cnidus.
The use of equinoctial hours was already familiar in the work of Hipparchus of Nicaea. In the appendix to his commentary on Aratos of Soloi and Eudoxos of Knidos, he uses the well-known 24-hour circles and names stars whose rises are separated from each other by about one equinoctial hour in certain seasons.
With the invention of the Stroke clock, for the first time one could read equinoctial hours mechanically without having to perform astronomical calculations. A mechanical clock displaying the previously used temporal hours would be very costly, but occasionally its construction was nevertheless attempted. Equinoctial hours are first attested in conjunction with striking clocks in Padua in 1344, in Genoa in 1353, and in Bologna in 1356. Subsequently, striking clocks came into use throughout Europe.
Equal hours in ancient Egypt
In Ancient Egypt, the earliest use of equal hours is attested by an inscription from the time of Amenophis I around 1525 BC. The use of water clocks allowed individual units of hours; for example, for the division of Decan star intervals, where fractions of hours were also taken into account.
Ten equivalent hours were used for the time between two sunrises.
Equal hours in Babylonia
The temporal hour was unknown to the Babylonians until the third century BC. However, attempts have been made to establish a second ideal calendar with seasonal hours alongside the astronomical system of equivalent hours. Bartel Leendert van der Waerden analyzed the "Babylonian system of the ideal calendar" in 1974:
Neugebauer reiterated this finding in 1975 as an important feature which distinguishes it from the later Greek temporal hours. The durations of the daytime and nighttime were measured by Babylonian astronomers with a gnomon and a water clock further in BERU as well as UŠ. The time periods were divided into equivalent time units with respect to celestial observation. The use of a gnomon together with a water clock is already documented in the MUL.APIN-cuneiform tablets around 700 BC.
From their contents it is clear that the values for the duration of the light day and night were recorded during four colures aligned with the longest and shortest days of the year. The records have gnomon tables, but they are preserved only for specific dates in the Hebrew calendar: the 15th of Nisan and the 15th of Tammuz. The tables for the 15th Tishrei and the 15th Tevet were at the beginning of the broken away second column. The gnomon tables are written in the form that the length of the gnomon corresponds to a Mesopotamian cubit, which measured between 40 and 50 cm.
A 24-hour day contained twelve Dannas, which in turn, taking into account the Babylonian model of the mean sun, comprised twelve equinoctial units, each lasting 120 minutes The equivalent hours had the Sumerian System of the distance covered on foot in broad daylight as a basis. The unit of measurement, which has a distance of about 10 km as a computational value, is also erroneously called "double hour" in modern literature.
See also
Epic of Gilgamesh
Hour
Literature
Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie, Vol. 1 - Zeitrechnung der Babylonier, Ägypter, Mohammedaner, Perser, Inder, Südostasiaten, Chinesen, Japaner und Zentralamerikaner -, Deutsche Buch-Ex- und Import, Leipzig 1958 (Reprint Leipzig 1906)
Richard Anthony Parker: Egyptian Astronomy, Astrology and calendrical reckoning In: Charles-Coulson Gillispie: Dictionary of scientific Biography - American Council of Learned Societies - Vol. 15, Supplement 1 (Roger Adams, Ludwik Zejszner: Topical essays), Scribner, New York 1978, ISBN 0-684-14779-3, pp. 706–727.
François Thureau-Dangin: Itanerare - Babylonische Doppelstunde -. In: Dietz Otto Edzard: Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Vol. 5: Ia to Kizzuwatna, de Gruyter, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-11-007192-4, p. 218.
François Thureau-Dangin: Rituels Accadiens Leroux, Paris 1921, p. 133.
Wolfgang Fels: Marcus Manilus: Astronomica - (Latin–German. published by Reclam, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-15-008634-5.
Friedrich-Karl Ginzel: Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie II - Das Zeitrechnungswesen der Völker: Zeitrechnung der Juden, der Naturvölker, der Römer und Griechen sowie Nachträge zum 1. Bande. Deutscher Buch-Ex- und Import, Leipzig 1958 (Reprint of first edition Leipzig 1911).
Otto Neugebauer: A history of ancient mathematical astronomy. Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences, Vols. 1–3. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-540-06995-X (Reprint of 1975 Berlin edition).
References
External links
Die Aequinoctialstunden (German language site)
Timekeeping
Babylonia
Sumer
History of timekeeping
Equinoxes | Equinoctial hours | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,531 | [
"Time in astronomy",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Timekeeping",
"Equinoxes",
"Spacetime"
] |
72,572,479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentinus%20levis | Lentinus levis is a species of edible fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1853 and given its current name in 1915 by William Murrill. As a saprotroph, it can be cultivated. In nature it grows in subtropical to tropical climate. It is recognized and sometimes collected as a food by Huichol people of Mexico, although they prefer eating other, less chewy mushrooms. For a long time thought to be a member of Pleurotus genus, it has been moved to genus Lentinus.
Description
Fruiting bodies of Lentinus levis resemble those of Pleurotus dryinus and can be confused with them. Both are centrally stipitate, have decurrent lamellae and exhibit a partial veil (which is more persistent in P. dryinus and can be lacking in young L. levis). The pileus surface in L. levis is usually velutinous, while in P. dryinus it is radially fibrillose. L. levis produces a floral odor resembling that of Pleurotus pulmonarius).
References
External links
Fungi described in 1853
Polyporaceae
Fungus species | Lentinus levis | [
"Biology"
] | 249 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,572,786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20carbonate%20and%20bicarbonate%20complexes | Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes are coordination compounds containing carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) as ligands. The inventory of complexes is large, enhanced by the fact that the carbonate ligand can bind metal ions in a variety of bonding modes. They illustrate the fate of low valent complexes when exposed to air.
Bonding modes
Carbonate
Carbonate is a pseudohalide ligand. With a saturated pi-system, it has no pi-acceptor properties. With multiple electronegative elements, it is not strongly basic. The latter is consistent with the pKa’s of carbonic acid: pK1 = 6.77 and pK2 = 9.93.
To a single metal ion, carbonate is observed to bind in both unidentate (κ1-) and bidentate (κ2-) fashions. In the covalent bond classification method, κ1-carbonate is anX ligand and κ2-carbonate is an X2 ligand. With two metals, the number of bonding modes increases because carbonate often serves as a bridging ligand. It can span metal-metal bonds as in [Ru2(CO3)4Cl2]5-, where again it functions as an (X)2 ligand. More commonly all three oxygen centers bind, as illustrated by . In such cases, carbonate is an LX ligand, providing 3e− to each metal. More complicated motifs have been characterized by X-ray crystallography including {(VO)6(μ-OH)9(CO3)4}5-.
Bicarbonate
The bonding modes of bicarbonate are more limited than those for carbonate, in part because it is less basic and in part because the proton occupies a metal-binding site. Typically bicarbonate is assumed to bind as an unidentate X ligand. Structural studies on such complexes are, however, rare.
Synthesis
Carbonato complexes are prepared by salt metathesis reactions using alkali metal carbonate salts as precursors. In some cases, bicarbonate intermediates are implicated since carbonate does not exist in appreciable concentrations near neutral pH. The other chief route to metal carbonato complexes involves addition of to metal oxides. Such reactions may be catalyzed by water since the carbonation of metal hydroxides is particularly well established. Isotope labeling studies show that these reactions can proceed (and perhaps usually proceed) without scission of the M-OH bond (L = generic ligand):
Many esoteric routes have been demonstrated. For example, the deoxygenation of peroxycarbonate by tertiary phosphines:
(Ph = C6H5)
Carbon dioxide undergoes disproportionation upon reaction with low-valence metals.
Reactions
Most fundamental reactivity of bicarbonate/carbonato complexes is their interconversion. This acid-base reaction has been examined mainly for unimolecular complexes. Such reactions are molecular versions of the familiar reaction of acids with carbonate minerals.
Protonation of carbonato complexes gives the corresponding bicarbonate. The structure of bicarbonate complex indicates that protonation occurs at the coordinated oxygen. This process is the microscopic reverse or the first step in the carbonation of metal hydroxides. Protonation of bicarbonate ligands results in loss of carbon dioxide and formation of the metal hydroxide. Particularly well studied are the reactions of and its ethylenediamine analogue carbonatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III).
Homoleptic complexes
Few homoleptic carbonato complexes have been characterized. One is [Zr(CO3)4]4-, featuring 8-ccordinate Zr(IV). Tris(carbonato)cobalt(III) ([Co(CO)3]3-) is another example.
Use and natural occurrence
Metal carbonato and bicarbonate complexes are of no direct commercial importance. Several minerals are metal carbonates, and a few feature molecular carbonate complexes, e.g. hellyerite ([Ni2(CO3)2(H2O)8].H2O.
In the biological sphere, zinc bicarbonate complexes are central intermediates in the action of the carbonic anhydrase:
References
Coordination complexes
Inorganic chemistry
Carbonates | Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes | [
"Chemistry"
] | 880 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"nan",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
72,573,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh%20terrace | A marsh terrace is an artificially created berm that is built in a wetland to prevent erosion, reduce wave energy, and improve habitat for wildlife. Marsh terracing is most common throughout the upper Gulf Coast of the United States, where it is used to prevent coastal erosion, with 980 linear km (609 mi) having been built in Texas and Louisiana alone in the thirty years to 2020. The terraces catch sediment from rivers which is then colonized by plants to form marshland.
Construction and design
The design of marsh terraces depends on the local conditions such as wave strength and wind speed. There are several commonly used patterns, including chevrons (duck wings), straight lines, and square grids. Chevrons are the most effective pattern as wind can blow from any direction but there will still be calm water on at least one side of the chevron.
One thing that must be considered is the type of soil, as some are more vulnerable to erosion than others. Soils heavy with clay and silt are more resistant than soils primarily composed of organic matter.
Terraces are often built in shallow coastal ponds that may have been former marshland that has eroded away over time. Large berms, usually two to five meters in width, are built with material that is either dredged at the site or brought in as fill from inland. The berms themselves are often only a meter in height above sea level which allows it to be occasionally inundated with water and create the proper coastal plant community.
Marshland terraces are a relatively new construction, so far has only been extensively used in the Gulf Coast of the United States. They were first built at the Sabine National Wildlife Refuge in 1990. In 2021, a plan to create marsh terraces in Virginia's Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge has been approved. This will be the first project of its kind to be done in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Results
Being only constructed recently, there have not been a lot of published studies on the effects of marsh terracing. However, the existing results are promising. The terraces have a higher sediment accumulation rate compared to erosion, and are able to reduce wave strength by an average of 45%. The calmer waters allows sediment to settle which then promotes the growth of seagrasses which further hold down the sediment with their roots. Additionally, the terraces have been found to provide habitat for marsh wildlife such as seabirds and fish.
References
Ecological restoration
Environmental engineering
Hydrology
Land reclamation | Marsh terrace | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 498 | [
"Hydrology",
"Ecological restoration",
"Chemical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
72,576,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massivit | Massivit 3D Printing Technologies Ltd. (Massivit3D) is an Israeli public company traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE:MSVT) Its headquarters are in Lod. The company develops, constructs and sells Additive Manufacturing printers for production of large parts and develops printing materials for use in their printers.
History
Massivit 3D was founded in 2013 by Gershon Miller, Igor Yakubov and Moshe Uzan.
In 1994, Miller established "Idanit" printing, acquired four years later by Scailex Corporation (formerly Scitex) for $60 million.
In 1998 he was one of three founders of "Objet", which in 2012 merged with its competitor Stratasys (Nasdaq: SSYS), that had market value of $5.7 billion. In February 2021, By IPO it had raised $50 million.
The CEO is Erez Zimerman and the chairman is Yaron Yechezkel.
Investors includes: institutional investor (including Migdal and Mor Investment House),
Stratasys, Yaskawa Electric Corporation
and Alpha hedge fund.
Among the investors in Masivit are: Tzur Daboosh, the Owner and chairman of the Board Klil Industries, the Japanese electronics corporation, YASKAWA and institutional bodies. Among the members of the company's board of directors is David (Dadi) Perlmutter, who was previously a vice president at Intel.
Products
Massivit 3D main markets are: transportation, shipping, entertainment, furniture, construction and aviation. The first generation of the company's printers inject Dimengel, an acrylic-based plastic gel, that polymerized and creates solid layers under ultraviolet light.
In 2016, the company launched its first printer, Massivit 1800.
In 2021, the company launched Massivit 5000, an improved version of Massivit 1800. It provides a double material method on which two separate parts can be printed concurrently using disparate materials.
The second generation of printers, based on Massivit 10000, was developed to manufacture molds for composite material end parts for the fibre-reinforced plastic industry.
It enabling production of jigs, molds, master tools, fixtures and mandrels. The process is designed to decrease manual labor and material costs, while reducing tooling time.
The product 3D prints an outer, wash away shell with the print head and intermittently fills the shell with a thermoset, epoxy casting material, forming an isotropic mold. The encapsulated mold is immersed in water causing, the outer shell to crumble without redundant pollutants, leaving the mold.
In May 2022, the company launched Massivit 10000, that won two prizes: The American Composites Manufacturers Association award
in the category 'manufacturing' and the IBEX innovation award in the category 'boatbuilding'. The company sells printers in 40 countries.
References
External links
Official site
"The Massivit 1800 on Financial Times video article". Massivit. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
Companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Industry in Israel
3D printer companies
2021 initial public offerings
Computer hardware companies
he:מאסיבית | Massivit | [
"Technology"
] | 666 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
72,577,761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20data%20standards | Clinical data standards are used to store and communicate information related to healthcare so that its meaning is unambiguous. They are used in clinical practice, in activity analysis and finding, and in research and development.
There are many existing and proposed standards and many bodies working in this field.
In addition to standards specific to the clinical domain health informatics relies on other standards that are lower in the communications stack, and on many standards from metrology.
Clinical data standards and interoperability
Interoperability between disparate clinical information systems requires common data standards or mapping of every transaction.
However common data standards alone will not provide interoperability, and the other requirements are identified in "How Standards will Support Interoperability" from the Faculty of Clinical Informatics and "Interoperability is more than technology: The role of culture and leadership in joined-up care" from the King's Fund
Barriers to development and use
Barriers to the widespread adoption of effective data standards include:
inconsistency in and poor understanding of the concepts and language used in clinical practice, for example compared to those in chemistry or accounting
rival systems of standards
the cost of implementation or change to better standards
avoidance of commercial competition.
Existing and proposed clinical data standards
Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise
Omaha System
SNOMED
SNOMED CT
ASC X12 (EDI) – transaction protocols used for transmitting patient data. Popular in the United States for transmission of billing data.
CEN's TC/251 provides EHR standards in Europe including:
EN 13606, communication standards for EHR information
CONTSYS (EN 13940), supports continuity of care record standardization.
HISA (EN 12967), a services standard for inter-system communication in a clinical information environment.
Continuity of Care Record – ASTM International Continuity of Care Record standard
DICOM – an international communications protocol standard for representing and transmitting radiology (and other) image-based data, sponsored by NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)
HL7 (HL7v2, C-CDA) – a standardized messaging and text communications protocol between hospital and physician record systems, and between practice management systems
Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) – a modernized proposal from HL7 designed to provide open, granular access to medical information
ISO – ISO TC 215 provides international technical specifications for EHRs. ISO 18308 describes EHR architectures
xDT – a family of data exchange formats for medical purposes that is used in the German public health system.
openEHR: an open community developed specification for a shared health record with web-based content developed online by experts. Strong multilingual capability.
Virtual Medical Record: HL7's proposed model for interfacing with clinical decision support systems.
SMART (Substitutable Medical Apps, reusable technologies): an open platform specification to provide a standard base for healthcare applications.
Sentinel Common Data Model: Initially started as Mini-Sentinel in 2008. Use by the Sentinel Initiative of the USA's Food and Drug Administration.
OMOP Common Data Model: model that defines how electronic health record data, medical billing data or other healthcare data from multiple institutions can be harmonized and queried in unified way. It is maintained by Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics consortium.
PCORNet Common Data Model: First defined in 2014 and used by PCORI and People-Centered Research Foundation.
Virtual Data Warehouse: First defined in 2006 by HMO Research Network. Since 2015, by Health Care System Research Network.
Previous standards, projects and bodies
Health Metrics Network
Read code
ASTM E1238
Bodies working in the field
Health Level Seven International
International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation
Professional Record Standards Body
NHS England, which provides a Data Standards Directory
References
Health informatics | Clinical data standards | [
"Biology"
] | 761 | [
"Health informatics",
"Medical technology"
] |
72,578,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacharanite | Tacharanite is a calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) mineral of general chemical formula with some resemblance to the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) mineral tobermorite. It is often found in mineral assemblage with zeolites and other hydrated calcium silicates.
C-S-H and C-A-S-H mineral phases are important hydration products of cements but can also be found, although much less frequently, in natural conditions in particular geological environments. The natural specimens are rare and of small size (often available only in limited quantity) but often well crystallised while the hydrated cement phases are disordered and cryptocrystalline or amorphous with a poorly defined stoichiometry denoted by the use of dashes in the abbreviations C-S-H and C-A-S-H.
Etymology
Tachanarite (pronunciation as tă·kherenait: ) was named by Sweet et al. (1961) from the Gaelic word "tacharan", a changeling, "an object or a thing left in place of a thing stolen" alluding to the initially presumed instability of this mineral because after the first X-rays photographic examination it was thought to be unstable when exposed to air and prone to decompose into tobermorite and gyrolite. The name tachanarite was inspired both by the nature of the supposed mineral behaviour and the wealth of folklore associated with the Isle of Skye where it was found.
Stability of the crystal structure
According to Sweet et al. (1961) and Cliff et al. (1975), tacharanite shows some close resemblances to tobermorite, a calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) mineral but also significantly differs from it because it contains aluminium in its crystal lattice, making it a member of the calcium aluminium silicate hydrates (C-A-S-H) family. Tacharanite has a monoclinic crystal structure.
Cliff et al. (1975) have also studied the stability of tacharanite standing in air but could not evidence any change. The results of their study thus contradict these of the very first work of Sweet et al. (1961) reporting the change of tacharanite into a mixture of tobermorite and gyrolite which was the main source of inspiration for the mineral name.
A possible explanation for this discrepancy could reside in the impure nature and the quite limited quantity of the mineral samples that Sweet et al. (1961) have studied: they only worked onto a few milligrams of a complex mixture of several minerals very difficult to separate (amongst others, tacharanite, tobermorite and gyrolite...) and nested in the vesicles of the olivine-dolerite intrusive rock.
In 2007, on the basis of a larger number of tacharanite samples, a team of mineralogists from the Russian Academy of Sciences at Moscow (Organova et al., 2007) have comprehensively revisited the crystal structure of this poorly studied mineral. From the tobermorite structure, they derived a model of the tacharanite structure and also established a relationship with a possible zeolite-like structure. Based on these information, they proposed a tentative mechanism of formation considering the overall close presence of zeolite in the systems where tacharanite is found.
Chemical composition
The general chemical composition of tacharanite is most often reported as . Cliff et al. (1975) mention an equivalent composition of , simply written without expliciting the OH groups.
However, the tacharanite composition is sometimes referred as , or as , an equivalent notation more explicit for the silicate structure.
Finally, an enigmatic, and less hydrated composition, of is mentioned in the case of a synthesis report on the Maqarin natural analogue.
There is no uncertainties on the content in calcium, aluminium and silicon whose relative ratios are always the same: . However, the number of oxygen atoms or OH groups present in the hydrate chemical formula can vary, depending on the literature source, and is thus more uncertain, perhaps legitimating the tacharan roots of the name. This aspect needs to be verified before performing geochemical modeling calculations.
Natural occurrences
Tacharanite was first identified by Sweet et al. (1961) in vesicles of an intrusive igneous rock injected into a vein in the parent rock) at a small outcrop at Portree, Trotternish, Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides islands, Highland of Scotland, UK. Tacharanite is associated there with other hydrated calcium silicates (tobermorite, gyrolite and xonotlite) and zeolites (aluminosilicates: laumontite, mesolite, thomsonite, and analcime) also found in neighbouring localities. It was first presumed by Sweet et al. (1961) to be a new member of the tobermorite group.
In 1961, tacharanite was also identified in Tasmania (Australia) by Sutherland who made a second parallel discovery of the mineral quasi at the same time as Sweet et al. (1961), but published his results later.
Tacharanite natural occurrence has also been considered in the frame of the characterization works and geochemical modelling of the natural analogue sites of Khushaym Matruk and Maqarin in central and northern Jordan where natural alkaline plumes are driven in the rock formation by the diffusion of very basic fluids with a high pH.
Tacharanite is also present in the clastic dikes of the Hatrurim basin (western flank of the Dead Sea) studied as natural analogues of alkaline concrete.
Natural analogue studies inspired by the first works on natural calcium silicate hydrates, closely related to the chemistry of cement, are performed to better understand the behaviour of an alkaline perturbation developing around the galleries of a cementitious radioactive waste repository.
Cement hydration products
C-S-H (the "cement glue") and C-A-S-H phases are essential phases of the hardened cement paste (HCP) contributing to the development of the concrete strength. They are formed by the hydration of the cement clinker and ground granulated blast-furnace slags (GGBFS). Harry F. W. Taylor, eminent cement chemist at the University of Aberdeen (Scotland, UK), was a pioneer and an indefatigable artisan in their detailed characterisation. This explains the interest of Taylor, Cliff, and their colleagues for reappraising in 1975 the crystal structure and the stability of tachanarite, a decade after the two parallel discoveries in 1961 of the mineral by Sweet et al. at Portree (Isle of Skye, Scotland) and Sutherland in Tasmania.
Cement–clay interactions
Tacharanite has received additional attention in the context of natural analogue studies undertaken to investigate the possible effects of an alkaline plume developing around a high-level radioactive waste repository.
In the frame of the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent fuel, large amounts of concrete will be used in the near-field of a deep geologic repository. Cementitious materials will serve as waste immobilization matrix, buffer materials, backfill materials, and also for the lining of galleries (shotcrete and concrete blocks). The high pH prevailing in concrete pore water is beneficial for immobilizing radionuclides (low solubility, high sorption and limitation of the microbial activity). Since the mid-1980, many studies were initiated after the pioneering works of Atkinson et al. (1985, 1988, 1990) at UKAEA (Harwell) to assess the time dependence of pH in a radioactive waste repository. Simultaneously, also emerged the question of the geochemical perturbation induced by an alkaline plume developing in an argillaceous environment. Indeed, the integrity of the repository near field could be compromised as large quantities of concrete will be placed in direct contact with the host rock (clay sedimentary formation or granite). The pore water of the hardened cement paste (HCP) of concrete is hyperalkaline with a high pH. When Portland cement is used, young cement water (YCW) rich in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) has initially a very high pH of ~ 13.5. Latter in the cement degradation stages, evolved cement water (ECW) has a pH of 12.5 controlled by the dissolution of portlandite (). The hydroxide anions () released by the concrete in contact with clay pore water, or granite groundwater, slowly diffuse into the host geological formation where they interact with the various mineral phases of the surrounding rock. Inside a backfilled gallery, and in the seals of drifts and shafts the same process will also affect the clay minerals of the bentonite buffer material. Water-rock interactions lead to complex dissolution and precipitation reactions at the interface between cement and clay materials. The main reaction products of an alkaline plume in clay are calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) and zeolites potentially contributing to clogging the porosity at the cement-clay interface.
As tacharanite is a member of the family of the calcium aluminium silicate hydrates (C-A-S-H), it has also been identified as a potentially newly formed minerals in the frame of the cement–clay interactions and taken into account for the geochemical modelling studies.
See also
List of minerals
References
Further reading
External links
Aluminium minerals
Calcium minerals
Cement
Concrete
Hydroxide minerals
Inosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals described in 1961 | Tacharanite | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,049 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Concrete"
] |
72,578,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%20Persei | RT Persei is a variable star system in the northern constellation of Perseus, abbreviated RT Per. It is an eclipsing binary system with an orbital period of . At peak brightness the system has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.46, which is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye. During the eclipse of the primary this decreases to magnitude 11.74, then to magnitude 10.67 with the secondary eclipse. The distance to this system is approximately 628 light years based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of about −12 km/s.
In 1905 this system was found to be an Algol variable by Lidiya Tseraskaya. K. Graff determined a period of 0.84943 days. In 1911, R. S. Dugan published evidence for a secondary eclipse and noted the influence of ellipticity of the components on its light curve, as well as influences from their mutual reflection and heating. By 1938, the period of the system had been found to vary, suggesting the perturbing influence of a third body. D. J. K. O'Connell in 1951 found the light curve of RT Per to be asymmetrical, a phenomenon later termed the O'Connell effect.
This is a semidetached binary system with a circular orbit where the secondary component is filling its Roche lobe and losing mass. The primary component is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F5V. It has 1.08 times the mass of the Sun, 1.20 times the Sun's radius, and is close to filling its Roche lobe. The secondary is a more evolved subgiant star with a class of G7IV. It has just 30% of the Sun's mass but has expanded to 108% of the solar radius.
The system has undergone irregular jumps in orbital period, which are common among Algol-type variables that are exchanging mass and angular momentum. Measured decreases in the period may be variously explained by spin-orbit coupling and interaction of the stellar magnetic fields. Based upon long-term trends in the light curve, an unseen third component is moving in an elliptical orbit with the inner pair over a period of 41.9 years. It is estimated to be orbiting at a distance of at least with an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.34.
References
Further reading
F-type main-sequence stars
G-type subgiants
Algol variables
Perseus (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
15811
Persei, RT | RT Persei | [
"Astronomy"
] | 524 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
72,579,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20170642 | HD 170642, also designated as HR 6942 or rarely 13 G. Coronae Australis, is a single star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a white hued star with an apparent magnitude of 5.16. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 229 light years based on Hipparcos parallax measurements, but it is approaching the Solar System with a somewhat constrained heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 170642's brightness is diminished by 0.28 magnitudes due to interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of +0.93.
This is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3 V. Other sources include broad/nebulous absorption lines due to rapid rotation. It has 2.25 times the mass of the Sun and is estimated to be 480 million years old. HD 170642 has a radius of . When combined with an effective temperature of , it radiates 32.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere. The star is metal enriched, having an iron abundance 74% greater than the Sun's. Like many hot stars HD 170642 spins rapidly, having a projected rotational velocity of .
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 13
CD-39 12696
170642
090887
6942 | HD 170642 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 305 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
72,582,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurite%20%28pigment%29 | Azurite is an inorganic pigment derived from the mineral of the same name. It was likely used by artists as early as the Fourth Dynasty in Egypt, but it was less frequently employed than synthetically produced copper pigments such as Egyptian Blue. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, it was the most prevalent blue pigment in European paintings, appearing more commonly than the more expensive ultramarine. Azurite's derivation from copper mines tends to give it a greenish hue, in contrast with the more violet tone of ultramarine. Azurite is also less stable than ultramarine, and notable paintings such as Michelangelo's The Entombment have seen their azure blues turn to olive green in time. Azurite pigment typically includes traces of malachite and cuprite; both minerals are found alongside azurite in nature, and they may account for some of the green discoloration of the pigment. The particle size of azurite pigment has been shown to have a significant effect on its chromatic intensity, and the manner of grinding and preparing the pigment therefore has a major impact on its appearance.
History
Azurite is a naturally occurring mineral found particularly in copper-mining areas of the world. It is often found with malachite, a green basic carbonate of copper. There is evidence that azurite has been used since the dawn of modern civilization, dating back to the Fourth Dynasty in Egypt. For much of its history, azurite was used more frequently than ultramarine, despite ultramarine being held in higher esteem. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the two were closely related as azurite would often be used as an under-paint for ultramarine, possibly to lower costs as ultramarine was the more expensive pigment of the two.
Hungary was the main supplier of European azurite until the mid 17th century, when it was invaded by the Ottoman Empire, but now Hungary is again the most popular source of the pigment. Azurite was frequently used in East Asia, but is less commonly found in Pre-Columbian indigenous and later Spanish Mission Church paintings.
With the invention of Prussian blue in 1704, azurite was displaced as the most commonly used blue pigment in European paintings, but it remained popular, possibly because of its simple preparation. Blue verditer, which is chemically similar to azurite but synthetically produced, was commonly used to paint houses in the 17th century.
Chemical composition
Azurite is a basic compound that is coordinated with copper. Azurite was popular due to its stability in various light and atmospheric conditions, making it easy to store. Although azurite is permanent in oil and tempura paint, it is darkened when exposed to sulfur; this can be seen in mural paintings that use azurite. Azurite turns green as it degrades into malachite and other products.
Azurite is relatively easy to identify in conservation studies because of its characteristic ability to produce copper-coordinated compounds, ability to dissolve in acidic solution, and birefringence interactions with light. It can be identified using various spectroscopy methods such as X-ray diffraction, emission, IR spectroscopy, and Raman spectrophotometry.
Conservation
Due to its association with copper and malachite, a green pigment, the hue of azurite can change to a greenish blue hue over time. Conservation studies of a 14th-15th century wall painting of San Antonio Abate in the church of San Pietro near Florence, Italy revealed that the azurite degradation product, once thought to be malachite, is actually paratacamite. Paratacamite and atacamite are two different phases of a basic copper chloride that are both formed through the degradation of azurite; they can be distinguished using FTIR techniques.
There is controversy over how to restore azurite degradation because the typical technique of applying ammonium carbonate and barium hydroxide does produce a dark blue hue, but it is not azurite. Rather, the dark blue compound is produced due to the action of barium hydroxide, and not ammonium carbonate, although both are present in the typical conservation technique used to restore azurite. Moreover, the blue color is not stable; the San Antonio Abate church wall painting changed color two years after its restoration.
Grinding
A finer grind makes azurite appear paler whereas a coarser grind deepens its color. For use in early modern paintings, azurite was ground by hand. Artists employed special techniques which required training to grind the pigment in order to achieve different intensities. Azurite grinding therefore varied across workshops. Different grinding styles are characterized by both the pigment-medium ratio and the particle size distribution of the pigment. Azurite particles are irregular in size and often contains impurities such as malachite and cuprite due to its close association with these compounds. The pigment to volume concentration of azurite is difficult to study because azurite was often mixed with varying amounts of lead white, especially in early Netherlandish paintings.
Association with ultramarine
Azurite was often used with ultramarine as a cost-saving measure. The two can be distinguished by contrasting the blue-green degradation of azurite with the blue-violet degradation of ultramarine. Ultramarine is often more finely ground than azurite; because azurite is a strong pigment if left coarsely ground, artists took care not to grind it too finely.
In the painting Mystic Lamb, ultramarine and azurite were used in nearly the same areas and in similar particle size distributions. Both pigments are finely ground. However, The Mystic Lamb alone should not be used to generalize the style of azurite in early Netherlandish paintings. In a different early Netherlandish painting from the workshop of Dieric Bouts, azurite and ultramarine are used together, but azurite is more coarsely ground.
In paintings
Azurite was frequently used in European Renaissance painting. It appears, for example, in the dark blue sky of a Spanish altarpiece painting by Bartolome Bermejo. In this painting, azurite is also combined with lead white to paint the green robe of the Saint. During this time, azurite was a common pigment used to paint a blue sky.
In the 1520 painting titled Christ Taking Leave of His Mother by Albrecht Altdorfer, azurite is used in the blue garments of the figures. In addition, azurite is mixed with lead white to paint the sky.
Azurite has been used to produce greens for foliage and landscapes and mixed with red pigments to produce violet.
References
Inorganic pigments
Pigments
Shades of blue | Azurite (pigment) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,362 | [
"Inorganic pigments",
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
72,585,677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20Shishu | Wu Shishu (May 27, 1923 – February 27, 2009) was a Chinese theoretical physicist and professor at Jilin University. In 1980, he was elected a member of the Chinese Academy of Science.
Wu was one of the physicists who established the Department of Physics at Jilin University. He was the second dean of the department and succeeded Professor Yu Ruihuang.
Early life and education
Wu was born in Beijing on May 27, 1923. He obtained a bachelor's degree in 1944 from Tongji University and a doctorate degree in 1951 from the University of Illinois.
Death
Wu Shishu died on February 27, 2009, at the age of 85.
References
1923 births
2009 deaths
20th-century Chinese physicists
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
People from Beijing
Theoretical physicists
Academic staff of Jilin University
Tongji University alumni
University of Illinois alumni | Wu Shishu | [
"Physics"
] | 173 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
68,224,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba%20Pasopia%2016 | Toshiba Pasopia 16 or PA7020 (also known as T300 in the U.S. and PAP in Europe) is an IBM PC compatible computer from manufacturer Toshiba, released in 1982 and based around a Intel 8088-2 microprocessor running at 6 MHz.
Details
The operating system was MS-DOS 2.3 with CP/M-86 as an option. The machine included GW-BASIC, communication (Pap.Com) and graphics (Pap.Graph) software.
The computer came with two 5.25" disk drives and supported an optional 8087 co-processor.
Two graphic cards were available: a Color Graphic Card with 128KB and 8 colors; an Extended Graphic Card with 256KB of memory and 16 colors out of 256.
Several graphics modes are possible: , , and .
The European PAP model had a SCART connector with RGB output. A green monochrome monitor was also available. Possible peripherals for this model are extra 5.25" disk drives, a hard disk, a RS-232 interface and a printer. The keyboard has 103 keys.
Other models
Toshiba Pasopia 1600
An expanded model, the Toshiba Pasopia 1600 (PA7030) was released in 1984. The basic specifications are the same as the base model, but the CPU is an Intel 8086-2 running at 8 MHz, and graphic memory was expanded to 384 KB. The machine is smaller and the number of expansion slots was reduced to two. A mouse and JS-WORD came as standard equipment, along with a screen editor software. Several types of floppy and hard drives were available.
Pasopia 1600 TS100 / 300
Another variation was the Pasopia 1600 TS100 / 300 with a 80286 CPU running at 8 MHz and 704 KB of RAM. It came with MS-DOS 2.11, two 5.25" floppy disk drives (TS100 version) or a single 5.25" floppy disk drive and a 20 MB hard drive (TS300 version). After this, Toshiba starts the J-3100 series of personal computers.
See also
Toshiba Pasopia
Toshiba Pasopia 5
Toshiba Pasopia 7
Toshiba Pasopia IQ
References
Pasopia
Computer-related introductions in 1982
IBM PC compatibles | Toshiba Pasopia 16 | [
"Technology"
] | 480 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
68,224,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM%20Software | VM Software was a software company whose product line focused on mainframes running IBM's VM/CMS operating system.
History
VM Software was formed under that name in 1981. They had 11 products named VMxxxxx, with features that complemented the systems-oriented capabilities that IBM's software provided. With the 1987 arrival of IBM's 9370 mid-range mainframe, VM added VMCenter II to its product line.
The chain of acquisitions by which the company changed names and ownership is VM Software, Systems Center Inc, Sterling Software, Computer Associates. VM Softwares mailing address, under Systems Center and Sterling remained 1800 Alexander Bell Drive but addressed as "VM Software Division."
Product summary
Among their offerings were:
VMAccount - facilitating chargeback
VMArchive - facilitated queue-based user-initiated saving and restoring of individual or groups of files
VMBackup - intended for doing full system saves, but permitting user-initiated queued file restores.
VMBatch''' - more features than IBM's CMSBATCH''
See also
Connect:Direct
References
History of software
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies established in 1981 | VM Software | [
"Technology"
] | 250 | [
"History of software",
"History of computing"
] |
68,225,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2021%20J1%20%28Maury%E2%80%93Attard%29 | C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) is a Halley-type comet discovered on May 9, 2021, by French amateur astronomers Alain Maury and Georges Attard with the MAP (Maury/Attard/Parrott) observation program. It is the first comet discovered with the synthetic tracking technique, made possible with the Tycho Tracker commercial software developed by Daniel Parrott. When it was discovered, it had a magnitude of 19.
It has a 124 day observation arc. It came to perihelion on 19 February 2021. The next perihelion will be in early 2154.
References
External links
Halley-type comets
20210103
Comets in 2021 | C/2021 J1 (Maury–Attard) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 145 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Comet stubs"
] |
68,226,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcon%20process | In chemistry, the Halcon process refers to technology for the production of propylene oxide by oxidation of propylene with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The reaction requires metal catalysts, which typically contain molybdenum:
(CH3)3COOH + CH2=CHCH3 → (CH3)3COH + CH2OCHCH3
The byproduct tert-butanol is recycled or converted to other useful compounds. The process once operated at the scale of >2 billion kg/y.
The lighter analogue of propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, is produced by silver-catalyzed reaction of ethylene with oxygen. Attempts to implement this relatively simple technology to the conversion of propylene to propylene oxide fail. Instead only combustion predominates. The problems are attributed to the sensitivity of allylic C-H bonds.
Mechanism
The oxidation is thought to proceed by formation of Mo(η2-O2-tert-Bu) complexes. The peroxy O center is rendered highly electrophilic, leading to attack on the alkene.
History
The Halcon process was developed by Halcon International.
References
Catalysis | Halcon process | [
"Chemistry"
] | 251 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical reaction stubs",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical process stubs"
] |
68,226,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl%20hydroperoxide | Methyl hydroperoxide is the organic compound with the formula CH3OOH. It is a volaltile colorless liquid. In addition to being of theoretical interest as the simplest organic hydroperoxide, methyl hydroperoxide is an intermediate in the oxidation of methane. When condensed or in concentrated form methyl hydroperoxide is rather explosive, unlike tertiary hydroperoxides such as tert-butylhydroperoxide. Its laboratory preparation was first reported in 1929.
References
Hydroperoxides
Oxidizing agents
Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom | Methyl hydroperoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 112 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom"
] |
68,227,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylbenzene%20hydroperoxide | Ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CH(O2H)CH3. A colorless liquid, EBHP is a common hydroperoxide. It has been used as an O-atom donor in organic synthesis. It is chiral. Together with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide, ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is important commercially.
The compound is produced by direct reaction of ethylbenzene with oxygen, an autoxidation.
References
Hydroperoxides
Oxidizing agents
Phenyl compounds | Ethylbenzene hydroperoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 127 | [
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents"
] |
68,228,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynk%20Global | Lynk Global is an American company developing a satellite-to-mobile-phone satellite constellation that aims to provide a "cell tower in space" capability for global mobile phone service coverage, including in underserved rural areas without cellular coverage.
Lynk has requested a license from the US Federal Communications Commission to launch up to ten test satellites as early as 2022, with the goal to begin continuous global coverage in 2025 using a constellation of several thousand satellites.
History
Lynk Global Inc. was founded in 2017 by Charles Miller, Margo Deckard, and Tyghe Speidel.
The business plan for Lynk came out of a multi-year effort to look for the killer app for small satellites, specifically satellites as small as cubesat-class nanosatellites, which led to the concept of connecting a satellite directly to a mobile phone. The idea had been thought to not be possible by some, but the Lynk concept and patents gave Lynk founders and investors confidence it was achievable.
Lynk raised from investors during early years and expects to raise a round later in 2021.
In February 2020, Lynk "sent the world's first text message from a satellite in orbit to a standard mobile phone on the ground" in a test supported by both NASA and several mobile network operators.
On 25 May 2021, Lynk filed with the US telecommunications regulator, the FCC, to license Lynk's satellites and multiple satellite launches, with the goal to enable global mobile connectivity from space-based assets.
By May 2021, Lynk had launched four "cell-tower-in-space" test satellites into orbit. The fifth one, Shannon, was launched on 29 June 2021 and is a test sat of a new design suitable for mass production. Shannon is larger and operates at a higher power level and greater telecom capacity than the earlier test satellites. According to Lynk, the design is capable of being scaled up to provide greater communications throughput.
On 25 July 2023, Lynk published the first public video demonstrating a satellite-to-phone voice-call, though earlier in April of the same year, AST SpaceMobile claimed to have made the first space-based two-way telephone call with an unmodified smartphone.
Technology
According to the company, Lynk satellite mobile technology is capable of connecting to standard mobile phones from satellites in -altitude orbits.
Lynk technology connects to mobile phones on the ground in a way similar to roaming networks, where the satellite mobile service will connect to another available cellular network when outside the range of its home network. To accomplish the regulatory side of this novel telecommunications method will require that Lynk work through the various geographically dispersed, and often country-specific, mobile network operators in any area of the world in which the service is to be available.
Satellites launched
The first Lynk payloads to be tested in space have been flown attached to Cygnus spacecraft following their departure from the ISS. The first was tested on Cygnus NG-10 in February 2019, the second on Cygnus NG-11 in August 2019 and the third on Cygnus NG-12 in January 2020. Those have been followed by two free-flying test satellites, Lynk 04 ULTP and Lynk 06 Shannon, that have been launched on Falcon 9 Block 5 rockets in March 2020 and June 2021 respectively. The launch of operational satellites, named Lynk Towers, started in April 2022 with 3 satellites launched as of January 2023.
See also
Satellite internet constellation
References
External links
Official website
Communications satellite operators
Satellite constellations
Satellite telephony
Telecommunications companies of the United States | Lynk Global | [
"Technology"
] | 752 | [
"Satellite telephony"
] |
68,229,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization%20of%20construction | The industrialization of construction is the process through which construction aims to improve productivity through increased mechanization and automation. The process commonly involves modularization, prefabrication, preassembly, and mass production.
Background
Traditionally, construction has made use of manual labor such as tradesmen and subcontractors for tasks such as the installation of prefabricated elements. In the industrialization phase, construction uses manufacturing processes and technology to perform off-site prefabrication, assembling building components off-site rather than at the point of installation. Pre-assembled components are then sent to the building site in modular units. This type of prefabrication done away from the construction site is often referred to as externalizing work.
The industrialization of construction also implements principles such as the Toyota Production System and agile construction for developing work information systems. These systems and information technology such as the Internet of Things (IoT) create real-time feedback loops for improved decision making.
Scholars name five stages for the industrialization of construction: management of labor, management of work, lean operations, modeling and simulation, and feedback of the source based on the study of industrialization in other industries.
Lean Industrial Construction has far-reaching potential. Industrialized construction offers a framework for the fundamental shifts needed across the construction industry — moving from a disconnected design process to fully digital designs based on project data and from buying one-off projects to buying sustainable, productized buildings.
Effects
Productivity in the construction industry has been far behind productivity in general manufacturing, due to the increased industrialization in general manufacturing and construction's continued reliance on field labor. The main aim of industrialized construction is to increase productivity and reduce costs and project time through mechanization. Industrialization makes production processes and methods more efficient and reduces loss of working hours due to adverse weather conditions.
The industrialization of construction can have positive or negative effects on subcontractors and construction workers based on how well they are able to adapt to off-site working opportunities. Increased mechanization may result in a shift from price to performance competition for contractors.
Further reading
Industrialization of the Construction Industry (2013) by Dr. Perry Daneshgari and Dr. Heather Moore With Contribution from Greg Bau.
Winds of Change: Industrialization of Construction (2017) by Dr. Perry Daneshgari and Dr. Heather Moore With Contribution from Phil Nimmo.
Applying Scalable Prefabrication to Industrial Construction Work (2015) by Dr. Perry Daneshgari and Dr. Heather Moore.
The Profitability of Agile Construction (2006) by Dr. Perry Daneshgari and Dr. Heather Moore
Prefabrication Handbook for the Construction Industry (2019) by Dr. Perry Daneshgari and Dr. Heather Moore
Agile Construction for the Electrical Contractor, 2nd edition, 2020, Dr. Perry Daneshgari, and Dr. Heather Moore.
Daneshgari, D. P., & Moore, D. H. (2020). INDUSTRIALIZATION: Is Construction Next? CFMA, 43–49.
Daneshgari, D. P., & Moore, D. H. (2020). THE OPERATIONAL MODEL FOR Modular Construction. CFMA.
Daneshgari, D. P., & Moore, D. H. (2020). JOBSITE TO GARAGE: Changing the Mindset of Prefab and Modular Construction. CFMA, 35–43.
Taiichi, O. (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-scale Production. New York: Productivity Press.
Taiichi., O. (2009). Workplace Management. (J. Miller, Trans.) Makilteo, WA: Gemba Press.
Winds of Change: Industrialization of Construction (2018) by Dr. Perry Daneshgari and Dr. Heather Moore With Contribution from Phil Nimmo.
Taylor, F. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. Harper & Brothers.
Shewhart, W. A. (1923). Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. ASQ Quality Press.
Shingo, S. (1987). Non-Stock Production the Shingo System of Continuous Improvement. Productivity Press.
Shingo, S. (1989). A Study of the Toyota Production System. Productivity Press.
Sloan, A. P. (1972). My Years with General Motors. Doubleday.
Industrialization of Construction: How it will happen, and how to stay ahead using Agile Construction (2024)
Moore, D. H., and O'Dell, D (2022). Gang Boxes – Making them come alive with Agile Intelligence™. IEC, Insights Magazine.
Daneshgari, D. P., & Moore, D. H. (2021). How Will Working from Home Catalyze Industrialization?. CFMA.
Moore, D. H. and Parvin, S (2021). How Industrialized are You? Measuring Your Company’s Progress. CFMA.
Daneshgari, D. P., & Moore, D. H. (2020). Jobsite to Garage: Changing the Mindset of Prefab & Modular Construction. CFMA.
Daneshgari, D. P., & Moore, D. H. (2014). Is Prefabrication Making You Money?. EC&M.
Daneshgari, D. P.(2013). The Industrialization of Construction. Dassault
Daneshgari, Dr. Perry, and Dr. Heather Moore. Prefabrication Handbook for the Construction Industry 2019
Daneshgari, Dr. Perry, and Dr. Heather Moore. Industrialization of Construction How it will happen, and how to stay ahead using Agile Construction 2024
Daneshgari, Dr. Perry, and Dr. Heather Moore. Prefabrication or Electrical Installations for Construction NECA 5- 2022
References
Industrialisation
History of construction
Economic history | Industrialization of construction | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,199 | [
"Construction",
"History of construction"
] |
68,232,595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZS%203604 | NZS 3604 Timber-framed buildings is a New Zealand technical standard which sets out specifications and methods for designing and constructing light timber-framed houses and other low-rise buildings. When read together with the amendments in Building Code acceptable solution B1/AS1, it allows the construction of code-compliant buildings up to three storeys high (two full storeys and a third storey in the roof space) on good ground without the need for specific structural engineering. The standard is maintained by Standards New Zealand.
The first edition of NZS 3604 was published in November 1978, replacing provisions in the NZS 1900 Model building bylaw series. Similar timber-framed building standards have existed in New Zealand since the aftermath of the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. The current revision of the standard is NZS 3604:2011, published in February 2011.
NZS 3604 is New Zealand's most sought-after technical standard, used in the design and construction of an estimated 93 per cent of light timber-framed buildings. In 2019, the Government funded free online access to the standard to increase accessibility and reduce building compliance costs.
Scope
NZS 3604 covers low- and normal-importance light timber-framed buildings such as standalone houses, medium-density housing and many small commercial buildings. It covers buildings up to two full storeys high, plus a third storey in the roof space, on good ground. In a three-storey building, the floor area of the highest storey cannot exceed half the floor area of the lowest storey. The maximum building height allowed is , measured from ground level to the apex of the roof.
Good ground is defined as soil that has an ultimate bearing capacity of . Soils such as sand, peat and expansive clay, and areas subject to subsidence or liquefaction are not considered good ground under the standard.
The standard allows a maximum snow loading of . This covers areas below elevation in Southland, Otago and most of Canterbury (south of Cheviot), and below elevation in the remainder of the South Island and the lower and central North Island.
The maximum roof pitch is 60°, and walls may be pitched up to 20° only for forming mansard roofs. This means most A-frame buildings are outside the standard's scope.
Revisions
Since NZS 3604's introduction in 1978, the standard has been through six revisions:
NZS 3604:1978 Code of practice for light timber frame buildings not requiring specific design – published November 1978.
NZS 3604:1981 Code of practice for light timber frame buildings not requiring specific design – published August 1981.
NZS 3604:1984 Code of practice for light timber frame buildings not requiring specific design – published October 1984.
NZS 3604:1990 Code of practice for light timber frame buildings not requiring specific design – published December 1990.
NZS 3604:1999 Timber Framed Buildings – published June 1999.
NZS 3604:2011 Timber-framed buildings – published February 2011.
, Standards New Zealand is revising NZS 3604, with a new edition of the standard due to be published in 2023. The proposed changes include extending the scope of the standard to cover building three full storeys (to accommodate increasing demand for medium-density housing) and building on sites with expansive clay and medium liquefaction risk (e.g. TC2 land in Christchurch).
Access
Copies of NZS 3604 are available for purchase from Standards New Zealand. , a hard copy of the standard costs $310 excluding GST ($356.50 including GST).
In July 2019, the Government extended free online access to the entire NZS 3604 standard, allowing people to download and print one PDF copy of the standard. The free access is intended to increase accessibility to the standard, and to reduce building compliance costs. The standard is funded through the Building Levy, which is collected on building consent applications.
References
Standards of New Zealand
Building codes
Housing in New Zealand | NZS 3604 | [
"Engineering"
] | 799 | [
"Building engineering",
"Building codes"
] |
68,232,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba%20Pasopia%20IQ | The Toshiba Pasopia IQ are a series of MSX compatible machines released by Toshiba between 1983 and 1985. This is not to be confused with a different computer line (unrelated to MSX) with the similar name of Toshiba Pasopia.
HX-10 series
The HX-10 was released in the fall of 1983. There is only one ROM cartridge slot, but there's an optional expansion slot available. Several models exist (D, DP, DPN, F, E and S), targeting different markets. For example, the HX-10DPN is equipped with an RGB 21-pin terminal, but other connections (RF, composite video) are non existing; the HX-10S only has 16KB of RAM.
HX-20 series
The HX-20 was released in the fall of 1984 is equipped with 64KB of RAM. It has a monaural / stereo sound selector switch. Like with the HX-10 series, several models exist (HX-21, HX-22, HX-23). The later models have a RGB 21-pin video output. The HX-23 is compatible with the MSX2 and comes with 64KB of VRAM. The HX-23F is equipped with a RS-232 interface and comes with 128KB of VRAM.
HX-30 series
The HX-30 was MSX compatible and released in 1985, with 16KB of RAM, with latter models coming with 64KB, a RGB 21-pin video output and Programmable sound generator stereo output.
The HX-33 model has 128kB of VRAM and was MSX2 compatible with integrated keyboard. The next model, HX-34, added a floppy disk drive.
Model list
The following table present a condensed model list of the MSX compatible computers released by Toshiba.
See also
Toshiba Pasopia
Toshiba Pasopia 5
Toshiba Pasopia 7
Toshiba Pasopia 16
References
Pasopia
MSX microcomputer | Toshiba Pasopia IQ | [
"Technology"
] | 433 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
68,233,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20%28supercomputer%29 | Leonardo is a petascale supercomputer located at the CINECA datacenter in Bologna, Italy. The system consists of an Atos BullSequana XH2000 computer, with close to 14,000 Nvidia Ampere GPUs and 200 Gbit/s Nvidia Mellanox HDR InfiniBand connectivity. Inaugurated in November 2022, Leonardo is capable of 250 petaflops (250 quadrillion operations per second), making it one of the top five fastest supercomputers in the world. It debuted on the TOP500 in November 2022 ranking fourth in the world, and second in Europe.
Architecture
The system is constructed as three separate "modules". The first, known as the "booster module", consists of 13,824 Nvidia A100 GPUs, grouped four per node, for a total of 3,456 nodes. This module will be capable of 240.50 LINPACK petaflops, and is expected to be online by autumn 2022. The second module, called the "data centric module", is made up of 1,536 Intel Sapphire Rapids CPUs, and will be capable of 8.97 LINPACK petaflops. These two computing modules will be complemented by a "front-end & service module", and backed by two storage systems; 5 PB of high IOPS storage with 1 TB/s bandwidth and 100 PB of high capacity storage with bandwidth. The components will be joined up by a 200 Gbit/s InfiniBand interconnect.
Booster Module
The 3,456 individual nodes which make up the "booster module" are custom BullSequana X2135 "Da Vinci" blade servers, each composed of:
1x Intel Xeon 8358 CPU, with 32 cores running at 2.6 GHz
512 GB RAM DDR4 3200 MHz
4x NVidia custom Ampere GPU, 64 GB HBM2
2x NVidia HDR InfiniBand network adapters, each with two 100 Gbit/s ports
Each node is expected to deliver 89.4 TFLOPs peak.
Data Centric Module
The "data centric module" consists of 1536 nodes, each comprising a BullSequana X2610 compute blade with:
2x Intel Sapphire Rapids CPUs, with 56 cores
512 GB RAM DDR5 4800 MHz
1x NVidia HDR InfiniBand network adapter, with one 100 Gbit/s port
8 TB NVM storage
Front-end & Service Module
This module is responsible for login handling, visualisation and system service and management. It consists of 16 nodes, each having:
2x Ice Lake CPUs, with 32 cores
512 GB RAM
1x NVidia HDR InfiniBand network adapter, with two 100 Gbit/s ports
6 TB disk storage in RAID-1 configuration
16 additional nodes are also equipped with:
2x NVidia Quadro RTX8000 48 GB (for visualisations)
6.4 TB NVMe disk array
Storage
Leonardo will have access to two storage tiers:
A "fast" tier based on 31x DDN Exascaler ES400NVX2 appliances, each with 24x 7.68 TB NVMe SSDs
A "capacity" tier based on 31x DDN EXAScaler SFA799X appliances, with 82x 18 TB HDD SAS 7200 rpm and two JBOD expansions per appliance, each with 82x 18 TB HDD SAS 7200 rpm
Funding
Leonardo is part of the European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking, and receives €120 million in funding from the EU. This is matched by a further €120 million from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research.
Bologna Technopole
The building housing Leonardo is known as the Bologna Technopole, and used to be home to a tobacco factory. It was built in 1952 by Pier Luigi Nervi, who was famous for his innovative use of reinforced concrete. In addition to Leonardo, the building also houses the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' new supercomputer, consisting of four Atos BullSequana XH2000 clusters, which replaces their earlier facility in Reading, England.
See also
LUMI, another EuroHPC supercomputer based in Kajaani, Finland.
EuroHPC (European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking).
References
Supercomputers
Supercomputing in Europe | Leonardo (supercomputer) | [
"Technology"
] | 940 | [
"Supercomputers",
"Supercomputing in Europe",
"Supercomputing"
] |
68,233,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny%20%28sea%20anemone%29 | Granny was the affectionate name eventually given to a beadlet sea anemone, Actinia equina, which in 1828 was taken from a rocky shore at North Berwick in Scotland by an amateur naturalist, John Dalyell. During her long life through the Victorian era, she was cared for by a series of Edinburgh naturalists. Long outliving Dalyell, this sea anemone lived alone in a jar where she gave birth to several hundred offspring before her death in 1887.
Dalyell investigated and was puzzled by how Granny was producing her young, and, even in the 21st century, the processes involved are not well understood by zoologists.
Granny was shown to many visitors, some very distinguished, and her visitors' book held over a thousand names. She was the topic of several talks at scientific conferences, where she sometimes accompanied the speaker. Two educational children's stories were written about her in the didactic style typical of the era.
She became well known during her lifetime, becoming "arguably the most famous and celebrated cnidarian of all time".
Early life
This specimen of an Actinia equina sea anemone was found on the shore at North Berwick in 1828 by the lawyer, antiquarian and naturalist John Graham Dalyell. Dalyell, who collected sea creatures, thought it appeared to be about seven years old when he came across it. Beadlets are commonly found on rocky north-east Atlantic coasts. Eventually in 1848 Dalyell, who by this time had been knighted and had inherited a baronetcy, described and illustrated it, calling it Actinia mesembryanthemum, in his two-volume book Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, represented from Living Subjects, which concentrated on sessile marine creatures. He did not name the creature, simply referring to it as "the specimen of Plate XLV".
The beadlet was reddish-brown when it was first taken but twenty years later it had become a dull greenish colour with blue tubercules at the base of the outer row of tentacles. There were three rows of tentacles with the fewest and longest in the inner row. Over time the number of tentacles increased, reaching 100 after 20 years. In 1860 it was described as being pale brown in colour and "no larger than a half-crown piece".
After Dalyell's death in 1851 the creature was cared for by Rev Prof John Fleming, followed by Dr James M'Bain, and latterly by John Sadler and then Robert Lindsay, both curators of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
Personal life
Although Dalyell described the species as hermaphrodite, the particular specimen that became famous was generally regarded as female because she produced offspring. It was not understood at the time that beadlet sea anemones can be of female, hermaphrodite or male morphological types, sometimes changing at different stages of their lives, and all states can produce young. Despite this, there is no consistent evidence of sexual reproduction in Actinia equina. In any case, after she had been caught Granny lived alone in a cylindrical glass jar, apart from brief periods with her newly born offspring. Under Dalyell's care she produced 334 young in 23 years and then none until 1857 when 240 offspring were born in one night. Next, in 1872, there were 30 born in August and 9 more in December. After that, although she produced young in most years, the numbers declined.
Although he was mystified how the embryos were being produced, Dalyell discovered that they developed for highly variable lengths of time in the gastrovascular cavity of the parent. Sometimes they moved temporarily into the parent's translucent tentacles where they could be more easily observed and they might also leave the parent's body cavity and return later. Ultimately, in a rare and brief event that was very difficult to observe, they were ejected individually or en masse out of the parent's internal cavity, in much the same way as for disgorging indigestible food matter.
It was often said that Dalyell changed the sea water in the beadlet's jar every day and had his porter fetch new water from the sea at least three times a week but Dalyell's sister said that the water, which was carried in a 3 to 4 gallon () earthenware jug, might often be changed twice a day. Later, M'Bain fed Granny on half a mussel once a month whereas Dalyell had supplied more frequent and varied meals.
In 1861 John Harper wrote about her in detail, calling her by the name of Granny, and in 1866 Adam White produced a didactic story for children setting her life alongside events in world history. Professor D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson also wrote about her for children saying that when he was a boy he "knew her [...] well and intimately, and helped to feed her". He had also been allowed to keep some of her offspring from two generations.
Career
Granny was not shown in public while she was in Dalyell's care but in 1859 James M'Bain took the beadlet to an Aberdeen meeting of the British Association and to the
Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh in 1872. In 1878 he spoke at the 107th session of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh taking Granny and specimens of two generations of her young to show the audience. He said:
Near the start of Granny's career White had written in 1866 "An Austrian knight from Vienna paid his respects to Grannie in 1865, and has alluded to her in a learned paper printed in 'High Dutch. From September 1879 Sadler maintained a visitors’ book for Granny extending over nearly eight years – this had over a thousand signatories including the Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland and “distinguished professors and travellers”. In 1881, as part of the celebrations welcoming the appointment of a new Lord High Commissioner, Granny was introduced to Lord Aberdeen, and his wife Lady Aberdeen.
D'Arcy Thompson gave the 1918 Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on the subject "The Fish of the Sea" and The Times reported that the hero of the lecture was Granny.
Death
Granny died on 4 August 1887 but the news was embargoed until 11 October 1887, "apparently for State reasons", when The Scotsman published a lengthy obituary, "In Memoriam – 'Granny, saying "while surrounded by several of its offspring [...] 'Granny' succumbed, being known to have lived sixty-seven years". On 2 November The New York Times reported the matter but it took until 28 December, by which time the death seems to have assumed a lesser importance, for the Southland Times of New Zealand to announce the "Death of a Nondescript Celebrity".
White had predicted that Granny's resting place would be in a jar of alcohol in a museum but it seems her remains were not preserved. However, Thompson wrote that her Scotsman obituary rightly showed that she was "famous and was mourned by a great circle of friends". Swinney considered she had become, and remained, "arguably the most famous and celebrated cnidarian of all time". The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh still keeps an archive of papers about her.
Granny as a "pioneer" in Victorian era Britain
Granny's significance extended beyond scientific and social circles. The 1887 article in The Scotsman claimed she was "the pioneer of the new movement in popular education", obliquely crediting her for influencing the British fashion for aquariums in drawing rooms of the Victorian era.
From 1790 Dalyell had led the way in keeping marine creatures and had kept an Actinia sea anemone as early as 1805, which by 1807 had produced three young. He needed to replenish the sea water frequently because at that time the need to oxygenate the water was not understood.
In early Victorian Britain the middle-class fashion for ferns kept in glass cases began to wane by the 1850s. In 1854 Philip Henry Gosse published his book The Aquarium: an Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea (Gosse devised the word "aquarium") which described two developments that made it easier to keep sea water creatures in a domestic setting. Taking his idea from the cases for ferns, he proposed a rectangular box design of tank which could be made at home and which soon became available commercially. He also explained the vital importance of having seaweed or aquatic plants to keep the water aerated and reduce the need for fresh supplies of seawater.
Gosse did not personally discover the need for seaweed or seagrass but he was the first to popularise the idea. His book became a best seller and made a profit of £900 (equivalent of £ in ). Families who were now able to go on holiday by train could bring back seaweed and sea anemones which were easily caught and were attractive at home in the drawing room. Having an aquarium had become a fad:
Professor Butler was American, one of the proprietors of Barnum's American Museum and, in 1859, Boston Aquarial Gardens, but he was writing of Britain. He went on wisely to say "It could not be expected that such a novelty would long escape the vigilant gaze of American enterprise".
The craze faded and during the 1870s there was a boom in building large public aquariums and, along with the museums being constructed at the same time, these were regarded by high-minded Victorians as worthy ways to educate the public. So, Granny was seen as pioneering a commendable educational movement although for almost sixty years she spent practically all her life alone in a simple jar without seaweed.
See also
Granny (orca)
Paul the Octopus
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
– also at gutenberg.org
– made available by New England Aquarium, Boston:
free access through Wikipedia Library (Edinburgh University Press)
Further reading
1821 animal births
1887 animal deaths
Actiniidae
Animals described in 1828
Individual animals in Scotland
Invertebrates of the North Sea
Negligibly senescent organisms
Science and technology in Edinburgh
Individual cnidarians | Granny (sea anemone) | [
"Biology"
] | 2,051 | [
"Senescence",
"Negligibly senescent organisms",
"Organisms by adaptation"
] |
68,234,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Northwest%20Cloudband | The Australian Northwest Cloudband (NWCB), or just Northwest cloudband, is a band of a broad, continuous, moisture-laden cloud that stretches from the tropical east Indian Ocean to southern Australia, which forms in the cool season and generally brings sporadic precipitation across the Australian continent. The NWCB is the third most commonly occurring cloudband in the world and the fourth most frequently occurring cloudband in the Southern Hemisphere.
Formation
Developing a NW-SE orientation and influenced by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the cloudband forms when moist and warm tropical air on the Indian ocean (near Indonesia) travels towards the southeast and passes over Australia towards the western side of a high pressure system in the southeast, where they ascend over the cooler air in the mid-latitudes within the content and thus create the cloudband. A negative IOD typically causes an increase in northwest cloudbands.
The cloud band occurs when the high pressure system in the southwest thrusts the cold air from the Southern Ocean to northwest Australia, while the northeastern high pulls warm, moist air from the Coral Sea towards the center of Australia. When the warm northeasterly air clashes with the cold southwesterly airflow, their friction creates a large area of unstable rising air, thus forming clouds. The damp air and cloud that formed over the Indian Ocean then crossbeam the continent. Sea surface temperature gradients in the eastern Indian Ocean, as well as low pressure anomalies (i.e. monsoon lows and tropical depressions) can form the cloudband.
Background
On the warm tropical side, the clouds are generally heavy and convective, which gain a lot of moisture into the upper atmosphere, whereas the lower troposphere is consistently warm and humid. The convection is centered along the NW cloud band since the trade wind inversion is topically weaker. The NW cloudband usually has a high cloud base.
A tropical-extratropical feature, the cloudband provides up to 80% of the annual rainfall for northwestern Australia and up to 40% of the annual rainfall for southwestern Australia, including most of the winter rainfall over northwest Western Australia and Central Australia, which tend to have a drying trend in that season. Southern Australia, though, would receive most of its cloudband-associated rainfall when the band connects with cold front systems. The band increases rainfall over the northwest (Kimberley region and Pilbara), central (Great Victoria Desert region) and southeastern Australia (South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania).
The cloudband is an extensive layer of cloud that tends to be to long (with a width of at least ) and would link a cold front or cut-off lows at their southeastern end to the ITCZ at their northwestern end. The South Pacific Convergence Zone would often be connected to a NW cloud band. The band is generally around than long, where it can stretch from Jakarta in Indonesia down to Hobart, Tasmania. In extreme cases, it can even stretch from a tropical disturbance around the equator just south of Sri Lanka to Tasmania.
Occurrence
They generally occur between March and October, but more during late autumn and early winter when the oceans around the country are warm and the subtropical jet stream is strong. Lasting from a few days to a week, they are more common when temperatures in the eastern Indian Ocean (near Australia) are higher than those in the western Indian Ocean (near Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula). The cloudbands would have a declining trend in late winter and early spring because the country's surrounding oceans would be cooler.
References
External links
Influence of Northwest Cloudbands on Southwest Australian Rainfall
Meteorological phenomena
Weather events
Atmospheric dynamics
Atmospheric circulation
Climate of Australia
Indian Ocean
Climate of Indonesia | Australian Northwest Cloudband | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 755 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Weather",
"Meteorological phenomena",
"Weather events",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
73,994,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian%20Meteorological%20Department | The Palestinian Meteorological Department (PMD; ) is an organization that operates under the Ministry of Transportation. Its mission is to effectively utilize weather conditions to directly or indirectly serve various sectors of life and contribute to the development of the national economy in fields such as agriculture, water, energy, aviation, maritime navigation, scientific research, and public health. The first observations in Mandatory Palestine date from 1923, but the department was created in 1994 by the Palestinian National Authority after the Oslo Accords.
History
The PMD's history of evolution can be summarized as follows:
In 1923, meteorological observations began in several locations under British rule, including Jerusalem, Jericho, Beit Qad (Jenin), Tulkarm, Arroub, and Wadi Fara. Following the events of 1948, the meteorological stations in the West Bank came under the Jordanian Meteorological Department, while the Gaza Strip station fell under the authority of the Egyptian Meteorological Authority.
In 1967, during the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, the meteorological station was captured, and new stations were established in Palestinian cities in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. At that time, the focus of the department was primarily on measuring and recording meteorological elements.
In 1994, the meteorological stations were transferred to the Palestinian Authority. To develop expertise within the department, the Civil Aviation Authority sent 25 Palestinian trainees to Egypt for specialized training in meteorology.
In 1997, an additional training initiative took place, with fourteen Palestinian trainees sent to Morocco to acquire the necessary skills and qualifications to provide meteorological services. As a result, the department transformed into a directorate general under a presidential decree issued by the Ministry of Transportation.
In 1999, the Palestinian Meteorological Office became an observer member of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and a permanent member of the Arab Permanent Meteorological Committee of the League of Arab States. The network expanded with the inauguration of two new meteorological stations in Ramallah and the Gaza International Airport. Furthermore, a ground receiving station for weather maps and satellite images was constructed and used for aviation navigation purposes at the Gaza International Airport.
Over the years, efforts were made to enhance the knowledge and capabilities of the PMD staff. Employees received training at the Jordanian Meteorological Department in 2001, and between 2007 and 2008, approximately 30 employees were trained in various meteorological fields in Turkey, China, and Egypt.
In 2008, three new meteorological stations were installed in Kardalah in the Jordan Valley, Bethlehem, and Douma (southeast of Nablus). The stations in Jericho and Tulkarm were also renovated. Additionally, more than fifty rainfall stations were distributed throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip, aiming to obtain climatological data across a wider geographical area.
In 2009, seventeen employees underwent practical training at the Jordanian Meteorological Department. The PMD also actively participated in conferences, workshops, and established local, regional, and international connections within the meteorological community.
Mission
The PMD has several missions, which aim to:
Optimize the utilization of weather conditions to directly or indirectly serve various aspects of life.
Contribute effectively to the development of the national economy in diverse fields such as agriculture, water, energy, aviation, maritime navigation, scientific research, and public health.
Ensure the safety of lives and property through accurate climatological data-based advice and guidance.
Service
The PMD provides several services that can be organized as follows:
Weather forecasts for the general public.
Weather forecasts for farmers.
Provision of climatic data to public and private sectors.
Special weather forecasts for aviation.
Special information for researchers and university students.
Dissemination of regular bulletins through various media.
Issuance of necessary warnings in cases of special and emergency weather conditions.
Stations
The Palestinian Meteorological Department (PMD) is active in all governorates of the State of Palestine, where it has expanded since its establishment. In 1999, two weather stations were opened in the city of Ramallah and at the Gaza International Airport. In 2008, the PMD installed five stations in Jéricho, Tulkarem, Bethlehem, Kardala, and Douma, and also distributed over 50 rainfall stations. Today, it comprises a network of over a hundred rainfall stations and 15 electronic monitoring stations that provide data every fifteen minutes.
Equipment
According to Youcef Abu Saad, the Director-General of the Palestinian Meteorological Department, the State of Palestine faces significant challenges in the field of meteorology. Two main factors contribute to this situation. Firstly, there is a shortage of financial resources and budgets allocated to this domain, hindering the acquisition and maintenance of necessary meteorological equipment. Additionally, Palestine has not attained permanent membership status in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), currently holding observer status. Abu Saad also states that, "Israeli occupation also poses significant obstacles. Restrictions imposed by Israel impede the delivery of essential meteorological devices and equipment, such as radars, to the State of Palestine. Palestinian authorities face financial difficulties that limit their ability to access certain meteorological tools and programs."
However, despite these challenges, collaborations with neighboring countries such as Turkey and some Arab nations have enabled the acquisition of vital weather information and maps necessary for analysis and the issuance of meteorological forecasts within Palestine.
References
Governmental meteorological agencies in Asia
Atmospheric dispersion modeling | Palestinian Meteorological Department | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,049 | [
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73,994,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Streisand%20effect%20examples | This is a list of notable incidents that have experienced a Streisand effect, an unintended consequence of attempts to hide, remove, or censor information, where the effort instead backfires by increasing public awareness of the information. This list includes only instances explicitly identified by the media or other sources as examples of the Streisand effect.
In politics and government
Argentina
In November 2024, an attempt led by Vice President Victoria Villarruel to ban certain books from schools for being "degrading and immoral" led to one such book, Cometierra, becoming a best seller.
Australia
In March 2022, incumbent Australian federal MP Tim Wilson, in what had previously been considered to be the safe seat of Goldstein, drew national attention to his independent challenger Zoe Daniel when he made legal objections to posting of campaign signs by volunteers on the fences of private residences. This also led to a significant increase in donations to the Daniel campaign.
In May 2024, Australia's richest billionaire Gina Rinehart demanded that the National Gallery of Australia remove an unflattering caricature of herself painted by Aboriginal Australian artist Vincent Namatjira. Rinehart pressured 20 Australian swimmers she was sponsoring to lobby for the removal. Her actions was covered by many news outlets and brought new audiences to Namatjira's art.
Canada
In December 2023, the Canadian Armed Forces at CFB Kingston sent a base-wide email addressing a sex worker advertising on base. The worker, who was essentially unknown to most soldiers at the time, became instantly recognizable as the email effectively advertised the woman and her services to the entire base. This situation was compounded after the story appeared in a number of national news outlets.
China
A 2018 study of millions of individual responses of Chinese social media users found that sudden censorship of information by the Chinese government and its affiliates often led to mass backlashes, including newfound popularity of virtual private networks and the subsequent reviewing of entire topic lists on which censored subjects appear. Other researchers found that the backlash tended to result in permanent changes to political attitudes and behaviors.
In August 2020, it was reported that the Chinese government had blanked out parts of Baidu's mapping platform, and that this could be used to find a network of buildings bearing hallmarks of prisons and internment camps.
On June 3, 2022, Chinese streamer Li Jiaqi was interrupted for showing a tank-shaped ice cream in the livestream and failed to show up for the next scheduled show. This sudden suspension drew more attention to the sensitivity of the tank symbol, alluding to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.
In January 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, the Jyllands-Posten newspaper received international attention when it published a cartoon depicting the Chinese flag with yellow virus-like figures instead of the usual yellow stars. The illustrator received numerous threats, and social media platforms were flooded by illustrations of the Danish flag that had been edited to included feces, texts like alle jeres familier døde ("all your families are dead") and similar mockery in what experts regarded as a coordinated action, much of it spread by newly started profiles that appeared to be automated. The Chinese embassy in Denmark demanded an official apology from Jyllands-Posten. Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen refused to apologize on behalf of the Danish government, declaring that there is freedom of speech in Denmark. Other Danish newspapers, although some of them regarded the illustration as impolite, supported , noting that Danish newspapers operate under Danish law, not based on intimidation from a non-democratic country, and also pointed out that few would have seen the illustration if not for the actions of the Chinese embassy.
When Hong Kong's secretary for justice filed an injunction to bar the distribution of pro-democracy protest song Glory to Hong Kong with the intention to incite secession, sedition, or to violate the national anthem law, Senior Counsel Abraham Chan said the government's injunction application "would bring about an own goal" by amplifying that which it sought to prohibit. Chan cited "empirical evidence" that after the government announced that it would apply for a ban, "the level of engagement with the song increased".
When Liu Xiaobo was awarded the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China", the Chinese Communist Party censored the news domestically, while publicly denouncing the Nobel Prize internationally. Most Western democracies, however, publicly praised the award and attended the awards ceremony despite pressure from Chinese diplomats.
When tennis star Peng Shuai disappeared after accusing Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli of raping her, the Chinese Communist Party's censorship of her story and subsequent staged public appearances of Peng drew increased worldwide scrutiny to her whereabouts and safety.
France
The French intelligence agency DCRI's attempt to delete the French Wikipedia article about the military radio station of Pierre-sur-Haute resulted in the restored article temporarily becoming the most-viewed page on the French Wikipedia.
Greece
A 2013 libel suit by Greek politician Theodore Katsanevas against a Greek Wikipedia editor resulted in members of the project bringing the story to the attention of journalists.
Hungary
In 2020 , a politician of Fidesz and then deputy mayor of Győr sued a resident of his city, identified only as Zoltán B., for a Facebook comment posted on a friend's personal profile page. In July 2020 one of B's friends shared a blog post accusing Radnóti of voter solicitation, under which B. commented "pay no attention to him, he's a dick". The deputy mayor sued B. for defamation, and B. was sentenced to three years of probation.
The case received wide media attention, in part because Radnóti's party has a poor reputation in the areas of free speech and other human rights, in part because the politician's lawyer was the same Zoltán Rákosfalvy who defended ex-mayor Zsolt Borkai during his sex and corruption scandal in the preceding year, and in part because B's sentence was seen as comparatively harsh (the trial happened the same month in which ex-diplomat Gábor Kaleta was sentenced to one year of probation and a monetary fine for owning thousands of child pornography photographs). Radnóti, who had previously been unknown outside his city, was widely criticised for being too sensitive and vindictive, and the outcome met disapproval from the general public, since politicians are public officials who are generally expected to endure criticism. Radnóti and the case was widely parodied online, with one popular blogger commenting that "he is more like a pussy" and paraphrasing a scene from Kafka's The Metamorphosis, with Radnóti being transformed into a penis. His Wikipedia page has been vandalized several times, with his profession being stated as "dick". A widespread joke stated that B. was in fact sentenced for releasing classified information.
B. appealed the sentence. As during the previous trial, he was defended by a lawyer of the Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, while Radnóti represented himself this time, to avoid further association with Rákosfalvy. In January 2021 B. was acquitted on the basis that the politician received the insult as a consequence of his acts as a public official, thus he has to endure criticism.
India
In February 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India sought to ban India: The Modi Question, a BBC documentary that was critical of him. This led to students in colleges across India screening the documentary on their own, on campus and elsewhere.
Israel
In May 2009, the Israeli right-wing nationalist political party Yisrael Beiteinu introduced a bill that would outlaw all commemorations of the expulsion of Palestinians following the Independence War, known as "Nakba", with a three-year prison sentence for such acts of remembrance. The original bill did not pass, and the controversy surrounding it unintentionally promoted knowledge of the Nakba within Israeli society.
Poland
In February 2018, Anne Applebaum wrote in The Washington Post about the Polish Holocaust law, which would have criminalized blaming Poles for the Holocaust. She argued that the Streisand effect would draw more attention to aspects of history that the Polish government preferred to suppress. The legislation is part of the historical policy of the Law and Justice party which seeks to present a narrative of ethnic Poles exclusively as victims and heroes. The law was met with widespread international criticism, as it was seen as an infringement on freedom of expression and on academic freedom, and as a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism, in what has been described as "the biggest diplomatic crisis in [Poland's] recent history".
Saudi Arabia
A 2019 study of political imprisonment by the government of Saudi Arabia found that while incarceration tended to deter individual dissidents from further dissent, it strongly emboldened their social media followers, led to a sharp increase in calls for political reform, and resulted in an increase in online dissent and physical in-person protests overall, including criticism of the ruling family and calls for regime change. Such repression also draws public attention to the imprisoned dissidents and their causes, and does not deter other prominent figures in Saudi Arabia from continuing to dissent online.
South Africa
In 2017, the government of South Africa stated their intention to ban a book by Jacques Pauw, The President's Keepers, detailing corruption within the government of then-President Jacob Zuma. This resulted in sales of the book skyrocketing, and it sold out within 24 hours before the ban was to be put into effect. The book became a national best seller and led to multiple reprints. This effect was repeated when Pauw published Our Poisoned Land (2023) and the Economic Freedom Fighters took legal action in an effort to ban the book, thereby resulting in an increase in book sales.
Tunisia
In November 2007, Tunisia blocked access to YouTube and Dailymotion after material was posted depicting Tunisian political prisoners. Activists and their supporters then started to link the location of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's palace on Google Earth to videos about civil liberties in general. The Economist said this "turned a low-key human-rights story into a fashionable global campaign".
United Kingdom
On June 18, 2022, The Times reported claims that Boris Johnson had tried to hire his now-wife Carrie Symonds as his chief of staff when he was foreign secretary. Although it was published on its first printed edition, it was then swiftly removed without explanation. It was also mentioned on MailOnline, who rewrote the Times story in the early hours of the morning before also deleting its article without explanation or an editor's note. Rival newspaper The Guardian mentioned that this incident could backfire as an example of the Streisand effect. A few days later on June 21, 10 Downing Street said that the prime minister's special advisers asked The Times to retract the article, leading to questions about the objectivity of the editorship of the newspaper.
On January 9, 2025, former Prime Minister Liz Truss sent a cease and desist letter to Prime Minister Keir Starmer demanding that he stop saying that she "crashed the economy", in reference to the aftermath of the September 2022 United Kingdom mini-budget which triggered the end of her premiership. The letter was then widely covered in the British media, drawing further attention to the claims that Truss had crashed the economy, which were repeated in parliament by Leader of the House of Commons Lucy Powell who stated "we won't cease and desist from telling the truth that they [the Conservatives] crashed the economy".
United States
In March 2019, US Representative (Calif.) Devin Nunes filed a defamation lawsuit against Twitter and three users for US$250 million in damages. One user named in the lawsuit, the parody account @DevinCow (Name: Devin Nunes' cow), had 1,200 followers before the lawsuit. After the suit, however, @DevinCow had gained some 600,000 additional followers.
In October 2020, the New York Post published emails from a laptop owned by Hunter Biden, the son of Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden, detailing an alleged corruption scheme. After internal discussion that debated whether the story may have originated from Russian misinformation and propaganda, Twitter blocked the story from their platform and locked the accounts of those who shared a link to the article, including the New York Post own Twitter account, and White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany, among others. Researchers at MIT cited the increase of 5,500 shares every 15 minutes to about 10,000 shares shortly after Twitter censored the story, as evidence of the Streisand effect nearly doubling the attention the story received. Twitter removed the ban the following day.
Around the time that American politician JD Vance was nominated as the 2024 Republican vice presidential candidate, a July 15, 2024 Twitter post falsely said that Vance's memoir Hillbilly Elegy described him masturbating using a latex glove placed between couch cushions, leading to the creation of several Internet memes. This transparently false Internet hoax gained enough virality that the Associated Press published a fact check on July 24 to debunk it, but the agency removed the fact check from its website the next day saying it had not gone through the agency's "standard editing process". The removal itself became a news item, drawing more attention to the hoax, and it was described by The Daily Telegraph as an example of the Streisand effect.
By businesses
In April 2007, a group of companies that used Advanced Access Content System (AACS) encryption issued cease-and-desist letters demanding that the system's 128-bit (16-byte) numerical key (represented in hexadecimal as ) be removed from several high-profile websites, including Digg. With the numerical key and some software, it was possible to decrypt the video content on HD-DVDs. This led to the key's proliferation across other sites and chat rooms in various formats, with one commentator describing it as having become "the most famous number on the Internet". Within a month, the key had been reprinted on over 280,000 pages, had been printed on T-shirts and tattoos, had been published as a book, and had appeared on YouTube in a song played over 45,000 times.
In September 2009, multi-national oil company Trafigura obtained a super-injunction to prevent The Guardian newspaper from reporting on an internal Trafigura investigation into the 2006 Ivory Coast toxic waste dump scandal. A super-injunction prevents reporting on even the existence of the injunction. Using parliamentary privilege, Labour MP Paul Farrelly referred to the super-injunction in a parliamentary question and on October 12, 2009, The Guardian reported that it had been gagged from reporting on the parliamentary question, in violation of the Bill of Rights 1689. Blogger Richard Wilson correctly identified the blocked question as referring to the Trafigura waste dump scandal, after which The Spectator suggested the same. Not long after, Trafigura began trending on Twitter, helped along by Stephen Fry's retweeting the story to his followers. Twitter users soon tracked down all details of the case, and by October 16, the super-injunction had been lifted and the report published.
In November 2012, Casey Movers, a Boston moving company, threatened to sue a woman in Hingham District Court for libel in response to a negative Yelp review. The woman's husband wrote a blog post about the situation, which was then picked up by Techdirt and Consumerist. By the end of the week, the company was reviewed by the Better Business Bureau, which later revoked its accreditation.
In December 2013, YouTube user ghostlyrich uploaded video proof that his Samsung Galaxy S4 battery had spontaneously caught fire. Samsung had demanded proof before honoring its warranty. Once Samsung learned of the YouTube video, it added additional conditions to its warranty, demanding ghostlyrich delete his YouTube video, promise not to upload similar material, officially absolve the company of all liability, waive his right to bring a lawsuit, and never make the terms of the agreement public. Samsung also demanded that a witness cosign the settlement proposal. When ghostlyrich shared Samsung's settlement proposal online, his original video drew 1.2 million views in one week.
In September 2018, The Verge, an American technology news and media network operated by Vox Media, published an article titled "How to Build a Custom PC for Editing, Gaming or Coding" and uploaded a video to YouTube titled "How we Built a $2000 Custom Gaming PC", which was widely criticized for its instructions that would have been harmful or dangerous to both the computer and user if followed, and its numerous factual errors, such as claiming anti-vibration pads were for electrical insulation, and confusing zip ties with tweezers. In February 2019, Vox Media started issuing Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices to YouTube channels which posted content using clips from the video, most notably to technology channels Bitwit and ReviewTechUSA, bringing further attention to the video and the related content they attempted to suppress. After an outcry following the decision, YouTube reinstated these two videos, along with retracting the copyright "strikes" applied.
On February 20, 2020, Apple filed a legal complaint against the sales of the German-language book App Store Confidential, written by a former German App Store manager, Tom Sadowski. Apple cited confidential business information as the reason for requesting the sales ban. However, the publicity brought on by the media caused the book to reach number two on the Amazon bestseller list in Germany. The book was soon on its second print run.
In October 2020, the RIAA filed a DMCA takedown against the youtube-dl repository on GitHub, resulting in the repository and several forks being taken down. However, over 100 forks of the original repository appeared on GitHub in the days following the takedown request.
In May 2023, Nintendo issued a cease-and-desist notice against the Dolphin emulator appearing on Steam. As a result, Google searches of the emulator surged.
In November 2023, PR agency Mogul Press issued a DMCA takedown notice against a blog post by investigative journalist and tax lawyer Dan Neidle which contained commentary that was critical of their business practices. At the time of writing the resulting Twitter threads highlighting Mogul Press' actions have been viewed over 400,000 times (combined).
By other organizations
In January 2008, The Church of Scientology's attempts to get Internet websites to delete a video of Tom Cruise speaking about Scientology resulted in the creation of Project Chanology.
On December 5, 2008, the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) added the English Wikipedia article about the 1976 Scorpions album Virgin Killer to a child pornography blacklist, considering the album's cover art "a potentially illegal indecent image of a child under the age of 18". The article quickly became one of the most popular pages on the site, and the publicity surrounding the IWF action resulted in the image being spread across other sites. The IWF was later reported on the BBC News website to have said "IWF's overriding objective is to minimise the availability of indecent images of children on the Internet, however, on this occasion our efforts have had the opposite effect". This effect was also noted by the IWF in its statement about the removal of the URL from the blacklist.
In June 2012, Argyll and Bute Council in Scotland banned a nine-year-old primary school pupil from updating her blog, NeverSeconds, with photos of lunchtime meals served in the school's canteen. The blog, which was already popular, started receiving a large number of views due to the international media furor that followed the ban. Within days, the council reversed its decision under immense public pressure and scrutiny. After the reversal of the ban, the blog became more popular than it was before.
In September 2022, after an upset loss to Appalachian State, clips of Texas A&M's Midnight Yell Practice started trending on the internet. The clips featured quotes including "What's [sic] are the best 4 years of an Appalachian State Mountaineers [sic] life? The third grade!" along with "I know for a fact that half their football team can barely read the name of their jerseys, let alone read a map." Texas A&M filed several DMCA strikes on several platforms of the clips online, however with the clips being continually taken down and reuploaded, the clips became even more popular.
By individuals
The Streisand effect has been observed in relation to the right to be forgotten, the right in some jurisdictions to have private information about a person removed from internet searches and other directories under some circumstances, as a litigant attempting to remove information from search engines risks the litigation itself being reported as valid, current news.
In May 2011, Premier League footballer Ryan Giggs sued Twitter after a user revealed that Giggs was the subject of an anonymous privacy injunction (informally referred to as a "super-injunction") that prevented the publication of details regarding an alleged affair with model and former Big Brother contestant Imogen Thomas. A blogger for the Forbes website observed that the British media, which were banned from breaking the terms of the injunction, had mocked the footballer for not understanding the effect. Dan Sabbagh from The Guardian subsequently posted a graph detailing—without naming the player—the number of references to the player's name against time, showing a large spike following the news that the player was seeking legal action.
Similar situations involving super-injunctions in England and Wales have occurred, one involving Jeremy Clarkson. Since January 2016 a celebrity (later revealed outside England and Wales to be David Furnish) used the injunction granted in PJS v News Group Newspapers to prevent media in England and Wales reporting events that have been featured in Scottish media and on the Internet.
In May 2016, Guns N' Roses singer Axl Rose sent a series of DMCA takedown notices to Google, in an attempt to suppress a 2010 image of him that was taken by a Winnipeg Free Press photographer and reposted by Gauntlet, under the headline "OMFG Axl Rose is Fat." This resulted in the "Fat Axl Rose" meme gaining a spike in popularity.
In 2018, Philippine Senate President Tito Sotto requested the Philippine Daily Inquirer to take down three of its online news articles published in 2014 that reported on the gang rape case of 15-year-old actress Pepsi Paloma in 1982. The articles stated that Sotto had intimidated Paloma to drop the case and used his political connections to influence the outcome of the rape case, of which his brother Vic Sotto was among the suspects involved. Tito Sotto alleged in his letter to the Inquirer that the articles "maliciously linked" him to the rape case and "negatively affected" his reputation "for the longest time". In response, links to the articles were mass-shared and archived into posts on Facebook and Twitter to preserve them and sparked renewed public interest into the Pepsi Paloma rape case. Eventually, a month after the request was made, the Inquirer complied with Sotto's request, with links to the former articles now redirecting to the Inquirer'''s home page.
A satirical play, Two Brothers and the Lions, was written by French playwright Hédi Tillette de Clermont-Tonnerre, about two wealthy British people who live in a castle on the Channel Island of Brecqhou, "who become cold, selfish monsters in the heart of our democratic societies". In reality the billionaire Barclay brothers, owners of the Daily Telegraph newspaper among other holdings, live in a castle on the island. David Barclay sued the playwright in France for defamation and invasion of privacy, though the Barclays were not named in the play. The playwright's lawyer described the play as "a satirical fable on capitalism". Tillette de Clermont-Tonnerre acknowledged that the play was partly inspired by the lives of the brothers. But he said it fell within his right to freedom of expression and said the play had been commissioned to explore the issue of the existence of mediaeval Norman law in the Channel Islands, while ruminating on the nature and future of capitalism. In July 2019 Barclay lost the case. The play had been obscure and only played in small theatres, though critically acclaimed; after the lawsuit performances were scheduled in cities across France.
News media reported about Fred Goodwin's extra-marital affair with a colleague at the Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS) where he had previously served as chief executive, so in response Goodwin filed a super-injunction to protect the identity of his former mistress.
Luke O'Neill, an Irish immunologist writing in The Guardian, opined that Bret Stephens, an American Pulitzer Prize-winning conservative journalist, in 2019 achieved "as close to the perfect Streisand effect as one could imagine." Stephens wrote an e-mail to David Karpf, an associate professor of media and public affairs at The George Washington University (GWU), whose tweet calling Stephens a "bedbug" had attracted insignificant interest, saying "I'm often amazed about the things supposedly decent people are prepared to say about other people — people they've never met — on Twitter. I think you've set a new standard." The journalist also cc'd on the e-mail the GWU provost, who later defended Karpf in an open letter posted on GWU's Twitter account. Karpf retaliated against Stephens, by posting the e-mail publicly on Twitter and by writing an op-ed criticizing him in the Los Angeles Times. Stephens was mocked on Twitter and deleted his account there, and the story was picked up by media.
In 2019 author Andrew Seidel sent a copy of his book The Founding Myth: Why Christian Nationalism Is Un-American to conservative evangelical pastor Greg Locke in the hope of starting a conversation about the issues discussed in it. Locke said that he had no intention of reading the book, and burnt it, posting video of the burning on his social media accounts. Response to the video included many replies expressing the intention to purchase and read the book, and to donate copies to libraries.
In November 2022, TV host Pablo Motos took offence in the wake of a Spanish Ministry of Equality TV promo that used an actor to play a male TV host asking a female guest about the kind of clothing she wore to sleep (echoing a similar situation involving Motos and actress Elsa Pataky in El Hormiguero), in order to denounce sexist attitudes women face on a daily basis. Motos invested 10 minutes of his show to criticise the promo and tell audiences that he is not machista (thus promoting, in prime time, an ad that presumably would have gone relatively unnoticed otherwise), Twitter users shared videos highlighting sexist attitudes by Motos in his show, Motos reportedly tried to take them down via copyright infringement notices from his production company, and they became viral.
In December 2022, Twitter CEO Elon Musk banned the Twitter account @elonjet, a bot that reported his private jet's movements based on public domain flight data. Musk had cited concerns about his personal privacy. The ban drew further media coverage and public attention to Musk's comments on allowing free speech across the Twitter platform. Musk received further criticism after banning several journalists who had referred to the "ElonJet" account or been critical of Musk in the past.
On 19 January 2024, a piano player Brenden Kavanagh, who films himself playing public and freely accessible pianos in London, was interrupted by a group of six holding Chinese flags, saying that he could not record their faces as they were for "Chinese TV". Kavanagh uploaded a clip of the encounter to YouTube, which has received 10 million views as of May 2024.
In March 2024, after an anti-fascist vigilante account on X (formerly Twitter) posted a thread and blog post allegedly exposing the identity of neo-Nazi cartoonist StoneToss, StoneToss made a tweet directly appealing Musk to remove the thread allegedly identifying him. Subsequently, the thread was removed and the account that posted it was suspended; the removal led to numerous users amplifying StoneToss's alleged identity, with many of these tweets, as well as links to the original poster's blog post, being removed and leading to some account suspensions. Commentators including Alejandra Caraballo, whose account was among those temporarily suspended for posting StoneToss's alleged identity, and Rob Beschizza in an article for Boing Boing, referred to the incident as an example of the Streisand effect. After the bans, X updated its privacy policy to include identifying anonymous users as a violation of its policies.
In March 2024, author J. K. Rowling was criticised for comments that denied that transgender people were targeted in Nazi Germany, which several users, including Jewish Novara Media journalist Rivkah Brown, described as Holocaust denial; Rowling replied specifically to Brown threatening litigation. Several weeks later, Brown deleted the criticism and issued an apology to Rowling, which caused the phrase "J.K. Rowling is a Holocaust denier" to become a trending topic on X, which Mira Fox of the Jewish newspaper The Forward'' compared directly to Streisand's lawsuit.
In March 2024, mining heiress Gina Rinehart asked the National Gallery of Australia that two different portraits by artist Vincent Namatjira be removed from public display, reportedly taking offense at her depiction in one portrait. Kyle Chalmers, an Australian competitive swimmer, who is sponsored by Gina Rinehart, also requested and commented publicly to have a portrait removed. The efforts to remove the paintings from public exhibition resulted in the portraits gaining international media attention.
References
Barbra Streisand
Internet-related lists
Publicity | List of Streisand effect examples | [
"Technology"
] | 6,217 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Internet-related lists"
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73,995,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2024141 | HD 24141, also known as HR 1192, is a star located in the northern constellation Camelopardalis, the giraffe. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a white-hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.79. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 176 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements and it is slowly drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 24141's brightness is diminished by 0.17 magnitudes due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude of +2.28.
It is not entirely certain whether HD 24141 is an Am star or not. One stellar classification is kA3hF0mF0, which indicates that it is an Am star with the calcium K-lines of an A3 star and the hydrogen and metallic lines of a F0 star. However, Abt & Levy (1985) gave a class of A7 V, indicating that it is instead an ordinary A-type main-sequence star. HD 24141 has 1.92 times the mass of the Sun and it is estimated to be only 15 million years old. It radiates 10.66 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . These parameters correspond to a radius that is 72% larger than the Sun's. HD 24141 has a near-solar metallicity at [Fe/H] = −0.02 and it spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
Most sources generally agree that HD 24141 is a solitary star. A 2014 multiplicity survey found a 7th magnitude companion with a mass of located 1.02" away from the star along a position angle of 69°. Another 15th magnitude companion designated as C is located away along a position angle of 187°. The object appears to share the same proper motion as HD 24141, but the Gaia DR3 parallax is different and it is considered very unlikely that the two are physically associated.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Am stars
Triple stars
Camelopardalis
BD+57 00752
024141
018217
1192 | HD 24141 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 457 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,998,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative%20coupling%20of%20phenols | Oxidative coupling of phenols is a chemical reaction wherein two phenolic compounds are coupled via an oxidative process. Oxidative phenol couplings are often catalyzed by transition metal complexes including V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Fe, among others. Such reactions often form C–C, or C–O bonds between the coupling partners and can be employed as either homo- or cross-couplings.
Mechanism
A representative example is the reaction of phenol with a solution of vanadium tetrachloride, which yields about 60% yield of three isomeric dihydroxybiphenyl compounds. The isomer ratio and yields are unaffected by the reagent/substrate ratio. Vanadium tetrachloride is known to effect one-electron oxidations, which is invoked in this conversion.
Oxidative phenol couplings can occur through either inner sphere or outer sphere processes. In inner sphere processes, the phenolic substrate coordinates to the metal center to give a phenoxide complex. Oxidation to the phenoxide occurs via electron transfer or hydrogen atom abstraction. The resulting reactive intermediate can engage in downstream chemical processes which can occur via either coordinated (inner-sphere) or non-coordinated coupling partners.
Radical-radical reactions are simple to envision but unlikely since it requires the coexistence of two long-lived radicals. Instead, the phenol or phenoxy radical adds to another phenol or phenoxide. The initial C-C bond forming process is followed hydrogen atom abstraction and tautomerization.
Couplings where metal catalysts are not involved generally proceed via the radical-phenol mechanism.
Although select examples of unsymmetrical homocouplings are known, they are notoriously challenging to design and are often arrived at empirically.
Enantioselective asymmetric phenol oxidative couplings are not well-established or general yet, however there exist reports leveraging asymmetric vanadium catalysts to enantioselectively homocouple phenols. In contrast, much progress has been made in asymmetric 2-napthol couplings using Ru, Cu, V, and Fe catalysts, which have had a large impact on the development of BINAP-type ligands used asymmetric catalysis.
Scope
Lignin
Lignin, a polyphenol that is found in most plants, is a very abundant form of biomass that arises, in part, by oxidative coupling of phenols. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors.
Organic synthesis
The first example of an oxidative phenol coupling in synthetic chemistry can be traced to Julius Löwe’s 1868 synthesis of ellagic acid, accomplished by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid.
In the synthesis of complex organic compounds, oxidative phenol couplings are sometimes employed. The reaction is attractive for their atom economy because it avoid pre-functionalized starting materials often required in traditional redox-neutral cross-couplings. Oxidative phenol couplings, however, often suffer from over-oxidation, especially since the intended coupled product is more oxidizable (has a lower oxidation potential) than the starting material. In such cases, the catalyst can be quenched or poisoned by engaging in off-cycle redox processes with the product. Additionally, the product may oxidize further, giving way to higher-order oligomers.
Selectivity issues may arise during oxidative phenol couplings between C–C coupled and C–O coupled products. Moreover, stereoselectivity is an important consideration if the resulting biphenol compound displays axial chirality or atropoisomerism. Selectivity between homo- and hetero-coupled products must be considered, and can often be addressed through transition-metal catalysis.
Intramolecular phenol couplings
Intramolecular oxidative phenol couplings have long been known. The most well-studied examples of such transformations are those yielding spirocyclic phenol-dienone coupled products. The coupling partners in an intramolecular coupling must approach in a near-parallel arrangement to allow for orbital overlap; these stringent geometric restraints on pre-cyclized compounds often render the process sluggish, if possible.
C–O couplings
Laccases often effect oxidative couplings, sometimes forming C-O linkages.
Selective C–O coupling of phenols are represented by few examples in synthetic chemistry. In many cases, selective C–O coupling can only be achieved if all ortho and para-positions on the arene are blocked. Poor C–O coupling selectivity is likely due to the lack of radical spin-density on oxygen after phenol oxidation, resulting in kinetic trapping of C–C coupling products.
Nonphenolic arene couplings
Oxidative couplings have also been studied between phenols and nonphenolic compounds including anilines, beta-ketoesters/malonates/malononitriles, electron-rich arenes, olefins, and other functional groups.
References
Coupling reactions
Biphenyls
Organic oxidation reactions | Oxidative coupling of phenols | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,127 | [
"Coupling reactions",
"Organic oxidation reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
73,998,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper-catalyzed%20allylic%20substitution | Copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions are chemical reactions with unique regioselectivity compared to other transition-metal-catalyzed allylic substitutions such as the Tsuji-Trost reaction. They involve copper catalysts and "hard" carbon nucleophiles. The mechanism of copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions involves the coordination of copper to the olefin, oxidative addition and reductive elimination. Enantioselective versions of these reactions have been used in the synthesis of complex molecules, such as (R)-(-)-sporochnol and (S)-(-)-zearalenone.
Features
Copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions are characterized by their unique regioselectivity compared to other transition-metal-catalyzed allylic substitutions, the most well-known being the palladium-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost reaction. The distinct mechanism of copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions has been known to provide high regioselectivity of the γ substituted product, compared to the α substituted isomer. The copper catalyst used can be symmetrical with two identical R groups, or with two different ligands. These reactions typically utilize “hard” carbon nucleophiles such as Grignard, diorganozinc, organolithium, and trialkyl aluminum reagents. This contrasts palladium-catalyzed allylic substitutions which involve “soft” nucleophiles..
Mechanism
The catalytic cycle begins with coordination of the Cu(I) species to the olefin, followed by oxidative addition at the γ position and an allylic shift to displace the leaving group. This generates a Cu(III) allyl complex intermediate. Finally, reductive elimination yields the final product and regenerates Cu(I). A Cu(III) intermediate has not been confirmed by isolation from allylic substitutions, but Cu(III) intermediates have been isolated before, thus providing credence to the proposed mechanism. If reductive elimination does not occur fast enough, the γ allyl complex can isomerize to the α allyl complex and yield the α substituted isomer as a byproduct. This side pathway can be prevented by using electron withdrawing ligands on copper, typically a cyanide or halide ligand, which promote reductive elimination.
Asymmetric copper-catalyzed allylic substitution
Mechanistically, oxidative addition is the step that determines which enantiomer is formed. Chiral ligands on the metal center along with low temperatures are the general tactics employed to produce an enantiopure product. In particular, the careful pairing of ligand classes with the type of nucleophile has proven to be essential. With Grignard reagents, ferrocenyl thiolate, phosphorus, and NHC ligands are typically used. There have also been several methods developed using diorganozinc nucleophiles coupled with phosphorus, amine, peptide, and NHC ligands. The scope of organoaluminium nucleophiles is comparatively smaller, but there have been a couple examples using NHC ligands. There is a need for more studies to better understand the mechanism of stereoinduction to expand the known set of reactions to encompass a larger overall substrate scope and to potentially allow for enantioselectivity at room temperature.
Applications in natural product synthesis
There have been several enantioselective versions of this reaction developed, and even employed in synthesis of complex molecules. Hoyveda's synthesis of (R)-(-)-sporochnol included an asymmetric copper-catalyzed allylic substitution with an organozinc nucleophile and peptide ligand.
A TaniaPHOS ligand, a ferrocenylphosphine, is used with a methyl Grignard nucleophile to form an allylic stereocenter towards the total synthesis of (S)-(-)-Zearalenone
Allylic substitutions are one class of the several types of reactions carried out by organocuprate reagents.
References
Organometallic chemistry
Chemical reactions
Inorganic reactions
Copper
Substitution reactions | Copper-catalyzed allylic substitution | [
"Chemistry"
] | 893 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Inorganic reactions",
"nan"
] |
73,999,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEF0117 | AEF0117 (3β-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)pregn-5-en-20-one) is a compound derived from pregnenolone by Aelis Farma, which acts as a biased allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, representing a new class of compounds referred to as CB1-selective signalling-specific inhibitors (CB1-SSi). It binds to an allosteric site on the CB1 receptor and modifies the downstream signalling produced as a result of CB1 activation, preventing CB1 mediated changes to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation but without affecting the signalling mediated by cyclic AMP. Unlike pregnenolone, AEF0117 is specific for the CB1-SSi activity and lacks the neurosteroid action typical of many structurally related compounds.
In Phase II human clinical trials in patients diagnosed with cannabis use disorder, AEF0117 was found to partly but not completely block the effects of THC, and reduced cannabis self-administration but without producing an acute withdrawal syndrome and with relatively mild side effects. It is hoped that compounds of this type may be useful either as medications for the treatment of cannabinoid dependence, or could be used alongside medicinal cannabis to reduce unwanted side effects while retaining therapeutic efficacy.
See also
GAT100
Org 27569
PSNCBAM-1
Rimonabant
References
Cannabinoids
Steroids
Ketones
4-Methoxyphenyl compounds | AEF0117 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 315 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups"
] |
73,999,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taioro | Taioro is a condiment made from the grated flesh of the coconut and allowed to ferment. It is traditional food found throughout the islands of Oceania and is often eaten as an accompaniment to meals.
Preparation
Taioro is made from the meat of the coconut drupe and allowed to ferment. The flesh from the coconut is grated and salt water and the juice from the crushed heads of crustaceans is added. The liquid from the crustaceans acts as the fermenting agent and is left to ferment for several days. It is often prepared as a dish called , where Taioro is mixed together with clams or turbot snails alongside garlic, onions, salt and pepper and served at room temperature.
Mitiore is prepared in a similar manner to Taioro in the Cook Islands, but sea water is absent from the preparation. Juice extracted from crushed crustaceans is mixed with the grated coconut, wrapped in leaves and left to ferment for a few hours, gaining a consistency similar to cottage cheese. It is served mixed with shellfish and spring onion or chives.
Kora made by Fijians is traditionally prepared by wrapping the grated coconut flesh in packages made from banana leaves and submerging it in salt water, weighed down under a pile of rocks and leaving it to ferment for several days, though modern day methods sometimes use sacks instead of banana leaves.
It is typically served mixed with sea grapes, chilli, lemon juice and salt.
A similar dish is also found in Tonga where shavings left over from the extraction of coconut milk were allowed to ferment and were baked in an earth oven, often mixed together with taro leaves to create a dish known as .
Names
Cook Islands:
Fiji:
French Polynesia:
Isnag:
See also
Miti hue – A Polynesian fermented coconut sauce.
References
Condiments
Fermented foods
French Polynesian cuisine
Cook Islands cuisine
Fijian cuisine
Tongan cuisine
Polynesian cuisine
Foods containing coconut | Taioro | [
"Biology"
] | 409 | [
"Fermented foods",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
74,000,485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboboration | In organic chemistry, carboboration describes an addition of both a carbon and a boron moiety to certain carbon-containing double and triple bonds, such as alkenes, alkynes, and allenes.
In the synthesis of organic compounds, this chemical reaction is used to install a new carbon-carbon bond and carbon-boron bond. The product of carboboration reactions are organoborane compounds which prove to be useful in organic synthesis, containing both a new carbon group and a boron handle for further functionalization. This carbon-boron bond allows for organoboron chemistry, which facilitates a wide variety of chemical transformations such as oxidation and the Suzuki Reaction. The carbon-boron bond can be transformed into a variety of functional groups and moieties, making it highly useful in pharmaceutical chemistry and organic synthesis.
Carboboration was developed soon after the advent and widespread use of hydroboration. Carboboration is often facilitated via catalysis, often employing transition metals, and usually involves an activated alkene or alkyne. The two most well-documented categories of carboboration are 1,1 and 1,2 carboboration, which differ in the regioselectivity of the incoming carbon group.
1,1 Carboboration
1,1 carboboration delivers both the carbon-carbon bond and the carbon-boron bond to the same carbon in the substrate. It requires a 1,2-migration of a substituent from one carbon to the other in the double bond. The Wrackmeyer reaction is typically credited as being the pioneering example of 1,1 carboboration and utilizes a metal migrating group to help facilitate the transformation. However, there are several modern examples of carboboration with a variety of migrating groups.
The Wrackmeyer reaction involves 1,1 carboboration of a 1-alkynylmetal compound to yield alkenylborane compounds. [M] can be silicon, germanium, tin, or lead compounds with various substituents or ligands. [M] and BR2 are typically cis to one another in the Wrackmeyer reaction, with some exceptions.
Mechanism
Wrackmeyer-type 1,1 carboboration is proposed to go through a zwitterionic intermediate, and this intermediate has been isolated and characterized in some cases. However, the mechanism can be highly substrate and reagent dependent.
In a borane, the compound typically adopts a trigonal planar molecular geometry, making the boron atom an electrophilic center. The substituents can affect the strength of the borane as a Lewis acid. Boranes which are stronger Lewis acids are better electrophiles and therefore better able to facilitate carboboration. Boranes can be optimized to work on less activated substrates. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] is a strongly Lewis acidic borane which functions well in 1,1 carboborations with both activated and unactivated substrates, and it allows for the reaction to be facilitated with more mild conditions. An activated substrate such as an alkene or alkyne has an electron-withdrawing group directly attached to a carbon within the double or triple bond. Transition metal catalysts have been utilized to develop enantioselective 1,1 carboborations on unactivated alkenes. These reactions go through a catalytic cycle which may or may not go through a zwitterionic intermediate.
Examples
1,2 Carboboration
1,2 carboboration delivers the carbon-carbon bond and the carbon-boron bond to adjacent carbons in the substrate. It is typically facilitated by transition metal catalysis, but transition-metal-free 1,2 carboborations have been developed and continue to be of interest to synthetic chemists. The benefit of utilizing transition metals is that the reactions can often have enantioselective control based on the ligands used on the metal complex. Common metals used are palladium, nickel, and copper, which are often coupled with an organoborane or a boron source with an electrophile or nucleophile.
Mechanism
The mechanism of carboboration depends highly on the substrate and reagents utilized in the reaction. Shown below are examples of two types of Pd-catalyzed alkene 1,2 carboborations, Heck-type and the Wacker-type. However, the Cu- and Ni-catalyzed reactions can proceed through similar mechanisms. These two mechanisms mainly differ in the oxidation state of the active catalyst and how the carbon group is delivered to the substrate: whether the C–C bond is formed via migratory insertion from the catalyst (inner sphere) or attack by an external nucleophile (outer sphere). Wacker-type carboborations, catalyzed by PdII, are much rarer than Heck-type. The first example of a Wacker-type 1,2 carboboration was reported by the Engle group in 2019.
Despite the common trend of utilizing transition metals, transition metal-free processes have also been developed, such as utilizing boronic acids or light-mediated radical initiation. These reactions usually lead to the boron substituent being at the terminus or less substituted side of the substrate, but anti-carborborations have also been developed which produce reverse regioselectivity. Much work has also been done to render 1,2 carboboration enantioselective using various ligands on transition metal catalysts.
Examples
1,n Carboboration
A nickel-catalyzed 1,n arylboration was developed in 2019 by Yin and coworkers and remains the only example of a chain-walking arylboration. This was accomplished via a nitrogen-based ligand and a three-component coupling. The general scheme plus proposed mechanism is shown.
References
Organic chemistry
Carbon | Carboboration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,247 | [
"nan"
] |
74,004,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis%20of%20autism | The diagnosis of autism is based on a person's reported and directly observed behavior. There are no known biomarkers for autism spectrum conditions that allow for a conclusive diagnosis.
In most cases, diagnostic criteria codified in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) are used. These reference manuals are regularly updated based on advances in research, systematic evaluation of clinical experience, and healthcare considerations. Currently, the DSM-5 published in 2013 and the ICD-10 that came into effect in 1994 are used, with the latter in the process of being replaced by the ICD-11 that came into effect in 2022 and is now implemented by healthcare systems across the world. Which autism spectrum diagnoses can be made and which criteria are used depends on the local healthcare system's regulations.
According to the DSM-5-TR (2022), in order to receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, one must present with "persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities." These behaviors must begin in early childhood and affect one's ability to perform everyday tasks. Furthermore, the symptoms must not be fully explainable by intellectual developmental disorder or global developmental delay.
Challenges
There are several factors that make autism spectrum disorder difficult to diagnose. First off, there are no standardized imaging, molecular or genetic tests that can be used to diagnose ASD. Additionally, there is a lot of variety in how ASD affects individuals. The behavioral manifestations of ASD depend on one's developmental stage, age of presentation, current support, and individual variability. Lastly, there are multiple conditions that may present similarly to autism spectrum disorder, including intellectual disability, hearing impairment, a specific language impairment such as Landau–Kleffner syndrome, ADHD, anxiety disorder, and psychotic disorders. Furthermore, the presence of autism can make it harder to diagnose coexisting psychiatric disorders such as depression. Diagnosing will be much harder in adults, since most people with ASD who reach adulthood undiagnosed, learn diverse (and often intense) masking techniques which make external diagnosis almost impossible.
DSM-5-TR criteria
The DSM-5-TR lists five criteria (with examples) which include two groups of criteria (the first two):
Persistent impairments in social communication and interaction, characterized by difficulties in social-emotional exchange, nonverbal communication, and forming or understanding relationships.
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following: repetitive actions or speech, strict adherence to routines, intense fixations, and unusual sensory responses.
Symptoms must be evident early in development, though they may only become noticeable when social demands exceed abilities or may be masked by learned coping strategies later in life.
Symptoms cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.
The symptoms are not better explained by intellectual developmental disorder or global developmental delay.
Diagnostic process
Ideally the diagnosis of ASD should be given by a team of clinicians (e.g. pediatricians, child psychiatrists, child neurologists) based on information provided from the affected individual, caregivers, other medical professionals and from direct observation. Evaluation of a child or adult for autism spectrum disorder typically starts with a pediatrician or primary care physician taking a developmental history and performing a physical exam. If warranted, the physician may refer the individual to an ASD specialist who will observe and assess cognitive, communication, family, and other factors using standardized tools, and taking into account any associated medical conditions. A pediatric neuropsychologist is often asked to assess behavior and cognitive skills, both to aid diagnosis and to help recommend educational interventions. Further workup may be performed after someone is diagnosed with ASD. This may include a clinical genetics evaluation particularly when other symptoms already suggest a genetic cause. Although up to 40% of ASD cases may be linked to genetic causes, it is not currently recommended to perform complete genetic testing on every individual who is diagnosed with ASD. Consensus guidelines for genetic testing in patients with ASD in the US and UK are limited to high-resolution chromosome and fragile X testing. Metabolic and neuroimaging tests are also not routinely performed for diagnosis of ASD.
The age at which ASD is diagnosed varies. Sometimes ASD can be diagnosed as early as 18 months, however, diagnosis of ASD before the age of two years may not be reliable. Diagnosis becomes increasingly stable over the first three years of life. For example, a one-year-old who meets diagnostic criteria for ASD is less likely than a three-year-old to continue to do so a few years later. Additionally, age of diagnosis may depend on the severity of ASD, with more severe forms of ASD more likely to be diagnosed at an earlier age. Issues with access to healthcare such as cost of appointments or delays in making appointments often lead to delays in the diagnosis of ASD. In the UK the National Autism Plan for Children recommends at most 30 weeks from first concern to completed diagnosis and assessment, though few cases are handled that quickly in practice. Lack of access to appropriate medical care, broadening diagnostic criteria and increased awareness surrounding ASD in recent years has resulted in an increased number of individuals receiving a diagnosis of ASD as adults. Diagnosis of ASD in adults poses unique challenges because it still relies on an accurate developmental history and because autistic adults sometimes learn coping strategies, known as "masking" or "camouflaging", which may make it more difficult to obtain a diagnosis.
The presentation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder may vary based on sex and gender identity. Most studies that have investigated the impact of gender on presentation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder have not differentiated between the impact of sex versus gender. There is some evidence that autistic women and girls tend to show less repetitive behavior and may engage in more camouflaging than autistic males. Camouflaging may include making oneself perform normative facial expressions and eye contact. Differences in behavioral presentation and gender-stereotypes may make it more challenging to diagnose autism spectrum disorder in a timely manner in females. A notable percentage of autistic females may be misdiagnosed, diagnosed after a considerable delay, or not diagnosed at all.
Considering the unique challenges in diagnosing ASD using behavioral and observational assessment, specific US practice parameters for its assessment were published by the American Academy of Neurology in the year 2000, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in 1999, and a consensus panel with representation from various professional societies in 1999. The practice parameters outlined by these societies include an initial screening of children by general practitioners (i.e., "Level 1 screening") and for children who fail the initial screening, a comprehensive diagnostic assessment by experienced clinicians (i.e. "Level 2 evaluation"). Furthermore, it has been suggested that assessments of children with suspected ASD be evaluated within a developmental framework, include multiple informants (e.g., parents and teachers) from diverse contexts (e.g., home and school), and employ a multidisciplinary team of professionals (e.g., clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, and psychiatrists).
, psychologists wait until a child showed initial evidence of ASD tendencies, then administer various psychological assessment tools to assess for ASD. Among these measurements, the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) are considered the "gold standards" for assessing autistic children. The ADI-R is a semi-structured parent interview that probes for symptoms of autism by evaluating a child's current behavior and developmental history. The ADOS is a semi-structured interactive evaluation of ASD symptoms that is used to measure social and communication abilities by eliciting several opportunities for spontaneous behaviors (e.g., eye contact) in standardized context. Various other questionnaires (e.g., The Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist) and tests of cognitive functioning (e.g., The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) are typically included in an ASD assessment battery. The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders (DISCO) may also be used.
Screening
About half of parents of children with ASD notice their child's atypical behaviors by age 18 months, and about four-fifths notice by age 24 months. If a child does not meet any of the following milestones, it "is an absolute indication to proceed with further evaluations. Delay in referral for such testing may delay early diagnosis and treatment and affect the [child's] long-term outcome."
No response to name (or gazing with direct eye contact) by 6 months.
No babbling by 12 months.
No gesturing (pointing, waving, etc.) by 12 months.
No single words by 16 months.
No two-word (spontaneous, not just echolalic) phrases by 24 months.
Loss of any language or social skills, at any age.
The Japanese practice is to screen all children for ASD at 18 and 24 months, using autism-specific formal screening tests. In contrast, in the UK, children whose families or doctors recognize possible signs of autism are screened. It is not known which approach is more effective. The UK National Screening Committee does not recommend universal ASD screening in young children. Their main concerns includes higher chances of misdiagnosis at younger ages and lack of evidence of effectiveness of early interventions. There is no consensus between professional and expert bodies in the US on screening for autism in children younger than 3 years.
Screening tools include the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire, and the First Year Inventory; initial data on M-CHAT and its predecessor, the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), on children aged 18–30 months suggests that it is best used in a clinical setting and that it has low sensitivity (many false-negatives) but good specificity (few false-positives). It may be more accurate to precede these tests with a broadband screener that does not distinguish ASD from other developmental disorders. Screening tools designed for one culture's norms for behaviors like eye contact may be inappropriate for a different culture. Although genetic screening for autism is generally still impractical, it can be considered in some cases, such as children with neurological symptoms and dysmorphic features.
Prevalence of autism diagnosis rates
From 2011 to 2022, there was a 175% increase in autism diagnosis rates. According to the CDC, in 2023, 1 in 36 8-year olds were found to be diagnosed with ASD while in 2018, only 1 in 44 8-year olds were found to be diagnosed with ASD. Studies also show that boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than girls despite there being no difference between the two in symptoms and overall expression.
Misdiagnosis
There is a significant level of misdiagnosis of autism in neurodevelopmentally typical children; 18–37% of children diagnosed with ASD eventually lose their diagnosis. This high rate of lost diagnosis cannot be accounted for by successful ASD treatment alone. The most common reason parents reported as the cause of lost ASD diagnosis was new information about the child (73.5%), such as a replacement diagnosis. Other reasons included a diagnosis given so the child could receive ASD treatment (24.2%), ASD treatment success or maturation (21%), and parents disagreeing with the initial diagnosis (1.9%).
Many of the children who were later found not to meet ASD diagnosis criteria then received diagnosis for another developmental disorder. Most common was ADHD, but other diagnoses included sensory disorders, anxiety, personality disorder, or learning disability. Neurodevelopment and psychiatric disorders that are commonly misdiagnosed as ASD include specific language impairment, social communication disorder, anxiety disorder, reactive attachment disorder, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, hearing loss and normal behavioral variation. Some behavioral variations that resemble autistic traits are repetitive behaviors, sensitivity to change in daily routines, focused interests, and toe-walking. These are considered normal behavioral variations when they do not cause impaired function. Boys are more likely to exhibit repetitive behaviors especially when excited, tired, bored, or stressed. Some ways of distinguishing typical behavioral variations from autistic behaviors are the ability of the child to suppress these behaviors and the absence of these behaviors during sleep.
See also
Autism-spectrum quotient
References
Developmental psychology
Learning disabilities | Diagnosis of autism | [
"Biology"
] | 2,622 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Developmental psychology"
] |
74,004,225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%20centre | The T centre is a radiation damage centre in silicon composed of a carbon-carbon pair (C-C) sharing a substitutional site of the silicon lattice. Additionally, one of the substitutional carbon atoms is bonded with a hydrogen atom while the other carbon contains an unpaired electron in the ground state of a dangling bond. Much like the nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond, the T centre contains spin-dependent optical transitions addressable through photoluminescence. These spin-dependent transitions, however, emit light within the technologically efficient telecommunication O-band. Consequentially, the T centre is an intriguing candidate for quantum information technologies with development of integrated quantum devices benefiting from techniques within the silicon photonic community.
Structure
The T centre is a radiation damage centre in silicon. It contains a substitutional carbon-carbon pair terminated by an additional hydrogen atom within the lattice. This structure also contains a dangling bond on the other substitutional carbon.
Historically, the structure of the T centre was uncovered using spectroscopic measurements. The presence of carbon as the main constituent within the lattice was hypothesized when a shift in the defect's zero phonon line (ZPL) was observed in samples enriched with 13C. Similarly, the presence of hydrogen was determined using a shift in the ZPL in a deuterium defused sample. Splitting within the local vibration modes (LVM) introduced by the presence of 13C from 2 lines into 4 subsequent lines suggested the presence of a second carbon atom. The suggested formation mechanism is, therefore, the capture of an interstitial C-H pair onto a substitutional carbon with a dangling bond predicted by ab initio calculations
External field perturbation measurements are used to determine axial symmetry and orientation of luminescent transitions. Stress-dependent spectral line studies have previously suggested that rhombic I (C2v) symmetry is present within the defect.; however, it was later shown to have monoclinic I (C1h) symmetry. Consequentially, the defect is expected to have 24 orientations, which form 12 optically resolvable orientation pairs under a magnetic field. These have been studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy
Formation
The current formation model for the T centre contains an interstitial carbon capturing a hydrogen atom before migrating to a substitutional site with another carbon during heat treatment between 350 and 600 °C. T centres have been observed in silicon semiconductors grown using the float-zone and Czochralski (CZ) technique as well as Silicon-On-Insulator devices. They are produced by irradiating the sample followed by a thermal annealing process. It has been shown that both plasma etching as well as irradiating the sample with either neutrons or electrons may produce the desired radiation centre. Hydrogen may be introduced through water vapour or in its gaseous state, or it may be present within the sample. An excess of hydrogen may, however, fill the dangling bond and render the radiation damage center optically inert. Alternatively, rather than irradiating the sample and treating it with a subsequent thermal annealing process, T centres may be developed using only a thermal treatment in carbon rich CZ grown silicon.
Optical properties
The T centre's zero-phonon line photoluminescence feature is near 935 meV. This represents a transition from an unpaired electron in the ground state to a bound exciton within the first excited state. The 1.8 meV-split doublet is the result of two states within the same defect.
The inhomogeneous linewidth for this feature reduces in isotopically pure silicon-28. Natural silicon contains a mixture of various isotope masses resulting in variations in both the local band gap and binding energies. Without these variations introduced from neighbouring 29Si nuclei, the linewidth reduces from 26.9(8) eV to 0.25 eV.
Energy level structure
The current accepted model of the T centre proposes an unpaired electron in the ground state and an additional bound exciton in the excited states labeled T and TX respectively. The two electrons in the excited state pair into a spin-0 singlet and the remaining unpaired spin-3/2 hole spin state is split into two Kramers doublets TX0 and TX1 by the internal stress of the defect. The TX centre is characterized as a pseudo-acceptor with effective mass-like states labeled K for even and odd parity. represents the principal quantum number and indicates the symmetry group of the state. The TX ground state is, therefore, an acceptor-like fourfold degenerate 8+ state.
Fine structure behavior
Both the ground state electron and the first excited state hole are doubly degenerate and split under the Zeeman interaction when exposed to an external magnetic field. Due to the splitting of each state, each orientation subset of the T-centre allows for 4 optical transitions from the ground state to TX0. For the subset, the transitions are labeled . Characterization of these transitions is essential for hyperpolarizing the electron into the different transitions for various state manipulation protocols. Further hyperfine spin interactions between the electron and hydrogen are resolved under electron paramagnetic resonance or read using optically detected magnetic resonance signals.
State manipulation
For a centre composed of two 12C constituents subject to an external magnetic field , the spin Hamiltonian for the ground state is given by
This Hamiltonian describes the coupling between the unpaired electron and the hydrogen nucleus. The coefficient denotes the Bohr magneton. The electron spin vector and g-factor tensor are given by and . The g-factor tensor is approximately isotropic with . The hydrogen nuclear spin vector is given by . represents the hydrogen nuclear spin g-factor, and is the nuclear spin magneton. The hyperfine tensor is specific to each optically resolvable orientation subset.
State preparation
Both the electron and nuclear spins can by hyperpolarized using a single optical radio frequency (RF) and a selectively resonant microwave frequency (MF). Continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance can be used to depolarize or mix the electron spin state, and the optical transitions and are used for state preparation. Specifically, continuously driving the transition excites the electron into the . The state is prepared in the spin-up state following a subsequent decay through the spin-dependent transition. Alternatively, driving the transition hyperpolarizes the population to the spin-down state through the transition.
Coherence times
The T1 lifetimes for both the electron and nuclear spin state have been measured using nuclear magnetic resonance and have been shown to far exceed 16 seconds in 28Si. The averaged electron and nuclear Hahn-echo (T2) times are 2.1(1) ms and 0.28(1)s respectively. A tighter lower bound for the nuclear coherence time was found by averaging the top 10% highest measurements per time, resulting in an average maximum magnitude nuclear coherence time of s.
See also
Silicon
Crystallographic defect
Notes
References
Crystallographic defects
Silicon compounds | T centre | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,454 | [
"Crystallographic defects",
"Crystallography",
"Materials degradation",
"Materials science"
] |
74,004,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified%20gas%20electrolyte | A liquified gas electrolyte (LGE) is a battery/capacitor electrolyte made by compressing an ambient pressure gas into liquid form. Candidate gases are those composed of reasonably polar molecules that can be liquified at pressures low enough to be accommodate in a standard battery can.
Research
One study reported on a liquified hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) electrolyte . HFCs features relatively strong chemical bonds and a large electrochemical window that protect them from oxidation/reduction across charge/discharge cycles. It combined a moderate relative permittivity with low viscosity to produce a dielectric-fluidity factor and conductivity higher than existing solvents. Because of its low melting point, it has the potential for improved operation at low temperatures.Difluoromethane ()) was able to operate at a range of temperatures from –78° to +65 °C at 3.0 volts. Fluoromethane () showed dendrite-free ~97% platting and stripping efficiency on lithium metal over hundreds of cycles It further achieved good cycling and rate performance on a cathode with discharge capacity retention of 60.6% at –60 °C. It reported that conductivity reversibly ended at high temperature as the salt precipitated near the supercritical point (~+40° to 80 °C), reducing the potential for thermal runaway. However, the material's high saturated vapor pressure was a fire risk.
A later study by the same lab reviewed nonflammable 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and pentafluoroethane and reported >3 mS cm−1 ionic conductivity from −78 to +80 °C. Lithium cycling maintained >99% coulombic efficiency for over 200 cycles at 3 mA cm−2 and 3 mAh cm−2. Li/NMC622 full batteries demonstrated stable cycling from −60 to +55 °C.
See also
Lithium ion battery
References
External links
Electrolytes
Gas technologies | Liquified gas electrolyte | [
"Chemistry"
] | 422 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrolytes"
] |
74,004,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourke%E2%80%93Liversidge%20Award | The Bourke–Liversidge Award was created in 2020 by the merger of the Bourke Award with the Liversidge Award. The Bourke–Liversidge Award is awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Winners
As of 2022, there have been 2 winners of the Bourke–Liversidge Award:
References
Awards of the Royal Society of Chemistry | Bourke–Liversidge Award | [
"Technology"
] | 79 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science award stubs"
] |
74,006,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus%20Event | The Amadeus Event (OAE1c) was an oceanic anoxic event (OAE). It occurred 106 million years ago (Ma), during the Albian age of the Cretaceous period, in a climatic interval known as the Middle Cretaceous Hothouse (MKH).
Extent and duration
OAE1c lasted for approximately 567 kyr. Environmental conditions across much of the globe facilitated the formation of dysaerobic waters, although OAE1c varied in its nature and magnitude depending on region. Shallow shelf environments in the Gulf of Mexico were unaffected by anoxia.
Causes
The MKH was one of the hottest intervals of the entire Phanerozoic eon, with OAE1c occurring during a particularly warm time known as the Amadeus Thermal Maximum; these conditions were prime for generating anoxic waters. Orbital forcing is considered the most likely cause of OAE1c, as most geochemical changes observed across the OAE1c interval were in lockstep with Milankovitch cycles. Black shale deposition occurs during minima in the axial precession cycle, when waters were less saline and/or warmer. Increased influxes of terrestrial runoff would have induced stratification of the water column, inhibiting mixing of water masses at different depths. Peaks in carbonate deposition occurred during precession maxima, when precipitation and evaporation rates were lower and saline deep water bodies were able to form, preventing stratification. The lack of anomalous osmium enrichments of any significance rules out large igneous province volcanism as a suspected causal factor, which is known to have caused other Cretaceous OAEs like OAE1a and OAE2.
Effects
Unlike many other OAEs across the MKH, the black shales deposited during OAE1c were made up of type III kerogen and consisted primarily of terrestrial organic matter, in contrast to the type II kerogen made up of marine organic matter that the black shales of OAE1a, OAE1b, OAE1d, and OAE2 were composed of. Also unlike other MKH OAEs, no significant radiations or extinctions of radiolarians occurred as a result of OAE1c.
See also
Jenkyns Event
Selli Event
Paquier Event
Breistroffer Event
Bonarelli Event
References
Albian Stage
Anoxic events | Amadeus Event | [
"Chemistry"
] | 488 | [
"Chemical oceanography",
"Anoxic events"
] |
65,442,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollbooth | A tollbooth (or toll booth) is an enclosure placed along a toll road that is used for the purpose of collecting a toll from passing traffic. A structure consisting of several tollbooths placed next to each other is called a toll plaza, tollgate, or toll station. They have historically been staffed by transportation agents who manually collect the toll, but, in the modern day, many have been replaced with automatic electronic toll collection systems, such as E-ZPass in the Northeastern United States.
Replacement
In the 21st century, electronic toll collection (ETC) has replaced former locations of tollbooths around the world. ETC is an automated system that allows drivers to pay tolls without stopping. Benefits of automatic toll collection include reducing air pollution and fuel consumption, and saving motorists time and money compared to traditional tollbooths.
The COVID-19 pandemic led to further losses of tollbooths, causing the U.S. state of Maryland to accelerate its shift towards all-electronic tolling by eliminating all cash payments from toll facilities. Similarly, the Pennsylvania Turnpike accelerated its plan to move to all-electronic tolling. While tollbooths are currently still in place throughout the turnpike system, signs inform drivers to keep moving through toll plaza, "we bill you".
See also
Electronic toll collection
Lane control lights
Traffic light
Tollhouse
Toll plaza
Toll road
References
Booth
Transport buildings and structures | Tollbooth | [
"Physics"
] | 283 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport stubs"
] |
65,443,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Soviet%20calculators | This is a list of calculators created and produced in Soviet Union.
Mechanical computers
Odhner Arithmometer
VK-1
Electromechanical computers
Bystritsa
Bystritsa-2
Bystritsa-3
SDV-107
VK-2
VK-3
VMM-2
VMP-2
Relay calculators
Vilnyus
Vyatka
Electrical calculators
Contact-N, Kleyster-N, Spika
EDVM
Orbita
Rasa
Ros
Vega
"Elka" series, Bulgaria
Source:
Elka 22
Elka 43
Elka 50M
Elka 55
Soemtron 220
"Iskra" series
Iskra 108/108D
Iskra 11
Iskra 110
Iskra 1103
Iskra 111/111I/111M/111T
Iskra 112/112L
Iskra 1121
Iskra 1122
Iskra 114
Iskra 12
Iskra 121
Iskra 122/122-1
Iskra 123
Iskra 124
Iskra 125
Iskra 12M
Iskra 13
Iskra 210
Iskra 22
Iskra 2210
Iskra 2240/2240M
"Elektronika" series
Elektronika 24-71
Elektronika 4-71/4-71B/4-71C
Elektronika 4-73B
Elektronika 68
Elektronika C2
Elektronika EKVM D3
Elektronika EKVM-P
Elektronika Epos-73A
Elektronika T3-16
Elektronika-70
"Elektronika B3" series
"B" in "B3" stands for "bytovaya" (Russian: бытовая), which means "domestic".
Elektronika B3-01
Elektronika B3-02
Elektronika B3-04
Elektronika B3-05/B3-05M
Elektronika B3-08
Elektronika B3-09/B3-09M
Elektronika B3-10
Elektronika B3-11
Elektronika B3-14/B3-14K
Elektronika B3-14M
Elektronika B3-18/B3-18A/B3-18M
Elektronika B3-19/B3-19M
Elektronika B3-21
Elektronika B3-23/B3-23A
Elektronika B3-24/B3-24G
Elektronika B3-25/B3-25A
Elektronika B3-26/B3-26A
Elektronika B3-30
Elektronika B3-32
Elektronika B3-34
Elektronika B3-35
Elektronika B3-36
Elektronika B3-37
Elektronika B3-38
Elektronika B3-39
Elektronika B3-54
"Elektronika C3" series
C in "C3" stands for Svetlana (company) (Russian: Светлана).
Elektronika С3-07
Elektronika С3-15
Elektronika С3-22
Elektronika С3-27/C3-27A
Elektronika С3-33
"Elektronika MK" series
"MK" stands for "microcalculator" (Russian: микрокалькулятор).
Elektronika MK-103
Elektronika MK-104
Elektronika MK-106
Elektronika MK-107
Elektronika MK-1103
Elektronika MK-1104
Elektronika MK-15
Elektronika MK-18M
Elektronika MK-22
Elektronika MK-23/MK-23A
Elektronika MK-33
Elektronika MK-35
Elektronika MK-36
Elektronika MK-37/MK-37A/MK-37B
Elektronika MK-38
Elektronika MK-40
Elektronika MK-41
Elektronika MK-42
Elektronika MK-44
Elektronika MK-45
Elektronika MK-46
Elektronika MK-47
Elektronika MK-51
Elektronika MK-52
Elektronika MK-53
Elektronika MK-54
Elektronika MK-56
Elektronika MK-57/MK-57A/MK-57B/MK-57C
Elektronika MK-59
Elektronika MK-60/MK-60M
Elektronika MK-61
Elektronika MK-62
Elektronika MK-64
Elektronika MK-66
Elektronika MK-68/68A
Elektronika MK-69
Elektronika MK-71
Elektronika MK-77
Elektronika MK-85/MK-85M/MK-85S
Elektronika MK-87
Elektronika MK-90
Elektronika MK-91
Elektronika MK-92
Elektronika MK-93
Elektronika MK-94/MK-94A
Elektronika MK-95
Elektronika MK-98
Elektronika MK-PPV
Elektronika MKSH-2/MKSH-2M
Elektronika MKU-1
Calculators for kids
Detskaya Kassa
Malysh
See also
Calculator
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
References
Calculators
Science and technology in the Soviet Union | List of Soviet calculators | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,201 | [
"Calculators"
] |
65,444,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfluidic%20modulation%20spectroscopy | Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy (MMS) is an infrared spectroscopy technique that is used to characterize the secondary structure of proteins. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is well known for this application. However, the lack of automation, repeatability and dynamic range of detection in conventional platforms such as FTIR, have been major limitations which have been addressed with the development of microfluidic modulation spectroscopy.
Biophysical characterization analytical techniques
Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) is a technique for the characterization of secondary structure. CD is useful for α-helical protein analysis due to the intense signal α-helix structures provide in the CD region. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) secondary structure deconvolution is also used for multivariate analysis techniques including singular value decomposition, partial least squares, soft independent modeling of class analogy, and neural networks.
CD, like conventional FTIR, also has major drawbacks. Measurement needs to be carried out at low concentrations, typically at 0.5 mg/mL but down to as low as 0.1 mg/mL, which can undermine the resulting data. The presence of some excipients in the formulation buffer can also interfere with the measurements. CD and conventional FTIR also lack sensitivity in the characterization of biopharmaceuticals proteins such as immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2. Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy is an automated technique that overcomes these challenges of both FTIR and CD for use in biopharmaceutical product characterization.
Applications
Higher order structure assessment
Characterization of protein higher order structures is routinely performed during the biologic product development life cycle. Because biological function is related to structure, it is important to establish that the biologic is manufactured with the expected structure (a monoclonal antibody is created with the expected β-sheet, α-helix, for example). It is also important to demonstrate that the structure is not significantly impacted by drug substance or drug product manufacturing changes that arise during product development. Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy’s sensitivity and accuracy, detects higher order structure change in the formulation and at the concentration of interest, without the need for dilution or deuteration. The technique provides information on which structural motifs in the protein molecule are changing, providing more guidance when developing stable protein molecules and formulations.
Biosimilarity
Biosimilar drug development is an important application for higher order structure comparisons. In analytical similarity studies, the higher order structure of the innovator product is compared to the biosimilar to establish similarity in the structures. Comparability and biosimilarity studies often use microfluidic modulation spectroscopy to assess the products for structural differences. The technique reveals very small conformational differences between different proteins, and provides information on where those differences occur. These capabilities make microfluidic modulation spectroscopy a powerful tool in the analysis and development of biosimilars.
Aggregation
Protein aggregation is the process by which proteins start to bind together under different conditions and formulations. If therapeutic proteins are to be safe and efficacious, their misfolding and aggregation behaviors must be well understood. Both upstream and downstream processing can cause aggregation, a common indicator of protein instability, which can result in a therapeutic product being unfit for launch.
Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy can measure previously undetectable changes in protein structural attributes, changes that are critical to drug efficacy and quality. It is one of the only techniques which can directly monitor the formation of aggregates due to its ability to measure intermolecular beta sheet structures.
Formulation development
A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of aggregation is essential to control stability and ensure a safe, effective drug product. A primary motivation in formulation is to understand these mechanisms, which is driven by high throughput analysis and intense information gathering.
Formulation scientists use a core set of analytical techniques to quantify the colloidal, chemical and conformational stability parameters that define the stability of a biotherapeutic. However, this is a toolset with widely recognized gaps, notably an inability to measure conformational difference with high reproducibility in clinically representative formulations. For reasons mentioned previously, microfluidic modulation spectroscopy provides the sample capacity through 96 well plate operation and technical capabilities to elucidate colloidal and chemical stability, lacking in existing techniques such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis.
Quality assurance (GMP/CFR compliant laboratories)
Effective quality testing acts as a safeguard of product quality, controlling critical changes in the structure of drug substances, drug products, raw materials, or excipients. Quality assurance (QA) is a systematic approach that establishes a set of guidelines for all facets of the manufacturing process that could affect product quality.
Biologic drugs are complex molecules that exhibit microheterogeneity, minor chemical variances such as glycan structural differences, deamidation, oxidation and glycation. Casting a wide analytical net helps establish the robust structure-function relationships that define the boundaries of unacceptable risk. The identification of all possible critical quality attributes (CQAs) underpin effective QA. Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy facilitates the measurement of secondary structure attributes of biopharmaceuticals in all stages of the manufacturing process. This helps establish quality parameters at stages not possible with traditional techniques.
Quantitation
The structure of proteins and how they behave in solution are affected by concentration. Accurate concentration quantitation yields better analysis and comparison of results between different proteins and formulations. There is no common analytical approach for quantitation due to the constraints of traditional techniques (e.g. the limited dynamic range of traditional spectroscopic tools (for example limited resolution and detector linearity). Because the sample absorbance is targeted to a very limited dynamic range, this forces scientists to make extra steps to adjust either the sample concentration or the cell path length to achieve accurate protein quantitation.
Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy provides direct, label free protein quantitation over a wide concentration range and is more selective than traditional spectroscopy instrumentation, with less susceptibility to interferences. Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy increases sensitivity and significantly reduces the errors common with conventional spectroscopy.
Components
Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy features a tunable mid-infrared quantum cascade laser to generate an optical beam that is 1000 times brighter than those used in conventional FTIR. This enables the measurement of samples that are substantially more concentrated than possible with other techniques, and the use of simpler detectors with no requirement for nitrogen cooling. The laser is run in continuous wave mode to generate a very high resolution (< 0.001 cm-1 linewidth), low noise beam with minimal stray light that is focused through a microfluidic transmission cell with a short (25 μm) optical path length onto a thermo-electrically cooled mercury cadmium tellurium (MCT) detector. This optical configuration delivers high sensitivity measurement over a concentration range of 0.1 – 200 mg/mL for structural characterization and down to 0.01 mg/mL for protein quantitation giving microfluidic modulation spectroscopy a far wider dynamic range than alternative protein characterization techniques.
In microfluidic modulation spectroscopy, the sample (protein-in-buffer) solution and a matching buffer reference stream are introduced into the transmission cell under continuous flow and then rapidly modulated (1-10 Hz) across the laser beam path to produce nearly drift-free, background compensated, differential scans of the Amide I band. The complete optical system is sealed and purged with dry air to minimize any interference from atmospheric water vapor which absorbs across the 2000 – 1300 cm-1 wavenumber range and can therefore compromise the use of IR spectroscopy for protein characterization. Advanced signal processing technology is the third key element of the instrument and converts the raw spectra into fractional contribution data for specific motifs of secondary structure, providing a structural fingerprint of the protein.
References
Infrared spectroscopy
Microfluidics | Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,641 | [
"Microfluidics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Microtechnology",
"Infrared spectroscopy",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
65,446,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20217786 | HD 217786 is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.78, it requires binoculars or a small telescope to view. The system is located at a distance of from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +10 km/s. Kinematically, the star system belongs to the thin disk population of the Milky Way.
The primary is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F8V. It is much older than Sun with an estimated age of 9.4 billion years and is spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 1.2 km/s. The star has a lower proportion of heavy elements than the Sun, having 65% of solar abundance. It has about the same mass as the Sun but a 32% larger radius. The star is radiating nearly double the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,882 K.
A low-mass stellar companion at a projected separation of 155 AU was discovered in 2016. The proper motion of this co-moving object suggests it is gravitationally-bound to the primary, and their orbit is being viewed edge-on. If the orbit is assumed to be circular, then the orbital period for the pair is ~6.2 Myr. No other companion stars have been detected at separations from 2.74 to 76.80 AUs.
The star system exhibits strong stellar flare activity in the ultraviolet.
Planetary system
In 2010 one superjovian planet or brown dwarf on an eccentric orbit was discovered utilising the radial velocity method. Designated component Ab, the high eccentricity of this object may have been caused by interaction with the secondary star. In 2022, the inclination and true mass of HD 217786 Ab were measured via astrometry, and a second planet was discovered orbiting closer to the star.
References
F-type main-sequence stars
Multi-star planetary systems
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Brown dwarfs
Pisces (constellation)
J23030822-0025465
Durchmusterung objects
217786
113834 | HD 217786 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 444 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,446,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20Deployment%20Vaccine%20Collaborative | The Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative (RaDVaC) is a non-profit, collaborative, open-source vaccine research organization founded in March 2020 by Preston Estep and colleagues from various fields of expertise, motivated to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic through rapid, adaptable, transparent, and accessible vaccine development. The members of RaDVaC contend that even the accelerated vaccine approvals, such as the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization, does not make vaccines available quickly enough. The core group has published a series of white papers online, detailing both the technical principles of and protocols for their research vaccine formulas, as well as dedicated materials and protocols pages. All of the organization's published work has been released under Creative Commons non-commercial licenses, including those contributing to the Open COVID Pledge. Multiple individuals involved with the project have engaged in self-experimentation to assess vaccine safety and efficacy. As of January 2022, the organization has developed and published twelve iterations of experimental intranasal, multivalent, multi-epitope peptide vaccine formulas, and according to the RaDVaC website, by early 2021 hundreds of individuals had self-administered one or more doses of the vaccines described by the group.
History
In March 2020, Preston Estep sent an email to several associates in an effort to determine whether any open-source vaccine projects were underway. Finding none, he and several colleagues formed RaDVaC in the following days, and began constructing the first generation of the RaDVaC research vaccine formula.
Self-experimentation
Several of RaDVaC's core members and numerous others have engaged in self-experimentation to assess both the safety and efficacy of the vaccine formulations. Dr. Estep self-administered the first dose on March 30, 2020. As of early 2020, the group claims that hundreds of individuals had self-administered one or more doses of one or more generations of the RaDVaC experimental vaccine.
Open-source and iterative vaccine research and development
RaDVaC considers responsive iteration a key asset in developing vaccines against an emerging disease such as COVID-19. In contrast to commercial vaccine R&D infrastructure, RaDVaC's core group adapted their vaccine designs in response to emerging research on the pathology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.
SARS-CoV-2 Peptide Vaccines
Early generations (gen. 1-6)
Included primarily B cell epitopes, both emergent from computational predictions as well as early research in SARS-CoV-2 antibody mapping.
Generation 7
First inclusion of empirical T cell response data.
Generation 8
Better characterization of T cell response.
Generation 9
Latest and most robust characterization of T cell response, especially CD8 (cytotoxic T cell).
Generation 10
Improved solubility at physiological pH by the use of derivatized chitosan (for example: trimethyl chitosan [TMC] or hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan [HACC]), instead of unmodified chitosan.
Increased T helper activation combined with reduced MHC Class II restriction to more robustly activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B cells for antibody production.
Surface display of antigens for improved antibody response.
A smaller set of core peptides (5 peptides) combined with a list of optional peptides, providing greater functionality and improved representation of common MHC Class I alleles.
An optional epitope sequence that includes an increasingly common variant (N501Y) in the Spike Receptor Binding Motif (RBM). The RaDVaC primary protective strategy remains focused on the more highly conserved epitopes involved in membrane fusion, but groups are testing the potential of this epitope sequence to boost the systemic antibody response.
An optional dendritic cell targeting peptide for delivering T cell epitopes to dendritic cells, an important cell type in the presentation of T cell antigens.
Generation 11
The only difference between Generation 10 and Generation 11 vaccine designs is the addition to Gen. 11 of the peptide MVC2-s, which represents the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD)/Receptor Binding Motif (RBM), and has 2 mutations that are present in variants of concern and interest: the L452R mutation found in Delta, Iota, and Kappa, and the N501Y mutation found in Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Mu.
Generation 12
The Generation 12 vaccine design is very similar to Generation 11, but with one major change and some minor ones. The major change is the addition of the Omicron-specific SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Motif peptide ("RBMO-sc") to the set of core peptides, and the subtraction of "MVC1-s" from the set of optional peptides. Certain T cell epitope peptides were also changed. "Orf1ab 5528T" replaced "Orf1 1636T" in the list of core peptides, because the former is bound by all of the Class I receptors that bind "Orf1 1636T" but it also binds several others. RaDVaC also eliminated "Nuc 264T-key" from the list of optional peptides because the homologous sequence in SARS-CoV-1 reportedly suppresses cytokine signaling.
Open-source clinical trial design
In April 2022, RaDVaC published a proposal for a novel vaccine clinical trial design, called a "step-up challenge trial". The proposed model is intended to validate immuno-efficacy of broad-spectrum vaccines, including pan-coronavirus vaccines, but subjecting ("challenging") study participants to multiple related pathogens with different degrees of pathogenicity.
Funding and awards
In December 2021 ACX Grants announced that RaDVaC had been awarded US$100,000 "to make open-source modular affordable vaccines." In May 2022 RaDVaC tweeted it had been awarded US$2.5 million from Balvi, a moonshot anti-covid effort established by Vitalik Buterin.
References
COVID-19 vaccine producers
Vaccine producers
Vaccines | Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative | [
"Biology"
] | 1,267 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccines"
] |
65,447,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Institute%20of%20Chemistry | The New Zealand Institute of Chemistry (NZIC) was founded in 1931 and is the professional membership organisation for professionals working in the field of chemistry across the education and industry sectors in New Zealand. It is organised into six geographical branches (Auckland, Waikato, Manawatu, Wellington, Canterbury, and Otago) and a number of specialist groups.
In 2019 it formed the group Secondary Chemistry Educators of NZ (SCENZ) as the national chemistry teachers’ subject association.
The NZIC publishes its own quarterly journal Chemistry in New Zealand. It has been a co-owner society of Chemistry: An Asian Journal since 2008, and is a co-owner of Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK).
The NZIC holds a national conference every two years with the branches taking turns to host. It is also a co-sponsor of the Pacifichem Congress which is held in Hawaii every five years.
The Council of the NZIC consists of an Executive (President, Vice President or Past President and Treasurer), Student Representative, Secretary, and delegates from each of the Branch Committees. Members of the executive are elected annually at the Annual General Meeting.
Affiliations
The NZIC is a member of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS) and a constituent organisation of Royal Society Te Apārangi.
Membership
Currently there are four categories of membership: Member (including Student Member), Fellow, Honorary Fellow (the highest honour of the NZIC), and school member. A member of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry is designated with the honorific affix "MNZIC". As the professional body for chemistry in New Zealand, the Institute can promote a member to Fellow of the institute ("FNZIC"). This requires a minimum of 5 years’ professional experience as a Member, and the candidate must have shown a substantial measure of ability or achievement in chemistry.
Notable people
Sarah Masters (past president)
References
External links
Chemistry societies
Learned societies of New Zealand
Scientific societies based in New Zealand
Scientific organisations based in New Zealand
Organisations based in New Zealand with royal patronage
Chemistry education
Scientific organizations established in 1931
1931 establishments in New Zealand | New Zealand Institute of Chemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 433 | [
"Chemistry societies",
"nan",
"Chemistry organization stubs"
] |
65,447,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIHOC%20Distilleries | GIHOC Distilleries Company Limited was first modern distillery company to be established in West Africa. It was established by the pre-independence Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) in 1958 as the State Distilleries Corporation for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. The managing director of GIHOC Distilleries Company Limited is Maxwell Kofi Jumah.
History
GIHOC Distilleries Company Limited was established in 1958 as the State Distilleries Corporation for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages.
After a decade of establishing GIHOC, in 1968, it became a division of the then Ghana Industrial Holding Corporation (GIHOC). In 1993, GIHOC Distilleries became and still remains a limited liability company wholly owned by the Government of Ghana.
In 2014, Mrs Kay Kwao-Simmonds who worked as the Managing Director of GIHOC distilleries company Ltd, (Apr 2010 – Jun 2017), stated that the company hope to expand into neighbouring Togo and Cote D’Ivoire by the end of the year 2015. Additionally, she said ”the company already has three of its products on the Nigeria market”.
Operations
In the opening month of the year 2020, Ghana Industrial Holding Corporation (GIHOC) has its operation in 16 regions within Ghana.
Currently, Ghana Industrial Holding Corporation (GIHOC) has its operations in Liberia, Nigeria and Cote d'Ivoire. In January 2020, the managing director of GIHOC Distilleries Company Limited, Maxwell Kofi Jumah informed the press that: "GIHOC's South Africa will become operational in the month of February 2020 as processes leading to the official commissioning of the China and USA offices near completion."
References
External links
Official website
Drink companies of Ghana
Distilleries | GIHOC Distilleries | [
"Chemistry"
] | 366 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
65,448,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel%20configuration | In geometry, the Miquel configuration is a configuration of eight points and six circles in the Euclidean plane, with four points per circle and three circles through each point.
Its Levi graph is the Rhombic dodecahedral graph, the skeleton of both Rhombic dodecahedron and Bilinski dodecahedron. The configuration is related to Miquel's theorem.
References
Configurations (geometry) | Miquel configuration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 82 | [
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs"
] |
65,448,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SET2 | SET2 is a drug which acts as a selective antagonist for the TRPV2 receptor. It is moderately potent with an IC50 of 460nM, but is highly selective for TRPV2 over the other subtypes of TRPV, and is the first such compound to be developed. A role has been suggested for TRPV2 in tumor metastasis, making this a target of interest in the treatment of cancer.
See also
HC-067047
ZINC17988990
References
Thioethers
Pyrimidines
Furans
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Carboxamides | SET2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 129 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
65,449,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Talalay | Pavel Grigorievich Talalay (Russian: Павел Григорьевич Талалай) (born October 14, 1962), is a Russian professor of drilling engineering and director of the Institute for Polar Science and Engineering in Jilin University, Changchun, China. His research interests are focused on different features of drilling technology in ice and permafrost; dynamics of ice sheets; ice properties and environmental issues in polar regions.
Career
Talalay acquired Drilling Engineer (1984), Ph.D. (1995) and Doctor of Engineering (2007) degrees at the Saint Petersburg Mining University of Russia, where he has also worked as Professor and Chair of Department of Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Drawing. Talalay was a guest Researcher in the Niels Bohr University of Copenhagen, Denmark (1998-1999). In 2010, Talalay was invited to work at Jilin University within the framework of the Chinese state program “Attracting 1000 highly qualified specialists”. Later, Talalay became the Director of the Polar Research Center of Jilin University. Since 2009, Talalay is a member of Technical Assistance Board, U.S. NSF Ice Drilling Program (IDP) of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA. In 2023-2024 Prof Talalay was the leader of the Chinese-Russian drilling project to study the in-situ dynamics and conditions at the bed of the Northwestern Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The project succeeded in penetration through the 545 m thick ice and recovered the unique 0.48 m bedrock sample. Talalay is a member of Steering Committee of SCAR Groundwater Action Group. Talalay is the author of over 200 publication, 70 patents, and 19 books and book-chapters, most notable of which are Mechanical Ice Drilling Technology, Thermal Ice Drilling Technology, Geotechnical and Exploration Drilling in the Polar Regions. and Mining and Construction in Snow and Ice.
Expeditions in Antarctica and the Arctic
Talalay participated in six field expeditions in Antarctica and the Arctic. In 1999-2001 he took part in the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) yielded the deepest borehole in Greenland ice sheet (3085 m; 2003). He has been a part in a Russian project to create deepest borehole in ice at Vostok Station, Antarctica that contacted in February 2012 with the subglacial Lake Vostok at a depth 3769.3 m. In 2019, Talalay lead a research project that yielded the first bedrock sample beneath East Antarctica, near the Zhongshan Station, in more than 60 years.
Awards and recognition
Talalay was awarded the Second-Class Diploma of IV All-Russian context of science-popular articles “Science-Society-2005”, 2006 International Geneva Salon of Inventions Gold Medal, won the 2009 International Contest on 3D-Moldelling. In 2014, he was awarded the Chinese Government's Friendship Award for “outstanding contribution to the country's economic and social progress”.
References
1962 births
Living people
Engineers from Saint Petersburg
Russian expatriates in China
Academic staff of Jilin University
Saint Petersburg Mining University alumni
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg Mining University
Petroleum engineers
21st-century Russian engineers | Pavel Talalay | [
"Engineering"
] | 662 | [
"Petroleum engineers",
"Petroleum engineering"
] |
65,452,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent%20exopolymer%20particles | Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are extracellular acidic polysaccharides produced by phytoplankton and bacteria in saltwater, freshwater, and wastewater. They are incredibly abundant and play a significant role in biogeochemical cycling of carbon and other elements in water. Through this, they also play a role in the structure of food webs and trophic levels. TEP production and overall concentration has been observed to be higher in the Pacific Ocean compared to the Atlantic, and is more related to solar radiation in the Pacific. TEP concentration has been found to decrease with depth, having the highest concentration at the surface, especially associated with the SML, either by upward flux or sea surface production. Chlorophyll a has been found to be the best indicator of TEP concentration, rather than heterotrophic grazing abundance, further emphasizing the role of phytoplankton in TEP production. TEP concentration is especially enhanced by haptophyte phytoplanktonic dominance, solar radiation exposure, and close proximity to sea ice. TEPs also do not seem to show any diel cycles. High concentrations of TEPs in the surface ocean slow the sinking of solid particle aggregations, prolonging pelagic residence time. TEPs may provide an upward flux of materials such as bacteria, phytoplankton, carbon, and trace nutrients. High TEP concentrations were found under arctic sea ice, probably released by sympagic algae. TEP is efficiently recycled in the ocean, as heterotrophic grazers such as zooplankton and protists consume TEP and produce new TEP precursors to be reused, further emphasizing the importance of TEPs in marine carbon cycling. TEP abundance tends to be higher in coastal, shallow waters compared to deeper, oceanic waters. Diatom-dominated phytoplankton colonies produce larger, and stickier, TEPs, which may indicate that TEP size distribution and composition may be a useful tool in determining aggregate planktonic community structure.
TEPs are formed from cell surface mucus sloughing, the disintegration of bacterial colonies, and precursors released by growing or senescent phytoplankton. TEP precursors can be fibrillar, forming larger colloids, or aggregations, and within hours to days after release from the cell are fully formed transparent exopolymer particles. While most exopolymeric substances range from loose slimes to tight shells surrounding cells, TEPs exist as individual particles, allowing them to aggregate and be collected by filtration. They are highly sticky, forming aggregations of solid particles known as marine snow, and are actually associated with all marine aggregations investigated thus far. TEPs have a high C:N ratio compared to the Redfield Ratio, suggesting the significance of TEPs in the promotion of carbon sequestration and particle sedimentation to the benthos, but this is complicated due to bacterial decomposition, as well as heterotrophic grazing by zooplankton such as euphausiids and protists. This also suggests that TEPs may represent a link between the oceanic microbial loop and other food webs, as well as creating short circuit food webs within the pelagic.
TEPs provide a surface within the pelagic ocean for bacterial colonies to form. The bacterial colonies associated with TEPs tend to be dominated by Alteromonadaceae, specifically taxonomic units previously associated with microgel habitats, Marinobacter and Glaciecola. A novel species of bacteria, Lentisphaera araneosa, was discovered colonizing TEPs off the coast of Oregon. Phytoplankton have been found to be the most significant source of TEP, but TEP abundance is also positively correlated with bacterial abundance. Bacteria either enhance the production of TEP by phytoplankton or contribute to the production of it. TEP presence is necessary for the sedimentation of diatoms, but are not involved in the sedimentation of foraminifera. Prochlorococcus sp. decay from increased solar radiation was found to promote TEP production, suggesting that picocyanobacteria are a source material for TEP. During a controlled diatom bloom, TEP concentrations saw exponential growth during bloom growth, flocculation, and senescence, but the production of TEP did not increase after nutrient depletion. In fact, TEP concentration was found to be a linear function of chlorophyll a and POC, suggesting that TEP production is linked to phytoplankton growth. The ratio of TEP to phytoplankton was a determining factor in bloom flocculation. During flocculation, TEP, due to its high stickiness, aggregated with itself and phytoplankton, but phytoplankton did not independently flocculate to themselves. Bacterial degradation may have contributed to TEP concentration loss.
The significance of TEPs in biogeochemical cycling and trophic cascading has always been suspected, but were not able to be accurately quantified until recently. Using light microscopy to quantitatively analyze TEP is a slow and tedious process. The use of Alcian blue to stain these otherwise transparent molecules has been beneficial in more efficiently analyzing them using spectrophotometry. TEPs have been referred to as ‘protobiofilms’ due to their intense colonization by bacteria, displaying many characteristics of a biofilm without being attached to a surface. Planktonic microgels, another term for TEPs, and their role as protobiofilms, may be of some significance to water and water treatment industries. TEPs may be useful in the desalination and water treatment industries through its contribution to biofouling mechanisms.
References
Polysaccharides | Transparent exopolymer particles | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,224 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
65,453,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzilai-Borwein%20method | The Barzilai-Borwein method is an iterative gradient descent method for unconstrained optimization using either of two step sizes derived from the linear trend of the most recent two iterates. This method, and modifications, are globally convergent under mild conditions, and perform competitively with conjugate gradient methods for many problems. Not depending on the objective itself, it can also solve some systems of linear and non-linear equations.
Method
To minimize a convex function with gradient vector at point , let there be two prior iterates, and , in which where is the previous iteration's step size (not necessarily a Barzilai-Borwein step size), and for brevity, let and .
A Barzilai-Borwein (BB) iteration is where the step size is either
[long BB step] , or
[short BB step] .
Barzilai-Borwein also applies to systems of equations for in which the Jacobian of is positive-definite in the symmetric part, that is, is necessarily positive.
Derivation
Despite its simplicity and optimality properties, Cauchy's classical steepest-descent method for unconstrained optimization often performs poorly. This has motivated many to propose alternate search directions, such as the conjugate gradient method. Jonathan Barzilai and Jonathan Borwein instead proposed new step sizes for the gradient by approximating the quasi-Newton method, creating a scalar approximation of the Hessian estimated from the finite differences between two evaluation points of the gradient, these being the most recent two iterates.
In a quasi-Newton iteration,
where is some approximation of the Jacobian matrix of (i.e. Hessian of the objective function) which satisfies the secant equation . Barzilai and Borwein simplify with a scalar , which usually cannot exactly satisfy the secant equation, but approximate it as . Approximations by two least-squares criteria are:
[1] Minimize with respect to , yielding the long BB step, or
[2] Minimize with respect to , yielding the short BB step.
Properties
In one dimension, both BB step sizes are equal and same as the classical secant method.
The long BB step size is the same as a linearized Cauchy step, i.e. the first estimate using a secant-method for the line search (also, for linear problems). The short BB step size is same as a linearized minimum-residual step. BB applies the step sizes upon the forward direction vector for the next iterate, instead of the prior direction vector as if for another line-search step.
Barzilai and Borwein proved their method converges R-superlinearly for quadratic minimization in two dimensions. Raydan demonstrates convergence in general for quadratic problems. Convergence is usually non-monotone, that is, neither the objective function nor the residual or gradient magnitude necessarily decrease with each iteration along a successful convergence toward the solution.
If is a quadratic function with Hessian , is the Rayleigh quotient of by vector , and is the Rayleigh quotient of by vector (here taking as a solution to , more at Definite matrix).
Fletcher compared its computational performance to conjugate gradient (CG) methods, finding CG tending faster for linear problems, but BB often faster for non-linear problems versus applicable CG-based methods.
BB has low storage requirements, suitable for large systems with millions of elements in .
angle between and .
Modifications and related methods
Since being demonstrated by Raydan, BB is often applied with the non-monotone safeguarding strategy of Grippo, Lampariello, and Lucidi. This tolerates some rise of the objective, but excessive rise initiates a backtracking line search using smaller step sizes, to assure global convergence. Fletcher finds that allowing wider limits for non-monotonicity tend to result in more efficient convergence.
Others have identified a step size being the geometric mean between the long and short BB step sizes, which exhibits similar properties.
References
External links
Jonathan Barzilai
Gradient methods
Finite differences
Mathematical optimization
Optimization algorithms and methods
First order methods
Iterative methods | Barzilai-Borwein method | [
"Mathematics"
] | 862 | [
"Mathematical optimization",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Finite differences"
] |
65,454,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C9orf85 | Chromosome 9 open reading frame 85, commonly known as C9orf85, is a protein in Homo sapiens encoded by the C9orf85 gene. The gene is located at 9q21.13. When spliced, four different isoforms are formed. C9orf85 has a predicted molecular weight of 20.17 kdal. Isoelectric point was found to be 9.54. The function of the gene has not yet been confirmed, however it has been found to show high levels of expression in cells of high differentiation.
Background
Protein Sequence
The sequence for C9orf85 isoform 1 in Homo sapiens, derived from NCBI:
MSSQKGNVARSRPQKHQNTFSFKNDKFDKSVQTKKINAKLHDGVCQRCKEVLEWRVKYSKYKPLSKPKKCVKCLQKTVKDSYHIMCRPCACELEVCAKCGKKEDIVIPWSLPLLPRLECSGRILAHHNLRLPCSSDSPAS ASRVAGTTGAHHHAQLIFVFLVEMGFHYVGQAGLELLTS
Aliases
Uncharacterized Protein C9orf85
MGC61599
RP11-364E17.2
LOC138241
OTTHUMP00000021461
Isoforms
Isoform 1 is the major form of the gene used. This isoform contains 4 exons. It's accession number is NM_001365053.2.
Homology
Orthologs
The C9orf85 gene was found in all species type including vertebrate to bacteria. However no type of protist was found as an ortholog for the human gene except for plasmodium.
Paralogs
Rate of Molecular Evolution
A rate of divergence can be calculated using the molecular clock hypothesis. As observed by the graph, C9orf85 lies between Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha with a slope leaning more towards Cytochrome C. Therefore, C9orf85 is possibly evolving at a slower rate than most proteins.
Conservation
Multiple Sequence Alignment
A multiple sequence alignment (MSA) was done between the top 15 closely related orthologs to the Homo sapiens C9orf85. 20 amino acids were discovered to be conserved among all 15 sequences at the beginning of the protein sequence; within the first three exons.
In a MSA between distantly related homologs, 5 amino acids were observed to be conserved between exons two and three.
Yet, when running a multiple sequence alignment between Homo sapiens and the extremely distant Bacillus cereus, 53 amino acids are observed to be conserved primarily in the fourth exon.
Cysteine
The amino acid cysteine appears the most throughout the protein sequence as a conserved amino acids; 8 out of 20 instances. Cysteine 48, 70, 89, 96, and Tryptophan 54 are amino acids conserved in all species type – including vertebrate, invertebrate, fungi, plants, and protists – besides bacteria.
Using the Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences tool, SAPS, 5 spacings of cysteine were found. Four with the pattern of C-X-X-C—at amino acids 45, 70, 86, and 96—and the fifth spacing at amino acid 89 (CAC). The C-X-X-C pattern is known to be present in metal-binding proteins and oxidoreductases. Additionally, three of the five cysteine spacings were also the top conserved amino acids throughout the most closely related orthologs; C70, C89, and C96.
Localization
Gene Localization in Humans
C9orf85 has been found to be expressed highly in epithelial cells. of the pancreas. Additionally, high levels of expression have been established in the urinary bladder and thymus of the adult human, while expression levels were significant in the intestine of a 20-week-old fetus.
Subcellular Localization
k-NN results predict C9orf85 to be 78.3% nuclear, 8.7% mitochondrial, 8.7% cytoplasmic, and 4.3% vacuolar.
Promoter
C9orf85 has 3 predicted promoters for the gene. The choice promoter was GXG_18858 on the plus strand. Chosen for its large quantity of CAGE tags and its position being furthest upstream. Its start position is 71909780 and its end position is 71911841. It includes 2062 base pairs and has 13 transcripts. The last 500 base pairs of the double stranded promoter is featured below:
5' GCAGGAGGCGGGGATTGCGGAAAAGAAGAACCAATAGGAACAAAGGTTCC 3'
3' CGTCCTCCGCCCCTAACGCCTTTTCTTCTTGGTTATCCTTGTTTCCAAGG 5'
5' CCGCCCCTTTGATTTGATGGACTACACATTCGGGCCAATGGGGGAATTCT 3'
3' GGCGGGGAAACTAAACTACCTGATGTGTAAGCCCGGTTACCCCCTTAAGA 5'
5' CATTTCGAAGAAAGTGGGACTTGTTCTCCGGGTTTGAGAAAGAGGCTGCG 3'
3' GTAAAGCTTCTTTCACCCTGAACAAGAGGCCCAAACTCTTTCTCCGACGC 5'
5' CGGAGCCGGAGGGGTCGAGGCTGCGCCGCGTGGAGTGGCTTGGCTTAACA 3'
3' GCCTCGGCCTCCCCAGCTCCGACGCGGCGCACCTCACCGAACCGAATTGT 5'
5' GCAGGGAGGGCAGAGCGATGCTCTTTGACCTCCCAGAAGAGTCACGTGGG 3'
3' CGTCCCTCCCGTCTCGCTACGAGAAACTGGAGGGTCTTCTCAGTGCACCC 5'
5' CTGACCCAGAGCCGGGGCGGAAAGGCTGCGTTTGTTTCTTCCGGGTCATT 3'
3' GACTGGGTCTCGGCCCCGCCTTTCCGACGCAAACAAAGAAGGCCCAGTAA 5'
5' GACAGAAGCGTCAATTCCTGGGAGTAGTTCGTTGGTTTTCTTTCCCCTCA 3'
3' CTGTCTTCGCAGTTAAGGACCCTCATCAAGCAACCAAAAGAAAGGGGAGT 5'
5' TCCTTTTGCCTGCTCCCGGCGAGGGGTGGCTTTGATTTCGGCGATGAGCT 3'
3' AGGAAAACGGACGAGGGCCGCTCCCCACCGAAACTAAAGCCGCTACTCGA 5'
5' CCCAGAAAGGCAACGTGGCTCGTTCCAGACCTCAGAAGCACCAGAATACG 3'
3' GGGTCTTTCCGTTGCACCGAGCAAGGTCTGGAGTCTTCGTGGTCTTATGC 5'
5' TTTAGCTTCAAAAATGACAAGTTCGATAAAAGTGTGCAGACCAAGGTAGG 3'
3' AAATCGAAGTTTTTACTGTTCAAGCTATTTTCACACGTCTGGTTCCATCC 5'
Regulation
Transmembrane Domain
Though there is a presence of hydrophobic regions in the protein sequence, there have been no confirmed transmembrane domains present
Phosphorylation
A protein kinase C phosphorylation site is predicted at amino acid 3-5. There is also a possible CK2 phosphorylation site at amino acid 77-80
SUMOylating
There is one predicted SUMO site at position 23. The result is significant with a p-value of 0.041.
Function
Through the level of expression in various tissue samples, the C9orf85 protein is a regulated gene rather than a constitutive gene.
Additionally, urinary bladder epithelial cells function by altering the immune system of an infection. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ of the immune system, composed of T cells and epithelial cells. Research has found that the thymus has an increasing role in the development of intestinal immunity Both are an element of the immune system, designed to ensure proper function of the immune system.
References
Proteins | C9orf85 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,698 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
65,455,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachs%20subgraph | In graph theory, a Sachs subgraph of a given graph is a subgraph in which all connected components are either single edges or cycles. These subgraphs are named after Horst Sachs, who used them in an expansion of the characteristic polynomial of the adjacency matrix of graphs. A similar expansion using Sachs subgraphs is also possible for permanental polynomials of graphs. Sachs subgraphs and the polynomials calculated with their aid have been applied in chemical graph theory, for instance as part of a test for the existence of non-bonding orbitals in hydrocarbon structures.
A spanning Sachs subgraph, also called a {1,2}-factor, is a Sachs subgraph in which every vertex of the given graph is incident to an edge of the subgraph. The union of two perfect matchings is always a bipartite spanning Sachs subgraph, but in general Sachs subgraphs are not restricted to being bipartite. Some authors use the term "Sachs subgraph" to mean only spanning Sachs subgraphs.
References
Graph theory objects | Sachs subgraph | [
"Mathematics"
] | 210 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theory objects"
] |
65,456,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20Research%20Institute%20of%20Plant%20Cultivation%20and%20Breeding | Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding () is a research institute in Krasnoobsk, Russia. It was founded in 1926. In 2015, the institute became a branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics.
History
In 1926, the Central Siberian Regional Agricultural Experimental Station was organized, on the basis of which the West Siberian Regional Experimental Station of Grain Farming was created in 1936. Two years later, the Experimental Station was reorganized into the Novosibirsk State Breeding Station. In 1956, the station was transformed into the Novosibirsk State Agricultural Experimental Station.
In 1972, on the basis of the station, the Siberian branch of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Industry was organized with 122 employees, the branch was engaged in the study of the gene pool of agricultural plants. In 1977, the branch of the institute was reorganized into the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding (SibNIIRS). In the same year, the new research institute became the center of grain crops. Its area of activity included the Novosibirsk, Kemerovo and Tomsk oblasts.
Activities
The institute is working on the creation of a Siberian gene pool of agricultural crops. It also creates crop hybrids with increased productivity, as well as resistant varieties. SibNIIRS has developed methods for breeding of new plant species using diploidization, introgressive hybridization, alloplasmia and aneuploidy. The breeders of the institute have developed varieties of spring wheat with a high level of gluten (28–30%) and protein (14–16%), as well as new varieties of oats.
Drought-resistant and non-crumbling varieties of peas have been created, which are suitable for harvesting by direct combining and are resistant to ascochitosis. The institute has developed various varieties of vegetables resistant to phytosporosis, bacteriosis and peronosporosis.
Plant collections
The scientific organization has a collection of plants from all over the world. The institute has created a collection of perennial bows consisting of 308 samples (90 of them grow in Altai and Siberia).
Examples of bred varieties
Yegipetskaya Sila is a sweet pepper variety with a high content of vitamin C.
Pamyati Gubko is a variety of tomato with a slightly spicy taste. The variety was named in honor of the breeder Valentina Gubko.
Yashka-Tsygan is a cultivar of basil.
Bogaty Urozhay is a variety of cucumber.
Leaders
S. G. Alekseyev (1936–1939)
D. I. Nekrasov (1939)
A. Z. Bolgov (1939–1940)
N. P. Smirnov (1940–1941, 1946–1952 and 1956–1961)
I. F. Vasiliev (1941–1946)
G. A. Nalivaiko (1952–1956), Hero of Socialist Labor
A. K. Chepikov (1961–1976)
P. L. Goncharov (1976–?), academician of VASKhNIL
Bibliography
References
External links
Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding – Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
Research institutes in Russia
Plant breeding
Research institutes established in 1926
Krasnoobsk
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
1926 establishments in the Soviet Union | Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding | [
"Chemistry"
] | 697 | [
"Plant breeding",
"Molecular biology"
] |
65,456,726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM214B | The FAM214B, also known as protein family with sequence similarity 214, B (FAM214B) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FAM214B gene located on the human chromosome 9. The protein has 538 amino acids. The gene contain 9 exon. There has been studies that there are low expression of this gene in patients with major depression disorder. In most organisms such as mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, there are high levels of gene expression in the bone marrow and blood. For humans in fetal development, FAM214B is mostly expressed in the brains and bone marrow.
Gene
Aliases
This is also known as KIAA1539, BA182N22.6, FLJ11560, PI.11659_5, LOC80256, and RP11-182N22.6.
Location
FAM214B is located on human chromosome 9 at the locus position 9p13.3. The gene is 12,229 bp long and it is at position 35,104,112 bp to the 35,116,341 on chromosome 9.
Transcript variants
There are currently 2 mRNA transcripts variants of FAM214B. Variant 1 encodes the longest transcript and Variant 2 differs in the 5' UTR.
Protein
Isoforms
There are currently 2 isoforms for FAM214B protein, where isoform 1 encodes for Variant 1 for the longest protein and isoform 2 encoded by Variant 2.
Composition and characteristics
The FAM214B protein has a predicted molecular weight of 56.7 kDa and has an isometric point of 9.1. For protein composition, the FAM214B protein contains high amounts of Glycine and Proline, while there was a lack of Isoleucine. There were clusters of positively charged regions on amino acid position 308 to 327 which composed of mostly Leucine and Arginine. There was a repetitive structure of amino acids GPGLG repeat on amino acid position 82 to 86, and 106 to 110. There were repeats of amino acids of Proline in position 10 to 25, and 225 to 265.
Protein Domain
The FAM214B contains a DUF4210 domain of unknown function at the position 348 to 402, and a chromosome segregation domain at position 480 to 536. The DUF4210 domain is currently has unknown function and predicted to be necessary for chromosome segregation in meiosis.
Secondary structure
Using Phyre2, Ali2D, and I-TASSER predicted that the FAM214B secondary structure composed of mostly beta sheets and one alpha helix. Phyre2 prediction is shown on the right.
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure was predicted using I-Tasser where the purple represents the C-terminal and the red represents the N-terminal shown on the right.
Post-translation modifications
Phosphorylation
There are 7 predicted phosphorylation sites on the FAM214B protein which consists of mostly serine and threonine residues.
Sub-cellular localization
Studies of FAM214B protein was determined that the protein is localized in the nucleus.
Expression and regulation
Promoters
Using the Genomatix Gene2Promoter tool, it was determined that the FAM214B has 5 promoters that are found in Homo sapiens. The promoter GXP_38326 has the highest number of encoded transcripts which spans on position 35115811 to 35116911 on the negative strand of human chromosome 9.
Transcription factors
The table represents a list of predicted transcription factors that bind to the GXP_9003729 promoter using Genomatix MatInspector tool.
Expression
Tissue Specific Expression
The RNA-Seq data from NCBI gene and The Human Atlas Protein shows that the FAM214B is highly expressed in the bone marrow, placenta, esophagus, and the brain such as corpus callosum, pons and medulla, and spinal cord.
Embryonic development
An in-situ hybridization technique has been conducted on mouse embryos that shows high levels of FAM214B transcript in the hippocampus and neocortex.
Differential expression
There has been numerous experiments on levels of expression for FAM214B. Patients with diabetic nephropathy express higher levels of FAM214B gene than those who are normal. Patients with bipolar disorders expressed higher levels of FAM214B in the orbitofrontal cortex than those who are normal. Patients with allergic nasal epithelium responses to house dust mites have lower expression of FAM214B than those who did not have allergies to house mites.
3'UTR
There are 9 stem loops and miRNAs that bind to FAM214B transcript 3'UTR shown on the right.
Interacting proteins
A list of proteins that interact with FAM214B in IntAct and UniProt database.
Homology and evolution
Orthologs and paralogs
FAM214B has orthologs in Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Actinopterygii, Arthropodas, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, and Plantae. There is one paralog that is FAM214A. The FAM214A protein has 1076 amino acids and is located on chromosome 13.
Evolutionary history
The most distant species relating to humans was Mikania micrantha which was about 1496 MYA. The most closely related relative for this gene found in mammals comparing to humans was the mouse which was dated about 90 MYA. The FAM214B is conserved in Eukaryota. In terms of the molecular clock analysis, it seems that FAM214B has evolved quicker than Cytochrome c but much slower than Fibrinogen alpha.
Studies of clinical significance
There are studies that show the gene expression of KIAA1539 in patients with major depression disorders by using biomarkers to detect vulnerability to recurrent depression. Low expression of this gene was common in patients who have MDD and was significantly difference than those who did not have MDD. Experiments were conducted in patients with major depression disorders by using biomarkers to detect vulnerability to recurrent depression and is expressed in patients with depressive disorders before and after cognitive behavioral therapy.
References
Uncharacterized proteins | FAM214B | [
"Biology"
] | 1,326 | [
"Protein classification",
"Uncharacterized proteins"
] |
65,457,261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Suib | Steven L. Suib is an American inorganic chemist, academic and researcher. He is a Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at University of Connecticut. He is a director of the Institute of Materials Science and of the Center for Advanced Microscopy and Materials Analysis.
Suib's research primarily focuses on solid state inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, environmental chemistry, inorganic photochemistry, plasma chemistry and photocatalysis. He has worked on the synthesis of new adsorbents, batteries, catalysts, ceramics, and semiconductors. He has published over 700 research papers and has registered around 80 patents in his name. Suib is the editor of books, New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Activation of Carbon Dioxide, New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Catalysis by Nanoparticles and New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Catalysis for Remediation and Environmental Concerns, among others.
Education
Suib completed his bachelor's degree in chemistry and geology from the State University College of New York in 1975. He received his doctoral degree from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1979.
Career
After his Ph.D. studies, Suib joined the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana as a postdoctoral associate till 1980. He was then appointed by the University of Connecticut as an assistant professor at the department of chemistry. He was promoted to associate professor in 1986 and to professor, in 1989. In 2001, he became the Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Chemistry.
Along with his academic appointments, Suib has also held administrative appointments at University of Connecticut. He was the Chancellor's Research Fellow in 2000 and served as the head of department of chemistry from 2001 till 2011. In 2013, he was appointed as the director of the Institute of Materials Science at the university.
Suib is as a fellow of the American Chemical Society and National Academy of Inventors. He is the recipient of University of Connecticut Alumni Excellence in Research Award and Connecticut Medal of Science. He is an editor of Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, editor in chief for Materials, specialty chief editor of Frontiers in Green and Environmental Chemistry and field chief editor of Frontiers in Chemistry.
Research
Suib has conducted research in the areas of solid state inorganic chemistry, physical and environmental chemistry, plasma chemistry, inorganic photochemistry and photo-catalysis. He has worked on the synthesis of new adsorbents, batteries, catalysts, ceramics, composites, sensors, and semiconductors. His research includes the study of redox catalytic cycles, green syntheses, heterogeneous catalysis and characterization of systems using structural, crystallographic, surface, electrochemical, luminescence, microscopic and EPR techniques.
Inorganic photochemistry
Suib took on inorganic photochemistry as a research interest in the 1980s. He studied photochemistry and the electron and energy transfer between rare earth and actinide ions in zeolites. His research indicated that selective placement of certain inorganic ions in zeolite molecular sieves can be used to control the energy transfer efficiencies in various displays and luminescence devices.
In a research article published in 1990, Suib studied the photochemistry of semiconductor surfaces and examined the in situ photo-reduction of tin sulfide by applying various analysis such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photogravimetric analysis and residual gas analysis. His research indicated that the photo-reduction process was dependent on the residual quantity of surface chloride ion during the manufacture of tin sulfide from tin chloride. His research also highlighted the possibility of doping semiconductors for the purpose of reduction initiation.
Photocatalysis
Suib researched about photo-catalysis along with his study on photochemistry in the 1980s. He conducted an experiment for the heterogeneous photo-catalytic oxidation of 1-Butene on tin oxide and titanium dioxide films. He prepared three films using a dip coating process and then studied their photo-activity under UV illumination. Suib investigated humidity effects and highlighted two functions of water in the experiment.
Suib studied photo-catalytic oxygen evolution from non-potable water by using a bio-inspired molecular water oxidation catalyst. His research group found that under specific conditions, the incorporation of manganese cubane clusters in Nafion membranes along with the illumination with light, led to water oxidation in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and seawater. In the mid 2010s, Suib studied the viability of photo-catalytic oxidation technology for air purification. His group added to the research conducted by UTRC on the reaction rates of volatile organic compounds and then conducted validation studies on purifier prototypes. By analysis of the validation study outcomes, they identified the major constraints in the application of the aforementioned technology.
Suib used the mesoporous copper sulfide material in a visible light driven catalytic process for the transformation of amines into imines. He then applied reactive oxygen species determination studies and reaction kinetics to determine the surface chemistry of the catalyzed process.
Mesoporous and micro-porous materials
Suib focused on mesoporous and micro-porous materials as a research interest in the 1990s. Initially with researchers from Texaco, he studied micro-porous manganese oxides and discussed various developments and methods including redox precipitation, sol-gel processing and microwave heating for the synthesis of manganese oxides. He also discussed the tunnel structure of hollandites and todorokites along with the interlayer spacings of managanese oxides.
In the early 2010s, Suib studied the generation of crystalline, thermally controlled monomodal pore size mesoporous materials. He discussed the conditions needed for the generation of mesoporous materials, such as inverse milcelles, elimination of solvent effects and the controlled condensation of inorganic frameworks. According to Suib, manipulating the nanoparticle size can tune the mesopores, and this phenomenon can lead to the development of multiple phases of the same metal oxide and can also aid in the synthesis of materials having different structures and thermal stabilities.
For developing high-surface-area metal titanates, Suib proposed a generalized synthesis method involving a metal dissolution and reverse micelle formation. His research group produced the highest surface areas of such metals and used SEM-EDX and TEM mapping for the study of homogeneous distributions of the metals.
Environmental chemistry and green syntheses
Suib conducted his research on environmental chemistry and green synthesis in the early 2000s. He studied the catalytic degradation of methylene blue by applying green oxidation method having TBHP as the oxidant. The catalysts used in the oxidation method originate from a class of porous manganese oxides and are called octahedral molecular sieves. TBHP, rather than hydrogen peroxide, enhanced the methylene blue composition.
Suib synthesized copper aluminum mixed oxide catalyst, as a green approach for conducting one pot synthesis of imines. The synthesized catalysts, along with proving to be efficient in the direct amine formation process under solvent free conditions, also exhibited high stability and recyclability. By analyzing pyridine adsorption results, Suib found that an increased number of Lewis acidic sites contributed to an enhanced catalytic activity.
In early 2010s, Suib's research group carried out research on the major challenges in environmental chemistry in the context of energy, materials and nano-sized systems. He discussed different states of matter and highlighted various phenomena such as pollution and contamination. He stressed upon the need for green materials, energy sources, processes and green viable solutions for growth in healthy environments.
Awards and honors
1986 – ACS Connecticut Valley Award
1991 – CT Yankee Ingenuity Award
1993 – Alumni Excellence in Research Award, University of Connecticut
1993 – Olin Research Award
1996 – NASA Fellowship
1998 – SUNY Outstanding Achievement Award
2005 – Chemical Pioneer Award
2009 – Northeast Region Award, American Chemical Society
2011 – Connecticut Medal of Science
2011 – Elected chair for the Applied Chemical Technology Subdivision, ACS
2017 – Excellence in Catalysis Award, NY Metropolitan Catalysis Society
Bibliography
Books
New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Activation of Carbon Dioxide (2013)
New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Solar Photocatalysis (2013)
New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Catalysis by Nanoparticles (2013)
New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Hybrid Materials, Composites, and Organocatalysts (2013)
New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Catalytic Biomass Conversion (2013)
New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Catalysis for Remediation and Environmental Concerns (2013)
New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Batteries, Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells (2013)
Selected articles
Yuan, J.; Liu, X.; Akbulut, O.; Hu, J.; Suib, S. L.; Kong, J.; Stellacci, F., Superwetting nanowire membranes for selective absorption, Nature Nanotechnology, 2008, 3, 332–336.
Tian, Z. R.; Tong, W.; Wang, J. Y.; Duan, N.; Krishnan, V. V.; Suib, S. L. Manganese Oxide Mesoporous Structures : Mixed Valent Semiconducting Catalysts, Science, 1997, 276, 926–930.
Meng, Y.; Song, W.; Huang, H.; Ren, Z.; Chen, S. Y.; Suib, S., Structure-Property Relationship of Bifunctional MnO2 Nanostructures: Highly Efficient, Ultra-Stable Electrochemical Water Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts Identified in Alkaline Media, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 11452–11464.
Brock, S. L.; Duan, N.; Tian, Z. R.; Giraldo, O. Zhou, H.; Suib, S. L. A Review of Porous Manganese oxide materials, Chem. Mater., 1998, 10, 2619–2628.
Njagi, E.; Huang, H.; Stafford, L.; Genuino, H.; Galindo, H.; Collins, J.; Hoag, G.; Suib, S. L., Biosynthesis of iron and silver nanoparticles at room temperature using aqueous sorghum bran Extracts, Langmuir, 2011, 27, 264–271.
References
External links
American inorganic chemists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
University of Connecticut faculty
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American chemists
21st-century American chemists | Steven Suib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,201 | [
"American inorganic chemists",
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
65,457,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20Context%20Header%20Compression | Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) is a standard compression and fragmentation mechanism defined in the IPv6 over LPWAN working group at the IETF. It offers compression and fragmentation of IPv6/UDP/CoAP packets to allow their transmission over the Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN).
Compression scheme tailored to LPWAN
About LPWAN
Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) gathers the connectivity technologies tailored for Internet of Things (IoT), allowing for:
long-range communication (up to 40 km),
very low energy consumption (on the device side),
and energy efficiency (for networks).
The trade-off for achieving these features includes severe limitation in terms of throughput and packet size supported. Also, LPWAN come with limitations on transmission modalities since, in order to save battery, devices are dormant most of the time and wake up only episodically to transmit and receive data for a short time window.
As a result, the LPWAN use their specific protocols, each adapted to their own specificities. Most importantly, they cannot carry IPv6, which was designed to allocate addresses to the billions of IoT connected devices.
IETF compression standards
In the early 2000s, the IETF produced the first wave of mature standards for compression and fragmentation:
RoHC (Robust Header Compression) in 2001,
and 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) in 2007.
Yet, these compression schemes cannot fit the LPWAN specificities.
SCHC associates the benefits of the RoHC context, which provides high flexibility in the fields processing, and of the 6LoWPAN operations to avoid transiting fields that are known by the other side.
SCHC compression
SCHC takes advantage of the LPWAN characteristics (no routing, highly predictable traffic format and content of messages) to reduce the overhead to a few bytes and save network traffic.
The SCHC compression is based on the notion of context. A context is a set of rules that describes the communication context, meaning the header fields. It is shared and pre-provisioned in both the end-devices and the core network. The "static context" assumes that the rule description does not change during transmission. Thanks to this mechanism, IPv6/UDP headers are in most cases reduced to a small identifier.
SCHC fragmentation
When compression is not enough, SCHC provides a fragmentation mechanism that works in 3 different ways:
No-Ack
In this mode the SCHC packet is separated in multiple fragments that are blindly sent to the receiver, if the receiver missed any one packet then it won't be able to re build the sent packet.
Ack-On-Error
In this mode the concept of "windows" is used, windows have a predefined size, allowing the receiver to keep a count of which windows or windows parts have been received, at the moment the receiver gets the last fragment from the sender it will calculate which parts of the packets it has missed and send a message describing that to the sender. The sender will then initialize the retransmission of the missing packet parts.
Ack-Always
In Ack-Always mode the same retransmission mechanism as for Ack-On-Error is used except that it is not done at the end of the transmission but for each window.
Standardization efforts
The Generic Framework for Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation, RFC 8724 has been published in April 2020. It describes the generic framework that can be used on all LPWAN technologies, and more generally on all Internet networks.
Additional work is dedicated to the definition of standard parameter settings and modes of operation to optimize SCHC's performance according to the implemented protocols and the underlying LPWAN technologies:
RFC 9011: SCHC over LoRaWAN
RFC 8824: SCHC for CoAP
RFC 9363: YANG Data Model for SCHC
RFC 9391: SCHC over NB-IoT
SCHC over Sigfox
SCHC over IEEE 802.15.4 networks
OAM for LPWAN using SCHC
On May 17, 2022, The LoRa Alliance (global association of companies backing the open LoRaWAN® standard for the internet of things low-power wide-area networks) announced that LoRaWAN now seamlessly supports Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) from end-to-end. By expanding the breadth of device-to-application solutions with IPv6, LoRaWAN's addressable IoT market is also broadened to include internet based standards required in smart electricity metering and new applications in smart buildings, industries, logistics, and homes. The Alliance released a technical specification TS 10–1.0.0 to explain how to use SCHC as an adaptation layer to enable LoRaWAN end-devices to use IPv6-based stacks over LoRaWAN and expands its certification program to include SCHC over LoRaWAN® Enabling IPv6 Solutions.
In addition, SCHC is being adopted in a joint standardization effort carried out by the DLMS User Association and the LoRa Alliance for the smart metering industries.
See also
LPWAN: Low Power Wide Area Networks
IPv6: Version 6 of the Internet Protocol
6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
RoHC: Robust Header Compression
CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol
References
External links
IPv6 over Low Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) Working group at IETF
RFC 8724 – SCHC: Generic Framework for Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation
RFC 9011 – SCHC over LoRaWAN
RFC 8824 – SCHC for CoAP
RFC 9363 – YANG Data Model for SCHC
RFC 8376 – Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Overview
IPv6
Wireless networking standards
Data compression
Internet protocols
Internet layer protocols | Static Context Header Compression | [
"Technology"
] | 1,199 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Wireless networking standards"
] |
78,371,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buscemi%20nonlocality | Buscemi nonlocality, a concept proposed by Francesco Buscemi in 2012, refers to a type of quantum nonlocality that arises in Bell tests where the local measurement settings are determined not by classical programs but by quantum states. Such generalized tests are called semiquantum nonlocal games. While, as the counterexample of Werner states shows, Bell nonlocality is known not to be equivalent to quantum entanglement, the latter instead turns out to be equivalent to Buscemi nonlocality: a quantum state is "Buscemi nonlocal" if and only if it is entangled.
Semiquantum nonlocal tests constitute the basis for measurement device-independent entanglement witnesses and their feasibility has been experimentally verified several times. Buscemi nonlocality has been given an operational interpretation similar to that of standard Bell nonlocality in the framework of quantum resource theories. It also motivates the study of quantum entanglement based not on the LOCC framework, but rather on the Local Operations and Shared Randomness (LOSR) framework.
References
Quantum mechanics | Buscemi nonlocality | [
"Physics"
] | 235 | [
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
78,371,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrate%20fermentation | Butyrate fermentation is a process that produces butyric acid via anaerobic bacteria. This process occurs commonly in clostridia which can be isolated from many anaerobic environments such as mud, fermented foods, and intestinal tracts or feces. Clostridium can ferment carbohydrates into butyric acid, producing byproducts including hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and acetate. Butyrate fermentation is currently being utilized in the production of a variety of biochemicals and biofuels.
Butyrate in humans originates from the anaerobic microbes that ferment dietary fibers in the lower intestinal tract. Butyrate plays an important role in immune and inflammatory responses, as well as the formation of the intestinal barrier. The presence of short-chain fatty acids lowers the pH of the gut allowing optimal growth for butyrate-producing bacteria. The two major metabolic pathways used for butyrate fermentation are butyryl-CoA phosphorylation and acetate CoA transferase.
Microbial Biosynthesis
Butyrate is produced by several fermentation processes performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria. This fermentation pathway was discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1861. Examples of butyrate-producing species of bacteria include:
Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium kluyveri
Clostridium pasteurianum
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
Eubacterium limosum
The pathway starts with the glycolytic cleavage of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, as happens in most organisms. Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl coenzyme A catalyzed by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Two molecules of carbon dioxide () and two molecules of hydrogen () are formed as waste products. Subsequently, ATP is produced in the last step of the fermentation. Three molecules of ATP are produced for each glucose molecule, a relatively high yield. The balanced equation for this fermentation is
Other pathways to butyrate include succinate reduction and crotonate disproportionation.
Several species form acetone and n-butanol in an alternative pathway, which starts as butyrate fermentation. Some of these species are:
Clostridium acetobutylicum, the most prominent acetone and butanol producer, used also in industry
Clostridium beijerinckii
Clostridium tetanomorphum
Clostridium aurantibutyricum
These bacteria begin with butyrate fermentation, as described above, but, when the pH drops below 5, they switch into butanol and acetone production to prevent further lowering of the pH. Two molecules of butanol are formed for each molecule of acetone.
The change in the pathway occurs after acetoacetyl CoA formation. This intermediate then takes two possible pathways:
acetoacetyl CoA → acetoacetate → acetone
acetoacetyl CoA → butyryl CoA → butyraldehyde → butanol
Butyrate can be produced by dietary fibers through two different metabolic pathways. The first metabolic pathway is, butyryl-CoA is phosphorylated to form butyryl-phosphorylated to form butyryl-phosphate and transformed to butyrate via butyrate kinase. The second pathway, the CoA part of butyryl-CoA is transferred to acetate via butyryl-CoA: acetate CoA-transferase, leading to the formation of butyrate and acetyl-CoA. These metabolic pathways are how the butyrate is produced.
Applications for Commercial Use
For commercial purposes Clostridium species are used preferably for butyric acid or butanol production.
Butyric acid that is produced via butyrate fermentation is a common food additive and found within products including butter, milk, cheese, and vegetable oils. Some species within the genus Clostridium are capable of producing biochemicals and biofuels. This fermentation process is able to produce acetone, butanol, and ethanol and is one of the first commercial fermentation processes used for bulk chemical production. This species has also been used in therapy, research, and even cosmetics (such as perfumes). It has also been applied to bioprocesses such as in the manufacturing of yogurt, with the most common species used for probiotics being Clostridium butyricum.
Roles in Metabolism
Butyrate, one of the main products from gut microbial fermentation, plays many metabolic roles in the homeostasis of the human body. Butyrate is found to increase energy expenditure to counteract High Fat Diet (HFD) obesity. This is due to butyrate activating thermogenesis, which is a function in adipose tissue to dispel chemical energy by uncoupling protein to energy usage and body temperature. Butyrate also promotes fatty acid oxidation and decreases HFD-induced triglycerides elevation and reduces the respiratory exchange ratio. In metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, there is a dysfunction in glucose homeostasis due to the decrease in insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell dysfunction, which can lead to reduced insulin secretion. Butyrate is shown to help the regulation of glucose homeostasis by improving pancreatic β cell development and improving insulin sensitivity. It is also shown that children with β cell autoimmunity, there is a low abundance of butyrate-producing intestinal bacteria.
Inflammation of The Gut
When butyrate is present in the intestine, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 are inhibited. These are proinflammatory cytokines which increase inflammation and can cause tissue destruction. Butyrate is also capable of inducing IL-10 and TGF-β which are anti-inflammatory cytokines. Short-chain fatty acids are capable of modifying neutrophil recruitment, which improves immune response. This shows clinical significance in inflammatory bowel disease due to its chronic inflammatory nature. In inflammatory bowel disease, it is seen that there is a reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria which greatly diminishes the defense mechanisms of the mucosal barrier of the gut.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Fermentation | Butyrate fermentation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,367 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cellular respiration",
"Fermentation"
] |
78,372,062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback%20carburetor | A feedback carburetor (also known as electronic or computer controlled carburetor) is a specific type of carburetor made mostly during the 1980s to improve emissions on certain vehicles in the US.
History
Before the 1970s, most vehicles didn't have many emissions systems on them, but as time went on, smog pumps, charcoal canisters, and thermal reactors were added to meet new regulations. As vehicle emissions standards became more stringent due to the Clean Air Act and CAFE standards, vehicle engineers had to come up with different ways to meet this problem. Initially decreasing the engine compression and installing EGR systems and two way catalytic converters were able to solve this problem but later this became more difficult. In the 1980s, many vehicle manufacturers were required to use three-way catalytic converters and oxygen sensors to determine the air fuel ratio (AFR) of the vehicle to determine if the car is running correctly.
This was paired with either an early version of fuel injection (typically through a Bosch Jetronic system for European vehicles) or through a feedback carburetor, which had an increasing number of solenoids and settings to make sure the vehicle would emit less and less harmful emissions.
First results occurred in the mid to late 1970s, where Chrysler was first out with their new "Lean Burn" system in 1976 for its larger 400-cu in V8s, that would change engine timing and AFR so that it would run as lean as 18.0:1 AFR, which is much leaner than stoichiometric 14.7:1.
Other brands would soon follow and would design different ways to tackle the same problem and would increase in complexity until they were replaced with electronic fuel injection (EFI) in the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s. Throttle Body Injection (TBI) was common to see as a cheap and simple way to swap to fuel injection in the 1980s from a carbureted engine design, and many early EFI cars used it until a newer engine could be designed for Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI).
Some of the last cars with carburetors in the US include the 1994 Isuzu Pickup, 1991 Jeep Grand Wagoneer, and the 1991 Ford Crown Victoria P72.
Features and Operation
The basic operation of a feedback carburetor:
The carburetor would take in a signal from the oxygen sensor and would determine if the mixture was correct
If the mixture needed to be adjusted, a solenoid or stepper motor would move to adjust the AFR
Most included electric chokes for cold starting
Typically was a 2 barrel design where one barrel was only opened when necessary for fuel economy reasons
Examples
Chrysler Lean Burn (1976-1989)
Ford: Motorcraft Variable Venturi (2700 & 7200) (1977-1991) (Controlled by the Ford EEC-III and onwards)
Ford & AMC: Motorcraft 2150
GM: Rochestor EM4 Quadrajet (1980-1990)
GM: Rochestor E2ME Dualjet 210
GM: Rochestor E2SE Varajet
Carter YFA
See also
Ford EEC
AMC Computerized Engine Control
References
Carburettors
Engine components | Feedback carburetor | [
"Technology"
] | 648 | [
"Engine components",
"Engines"
] |
78,373,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MASSW%20J0920122%2B351742 | 2MASS J0920+3517 (also called 2MASSW J0920122+351742) is a triple brown dwarf system. Alternatively it is a low-mass star orbiting a pair of brown dwarfs.
Discovery
2MASS J0920+3517 was first discovered in 2000 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick et al., using 2MASS photometry and Keck spectroscopy. The optical spectral type was measured to be L6.5 and the distance was estimated to be 21 parsec. Shortly after the discovery, a paper by Ian Neill Reid et al. used Hubble WFPC2 to search binary L dwarfs and found that 2MASS J0902+3517 is extended in the F814W image, but not in the F606W image, showing that it has a red companion. The pair is separated by 70 milliarcseconds. Using the available distance at the time, this translated to a separation of 1.6 astronomical units. In 2017 the dynamical mass was measured by Trent J. Dupuy and Michael C. Liu and showed that the binary is overly massive with 187±11 and with the B component being more massive. This showed that the B component is in fact two brown dwarfs of equal masses. The A component could be either a low-mass star or a high-mass brown dwarf.
Observations
Before the multiple status of 2MASS J0920+3517 was discovered, a team used the Subaru Telescope to measure the spectrum of this brown dwarf. This team found methane in the H- and K-band spectrum which is unusual for an L6.5 type dwarf. Methane is usually associated with T-dwarfs. Later a team classified the infrared spectral type as T0pec, suspecting the binary to be composed of an L- and a T-dwarf. After the binary was discovered with Hubble WFPC2, VLT and Hubble observations did not resolve the binary, likely due to the highly inclined orbit and the low separation in this part of the orbit. Keck adaptive optics observations were able to resolve the binary again. This showed that the binary was on a highly inclined orbit of 88.6 ±1.2° and had a chance of 6.8% of being an eclipsing binary. The orbital period was measured to be about 6.7 years. A team estimated the component spectral types with the help of spectral deconvolution and found the primary to have a spectral type of L5.5±1 and the secondary to have a spectral type of L9±1.5. The new dynamical mass measurement found masses of 71±5 for 2MASS J0920+3517A and for 2MASS J0920+3517B. This mass for component B is too large for an L9-dwarf and it was interpreted that it is composed of two components with an equal mass of . Because the B component was never resolved, the pair must be on a tight orbit. The system age is estimated to be around 2 billion years. The binary was observed with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph, which covers the mid-infrared and can observe silicate absorption features. The primary was identified to have silicate-rich clouds. In this study 2MASS J020+3517 belongs to their old sample and therefore the silicates are made up of small ≤0.1μm grains made of amorphous enstatite or silicon monoxide. Another study found the most abundant condensates in the top cloud layer of the primary to be 48% iron and 52% silicates. These silicates are enstatite, fosterite, periclase and quartz.
See also
Other triple brown dwarfs
2M0838+15
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925
2M1510
VHS J1256–1257
References
L-type brown dwarfs
Multiple star systems
Astronomical objects discovered in 2000
Lynx (constellation) | 2MASSW J0920122+351742 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 834 | [
"Lynx (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,373,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%201510-089 | PKS 1510-089 is a blazar located in the constellation of Libra, categorized as a highly polarized quasar showing fast variations in polarization angles, with a redshift of (z) 0.361. It was first discovered in 1966 as an astronomical radio source during the Parkes Observatory survey in 1966. The radio spectrum of the source appears flat, thus making it a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FRSQ).
Description
PKS 1510-089 is found violently variable on the electromagnetic spectrum according to scientists. It is known to show variations in all wavebands ranging from radio to gamma rays as well as varying in optical brightness. This makes it a key target of several observation campaigns and also by both MAGIC Florian Goebel Telescopes and High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS). It also shows outbursts, which was detected in 1979, by astronomers via using a 46-meter telescope at the Algonquin Radio Observatory. During this period, the flux density in PKS 1510-089 drastically increased from a low value of 1.5 Jansky (Jy) in 1978 to 4.80 Jy by January 1979 making it the highest recorded flux density during the 12 year observation period.
In March 2009, PKS 1510-089 showed extreme gamma ray activity as observed by the AGILE satellite, which the emission originated, had an average flux of (311 ± 21) x 10−8 photons cm−2 s−1 above 100 MeV. This was then followed by a flaring episode detected in both ultraviolet and near-infrared wavebands. PKS 1510-089 was also observed by Fermi-LAT from August 2008 right up to May 2012, showing several flares when its daily 0.1-300 GeV gamma ray flux exceeded 10−5 photons cm−2 s−1. A short but significant flare was observed in September 2013 although it wasn't high compared to 2009. Between its three quiescent states in 2015, it showed four flares
A powerful complex gamma ray flare was detected in PKS 1510–089 in July 2015. According to multi-frequency optical, radio and gamma ray light curves on the object conducted from 2013 to 2018 as well as analyzing jet kinematic and linear polarization via data from Very Long Baseline Array, a radio flare was discovered trailing the gamma ray flares. This radio flare was shown to have a thick spectrum at the start which then optically becomes thin over a period of time. In additional, two separated emission knots emerging from the radio core during flaring period and linear polarization located near the core, were also detected, prompting astronomers led by Jongho Park to conclude gamma ray flares might arise through the compression of knots caused by a shockwaves inside the core. In additional, a near-infrared flare detected in 2019.
In 2021, PKS 1510-089 underwent a peculiar new state showing a decrease in optical flux, high-energy gamma ray flux in MeV bands and optical polarization degree, reaching zero in 2022. However the X-ray and high-energy gamma ray flux in GeV bands remained constant through the two years.
Radio structure
According to Very Long Baseline interferometry radio imaging at both 6 and 20 cm, the source of PKS 1510-089 shows an unresolved core with a secondary component located 8" towards southeast. When viewed at 1.67 GHz, a dominant component is found lying in a north direction suggesting the core is faint at this frequency.
Astrophysical jet
The jet of PKS 1510-089 is found to move at superluminal speeds. This jet is made up of a milli-arcsecond jet located at position angle -28° and an arcsecond jet with an initial position angle of 55°. Furthermore, the jet is also turbulent with its components moving faster. This causes them to interact with it creating plasma shocks. A counter jet located 0.3 mas from the core, appears to be dominated by shocked emission with a perfect aligned magnetic field. A bright knot of emission was detected in January 2010, which it was found moving down the jet at speeds of 22c while emitting strong gamma ray energy as the outburst in PKS 1510-089 increased.
Quasi-periodic oscillation
The supermassive black hole in PKS 1510-089 is known to detect signals of quasi-periodic oscillation. One signal was detected in 2009 during the outburst lasting for five cycles with 3.6 day period. The second signal occurred in 2018 with a period of 92 days until in 2020, when the period evolved to around 650 days. In light of shifting oscillation periods, scientists established a model in order to compare the oscillation behavior of PKS 1510-089 suggesting a binary black hole system with non-asymmetric instability revolving around a central black hole near the innermost orbit. The presence of nearly equidistant magnetic islands in the inner part of the jet, as well as the geometric model which involves a plasma blob in a curved jet moving helically, seems to fit with observations, meaning its period shift was probably caused by a highly eccentric orbit of a secondary black hole.
Supermassive black hole
Black hole mass
By measuring hydrogen spectral series and iron emission lines, scientists were able to identify a dark region absorbing emission of the object (broad line region). According to close-up spectroscopies, they found the observed frame region size is 61.1-3.2+4.0 (64.7-10.6+27.1) light-days with an intrinsic line width speed of 1262 ± 247 km s−1. By correlating the two values with the laws of gravitation, they were able to identify a black hole mass of 5.71-0.58+0.62 x 107 Mʘ. However, a study estimated the mass of the black hole to be 1.37 x 109 Mʘ while another study calculates the mass as 5.4 x 108 Mʘ, from the blazar's recorded isotopic luminosity of 2 x 1048 erg s−1.
Secondary black hole
Based on current measurements, it is proposed PKS 1510-089 has a secondary black hole. It is found orbiting around the primary black hole with a period of 336 ± 14 days and a projected distance of 0.1 parsecs from each other. The mass of the secondary black hole is 1.37 x 107 Mʘ.
References
External links
PKS 1510-089 on SIMBAD
PKS 1510-089 on NASA/IPAC Database
Blazars
Quasars
Libra (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1966
OVV quasars
Active galaxies
BL Lacertae objects
2828331
Supermassive black holes | PKS 1510-089 | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,414 | [
"Black holes",
"Libra (constellation)",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Supermassive black holes",
"Constellations"
] |
78,374,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abell%2035 | Abell 35, also known as Sh 2-313, is a nebula located in the constellation of Hydra, at a distance of 400 light years. The nebula is characterised by its unusual appearance, which features a central bow shock surrounded by symmetric emission. In the centre of the nebula lies a binary star, composed of a G-type star and a white dwarf. Although it is commonly referred to as a planetary nebula, it has been suggested that the nebula wasn't created by a post-AGB star shedding its outer shells but it is interstellar medium photoionised by the passing binary system, leading also to the creation of the bow shock.
The optical spectrum of the central star is dominated by a G8 III–IV star which travels through the interstellar medium with a transverse velocity of 150 km/s. The star is estimated to have a radius of 1.5–3.5 , indicating it is a subgiant star. It's projected rotational velocity is 55 ± 10 km/s, indicating it is rotating fast. The star has a visual apparent magnitude of 9.6 and exhibits short term variability every 0.765 days, indicating this is its rotational period, and has the variable star designation LW Hydrae.
When observed in ultraviolet wavelengths by the International Ultraviolet Explorer, a very hot companion star was discovered, which was categorised as a DAO white dwarf based on the strong absorption features of HI and He II. Its effective temperature is estimated to be about 80,000 Kelvin and its mass to be 0.48 , too low to form a planetary nebula. Using the Hubble Space Telescope, the separation of the two stars was estimated to be between 0.08 and 0.14 arcseconds in 1998.
Planetary nebulae with similar binary systems, comprising a fast rotating late-type subgiant or giant star and a very hot companion are referred to as having Abell 35-type nuclei.
References
35
Hydra (constellation)
Sharpless objects
Emission nebulae | Abell 35 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 409 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,375,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectriopsis%20rubefaciens | Nectriopsis rubefaciens is an orange-red lichenicolous fungus, a host-specific parasitic fungus that lives on lichen. It has globose reddish-brown perithecia (80–160 μm in diameter) with scattered gland-like hairs of a fine cellular texture. Paraphyses are absent and the hyaline ascospores are oblong-cylindrical, 8/ascus.
Habitat
Nectriopsis rubefaciens is found on crustose and foliose lichens in damp forests. Trichonectria rubefaciens has been known to grow on lichens in the family Parmeliaceae, and Aspicilia species.
Distribution
Nectriopsis rubefaciens has been found growing in North America in North Carolina and in coastal and mountainous regions. It has also been found in Östergötland and Närke in Sweden.
References
Bionectriaceae
Fungus species | Nectriopsis rubefaciens | [
"Biology"
] | 194 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,377,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201493 | NGC1493 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Horologium. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1004 ± 4km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, six non redshift measurements give a distance of . The galaxy was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on 2 September 1826.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC1493 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nucleus with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable.
According to A.M. Garcia, NGC 1493 is a member of the NGC 1493 galaxy group (also known as LGG 106). This group contains six galaxies, including IC 2000, NGC 1483, NGC 1494, PGC 13979, and PGC 14125.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 1493. SN 2024abfo (typeII, mag. 16.793) was discovered by ATLAS on 15 November 2024.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
1493
014163
249-033
03558-4621
Horologium_(constellation)
18260902
Discoveries by James Dunlop
Barred spiral galaxies | NGC 1493 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 286 | [
"Constellations",
"Horologium (constellation)"
] |
78,378,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20energy%20teleportation | Quantum energy teleportation (QET) is an application of quantum information science. It is a variation of the quantum teleportation protocol. Quantum energy teleportation allows energy to be teleported from a sender to a receiver, regardless of location. This protocol works by having the sender inject energy into the quantum vacuum state which the receiver can then extract positive energy from. QET differs from quantum teleportation as instead of information about an unknown state being teleported from a sender to a receiver, energy is transferred instead.
The sender and receiver share a pair of entangled spins in a spin chain. Energy can be teleported from the sender, Alice, to the receiver, Bob, instantly by using the effects of local operators. However, in order for Bob to extract this energy from his spin he requires a classically communicated signal from Alice. Since this classical signal cannot be transmitted faster than the speed of light, the speed at which energy can be transferred from Alice to Bob is also limited by the speed of light .
Quantum energy teleportation was first proposed conceptually by Masahiro Hotta in 2008. The protocol was first experimentally demonstrated in 2023 by Kazuki Ikeda who used superconducting quantum computers to show the energy teleportation effect.
QET mechanisms
There are two main factors involved in how QET works: how energy is transferred from Alice to Bob, and how Bob can extract energy from his spin.
Spin chains
QET is studied through analyzing spin chain models. A spin chain is a type of model where a one dimensional chain of sites are assigned certain spin value at each site, typically +1/2 or -1/2 when considering spin-1/2. The spin of one individual site can interact with the spin of its adjacent neighbours, causing the entire system to be coupled together.
Spin chains are useful for QET due to the fact that they can be entangled even in the ground state. This means that even without external energy being added to the system, the ground state exhibits quantum correlations across the chain. Alice and Bob are both in possession of an entangled state from a spin chain system. This can provide a rudimentary explanation of how energy can be transferred from Alice's spin to Bob's spin, since any action on Alice's spin can have an effect on Bob's spin.
Vacuum fluctuations
The other key component to understanding the QET mechanism is vacuum fluctuations and the presence of negative energy density regions within the energy distribution of a quantum mechanical system. Vacuum fluctuations are a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle where the energy-time uncertainty principle,
, states that there is uncertainty in energy over a time span . So, the energy will fluctuate about the zero-point energy of the state.
The vacuum fluctuations in certain regions can have lower amplitude fluctuations due to the effect of local operations. These regions possess a negative energy density since the vacuum fluctuations already represent the zero-energy state. Therefore, fluctuations of lower amplitude relative to the vacuum fluctuations represent a negative energy density region. Since the entire vacuum state still has zero-energy, there exist other regions with higher vacuum fluctuations with a positive energy density .
Negative energy density in the vacuum fluctuations plays an important role in QET since it allows for the extraction of energy from the vacuum state. Positive energy can be extracted from regions of positive energy density which can be created by regions of negative density region elsewhere in the vacuum state.
QET in a spin chain system
Framework of the quantum energy teleportation protocol
The QET process is considered over short time scales, such that the Hamiltonian of the spin chain system is approximately invariant with time. It is also assumed that local operations and classical communications (LOCC) for the spins can be repeated several times within a short time span. Alice and Bob share entangled spin states in the ground state with correlation length . Alice is located at site of the spin chain system and Bob is located at site of the spin chain system such that Alice and Bob are far away from each other, .
The QET protocol
Conceptually, the QET protocol can be described by three steps:
Alice performs a local measurement on her spin at site , measuring eigenvalue . When Alice acts on her spin with the local operator, energy is inputted into the state.
Alice then communicates to Bob over a classical channel what her measurement result was. It is assumed that over the time the classical message is travelling that Alice and Bob's state does not evolve with time.
Based on the measurement Alice got on her spin , Bob applies a specific local operator to his spin located at site . After the application of the local operator, the expectation value of the Hamiltonian at this site is negative. Since the expectation of is zero before Bob's operation, the negative expectation value of after the local operation implies energy was extracted at site while the operation was being applied.
Intuitively, one would not expect to be able to extract energy from the ground state in such a manner. However, this protocol allows energy to be teleported from Alice to Bob, despite Alice and Bob sharing entangled spin states in the ground state.
Mathematical description
Local measurement by Alice
The QET protocol can be worked out mathematically. The derivation in this section follows the work done by Masahiro Hotta in "Quantum Energy Teleportation in Spin Chain Systems". Consider Alice's spin at site in a spin chain where each spin is entangled in ground state . For a Hermitian unitary local operator , where represents a 3D unit vector and is the Pauli spin matrix vector at site , the eigenvalues are with . Alice can perform a measurement on spin at site using this local operator to measures . The expression for has spectral expansion where is a projective operator which projects onto the eigensubspace with . After Alice has made the measurement with the operator, the spin is left in the post-measurement state where . This is a mixed quantum state with density matrix: This density matrix satisfies the relation:
which shows that the quantum fluctuation of is the same as that of the ground state except at site . This measurement requires Alice to input energy into the spin chain. Since the ground state has zero energy, is related by the difference in energy between the final quantum state and the initial ground state :The energy Alice needs to input is non-negative since is non-negative. is shown to be non-negative in the source material. This is an important result of the measurement process as the point of the QET protocol is for Alice to inject a positive quantity of energy into the spin chain.
Emergence of negative energy density
The Hamiltonian for the spin chain system can be expressed as the sum of the local energy operators over all spins: . The local energy operators can be shifted by adding constants such that the expectation value of the local energy operators are each zero, . Due to entanglement, the ground state is not an eigenstate of . Since the expectation value of the local energy operators are zero, it implies that the lowest eigenvalue of must be negative. The expectation value of involves eigenstates of with positive and negative energy densities, but will average to 0 across all eigenstates. Therefore, some of the spins in the spin chain that possess a negative energy density lead to spins possessing positive energy density to balance them out. This implies that energy can be withdrawn from certain spin sites with positive energy density, which is the process Bob will use to receive the teleported energy from Alice.
Classical communication between Alice and Bob
Alice then informs Bob of the value of the measurement over a classical channel. The time interval over which this information is transferred is considered to be very short such that the system does not evolve over this time and no emergence of energy flux occurs.
Application of a local unitary by Bob
Bob then applies the local unitary to the spin at site where . Here where is a 3D unit vector and is the Pauli spin matrix vector at site . Two real coefficients are introduced and , where , which can be used to define the real angle parameter by and . Using for , can be expressed as . refers to the local energy at site .
The full derivation can be found in the source material. Essentially, Bob's application of the local unitary leaves his state in the quantum state . By using the relations for and other simplifications, the expectation value of the energy at site can be expressed as orIf then becomes negative. Before Bob acts with the local unitary , the energy around Bob is zero: . This implies that some positive energy must be emitted from the spin chain as from the local energy conservation around site : . Which then follows that:So some positive quantity of energy has been extracted from site , completing the QET protocol.
Constraints
Entanglement of the spin chain system
One of the constraints on the protocol is that Alice and Bob must share an entangled state. This can be proved mathematically. If the ground state is separable and can be expressed as and the relations and are used then it follows that:Therefore, Alice and Bob must share an entangled state for energy to be transported from Alice to Bob otherwise vanishes which causes to vanish.
Zero-cost energy
One could postulate that Alice could withdraw the energy she puts into the system when measuring , , thus making the energy Bob extracts, , have zero-cost. Mathematically, this is not possible. First, when Alice measures at site the entanglement between the spin at site and the rest of the chain is broken since Alice has collapsed the local state. So, for Alice to extract the energy she first deposited to the system during the measurement process she must first restore the ground state. This implies that Alice would have to recreate the entanglement between the spin at site and the rest of the chain which is not possible with only local operators. To recreate the entanglement, Alice would need to use non-local operators which inherently require energy. Therefore, it is impossible for Alice to extract the energy while only using local operators.
Quantum energy distribution
Quantum energy distribution (QED) is a protocol proposed by Masahiro Hotta in "A Protocol for Quantum Energy Distribution" which proposes an extension of QET with quantum key distribution (QKD). This protocol allows an energy supplier to distribute energy to consumers denoted by .
Quantum energy distribution protocol
The supplier and any consumer share common short keys which are used for identification. Using the short keys , and can perform secure QKD which allows to send classical information to the consumers. It is assumed that and share a set of many spin states in the ground state . The protocol follows six steps:
performs a local measurement of the observable on the ground state and measures . must input energy into the spin chain.
confirms the identity of through use of the shared secret short keys .
and share pseudo-random secret keys by use of a QKD protocol.
encodes the measurement result using secret key and sends it to .
decodes the measurement result using secret key .
performs the local unitary operation to their spin. receives energy where , , , , is a unit vector, and is the Pauli spin matrix vector at site .
Robustness against thieves
This process is robust against an unidentified consumer, a thief , at site attempting to steal energy from the spin chain. After step 6, the post-measurement state is given by Since has no information on and therefore randomly acts with either or where . The post-measurement state becomes a sum over the possible guesses D makes of , 0 or 1. Taking the expectation value of the localized energy operator yields:
is positive semi-definite by definition. This means that all expectation values of , even the ones altered by , are greater than or equal to zero. At least one of the values in the sum of the trace will be positive, the one where guesses the wrong value of . This is because the operation will add energy to the system when does not match the value measured by Alice. Therefore, which implies that on average will have to input energy to the spin chains without gain.
This protocol is not perfect as theoretically could guess on their first attempt, which would be a 50% chance to guess correctly, and would immediately profit energy. However, the idea is that over multiple attempts will lose energy since the energy output from a correct guess is lower than that of the energy input required when making an incorrect guess.
Experimental implementation
QET was first experimentally demonstrated in 2023 by Kazuki Ikeda in the publication "Demonstration of Quantum Energy Teleportation on Superconducting Quantum Hardware". The basic QET protocol discussed early was verified using several IBM superconducting quantum computers. Some of the quantum computers that were used include ibmq_lima, and ibm_cairo, and ibmq_jakarta which provided the most accurate results for the experiment. These quantum computers provide two connected qubits with high precision for controlled gate operation. The Hamiltonian used accounted for interactions between the two qubits using the and Pauli operators.
Protocol
The entangled ground state was first prepared using the and quantum gates. Alice then measured her state using the Pauli operator , injecting energy into the system. Alice then told Bob her measurement result over a classical channel. The classical communication of measurement results was on the order of 10 nanoseconds and was much faster than the energy propagation timescale of the system. Bob then applied a conditional rotational operation on his qubit dependent on Alice's measurement. Bob then performed a local measurement on his state to extract energy from the system .
Results
The observed experimental values are dimensionless and the energy values correspond to the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian. For quantum computers, energy scales tend to be limited by the qubit transition frequency which is often on the order of GHz. Therefore, the typical energy scale is on the order of Joules. Ikeda experimented with varying the parameters in the Hamiltonian, specifically the local energy and interaction strength , to see if the QET protocol improved under certain conditions.
For differing experimental parameters, the experimental values for Alice's input energy was around 1 and matched the experimental results very closely when error mitigation was applied. Bob's extracted energy , for certain experimental parameters, was observed to be negative when error mitigation was applied. This indicates that the QET protocol was successful for certain experimental parameters. Depending on the experimental parameters, Bob would receive around 1-5% of Alice's inputted energy.
Quantum error correction
Quantum computers are currently the most viable platform for experimentally realizing QET. This is mainly due to their ability to implement quantum error correction. Quantum error correction is important specifically for implementing QET protocols experimentally due to the high precision needed to calculate the negative energy Bob receives in the QET protocol. Error correction in this experiment greatly improved the amount of energy Bob could extract from the system. In some cases without error correction, Bob's extracted energy would be positive, indicating the QET protocol did not work. However after error correction, these values could be brought closer to the experimental values and in some cases even become negative, causing the QET protocol to function. The quantum error correction employed in this experiment allowed Ikeda to observe negative expectation values of the extracted energy , which had not been experimentally observed before. High precision is also required for experimental implementation of QET due to the subtle effects of negative energy density. Since negative energy densities are a consequence of vacuum fluctuations, they can easily be overshadowed by measurement noise in the instrumentation. So, higher precision can lead to better distinguishability between negative energy signals and noise.
See also
Quantum teleportation
Quantum entanglement
Spin chains
Quantum key distribution
Quantum information science
References
Further reading
External links
Physicists Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing
First Demonstration of Energy Teleportation
How to build a teleportation machine: Teleportation protocol
Quantum information science
Teleportation | Quantum energy teleportation | [
"Physics"
] | 3,260 | [
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
78,378,854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202550A | NGC2550A is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Camelopardalis. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 3670 ± 10km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . The discovery of this galaxy is credited to Philip C. Keenan, in his paper Studies of Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Part I: Determination of Magnitudes, published in The Astrophysical Journal in 1935.
According to A.M. Garcia, NGC 2550A is a member of the NGC 2523 galaxy group (also known as LGG 154). This group contains five galaxies, including NGC 2441, NGC 2523, UGC 4041, and UGC 4199.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 2550A:
SN 2008P (typeII, mag. 17.5) was discovered by Alessandro Dimai on 23 January 2008.
SN 2024ws (type II, mag. 17.8) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 12 January 2024.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
2550A
023781
+12-08-043
04397
08230+7354
Camelopardalis
Astronomical objects discovered in 1935
spiral galaxies | NGC 2550A | [
"Astronomy"
] | 263 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
78,379,131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V1149%20Orionis | HD 37824 is a spectroscopic binary star system in the constellation of Orion. It has the variable-star designation V1149 Orionis (abbreviated to V1149 Ori). With an apparent magnitude of 6.59, it is near the limit for naked eye observation from Earth, faintly visible as an orange-hued dot of light under dark skies. It is located approximately distant according to Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, and is moving further away at a heliocentric radial velocity of .
Stellar properties
HD 37824 is a single-lined spectroscopic binary, meaning only the light from the luminous primary can be observed in the system's spectra. The two stars orbit each other in a circular orbit (eccentricity 0.0) with a period of 53.57 days. The star features prominent starspots, which are known to display the flip-flop effect; other stars that show this effect include FK Comae Berenices and HD 181809.
The primary star (HD 37824 A) is a chromospherically active K-type giant star in the core helium burning phase. It has a radius of and evolutionary models predict that its mass is . It is radiating times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere. The unseen secondary, B, is estimated to have a mass of if the orbital inclination is 90°, or with an inclination of 60°, which makes it likely to be a late-F-type or G-type main-sequence star.
Observational history
In 1973, astronomers William P. Bidelman and Darrell Jack MacConnell reported the detection of Ca II H & K emission lines in the spectra of HD 37824. As such, Douglas S. Hall et al. suspected it to be a RS Canum Venaticorum variable. As expected, in 1983, the star was shown to vary in brightness by 0.11 magnitudes, with photometric and orbital periods of 52.6 and 53.6 days, respectively. It was given its variable star designation in 1985.
The starspots on the surface of the primary star, which are thought to cause the variability, were analyzed using photometric data taken between late 1978 and early 1990. The results were published in 1991, identifying six starspots, which each made the star dim by about 0.1 to 0.3 magnitudes and lasted for several years. The same study refined the orbital period to days.
Observations in 1992 showed a large excess of Hα emission alongside strong Ca II H & K and Hε emission lines. A follow-up study in 1997 reported a lower but still strong Hα emission, as well as a clear emission line from singly ionized helium revealed by spectral subtraction. Additional observations in 2000 discovered high variability in the profile of the Hα line.
See also
XX Trianguli
References
K-type giants
F-type main-sequence stars
G-type main-sequence stars
Orion (constellation)
RS Canum Venaticorum variables
037824
026795
Orionis, V1149
BD+03 01007
J05412678+0346410
Spectroscopic binaries | V1149 Orionis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 661 | [
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
78,380,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C%20309.1 | 3C 309.1 is a quasar located in the constellation of Ursa Minor. It has a redshift (z) of 0.90 and was first identified as an astronomical radio source from the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources by in 1966. This object contains a compact steep spectrum (CSS) source, and is classified as one of the brightest and largest of its kind.
Description
3C 309.1 has a triple radio structure. It has a radio core found self-absorbed with an extended position angle of 162° ± 2°. On both sides of the core, there are two relatively extended outer radio lobes having a defined positional angle of 90°.
In sub-arcsecond resolutions, the structure is made up of several components. Three of them are aligned east–west while the others are located along the path of extended emission in a southern direction, clearly detected by two X-ray images. In two of the brightest components, there is polarized emission. However, when viewed at a 5 GHz milliarcsecond (mas) resolution, a bright core is found instead straddled by two other weaker components with a separation of 8.7 kiloparsecs. Sub-milliarcsecond imaging shows the core to be compact with a more extended component located 20 mas to the south.
The jet of 3C 309.1 is one-sided. It is found to be flaring away from the nucleus with a sharp change in brightness, likely caused through various Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in confined fluid flow and pressure being exerted in confined medium. In Very Long Baseline Interferometry radio imaging, the jet is shown to extend from the core southwards with a distance of 260 parsecs (60 mas). At eastwards, it bends at 90° before fading rapidly. Furthermore, the jet is extremely polarized.
The host galaxy of 3C 309.1 is a flat elliptical galaxy according to Hubble Space Telescope imaging. It has a major axis orientated along the position angle of 130°. Extensive emission-line gas is also seen surrounding the object at high pressure, with a massive cooling rate exceeding 1000 Mʘ yr−1 implying its host galaxy might have been formed within a Hubble time.
References
External links
3C 309.1 on SIMBAD
3C 309.1 on NASA/IPAC Database
Quasars
Ursa Minor
309.1
71.15
2821824
Active galaxies
Astronomical objects discovered in 1966 | 3C 309.1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 510 | [
"Ursa Minor",
"Constellations"
] |
63,924,633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBTS%20Greenhouse | The IBTS (“Integrated Biotectural System") greenhouse is a biotectural, urban development project suited for hot arid deserts. It was part of the Egyptian strategy for the afforestation of desert lands from 2011 until spring of 2015, when geopolitical changes like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province in Egypt forced the project to a halt. The project begun in spring 2007 as an academic study in urban development and desert greening. It was further developed by N. Berdellé and D. Voelker as a private project until 2011. Afterwards LivingDesert Group including Prof. Abdel Ghany El Gindy and Dr. Mosaad Kotb from the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate in Egypt, Forestry Scientist Hany El-Kateb, Agroecologist Wil van Eijsden and permaculturist Sepp Holzer was created to introduce the finished project in Egypt.
The IBTS Greenhouse, together with the programme for the afforestation of desert lands in Egypt, became part of relocation strategies. These play a role in Egypt as urbanization of the Nile Delta is a problem for the agricultural sector and because of infrastructural problems like traffic congestion in Cairo.
The IBTS features sea-water farming but inside a large greenhouse. All of the evaporated water can thus be harvested. The generation of liquid water from the atmosphere inside the IBTS requires large amounts of cooling power. This is done with the incoming sea-water. Thus the cooling requirement and the cooling power are always balanced.
The IBTS relies on a new quality of systems integration including architectural, technological and natural elements. It combines food production and residence, as well as desalination of sea water, or brackish groundwater. A CAE demonstration project using real weather-, soil and economic conditions proved feasibility under hyperarid conditions.
The relevance of the IBTS is its capacity for water Desalination with an efficiency of 0.45kwh per cubic metre of distillate. This is because operational cost for Desalination utilities far outweigh initial building cost over time. Also because the energy requirement for Desalination plants reach up into the GigaWatt region. The dependence on large amounts of fossil energy leaves water provision from industrial plants insecure.
Through the high efficiency, Desalination has become financially and ecologically viable for large scale agriculture, forestry and aquaculture.
Another point of relevance is the creation of a bio-diverse landscape and many jobs instead of smoking chimneys and factories along the valuable waterfront.
Particular relevance also lies in the applicability inland, also that would exclude the high Desalination capacity.
The building has its roots in construction engineering and construction physics in contrast to food production as it is for most greenhouses. It is fundamentally different from the seawater greenhouses. It differs for its performance in desalination. Alternative desalination-technologies, air-to-water utilities and desalination-greenhouses in testing, require a multiple of the energy for fresh-water production.
The significance of the term Integration lies within the efficiency that systems integration can achieve, by imitation of natural systems, especially closed cycles. The establishment of closed watercycles being the most crucial of all, because of the increasing severity of the Global Water crisis particularly in hot desert climates.
The industrial-scale desalination is bound to hot climates because it requires high amounts of solar thermal power. It has turned out to be suitable in mitigation of the sinking of water tables in agricultural areas of the MENA region and beyond. In future versions the IBTS can be deployed in cold climates using extra heat energy sources like compact fusion, or small modular reactors.
Charging the watercycle
The IBTS can be charged by seawater, which is turned into freshwater by evaporation. This is the primary type because it is important. Seawater is unlimited and the IBTS can thus produce excess water for sale.
At the beginning of the saltwater charging lies the seawater farming operation inside the IBTS Greenhouse. This only requires small amounts of seawater. Most of the water flows through the food-production system and is then processed in the full-desalination utility.
The IBTS can also be charged by a continuous inflow of organic matter for the workers, animals, and later residents. The organic matter, which is food and drink first, is regained through waste treatment. The waste-water treatment is part of the ordinary water cycle. The organic matter is partly infiltrated underground into the root zones of the plants and partly processed in septic tanks and then applied as topsoil in the forestry. This concept has been implemented inside residential homes (A common type is an Earthship).
In general, it is possible to build the IBTS as solids and liquids waste treatment sites for settlements, hotels, or cities.
The water cycle can also be charged by a single rain event, which does occur in the desert and can be counted on. Lastly, it is possible to charge the water cycle by pumping saline or contaminated groundwater and to some extent by atmospheric water generation.
The volume of water inside the water cycle is not important as it is a quasi-closed cycle, causing evaporation from soil and exhaled moisture from people getting captured under the roof.
Losses occur due to the export of food and in case of a leak in the roof. Leaks would occur frequently under normal conditions. The Skyroof is maintained with a special refurbishment and replacement system that can deal with harsh weather and objects landing on the thin foil.
Charging the nutrient cycle
The nutrient cycle is connected to the watercycle. Charging it mainly means the practice of building up soil fertility and soil organic matter. This can entail import of biomass through organic waste, but mainly by biowaste from the production of food inside the IBTS.
In sea-water systems the biomass is created from salt-tolerant plants called halophytes. Biomass yields of up to 52 tons per hectare per year have been recorded.
Moreover, the biomass generation of roots are important for Carbon sequestration. This is up to 35t/ha*y extra. The IBTS-Greenhouse is a Blue Carbon project.
A third source of biomass are external seawater farms, which do not require the pricy space under the roof of the IBTS. These can be on land or in sea. Most noteworthy are seaweed farms.
Just as the nutrient cycle has to be charged with biomass there is an option to charge the atmosphere inside the IBTS, or seaweed water-ponds, with . This would increase the biomass yield. This process has certain limits. One is the availability of trace element like phosphorus required by any organism. As the best source for the charging with additional would be industrial waste this is another way in which the IBTS can function as waste treatment site.
Performance
The energy of operation is 0.45 kWh per cubic metre of distilled water in the full-scale version. This performance is more than 10 times lower than the records set by desalination plants in Dubai and Perth according to official numbers given by the respective authorities. The IBTS is based on a modular concept, with a core size of 1 hectare. This is the minimum size for the construction and for self-sufficiency, but the circular, architectural modules can be built 10 hectare large, or more. Each module is based on sub-modules allowing for immediate commencement of operation and generation of profit (like a re-afforestation site generating profit in its early stages). Best efficiency and full capacity can be provided with a superstructure approximately 100 modules large. 10 km2 have the capacity of an industrial desalination plant, which is 0,5 million cubic meters of water per day.
Since the first version of the IBTS the atmospheric water generation has evolved through a series of hygrothermal models and can now be operated at 0.45 kwh/m3 according to the developer. The IBTS works with natural processes in closed cycles, hosted in a building. Therefore, it never hits natural, or physical limitations for growth like the desalination technology in the Persian Gulf already has because of brine discharge and temperature rise.
Primary energy
The IBTS is operated with electrical and thermal energy produced from windpower and concentrated solar power, on-site (in a proprietary process). This means that the energy requirement and the use of primary energy can be considered the same, which is not the case for common desalination plants.
Common desalination plants are dependent on power-plants using fossil fuels. Accounting for energy-loss during the energy transformation in the power-plant, common desalination plants use 2-3 times more energy than stated in the usual performance data. These are common factors for energy-conversion losses for the combustion engines used in the desalination industry.
Taking this into account the IBTS uses less than 5% of the current efficiency world-record. This industrial record is about 3.5kWh/m3 plus ca. 1.0kWh/m3 for seawater pumping and other factors not accounted for. It is multiplied with the efficiency of primary energy use. Together 9-14 kWh/m3.
The term of primary energy should be combined with energy quality for realistic understanding. Energy quality in context of desalination shows a new picture for the overall efficiency not only of the physical process of desalination, but the overall economic efficiency of the IBTS using proprietary renewable energy.
Design
The maximum of 500m³ of freshwater production per day and hectare, multiplies to 0.5 million m³ on 1000 ha, equaling the output of the largest industrial desalination power plants in the world. It is reached by heat-recovery from the hot fresh-water. This recovered energy is used to heat the brine leaving the Mariculture in the IBTS doubling the daily evaporation of 100m³ and generating salt for sale. The recovered energy is also used to preheat incoming salt-water for the Mariculture. The chosen breed of fish needs warm water and that warm water also increases the natural evaporation inside the Greenhouse. The design points arose out of the computational engineering of the physical model as well as the financial plan in an iterative process.
Economic implications
Because of the independence of primary energy- and material resources, the efficiency of water production and the scalable, modular design the IBTS Greenhouse is sustainable. A strategic, national infrastructure project like the IBTS allows for the successful energy-transition into a sustainable economy.
This can be understood by a comparison of GDP growth, the generation of real values and a weighted GDP.
An example for the infrastructure services of the IBTS Greenhouse is water purification. Wastewater is percolated into the ground and provides water and nutrients for the growth of trees. This is not so easy with food crops for hygienic reasons. Thus the IBTS provides sewage treatment in countries, or areas that lack treatment plants
The IBTS Greenhouse is an open concept compatible with most other technologies and practices for water- energy- and food production. It is plugin-ready for upcoming technologies like nuclear power from compact fusion, the traveling wave reactor, or breeder reactors. When these energy sources become available they can be integrated into existing IBTS infrastructure and generate even more fresh water without brine discharge into natural water bodies and the appending environmental problems. For infrastructure developments taking decades for the roll-out and upscaling it is crucial to design in terms of future-readiness, a key engineering principle.
The manufacturing process of the IBTS is designed for automation, which requires more electricity than common construction sites, or manufacturing processes. This platform design is also future ready for more available energy. An example is the large roof of the IBTS, which needs to be observed and cleaned continuously and refurbished several times over the lifecycle of the IBTS. This can only be done by special bots, or drones on the scale that the IBTS was developed for as national desert greening strategy for reclaiming and regreening entire regions.
Examples of other biotecture
The most famous example is the Biosphere 2, a research project and demonstration site integrating residential areas into a new type of greenhouse. It was designed to be self-sufficient including food production in an ecosystemic context. Another example for Biotecture, which is foremost a residential home, is an Earthship. Earthships incorporate water-purification and reuse on multiple levels.
Since 2010 urban developments labeled Forest Cities, drawing from the IBTS and other pioneer projects have been created. The Gardens by the Bay using all of the core design elements of the TSPC Forest City from 2008 like artificial trees with spherical buildings on top is an outstanding example. The Liuzhou Forest City is one of many examples for green architecture, respectively green urban developments of new cities with a lot of green areas, including the facades of buildings.
The international efforts to create Forest Cities are another level of implication. China is going forward with the introduction of several hundred designated Forest Cities. One of the latest examples is Shenzhen.
See also
References
External links
Effects of a Solar Desalination Module integrated in a Greenhouse Roof on Light Transmission and Crop Growth by M.Thameur. Chaibi
Water desalination
Drinking water
Greenhouses
Water technology
Water conservation | IBTS Greenhouse | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,718 | [
"Water treatment",
"Water technology",
"Water desalination"
] |
63,924,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson%E2%80%93Woodward%20theorem | The Lawson–Woodward theorem is a physics theorem about particle acceleration with electromagnetic wave. This theorem roughly states that an electromagnetic plane wave can not provide a net acceleration to an ultra-relativistic charged particle in vacuum. This is a theoretical limitation to particle acceleration, especially for laser-based electron accelerator. Any laser-based particle accelerator should then break at least one of the hypotheses of the Lawson–Woodward theorem to be physically possible
References
Eponymous theorems of physics | Lawson–Woodward theorem | [
"Physics"
] | 97 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Theoretical physics stubs",
"Physics theorems"
] |
63,924,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Arechabala | José Arechabala Aldama (9 November 1847 – 15 March 1923) was a Spanish industrialist who founded the distillery La Vizcaya in 1878 in Cárdenas, Matanzas, Cuba. In 1921 it was incorporated, along with other businesses, as José Arechabala S.A., which subsequently launched Havana Club rum.
Biography
José Arechabala was born on 9 November 1847 in Gordexola in the Spanish province of Biscay. He was the sixth son of a baker, whose family had been established in the village for centuries. He left his home town and traveled to Cuba when he was 15, seeking better opportunities. He traveled aboard the Hermosa de Trasmiera, a three-masted topsail frigate licensed in Santander, Spain, and took over the role of chief cook on the voyage after the original cook was injured during a storm at sea.
Upon landing in Cuba in 1862, he was introduced to Antonio Galíndez, a distant relative who was a businessman involved in sugar production and trade businessman in the Matanzas Province. Arechabala later went to work for Galíndez. In 1869 he started working for Casa Bea, a hardware, banking and ship consignment company owned by the politician and industrialist Julián de Zulueta, who later became the Mayor (Alcalde) of Havana. In 1873, he was appointed the sole agent of Zulueta's business ventures in Cárdenas. In 1874, Arechabala married Carmen Hurtado de Mendoza y García, with whom he would have five children.
In 1878, he founded a distillery, La Vizcaya, where he started producing rum and other spirits, using the leftover molasses from the flourishing Cuban sugar industry. The business prospered, and was able to survive the hurricane that struck Cárdenas in 1888; the damages at the time exceeded $50,000. At the beginning of the 20th century, the factory in Cárdenas already had access to the railway and had been expanded to include several boilers and distillation columns, while the company's businesses expanded to include sugar refineries, jam factories, shipyards and fuel production plants. At the same time, the company dedicated significant efforts to social improvements in Cárdenas, which included contributing to the paving of streets, providing scholarships for local young people and employees' children, and building a theater. In 1919 he was named Hijo Adoptivo (adopted son) of Cárdenas.
In 1921, La Vizcaya and various other companies owned by Arechabala were incorporated under the name of José Arechabala S.A. and the founder was named its chairman. Arechabala died the morning of 15 March 1923, just a few minutes after starting the shift at work and having sent his offspring to the plant saying "¡A trabajar muchachos, ha sonado el pito!" ('To work lads, the whistle has sounded!'). His son-in-law (and nephew) José Arechabala Sainz took over the company after his death, but was killed in September 1924.
José Arechabala S.A. launched Havana Club rum in 1934, months after Prohibition ended in the United States in December 1933, and continued its production until the company was nationalized by the Cuban revolution on 31 December 1959.
References
Spanish emigrants to Cuba
19th-century Cuban businesspeople
Drink distillers
People from Enkarterri
1847 births
1923 deaths
20th-century Spanish businesspeople
19th-century Spanish businesspeople
Businesspeople from the Basque Country (autonomous community) | José Arechabala | [
"Chemistry"
] | 733 | [
"Distillation",
"Drink distillers"
] |
63,925,261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolizidine%20alkaloids | Quinolizidine alkaloids are natural products that have a quinolizidine structure; this includes the lupine alkaloids.
Occurrence
Quinolizidine alkaloids can be found in the plant family of legumes, especially in papilionaceous plants. While the lupine alkaloids (following their name) can be found in lupines, tinctorin, for example, was isolated from the dyer's broom.
Examples
More than 200 quinolizidine alkaloids are known which can be classified into 6 structural types:
the lupinine type with 34 known structures, including lupinine and its derivatives
the camoensine type with 6 known structures, including camoensin
the spartein type with 66 structures, including sparteine, lupanine, angustifoline
the α-pyridone type with 25 structures, including anagyrine and cytisine
the matrine type with 31 structures, including matrine
and the ormosanin type with 19 structures, including ormosanine.
Properties
Cytisine is the toxic main alkaloid of laburnum. Similar to nicotine, it has a stimulating to hallucinogenic effect in low doses and a respiratory paralysing effect in higher doses. Cytisine and matrine are active ingredients of the Sophora beans from Mexico and the cow Seng and Shinkyogan drugs from China and Japan.
Quinolizidine alkaloids defend plants against pests and diseases and breeding to reduce QA concentrations lowers these resistances. They have various effects on warm-blooded animals and lead to poisoning of grazing livestock (sheep and cattle). Cytisin and anagyrin are particularly responsible for this. The effects of poisoning are stimulation, coordination disorders, shortness of breath, cramps and finally death from respiratory paralysis. Anagyrin acts teratogenic. The only quinolizidine alkaloid used therapeutically is sparteine, which has an antiarrhythmic and labor-promoting effect.
References | Quinolizidine alkaloids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 428 | [
"Quinolizidine alkaloids",
"Alkaloids by chemical classification"
] |
63,926,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinazoline%20alkaloids | Quinazoline alkaloids are natural products from the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from quinazoline. Some quinazoline alkaloids show bronchodilatory effects and stimulate respiration. An abortive effect was also found for vasicine in studies on rats and rabbits.
Examples
About 70 alkaloids with a quinazoline structure are known, which are mostly further classified as simple quinazolinones, pyrroloquinazolines, pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolines and indoloquinazolines.
Occurrence
Quinazoline alkaloids can be found mainly in plants, such as acanthaceae (Adhatoda vasica), rutaceae, saxifragaceae (Dichroa febrifuga) and in linaria species (Scrophulariaceae) and peganum harmala (Fam. Zygophyllaceae); also in animals (e. g. tetrodotoxin) and bacteria.
Links
References
Alkaloids | Quinazoline alkaloids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 229 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Natural products",
"Alkaloids"
] |
63,926,753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QST%20%28genetics%29 | In quantitative genetics, QST is a statistic intended to measure the degree of genetic differentiation among populations with regard to a quantitative trait. It was developed by Ken Spitze in 1993. Its name reflects that QST was intended to be analogous to the fixation index for a single genetic locus (FST). QST is often compared with FST of neutral loci to test if variation in a quantitative trait is a result of divergent selection or genetic drift, an analysis known as QST–FST comparisons.
Calculation of QST
Equations
QST represents the proportion of variance among subpopulations, and is it’s calculation is synonymous to FST developed by Sewall Wright. However, instead of using genetic differentiation, QST is calculated by finding the variance of a quantitative trait within and among subpopulations, and for the total population. Variance of a quantitative trait among populations (σ2GB) is described as:
And the variance of a quantitative trait within populations (σ2GW) is described as:
Where σ2T is the total genetic variance in all populations. Therefore, QST can be calculated with the following equation:
Assumptions
Calculation of QST is subject to several assumptions: populations must be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, observed variation is assumed to be due to additive genetic effects only, selection and linkage disequilibrium are not present, and the subpopulations exist within an island model.
QST-FST comparisons
QST–FST analyses often involve culturing organisms in consistent environmental conditions, known as common garden experiments, and comparing the phenotypic variance to genetic variance. If QST is found to exceed FST, this is interpreted as evidence of divergent selection, because it indicates more differentiation in the trait than could be produced solely by genetic drift. If QST is less than FST, balancing selection is expected to be present. If the values of QST and FSTare equivalent, the observed trait differentiation could be due to genetic drift.
Suitable comparison of QST and FST is subject to multiple ecological and evolutionary assumptions, and since the development of QST, multiple studies have examined the limitations and constrictions of QST-FST analyses. Leinonen et al. notes FST must be calculated with neutral loci, however over filtering of non-neutral loci can artificially reduce FSTvalues. Cubry et al. found QST is reduced in the presence of dominance, resulting in conservative estimates of divergent selection when QST is high, and inconclusive results of balancing selection when QST is low. Additionally, population structure can significantly impact QST-FST ratios. Stepping stone models, which can generate more evolutionary noise than island models, are more likely to experience type 1 errors. If a subset of populations act as sources, such as during invasion, weighting the genetic contributions of each population can increase detection of adaptation. In order to improve precision of QST analyses, more populations (>20) should be included in analyses.
QST applications in literature
Multiple studies have incorporated QST to separate effects of natural selection and genetic drift, and QST is often observed to exceed FST, indicating local adaptation. In an ecological restoration study, Bower and Aitken used QST to evaluate suitable populations for seed transfer of whitebark pine. They found high QST values in many populations, suggesting local adaptation for cold-adapted characteristics. During an assessment of the invasive species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Marchini et al. found divergence between native and invasive populations during initial establishment in the invaded range, but minimal divergence during range expansion. In an examination of the common snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) along an elevation gradient, QST-FST analyses revealed different adaptation trends between two subspecies (A. m. pseudomajus and A. m. striatum). While both subspecies occur at all elevations, A. m. striatum had high QST values for traits associated with altitude adaptation: plant height, number of branches, and internode length. A. m. pseudomajus had lower QST than FST values for germination time.
See also
F-statistics
Quantitative genetics
Conservation genetics
Divergent selection
Genetic diversity
References
Genetics terms
Population genetics
Statistical tests | QST (genetics) | [
"Biology"
] | 886 | [
"Genetics terms"
] |
63,929,454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detectors%20for%20transmission%20electron%20microscopy | There are a variety of technologies available for detecting and recording the images, diffraction patterns, and electron energy loss spectra produced using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Traditional detection techniques
Traditionally, TEM images or diffraction patterns could be observed using a fluorescent viewing screen, consisting of powdered ZnS or ZnS/CdS, which is excited by the electron beam via cathodoluminescence. Once the microscopist could see a suitable image on their viewing screen, images could then be recorded using photographic film. For electron microscopes, film typically consisted of a gelatin and silver halide emulsion layer on a plastic support base. The silver halide would be converted to silver upon exposure to the electron beam, and the film could then be chemically developed to form an image, which could be digitized for analysis using a film scanner. In modern TEMs, film has largely been replaced by electronic detectors.
CCD cameras
Charge coupled device (CCD) cameras were first applied to transmission electron microscopy in the 1980s and later became widespread. For use in a TEM, CCDs are typically coupled with a scintillator such as single crystal Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) in which electrons from the electron beam are converted to photons, which are then transferred to the sensor of the CCD via a fiber optic plate. The main reason for this is that direct exposure to the high energy electron beam risks damaging the sensor CCD. A typical CCD for a TEM will also incorporate a Peltier cooling device to reduce the temperature of the sensor to approximately -30 °C, which reduces dark current and improves signal-to-noise.
CMOS cameras
Since 2006, scintillator and fiber optic coupled cameras based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics have become commercially available for TEM. CMOS cameras have some advantages for electron microscopy compared to CCD cameras. One advantage is that CMOS cameras are less prone than CCD cameras to blooming, i.e. the spreading of charge from oversaturated pixels into nearby pixels. Another advantage is that CMOS cameras can have faster readout speeds.
Direct electron detectors
The use of scintillators to convert electrons to photons in CCD and CMOS cameras reduces the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of these devices. Direct electron detectors, which have no scintillator and are directly exposed to the electron beam, typically offer higher DQE than scintillator-coupled cameras. There are two main types of direct electron detectors, both of which were first introduced to electron microscopy in the 2000s.
A hybrid pixel detector, also known as a pixel array detector (PAD) features a sensor chip bonded to a separate electronics chip with each pixel read out in parallel. The pixels are typically wide and thick e.g. 150 x 150 x 500 μm for the electron microscope pixel array detector (EMPAD) described by Tate et al. This large pixel size allows each pixel to fully absorb high-energy electrons, enabling high dynamic range. However, the large pixel size limits the number of pixels that can be incorporated into a sensor.
A monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) for TEM is a CMOS-based detector that has been radiation hardened to withstand direct exposure to the electron beam. The sensitive layer of the MAPS is typically very thin, with a thickness as low as 8 μm. This reduces the lateral spread of electrons from the electron beam within the detective layer of the sensor, allowing for smaller pixel sizes e.g. 6.5 x 6.5 μm for a Direct Electron DE-16. Smaller pixel size allows for a large number of pixels to be incorporated into a sensor, although the dynamic range is typically more limited than for a hybrid pixel detector.
Detectors for Scanning TEM (STEM)
In scanning TEM (STEM), a focused probe is rastered over an area of interest, and a signal is recorded at each probe position to form an image. This typically requires different types of detector from conventional TEM imaging, in which a broad area of the specimen is illuminated.
Traditional STEM imaging involves detectors, such as the annular dark-field (ADF) detector, which integrate the signal resulting from electrons from within a given range of scattering angles at each position of the raster. Such detectors may typically consist of a scintillator connected to photomultiplier tube.
Segmented STEM detectors, first introduced in 1994 allow differential phase contrast information to be obtained.
4D STEM involves the use of an imaging camera, such as they hybrid pixel or MAPS direct electron detectors described above, to record an entire convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern at each STEM raster position. The resulting four-dimensional dataset can then be analyzed to reconstruct arbitrary STEM images, or extract other types of information from the specimen, such as strain, or electric and magnetic field maps.
References
Electron microscopy | Detectors for transmission electron microscopy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,010 | [
"Electron",
"Electron microscopy",
"Microscopy"
] |
63,929,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowering%20Women%20in%20Organic%20Chemistry | Empowering Women in non organic Chemistry (EWOC) is a scientific conference designed to bring the research and career interests of women in organic chemistry to the forefront and seeks to empower all marginalized individuals by promoting equity, justice, diversity, and inclusion across all chemistry fields. EWOC is the world's largest gathering of women in organic chemistry, and hosts an annual meeting of women (students, post-docs, faculty and professionals) who work or plan to work in the field of Organic Chemistry, broadly defined, from all types of institutions (academic, industry, biotech, non-profit and government).
The meeting goals are to
Establish a peer group network for collaborating and recruiting diverse talent
Afford a novel mechanism to provide advice and counsel for women organic chemists
Share stories from different perspectives about career development and challenges faced – and overcome – along the way
Establish an inclusive community, with an emphasis on Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging, to engage, network and support each other in the field of Organic Chemistry
Provide support and guidance to graduate students and post-docs making career decisions
Provide community support to enhance retention of women in chemistry.
History
The number of female scientists in the organic chemistry community, industry and academics, remains low (<20%). Advancement of women in the chemical sciences is a challenge due to the so-called “leaky pipeline,” wherein growing numbers of women enter academics and industry to study science opt out to pursue alternative careers, some of which are congruent with science while others are outside the discipline altogether. Inspired by the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing series of Conferences to encourage women to participate in computer science, gender diversity should be a goal across our community and we should actively be looking for opportunities to recognize, identify and retain women in the field of organic chemistry regardless of gender or any other protected characteristic.
To accomplish this goal a group of scientists (Lara Kallander, Donna Huryn, Ellie Cantor, Rebecca Ruck, Margaret Faul and Mary Watson) founded the non-profit Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry (EWOC) Conferences in 2019. The volunteer-run EWOC conferences allow women leaders to present their scientific research and also allows the participants to hear career stories of how eminent women in the field of organic chemistry have developed their careers and the challenges they have faced – and overcome – along the way. The meeting consists of both science and career topics to provide support and guidance for the next generation of women chemists, as well as provide opportunities for professionals to learn up-to-date science, network and share experiences.
Since 2021, various regional chapters of EWOC chapters have been launched, featuring virtual symposia and other events.
Conference structure
The EWOC Conference structure consists of a combination of scientific presentations, workshops, topical networking sessions, career panel and also includes a poster session. Examples of Workshops have included Cultivate Belonging in the Workplace for Yourself and Others; How to Create, Build and Leverage Networks for Sustained Leadership and Career Success and Cultural Change to Enable Diversity & Inclusion, the Psychology of Selves: Beyond Imposter Syndrome, Leading through Influence, Allies Help Turn the Tide, Take Control of Your Time: Say No, Negotiate, Delegate, Beyond Pajamas: Coming out of COVID Isolation Mindfully, Beyond Pajamas: Coming out of COVID Isolation Mindfully, and a Discussion Toward Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Organic Chemistry. Examples of topical networking sessions have focused on Work/Life Balance Discussion, How to start an EWOC Chapter, Publishing like a Boss, Creating a Culture of Safety, Interviewing and choosing a company, and various peer networking discussions for graduate students, postdocs, early career faculty, LGBTQ+, Black, Indigenous, & People of Color (BIPOC), and Allies and Advocates, among others. The virtual format of EWOC has been cited as an example of the benefits of virtual conferences because they are "more accessible to people who couldn’t otherwise attend because of travel costs or restrictions or because they have family obligations that make travel onerous."
List of EWOC Conferences
2019 meeting and speakers
The first Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference took place on Friday, June 28, 2019, at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
2019 Career Panel featured Sarah Wengryniuk (Temple University), Emily McLaughlin (Bard College), Nikki Goodwin (GlaxoSmithKline), Jamie McCabe Dunn (Merck), Zhenzhen Dong (Adesis), Nicole Camasso (JACS).
2020 meeting and speakers
The second annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was held virtually on Thursday, August 13, 2020, and Friday, August 14, 2020.
2020 Career Panel featured Shanina Sanders Johnson (Spelman College), Davita Watkins (Univ of Mississippi), Niki Patel (Merck), Stacy Fosu (Abbvie), Beth Lorsbach (Corteva Agriscience), Sibrina Collins (Marburger STEM Center, Lawrence Technological University), Shana Cyr (Bristol Myers Squibb), Sherri Pietranico-Cole (Novartis), Gabby Nepomuceno (California Department of Toxic Substances Control).
2021 meeting and speakers
The third annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was held virtually on Thursday, June 24, and Friday, June 25, 2021.
2021 Career Panel featured Kay Brummond (Univ of Pittsburgh), Martha A. Sarpong (GlaxoSmithKline), Emma Radoux (Royal Society of Chemistry), Callie Bryan (Janssen), Kimberly Steward (Cargill) and Daisy Rosas Vargas (Ithaca College).
2022 meeting and speakers
The fourth annual Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference was a hybrid meeting on Thursday, June 23, and Friday, June 24, 2022.
References
Organic chemistry
Women in science and technology | Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 1,211 | [
"Women in science and technology",
"nan"
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63,929,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformed%20Hermitian%20Yang%E2%80%93Mills%20equation | In mathematics and theoretical physics, and especially gauge theory, the deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills (dHYM) equation is a differential equation describing the equations of motion for a D-brane in the B-model (commonly called a B-brane) of string theory. The equation was derived by Mariño-Minasian-Moore-Strominger in the case of Abelian gauge group (the unitary group ), and by Leung–Yau–Zaslow using mirror symmetry from the corresponding equations of motion for D-branes in the A-model of string theory.
Definition
In this section we present the dHYM equation as explained in the mathematical literature by Collins-Xie-Yau. The deformed Hermitian–Yang–Mills equation is a fully non-linear partial differential equation for a Hermitian metric on a line bundle over a compact Kähler manifold, or more generally for a real -form. Namely, suppose is a Kähler manifold and is a class. The case of a line bundle consists of setting where is the first Chern class of a holomorphic line bundle . Suppose that and consider the topological constant
Notice that depends only on the class of and . Suppose that . Then this is a complex number
for some real and angle which is uniquely determined.
Fix a smooth representative differential form in the class . For a smooth function write , and notice that . The deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills equation for with respect to is
The second condition should be seen as a positivity condition on solutions to the first equation. That is, one looks for solutions to the equation such that . This is in analogy to the related problem of finding Kähler-Einstein metrics by looking for metrics solving the Einstein equation, subject to the condition that is a Kähler potential (which is a positivity condition on the form ).
Discussion
Relation to Hermitian Yang–Mills equation
The dHYM equations can be transformed in several ways to illuminate several key properties of the equations. First, simple algebraic manipulation shows that the dHYM equation may be equivalently written
In this form, it is possible to see the relation between the dHYM equation and the regular Hermitian Yang–Mills equation. In particular, the dHYM equation should look like the regular HYM equation in the so-called large volume limit. Precisely, one replaces the Kähler form by for a positive integer , and allows . Notice that the phase for depends on . In fact, , and we can expand
Here we see that
and we see the dHYM equation for takes the form
for some topological constant determined by . Thus we see the leading order term in the dHYM equation is
which is just the HYM equation (replacing by if necessary).
Local form
The dHYM equation may also be written in local coordinates. Fix and holomorphic coordinates such that at the point , we have
Here for all as we assumed was a real form. Define the Lagrangian phase operator to be
Then simple computation shows that the dHYM equation in these local coordinates takes the form
where . In this form one sees that the dHYM equation is fully non-linear and elliptic.
Solutions
It is possible to use algebraic geometry to study the existence of solutions to the dHYM equation, as demonstrated by the work of Collins–Jacob–Yau and Collins–Yau. Suppose that is any analytic subvariety of dimension . Define the central charge by
When the dimension of is 2, Collins–Jacob–Yau show that if , then there exists a solution of the dHYM equation in the class if and only if for every curve we have
In the specific example where , the blow-up of complex projective space, Jacob-Sheu show that admits a solution to the dHYM equation if and only if and for any , we similarly have
It has been shown by Gao Chen that in the so-called supercritical phase, where , algebraic conditions analogous to those above imply the existence of a solution to the dHYM equation. This is achieved through comparisons between the dHYM and the so-called J-equation in Kähler geometry. The J-equation appears as the *small volume limit* of the dHYM equation, where is replaced by for a small real number and one allows .
In general it is conjectured that the existence of solutions to the dHYM equation for a class should be equivalent to the Bridgeland stability of the line bundle . This is motivated both from comparisons with similar theorems in the non-deformed case, such as the famous Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence which asserts that solutions exist to the HYM equations if and only if the underlying bundle is slope stable. It is also motivated by physical reasoning coming from string theory, which predicts that physically realistic B-branes (those admitting solutions to the dHYM equation for example) should correspond to Π-stability.
Relation to string theory
Superstring theory predicts that spacetime is 10-dimensional, consisting of a Lorentzian manifold of dimension 4 (usually assumed to be Minkowski space or De sitter or anti-De Sitter space) along with a Calabi–Yau manifold of dimension 6 (which therefore has complex dimension 3). In this string theory open strings must satisfy Dirichlet boundary conditions on their endpoints. These conditions require that the end points of the string lie on so-called D-branes (D for Dirichlet), and there is much mathematical interest in describing these branes.
In the B-model of topological string theory, homological mirror symmetry suggests D-branes should be viewed as elements of the derived category of coherent sheaves on the Calabi–Yau 3-fold . This characterisation is abstract, and the case of primary importance, at least for the purpose of phrasing the dHYM equation, is when a B-brane consists of a holomorphic submanifold and a holomorphic vector bundle over it (here would be viewed as the support of the coherent sheaf over ), possibly with a compatible Chern connection on the bundle.
This Chern connection arises from a choice of Hermitian metric on , with corresponding connection and curvature form . Ambient on the spacetime there is also a B-field or Kalb–Ramond field (not to be confused with the B in B-model), which is the string theoretic equivalent of the classical background electromagnetic field (hence the use of , which commonly denotes the magnetic field strength). Mathematically the B-field is a gerbe or bundle gerbe over spacetime, which means consists of a collection of two-forms for an open cover of spacetime, but these forms may not agree on overlaps, where they must satisfy cocycle conditions in analogy with the transition functions of line bundles (0-gerbes). This B-field has the property that when pulled back along the inclusion map the gerbe is trivial, which means the B-field may be identified with a globally defined two-form on , written . The differential form discussed above in this context is given by , and studying the dHYM equations in the special case where or equivalently should be seen as turning the B-field off or setting , which in string theory corresponds to a spacetime with no background higher electromagnetic field.
The dHYM equation describes the equations of motion for this D-brane in spacetime equipped with a B-field , and is derived from the corresponding equations of motion for A-branes through mirror symmetry. Mathematically the A-model describes D-branes as elements of the Fukaya category of , special Lagrangian submanifolds of equipped with a flat unitary line bundle over them, and the equations of motion for these A-branes is understood. In the above section the dHYM equation has been phrased for the D6-brane .
See also
Hermitian Yang–Mills connection
Yang–Mills connection
Thomas–Yau conjecture
References
Geometry
String theory
Differential geometry
Partial differential equations | Deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills equation | [
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,637 | [
"String theory",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Geometry"
] |
63,931,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16H12ClN3O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C16H12ClN3O3}}
The molecular formula C16H12ClN3O3 (molar mass: 329.738 g/mol, exact mass: 329.0567 u) may refer to:
Meclonazepam
Ro05-4082
Molecular formulas | C16H12ClN3O3 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 74 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
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63,932,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga%20E.%20Rafelski | Helga Ernestine Rafelski, (née Betz) (3 September 1949 – 5 November 2000) was a German particle physicist. She got her professional degree from Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, her master's degree from University of Illinois at Chicago in 1977 and her PhD from University of Cape Town in 1988 under the advisement of Raoul D. Viollier. She studied muon-catalysed fusion and relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Returning from South Africa, Rafelski held a visiting position at Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main where she worked with Berndt Müller. In-between other appointments she was a scientific associate at CERN in the Data Handling Division.
Her last position was as a computer science teacher at Catalina Foothills High School in Tucson.
Helga Rafelski died of cancer in November 2000 in Tucson, Arizona.
References
1949 births
2000 deaths
Particle physicists
Women physicists
University of Cape Town alumni
People associated with CERN
University of Illinois Chicago alumni | Helga E. Rafelski | [
"Physics"
] | 208 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
63,933,276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20protists | Marine protists are defined by their habitat as protists that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Life originated as marine single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and later evolved into more complex eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are the more developed life forms known as plants, animals, fungi and protists. Protists are the eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, fungi or animals. They are mostly single-celled and microscopic. The term protist came into use historically as a term of convenience for eukaryotes that cannot be strictly classified as plants, animals or fungi. They are not a part of modern cladistics because they are paraphyletic (lacking a common ancestor for all descendants).
Most protists are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They are highly diverse organisms currently organised into 18 phyla, but not easy to classify. Studies have shown high protist diversity exists in oceans, deep sea-vents and river sediments, suggesting large numbers of eukaryotic microbial communities have yet to be discovered. There has been little research on mixotrophic protists, but recent studies in marine environments found mixotrophic protists contribute a significant part of the protist biomass. Since protists are eukaryotes (and not prokaryotes) they possess within their cell at least one nucleus, as well as organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi bodies. Many protist species can switch between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction involving meiosis and fertilization.
In contrast to the cells of prokaryotes, the cells of eukaryotes are highly organised. Plants, animals and fungi are usually multi-celled and are typically macroscopic. Most protists are single-celled and microscopic. But there are exceptions. Some single-celled marine protists are macroscopic. Some marine slime molds have unique life cycles that involve switching between unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms. Other marine protist are neither single-celled nor microscopic, such as seaweed.
Protists have been described as a taxonomic grab bag of misfits where anything that does not fit into one of the main biological kingdoms can be placed. Some modern authors prefer to exclude multicellular organisms from the traditional definition of a protist, restricting protists to unicellular organisms. This more constrained definition excludes all brown, the multicellular red and green algae, and, sometimes, slime molds (slime molds excluded when multicellularity is defined as "complex").
Background
The ocean represents the largest continuous planetary ecosystem, hosting an enormous variety of organisms, which include microscopic biota such as unicellular eukaryotes (protists). Despite their small size, protists play key roles in marine biogeochemical cycles and harbour tremendous evolutionary diversity. Notwithstanding their significance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth and their role in marine food webs, as well as driving biogeochemical cycles to maintain habitability, little is known about their cell biology including reproduction, metabolism and signaling. Most of the biological knowledge available is based on comparison of proteins from cultured species to homologs in genetically tractable model taxa. A main impediment to understanding the cell biology of these diverse eukaryotes is that protocols for genetic modification are available for only a small number of species that represent neither the most ecologically relevant protists nor the breadth of eukaryotic diversity. Even so, in the decade to 2020, genome and transcriptome sequencing initiatives have resulted in nearly 120 million unigenes being identified in protists, which is facilitating the development of genetic tools for model species.
Trophic modes
Protists can be divided broadly into four groups depending on whether their nutrition is plant-like, animal-like, fungal-like, or a mixture of these.
The fungus-like protist saprobes are specialized to absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter, such as dead organisms or their wastes. For instance, many types of oomycetes grow on dead animals or algae. Marine saprobic protists have the essential function of returning inorganic nutrients to the water. This process allows for new algal growth, which in turn generates sustenance for other organisms along the food chain. Indeed, without saprobe species, such as protists, fungi, and bacteria, life would cease to exist as all organic carbon became "tied up" in dead organisms.
Mixotrophs
Mixotrophs have no single trophic mode. A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other. It is estimated that mixotrophs comprise more than half of all microscopic plankton. There are two types of eukaryotic mixotrophs: those with their own chloroplasts, and those with endosymbionts—and others that acquire them through kleptoplasty or by enslaving the entire phototrophic cell.
The distinction between plants and animals often breaks down in very small organisms. Possible combinations are photo- and chemotrophy, litho- and organotrophy, auto- and heterotrophy or other combinations of these. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryotic or prokaryotic. They can take advantage of different environmental conditions.
Recent studies of marine microzooplankton found 30–45% of the ciliate abundance was mixotrophic, and up to 65% of the amoeboid, foram and radiolarian biomass was mixotrophic.
Phaeocystis is an important algal genus found as part of the marine phytoplankton around the world. It has a polymorphic life cycle, ranging from free-living cells to large colonies. It has the ability to form floating colonies, where hundreds of cells are embedded in a gel matrix, which can increase massively in size during blooms. As a result, Phaeocystis is an important contributor to the marine carbon and sulfur cycles. Phaeocystis species are endosymbionts to acantharian radiolarians.
Protist locomotion
Another way of categorising protists is according to their mode of locomotion. Many unicellular protists, particularly protozoans, are motile and can generate movement using flagella, cilia or pseudopods. Cells which use flagella for movement are usually referred to as flagellates, cells which use cilia are usually referred to as ciliates, and cells which use pseudopods are usually referred to as amoeba or amoeboids. Other protists are not motile, and consequently have no movement mechanism.
Flagella are used in prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) as well as protists. In addition, both flagella and cilia are widely used in eukaryotic cells (plant and animal) apart from protists.
The regular beat patterns of eukaryotic cilia and flagella generates motion on a cellular level. Examples range from the propulsion of single cells such as the swimming of spermatozoa to the transport of fluid along a stationary layer of cells such as in a respiratory tract. Though eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia are ultrastructurally identical, the beating pattern of the two organelles can be different. In the case of flagella, the motion is often planar and wave-like, whereas the motile cilia often perform a more complicated three-dimensional motion with a power and recovery stroke.
Eukaryotic flagella—those of animal, plant, and protist cells—are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth. Eukaryotic flagella are classed along with eukaryotic motile cilia as undulipodia to emphasize their distinctive wavy appendage role in cellular function or motility. Primary cilia are immotile, and are not undulipodia.
Ciliates generally have hundreds to thousands of cilia that are densely packed together in arrays. Like the flagella, the cilia are powered by specialised molecular motors. An efficient forward stroke is made with a stiffened flagellum, followed by an inefficient backward stroke made with a relaxed flagellum. During movement, an individual cilium deforms as it uses the high-friction power strokes and the low-friction recovery strokes. Since there are multiple cilia packed together on an individual organism, they display collective behaviour in a metachronal rhythm. This means the deformation of one cilium is in phase with the deformation of its neighbor, causing deformation waves that propagate along the surface of the organism. These propagating waves of cilia are what allow the organism to use the cilia in a coordinated manner to move. A typical example of a ciliated microorganism is the Paramecium, a one-celled, ciliated protozoan covered by thousands of cilia. The cilia beating together allow the Paramecium to propel through the water at speeds of 500 micrometers per second.
Marine algae
Algae is an informal term for a widespread and diverse group of photosynthetic protists which are not necessarily closely related and are thus polyphyletic. Marine algae can be divided into six groups: green, red and brown algae, euglenophytes, dinoflagellates and diatoms.
Dinoflagellates and diatoms are important components of marine algae and have their own sections below. Euglenophytes are a phylum of unicellular flagellates with only a few marine members.
Not all algae are microscopic. Green, red and brown algae all have multicellular macroscopic forms that make up the familiar seaweeds. Green algae, an informal group, contains about 8,000 recognised species. Many species live most of their lives as single cells or are filamentous, while others form colonies made up from long chains of cells, or are highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds. Red algae, a (disputed) phylum contains about 7,000 recognised species, mostly multicellular and including many notable seaweeds. Brown algae form a class containing about 2,000 recognised species, mostly multicellular and including many seaweeds such as kelp.
Unlike higher plants, algae lack roots, stems, or leaves. They can be classified by size as microalgae or macroalgae.
Microalgae are the microscopic types of algae, not visible to the naked eye. They are mostly unicellular species which exist as individuals or in chains or groups, though some are multicellular. Microalgae are important components of the marine protists discussed above, as well as the phytoplankton discussed below. They are very diverse. It has been estimated there are 200,000–800,000 species of which about 50,000 species have been described. Depending on the species, their sizes range from a few micrometers (μm) to a few hundred micrometers. They are specially adapted to an environment dominated by viscous forces.
Macroalgae are the larger, multicellular and more visible types of algae, commonly called seaweeds. Seaweeds usually grow in shallow coastal waters where they are anchored to the seafloor by a holdfast. Like microalgae, macroalgae (seaweeds) can be regarded as marine protists since they are not true plants. But they are not microorganisms, so they are not within the scope of this article.
Unicellular organisms are usually microscopic, less than one tenth of a millimeter long. There are exceptions. Mermaid's wineglass, a genus of subtropical green algae, is single-celled but remarkably large and complex in form with a single large nucleus, making it a model organism for studying cell biology. Another single-celled algae, Caulerpa taxifolia, has the appearance of a vascular plant including "leaves" arranged neatly up stalks like a fern. Selective breeding in aquariums to produce hardier strains resulted in an accidental release into the Mediterranean where it has become an invasive species known colloquially as killer algae.
Diatoms
Diatoms are photosynthetic unicellular algae populating the oceans and other waters around the globe. They form a (disputed) phylum containing about 100,000 recognised species. Diatoms generate about 20 per cent of all oxygen produced on the planet each year, and take in over 6.7 billion metric tons of silicon each year from the waters in which they live. They produce 25–45% of the total primary production of organic material in the oceans, owing to their prevalence in open-ocean regions when total phytoplankton biomass is maximal.
Diatoms are enclosed in protective silica (glass) shells called frustules. They are classified by the shape of these glass cages in which they live, and which they build as they grow. Each frustule is made from two interlocking parts covered with tiny holes through which the diatom exchanges nutrients and wastes. Dead diatoms drift to the ocean floor where, over millions of years, the remains of their frustules can build up as much as half a mile deep. Diatoms have relatively high sinking speeds compared with other phytoplankton groups, and they account for about 40% of particulate carbon exported to ocean depths.
Physically driven seasonal enrichments in surface nutrients favour diatom blooms. Anthropogenic climate change will directly affect these seasonal cycles, changing the timing of blooms and diminishing their biomass, which will reduce primary production and CO2 uptake. Remote sensing data suggests there was a global decline of diatoms between 1998 and 2012, particularly in the North Pacific, associated with shallowing of the surface mixed layer and lower nutrient concentrations.
Coccolithophores
Coccolithophores are minute unicellular photosynthetic protists with two flagella for locomotion. Most of them are protected by calcium carbonate shells covered with ornate circular plates or scales called coccoliths. The term coccolithophore derives from the Greek for a seed carrying stone, referring to their small size and the coccolith stones they carry. Under the right conditions they bloom, like other phytoplankton, and can turn the ocean milky white.
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are usually positioned as part of the algae group, and form a phylum of unicellular flagellates with about 2,000 marine species. The name comes from the Greek "dinos" meaning whirling and the Latin "flagellum" meaning a whip or lash. This refers to the two whip-like attachments (flagella) used for forward movement. Most dinoflagellates are protected with red-brown, cellulose armour. Like other phytoplankton, dinoflagellates are r-strategists which under right conditions can bloom and create red tides. Excavates may be the most basal flagellate lineage.
By trophic orientation dinoflagellates are all over the place. Some dinoflagellates are known to be photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy). Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and other protists, and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Others predate other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic. Many dinoflagellates are mixotrophic and could also be classified as phytoplankton.
The toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta acquire chloroplasts from its prey. "It cannot catch the cryptophytes by itself, and instead relies on ingesting ciliates such as the red Mesodinium rubrum, which sequester their chloroplasts from a specific cryptophyte clade (Geminigera/Plagioselmis/Teleaulax)".
Dinoflagellates often live in symbiosis with other organisms. Many nassellarian radiolarians house dinoflagellate symbionts within their tests. The nassellarian provides ammonium and carbon dioxide for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against harmful invaders. There is evidence from DNA analysis that dinoflagellate symbiosis with radiolarians evolved independently from other dinoflagellate symbioses, such as with foraminifera.
Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent. At night, ocean water can light up internally and sparkle with blue light because of these dinoflagellates. Bioluminescent dinoflagellates possess scintillons, individual cytoplasmic bodies which contain dinoflagellate luciferase, the main enzyme involved in the luminescence. The luminescence, sometimes called the phosphorescence of the sea, occurs as brief (0.1 sec) blue flashes or sparks when individual scintillons are stimulated, usually by mechanical disturbances from, for example, a boat or a swimmer or surf.
Marine protozoans
Protozoans are protists which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, the protozoa were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, as found in plants and many algae. Although the traditional practice of grouping protozoa with animals is no longer considered valid, the term continues to be used in a loose way to identify single-celled organisms that can move independently and feed by heterotrophy.
Marine protozoans include zooflagellates, foraminiferans, radiolarians and some dinoflagellates.
Radiolarians
Radiolarians are unicellular predatory protists encased in elaborate globular shells, typically between 0.1 and 0.2 millimetres in size, usually made of silica and pierced with holes. Their name comes from the Latin for "radius". They catch prey by extending parts of their body through the holes. As with the silica frustules of diatoms, radiolarian shells can sink to the ocean floor when radiolarians die and become preserved as part of the ocean sediment. These remains, as microfossils, provide valuable information about past oceanic conditions.
Foraminiferans
Like radiolarians, foraminiferans (forams for short) are single-celled predatory protists, also protected with shells that have holes in them. Their name comes from the Latin for "hole bearers". Their shells, often called tests, are chambered (forams add more chambers as they grow). The shells are usually made of calcite, but are sometimes made of agglutinated sediment particles or chiton, and (rarely) of silica. Most forams are benthic, but about 40 species are planktic. They are widely researched with well established fossil records which allow scientists to infer a lot about past environments and climates.
A number of forams are mixotrophic (see below). These have unicellular algae as endosymbionts, from diverse lineages such as the green algae, red algae, golden algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. Mixotrophic foraminifers are particularly common in nutrient-poor oceanic waters. Some forams are kleptoplastic, retaining chloroplasts from ingested algae to conduct photosynthesis.
Amoeba
Ciliates
Marine ciliates are major grazers of the phytoplankton.
Phytoplankton primary production supports higher trophic levels and fuels microbial remineralization. The dominant pelagic grazers of phytoplankton are typically associated with distinct operating modes of the food web compartments and nutrient cycling. Heterotrophic protist grazers and microzooplankton dominance is usually associated with the microbial loop and regenerated production; while mesozooplankton is associated with a linear food chain and export production. Grazing on particulate primary production in the global ocean surface is ~10–15% for mesozooplankton and 59–75% for microzooplankton, with estimates for coastal and estuarine systems usually in the a lower range.
Ciliates constitute an important component of the microzooplankton community with preference for small-sized preys, in contrast to mesozooplankton, and many ciliate species are also grazed by mesozooplankton. Thus, ciliates can be an important link between small cells and higher trophic levels. Besides their significant role in carbon transfer, ciliates are also considered high quality food, as a source of proteinaceous compounds with a low C:N ratio in comparison to phytoplankton.
Although many ciliates are heterotrophs, a number of pelagic species are mixotrophic, combining both phagotrophic and phototrophic nutrition (Stoecker, 1998). The recognition of mixotrophy in the marine plankton food web has challenged the classical understanding of pelagic food webs, as autotrophy and heterotrophy are not necessarily two distinct functional compartments. Classical understanding of ecological interactions among plankton, such as competition for nutrients, indicates that nutrient uptake affinity decreases with organism size, favoring smaller sizes under resource limiting conditions. Mixotrophy is advantageous to organisms under nutrient limited conditions, allowing them to reduce direct competition by grazing on smaller prey and increase direct ingestion of nutrients. Modeling results suggest that mixotrophy favors larger organisms, and therefore enhances trophic transfer efficiency. On top of that, mixotrophy appears to be important over both, space and time, in marine systems. stressing the need for ecological field studies to further elucidate the role of mixotrophy.
Macroscopic protists
Planktonic protists
Interactome
Interaction between microbial species has played important roles in evolution and speciation. One of the best examples is that the origin of eukaryotes is grounded in the interaction-events of endosymbiosis; giving rise to mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other metabolic capacities in the eukaryotic cell, Microbial interactions guarantee ecosystem function, having crucial roles in, for instance, carbon channeling in photosymbiosis, control of microalgae blooms by parasites, and phytoplankton-associated bacteria influencing the growth and health of their host.
Despite their importance, understanding of microbial interactions in the ocean and other aquatic systems is rudimentary, and the majority of them are still unknown. The earliest surveys of interactions between aquatic microbes date back to the 19th century. In 1851, while on board HMS Rattlesnake in the Pacific Ocean, Thomas Huxley discovered small yellow–green cells inside the conspicuous planktonic radiolarians which he thought were organelles. Later, Karl Brandt established the yellowish cells were symbiotic alga and named them zooxanthella. Since these early studies, hundreds of others have reported microbial interactions by using classic tools, mainly microscopy, but this knowledge has not yet been gathered into one accessible database. In recent years the high throughput sequencing (HTS) of environmental DNA or RNA has transformed understanding of microbial diversity and evolution, as well as generating hypotheses on microbial interactions based on correlations of estimated microbial abundances over spatiotemporal scales.
The diagram on the right is an overview of the interactions between planktonic protists recorded in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). The network is based on 2422 ecological interactions in the PIDA registered from ~500 publications spanning the last 150 years. The nomenclature and taxonomic order of Eukaryota is based on Adl et al. 2019. The nomenclature and taxonomic order of Bacteria is based on Schultz et al. 2017.
The nodes are grouped (outer circle) according to eukaryotic supergroups (or Incertae sedis), Bacteria and Archaea. All major protistan lineages were involved in interactions as hosts, symbionts (mutualists and commensalists), parasites, predators, and/or prey. Predation was the most common interaction (39%), followed by symbiosis (29%), parasitism (18%), and unresolved interactions (14%, where it is uncertain whether the interaction is beneficial or antagonistic). Nodes represent eukaryotic and prokaryotic taxa and are colored accordingly. Node size indicates the number of edges/links that are connected to that node. Each node/taxon is assigned a number, which corresponds with the numbers for taxa in B, C and D. Edges represent interactions between two taxa and are colored according to ecological interaction type: predation (orange), symbiosis (green), and parasitism (purple).
The network is undirected, meaning that a node can contain both parasites/symbionts/prey and hosts/predators. To avoid cluttering of the figure, "Self-loops", which represent cases where both interacting organisms belong to the same taxon (e.g., a dinoflagellate eating another dinoflagellate) are not shown as edges/links in this figure, but are considered in the size of nodes. The outermost circle groups taxa in the different eukaryotic ‘supergroups’ or the prokaryotic domains Bacteria and Archaea. Ancryomonadidae is abbreviated An. Telonema is not placed into any of the supergroups, but classified as Incertae sedis (abbreviated I.S. in the figure). In B, B, and D the following abbreviations for supergroups are used: Ar Archaea, Ba Bacteria, Rh Rhizaria, Al Alveolata, St Stramenopiles, Ha Haptista, Cy Cryptista, Ap Archaeplastida, Ex Excavata, Ob Obazoa, Am Amoebozoa, Cu CRuMS, An Ancryomonadidae, Is Incertae sedis.
B: Predator–prey interactions in PIDA. The node numbers correspond to taxa node numbers in a. Abbreviations for supergroups are described above. Background and nodes are colored according to functional role in the interaction: Prey are colored light orange (left part of figure), while predators are depicted in dark orange (right part of figure). The size of each node represents the number of edges connected to that node.
C. Symbiont–host interactions included in PIDA. The node numbers correspond to node numbers in A. Abbreviations for supergroups are described above. Symbionts are to the left, colored light green, and their hosts are to the right in dark green. The size of each node represents the number of edges connected to that node.
D: Parasite–host interactions included in PIDA. The node numbers correspond to node numbers in A. Abbreviations for supergroups are described above. Parasite taxa are depicted in light purple (left), hosts in dark purple (right).
It was found that protist predators seem to be "multivorous" while parasite–host and symbiont–host interactions appear to have moderate degrees of specialization. The SAR supergroup (i.e., Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria) heavily dominated PIDA, and comparisons against a global-ocean molecular survey (Tara expedition) indicated that several SAR lineages, which are abundant and diverse in the marine realm, were underrepresented among the recorded interactions.
Protist shells
Many protists have protective shells or tests, usually made from calcium carbonate (chalk) or silica (glass). Protists are mostly single-celled and microscopic. Their shells are often tough mineralised forms that resist degradation, and can survive the death of the protist as a microfossil. Although protists are very small, they are ubiquitous. Their numbers are such that their shells play a huge part in the formation of ocean sediments, and in the global cycling of elements and nutrients.
Diatom shells are called frustules and are made from silica. These glass structures have accumulated for over 100 million years leaving rich deposits of nano and microstructured silicon oxide in the form of diatomaceous earth around the globe. The evolutionary causes for the generation of nano and microstructured silica by photosynthetic algae are not yet clear. However, in 2018 it was shown that reflection of ultraviolet light by nanostructured silica protects the DNA in the algal cells, and this may be an evolutionary cause for the formation of the glass cages.
Coccolithophores are protected by a shell constructed from ornate circular plates or scales called coccoliths. The coccoliths are made from calcium carbonate or chalk. The term coccolithophore derives from the Greek for a seed carrying stone, referring to their small size and the coccolith stones they carry.
There are benefits for protists that carry protective shells. The diagram on the left above shows some benefits coccolithophore get from carrying coccoliths. In the diagram, (A) represents accelerated photosynthesis including carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM) and enhanced light uptake via scattering of scarce photons for deep-dwelling species. (B) represents protection from photodamage including sunshade protection from ultraviolet light (UV) and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and energy dissipation under high-light conditions. (C) represents armour protection includes protection against viral/bacterial infections and grazing by selective and nonselective grazers.
There are also costs for protists that carry protective shells. The diagram on the right above shows some of the energetic costs coccolithophore incur from carrying coccoliths. In the diagram, the energetic costs are reported in percentage of total photosynthetic budget. (A) represents transport processes include the transport into the cell from the surrounding seawater of primary calcification substrates Ca2+ and HCO3− (black arrows) and the removal of the end product H+ from the cell (gray arrow). The transport of Ca2+ through the cytoplasm to the coccolith vesicle (CV) is the dominant cost associated with calcification. (B) represents metabolic processes include the synthesis of coccolith-associated polysaccharides (CAPs – gray rectangles) by the Golgi complex (white rectangles) that regulate the nucleation and geometry of CaCO3 crystals. The completed coccolith (gray plate) is a complex structure of intricately arranged CAPs and CaCO3 crystals. (C) Mechanical and structural processes account for the secretion of the completed coccoliths that are transported from their original position adjacent to the nucleus to the cell periphery, where they are transferred to the surface of the cell.
See also
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
References
Further references
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Microorganisms
Marine organisms
Planktology
Biological oceanography
Marine biology
Protista | Marine protists | [
"Biology"
] | 6,721 | [
"Protists",
"Eukaryotes",
"Microorganisms",
"Marine biology"
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63,933,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmer%20RMS%20detector | The Blackmer RMS detector is an electronic true RMS converter invented by David E. Blackmer in 1971. The Blackmer detector, coupled with the Blackmer gain cell, forms the core of the dbx noise reduction system and various professional audio signal processors developed by dbx, Inc.
Unlike earlier RMS detectors that time-averaged algebraic square of input signal, the Blackmer detector performs time-averaging on the logarithm of the input, being the first successful, commercialized instance of log-domain filter. The circuit, created by trial and error, computes root mean squared of various waveforms with high precision, although exact nature of its operation was not known to the inventor. First mathematical analysis of log-domain filtering and mathematical proof of Blackmer's invention were proposed by Robert Adams in 1979; general log-domain filter synthesis theory was developed by Douglas Frey in 1993.
Operation
Root mean square (RMS), defined as the square root of the mean square of input signal over time, is a useful metric of alternating currents. Unlike peak value or average value, RMS is directly related to energy, being equivalent to the direct current that would be required to get the same heating effect. In audio applications, RMS is the only metric directly related to perceived loudness, being insensitive to the phase of harmonics in complex waveforms. Magnetic recording and playback inevitably shifts phases of harmonics; a true RMS converter will not react to such phase shift. Simpler peak detectors or average detectors, on the contrary, respond to changes in phase with changing output values, although energy level and loudness remain unchanged. For this reason David Blackmer, designer of dbx noise reduction system, needed a cost-efficient precision RMS detector compatible with the Blackmer gain cell. The latter had an exponential control characteristic, so a suitable detector had to have logarithmic output.
Contemporary electronic RMS detectors had "normal", linear outputs, and were built exactly following the definition of RMS. The detector would compute square of the input signal, time-average the square using a low-pass filter or an integrator, and then compute square root of that average to produce linear, not logarithmic, output. Analog computation of squares and square roots was performed using either expensive variable-transconductance analog multipliers (which remain expensive in the 21st century) or simpler and cheaper logarithmic converters employing exponential current-voltage characteristic of a bipolar transistor. Thermal RMS conversion was too slow for audio purposes; electronic RMS detectors worked fine in measurement instruments, but their dynamic range was too narrow for professional audio - precisely because they operated on squares of input signal, taking up twice its dynamic range.
Blackmer reasoned that the log-antilog detector may be simplified by taking up processing to log domain, omitting physical squaring of input signals and thus retaining its full dynamic range. Squaring and taking square roots in log domain is very cheap, being simple scaling by a factor of 2 or 1/2. However, simple linear filters do not work in log domain, producing incorrect, irrelevant output. Correct time-averaging required nonlinear filters of yet unknown topology. Blackmer proposed simple replacement of a resistor in RC network with a silicon diode biased with a fixed idle current. Since small-signal impedance of such diode is controlled linearly by current, changing this current controls settling time of the detector. Cutoff frequency of this first order filter equals
,
where is thermal voltage (hence the frequency shifts with temperature). The equation is valid for a range of idle currents over , allowing wide tuning opportunity. The circuit has fast attack and slow decay, which are locked to each other and cannot be adjusted separately. Logarithmic output voltage is proportional to the mean of the square at a rate of around 3 mV/dB, and proportional to RMS at around 6 mV/dB.
When the crude test circuit was built, Blackmer and his associates did not expect it to work as a true RMS detector, but it did. According to Robert Adams, it "seemed to behave ideally", and rigorous tests with various waveforms confirmed ideal RMS performance. The circuit was absolutely insensitive to phase shifts in input signal. It was immediately patented and employed in dbx, Inc. professional audio processors. No one in the company, including Blackmer, could explain why it works at all until 1977, when Robert Adams began work on proper mathematical proof of RMS compliance. Adams tried to extend log-domain concept to Sallen–Key topology and failed. He published his thesis in 1979, and was later credited as the inventor of log-domain filter concept, but the idea remained unknown to general public until the 1993 pioneering work by Douglas Frey.
References
Bibliography
Analog circuits
Dynamics processing
Measuring instruments
American inventions
20th-century inventions
1970s in technology | Blackmer RMS detector | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 983 | [
"Analog circuits",
"Electronic engineering",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
63,934,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-Organics | Covid-Organics (CVO) is an Artemisia-based drink that Andry Rajoelina, president of Madagascar, claims can prevent and cure Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The drink is produced from a species under the Artemisia genus from which artemisinin is extracted for malaria treatment. No publicly available clinical trial data supports the safety or efficacy of this drink.
Covid-Organics was developed and produced in Madagascar by the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research. Madagascar was the first country to decide to integrate Artemisia into COVID-19 treatment when the NGO Maison de l'Artemisia France contacted numerous African countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. At least one researcher from another part of Africa, Dr. Jérôme Munyangi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, contributed. Some of the research on Artemisia, led by African scientists, had been carried out in France and Canada. On 20 April 2020, Rajoelina announced in a television broadcast that his country had found "preventive and curative" cure for COVID-19. Rajoelina publicly sipped from a bottle of Covid-Organics and ordered a nation-wide distribution to families.
In 2022, Covid-Organics is not recommended by the WHO.
World Health Organization
On 20 May 2020, Rajoelina announced on his Twitter account that the World Health Organization (WHO) will sign a confidentiality agreement with Madagascar regarding the formulation of CVO in order to perform clinical observation. On 21 May 2020, WHO director general Tedros Adhanom confirmed his video conference with Rajoelina, and that the WHO will cooperate with Madagascar on research and development of COVID-19 therapy. The WHO does not recommend the use of non-pharmaceutical Artemisia plant matter. The official position of WHO is that it "supports scientifically-proven traditional medicine" and "recognizes that traditional, complementary and alternative medicine has many advantages".
Controversy
A wide range of scientific criticism followed the launch of Covid-Organics from within and outside Africa. Before cooperating with Madagascar, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a warning against use of an untested COVID-19 remedy and said Africans deserve medicine that went through proper scientific trials. At the time, Covid-Organics efficacy and safety was tested on fewer than 20 people within a period of three weeks. In order to meet established scientific standards, the two parties later agreed on a partnership for Covid-Organics to be registered for WHO's Solidarity trials, an international program for fast tracking clinical trials on COVID-19 treatment candidates. The African Union (AU) demanded detailed scientific data on Covid-Organics for analysis by Africa CDC after it had been briefed by Madagascar authorities about the herbal remedy. Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention expressed its interest in data for Covid-Organics for the purpose of quickly scaling up an effective and safe remedy. In April, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) denied ordering a package of CVO after media reports that it had ordered for CVO and said the West Africa Health Organization (WAHO) would only endorse products shown to be effective and safe for use through well-known scientific procedure. As concerns about the safety of CVO grow, South Africa offered to help Madagascar conduct a clinical trial on the herbal tonic.
There are concerns over widespread usage of Artemisia accelerating drug resistance toward ACTs for malaria treatment.
Patronage
More than 19 African and Caribbean countries have taken delivery of CVO as of May 2020 to combat COVID-19. On 20 May, Ghanaian government finally placed an order for CVO for testing after weeks of pressure from Ghanaians that the herbal remedy be used to halt the spread of Coronavirus. At the end of April, Equatorial Guinea, among the first to express support for the remedy, sent a special envoy to Madagascar for a donated shipment of CVO. Madagascar sent quantities of the product to at least 10 African countries in 2020.
Covid-organics Plus
On 2 October 2020, President Andry Rajoelina inaugurated a medical factory named "Pharmalagasy" and officially started to produce CVO pills named "CVO-plus".
On 5 July 2021, WHO issued a statement announcing the completion of phase 3 clinical trials of the CVO+ dry capsule at the National Center for the Application of Pharmaceutical Research (CNARP) of Madagascar, indicating that the results will be reviewed by the Regional Expert Advisory Committee formed in partnership with Africa CDC. The committee will advise the manufacturer on the next steps to take.
See also
List of unproven methods against COVID-19
References
External links
WHO – Global Malaria Programme – The use of non-pharmaceutical forms of Artemisia
WHO statement regarding use of traditional medicine against Covid-19
COVID-19 drug development
COVID-19 pandemic in Africa
COVID-19 misinformation
Healthcare in Madagascar
Alternative medicine | Covid-Organics | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,008 | [
"COVID-19 drug development",
"Drug discovery"
] |
63,934,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeland%20stability%20condition | In mathematics, and especially algebraic geometry, a Bridgeland stability condition, defined by Tom Bridgeland, is an algebro-geometric stability condition defined on elements of a triangulated category. The case of original interest and particular importance is when this triangulated category is the derived category of coherent sheaves on a Calabi–Yau manifold, and this situation has fundamental links to string theory and the study of D-branes.
Such stability conditions were introduced in a rudimentary form by Michael Douglas called -stability and used to study BPS B-branes in string theory. This concept was made precise by Bridgeland, who phrased these stability conditions categorically, and initiated their study mathematically.
Definition
The definitions in this section are presented as in the original paper of Bridgeland, for arbitrary triangulated categories. Let be a triangulated category.
Slicing of triangulated categories
A slicing of is a collection of full additive subcategories for each such that
for all , where is the shift functor on the triangulated category,
if and and , then , and
for every object there exists a finite sequence of real numbers and a collection of triangles
with for all .
The last property should be viewed as axiomatically imposing the existence of Harder–Narasimhan filtrations on elements of the category .
Stability conditions
A Bridgeland stability condition on a triangulated category is a pair consisting of a slicing and a group homomorphism , where is the Grothendieck group of , called a central charge, satisfying
if then for some strictly positive real number .
It is convention to assume the category is essentially small, so that the collection of all stability conditions on forms a set . In good circumstances, for example when is the derived category of coherent sheaves on a complex manifold , this set actually has the structure of a complex manifold itself.
Technical remarks about stability condition
It is shown by Bridgeland that the data of a Bridgeland stability condition is equivalent to specifying a bounded t-structure on the category and a central charge on the heart of this t-structure which satisfies the Harder–Narasimhan property above.
An element is semi-stable (resp. stable) with respect to the stability condition if for every surjection for , we have where and similarly for .
Examples
From the Harder–Narasimhan filtration
Recall the Harder–Narasimhan filtration for a smooth projective curve implies for any coherent sheaf there is a filtrationsuch that the factors have slope . We can extend this filtration to a bounded complex of sheaves by considering the filtration on the cohomology sheaves and defining the slope of , giving a functionfor the central charge.
Elliptic curves
There is an analysis by Bridgeland for the case of Elliptic curves. He finds there is an equivalencewhere is the set of stability conditions and is the set of autoequivalences of the derived category .
References
Papers
Stability conditions on singularities
Interactions between autoequivalences, stability conditions, and moduli problems
Geometry
String theory
Algebraic geometry | Bridgeland stability condition | [
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 639 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Geometry",
"Algebraic geometry",
"String theory"
] |
63,935,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Cytokine%20%26%20Interferon%20Society | The International Cytokine & Interferon Society (ICIS) is a non-profit organization composed of researchers of cytokines, interferons and chemokine cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, and the use of biological response modifiers clinically. As the premier organization in the field of cytokine biology, it has more than 950 member scientists and holds annual conferences around the world.
ICIS Leadership
The ICIS has an elected Council that oversees operations. Sarah Gaffen (University of Pittsburgh) is the current President, Curt Horvath (Northwestern University) is President-Elect, Chris Hunter (University of Pennsylvania) is Past-President.
History
Originally founded in 1988 as "The International Cytokine Society" (ICS), after having co-hosted annual meetings with the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research (ISICR), the two organizations merged to become the International Cytokine and Interferon Society (ICIS) in 2013.
Annual Meetings
ICIS holds annual conferences around the world, usually in October or November. The 2024 conference was held jointly with the Korean Association of Immunology at the COEX Convention & Exhibition Center Seoul, Korea. The conference featured keynote speakers Professors Judi Allen (University of Manchester) and Nobel Laureate Drew Weissman (University of Pennsylvania). The 2025 ICIS meeting will be held Nov 2-5 in Seattle Washington .
ICIS Awards
Each year the society selects recipients of multiple awards at various career stages.
Mid-Senior career awards: ICIS/Pfizer Award for Excellence in Cytokine and Interferon Research (formerly known as the Seymour and Vivian Milstein Award), the ICIS/BioLegend William E. Paul Award, the ICIS/Luminex Jack Kettman Award, the ICIS Mentorship Award, the ICIS Honorary Lifetime Membership Award, and the ICIS/Howard A. Young Distinguished Service Award.
Young Investigator awards: ICIS/ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals New investigator awards, ICIS/Christina Fleischmann Award, ICIS/ Pfizer Amanda Proudfoot Tribute Award for Advances in Chemokine Biology, and the Joan and Sidney Pestka Graduate and Post-Graduate awards.
Travel Awards: Many travel awards are given to top-ranked abstracts for attendance at the annual meeting. The ICIS Joan Oefner travel award was created in 2024.
Journal
The ICIS has no official journal. There are informal connections to the Journal of Cytokine and Interferon Research, published by Mary Ann Liebert, and Cytokine, a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of cytokine biology is published by Elsevier.
References
External links
Official website
Cell biology
Non-profit organizations based in the United States
Cytokines | International Cytokine & Interferon Society | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 571 | [
"Cytokines",
"Cell biology",
"Signal transduction"
] |
63,935,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Albrecht | Wilhelm Eduard Adolf Albrecht (February 7, 1902 in Tempelhof near Berlin – May 22, 1962 in Berlin) was a German engineer. He became known for his devices for professional film and television sound recording, processing and post-production.
Childhood and adolescence
Wilhelm Albrecht was the youngest of five children of the businessman Wilhelm Ernst August Albrecht from Arneburg (1859–1913) and his wife Wära Nikolajewna, née Stieglitz, from Russia (1863-1905). After the early death of his parents, he was taken into the care of Carl Gustav Franke and his family, close friends to his parents. From early childhood, he put his technical talent into practice, not always to the delight of adults. For instance, a police report was made because of an antenna he had secretly installed on the roof, allowing him to receive radio signals from the Nauen Transmitter Station.
Having attended Schloss Bischofstein boarding school in Thuringia, a school established by Gustav Marseille, one of the leaders in progressive education, and upper secondary school in Berlin-Lichterfelde, he completed an internship with the car manufacturer Opel and trained as a mechanical engineer at the Technicum Strelitz.
Working life
In 1926, he founded Mechanical Workshops Wilhelm Albrecht and then developed and manufactured components for radio receivers, which were initially supplied to end users, later to industrial companies (e. g. Blaupunkt). Significant developments in the field of communication technology (e. g. low-loss cable connections) were created for customers such as Reichspostzentralamt (Central Post Office) and Deutsche Fernkabel-Gesellschaft, a company established to develop the German long-distance telecommunications network.
However, he also built high-speed crafts using waterproof, film-glued plywood for the body, a material which in those days was mainly utilized for buoyancy chambers .
He also constructed boat engines and surfboards, on which one stood freehand. The Berliner Museum für Verkehr und Technik (now the German Museum of Technology) added a boat and a surf board to its collection of exhibits.
Immediately after the war, affected by the lack of all kind of everyday necessities, he designed and manufactured items such as lighters, coffee roasting pans, tobacco cutting machines, etc. The production was possible because factory rooms, machines and material were largely undamaged respectively not looted.
At the same time Albrecht came into contact with the film industry and recognized the need for development in the field of film sound in which the complex and expensive optical sound process was used throughout.
With his design of the MTK 1 Magnetton-Kamera (magnetic sound camera) an epoch-making development for the practical use of the magnetic sound technology had been achieved.
It was introduced to the professional world in 1950 and was praised by Universum Film AG (UfA) as a “masterpiece of modern film equipment construction, and also in a new area of sound film technology”. This first camera was in use at the UfA Studios until 1970.
Albrecht's MTK 1 was the basis for all future and significant developments of the facilities and systems required for sound recording, processing and post-production in film and television studios. Besides, Albrecht designed some pioneering developments in the field of record technology in the 1950s.
He had succeeded in conveying his rousing passion for technical innovations to his employees - and so his life's work and thus the MWA success story could continue for the next decades even after his death (1962). Later on his enterprise was overtaken by its successor
Personal life
Albrecht was married twice. He had a daughter with his second wife.
References
Tape recording | Wilhelm Albrecht | [
"Technology"
] | 758 | [
"Recording devices",
"Tape recording"
] |
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