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78,360,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibromo%20neopentyl%20glycol%20diglycidyl%20ether | Dibromo neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether is a brominated version of neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether. It is an aliphatic organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family that is used in epoxy resin formulations. It has the molecular formula C11H18Br2O4
Synthesis
The usual method of synthesis is to take brominated neopentyl glycol and react with epichlorohydrin using Lewis acid catalysis to form the halohydrin. This species is then reacted with sodium hydroxide to form the diglycidyl ether.
Uses
A key use of the material is reducing the viscosity of epoxy resins. As an epoxy modifier it is classed as a reactive diluent, which may then be formulated into CASE applications (coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers and composite materials). As it is an organobromine compound it is used to improve the Flame retardant properties of materials. Flame retardant coatings including powder coatings maybe produced.
Toxicity
There is a trend to try and formulate away from brominated species in general because of the toxicity of the smoke produced when heated.
Further reading
References
Reactive diluents
Bromine compounds
Glycidyl ethers
Flame retardants | Dibromo neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether | [
"Chemistry"
] | 291 | [] |
78,362,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Roth%20%28scientist%29 | Thomas Edward Roth (born 1942) is an American scientist who researches sleep and sleep disorders. The founder of the Sleep Disorders and Research Center at Henry Ford Health, Roth is also Professor Emeritus of Wayne State University School of Medicine, and a Clinical Professor Emeritus of the University of Michigan College of Medicine.
Early life and education
Roth earned a B.A. at Hunter College in 1965, an M.A. at the University of Cincinnati 1969, and a Ph.D. at the University of Cincinnati in 1971. Roth married Karen Lee Harris in 1966, and they had two sons, Daniel and Adam, before divorcing in 1978.
Career
Roth explained his early interest in sleep research as a result of a summer job: "When I was a student there was a job opening in a dream laboratory in the department of psychiatry. I figured I could do anything for a summer, so I worked in the laboratory and became enthralled with learning about sleep. It occurred to me that we just did not know much about a third of our lives—the time we spend sleeping... even the most rudimentary description of sleep in science didn't exist yet. The average person spends 25 years of their life sleeping and we knew nothing about that. That summer job totally changed the way I worked, and sleep became my interest for life." In 1978 Roth founded the Sleep Disorders and Research Center at Henry Ford Health. In 2014, after his retirement, he was honored at a reception of the SLEEP 2014 conference in Minneapolis.
Over his career, Roth has served in many leadership positions:
President of the Sleep Research Society
Founding President of the National Sleep Foundation
Chairman, National Center on Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board of the National Institutes of Health
Board of Directors of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies
Co-chair, World Health Organization's worldwide project on sleep and health
Selected publications
Books
Articles
Awards, honors
2014 Lifetime Achievement Award, National Sleep Foundation
2012 SRS Mary Carskadon Outstanding Educator Award
1999 Worldwide Service Award from the World Federation of Sleep Research Societies
1998 Distinguished Scientist Award, Sleep Research Society
1990 Nathaniel Kleitman Distinguished Service Award, American Academy of Sleep Medicine
See also
Insomnia
Middle-of-the-night insomnia
REM rebound
References
External links
(video, 1:07 minutes)
(video, 32:40 minutes)
(video, 12:41 minutes)
(vide, 39:26 minutes)
1942 births
Hunter College alumni
Sleep researchers
University of Cincinnati alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Living people | Thomas Roth (scientist) | [
"Biology"
] | 504 | [
"Sleep researchers",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
78,365,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2050138 | HD 50138 is a peculiar star in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros, the unicorn. It has the variable star designation V743 Monocerotis. The typical apparent visual magnitude of this star is 6.58, placing it near the lower limit for visibility to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements, this star is located at a distance of approximately 1,140 light years. It is drifting further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of 41 km/s. This is an isolated star, being located far from any star forming region and having a low proper motion.
Observations
In 1921 at the Mount Wilson Observatory, a search for B-type stars with Hydrogen-alpha emission lines identified HD 50138. P. W. Merrill classified it as a Be star with a spectral type of B8e. The structure of its bright hydrogen lines was found to vary with a period of around 12 days. This was revised in 1933 to two periods: the first is five years long and the second is thirty days. In 1949, Merrill noted the star displays a shell spectra, with narrow lines having been formed from a low density strata above the star's photosphere. Metallic lines were found to undergo significant variation in intensity, appearing to roughly vary as a group.
A radial velocity study of the star by V. Doazan in 1965 demonstrated that the star is surrounded by an expanding envelope. This expansion undergoes a variation with a period of around 50 days. D. A. Allen found an excess of infrared emission in 1973, and also noticed that the star is photometrically variable. A mass loss rate of ·yr−1 was reported in 1975. To explain the observations, a model was proposed consisting of a B8V class star surrounded by a shell of ionized hydrogen. It was also noticed how much the variable spectrum resembled that of AB Aurigae, a young Herbig Ae star. Based on the spectrum, HD 50138 was then classed as a B[e] star, in the same group as FS Canis Majoris.
In spite of its isolation from any star formation, the properties of this star continue to closely resemble a Herbig Be star. Some spectral features indicated the star is undergoing accretion. At the same time, the surrounding envelope showed gas expulsion in the outer regions. The envelope appears concentrated around the equator, suggesting an opaque circumstellar disk. The gas shell surrounding the star also appears to include local inhomogeneities or condensations. The morphology of the circumstellar environment within an astronomical unit of the star was found to vary on time scales of days or weeks. The formation of a new shell was observed around 1991.
Polarization measurements show that the star is also polarimetrically variable, which could be explained by a dusty disk or a binary companion. A binary system is a favored scenario for its classification as a FS Canis Majoris variable. The large amount of circumstellar matter can then be explained as a result of a mass transfer between the two stars. The companion may be much fainter than the primary, which is why it has not been detected. However, the changes in the circumstellar materials are difficult to explain with a binary model. Instead, the variability may be explained by an asymmetric disk with a hot spot. This asymmetry may be in the form of spiral arms or other features. The disk is inclined by about 56.6° to the plane of the sky with a position angle of 63.4°.
The large amount of circumstellar matter has made it difficult to obtain any direct information about the central star. But the star is most likely in an evolved state, rather than being pre-main-sequence.
References
FS Canis Majoris variables
Herbig Ae/Be stars
Binary stars
Monoceros
Durchmusterung objects
050138
032923
Monoceros, V743 | HD 50138 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 811 | [
"Monoceros",
"Constellations"
] |
78,365,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping%20space | In mathematics, especially in algebraic topology, the mapping space between two spaces is the space of all the (continuous) maps between them.
Viewing the set of all the maps as a space is useful because that allows for topological considerations. For example, a curve in the mapping space is exactly a homotopy.
Topologies
A mapping space can be equipped with several topologies. A common one is the compact-open topology. Typically, there is then the adjoint relation
and thus is an analog of the Hom functor. (For pathological spaces, this relation may fail.)
Smooth mappings
For manifolds , there is the subspace that consists of all the -smooth maps from to . It can be equipped with the weak or strong topology.
A basic approximation theorem says that is dense in for .
References
Hirsch, Morris, Differential Topology, Springer (1997),
Algebraic topology | Mapping space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 181 | [
"Topology stubs",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
78,365,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Joulin | Guy Joulin is a French scientist at Aix-Marseille University who works in the field of combustion.
Biography
Guy Joulin obtained his PhD degree from University of Poitiers in 1979 under the supervision of Paul Clavin.
Joulin is the recipient of the CNRS Silver Medal (1996).
See also
References
External links
French fluid dynamicists
Living people
Fellows of the Combustion Institute
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Poitiers alumni | Guy Joulin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 92 | [
"Fellows of the Combustion Institute",
"Combustion"
] |
78,365,778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20127334 | HD 127334 is a solitary Sun-like star in the northern constellation of Boötes. With an apparent magnitude of 6.36, it can be faintly seen by the naked eye from Earth as a yellow-hued dot of light. As such, it is listed in the Bright Star Catalogue as HR 5423. It is located at a distance of according to Gaia EDR3 parallax measurements.
Stellar properties
This is a G-type main-sequence star much like the Sun, with a spectral type of G5V CH0.3, where the suffix notation indicates an anomalous overabundance of the methylidyne radical. It is slightly more massive than the Sun but marginally cooler at or . The Sun's effective temperature, for comparison, is .
The star belongs to the thin disk population of the Milky Way and is thought to be ancient: its age estimate varies between publications, but generally lies between 7–11 Gyr, much older than the Solar System (aged 4.568 Gyr). Despite its old age, it is enriched in heavy elements, possessing a super-solar metallicity of or .
It has a low or very low level of surface activity, unlike some other similar stars such as Toliman (Alpha Centauri B).
HD 127334 has been a long-term target of the California Planet Search, but no exoplanets have been discovered to orbit the star.
See also
Solar analog
List of star systems within 75–80 light-years
References
G-type main-sequence stars
Boötes
127334
BD+42 02508
J14293678+4147456
070873
5423 | HD 127334 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 351 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
78,367,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abell%2030 | Abell 30 is a planetary nebula located in the constellation of Cancer, at a distance of 5,500 light years. It belongs in the rare category of born-again planetary nebulae, in which stellar activity started up again after the creation of the planetary nebula.
History
The planetary nebula was discovered by George O. Abell in photographic plates obtained during the Palomar Sky Survey. The discovery was published in 1966 in a list of 86 of old faint planetary nebulae known as the Abell Catalog of Planetary Nebulae. In 1979 it was found that the centre of the Abell 30, as well as Abell 78, was noticeably hotter and brighter than the rest of the nebula and features knots which were not visible in H-alpha. The mechanism that lead to the creation of the central knots was descripted in 1983.
Formation
A planetary nebula is formed in the late stage of the evolution of a sun-like star. After having steadily produced energy for several billion years through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its central region, or core, the star undergoes a series of energy crises related to the depletion of hydrogen and subsequent contraction of the core. These crises culminate in the star expanding a hundred-fold to become a red giant.
Eventually the outer envelope of the red giant is ejected and moves away from the star at a relatively sedate speed of less than 100,000 miles per hour. The star meanwhile is transformed from a cool giant into a hot, compact star known as a white dwarf that produces intense ultraviolet radiation and a fast wind of particles moving at about 6 million miles per hour. The interaction of the UV radiation and the fast wind with the ejected red giant envelope creates the planetary nebula, creating a large spherical shell. The outer shell has an observed age of 12,500 years.
In rare cases, the helium shell of the star reaches critical mass and fuses into carbon and oxygen in the region surrounding the star’s core and heats the outer envelope of the star so much that it temporarily becomes a red giant again, in what is known as a very late thermal pulse. The sequence of events – envelope ejection followed by a fast stellar wind – is repeated on a much faster scale than before, and a small-scale planetary nebula is created inside the original one. In a sense, the planetary nebula is reborn. This new activity created the knots in the inner part of the nebula. The expansion rate of the knots when observed by Hubble Space Telescope across a time span of 20 years indicates they have an age of 610 to 950 years.
Morphology
Abell 30 consists of an outer shell, a faint cloverleaf pattern, and a central star that is surrounded by knots. The outer shell has a radius of 63 arcseconds and brightens gradually up to a sharp edge. The cloverleaf pattern is more pronounced towards the southeast and southwest and reaches 26 arcseconds from the centre, almost half away to the edge.
The brightest knots lie within 10 arcseconds from the central star. Although originally four knots were identified, named J1 to J4, higher resolution images of the images revealed that they were composed of smaller knots and filaments. These smaller knots are cometary in appearance, with a length of several arcseconds and a width of less than half an arcsecond. The nebula has two bright polar knots, lying about seven arcseconds from the central star, and both feature a bow shock towards the central star. The other knots are arranged in a disk like the spokes of a wheel seen at an inclination of 60 degrees. To the southwest, where the bright knots are located, the knots form a fan.
The infrared morphology of the nebula is quite different. It features smooth disk-like emission extending along a northeast to southwest axis, passing through the central star and knot J4, while no enhancement is seen at knots J1 and J3. Along the axis also lie the brightest parts of the outer shell of the nebula. The X-ray emission of the nebula consists of a point source at the central star and diffuse emission associated with the knots and the cloverleaf structure. The diffuse emission is possibly the result of the material in the knots getting hit by the fast stellar wind and heated into plasma.
The central star of the planetary nebula has been found to have a spectral type between a carbon rich Wolf–Rayet star and a PG 1159 star, and is categorised as a [WC]-PG 1159 star. Its temperature is estimated to be 110,000 K. The star appears to be variable, with a period of 1.06 days. It is possible that the presence of a colder and dimmer companion is the source of the variability observed.
Composition
The central region of the nebula is notably depleted in hydrogen when observed in H-alpha emission and the knots appear to be rich in helium and lack hydrogen emission. More over, the composition of the knots isn't uniform. The abundance of helium indicates that all the hydrogen has been converted to helium. Also, oxygen, nitrogen and neon were detected in expected quantities, while carbon abundances were elevated. When the high abundance of carbon in the knot J3 was detected, derived by the λ4267 line, it was questioned. However the high abundance of carbon was also observed in the ultraviolet spectrum of the nebula.
A more detailed spectral analysis confirmed the chemical segregation of the knots. The polar knots (J1 and J3) have higher helium to hydrogen ratio, with 7 times more helium than hydrogen, than the other knots, where the He/H ratio is about 4. Also the abundances of oxygen and nitrogen in the polar knots is about an order of magnitude lower than those observed in planetary nebula while neon is about three times less. Contrary, knot 4 has the expected abundances of oxygen and nitrogen. The oxygen recombination lines indicate that the polar knots have cool, yet ionised carbon, oxygen and nitrogen in their core. The temperatures calculated from the oxygen recombination lines are 500 K for J1 and 2500 K for J3.
Around the central star carbon dust has been discovered in the infrared, lying at the same location with the knots. The total dust mass is estimated to be . Accounting for the carbon embedding in the dust, there is more carbon than oxygen in the ejecta of the nebula, favoring the very late thermal pulse model. The carbon dust is expected to destroyed around the central star and be pussed away by radiation pressure.
See also
Abell 78 - a similar planetary nebula
V605 Aquilae - the central star of Abell 58, that underwent a very late thermal pulse
Sakurai's Object - a star in a faint planetary nebula undergoing a very late thermal pulse
References
Abell 30
30
Cancer (constellation) | Abell 30 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,385 | [
"Cancer (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,369,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202719 | NGC2719 is a Magellanic irregular galaxy in the constellation of Lynx. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 3302 ± 16km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, one non redshift measurement gives a distance of . The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 28 March 1786.
Together with the galaxy PGC 25284 (also known as NGC 2719A), NGC 2719 is listed in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as Arp 202. The galaxy pair is also listed as Holm 105 in Erik Holmberg's A Study of Double and Multiple Galaxies Together with Inquiries into some General Metagalactic Problems, published in 1937.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 2719: SN 2024xkd (typeII, mag. 18.84) was discovered by GOTO on 6 October 2024.
Image gallery
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
2719
025281
+06-20-017
04718
Lynx (constellation)
17860328
Discoveries by William Herschel
202
Peculiar galaxies
Irregular galaxies | NGC 2719 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 242 | [
"Lynx (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,369,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppentheorie%20und%20Quantenmechanik | Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik, or The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics, is a textbook written by Hermann Weyl about the mathematical study of symmetry, group theory, and how to apply it to quantum physics. Weyl expanded on ideas he published in a 1927 paper, basing the text on lectures he gave at ETH Zurich during the 1927–28 academic year. The first edition was published by in Leipzig in 1928; a second edition followed in 1931, which was translated into English by Howard P. Robertson. Dover Publications issued a reprint of this translation in 1950.
John Archibald Wheeler wrote of learning quantum mechanics from Weyl's book, "His style is that of a smiling figure on horseback, cutting a clean way through, on a beautiful path, with a swift bright sword." Edward Condon called the text "authoritative". Julian Schwinger said of it, "I read and re-read that book, each time progressing a little farther, but I cannot say that I ever – not even to this day – fully mastered it." The book was one of the first works to give a quantitative statement of the uncertainty principle, which Werner Heisenberg had previously introduced in a less precise way. Weyl credited the idea to Wolfgang Pauli. (Robertson, who later translated Weyl's book into English, cited the argument Weyl gave as the basis for his own generalization of the uncertainty principle to arbitrary noncommuting observables.) Moreover, it contains an early description of density matrices and quantum entanglement, and it uses what quantum information theory would later call the Weyl–Heisenberg group to give a finite-dimensional version of the canonical commutation relation.
Weyl noted that Paul Dirac's relativistic quantum mechanics implied that the electron should have a positively charged anti-particle. The only known particle with a positive charge was the proton, but Weyl was convinced that the anti-electron had to have the same mass as the electron, and physicists had already established that protons are much more massive than electrons. Weyl wrote, "I fear that the clouds hanging over this part of the subject will roll together to form a new crisis in quantum physics." The discrepancy was resolved in 1932 with the discovery of the positron.
References
External links
1950 edition at the Internet Archive (registration required)
Hermann Weyl and the Application of Group Theory to Quantum Mechanics by George Mackey
1928 non-fiction books
1931 non-fiction books
Group theory
Mathematics textbooks
Physics textbooks
Quantum mechanics
German-language non-fiction books
Translations into English | Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 539 | [
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Works about quantum mechanics"
] |
78,370,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma%20Nilotica%20%28constellation%29 | Norma Nilotica (Genitive Normae Nilotica, Abbreviation NoN) is an obsolete constellation, or asterism, no longer in use by astronomers. Its name means "The Nile's Ruler" in Latin. It was created by Alexander Jamieson and first appeared in his book A Celestial Atlas, published in 1822. It subsequently appeared in Urania's Mirror (1824) and Elijah Hinsdale Burritt's 1835 book
Atlas Designed to Illustrate the Geography of the Heavens. The constellation is depicted as a measuring rod (or nilometer) held in the left hand of the water carrier Aquarius. Depicting Aquarius with a nilometer references the ancient Egyptian association of Aquarius with the flooding of the Nile river.
Up until 1928, when the IAU set boundaries for the constellations which covered the entire celestial sphere, stars which were not included within a constellation listed by Ptolemy were sometimes used for creating new constellations. Norma Nilotica was essentially a line extending from 9 Aquarii (just north of Capricornus) northwest to 3 Aquarii. Today, all of its stars fall within the modern boundaries of Aquarius.
Norma Nilotica is mentioned in Henry Melville's 1874 book Veritas. Revelation of mysteries, biblical, historical and social, by means of the Median and Persian laws which contains a multipage prose description of the constellations including:
Then comes the left hand of Aquarius, or the Greek Neptune or Hebrew Moses. In his hand
is the celebrated rod: it is the 24-inch gauge of the masons, and on it are marked or notched
the twenty-four hours. The present name is Norma Nilotica.
Charles Augustus Young mentioned the constellation in very briefly in his 1903 book Lessons in Astronomy, Including Uranography wherein he wrote:
Norma Nilotica, the rule with which the height of the Nile was measured, lies west of Scorpio, while Ara lies due south of Eta and Theta. Both are old Ptolemaic constellations, but are small and of little importance, at least to observers in our latitudes.
Note that this passage contains two errors: Norma Nilotica is not west of Scorpio and is not a Ptolemaic constellation.
Gallery
Aquarius (constellation)
Former constellations | Norma Nilotica (constellation) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 470 | [
"Former constellations",
"Constellations",
"Aquarius (constellation)"
] |
63,908,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device%20for%20Connection%20of%20Luminaires | Device for Connection of Luminaires (DCL) is a European standard for ceiling light fixtures introduced in 2005 and refined in 2009. It uses 6 ampere. DCL must carry the CE marking as per the Low Voltage Directive. DCL is only allowed to be installed with ground.
Adoption
External links
2005 introductions
Electrical power connectors
EN standards
European Union technology policy
61995 | Device for Connection of Luminaires | [
"Technology"
] | 80 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEC standards"
] |
63,908,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20National%20Primate%20Research%20Center | The Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) is a federally-funded biomedical research facility located on the Seattle campus of the University of Washington. The WaNPRC is one of seven National Primate Research Centers established by the National Institutes of Health in the 1960s The Washington primate center opened in 1961 and as of 2020, housed over 900 primates. The center is affiliated with the University of Washington Schools of Medicine, Public Health, affiliated research centers and the University of Washington Medical Center. It employs over 150 scientists and staff.
Administration
The Warren G. Magnuson Health Sciences Center on the Seattle campus of the University of Washington serves as the headquarters for the WaNPRC. The current director of the WaNPRC is Dr. Michele A. Basso, Professor in Biostructure and Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Washington School of Medicine. In addition to leading the center, Dr. Basso is also a neuroscientist who conducts research seeking fundamental mechanisms underlying neurological diseases with a special interest in Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
Research Facilities and Staff
In addition to its facilities on the University of Washington's Seattle campus, the WaNPRC leases facilities in the South Lake Union and Belltown neighborhoods of Seattle. Research at the center is conducted by a group of core staff scientists many of whom are also University of Washington faculty members. Core scientists at the center represent a variety of university departments. These include bioengineering, biological structure, electrical engineering, global health, immunology, laboratory medicine, medical genetics, microbiology, obstetrics & gynecology, oncology, pathology, pharmaceutics, physiology & biophysics, and psychology. Over 400 affiliate scientists also conduct research at the center. Collectively, these individuals conduct biomedical research in a wide variety of areas including:
Neuroscience
Infectious diseases including, HIV/AIDS, SARS CoV-2, Zika, malaria and influenza research
Reproductive science and women's health
Genomics, gene therapy and regenerative medicine
Immunogenetics
Primate conservation
The psychological well-being needs of nonhuman primates housed in captivity
Breeding colonies
The WaNPRC breeds monkeys in their Seattle facility and maintains an off-site breeding colony near Mesa, Arizona. This “specific pathogen free” breeding colony of pigtail macaques was established in 2013. This is an Indoor/outdoor facility housing compound with support facilities located on 21 acres of Tribal Land belonging to the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community. From 1966 through 1996, UW operated a Primate Field Station in Medical Lake, WA, in a former maximum-security prison building at Eastern State Hospital.
Oversight, Events, Issues and Responses
Animal studies at the center are regulated by a variety of agencies and organizations. The WaNPRC is inspected at least annually by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Studies are covered by regulations required by the National Institutes of Health and the primate center is accredited by AAALAC international, a private, nonprofit organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through voluntary accreditation and assessment programs. The primate center also self-reports to the NIH Office of Animal Laboratory Welfare when unexpected incidents that impact animals occur. Below is a list of incidents at the center, including incidents that led to animal deaths, along with responses by the USDA (citations, fines) and university responses.
1990s
Between 1990 and 1995, approximately eighteen primates died from dehydration at the center's facility in Medical Lake, WA. According to a news story in the Seattle Times, between 1990 and 1994, death rates of animals from non-experimental causes at the Medical Lake breeding facility were twice the rate from simple aging. According to that same article, at one point one working veterinarian was responsible for the care of 1,500 primates. In 1996 the Medical Lake station closed. Primates living at the facility were moved to Louisiana, Oregon, and Seattle.
2000s
In 2008, a public records request by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals revealed researchers had performed 41 surgeries on a group of 14 monkeys that were not previously approved.
In 2010, The Seattle Times reported that a primate had starved to death in UW's facility in 2009. The incident resulted in a USDA fine of $10,893. In the same article, the Seattle Times reported “the UW has spent millions to upgrade animal-care facilities and is now fully accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.”
2010s
Between May and June 2013, there were three separate incidents of young macaques being attacked by adult macaques. One of the animals died as a result of the attack. The other two were humanely euthanized due to the seriousness of their injuries.
In July 2015, a USDA inspection revealed that the center's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) had approved three protocols with incomplete descriptions, one of which led three primates having severe health issues and having to be euthanized. The first protocol involved surgical incisions, but did not provide information about the length or location of the incisions. The second protocol involved skull, arm, and vertebral implants, but lacked information about the size and location of the incisions, as well as what type of instrumentation was to be implanted. As a result, three of the primates used in this protocol had severe health issues and had to be euthanized. The third protocol involved skull implants, but lacked a description of the size and locations of the implants. It was noted in the report that one primate in this study had been subjected to surgery on a large portion of its skull, and as a result, the animal's eyebrow appeared to be depressed.
On December 12, 2016, a primate died under anesthesia during an experimental MRI-related procedure. According to USDA records, “The animal was monitored by research staff; however, no anesthetic monitoring records were maintained during this procedure.” The incident was self-reported by the university.
On January 8, 2017, an 8-year-old female pigtail macaque died of dehydration as the result of the water line in its cage being disconnected for two to three days. Animal husbandry logs indicated that twice daily checks had been performed every day prior to the incident to ensure the drinking hoses were functioning properly and food consumption logs had been normal. The incident was self-reported by the university.
In April 2018, a pigtail macaque accidentally asphyxiated using a chain adjacent to its cage. The involved enrichment device had not been properly installed. The facility self-reported the incident to NIH and OLAW officials. To prevent a similar incident in the future, the university determined all enrichment devices will be evaluated by a committee before being used with animals.
In 2019, a primate died during surgery. According to a USDA inspector “The surgery was uneventful; however, the animal went into respiratory arrest during the recovery period which lead to the need for CPR and re-intubation. During CPR, the animal was seen to vomit, and ingesta was aspirated. The animal was revived and appeared to be recovering but arrested again later and died.” The incident was self-reported by the university to regulatory agencies.
In 2019, a drug vial was found to be diluted, which resulted in a primate possibly receiving less than the recommended dose of analgesic. The animal did receive other pain relievers and did not appear to be in pain during that time and recovered uneventfully. The incident was self–reported to regulatory agencies Additionally, an inspection discovered that a controlled drug cabinet had been left open and unattended.
2020s
In January 2021, the USDA reported that a macaque had accidentally been left in a trapping run for 12 hours, without access to food or water. Although the staff looked in the trapping run, they did not see the animal. The macaque was moderately dehydrated, given immediate treatment, and had recovered by the next day. The incident was self-reported by the university.
In January 2021, the USDA reported that a macaque broke the locks between two cages and escaped into a room, which resulted in injuries to seven primates. All of the impacted animals were treated by the attending veterinarian and recovered from their injuries. The incident was self-reported by the university.
In August 2021, the USDA reported the temperature in a room containing 14 macaques was occasionally 5 to 7 degrees above normal highs over the course of several days. When the temperature deviation was identified, animal technicians opened inside doors and placed fans to provide increased air circulation. The HVAC unit was reset and functioned normally after the reset.
In August 2021, the USDA reported that a building containing over 200 macaques had a significant amount of rodent feces in the ceiling lights and on the floor in many locations. Staff reported they were aware of the problem and had taken steps to combat the issue. The facility installed door sweeps, live traps, and put foam around the foundation of the building.
According to a media report in 2023, the WaNPRC reported a monkey had been injured while inserting a recording device into the animal's brain. In response, the university conducted a full review and instituted training protocol changes to avoid future accidents. The involved animal recovered and was moved to social housing. The incident was self-reported by the university.
2021 Investigations by The Arizona Republic
Investigations
In October 2021, Rob O'Dell of The Arizona Republic published four reports based on a seven-month investigation into the WaNPRC's Arizona breeding facility. The investigations revealed several issues with the lab, including high rates of valley fever among macaques, chemically tainted water supplies, administrational problems at the center including a sexual harassment scandal, and the center having broken laws in transporting the macaques.
The first report from The Arizona Republic revealed that monkeys had been getting sick and dying from valley fever at high rates. The University of Washington said that at least 47 monkeys had died of valley fever over the past eight years. Experts from the University of Arizona and University of Washington said that when studying viruses such as HIV, experimenting on monkeys infected with valley fever can bias or ruin the results. The investigation also revealed that the center has had high mortality rates due to valley fever, and had to kill 18 monkeys in the fourth quarter of 2014 because of valley fever. Furthermore, mortality rates for infants was even higher, and was over 40% in the fourth quarter of 2018.
The second investigation by The Arizona Republic revealed that the monkeys' water supply at the breeding facility in Arizona, which comes from groundwater wells at the site, had been contaminated with lead, perchlorate, and other chemicals. These chemicals had been leached into the water from nearby defense contractor Nammo. Perchlorate affects hormone production and can cause improper brain development in infants.
The third investigation by The Arizona Republic revealed several administrational problems at the WaNPRC, including a sexual harassment scandal. Many of the problems were brought to attention by a 2018 review by the center's National Scientific Advisory Board (NSAB). The NSAB review said that the center was inadequately staffed, and had four different associate directors in eight years. Furthermore, it said that the center's Seattle campus did not have enough veterinary staff. The NSAB also claimed the center had low morale, partly due to a sexual harassment scandal involving Michael Katze, a division chief at the WaNPRC who was fired for harassing two of his employees. Katze's offenses included giving one employee money and gifts in exchange for sex, touching another employee, watching pornography at work, and frequently using profanity. The NSAB's report resulted in the National Institutes of Health restricting spending on some grant until the center responded to the NSAB's concerns. The Arizona Republic report also described how the center also recently hired Michele A. Basso as its new director, whose research had been suspended at the University of Wisconsin in 2009 due to poor methodology. More specifically, the University of Wisconsin's All Campus Animal Care and Use Committee said that Basso was uncooperative with veterinary staff, and often followed poor procedure, for example by inserting unsterilized materials into brain tissue, and having difficulties with some procedures. However, Basso denied wrongdoing and was supported by many of the University of Wisconsin's faculty. The Arizona Republic report also discussed financial problems at the center.
The fourth investigation by The Arizona Republic revealed that UW had failed to notify the Washington Department of Agriculture that several of its primates being transported from its breeding facility in Arizona to their lab in Washington had valley fever, which has been rampant in the breeding facility. Additionally, UW had broken several laws as it failed to provide both certificates of veterinary inspection as well as entry permits for many of the primates being transported. Furthermore, it was revealed that UW hadn't obtained entry permits for transported primates since 2014.
Response
In December 2021, the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) started an investigation of UW's breeding facility in Arizona as a result of The Arizona Republic investigations and a complaint filed by PETA.
In 2022, Rob O'Dell's reporting won the Ann Cottrell Free Animal Reporting Award from the National Press Club.
PETA Public Records Lawsuit
In 2020, PETA filed a public records lawsuit against the University of Washington, alleging that the university refused to turn over records at the WaNPRC.
During the court proceedings, the former director of the lab and experimenters testified under oath that they routinely deleted data from the lab.
In 2022, the King County Superior Court ruled in favor of PETA, and ordered UW to pay nearly $540,000 to PETA. The court concluded that the university failed to perform a sufficient search for records, and consistently destroyed evidence which made it impossible for the school to comply with public records law.
Prominent Criticism
In August 2022, five members of the United States Congress wrote a letter to the Director of the National Institutes of Health, Lawrence A. Tabak, asking for an explanation as to why the WaNPRC was recently awarded a $65 million grant despite "serious ethical concerns and noncompliance issues" at the center.
In October 2022, New Jersey senator Cory Booker wrote a letter to the Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services, Xavier Becerra, asking him to investigate why the WaNPRC's base operational funding grant was renewed, despite multiple issues with the center, including failure to maintain biosecurity, repeated animal welfare violations, financial issues, and failure to comply with state and federal laws. In his letter, Booker referenced revelations from the 2021 investigations by the Arizona Republic and the 2022 PETA lawsuit.
See also
Animal testing at the University of Washington
References
External links
WaNPRC home page
Primate research centers
Animal testing on non-human primates
University of Washington
Research institutes established in 1961
Research institutes in Seattle
Medical research institutes in the United States
Biomedical research foundations
1961 establishments in Washington (state) | Washington National Primate Research Center | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,102 | [
"Biotechnology organizations",
"Biomedical research foundations"
] |
63,909,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20testing%20at%20the%20University%20of%20Washington | The University of Washington practices animal testing for a variety of purposes, including biomedical testing and paramedic training. Testing is performed by faculty from various departments across the university, and is conducted on animals including dogs, rabbits, primates, pigs, sheep, gerbils, bobcats, ferrets, and coyotes. Testing on primates is done through the Washington National Primate Research Center, which is located on campus. Animal testing at UW is overseen by the university's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
Primate testing
Use of live pigs
Paramedic training
UW uses live pigs to train paramedics to perform a surgical airway procedure, in which a person's neck is cut into to create an emergency airway. This practice has received criticism from various individuals and organizations, including the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), members of the Washington House of Representatives, UW students, and paramedic Cindy Coker. The PCRM reported that each year UW uses 20-40 pigs for this training, after which the pigs are euthanized. In January 2017, eight members of the Washington House of Representatives sent a letter to UW asking them to consider replacing the procedures on pigs with other methods.
Surgical training
In 2019, UW's medical school resumed using live pigs for surgical training after a five-year hiatus. This decision was criticized by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine as well as UW professor Lisa Jones-Engel.
In November of 2021 The University of Washington confirmed that it has ended the use of live animals including pigs for the training of paramedics.
Incidents and controversies
Lab incidents
From 2011 to 2012, a member of a research team neglected to administer proper pain medication to thirty rabbits. On February 5, 2013, the same individual violated protocol by administering anesthesia to another rabbit improperly during surgery.
In 2013, a fractured pelvis was discovered in a rabbit, resulting in paralysis and euthanasia. Even though the laboratory claimed to have no explanation, it was discovered that a technician had handled the animal the day before, and a necropsy suggested that the injury occurred on that day.
In February 2014, the USDA discovered that a guinea pig had died, after receiving inadequate pain relief following an operation three days earlier.
IACUC membership confidentiality lawsuit
In 2022, due to pressure from the animal rights group PETA, the University of Washington agreed to publicly release the names of the members of UW's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
In response, the IACUC members, led by IACUC chair Jane Sullivan, sued UW claiming that public release of their names would threaten their safety.
Former UW IACUC member Lisa Jones-Engel criticized the attempt to keep the names private.
Jones-Engel claimed that hiding the names allows UW to hide the fact that the IACUC has an unbalanced composition and has a strong bias towards the promotion of animal experimentation.
In April 2022, a US district judge issued a preliminary injunction which prevented the release of the IACUC members' names.
Animal Research and Care Facility (ARCF)
A significant amount of animal testing at UW takes place at the Animal Research and Care Facility (ARCF), which is located at the south end of UW Seattle's campus on NE Pacific St.
Development
On November 14, 2013, UW's Board of Regents unanimously approved plans for a new animal testing lab. The facility was initially budgeted at $123.5 million. In January 2017, the Board of Regents approved an additional $18.5 million to finish construction.
Development of the lab was protested by animal rights activists. Several protests occurred during construction of the lab, with a large protest of about 500 people occurring on April 25, 2015.
In 2015, it was revealed by a King County Superior Court case that UW's governing board, the Board of Regents, violated Washington's Open Public Meetings Act law by discussing the new animal lab at the UW president's home. The judge determined that the Board of Regents violated the law on 24 occasions from 2012 to 2014, by discussing the animal lab and other business over dinner.
See also
Washington National Primate Research Center
References
External links
Animal Research and Care Facility (ARCF) Homepage
UW Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Homepage
Animal testing
Animal testing in the United States
University of Washington | Animal testing at the University of Washington | [
"Chemistry"
] | 909 | [
"Animal testing"
] |
63,909,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEM-function | In petroleum engineering, TEM (true effective mobility), also called TEM-function is a criterion to characterize dynamic two-phase flow characteristics of rocks (or dynamic rock quality). TEM is a function of relative permeability, porosity, absolute permeability and fluid viscosity, and can be determined for each fluid phase separately. TEM-function has been derived from Darcy's law for multiphase flow.
in which is the absolute permeability, is the relative permeability, φ is the porosity, and μ is the fluid viscosity.
Rocks with better fluid dynamics (i.e., experiencing a lower pressure drop in conducting a fluid phase) have higher TEM versus saturation curves. Rocks with lower TEM versus saturation curves resemble low quality systems.
TEM-function in analyzing relative permeability data is analogous with Leverett J-function in analyzing capillary pressure data. Furthermore, TEM-function in two-phase flow systems is an extension of RQI (rock quality index) for single-phase systems.
Also, TEM-function can be used for averaging relative permeability curves (for each fluid phase separately, i.e., water, oil, gas, ).
See also
Lak wettability index
USBM wettability index
References
Petroleum engineering | TEM-function | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 278 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Energy engineering",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
63,909,844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonella%20Buccianti | Antonella Buccianti (born 1960) is an Italian statistician and earth scientist, known for her work on the statistics of compositional data and its applications in geochemistry and geostatistics. She is an associate professor in the department of earth sciences at the University of Florence.
Education and career
Buccianti was born on 7 August 1960 in Florence. She earned a master's degree in stratigraphy from the University of Florence in 1988, including work done as a student with Agip, and completed a PhD at the University of Florence in 1994. She obtained a permanent research position at the university in 2001.
Books
Buccianti is the co-author, with Fabio Rosso, Fabio Vlacci, of the three-volume Italian book Metodi matematici e statistici nelle scienze della terra (2000). She is co-editor of Compositional Data Analysis in the Geosciences: From Theory to Practice (Geological Society, 2006) and Compositional Data Analysis: Theory and Applications (Wiley, 2011).
Recognition
Buccianti was the 2003 winner of the Felix Chayes Prize of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
21st-century Italian earth scientists
Italian statisticians
Women earth scientists
Women statisticians
Geochemists
Women geochemists
Academic staff of the University of Florence | Antonella Buccianti | [
"Chemistry"
] | 287 | [
"Geochemists",
"Women geochemists"
] |
63,910,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycan-protein%20interactions | Glycan-Protein interactions represent a class of biomolecular interactions that occur between free or protein-bound glycans and their cognate binding partners. Intramolecular glycan-protein (protein-glycan) interactions occur between glycans and proteins that they are covalently attached to. Together with protein-protein interactions, they form a mechanistic basis for many essential cell processes, especially for cell-cell interactions and host-cell interactions. For instance, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, employs its extensively glycosylated spike (S) protein to bind to the ACE2 receptor, allowing it to enter host cells. The spike protein is a trimeric structure, with each subunit containing 22 N-glycosylation sites, making it an attractive target for vaccine search.
Glycosylation, i.e., the addition of glycans (a generic name for monosaccharides and oligosaccharides) to a protein, is one of the major post-translational modification of proteins contributing to the enormous biological complexity of life. Indeed, three different hexoses could theoretically produce from 1056 to 27,648 unique trisaccharides in contrast to only 6 peptides or oligonucleotides formed from 3 amino acids or 3 nucleotides respectively. In contrast to template-driven protein biosynthesis, the "language" of glycosylation is still unknown, making glycobiology a hot topic of current research given their prevalence in living organisms.
The study of glycan-protein interactions provides insight into the mechanisms of cell-signaling and allows to create better-diagnosing tools for many diseases, including cancer. Indeed, there are no known types of cancer that do not involve erratic patterns of protein glycosylation.
Thermodynamics of Binding
The binding of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) to glycans could be modeled with simple equilibrium. Denoting glycans as and proteins as :
With an associated equilibrium constant of
Which is rearranged to give dissociation constant following biochemical conventions:
Given that many GBPs exhibit multivalency, this model may be expanded to account for multiple equilibria:
Denoting cumulative equilibrium of binding with ligands as
With corresponding equilibrium constant:
And writing material balance for protein ( denotes the total concentration of protein):
Expressing the terms through an equilibrium constant, a final result is found:
The concentration of free protein is, thus:
If , i.e. there is only one carbohydrate receptor domain, the equation reduces to
With increasing the concentration of free protein decreases; hence, the apparent decreases too.
Binding with aromatic rings
The chemical intuition suggests that the glycan-binding sites may be enriched in polar amino acid residues that form non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, with polar carbohydrates. Indeed, a statistical analysis of carbohydrate-binding pockets shows that aspartic acid and asparagine residues are present twice as often as would be predicted by chance. Surprisingly, there is an even stronger preference for aromatic amino acids: tryptophan has a 9-fold increase in prevalence, tyrosine a 3-fold one, and histidine a 2-fold increase. It has been shown that the underlying force is the interaction between the aromatic system and the in carbohydrate as shown in Figure 1. The interaction is identified if the °, the distance (distance from to ) is less than 4.5Å.
Effects of stereochemistry
This interaction strongly depends on the stereochemistry of the carbohydrate molecule. For example, consider the top () and bottom () faces of -D-Glucose and -D-Galactose. It has been shown that a single change in the stereochemistry at C4 carbon shifts preference for aromatic residues from side (2.7 fold preference for glucose) to the side (14 fold preference for galactose).
Effects of electronics
The comparison of electrostatic surface potentials (ESPs) of aromatic rings in tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine suggests that electronic effects also play a role in the binding to glycans (see Figure 2). After normalizing the electron densities for surface area, the tryptophan still remains the most electron rich acceptor of interactions, suggesting a possible reason for its 9-fold prevalence in carbohydrate binding pockets. Overall, the electrostatic potential maps follow the prevalence trend of Trp >> Tyr > (Phe) > His.
Carbohydrate-binding partners
There are many proteins capable of binding to glycans, including lectins, antibodies, microbial adhesins, viral agglutinins, etc.
Lectins
Lectins is a generic name for proteins with carbohydrate-recognizing domains (CRD). Although it became almost synonymous with glycan-binding proteins, it does not include antibodies which also belong to the class.
Lectins found in plants and fungi cells have been extensively used in research as a tool to detect, purify, and analyze glycans. However, useful lectins usually have sub-optimal specificities. For instance, Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1), a plant-extracted lectin capable of binding to human blood type O antigen, can also bind to unrelated glycans such as 2'-fucosyllactose, GalNAcα1-4(Fucα1-2)Galβ1-4GlcNAc, and Lewis-Y antigen.
Antibodies
Although antibodies exhibit nanomolar affinities toward protein antigens, the specificity against glycans is very limited. In fact, available antibodies may bind only <4% of the 7000 mammalian glycan antigens; moreover, most of those antibodies have low affinity and exhibit cross-reactivity.
Lambodies
In contrast with jawed vertebrates whose immunity is based on variable, diverse, and joining gene segments (VDJs) of immunoglobulins, the jawless invertebrates, such as lamprey and hagfish, create a receptor diversity by somatic DNA rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules that are incorporate in *vlr* genes (variable leukocyte receptors). Those LRR form 3D structures resembling curved solenoids that selectively bind specific glycans.
A study from University of Maryland has shown that lamprey antibodies (lambodies) could selectively bind to tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (such as Tn and TF) at nanomolar affinities. The T-nouvelle antigen (Tn) and TF are present in proteins in as much as 90% of different cancer cells after post-translational modification, whereas in healthy cells those antigens are much more complex. A selection of lambodies that could bind to aGPA, a human erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein that is covered with 16 TF moieties, through magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has yielded a leucine-rich lambody VLRB.aGPA.23. This lambody selectively stained (over healthy samples) cells from 14 different types of adenocarcinomas: bladder, esophagus, ovary, tongue, cheek, cervix, liver, nose, nasopharynx, greater omentum, colon, breast, larynx, and lung. Moreover, patients whose tissues stained positive with VLRB.aGPA.23 had a significantly smaller survival rate.
A close look at the crystal structure of VLRB.aGPA.23 reveals a tryptophan residue at position 187 right over the carbohydrate binding pocket.
Multivalency in structure
Many glycan binding proteins (GBPs) are oligomeric and typically contain multiple sites for glycan binding (also called carbohydrate-recognition domains). The ability to form multivalent protein-ligand interactions significantly enhances the strength of binding: while values for individual CRD-glycan interactions may be in the mM range, the overall affinity of GBP towards glycans may reach nanomolar or even picomolar ranges. The overall strength of interactions is described as avidity (in contrast with an affinity which describes single equilibrium). Sometimes the avidity is also called an apparent to emphasize the non-equilibrium nature of the interaction.
Common oligomerization structures of lectins are shown below. For example, galectins are usually observed as dimers, while intelectins form trimers and pentraxins assemble into pentamers. Larger structures, like hexameric Reg proteins, may assemble into membrane penetrating pores. Collectins may form even more bizarre complexes: bouquets of trimers or even cruciform-like structures (e.g. in SP-D).
Current Research
Given the importance of glycan-protein interactions, there is an ongoing research dedicated to the a) creation of new tools to detect glycan-protein interactions and b) using those tools to decipher the so-called sugar code.
Glycan Arrays
One of the most widely used tools for probing glycan-protein interactions is glycan arrays. A glycan array usually is an NHS- or epoxy-activated glass slides on which various glycans were printed using robotic printing. These commercially available arrays may contain up to 600 different glycans, specificity of which has been extensively studied.
Glycan-protein interactions may be detected by testing proteins of interest (or libraries of those) that bear fluorescent tags. The structure of the glycan-binding protein may be deciphered by several analytical methods based on mass-spectrometry, including MALDI-MS, LC-MS, tandem MS-MS, and/or 2D NMR.
Bioinformatics driven research
Computational methods have been applied to search for parameters (e.g. residue propensity, hydrophobicity, planarity) that could distinguish glycan-binding proteins from other surface patches. For example, a model trained on 19 non-homologous carbohydrate binding structures was able to predict carbohydrate-binding domains (CRDs) with an accuracy of 65% for non-enzymatic structures and 87% for enzymatic ones. Further studies have employed calculations of Van der Waals energies of protein-probe interactions and amino acid propensities to identify CRDs with 98% specificity at 73% sensitivity. More recent methods can predict CRDs even from protein sequences, by comparing the sequence with those for which structures are already known.
Sugar code
In contrast with protein studies, where a primary protein structure is unambiguously defined by the sequence of nucleotides (the genetic code), the glycobiology still cannot explain how a certain "message" is encoded using carbohydrates or how it is "read" and "translated" by other biological entities.
An interdisciplinary effort, combining chemistry, biology, and biochemistry, studies glycan-protein interactions to see how different sequences of carbohydrates initiate different cellular responses.
See also
Protein-protein interactions
Glycobiology
References
Glycoproteins
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Glycobiology
Protein–protein interaction assays | Glycan-protein interactions | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,429 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Protein–protein interaction assays",
"Carbohydrates",
"Biochemistry",
"Monosaccharides",
"Oligosaccharides",
"Glycoproteins",
"Glycobiology"
] |
63,911,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinophilia | In medicine, clinophilia is a sleep disorder described as the tendency of a patient to remain in bed in a reclined position without sleeping for prolonged periods of time.
Etymology and consequences
The word clinophilia means "liking to lie down" (from the Greek clino- [lying down] and -philia [love]).
It is one of the first symptoms of depression or schizophrenia, but is not in itself a disease. Clinophiliacs generally experience feelings of isolation and repressed sadness.
Description
This is a psychologically-based disorder sometimes found in depression or certain forms of schizophrenia. Clinophiles generally feel lonely. Care must be taken not to confuse this disorder with true hypersomnia, since in the latter patients sleep genuinely and very deeply, whereas in clinophilia, the long sleep times patients may describe are not objectively present. In clinophilia, if patients complain of oversleeping, this is due to psychic problems and not to a physiological defect in the wake/sleep system, as in idiopathic hypersomnia or narcolepsy. Similarly, it should not be confused with dysania, which describes a difficulty in getting out of bed, whereas clinophilia does not describe an "impediment" to getting up, but rather a "willingness" to lie down.
Clinophilia can also accompany a post-fall syndrome as part of an overall psychomotor regression in the elderly. Although it can affect anyone, clinophilia seems to be more prevalent in women aged between 20 and 40 (particularly after major hormonal changes) and in the elderly.
References
Medical terminology
Sleep disorders | Clinophilia | [
"Biology"
] | 345 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep",
"Sleep disorders"
] |
63,912,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoquinoline%20alkaloids | Isoquinoline alkaloids are natural products of the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from isoquinoline. They form the largest group among the alkaloids.
Isoquinoline alkaloids can be further classified based on their different chemical basic structures. The most common structural types are the benzylisoquinolines and the aporphines. According to current knowledge, a total of about 2500 isoquinoline alkaloids are known nowadays, which are mainly formed by plants.
Known examples
Occurrence in nature
The isoquinoline alkaloids are primarily formed in the plant families of Papaveraceae, Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae, Fumariaceae and Ranunculaceae.
The opium poppy, which belongs to the Papavaraceae family, is of great interest, since the isoquinoline alkaloids morphine, codeine, papaverine, noscapine and thebaine can be found in its latex. In addition to the opium poppy, there are other poppy plants, such as the celandine, in which isoquinoline alkaloids are found. Their latex contains berberine, which also occurs in other plant families, such as the Berberidaceae. An example of the Berberidaceae with the ingredient berberine is Berberis vulgaris.
The alkaloid tubocurarin is found in the hairy cartilage tree. There the Tubocurarin is extracted from the bark and roots.
Biological effect
In general, isoquinoline alkaloids can have different effects. The opium alkaloids may have sedative, psychotropic or analgesic properties. Morphine and codeine are indeed used as analgesics.
Papaverine, in contrast, has an antispasmodic effect if it comes from smooth muscles, as is the case in humans in the gastrointestinal tract or blood vessels. This is why it is used as an antispasmodic.
Tubocurarin impairs the transmission of stimuli in the nervous system, so that paralysis may occur in the affected organism.
References | Isoquinoline alkaloids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 440 | [
"Isoquinoline alkaloids",
"Alkaloids by chemical classification"
] |
63,913,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20Weapons%20Act%201996 | The Chemical Weapons Act 1996 was passed in the UK during the time of a Conservative government under John Major. It was adopted on the 03/04/1996 and came into force in 16/09/1996. This act was made so that the UK could be compliant with the 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and their Destruction. Not only that, but it also creates the criminal offence of producing, developing, handling or transferring chemical weapons. This act gives Britain extra territorial jurisdiction in regard to British nationals who are handling such material. This act also applies to Isle of Man, Guernsey and to Jersey. The department of trade and industry acts as a liaison between the UK and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
The general interpretation of chemical weapons according to this act is as follows:
"Toxic chemicals and their precursors"
"Munitions and other devices designed to cause death or harm through the toxic properties of toxic chemicals released by them"
And finally- "equipment designed for use in connection with munitions and devices falling within paragraph (b)"
Yet there are some exceptions to these rules. For example: the chemical weapons can be used for "peaceful purposes", "purposes related to protection against toxic chemicals", "legitimate military purposes" and "purposes of enforcing the law".
"Legitimate military purposes" are described as being military purposes, which do not cause harm to people, animals or otherwise harm them.
Section 33 of the Chemical Weapon's act requires The secretary of State to prepare a document on the operation of this act and present it to Parliament annually.
References
External links
Chemical weapons
Law of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1996 | Chemical Weapons Act 1996 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 343 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical weapons"
] |
63,913,241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203393 | NGC 3393 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. It is located at a distance of circa 180 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3393 is about 140,000 light-years across. It was discovered by John Herschel on March 24, 1835. It is a Type II Seyfert galaxy, known to host two supermassive black holes, which are the nearest known pair of supermassive black holes to Earth.
Characteristics
The galaxy is characterised as a barred spiral galaxy. At both ends of the bar H II regions are present. There is also evidence of a fainter inner bar. The fainter outer arms of the galaxy form a nearly complete ring.
Active galactic nucleus
NGC 3393 has been characterised as a Seyfert galaxy, a galaxy category which features bright point-like nuclei. NGC 3393 is a type II Seyfert galaxy. Its X-ray spectrum is more consistent with a Compton-thick cold reflection source, which means that the source is hidden behind dense material, mainly gas and dust, and the X-rays observed have been reflected.
Supermassive black holes
The source of activity in the active galactic nuclei is a supermassive black hole (SMBH) lying at the centre of the galaxy. Observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory revealed evidence for a pair of supermassive black holes in the centre of NGC 3393. The observation in hard X-rays, including emission from iron, showed two separate peaks, which were identified as black holes that are actively growing, generating X-ray emission as gas falls towards the black holes and becomes hotter. The obscured regions around both black holes block the copious amounts of optical and ultraviolet light produced by infalling material. They are the first pair of black holes found in a spiral galaxy like our Milky Way. The two black holes are separated by only 490 light years.
The two black holes in NGC 3393 are likely the remnant of a merger of two galaxies of unequal mass a billion or more years ago. Other evidence that supports the hypothesis of the galaxy merger include high pre-shock densities in the narrow-line region and low O/H and Mg/H abundances. However the N/H is more than predicted, probably due to the creation of Wolf–Rayet stars in the central region of the galaxy during the merger.
The total mass of the pair is estimated to be between 21 and 35 million .
Supernova
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3393, SN 2018aqi. The supernova was discovered by ASAS-SN on April 6, 2018, and had an apparent magnitude of 16.4 at discovery. By its spectrum, it was identified as a type Ia supernova 6 days before maximum brightness.
Nearby galaxies
NGC 3393 is the brightest galaxy in the NGC 3393 group, which also includes NGC 3369, NGC 3383, and ESO 501-086. NGC 3463 has also been proposed to be a member of the group. The group is part of the Hydra Supercluster.
References
External links
Barred spiral galaxies
Ring galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Hydra (constellation)
3393
32300
Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster
Galaxies discovered in 1835
Astronomical objects discovered in 1835
Discoveries by John Herschel
501-G100
-04-26-011 | NGC 3393 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 690 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
63,915,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpology | Carpology is a discipline of botany devoted to the study of seeds and fruits. The German inventor Joseph Gaertner, an 18th-century doctor and botanist, dedicated his life to the study of natural history. He considered its inventor. When the discipline is applied to archaeological remains, it is known as paleocarpology, which in turn is located within paleobotanical science.
Carpology pursues two objectives: to reconstruct the evolution of a certain plant species; and to recreate the landscape and, thus, its flora and fauna.
Carpology data is considered "auxiliary" for fields such as archeology. Among other things, carpology can distinguish between indigenous seeds and those that have been domesticated for human cultivation. Landscape flora can be extrapolated.
Numerous research centers host carpology departments. France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium or Germany are the European states with the longest history of this discipline. Teams are dedicated to carpology also in Spain and Italy.
Teams carry out research in places such as Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, or Tunisia. This work linked to archeology by exploiting carpological materials.
References
External links
ALONSO i MARTINEZ, N., De la llavor a la farina: els processos agrícoles protohistòrics a la Catalunya occidental, Monographies d'archéologie méditerranéenne 4, Lattes, Association pour la recherche archéologique en Languedoc oriental, 1999
BUXÓ, R. y PIQUÉ, R., La recogida de muestras en arqueobotánica: objetivos y propuestas metodológicas, Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2003.
BUXÓ, R., Arqueología de las plantas. La explotación económica de las semillas las frutas en el marco mediterráneo de la Península Ibérica, Crítica, Barcelona, 1997.
BUXÓ, R; MOLIST, M. (dir.), From the adoption of Agriculture to the Current Landscape: long term interaction between Men and Environment in the East Mediterranean Basin, European project ICA3-CT-2002-10022, Monografies 9, Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2007
DURAND, A., Les paysages médiévaux de Languedoc (Xe-XIIe siècles), Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 1998
Branches of botany
Methods in archaeology | Carpology | [
"Biology"
] | 544 | [
"Branches of botany"
] |
63,915,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20H.%20Thiemens | Mark Howard Thiemens is a distinguished professor and the John Doves Isaacs Endowed Chair in Natural Philosophy of Physical Sciences in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California San Diego. He is best known for the discovery of a new physical chemical phenomenon termed the mass independent isotope effect.
His studies have crossed a broad range of topics including basic physical and quantum chemistry, Solar System origin, tracking the origin and evolution of life on early Earth; stratospheric chemistry, climate change and greenhouse gas identification, Mars atmospheric chemistry, past and future and isotope geochemistry. His work combines photochemical isotope studies, both laboratory and synchrotron based, field work in the South Pole, Greenland Summit and the Tibetan Himalayas for climate and geological sampling across China for early Earth rock records.
His non-isotope work has included discovery of an unknown source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide that lead the global industrial elimination of all emissions, a major contribution to changing global climate change. Thiemens has worked on developing new imaging techniques for space mission return samples and detection of superconductivity in nature.
Education
Thiemens earned his bachelor of Science degree from the University of Miami. His studies with isotope geochemist Cesare Emiliani, PhD student of Harold Urey and a co-discoverer of paleoclimate temperature determination stimulated his interests in isotopes. Thiemens received a MS from Old Dominion University and PhD from Florida State University for his research using stable isotopes and particle identification using the FSU Van de Graff accelerator. He moved to the University of Chicago at the Enrico Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies (1977-1980) where he worked with Robert N. Clayton using lunar samples to track solar wind origin and evolution, meteorite cosmochemistry, and early atmospheric chemistry.
Career
Thiemens moved to the department of chemistry at the University of California San Diego in 1980, where he was hired as an assistant professor as a replacement for Hans Seuss and took over the laboratory of Nobel Laureate Harold Urey. He was promoted to full professor in 1989, and served as the chair of the department of chemistry and biochemistry from 1996-1999. He was the founding dean of the division of physical sciences and served from 1999-2016.
Research
Thiemens research at UCSD initiated after a rebuild of the Urey isotope ratio mass spectrometer to allow measurement of both oxygen isotope ratios (18O/16O, 17O/16O). His first publication as an assistant professor reported in Science the first mass independent isotope effect which occurred during ozone formation. This was the first demonstration of a chemical process that could alter isotope ratios in a manner independently of mass difference. Most strikingly was that the pattern of mass independent and the 17O/16O,18O/16O variation varied equally and reproduced the same pattern observed in primitive inclusions of the Allende carbonaceous chondritic meteorite. The underlying assumption for the inclusions anomaly deriving from a nucleosynthetic component was incorrect and new models for early Solar System formation were needed and have evolved since. Much of Thiemens research has been dedicated to experimentally exploring the relevant fractionation processes that may account for the observations; including synchrotron photodissociation effects in CO. The gas to particle formation process of the first solids in the nebula have also experimentally been shown to produce the mass independent anomaly. Meteoritic material studies of Thiemens in sulfur isotopes have shown that sulfonic acids from chondritic meteorites have shown that photochemical processes have been important contributor to their molecular synthesis as well other sulfur species. To interpret mass independent isotope effects during photodissociation, Thiemens has worked in collaboration with Raphy Levine of Hebrew University to interpret mass independent isotope effects during photodissociation and better explore the fundamental chemical physics of the processes. The understanding of the basis of the ozone effect has been extensively studied by Nobel Laureate Rudy Marcus and catalyzed deeper insight into the chemical physics.
Thiemens has worked broadly on understanding the Earth system. Thiemens and Trogler identified a source of 10% of the increasing emissions of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas with a radiative forcing 200 times CO2 on a per molecules basis and a 100 year plus lifetime with unidentified sources. It was shown that the manufacture of adipic acid, used in nylon production is a globally important source. In the year post publication, a global inter industry consortium banded together to eliminate all N2O emissions, with far reaching climate impact.
Thiemens work in atmospheric chemistry has had extensive impact. The atmospheric chemistry of oxygen isotopes has been used to define atmospheric ozone surface reactions on Mars across billion-year time scales and the oxygen isotopic carbonate record on Mars has been measured to deepen insight into reservoir mixing. Terrestrial atmospheric carbonate aerosol oxygen isotopic measurements allow heterogenous reaction chemistry in both atmospheres to be resolved. Mass independent sulfur isotopes in Mars meteorites were used to show ultra violet SO2 photochemical reactions in the past Martian atmosphere.
The Mars sulfur observations lead to one of the most important applications of the isotope effects. In the present Earth's atmosphere, the need for UV light to carry out SO2 photodissociation does not allow occurrence in today's lower atmosphere because of stratospheric ozone screening of UV light, but in a reduced oxygen atmosphere UV should pass through. Measurement of sulfur isotopes in the Earths earliest rock record revealed that large and variable mass independent sulfur isotope effects occur in 33S/32S, 36S/32S ratios, as observed in Mars meteorites and laboratory experiments. The short atmospheric lifetime of SO2 photochemistry is produced only with lowered O2-O3 level. For first time, oxygen levels in the earliest Earth could be determined. The sulfur work is widely used to track the origin and evolution of life.
Present day sulfur isotopic anomalies in sulfate from Antarctic and Greenland ice have been used to determine the influence of massive volcanoes on the stratosphere. Samples from a snow pit dug by Thiemens and colleagues have shown that there exist sources of sulfur chemistry that need to be included in studies of the atmosphere today and in the early Earth.
The inclusion of radiogenic 35S with the 4 stable sulfur isotopes have further enhanced mechanistic details of the contributors to the fractionation processes in the pre Cambrium era and today. An atmospheric sulfur anomaly is observed in diamonds and uniquely tracks atmosphere-mantle mixing dynamics on billion-year time scales.
Thiemens has used oxygen isotopes to study oxygen chemistry of the stratosphere and mesosphere using a rocket borne cryogenic whole air sampler. The intersection of O(1D) from ozone photolysis exchange with CO2 and passes the isotopic anomaly to be used as a tracer. The small effect in the O2 is removed by the process of photosynthesis and respiration and allows a new, highly sensitive way to quantify global primary productivity (GPP) in the world's oceans and, from oxygen trapped in ice cores across long time periods.
Using mass independent oxygen isotopes Thiemens and colleagues have applied them to further identify N2O sources. Thiemens developed the ability to measure naturally produced 35S (87-day half-life) to provide the first trans Pacific atmospheric Fukushima emissions and calculate the reactor neutronicity. Recently the method determined melting rates of the Tibetan Himalayan glaciers, the source of drinking water of 40% of the Earth's population. Thiemens has recently shown with his colleagues the first detection of superconductivity in nature, in this case in meteorites.
Service
Besides his service as Chair and Dean, Thiemens has been active in external service:
Board of directors, San Diego State University Research Foundation, 2006-2009
City of San Diego Science Advisory Board (2002-2005)
San Diego Natural History Museum Board of Trustees (2001-2006)
San Diego Chamber of Commerce Environmental Advisory Board 1998-1999.
ECO AID Board of Advisors (1999-2002)
Science Advisory Board. Office of Trade and Business Development. San Diego (2002)
Kyoto Prize Symposium San Diego organizing committee, UCSD Lead. 2006-2016.
Council, The Meteoritical Society, 2008-2011.
Committee on the Significance of International Transport of Air Pollutants (2008-2009) National Research Council. (Global Sources of Local Pollution Report)
Understanding the Impact of Selling the Helium Reserve (2008-2009). National Research Council (Selling the Nations Helium Reserve Report) National Research Council
Planetary Protection Committee. Mars Sample Return (2008-2009). National Research Council (Assessment of Planetary Protection for Mars Sample Return Mission)
Committee for Planetary Protection Standards for Icy Bodies in the Outer Solar System (2011) National Research Council
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems 2009-2016. National Academy of Sciences.
Searching for Life Across Space and Time. (2016-2017). Space Science Board Requested study.
Space Sciences Board (2014–present). National Academy of Sciences
Executive committee, Space Sciences Board (2018—present) National Academy of Sciences.
Associate editor, Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, 2007 to present. National Academy of Sciences
Honors
Dreyfus Foundation Teacher- Scholar Award (1986)
Alexander Von Humboldt Fellows Award (1990)
Alexander Von Humboldt Award (1993)
Elected, Fellow of the Meteoritical Society (1996)
Ernest O. Lawrence Medal, Department of Energy (1998)
Chancellors Associates Endowed Chair (1999–present)
American Chemical Society (San Diego) Distinguished Scientist of the year (2002)
Elected, Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002)
Distinguished Alumni Award, Old Dominion University (2003)
Press Club Headliner of the Year 2002 (2003)
Selected, San Diego City Beat, 33 People to Watch in 2003 (2003)
Creative Catalyst Award, UCSD-TV (2003)
Elected, Phi Beta Kappa (2005)
Elected, National Academy of Sciences (2006)
Minor Planet Named in his Honor: Asteroid (7004) Markthiemens. International Astronomical Union (2006).
Elected, Fellow American Geophysical Union (2006).
Elected, Fellow, Geochemical Society (2007)
Elected, Fellow, European Association for Geochemistry (2007)
Graduate Made Good, Distinguished Alumni, Omega Delta Kappa Honor Society, Florida State University (2007)
V.M. Goldschmidt Medal; The Geochemical Society. Awarded in Davos, Switzerland (2009)
Selected one of 100 Distinguished Graduates in 100 years of Florida State University History (2010).
Cozzarelli Prize, U.S. National Academy of Sciences for outstanding paper in Physical Sciences in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2011).
Elected Fellow, American Association Arts and Sciences (2013).
Albert Einstein Professor, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2014).
Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society (2017)
Miller Visiting Professor, University California Berkeley (2017)
Gauss Professorship, Göttingen Academy of Sciences, Germany (2017)
Gauss Professorship, Göttingen Academy of Sciences, Germany (2020)
Foreign Member, Royal Society (2024)
References
External links
Mark H. Thiemens at Google Scholar
Mark H. Thiemens at National Academy of Sciences
American physical chemists
American geochemists
Mark H. Thiemens
Mark H. Thiemens
American planetary scientists
1950 births
Living people
Recipients of the V. M. Goldschmidt Award | Mark H. Thiemens | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,349 | [
"Geochemists",
"Recipients of the V. M. Goldschmidt Award",
"American geochemists"
] |
63,915,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester%20H.%20Segal | Ester H. Segal is an Israeli nanotechnology researcher and professor in the Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, where she heads the Laboratory for Multifunctional Nanomaterials. She is also affiliated with the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. Segal is a specialist in porous silicon nanomaterials, as well as nanocomposite materials for active packaging technologies to extend the shelf life of food.
Education
Segal received her bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in 1997. She earned her master of science degree and PhD from the Technion in polymer science.
Research and career
Segal competed her graduate research with Moshe Narkis at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, where she developed electrically conductive polymer systems and their application as sensors for volatile organic compounds. After completing her PhD in 2004, Segal was awarded the Rothschild Postdoctoral Fellowship and joined the group of Michael J. Sailor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego from 2004 to 2007. There, she developed porous silicon nanomaterials for drug delivery and optical biosensing purposes. In 2007, She returned to Israel and joined the Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology to begin her own research lab. She was promoted to full professor in 2020.
Her research lab focuses on coupling materials science with chemistry and biotechnology to address problems in food technology and medicine. Specific areas include optical biosensing, silicon-based therapeutics, silicon-polymer hybrids, and food packaging technologies.
Optical biosensors
Fabry-Perot interferometers
Using electrochemical etched mesoporous silicon, Segal's research group has developed label-free, optical sensors by means of Fabry-Perot interferometry. These sensors, containing pores between 10 and 100 nm detect analytes such as proteins, DNA, whole bacteria cells, amphipathic molecules on lipid bilayers, organophosphorus compounds, heavy metal ions, and proteolytic products from enzymatic activity. Some of these sensors have been integrated with isotachophoresis and/or engineered with specific surface functions (e.g. attached proteins, enzymes, aptamers, and antimicrobial peptides) to enhance the limits of detection for analytes. She has helped engineer hybrid porous silicon materials for sensing purposes, including carbon dot-infused silicon transducers, hydrogel-confined silicon substrates, and polymer-silicon hybrids.
Diffraction gratings
Segal's research group engineered microstructured silicon optical sensors for the detection of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, in clinical samples and food. The microstructured substrates serve as reflective diffraction gratings for label-free measurements of refractive index. Her group (in collaboration with the Department of Urology at the Bnai Zion hospital and Ha'Emek Medical Center) developed a means of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing for clinical samples.
Porous silicon therapeutics
Segal and her research team engineered porous silicon carriers containing nerve growth factor for delivery to the brain in Alzheimer's models, in addition to carriers of anti-cancer drugs to diseased tissue and bone morphogenetic protein 2. She also demonstrated the delivery of anti-cancer drugs captured in silicon microparticles with a pneumatic capillary gene gun. She has studied the kinetics and degradation of porous silicon therapeutics in disease models, finding that porous silicon materials tend to degrade at faster rates in diseased tissue environments compared to healthy tissue.
Food packaging technologies
Some of Segal's research focuses on development of technologies for active packaging of food usually through the incorporation of polymers, nanomaterials, and essential oils. These materials have antimicrobial properties, allowing them to preserve food for longer times, and reduce food waste.
Professional activities
2019 ACS Advances in Measurement Science Lectureship Award for her work on photonic crystal sensing.
2019 Lady Globes named her one of Israel's top 50 most influential women.
2017 Discovery Award for Team Prismatix (part of UK Longitude Prize Contest) antimicrobial resistance testing technology
2016 Hershel Rich Innovation Award
2016 Daniel Shiran Memorial Research Prize for outstanding research in biomedicine
2015 Yanai Prize for Excellence in Academic Education
2014 Henry Taub Award for Academic Excellence
Entrepreneurship
Segal serves as the CTO to BactuSense Technologies Ltd and was the project coordinator of Nanopak, an EU-funded project that developed food packaging products in order to extend the shelf life of food.
Personal life
Segal is a cancer survivor, married, and has two children.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Israeli nanotechnologists
Israeli women engineers
Israeli chemical engineers
Polymer scientists and engineers
21st-century Israeli women scientists | Ester H. Segal | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,047 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
63,915,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico%20van%20der%20Vegt | Nico van der Vegt (born 1970 in Raalte) is a Dutch chemist and a professor for computational physical chemistry at Technische Universität Darmstadt.
Academic career
Van der Vegt studied chemical engineering and received his PhD from the University of Twente in 1998 on a study of methods for calculating thermodynamic and transport properties of small molecules in polymer membranes based on computer simulations. From 1998 to 2002, he was a lecturer at the University of Twente. Following this, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at ETH Zürich with Wilfred F. van Gunsteren from 2002 to 2003. He then led a research group at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. In 2009, he was appointed as a full professor for computational physical chemistry at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.
Research
His main research interests center on the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of liquids and soft matter systems. His work includes studies on the physical fundamentals and thermodynamics of aqueous solvation, including cosolvent and salt effects on the water solubility of macromolecules and the stability of proteins. To this end, he works on the development of intermolecular potential models and computational methods for atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of liquids, polymers, and biological materials. (ResearcherID: B-3441-2010).
References
External links
Website Van der Vegt Group
Website Department of Chemistry TU Darmstadt
Living people
1970 births
People from Raalte
Dutch physical chemists
21st-century Dutch chemists
20th-century Dutch chemists
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
Dutch expatriates in Germany
Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research people
Computational chemists
Dutch expatriates in Switzerland
University of Twente alumni | Nico van der Vegt | [
"Chemistry"
] | 373 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Computational chemists"
] |
63,916,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCKESZ%20G286.6-31.3 | PLCKESZ G286.6-31.3 is a galaxy cluster that is seen through the outer fringes of the Large Magellanic Cloud. It has 530 trillion times the Sun's mass, up to 100 galaxies, more than 700 star clusters, and hundreds to thousands of supergiant stars. It is invisible to the naked eye.
Notes and references
Galaxy clusters
Virgo (constellation) | PLCKESZ G286.6-31.3 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 84 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Galaxy clusters",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations"
] |
63,916,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira%20Fortunato | Elvira Maria Correia Fortunato (born 22 July 1964) is a Portuguese scientist and minister of science and technology. She is a professor in the Department of Materials Science at the NOVA School of Science and Technology and vice-rector of the NOVA University Lisbon. Fortunato is an innovator in the field of paper electronics, including transistors, memories, sensors, batteries, displays, antennas, and solar cells.
In 2022, Fortunato was appointed Minister of Science, Technology and Higher Education in the XXIII Constitutional Government of Portugal as an independent, succeeding Manuel Heitor.
Early life
Fortunato was born in Almada, and received her degree in Materials Science and Physics in 1987 from the NOVA School of Science and Technology and continued her graduate studies at the same university. In 1991, Fortunato received her master's degree in Semiconductor Materials and in 1995, her Ph.D. in Microelectronics and Optoelectronics. In 2005, she obtained her habilitation in the same field.
Career
Fortunato joined the faculty at the NOVA School of Science and Technology in 1995 and became director of the Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodeling, and Nanofabrication in 1998. She led a research team that achieved acclaim for inventing the paper transistor in 2008.
Fortunato is an elected member of Academy of Engineering, European Academy of Sciences, Lisbon Academy of Sciences, and Academia Europaea. She is Associate Editor of Rapid Research Letters Physica Status Solidi, Co-Editor of Europhysics Letters, and an Editorial Advisory Board Member of ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.
She has been the vice-rector of NOVA University Lisbon since 2017 and is in charge of coordinating the university's research.
In 2022, she was part of a group of 27 inspiring women from Europe, elected by the current French Presidency of the European Union.
In March 2022, she joined the Government of the Portuguese Republic as Minister of Science, Technology, and Higher Education.
Research
Fortunato's research focuses on exploring new electronic active materials that are environmentally friendly and compatible with flexible electronics. This led to the invention of the first paper transistor in 2008, which used paper, a low-cost and flexible biopolymer, as the insulator layer (gate dielectric) of a thin-film transistor, replacing the commonly used silicon. She pioneered European research on transparent electronics, namely thin-film transistors based on oxide semiconductors, demonstrating that oxide materials can be used as true semiconductors.
Fortunato's paper electronics technology has applications that include biosensors, radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags in shipping, and product inventory management
Honors and awards
Fortunato has received national and international awards for her work. In 2005, she received the prize for Scientific Excellence from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. In 2009, she was cited by the Portuguese Parliament for her research. In 2010, she was awarded membership in the Order of Prince Henry by then-Portuguese President Aníbal Cavaco Silva. In 2015, she was President of Portugal Day. In 2016, she was awarded the Blaise Pascal Medal in materials science by the European Academy of Sciences and in 2017, the Czochralski award in recognition of her research work in the area of Advanced Materials Science. In 2018, she received a European Research Council grant worth €3.5 million, the largest grant ever awarded to a Portuguese researcher at the time of the award. She was the recipient of the 2020 Pessoa Prize, recognized as the most important award of the Portuguese culture.
National orders
Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry the Navigator (8 June 2010)
References
External links
Elvira Fortunato profile at FCT-UNL
Elvira's Fortunato group
Advanced Science News: Elvira Fortunato and Rodrigo Martins named European Inventor Award 2016 finalists
Paper electronics: a sustainable multifunctional platform
1964 births
Living people
Members of Academia Europaea
People from Almada
Portuguese physicists
Members of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences
Portuguese women scientists
NOVA University Lisbon alumni
Academic staff of NOVA University Lisbon
Materials scientists and engineers
Portuguese inventors
Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry
Women government ministers of Portugal | Elvira Fortunato | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 877 | [
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials science"
] |
63,916,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier-Psychologie.%20Ist%20das%20Tier%20eine%20Maschine%20oder%20ein%20sensitives%20Wesen%3F | Tier-Psychologie. Ist das Tier eine Maschine oder ein sensitives Wesen?... (in English: Animal-Psychology. Is the animal a machine or a sensitive being?...) is a book written by Fritz Knickenberg (6 February 1863 – 14 July 1932). It was first published in 1908, by the Ulrich Moser's bookstore (J. Meyerhoff) in Graz and Leipzig. The book was published for laypeople and was intended to serve as explanatory literature for a previous publishment, namely Der Hund und sein Verstand (in English: The dog and his mind).
In this book, Knickenberg aims at combining the Christian worldview with the mechanistic explanation of animal behavior by emphasizing on the uniqueness of the human soul and the perfection of the mechanistic nature created by God.
Context
With the publication of his book, Knickenberg aims at providing background knowledge for his book 'Der Hund und sein "Verstand".', published in 1905, in which he addresses dog owners and their tendency to attribute human-like characteristics to their pets and that such analogies should not be made. Because the book did not contain many explanations to why such analogies should not be made, he decided to write a second book in order to introduce laypeople (i.e. dog owners) to the field of animal psychology. His intention for writing the present book was to defend the position of the absence of a soul in animals and to show that this does not cause damage to the Christian worldview, but that it complements it.
In the present book, he firmly emphasizes the distinction between the human mind and the animal mind and states that gained knowledge through introspection should not be applied to understand the animal mind. By taking position to the question in the title of his book, Knickenberg enters a scientific debate about the validity of comparative psychology. For the time of his publications, Knickenberg holds a conservative and not widely shared view on animal psychology. The view that animals cannot be compared to humans as they have no soul and function like machines is contrary to the anthropomorphic idea. Knickenberg aims at incorporating the research of his time to make it fit into a Christian worldview. He wants to make a clearer distinction between animals and humans by defining commonalities and differences between them.
With the release of Charles Darwin's book 'On the Origin of Species' in 1859, Darwin shared his anthropomorphic view of animals which enabled comparative psychologists to investigate human behavior on animals. Comparative psychology is the movement at the time of Knickenberg to which his publications are opposed to. Knickenberg makes use of Ivan Pavlov's research in classical conditioning from 1897, to emphasize the mechanistic nature of animals. With these findings, Pavlov also influences the field of behaviorism. Behaviorists diverge from Knickenbergs' view by applying the findings of classical conditioning to learn about human behavior. Knickenberg on the other hand, makes use of the stimulus–response model to reinforce the mechanistic view on animals, but not on humans as the human soul allows behavior outside the stimulus–response relationship. The mechanistic nature that is created by God to which Knickenberg is referring to in his book finds his inspiration in William Paley who set the conceptual origin for the term intelligent design.
Contents
In the preface of his book, Knickenberg explains he wants to explain how recently gained knowledge by natural philosophers in the field of comparative psychology can be understood in the context of a Christian worldview without contradicting themselves. The recent findings Knickenberg refers to in the preface revolve around the approach to use animals in scientific research and comparing them to humans, also known as comparative psychology.
Throughout the book, he denies the option of comparing animals to humans by pointing out a number of differences that set animals and humans further apart. Because animal behavior can only be inferred from idiosyncratic human experiences, as the own mind is the only accessible source which does not necessarily need to overlap with the experiences animals have, the projection from the human mind to the animal mind cannot be justified. Knickenberg states the human and animal brain are functionally alike, but compared to humans, animals are not in possession of a soul. The soul, he states, is responsible for the initiation of self-directed movements and because only humans are in possession of a soul, people should not attribute personal experiences to their environment. This means that animals do not have a free will. Animals can be understood as machines that fit in a very complex mechanism, called nature. This idea is also known as intelligent design. In consequence, measurable commonalities such as vegetative functions between humans and animals can be used to understand more about the human soul, so the functions that are not part of it. In contrast, taking a look at differences between animals and humans deepens the understanding of the unique features of the soul. For example, the quality of fantasizing is exclusive to us humans, so it must lie in our soul. This can be explained because animals are unable to learn something new that is not rooted in their instinct.
The lack of a soul in animals also comes with the consequence of having no feelings. Knickenberg holds the view that animals mechanically react to pain the same way as humans do, without having the feeling of pain. This give people the moral right to eat animals. Animal welfare organizations do not exist because no harm should be done to animals, but to prevent human brutalization. Because the behavioral reactions of animals to pain look very similar to human reactions to that sensation, people would more easily be willing to also hurt other humans. The animal is just the result of its mechanic parts, chopping off parts of the animal reduces their functionality.
Striving is another quality that is exclusive to humans. Animals are unable to suppress their instincts which forces them to live in the moment and solely follow their instincts. Conclusively, striving must be a trait that is connected to the soul as it is another quality exclusive to humans.
The behavior that can be observed from animals is merely driven by their instincts. Whereas humans are able to suppress their drives through willpower that is given by their soul, animals' behavior can be explained solely by their instincts that are triggered by the environment. The noises, for example, that animals make are driven by their instincts. Animals with less pronounced instincts, will also make less noises. The mechanic reaction to the environment through instincts without own intentions goes back to the mechanistic view Knickenberg is portraying of animals.
Knickenberg also focuses on the topic of learning] Because both animals and humans are capable to learn, this quality must lie in the brain and not in the soul. However, animals are more restricted in the way they learn. Because they are not in possession of a soul, they cannot learn from fantasy, nor can they reflect on their experiences and make decisions based on that. Animals are only able to learn based on their instincts. They can only learn passively (i.e. animals need to be exposed to something repeatedly in their environment). For animals, the brain only reacts to specific objects in their environment, namely those that trigger their instincts. Dogs for example, are taught in a way that something (e.g. pain) that is connected to their instincts (i.e. that evokes a behavioral reaction) will be paired with something else (e.g. the noise of a whistle) in order to evoke the behavioral reaction of pain when only blowing the whistle after the training is complete. Giving dogs a name works the same way. Calling a dog by his name while playing and feeding him, connects the name to the social drive of the animal. This leads to the dog approaching the owner as soon as the dog is called by his name. Therefore, learning in animals is the result of shaping their instincts. In some animals, like dogs, instinct can be shaped in a way to tame them, whereas for other animals it is not possible to make them associate sensations from their environment to their instincts.
Knickenberg rounds up his book by summarizing the message of his writings. He imposes that a mechanistic view on animals is beneficial for Christianity and does not contradict it because it allows an even clearer distinction between humans and animals. He also refers back to the idea of intelligent design. Defining nature as being a complex mechanism increases the power of God, because no one else is able to create such a well designed and working machinery.
Reception
Knickenbergs' publications were against the Zeitgeist concerning comparative psychology. Most scientists believed in the potential of comparative psychology and therefore, not many scientists shared Knickenberg's view at the time. Opinions of Knickenberg such as denying the existence of a soul in animals and suggesting a mechanistic nature were considered as extreme. Also, not many scientists saw the necessity of holding on to the Christian worldview. The view Knickenberg attempts to defend is not only considered as not conductive to reaching a goal at the time of his publications but also nowadays. The scientific success and validity of comparative psychology in the 21st century is well proven and founded. Nonetheless, this does not mean Knickenbergs' publications were not exerting any influence. The scientific method profits from a diverse research background. The concept of falsification drives comparative psychologists to strengthen their own scientific beliefs by falsifying Knickenbergs' idea of a mechanistic nature and therefore Knickenberg was indirectly involved in the advancement in the field of comparative psychology.
The book was used by Knickenberg to create an introduction of his views into animal psychology for laymen and intended to counteract the advancements in comparative psychology by uniting recent knowledge with the Christian idea about the distinction between animals and humans. This view, however, found very little support. The findings in comparative psychology in the years after his publication were overwhelming which led to the refutation of any other suggestions.
After the publication of the book, Knickenberg published the second and third edition of a book related to the history and nature of the region of Bad Iburg that was intended for tourists in that region and he published a book about the regulation of the succession on the Hanoverian farms according to the farm law, more specifically on marital property.
References
1908 non-fiction books
Ethology | Tier-Psychologie. Ist das Tier eine Maschine oder ein sensitives Wesen? | [
"Biology"
] | 2,137 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior"
] |
63,917,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-to-human%20transmission | Human-to-human transmission (HHT) is an epidemiologic vector, especially in case the disease is borne by individuals known as superspreaders. In these cases, the basic reproduction number of the virus, which is the average number of additional people that a single case will infect without any preventative measures, can be as high as 203.9. Interhuman transmission is a synonym for HHT.
The World Health Organization designation of a pandemic hinges on the demonstrable fact that there is sustained HHT in two regions of the world.
Synopsis
Relevant microbes may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, spraying of liquids, toilet flushing or any activities which generate aerosol particles or droplets or generate fomites, such as raising of dust.
Transfer efficiency depends not only on surface, but also on pathogen type. For example, avian influenza survives on both porous and non-porous materials for 144 hours.
The microbes may also be transmitted by poor use of cutlery or improper sanitation of dishes or bedlinen. Particularly problematic are toilet practices, which lead to the fecal–oral route. STDs are by definition spread through this vector.
List of HHT diseases
Examples of some HHT diseases are listed below.
measles: vaccine available
mumps: vaccine available
chicken pox: vaccine available
small pox
bubonic plague: slim non-nil risk
pneumonic plague: 1910-11 Manchurian plague
tuberculosis
Norovirus
monkeypox
SARS-CoV-1
SARS-CoV-2: vaccine available
MERS
Avian flu
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs):
Syphilis, aka French pox
References
Sources
Epidemiology
Parasitology
Infectious diseases
Sanitation
Hygiene
Global health
Epidemics | Human-to-human transmission | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 390 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
63,917,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydride | Carbohydrides (or carbide hydrides) are solid compounds in one phase composed of a metal with carbon and hydrogen in the form of carbide and hydride ions. The term carbohydride can also refer to a hydrocarbon.
Structure and bonding
Many of the transition metal carbohydrides are non-stochiometric, particularly with respect to the hydrogen that can vary in proportion up to a theoretical balanced proportion. The hydrogen and carbon occupy holes in the metal crystalline lattice. The carbon takes up octahedral sites (surrounded by six metal atoms) and the hydrogen takes up tetrahedral sites in the metal lattice. The hydrogen atoms go to sites away from the carbon atoms, and away from each other, at least 2 Å apart, so there are no covalent bonds between the carbon or hydrogen atoms. Overall the lattice retains a high symmetry of the original metal.
Nomenclature
A carbodeuteride (or carbo-deuteride) is a compound where the hydrogen is of the isotope deuterium.
Properties
Reactions
Metal carbide hydrides give off hydrogen when heated, and are in equilibrium with a partial pressure of hydrogen that depends on the temperature.
When Ca2LiC3H is heated with ammonium chloride, the gas C3H4 (methylacetylene-propadiene) is produced.
Comparisons
There are also metal cluster molecules and ions that contain both carbon and hydrogen. Methylidyne complexes contain the CH group with three bonds to a metal e.g. NiCH+ or PtCH+.
Natural occurrence
Iron carbide hydrides do not appear to be stable at the conditions present in the Earth's inner core, even though carbon or hydrogen have been proposed as alloying light elements in the core.
Applications
Carbohydrides are studied for their ability in hydrogen storage. Carbohydrides may be made when carbides are manufactured by milling, using hydrocarbons as a carbon source. Since the carbohydride is not the desired outcome, other material like graphite is added to try to maximise carbide production.
Preparation
Transition metal carbohydrides can be produced by heating a metal carbide in hydrogen, for example at 2000 °C and 3 bars. This reaction is exothermic, and just needs to be ignited at a much lower temperature. The process is called self-propagating high-temperature synthesis or SHS.
A hydrocarbide may be formed when the metal is milled in a hydrocarbon, for example in the manufacture of titanium carbide.
Rare earth carbohydrides can be prepared by heating a metal hydride with graphite in a closed metal container, with a hydrogen atmosphere.
List
References
Carbides
Hydrides
Mixed anion compounds | Carbohydride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 584 | [
"Ions",
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds"
] |
63,918,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20saturable-absorber%20mirror | Semiconductor saturable-absorber mirrors (SESAMs) are a type of saturable absorber used in mode locking lasers.
Semiconductor saturable absorbers were used for laser mode-locking as early as 1974 when p-type germanium was used to mode lock a laser which generated pulses of around 500 picoseconds. Modern SESAMs are III-V semiconductor single quantum well (SQW) or multiple quantum wells grown on semiconductor distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). They were initially used in a Resonant Pulse Modelocking (RPM) scheme as starting mechanisms for Ti:Sapphire lasers which employed KLM as a fast saturable absorber. RPM is another coupled-cavity mode-locking technique. Different from APM lasers which employ non-resonant Kerr-type phase nonlinearity for pulse shortening, RPM employs the amplitude nonlinearity provided by the resonant band filling effects of semiconductors. SESAMs were soon developed into intracavity saturable absorber devices because of more inherent simplicity with this structure. Since then, the use of SESAMs has enabled the pulse durations, average powers, pulse energies and repetition rates of ultra-fast solid-state lasers to be improved by several orders of magnitude. Average power of 60W and repetition rate up to 160 GHz were obtained. By using SESAM-assisted KLM, sub-six-femtosecond pulses directly from a Ti: Sapphire oscillator were achieved.
Ursula Keller invented and demonstrated the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) which demonstrated the first passively mode-locked diode-pumped solid-state laser in 1992. "For almost two decades since then, her group at ETH Zurich has continued to define and push the frontier in ultrafast solid-state lasers both with detailed theoretical models and with world-leading experimental results, demonstrating orders of magnitude improvement in key features such as pulse duration, energy, and repetition rate. She also helped to spearhead industrial transfer of this technology. Today most ultrashort lasers are based on SESAM modelocking, with important industrial applications ranging from optical communication, precision measurements, microscopy, ophthalmology, and micromachining."
A major advantage SESAMs have over other saturable absorber techniques is that absorber parameters can be easily controlled over a wide range of values. For example, saturation fluence can be controlled by varying the reflectivity of the top reflector while modulation depth and recovery time can be tailored by changing the low temperature growing conditions for the absorber layers. This freedom of design has further extended the application of SESAMs into modelocking of fiber lasers where a relatively high modulation depth is needed to ensure self-starting and operation stability. Fiber lasers working at 1 μm and 1.5 μm were successfully demonstrated.
References
Nonlinear optics
Optical devices | Semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 583 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical devices"
] |
63,918,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20on%20brand | The return on brand (ROB) is an indicator used to measure brand management performance. It is an indicator of the effectiveness of brand use in terms of generating net income, a special case of return on assets.
ROB is calculated as the ratio of net income to brand value:
Usage
Return on brand can be used in multi-criteria models for assessing the effectiveness of branding, as well as intellectual capital (since the brand is a component of relational capital).
It is believed that if the brand value of the company increases, its net profit should also increase, otherwise the value of ROB will decrease, which indicates a decrease in the effectiveness of brand management in terms of creating net profit. At the same time, if the brand value falls, and this does not lead to a decrease in the net profit of the enterprise, the ROB value increases, which indicates a relative increase in the brand management efficiency. The change in brand value itself, although it makes it possible to judge the effectiveness of brand management, is only indirectly, since the company does not sell the brand directly, because it is an intangible asset associated directly with company and its products. If a company sells its brand as an intangible asset to another organization, it terminates branding events with respect to it, since this function transfers to the new owner of the brand. Thus, ROB allows to clarify how effective it is for a company to change the value of the brand associated with it. For this reason, the diagnosis of the impact of brand value on a business is relevant only with a joint analysis of ROB.
Application examples
Return on brand can be applied in several branding assessment models:
The approach of T. Munoz and S. Kumar, who propose to build a branding assessment system based on three classes of metrics (perception metrics, behavioral metrics, financial metrics), which make it possible to evaluate branding effectiveness.
A model for assessing the effectiveness of branding based on the concept of contact branding, which is based on the fact that by isolating and controlling points of contact between the brand and the consumer, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of brand management.
See also
Return on capital (ROC)
Return on equity (ROE)
Return on investment (ROI)
Rate of return on a portfolio
List of business and finance abbreviations
References
Financial ratios | Return on brand | [
"Mathematics"
] | 465 | [
"Financial ratios",
"Quantity",
"Metrics"
] |
63,919,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydridonitride | In chemistry, a hydridonitride (nitridohydride, nitride hydride, or hydride nitride) is a chemical compound that contains both hydride () and nitride () ions. These inorganic compounds are distinct from inorganic amides and imides as the hydrogen does not share a bond with nitrogen, and usually contain a larger proportion of metals.
Structure
The hydride ion is stabilised by being surrounded by electropositive elements such as alkalis or alkaline earths. Quaternary compounds exist where nitrogen forms a complex with bonds to a transition or main group element. The hydride requires the presence of another alkaline earth element.
Production
Hydridonitrides may be produced by a process called self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) where a metal nitride is ignited in a hydrogen atmosphere.
A metal (Ti, Zr, Hf, Y) can also be ignited in an atmosphere mixing hydrogen and nitrogen, and a hydridonitride is formed exothermically.
The molten metal flux technique involves dissolving metal nitrides and hydrides in an excess of molten alkaline earth metal, by heating till everything is molten, and then cooling until crystals form, but the metal is still liquid. Draining the liquid metal (and centrifuging) leaves the crystals of hydridonitride behind. A eutectic molten metal allows it to be cooled more.
If liquid alkali metal is used as a flux to grow a hydridonitride crystal, excess metal can be removed using liquid ammonia.
Properties
Some hydridonitrides are sensitive to water vapour in air. For non-stoichimetric compounds, as the proportion of hydrogen increases, the unit cell dimensions also increase, so hydrogen is not merely filling holes. When heated to a sufficiently high temperature, hydridonitrides lose hydrogen first to form a metallic nitride or alloy.
Room temperature superconductor
One lutetium hydride doped with nitrogen is claimed to be a room-temperature superconductor at up to 21°C at a pressure of 1 GPa, which is considerably lower than for other polyhydrides. This has been called "red matter" as it is red under high pressure, but blue at ambient conditions. The claim has been met with some skepticism as it was made by the same team that made similar claims retracted by Nature in 2022, claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen in 2016 as well as other allegations. First attempts to replicate the results have failed. Ashcroft suggested metallic hydrogen could superconduct in 1968 at great pressures and in 2004 similarly that dense group IVa hydrides (as the new material) could also be superconductors at more accessible pressures.
List
References
Nitrides
Hydrides
Mixed anion compounds | Hydridonitride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 611 | [
"Ions",
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds"
] |
63,919,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium%28III%29%20fluoride | Holmium(III) fluoride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula of HoF3.
Preparation
Holmium(III) fluoride can be produced by reacting holmium oxide and ammonium fluoride, then crystallising it from the ammonium salt formed in solution:
It can also be prepared by directly reacting holmium with fluorine:
Properties
Holmium(III) fluoride is a yellowish powder that is insoluble in water. It has an orthorhombic crystal system (corresponding to β-YF3) with the space group Pnma (space group no. 62). However, there is also a trigonal low-temperature form of the lanthanum(III) fluoride type.
References
Holmium compounds
Fluorides
Lanthanide halides | Holmium(III) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 168 | [
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
63,920,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeafSpace | DeafSpace is an approach to architecture that is primarily informed by the unique ways in which deaf people live and inhabit space. The design concept can be applied to public and domestic spaces. Buildings, classrooms, hallways, furniture, and other spatial arrangements and technologies can be designed to suit people with hearing impairments and their way of being. Not to be confused with Universal design as it embodies much of Deaf culture as well as providing visual access in its designs.
The modern concept of deaf space utilizes the five principal concepts: sensory reach, space and proximity, mobility and proximity, light and color, and acoustics. It accounts for the visual and hearing abilities of the deaf person while also taking into consideration the visual sign language that they communicate in.
Five principal concepts
Modern design
The DeafSpace Program was established by architect Hansel Bauman, hbhm architects, when he was commissioned in 2005 by Gallaudet University, the world's first and only university for the deaf. The concept was originally thought to be “visu-centric, generally about visual orientation. However, Hansel Bauman considers the term as an incomplete depiction of the design concept when it validates the expression of identity, eases mobility, and enhances the overall well being of being deaf. Bauman designed his spaces to increase deaf people's access to express sign language and maximize their hearing assistive devices’ potential.
“It's a creative, cultural, experimental way of being in the world that has many benefits that we are just now starting to uncover, certainly in the world of architecture.”- Hansel Bauman
Currently Bauman is heading the design of DeafSpaces in Gallaudet University. He has designed two buildings from scratch and renovated the living spaces of its dormitories. The first of the buildings, Sorenson Language and Communications Center (SLCC), houses the university's audiology booths and its labs for visual language and learning, a center focused on hearing and the linguistics department. The science classrooms in Gallaudet utilizes unique octagon shaped lab tables with the intention to position the students to view both the teacher and the experiments at the same time.
Historical adaptations
Deaf door knocker
In the 1877, deaf people would utilize a "deaf door knocker" which involves pulling a knob connected to a heavy lead box, releasing it to make a very loud thud that can be felt across the floor. Gallaudet University's College Hall, originally a boys dormitory, utilized this knocker outside of each boys' room. Today, only one surviving model can be found outside the President's office.
In the 1890s, Olof Hanson, an alumnus thought to be the nation's first deaf architect, designed 54 homes, businesses, churches, and schools. His designs includes the Dawes House on Gallaudet campus, the North Dakota, Mississippi, and Illinois Schools for the Deaf. His designs is considered as the precursor to the DeafSpace principals of open spaces and natural light as his buildings were designed to facilitate visual communication.
Adaptations in use
People with hearing impairments have found many ways to adapt their living spaces to suit and increase access to their abilities. The adaptations range from electronic to renovations. There have been adaptations of switching the doorbell to blinking lights to alert the occupants of someone at the front door. Renovations involving the removal of walls that obstruct the view from the living room to the second room.
Some adaptations are legally required under the Americans with Disabilities Act which mandates equal access to a fire alarm system in areas that are public. It would require replacing the usual fire alarm with one that has a strobe light.
In educational spaces multiple schools for the deaf have found various ways to adapt their spaces to maximize their efficiency in teaching students with hearing disabilities. The most common adaptation is the seating arrangement in classrooms. Instead of having rows of desks, they are arranged in either a u-shape or circular in order to maximize each student's visual connection to each other. Some schools have installed additional light switches on the presenter's side of the room for the teacher to flick the lights to alert and attract students attention. Others have designed their buildings to have vibration sensitive floors to allow foot tapping to be felt across the room.
References
Deaf culture
Architectural design | DeafSpace | [
"Engineering"
] | 865 | [
"Design",
"Architectural design",
"Architecture"
] |
63,922,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202328 | NGC 2328 is a low-luminosity, early-type (lenticular) galaxy. It is located in the Puppis constellation. NGC 2328 is its New General Catalogue designation. It is located about 59 million light-years (18 Megaparsecs) away from the Sun.
NGC 2328 was imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, revealing a ring of star clusters near the center of the galaxy. These star clusters are massive, and are consequently quite young as well.
References
20046
2328
Puppis
Lenticular galaxies | NGC 2328 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 112 | [
"Puppis",
"Constellations"
] |
63,922,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassis%20spathulata | Sparassis spathulata is a species of fungus in the genus Sparassis. It has the variant Sparassis spathulata f. herbstii. (previously considered S. herbstii).
It may be confused with the more intricately lobed S. crispa, but is a good edible as well.
References
Edible fungi
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Polyporales
Fungus species | Sparassis spathulata | [
"Biology"
] | 85 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
63,922,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20Research%20and%20Development%20Establishment | The Mining Research and Development Establishment (MRDE) was a division of the National Coal Board. Its site in Bretby, Derbyshire is now a commercial business park.
History
MRDE's function was research into and testing of mining equipment and procedures.
It was created in 1969 with a merger between the Central Engineering Establishment (CEE) and the Mining Research Establishment (MRE). MRE was set up in 1951 to work on projects in conjunction with National Coal Board (NCB) headquarters divisions such as the Production Department and Scientific Department. It was based at Isleworth in West London. CEE was created in 1954 to work on research and development projects in conjunction with other departments, and was based at Bretby. In 1985 the MRDE merged with the Mining Department.
Awards
It won the Queens Award for Technological Achievement in 1991 for its extraction drum for dust and frictional ignition control.
Structure
The site was on the south side of the A511 in the south of Derbyshire.
See also
National Coal Board
References
Coal mining in the United Kingdom
Engineering research institutes
Mining engineering
Mining organizations
Science and technology in Derbyshire
South Derbyshire District | Mining Research and Development Establishment | [
"Engineering"
] | 227 | [
"Mining engineering",
"Engineering research institutes"
] |
63,922,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20546 | NGC 546 (also known as ESO 296-25, IRAS 01229-3819, MCG −6-4-29 and PGC 5255) is a barred spiral galaxy about 270 million light years away from Earth and located in the constellation Sculptor. The largest diameter is 1.40 (122 thousand light years) and the smallest is 0.5 angular minutes (43 thousand light years). The first discovery was made by John Frederick William Herschel on 23 October 1835.
References
Barred spiral galaxies
Sculptor (constellation)
Galaxies discovered in 1835
0546
005255 | NGC 546 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 120 | [
"Constellations",
"Sculptor (constellation)"
] |
63,922,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro05-4082 | Ro05-4082 (N-methylclonazepam, ID-690) is a benzodiazepine derivative developed in the 1970s. It has sedative and hypnotic properties, and has around the same potency as clonazepam itself. It was never introduced into clinical use. It is a structural isomer of meclonazepam (3-methylclonazepam), and similarly has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Sweden in 2017.
See also
Clonazolam
Cloniprazepam
Flunitrazepam
References
Abandoned drugs
Pharmacology
Nervous system
Designer drugs | Ro05-4082 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 139 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Nervous system",
"Drug safety",
"Organ systems",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,026,607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration%20of%20dwarf%20planets | The exploration of dwarf planets involves studying these celestial bodies within the Solar System. Since Pluto's reclassification as a dwarf planet in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), space exploration has increasingly focused on these celestial bodies.
In 2015 significant milestones in dwarf planet exploration were reached with the flybys of Pluto and Ceres by the New Horizons and Dawn spacecraft.
Technical requirements
Exploring dwarf planets demands significant fuel resources, which vary depending on the targeted celestial bodies. However, various methods have been developed to conserve fuel in probes traveling long distances.
Missions to dwarf planets in the outer Solar System necessitate careful planning and execution, with spacecraft hibernation employed specifically to conserve energy for the prolonged interplanetary journeys. This allows the spacecraft to endure the extended travel time while maintaining essential functions for navigation and communication.
Successful missions to distant dwarf planets also require substantial fuel reserves on board. These reserves are crucial for trajectory adjustments, course corrections, and orbital insertions upon arrival at the target dwarf planet. The spacecraft's propulsion systems must deliver the necessary thrust over long distances to counter the gravitational influences of celestial bodies encountered during the journey.
Gravity assists are critical for optimizing spacecraft trajectories and accelerating them toward their target dwarf planets. During a gravity assist, the spacecraft uses the gravitational pull of celestial bodies, such as planets or moons, to gain momentum and alter its trajectory without expending extra fuel. Careful planning of these maneuvers can significantly reduce travel time and fuel requirements for reaching distant dwarf planets.
High-gain antennas are pivotal in space exploration, especially in missions to distant celestial bodies like dwarf planets. Unlike conventional antennas, high-gain antennas concentrate their radiation pattern into a narrow beam, enhancing signal strength and data transmission rates. This feature is vital for maintaining uninterrupted contact with spacecraft operating in the remote reaches of the Solar System, where radio signals undergo significant attenuation. By leveraging high-gain antennas, mission controllers can receive crucial scientific data and telemetry from spacecraft exploring dwarf planets, enabling real-time monitoring and operational control. Furthermore, these antennas facilitate the exchange of commands and instructions, empowering spacecraft to execute intricate maneuvers and scientific observations autonomously.
Flyby missions
2010s
Dawn program (2015)
In September 2007, the Dawn spacecraft launched on a mission from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17 on a mission to explore two of the three largest bodies in the asteroid belt, 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres. After nearly four years, Dawn entered orbit around Vesta on July 16, 2011. Subsequently, on September 5, 2012, it concluded its Vesta mission and commenced its journey to Ceres.
On December 1, 2014, Dawn captured images revealing an extended disc around Ceres. In January 2015, it compiled a series of images of Ceres into a stop-motion animation, depicting its rotation in low resolution. Following January 26, 2015, Dawn obtained higher-quality images than those captured by ground telescopes. It entered orbit around Ceres on March 6, 2015.
On October 31, 2018, Dawn exhausted its fuel reserves and lost communication with Earth. The spacecraft will remain in orbit around Ceres until at least 2038.
New Horizons program (2015)
In 2006, the New Horizons probe launched on its mission to explore the Plutonian system.
In 2007, New Horizons performed a gravity assist using Jupiter. This maneuver increased the probe's velocity by , cutting its travel time to Pluto by three years.
On February 4, 2015, New Horizons entered the Plutonian system, capturing images of Pluto and its moon Charon from about away. From April to June 2015, New Horizons delivered higher-quality images than those from ground telescopes.
On July 14, 2015, the New Horizons probe took close-up photos of Pluto from 18,000 kilometers away. The data collected was transmitted to Earth and received on September 13, 2015.
Proposed probes
2040s
IHP-1 (2040)
IHP-1 is a proposed spacecraft in the Shensuo program (), designed to fly by Jupiter, the dwarf planet 50000 Quaoar, and its moon Weywot, before heading into interstellar space.
IHP-1 is set to launch with IHP-2 and the proposed IHP-3. IHP-1 will use gravity assists from Earth in October 2025 and December 2027. It will then fly by Jupiter in March 2029, traveling towards the heliosphere. On its way to interstellar space, it will encounter 50000 Quaoar and its moon Weywot in 2040.
Proposed probes list
"Status" column legend
Human exploration
The concept of human exploration of dwarf planets has intrigued scientists since Pluto's discovery in 1930. Despite the vast distances and significant challenges, advancements in space technology could make such endeavors possible. Colonizing dwarf planets offers potential economic benefits due to the presence of rare and valuable ores.
Mining operations on dwarf planets present significant economic opportunities. These bodies may harbor rare elements and minerals, including hydrocarbons and precious metals like platinum.
Notes
References
Dwarf planets
Discovery and exploration of the Solar System | Exploration of dwarf planets | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,040 | [
"Discovery and exploration of the Solar System",
"Solar System",
"History of astronomy"
] |
77,027,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C11H13N3O5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C11H13N3O5}}
The molecular formula C11H13N3O5 may refer to:
EICAR (antiviral)
Propenidazole | C11H13N3O5 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 46 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
77,028,335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androprostamine | Androprostamines are a pair of chemical compounds isolated from Streptomyces. They are designated androprostamine A and androprostamine B.
History
Androprostamine A (APA) is a natural product of Streptomyces sp MK932-CF8 strain. The APA-producing strain was isolated from a soil sample collected in Yokohama, Japan. Andropostamine A was isolated from the fermented broth along with androprostamine B and the related chemical compound resormycin. Androprostamines are known as peptide compounds that share similarities to resormycin but with three distinct non-proteinogenic amino acids. These non-proteinogenic amino acids are dehydroamino acid at the C- terminus,6-homolysine and hydroxyvaline.
Preclinical study
Andropostamine A is an inhibitor of the androgen receptor (AR) and was discovered through extensive screening of cultured broths from different microorganisms. Androprostamine A showed potent inhibition against androgen-dependent proliferation of human prostate cancer LNCap and VCaP cells.
Androprostamine A has been further studied in cancer since it was first isolated and has continued to be studied in prostate cancer. It has been tested on different cancer cell lines such as breast, ovarian, and even AR-negative prostate cancers. Still, it has demonstrated inhibition toward AR-positive prostate cancer, showing that it is highly selective for AR-positive prostate cancer.
Mechanism of action
Based on previous studies, APA is a potent inhibitor against androgen-dependent growth of LNCaP and VCaP cells, Its mechanism of inhibition is still unknown.
Physicochemical properties
The chemical formulas of androprostamines A and B are C26H38ClN5O10 and C31H45ClN6O11, respectively. Their molecular weights are 616.06 g/mol and 713.18 g/mol.
Synthesis
A total synthesis of androprostamine A was reported by Hikaru Abe and co-workers.
References
Chloroarenes
Phenols
Carboxylic acids
Amino acid derivatives | Androprostamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 462 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,028,629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast%20Walk%20Trail%20La%20Jolla | Coast Walk Trail is a pedestrian trail along the bluffs above sea caves in La Jolla, a community of San Diego, California.
Location
The main trail follows the length of a span of rocky cliff bluffs of Cretaceous-age sandstone with terraces which range in height from at Goldfish Point to . These terraced cliffs are usually filled with nesting cormorants, pelicans, and other sea birds.
History
Pre-1887
La Jolla was the location of a large habitation area known to early Kumeyaay inhabitants as Mut kula xuy (place of many caves). Spindrift, also called the La Jolla Complex, encompasses the parcel of coastal land along La Jolla Shores down to La Jolla Cove. The area is rich in archaeological sources. The Kumeyaay refer to the area as the "Holy Land."
1887-present
In the mid-1880s, the anticipated arrival of the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe Railroads led to a real estate boom along the Southern California Coast. La Jolla, a remote area best known for its natural scenery, was targeted by developers for the construction of tourist facilities and residential housing. La Jolla Park was first subdivided and sold in 1887.
With the arrival of the San Diego, Pacific Beach, and La Jolla Railroad in 1894, La Jolla became a popular tourist destination that attracted visitors from the East, particularly during the winter months. The population increased from zero in 1887 to 350 in 1900.
Coast Walk Trail was promoted as an attraction by San Diego, Pacific Beach, and La Jolla Railroad. It provided precarious access to the rocky beaches below the La Jolla Caves where algae, seaweed, and sea moss, could be found. The collection of sea mosses was a popular pastime in the late Victorian era. Specimens were arranged into artistic shapes, dried, and pressed into card-stock booklets as souvenirs.
Initially, seaweed collectors had to slide down a steep notch in the sheer vertical face of the cliff above the caves, named Devil's Slide. In 1899, the railroad financed the construction of the footbridge over Devil's Slide and a much-photographed wooden stairway that survived intact until 1962.
In 1919, local philanthropist George W. Marston funded Los Angeles landscape designer Ralph D. Cornell to develop a plan for landscaping the area from Goldfish Point to Devil's Slide, to include the area along Coast Walk.
During the Great Depression, the Community Welfare Committee of the La Jolla Chamber of Commerce repaired the footbridge and stairs to the beach, and built cobble drains to prevent erosion.
The pedestrian path was named Coast Walk in 1963 when the City of San Diego Common Council set aside a public easement for the trail. A survey in 1993 confirmed the location of the public right of way.
Historic Preservation
In 1990, Coast Walk Trail and the Devil's Slide Footbridge were designated as a San Diego Historical Landmark (HRBS 288). They are contributing resources to The La Jolla Park Coastal Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 2024.
The Friends of Coast Walk help the City of San Diego Parks & Recreation department to maintain Coast Walk Trail. In 2022, The Friends of Coast Walk won the 2022 People in Preservation Award from Save Our Heritage Organisation (SOHO).
References
External links
Friends of Coast Walk Trail
Hiking
Trails
Urban planning
Walking
Municipal parks in California
Parks in San Diego
Footpaths in the United States
Geography of San Diego County, California
Transportation in San Diego County, California
Tourist attractions in San Diego County, California
History of San Diego County, California
La Jolla, San Diego
National Register of Historic Places in San Diego | Coast Walk Trail La Jolla | [
"Engineering"
] | 751 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
77,030,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladyslaw%20Opechowski | Wladyslaw Opechowski (Polish: Władysław Opęchowski, 10 March 1911 – 27 September 1993) was a Polish and Canadian theoretical physicist. He is known for the work on the quantum theory of magnetism and group-theoretic classification of magnetic structures, which led to the Opechowski–Guccione convention in magnetic space groups.
Education and career
Opechowski was born in Warsaw as the son of Edward Opechowski, an electrical engineer, and Wanda Pelz, a social activist. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Warsaw from 1931 to 1935. In 1935, he completed a research internship in France at the University of Paris and in the Netherlands, where he was an assistant for Hans Kramers and later studied under Adriaan Fokker and Léon Rosenfeld. After returning to Poland in 1937, he became an assistant of Czesław Białobrzeski at the Department of Theoretical Physics of the University of Warsaw, and also started teaching at the university. Opechowski moved to Leiden University in 1939 and remained working there until 1945. This was followed by another research position at the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium from 1945 to 1948 in Eindhoven.
Opechowski emigrated to Vancouver, Canada in September 1948 and became a professor of physics at the University of British Columbia and remained there for the rest of his career. After retiring in 1976, he continued to work there as an emeritus professor.
Honors and awards
Opechowski served as the Lorentz chair and delivered the invited lecture at Leiden University from 1964 to 1965. He became a member of the Royal Society of Canada since 1960. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Wroclaw in 1973. He received the Marian Smoluchowski Medal from the Polish Physical Society in 1982.
Bibliography
References
1911 births
1993 deaths
University of Warsaw alumni
Academic staff of the University of Warsaw
People from Warsaw
Polish physicists
Theoretical physicists
Condensed matter physicists
Crystallographers
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Philips employees | Wladyslaw Opechowski | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 416 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Theoretical physics",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Crystallographers",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
77,030,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECULOOS-3 | SPECULOOS-3, also known as LSPM J2049+3336, is a red dwarf star (spectral type M6.5) located 54.6 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the smallest known stars, and is much cooler, dimmer and smaller than the Sun, having 0.1 times the mass, 0.08% the Sun's luminosity, and an effective temperature of , which is less than half of the Sun's temperature (5,772K). It is orbited by one known exoplanet, and is the second ultra-cool dwarf discovered to have a planetary system, after TRAPPIST-1.
Stellar properties
The age of SPECULOOS-3 is constrained at 6.6 billion years, 44% older than the Solar System, with significant margins of error. A bayesian analysis of the star derived a mass of , an effective temperature of and a luminosity of . These characteristics classify SPECULOOS-3 as an ultracool dwarf, which are stars at the end of the main sequence, with low temperatures, low luminosites and sizes similar to Jupiter. It is spinning at a rotational velocity of 4.8 km/s and has a projected rotational period of 1.34 days.
The stellar radius, computed using the Stefan–Boltzmann law, is . This makes SPECULOOS-3 the second-smallest star known to host a transiting planet, just marginally larger than TRAPPIST-1, and its size is similar to that of Jupiter. Its apparent magnitude is estimated at 17.8, which is too faint to be seen by the naked eye.
It was first discovered in 2005 as part of the LSPM-North catalog, whose objective was to map stars in the northern celestial hemisphere with proper motions larger than 0.15" per year and apparent magnitudes smaller than 21. Its trignometric parallax was first measured in 2014 at , translating into a distance of . Gaia Data Release 3 (2023) published a parallax of 59.7 milliarcseconds, translating into a distance of . This make this star relatively close to Earth.
Red dwarf stars such as SPECULOOS-3 are the most numerous type of stars, making up 70% of all stars in the Milky Way galaxy. They are expected to live 10 times more than the Sun, with lifespans longer than 100 billion years.
Planetary system
SPECULOOS-3 hosts one exoplanet, discovered in 2024 via the transit method. Named SPECULOOS-3 b, it is an Earth-sized exoplanet that has a radius similar to that of Earth, equivalent to 0.98 Earth radii. It takes only about 17 hours to complete an orbit around SPECULOOS-3, and, because of that proximity, it receives very high levels of radiation and is likely tidally locked, meaning that one side of the planet always faces its host star. Its discovery was made using the SPECULOOS project, and was announced on 15 May 2024 in the academic journal Nature Astronomy.
The mass of SPECULOOS-3 b has been not measured, but it has been estimated by NASA's Eyes on Exoplanets at . Its equilibrium temperature is about , meaning that its dayside is likely formed by solid rock. The planet is an optimal target for characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope, giving more information about the planet's mineralogy and the possibility of hosting an atmosphere.
References
M-type main-sequence stars
Cygnus (constellation)
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
J20492745+3336512
TIC objects | SPECULOOS-3 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 764 | [
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,030,771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PG%200844%2B349 | PG 0844+349, also known as TON 951 (abbreviation of Tonantzintla 951), is a galaxy in the southern constellation Lynx, near the border of Cancer. Its redshift is 0.064000, putting the galaxy at 849 million light-years away from Earth.
Observation history
PG 0844+349 was first discovered in 1957 by the Tonantzintla Observatory who was searching for blue stellar objects (mainly white dwarfs) as quasar candidates. Because quasars were not identified until 1963, the nature of this object was unknown. Studying photographic plates that were taken with the 0.7 m Schmidt telescope, it was discovered PG 0844+349 has a Seyfert 1 spectrum, classifying it as a quasar. Mexican astronomers Braulio Iriarte and Enrique Chavira subsequently listed it as the 951st object in the Tonantzintla Catalogue. The same case was applied with TON 618.
In 2009, PG 0844+349 was observed again, by the Swift observatory, and it was noted to have a weak X-ray state. Several weeks later, a follow-up observation by XMM-Newton found it showing a spectral hardening and substantial curvature. This shows that PG 0844+349 is in the phase of reflection-dominated state and its light bending scenario can be accounted for short-term ( ∼1000 s) spectral variability in its source.
Characteristics
PG 0844+349 has an active galactic nucleus. It is classified a Seyfert type 1.0 galaxy, containing two sets of emission lines superimposed onto each other. One set of lines is a low-density (electron density ne 103-106 cm−3) ionized gas that has widths which corresponds to velocities of several hundred kilometers per second. The other is a set of broad lines, with widths as high as 104 km s−1; but the absence of broad forbidden-line emission indicates that the broad-line gas is of high density (ne 109 cm−3 or higher). It can be said PG 0844+349 is a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy considered having all characteristics of type 1 Seyfert galaxies, but it does not have any hardness ratio variations as a single observation finds no strong correlation between the hardness ratio and the continuum luminosity.
PG 0844+349 is also a quasar but with low luminosity. The quasar host is a disturbed face-on barred spiral galaxy, which is found interacting with its companion galaxy, 2MASX J08474179+3444405. Both galaxies show signs of gravitational distortion, in which tidal tails and a hot blue stellar component can be seen. Through the interaction with 2MASX J08474179+3444405, this causes the activity in the central region of PG 0844+349 to awaken causing it to create more star formation with its black hole mass suppressed by its increasing starburst luminosity. This gives it its quasar appearance.
Observation
In a 2002 observation of PG 0844+349, it was found to be in a historically high state compared to the prior observation by X-rays. This shows a featureless spectrum containing a strong soft excess that is over the extrapolation of a hard power law. From the acceptable descriptions of the spectral continuum, the comptonization model is represented by its Gamma_{soft} ~ 2.75, Gamma_{hard} ~ 2.25 and a break energy of E_{break} of ~ 1.35 keV, meaning the temperature is low and have a higher optical depth than in broad-line Seyfert galaxies. Further observation shows the flux in PG 0844+349 varying achromatically on its time scale, in relatively few seconds by ~ 25%. This puts constraints on the current models of Comptonizing accretion disk coronae.
According to observation from the ASCA satellite, researchers has found PG 0844+349 has a high state with a photon index of 1.98 and an Fe Kα line with EW ~ 300 eV. Even its X-ray flux ranging in the 2-10 keV band is considered highly variable. They found that the fastest variation detected reaches up to 2 × 104 s but less than 60%. Given the state of PG 0844+349, the measured excess variance fits well in comparison with the L2-10 keV relation for Seyfert 1 galaxies; the flux variability in the 0.5-2.0 keV band has a slightly higher amplitude than in the 2-10 keV band. Researchers noted the optical microvariability of PG 0844+349 is driven by reprocessing of variable X-ray fluxes, provided one-half of its absorbed X-rays are reradiated in the optical-to-ultraviolet band.
Black hole
The supermassive black hole in PG 0844+349 has an estimated solar mass of 2.138×107. This makes the galaxy contain one of the largest black holes, but a lower black hole mass putting it between Messier 58 and Centaurus A. Only TON 618 has a higher black hole solar mass of 4.07×1010 compared to PG 0844+349.
References
Lynx (constellation)
Quasars
Seyfert galaxies
024702
Astronomical objects discovered in 1957
Barred spiral galaxies | PG 0844+349 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,137 | [
"Lynx (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,030,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Microelectromechanical%20Systems | Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by IEEE. It covers advances in MEMS and related microtechnologies. Published under the joint sponsorship of IEEE Electron Devices Society, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, and IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, its editor-in-chief is Gianluca Piazza (Carnegie Mellon University).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.7.
References
External links
IEEE academic journals
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Academic journals established in 1992
Semiconductor journals
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
Mechanical engineering journals
Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems | Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 142 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Mechanical engineering journals",
"Microtechnology",
"Materials science journals",
"Materials science journal stubs",
"Materials science",
"Electronic engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems",... |
77,031,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20information%20decomposition | Partial Information Decomposition is an extension of information theory, that aims to generalize the pairwise relations described by information theory to the interaction of multiple variables.
Motivation
Information theory can quantify the amount of information a single source variable has about a target variable via the mutual information . If we now consider a second source variable , classical information theory can only describe the mutual information of the joint variable with , given by . In general however, it would be interesting to know how exactly the individual variables and and their interactions relate to .
Consider that we are given two source variables and a target variable . In this case the total mutual information , while the individual mutual information . That is, there is synergistic information arising from the interaction of about , which cannot be easily captured with classical information theoretic quantities.
Definition
Partial information decomposition further decomposes the mutual information between the source variables with the target variable as
Here the individual information atoms are defined as
is the unique information that has about , which is not in
is the synergistic information that is in the interaction of and about
is the redundant information that is in both or about
There is, thus far, no universal agreement on how these terms should be defined, with different approaches that decompose information into redundant, unique, and synergistic components appearing in the literature.
Applications
Despite the lack of universal agreement, partial information decomposition has been applied to diverse fields, including climatology, neuroscience sociology, and machine learning Partial information decomposition has also been proposed as a possible foundation on which to build a mathematically robust definition of emergence in complex systems and may be relevant to formal theories of consciousness.
See also
Mutual information
Total correlation
Dual total correlation
Interaction information
References
Information theory | Partial information decomposition | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 346 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Information theory"
] |
77,034,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poco%20M5 | The POCO M5 is a mid-budget Android-based smartphone developed by POCO as a part of the M series, and was introduced on September 5, 2022, alongside the POCO M5s.
Also, a day later in India Xiaomi launched a similar model under Redmi brand called Redmi 11 Prime with main difference in design.
Design
The front is made of Gorilla Glass 3, while the back is made of plastic with a leather-like texture on the POCO M5, and a triangular texture on the Redmi 11 Prime.
The design of the POCO M5, like the design of the POCO M4 5G, is similar to that of the Pixel 6, with a slightly curved on the sides camera island, expanded across the entire back width. On the other hand, the Redmi 11 Prime has a rectangular vertical camera island.
On the bottom of smartphones, the user can find USB-C port, speaker, and microphone. On the top, there is infrared blaster and 3.5mm audio jack. On the left, there is dual SIM tray with microSD slot. On the right, are the volume rocker and the power button with a mounted fingerprint scanner.
The POCO M5 and Redmi 11 Prime were sold in the following color options:
Specifications
Hardware
Platform
The smartphones feature the MediaTek Helio G99 SoC, that is more productive in CPU performance and slightly less productive in GPU performance compared to the Helio G95, which is used in the POCO M5s.
Battery
The phones feature a non-removable battery with 5000 mAh capacity and 18 W fast charging.
Camera
Both models have a triple rear camera with a 50 MP, wide-angle lens with PDAF, a 2 MP, macro lens and a 2 MP, depth sensor. Additionally, the global POCO M5 has a front camera with a resolution of 5 MP and aperture, while the POCO M5 for the Indian market has 8 MP and , and the Redmi 11 Prime has 8 MP and respectively.
The rear and front cameras can record video in 1080p@30fps.
Display
The phones feature a 6.58-inch display with IPS LCD technology at Full HD+ (2408 × 1080; ~401 ppi) image resolution, a 90 Hz refresh rate, and a waterdrop notch.
Memory
The POCO M5 was sold in 4/64 GB, 4/128 GB and 6/128 GB configurations, while the Redmi 11 Prime was sold in 4/64 GB and 6/128 GB. All models have a LPDDR4X type RAM and UFS 2.2 type storage, which can be extended by microSD up to 1 TB.
Software
Initially, the POCO M5 was released with MIUI 13 for POCO and the Redmi 11 Prime was released with MIUI 13 custom skin. Both interfaces are based on Android 12. Later both models were updated to HyperOS 1 based on Android 14.
References
External links
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Xiaomi smartphones
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
Mobile phones introduced in 2022
Discontinued smartphones | Poco M5 | [
"Technology"
] | 655 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
77,035,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca%20Mazzia | Francesca Mazzia (born 13 March 1967) is an Italian applied mathematician and computer scientist specializing in numerical analysis, including numerical methods for ordinary differential equations. She is a professor of computer science at the University of Bari.
Education and career
Mazzia was born on 13 March 1967 in Taranto, and earned a laurea (the Italian equivalent of a master's degree) in information science in 1989 at the University of Bari, advised by Donato Trigiante.
After continuing to work at the University of Bari as a researcher in the department of mathematics, beginning in 1990, She took a postdoctoral research position in parallel algorithms at the (CERFACS), in Toulouse, France, from 1997 to 1998, with the support of a Marie Curie Research Training Grant.
Returning to Italy, she took an associate professor position in the department of mathematics at the University of Bari in 2000. In 2018, she moved to the department of computer science as a full professor.
Book
Mazzia is a coauthor of the book Solving Differential Equations in R (Springer, 2012), with Dutch ecoscientist Karline Soetaert and British mathematician Jeff R. Cash. The book was listed by the Association for Computing Machinery as one of the best computing books published in 2012.
Recognition
Mazzia is an honorary fellow of the European Society of Computational Methods in Sciences, Engineering and Technology.
References
External links
Home page
1967 births
Living people
Italian mathematicians
Italian computer scientists
Italian women mathematicians
Italian women computer scientists
Applied mathematicians
University of Bari alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bari | Francesca Mazzia | [
"Mathematics"
] | 317 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
77,036,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer%20Klowns%20from%20Outer%20Space%3A%20The%20Game | Killer Klowns from Outer Space: The Game is a 2024 asymmetrical survival horror game developed by IllFonic and Teravision Games. It is based on the 1988 film Killer Klowns from Outer Space. The game was available for pre-order on May 28, 2024, and was released on June 4, 2024 as a digital release. It has a planned physical release for consoles on October 15, 2024.
Gameplay
Killer Klowns from Outer Space: The Game is an asymmetrical survival horror game with up to ten people able to play in one 15-minute match.
Three players are selected to control the Klowns, whose objectives are to trigger the detonation of the Klownpocalypse. The other seven players control the humans, whose objectives are to escape the map alive. In order to escape, humans must locate at least one of the four escape routes scattered across the map (Klownpocalypse Bunker, Boat Repair, Klown Tech Portal, Gated Condemned Exit) and then collect the necessary items to activate them (Sparkplug, Gas Can, Key Card, Gate Key). These escape routes can be temporarily blockaded by the Klowns with a layer of cotton candy, which must be manually removed by the humans.
Klowns can attack humans with weapons such as the mallet or the popcorn bazooka, and the humans can fight back by damaging the Klowns with their own weapons or using items such as airhorns to stun them. Humans can also run slightly faster than the Klowns, providing a means of escape.
If a Klown captures a human inside of a cotton candy cocoon, the Klown can pick them up and carry them to one of Lackey generators scattered throughout the map. Once all of the generators are fully powered by the cocoons, the Klownpocalypse is triggered, which will eliminate all remaining humans. (The Klownpocalypse can also be triggered by the counter running to zero.) The match only ends when all humans have either escaped or died; thus, while some humans may escape and finish early, those still inside must keep playing. Players who have escaped or died have the ability to cycle through the remaining players' points of view as a spectator, play mini-games in order to win low-level items for the remaining players, or return to the main menu.
When there are 30 seconds left in the game, the Terenzi brothers will crash through an exterior wall of the map in their ice cream truck, providing a fifth escape route for any remaining humans.
Settings
Five primary maps are available: Downtown, The Suburbs, Top of the World, Amusement Park, and Clown Summer Camp. A sixth map, Waterfront Pier, was added for free in August 22, 2024. On October 29th, 2024, a seventh map was released: the Crescent Cove Mall.
Launching the game in a private match without any other players will trigger an offline mode where the player takes control as a Klown and the humans are bots.
The game also features customization options, skins and unlockable cosmetics for characters.
Characters
There are five playable Klown classes in the game: Ranger, Tracker, Hunter, Tank, and Brawler. Each Klown comes equipped with two weapons and three skills.
There are five playable human classes in the game: Athletic, Rebellious, Heroic, Resourceful, and Tough.
Development
The game was developed by IllFonic and Colombian studio Teravision Games.
Since release, the game has continued getting content updates like free maps as well as unlockable and paid cosmetics. These cosmetics include guest appearances by Tom Savini and Elvira.
The game has a planned physical release for consoles in October 15, 2024.
Reception
Killer Klowns from Outer Space: The Game received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
Alex James Kane of RogerEbert.com wrote: "I didn’t expect to be charmed or wowed by a game starring murderous clowns. But this is a polished, smartly designed experience that iterates on the asymmetrical-horror formula in some impressive ways."
Kenneth Seward Jr. of Game Informer gave the game a mostly positive review, writing: "In its current state, Killer Klowns From Outer Space: The Game is a good asymmetrical multiplayer game. The gameplay mechanics that help balance the competitive roles reinforce the lessons IllFonic has learned over the years, while its comical nods to the film and impressive graphics showcase the respect given to the source material."
References
External links
2024 video games
2020s horror video games
Asymmetrical multiplayer video games
IllFonic games
PlayStation 5 games
Survival horror video games
Unreal Engine 4 games
Video games about clowns
Video games based on films
Video games developed in Colombia
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Xbox Series X and Series S games | Killer Klowns from Outer Space: The Game | [
"Physics"
] | 1,021 | [
"Asymmetrical multiplayer video games",
"Symmetry",
"Asymmetry"
] |
77,037,306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate%20Hills%20resort%20controversy | A controversy arose in March 2024 when a resort built in the middle of the Chocolate Hills in Bohol, Philippines, came to wider public attention. The geological formations are a protected area.
Members of both chambers of Congress have questioned how the resort was allowed to be built between the hills despite its heritage and protected area status.
Background
Chocolate Hills
The Chocolate Hills are 1,776 near-identical conical hills or kegelkarsts which straddles across multiple municipalities in the island province of Bohol; Batuan, Bilar, Carmen, Sagbayan, Sierra Bullones and Valencia. It is a major tourist attraction of the province.
The hills have multiple designations. UNESCO named the hills as a National Geological Monument in 1988. In 1997, President Fidel V. Ramos named the hills a National Geological Monument and a Protected Landscape. The hills are a significant feature in the declaration of the whole Bohol island as the Philippines' first UNESCO Global Geopark in 2023.
Despite the 1997 declaration, private owners of land in the Chocolate Hills are still recognized although their usage of land is restricted and regulated.
Resort
The resort which is subject to controversy was Captain's Peak Garden and Resort in the barangay of Libertad Norte in Sagbayan.
The property associated with the resort was first listed in Bohol's Register of Deeds on August 28, 1996 – a year prior to the Ramos declaration. The land was acquired by the resort owners in 2005. Captain's Peak started operations in 2019.
Prior to the controversy which started in March 2024, the DENR already issued a temporary closure on the resort in September 2023. The resort continued operating. On January 22, 2024 the DENR has issued a violation notice due to the resort operating without an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC).
Events
Vlog coverage
The controversy arose after vlogger and social media content creator Ren The Adventurer featured Captain's Peak Garden and Resort in his video. The video is a review of the resort and was published on Facebook on March 6, 2024. It featured aerial shots of the resort in between three of the Chocolate Hills. Resort owner Edgar Buton thanked Ren for the coverage but the resort would receive significant negative reception.
Closure of the resort
On March 14, 2024, Captain's Peak ceased operations after its business permit was revoked by the Sagbayan local government.
Congressional inquiries
The resort has been subject of inquiries in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The liability of the Department of Natural Resources as member of the Protected Area Management Board and local officials was questioned.
ACT-CIS Partylist Representative Erwin Tulfo compared the resort to an eyesore and a "wart" and noticed that there are two other resorts built on the Chocolate Hills.
Actions by the local government
A task force was formed by the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) on March 18 to recommend charges before the Office of the Ombudsman. The local government led by Bohol Governor Erico Aristotle Aumentado, Sagbayan Mayor Suarez, and 2nd District Representative Vanessa Aumentado met to investigate the culpability and it was agreed that "Captain’s Peak should remain closed while the issue was not yet resolved."
Suspension of government officials
On May 28, 2024, the Ombudsman imposed a six-month preventive suspension on Bohol Governor Erico Aristotle Aumentado and 68 other officials in the province, including the mayors of eight municipalities (Sagbayan, Batuan, Catigbian, Clarin, Bilar, Sierra Bullones, Valencia, and Carmen) as part of its investigation into illegal construction within the Chocolate Hills.
See also
Torre de Manila – skyscraper controversial for being built on the sight-line behind the Rizal Monument
References
2024 in the Philippines
History of Bohol
Controversies in the Philippines
Architectural controversies
2024 controversies
Environmental controversies
March 2024 events in the Philippines | Chocolate Hills resort controversy | [
"Engineering"
] | 793 | [
"Architectural controversies",
"Architecture"
] |
77,037,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20signature | In mechanical engineering, energy signatures (also called change-point regression models) relate energy demand of buildings to climatic variables, typically ambient temperature. Also other climatic variables such as heating or cooling degree days are used. In most cases, heating or cooling building energy demand is analysed through energy signatures, but also hot water or electricity demand is considered.
Energy signatures make a simplified assumption of a linear relationship between a building's energy demand and temperature. This assumption allows for balancing accuracy with computation time, as the estimation of energy demand through energy signatures is considerably faster than using building performance simulation software. A crucial advantage of applying energy signatures is that no detailed information on the geometrical, construction, and operational characteristics of buildings needs to be available.
References
Energy
Building
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Temperature | Energy signature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 161 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Building",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Construction",
"Energy (physics)",
"Energy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantit... |
77,037,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS%2013218%2B0552 | IRAS 13218+0552 known as SFRS 263, is a galaxy merger located in the Virgo constellation. Its redshift is 0.202806, putting the object at 2.6 billion light-years away from Earth. It is a Seyfert galaxy and a luminous infrared galaxy.
Characteristics
IRAS 13218+0552 is classified as a Seyfert type 1.5 galaxy given its large [OIII] flux although XMM-Newton did not observe it. Further studies showed it as a Seyfert type 2 galaxy instead, as it harbors a highly obscured active galactic nucleus and not of Seyfert 1 type. Moreover, it belongs to the ultraluminous galaxy classification, because according to IRAS, its luminosity range Lir = 1012-1013 L⊙ is found to be approximated by the power law of Φ(L) ~ L-2.35[Mpc-3 mag-1].
Besides being a Seyfert galaxy and a luminous inflared galaxy, IRAS 13218+0552 also has a quasar nucleus which is notable for its extreme outflows and has strong star formations. That being said, it resulted from a collision between two gas-rich disk galaxies. Evidence showed both galaxies have orbited each other several times before merging with each other; signs left included distinct loops of glowing gas around the quasar's host. Apart from the loop of gas, IRAS 13218+0552 has a tidal tail feature and possibly binary nucleus with its separation smaller than 1 kpc.
Detected through targeted surveys, observations find IRAS 13218+0552 hosts an OH megamaser (OHM), producing nonthermal emission from the hydroxyl (OH) molecules, with its two main lines situated at 1665/166 MHz and two satellite lines at 1612/1720 MHz. This might be caused by OHM emission being pumped by infrared radiation from the galaxy's environment and also amplification of an intense radio continuum background. Through the observation, IRAS 13218+0552 has an OH spectrum showing two prominent broad emission peaks, having a separation of 490 km s−1 in its rest frame, suggesting it is associated with multiple nuclei. This makes IRAS 13218+0552 among 119 OHMs found in ultraluminous galaxies right up to 2014.
References
Virgo (constellation)
Luminous infrared galaxies
Galaxy mergers
Quasars
Seyfert galaxies
165618
IRAS catalogue objects | IRAS 13218+0552 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 517 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,038,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UM%20287 | UM 287 known as PHL 868 and LBQS 0049+0045, is a quasar located in the Cetus constellation. Its redshift is 2.267134 estimating the object to be located 10.9 billion light-years away from Earth.
Observation history
UM 287 was first discovered between 1974 and 1976, where it was observed as a part of the Curtis Schmidt-thin prism survey for extragalactic emission-line objects and possible quasars. The name UM comes from the University of Michigan.
Characteristics
UM 287 is classified as a radio-quiet quasar. It has a bolometric brightness of around 10 47.3 erg /s (10 40 watts), making it one of the brightest quasars ever observed. Furthermore, UM 287 has a Lyman-alpha blob structure surrounding the object. Some of these Lyman-alpha blobs have line luminosities up to ~ 1044 erg s−1 with their spatial extents exceeding 100 proper kpc. But in this case, the Lyman-alpha blob structure in UM 287 is 1.5 million light-years across making it too big to be contained within the quasar's host galaxy, which is found to be a massive early-type galaxy.
Using the 10-meter Keck I telescope in Hawaii, a team of researchers found there is cold hydrogen emitting Lyman-alpha radiation underneath the spotlight of the quasar's intense ultraviolet beam. The nebula is dubbed the Slug Nebula, named after the UCSC’s banana slug mascot. It is believed to play a major role in powering up the quasar which the Lyα emission produces from a large population of compact (< 20 pc), dense (nH & 3 cm−3), cool gas clumps. From a follow-up field observation, a smooth kinematic profile is suggested. This presents a giant, rotating proto-galactic disk for the brightest portion of the filament showing a cold accretion flow around the black hole in UM 287.
In addition to the Lyman-alpha blob structure, a new dusty star-forming galaxy was found. The galaxy has a 2 mm continuum with its single emission line consistent with the CO(4–3), sitting at a projected distance of 100 kpc southeast from UM 287. The systemic velocity difference is -360 ± 30 km s-1 with respect to UM 287, suggesting the galaxy is a possible contributor to the powering of the Slug Nebula.
References
Quasars
Cetus
003048
SDSS objects
Lyman-alpha blobs | UM 287 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 540 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
77,039,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhera | is a Japanese slang term used to describe a person, typically a woman, with a mental health disorder. The term may refer to fictional characters who exhibit traits of mental illness or to participants in mental health-inspired fashion subculture.
Etymology
Menhera translates to mental healther and originally referred to users of mentaru herusu ban, a 2channel discussion board about mental health. The term mentaru herusu, meaning mental health, was abbreviated by discussion board members to menheru, and users became known as menhera.
History
The term menhera began to spread past the mentaru herusu ban 2channel board in the early 2000s, where it began to connote any person with a mental health condition. Later in the decade, the term grew more closely associated with women, especially those who demonstrated traits of borderline personality disorder.
Menhera was further popularized by Ezaki Bisko, who in 2013 created a Menhera-chan character which typified the subculture and the yami-kawaii fashion aesthetic.
Characteristics
In fiction
In a scholarly review of the menhera trope in fiction, researchers Yukari Seko and Minako Kikuchi distinguish between three subtypes of menhera woman: the sad girl, who experiences acute loneliness and alienation, the mad woman, who may exhibit unhealthy obsessive behavior towards their love interest, and the cutie, who embodies the fashion subculture associated with menhera. The authors noted that all forms of menhera may engage in some degree of self injury.
In fashion
Menhera communities are associated with the yami-kawaii (sick-cute) fashion subculture, a variation of the kawaii aesthetic characterized by medical motifs such as pills, syringes, and bandages.
Analysis
In a Business of Fashion feature on the menhera community and the yami-kawaii aesthetic, some commentators argued that these subcultures emerged due to their shock value, while others suggested that these trends raised awareness towards mental illness and suicide in Japan, where such subjects are often taboo. The latter sentiment was echoed by Elizabeth McCafferty of Vice magazine.
See also
Anti-social behaviour
Denpa
Mental disorders in fiction
Mental illness in media
Suicide and the Internet
Yandere
References
Japanese subcultures
Japanese fashion
Japanese popular culture
Japanese words and phrases
Female stock characters in anime and manga
Anime and manga terminology
Psychological fiction
Fiction about mental disorders
Social phenomena
Anti-social behaviour
Behavioral addiction | Menhera | [
"Biology"
] | 515 | [
"Anti-social behaviour",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,039,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostable%20DNA%20polymerase | Thermostable DNA polymerases are DNA polymerases that originate from thermophiles, usually bacterial or archaeal species, and are therefore thermostable. They are used for the polymerase chain reaction and related methods for the amplification and modification of DNA.
Properties
Several DNA polymerases have been described with distinct properties that define their specific utilisation in a PCR, in real-time PCR or in an isothermal amplification. Being DNA polymerases, the thermostable DNA polymerases all have a 5'→3' polymerase activity, and either a 5'→3' or a 3'→5' exonuclease activity.
Structure
DNA polymerases are roughly shaped like a hand with a thumb, palm and fingers. The thumb is involved in binding and moving double-stranded DNA. The palm carries the polymerase active site, whereas the fingers bind substrates (template DNA and nucleoside triphosphates). The exonuclease activity is in a separate protein domain. Mg2+ is a cofactor.
The polymerase active site in the palm catalyses the prolongation of DNA, starting from a primer bound to a template DNA single strand:
deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn pyrophosphate + DNAn+1.
Bacterial polymerases
Thermostable DNA polymerases of natural origin are found in thermophilic bacteria, archaea and their pathogens. Among the bacterial thermostable DNA polymerases, Taq polymerase, Tfl polymerase, Tma polymerase, Tne polymerase, Tth and Bst polymerase are used.
In addition to 5'→3' polymerase activity, the bacterial thermostable DNA polymerases (belonging to the A-type DNA polymerases) have 5'→3' exonuclease activity and generate an adenosine overhang (sticky ends) at the 3' end of the newly generated strand. The Klenow fragment of Bst (BF) has a strand displacement activity which allows for use in isothermal amplification without the necessity of denaturation of the DNA in a thermocycler, and its 5'→3' exonuclease activity is deleted for higher yield.
Archaeal polymerases
Frequently used B-type DNA polymerases are the Pfu polymerase, the Pwo polymerase, the KOD polymerase, the Tli polymerase (also called Vent), which originates from various archaea, the Tag polymerase, the Tce polymerase, the Tgo polymerase, the TNA1 polymerase, the Tpe polymerase, the Tthi polymerase, the Neq polymerase and the Pab polymerase.
The archaeal variants (belonging to the B-type) produce blunt ends (the Tli polymerase produces an overhang in about 30% of the products) and instead of the 5'→3' exonuclease activity have an activity for correcting synthesis errors (proof-reading), the 3'→5' exonuclease activity. In archaeal polymerases, the error rate suffers when a Klenow fragment analogue is generated, as the correcting exonuclease activity is removed in the process. Some archaeal DNA polymerases are characterised less by their suitability for standard PCR than by their reduced inhibition in the amplification of A-DNA or DNA with modified bases.
Modified polymerases
Various fusion proteins with the low error rate of archaeal and the high synthesis rate of bacterial thermostable DNA polymerases (Q5 polymerase) were generated from various thermostable polymerases and the DNA clamp of the thermostable DNA-binding protein SSo7d by protein design. A fusion protein of the PCNA homologue from Archaeoglobus fulgidus was also generated with archaeal thermostable DNA polymerases. Similarly, fusion proteins of thermostable DNA polymerases with the thermostable DNA-binding protein domain of a topoisomerase (type V, with helix-hairpin-helix motif, HhH) from Methanopyrus kandleri were generated (TopoTaq and PfuC2). A modified Pfu polymerase was also generated by protein design (Pfu Ultra). Similar effects are also achieved with mixtures of thermostable DNA polymerases of both types with a mixing ratio of the enzyme activities of type A and B polymerases of 30 to 1, e.g. Herculase and TaqPlus as a commercial mixture of Taq and Pfu polymerase, Expand as a commercial mixture of Taq and Pwo, Expand High Fidelity as a commercial mixture of Taq and Tgo, Platinum Taq High Fidelity as a commercial mixture of Taq and Tli (Vent), and Advantage HF 2 as a commercial mixture of Titanium Taq and an unnamed proof-reading polymerase. These mixtures can be used for long-range PCR to synthesize products of up to 35kb length. Other additives are used to help against difficult GC-rich sequences, avoid or neutralise the negative effects of PCR inhibitors (like blood components or detergents or dUTP), or alter the reaction kinetics.
Speed & Processivity
The baseline synthesis rates (speed, productivity) of various polymerases have been compared. The synthesis rate of Taq polymerase is around 60 base pairs per second. Among the unmodified thermostable DNA polymerases, only the synthesis rate of KOD polymerase is above 100 base pairs per second (approx. 120 bp/s). Among the modified thermostable DNA polymerases, various mutations have been described that increase the synthesis rate. KOD polymerase and some modified thermostable DNA polymerases (iProof/Phusion, Pfu Ultra, Velocity or Z-Taq) are used as a PCR variant with shorter amplification cycles (fast PCR, high-speed PCR) due to their high synthesis rate. Processivity describes the average number of base pairs before a polymerase falls off the DNA template. The processivity of the polymerase limits the maximum distance between the primer and the probe in some forms of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Fidelity
The error rates of various polymerases (fidelity) have been described. The error rate of Taq polymerase is 8 × 10−6 errors per base, that of Advantage HF 6.1 × 10−6 errors per base, that of Platinum Taq High Fidelity 5.8 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling, that of TaqPlus 4 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling, that of KOD polymerase 3.5 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling, that of Tli polymerase and Herculase 2.8 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling, that of Deep Vent 2.8 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling, that of Pfu, Phusion DNA Polymerase (identical with iProof DNA Polymerase) and Herculase II Fusion 1.3 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling and that of Pfu Ultra and Pfu Ultra II 4.3 × 10−7 errors per base and doubling. A newer analysis found slightly different error rates: Deep Vent (exo-) polymerase (5.0 × 10−4 errors per base and doubling), Taq polymerase (1.5 × 10−4 errors per base and doubling), Kapa HiFi HotStart ReadyMix (1.6 × 10−5 errors per base and doubling), KOD (1.2 × 10−5 errors per base and doubling), PrimeSTAR GXL (8.4 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling), Pfu (5.1 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling), Deep Vent DNA polymerase (4.0 × 10−6) errors per base and doubling, Phusion (3.9 × 10−6 errors per base and doubling), and Q5 DNA polymerase (5.3 × 10−7 errors per base and doubling). Yet another found error rates of 3–5.6 × 10−6 for Taq, 7.6 × 10−6 for KOD, 2.8 × 10−6 for Pfu, 2.6 × 10−6 for Phusion, and 2.4 × 10−6 for Pwo. To reduce the number of mutations in the PCR product (e.g. for molecular cloning), more template DNA and less cycles can be used in the PCR.
Yield
Bacterial thermostable DNA polymerases generally produce higher product concentrations than archaeal, but with more copy errors. In the bacterial thermostable DNA polymerases, a Klenow fragment (Klen-Taq) or a Stoffel fragment can be generated by deleting the exonuclease domain in the course of protein design, analogous to the DNA polymerase from E. coli, which results in a higher product concentration. Two amino acids required for the exonuclease function of Taq polymerase were identified by mutagenesis as arginines at positions 25 and 74 (R25 and R74). A histidine to glutamic acid mutation at position 147 (short: H147E) in KOD polymerase lowers the relatively high exonuclease activity of KOD.
Nucleotide specificity
The favouring of individual nucleotides by a thermostable DNA polymerase is referred to as nucleotide specificity (bias). In PCR-based DNA sequencing with chain termination substrates (dideoxy method), their uniform incorporation and thus unbiased generation of all chain termination products is often desired in order to enable higher sensitivity and easier analysis. For this purpose, a KlenTaq polymerase was generated by deletion and a phenylalanine at position 667 was exchanged for tyrosine by site-directed mutagenesis (short: F667Y) and named Thermo Sequenase. This polymerase can also be used for the incorporation of fluorescence-labelled dideoxynucleotides.
Hot-start thermostable DNA polymerases
The template specificity of the polymerases is increased by using hot-start polymerases, to avoid binding of primers to unwanted DNA templates or to each other at low temperatures before the beginning of the PCR. Examples are the antibody-inhibited Pfu polymerase Pfu Turbo, the Platinum Pfx as a commercial KOD polymerase with an inhibiting antibody and the Platinum Taq as an antibody-inhibited Taq polymerase. Hot-start polymerases are either inhibited by inactivation with formaldehyde (or maleic anhydride, exo-cis-3,6-endoxo-Δ4-tetrahydropthalic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, cis-aconitic anhydride, or 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride), by complexing the magnesium with phosphates or by binding an antibody to their active site. Upon heating to 95 °C, the formaldehyde dissociates from proteins, or the magnesium ions are released, or the antibody is denatured and released in the process. Furthermore, polymerases can be inhibited with aptamers that denature upon heating. A fifth variant is a polymerase adsorbed on latex beads via hydrophobic effects, which dissolves with increasing temperature. In the sixth and oldest variant, the reaction mixture without polymerase is coated with wax and the polymerase is added on top of the cooled wax. When heated, the wax layer melts and the polymerase mixes with the reaction mixture.
Other DNA polymerases
Some DNA polymerases used in isothermal DNA amplification, e.g. in loop-mediated isothermal amplification, multidisplacement amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification or isothermal assembly, for the amplification of entire genomes (e.g. the φ29 DNA polymerase from the bacteriophage phi29, B35DNAP from the phage Bam35) are not thermostable, while others like the Bst Klenow fragment are thermostable. The T4, T6 and T7 DNA polymerases are also not thermostable.
RNA-dependent DNA polymerases
The standard reverse transcriptases (RNA-dependent DNA polymerases) of retroviral origin used for RT-PCR, like the AMV- and the MoMuLV-Reverse-Transcriptase, are not thermostable at 95 °C. At the lower temperatures of a reverse transcription unspecific hybridisation of primers to wrong sequences can occur, as well as unwanted secondary structures in the DNA template, which can lead to unwanted PCR products and less desired PCR products. The AMV reverse transcriptase may be used up to 70 °C. Also, some thermostable DNA-dependent DNA polymerases can be used as RNA-dependent DNA polymerases by exchanging Mg2+ as cofactors with Mn2+, so that they may be used for an RT-PCR. But since the synthesis rate of Taq with Mn2+ is relatively low, Tth was increasingly used for this approach. The use of Mn2+ also increases the error rate and the necessary amount of template, so that this method is rarely used. These problems can be avoided with the thermostable 3173-Polymerase from a thermophilic bacteriophage, which can withstand the high temperatures of a PCR and prefers RNA as a template.
Applications
In addition to the choice of thermostable DNA polymerase, other parameters of a PCR are specifically changed in the course of PCR optimisation.
In addition to PCR, thermostable DNA polymerases are also used for RT-PCR variants, qPCR in different variants, site-specific mutagenesis and DNA sequencing. They are also used to produce hybridisation probes for Southern blot and Northern blot by random priming. The 5'→3' exonuclease activity is used for nick translation and TaqMan, among other things, without DNA replication (amplification).
History
Alice Chien and colleagues were the first to characterise the thermostable Taq polymerase in 1976. The first use of a thermostable DNA polymerase was by Randall K. Saiki and colleagues in 1988, introducing Taq polymerase for PCR. The thermostability of Taq polymerase obliviated the need to add a non-thermostable DNA polymerase to the reaction after every melting phase of the PCR, because the Taq polymerase is not denatured by heating to 95 °C during the melting phase of each cyle. In 1989, the Taq polymerase gene was cloned and the Taq polymerase was produced in Escherichia coli as a recombinant protein. DNA of up to 35,000 basepairs was synthesized by Wayne M. Barnes by using different mixtures of A and B type polymerases, thereby creating the long-range PCR. The high synthesis rate of KOD polymerase was published in 1997 by Masahiro Takagi and colleagues, thereby creating the fundamentals of high speed PCR. Other optimisations to the PCR were developed in the following years, e.g. circumventing PCR inhibitors and amplifying difficult GC-rich DNA sequences, as well as modifying thermostable DNA polymerases by protein design. In 1998 the loop-mediated isothermal amplification was developed by Tsugunori Notomi and colleagues at Eiken Chemical Company, using Bst polymerase at 65 °C.
Further reading
J. Sambrook, T. Maniatis, D. W. Russel: Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 3rd edition (2001), ISBN 0-87969-577-3.
F. Akram, F. I. Shah, R. Ibrar, T. Fatima, I. U. Haq, W. Naseem, M. A. Gul, L. Tehreem, G. Haider: Bacterial thermophilic DNA polymerases: A focus on prominent biotechnological applications. In: Analytical biochemistry. Volume 671, June 2023, p. 115150, , .
K. Terpe: Overview of thermostable DNA polymerases for classical PCR applications: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems. In: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. Volume 97, issue 24, December 2013, p. 10243–10254, , .
External links
NEB Polbase. Accessed September 27, 2012.
References
Biochemistry
Molecular biology
Polymerase chain reaction | Thermostable DNA polymerase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,657 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Polymerase chain reaction",
"DNA replication",
"Molecular genetics",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
66,731,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoomphalina%20compressipes | Pseudoomphalina compressipes is a species of fungus belonging to the family Tricholomataceae.
Synonym:
Agaricus compressipes Peck, 1883 (= basionym)
References
Tricholomataceae
Fungus species | Pseudoomphalina compressipes | [
"Biology"
] | 49 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,731,974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula%20grata | Russula grata is a species of fungus belonging to the family Russulaceae.
It has a cosmopolitan distribution.
References
grata
Taxa named by Max Britzelmayr
Fungus species | Russula grata | [
"Biology"
] | 38 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,732,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffett%20indicator | The Buffett indicator (or the Buffett metric, or the Market capitalization-to-GDP ratio) is a valuation multiple used to assess how expensive or cheap the aggregate stock market is at a given point in time. It was proposed as a metric by investor Warren Buffett in 2001, who called it "probably the best single measure of where valuations stand at any given moment", and its modern form compares the capitalization of the US Wilshire 5000 index to US GDP. It is widely followed by the financial media as a valuation measure for the US market in both its absolute, and de-trended forms.
The indicator set an all-time high during the so-called "everything bubble", crossing the 200% level in February 2021; a level that Buffett warned if crossed, was "playing with fire".
History
On 10 December 2001, Buffett proposed the metric in a Fortune essay co-authored with journalist Carol Loomis. In the essay, Buffett presented a chart going back 80 years that showed the value of all "publicly traded securities" in the US as a percentage of "US GNP". Buffett said of the metric: "Still, it is probably the best single measure of where valuations stand at any given moment. And as you can see, nearly two years ago the ratio rose to an unprecedented level. That should have been a very strong warning signal".
Buffett explained that for the annual return of US securities to materially exceed the annual growth of US GNP for a protracted period of time: "you need to have the line go straight off the top of the chart. That won't happen". Buffett finished the essay by outlining the levels he believed the metric showed favorable or poor times to invest: "For me, the message of that chart is this: If the percentage relationship falls to the 70% or 80% area, buying stocks is likely to work very well for you. If the ratio approaches 200%–as it did in 1999 and a part of 2000–you are playing with fire".
Buffett's metric became known as the "Buffett Indicator", and has continued to receive widespread attention in the financial media, and in modern finance textbooks.
In 2018, finance author Mark Hulbert writing in the Wall Street Journal, listed the Buffett indicator as one of his "Eight Best Predictors of the Long-Term Market".
A study by two European academics published in May, 2022 found the Buffett Indicator "explains a large fraction of ten-year return variation for the majority of countries outside the United States". The study examined 10-year periods in fourteen developed markets, in most cases with data starting in 1973. The Buffett Indicator forecasted an average of 83% of returns across all nations and periods, though the predictive value ranged from a low of 42% to as high as 93% depending on the specific nation. Accuracy was lower in nations with smaller stock markets.
Theory
Buffett acknowledged that his metric was a simple one and thus had "limitations", however the underlying theoretical basis for the indicator, particularly in the US, is considered reasonable.
For example, studies have shown a consistent and strong annual correlation between US GDP growth, and US corporate profit growth, and which has increased materially since the Great Recession of 2007–2009. GDP captures effects where a given industry's margins increase materially for a period, but the effect of reduced wages and costs, dampening margins in other industries.
The same studies show a poor annual correlation between US GDP growth and US equity returns, underlining Buffett's belief that when equity prices get ahead of corporate profits (via the GNP/GDP proxy), poor returns will follow. The indicator has also been advocated for its ability to reduce the effects of "aggressive accounting" or "adjusted profits", that distort the value of corporate profits in the price–earnings ratio or EV/EBITDA ratio metrics; and that it is not affected by share buybacks (which don't affect aggregate corporate profits).
The Buffett indicator has been calculated for most international stock markets, however, caveats apply as other markets can have less stable compositions of listed corporations (e.g. the Saudi Arabia metric was materially impacted by the 2018 listing of Aramco), or a significantly higher/lower composition of private vs public firms (e.g. Germany vs. Switzerland), and therefore comparisons across international markets using the indicator as a comparative measure of valuation are not appropriate.
The Buffett indicator has also been calculated for industries (but also noting that it is not relevant for cross industry valuation comparison).
Trending
There is evidence that the Buffett indicator has trended upwards over time, particularly post 1995, and the lows registered in 2009 would have registered as average readings from the 1950–1995 era. Reasons proposed include that GDP might not capture all the overseas profits of US multinationals (e.g. use of tax havens or tax structures by large US technology and life sciences multinationals), or that the profitability of US companies has structurally increased (e.g. due to increased concentration of technology companies), thus justifying a higher ratio; although that may also revert over time. Other commentators have highlighted that the omission by metric of corporate debt, could also be having an effect.
Formula
Buffett's original chart used US GNP as the divisor, which captures the domestic and international activity of all US resident entities even if based abroad, however, many modern Buffett metrics use US GDP as the metric. US GDP has historically been within 1 percent of US GNP, and is more readily available (other international markets have greater variation between GNP and GDP).
Buffett's original chart used the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) database from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for "corporate equities", as it went back for over 80 years; however, many modern Buffett metrics simply use the main S&P 500 index, or the broader Wilshire 5000 index instead.
A common modern formula for the US market, which is expressed as a percentage, is:
(E.g. if US GDP is USD 20 trillion and the market capitalization of the Wilshire 5000 is USD 40 trillion, then the Buffett indicator for the US is 200%; i.e. US public companies are twice as big as annual US economic output.)
The choice of how GDP is calculated (e.g. deflator), can materially affect the absolute value of the ratio; for example, the Buffett indicator calculated by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis peaks at 118% in Q1 2000, while the version calculated by Wilshire Associates peaks at 137% in Q1 2000, while the versions following Buffett's original technique, peak at very close to 160% in Q1 2000.
Records
Using Buffett's original calculation basis in his 2001 article, but with GDP, the metric has had the following lows and highs from 1950 to February 2021:
A low of 33.0% in 1953, a low of 32.2% in 1982, and a low of c. 79% in 2002, and a low of 66.7% in 2009
A high of 87.1% in 1968, a high of 159.2% in 2000, a high of c. 118% in 2007, and a high of 189.6% in (Feb) 2021.
Using the more common modern Buffett indicator with the Wilshire 5000 and US GDP, the metric has had the following lows and highs from 1970 to February 2021:
A low of 34.6% in 1982, a low of 72.9% in 2002, and a low of 56.8% in 2009
A high of 81.1% in 1972, a high of 136.9% in 2000, a high of 105.2% in 2007, and a high of 172.1% in (Feb) 2021.
De-trended data of Buffett's original calculation basis (see above) has had the following lows and highs from 1950 to February 2021 (expressed a % deviation from mean):
A low of -28% in 1953, a low of -51% in 1982, and a low of -5% in 2002, and a low of -27% in 2009
A high of +58% in 1968, a high of +96% in 2000, a high of c. +30% in 2007, and a high of +80% in (Feb) 2021.
See also
Economy monetization
EV/Ebitda
Notes
References
Further reading
Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator (AdvisorPerspectives, February 2021)
The Buffett Indicator (CurrentMarketValuation, February 2021)
External links
Stock Market Capitalization-to-GDP Ratio (Investopedia, January 2021)
Market Cap to GDP Ratio (the Buffett Indicator) (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021)
Buffett Indicator (BuffettIndicator.net, 2024)
Buffett Indicator: Where Are We with Market Valuations? (GuruFocus, 2021)
Market Cap to GDP: The Buffett Indicator (LongTermTrends, 2021)
Financial ratios
Valuation (finance)
2000 neologisms
2000s in economic history
Economic indicators
Economics neologisms | Buffett indicator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,921 | [
"Financial ratios",
"Quantity",
"Metrics"
] |
66,732,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiara%20Neto | Chiara Neto is an Italian Australian chemist and Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Sydney. Her research considers functional nanostructures and the design of new materials for sustainable technologies. She is the former President of the Australasian Colloid and Interface Society and was selected as an Australian Research Council Future Fellow in 2018.
Early life and education
Neto studied chemistry at the University of Florence. She remained there for her doctoral studies. Neto moved to the University of Ulm, where she spent a year as a postdoctoral scholar before joining Saarland University. She moved to Australia in 2003, where she spent three years as an Australian Research Council Fellow at the Australian National University.
Research and career
In 2007 Neto was appointed a Lecturer at the University of Sydney, where was promoted to Full Professor in 2020. Her research considers biomimicry and the creation of functional structures inspired by nature.
She has created superhydrophobic surfaces that, imitating a lotus leaf, repel water and keep clean. Such nanostructured materials can be used in situations where repelling liquids and preventing fouling is advantageous, for example, the food industry. In certain scenarios, such as ships moving through water, the flow of fluids against solid surfaces is crucial for performance. By engineering the topography of solid surfaces, Neto can precisely control and study the flow of fluids that interact with them. This allowed Neto to design surfaces layers that allow ships to move efficiently through water, reducing power consumption. Neto has demonstrated that functional coatings can be used to capture atmospheric water from air, reducing humidity and alleviating any water scarcity.
Awards and honours
2015 Elected President of the Australasian Colloid and Interface Society
2018 Australian Research Council Future Fellowship
2018 Sydney Research Accelerator (SOAR) Fellowship
Select publications
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Italian women chemists
University of Florence alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Nanotechnologists | Chiara Neto | [
"Materials_science"
] | 399 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnologists"
] |
66,733,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20A.%20Segalman | Rachel A. Segalman is the Edward Noble Kramer Professor and Department Chair of Chemical Engineering at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). Her laboratory works on semiconducting block polymers, polymeric ionic liquids, and hybrid thermoelectric materials. She is the associated director of the Center for Materials for Water Energy System, an associate editor of ACS Macro Letters, and co-editor of the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.
Early life and education
Segalman was born in 1975 in Madison, Wisconsin. Her family moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, where as a high schooler she did research at Sandia National Laboratories. She is a third generation female chemical scientist.
Segalman studied chemical engineering at University of Texas at Austin (UT). She graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1998. She moved UCSB for her graduate studies, where she received her Ph.D. in 2002. At UCSB she worked under the supervision of Edward J. Kramer. Her research thesis was on controlling long range order in block copolymer thin films. After completing her Ph.D., Segalman was a Chateaubriand postdoctoral fellow at the Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux working under Georges Hadziioannou.
Research and career
In 2004 Segalman was appointed as the Charles Wilke Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at University of California, Berkeley, and a Faculty Research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) Materials Science Division. In 2013 she was appointed as the acting director of LBL Materials Science Division.
Segalman was recruited to UCSB in 2014 as the Kramer Professor of Materials in the Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials. The same year she was also appointed as the chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Warren and Katherine Schlinger Professor of Chemical Engineering. She is the associate director of the Center for Materials for Water Energy System, a joint center between UCSB, LBL, and UT funded by the Department of Energy.
Segalman's research focuses on understanding and controlling the self-assembly, structure, and properties of functional polymers. Her laboratory studies polymeric materials for applications such as thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, and anti-fouling coating for ships.
Awards and honors
2021 Elected member of the National Academy of Engineering
2019 Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2018 Elected Board of Directors, Materials Research Society
2016 Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society
2015 Journal of Polymer Science Innovation Award
2012 John H. Dillon Medal of the American Physical Society
2009 Alfred P. Sloan Fellow
2008 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE)
2007 TR35: Technology Review's Top Innovators Under 35
2006 3M Untenured Faulty Award
2005 NSF CAREER Award
References
1975 births
Living people
American materials scientists
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Annual Reviews (publisher) editors
Women materials scientists and engineers
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers | Rachel A. Segalman | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 638 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
66,733,691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KELT-10b | KELT-10b is an exoplanet orbiting the G-type main-sequence star KELT-10 approximately 618 light-years away in the southern constellation Telescopium. It was discovered using the transit method, and was announced in 2016.
Discovery
KELT-10b was discovered by a group of scientists at the SAAO using the KELT-South telescope. The light curves and parameters of the system were observed, and it is predicted that due to the host's activity and evolution state along the HR Diagram, the planet is bloated. KELT-10b is part of a group of exoplanets that will be observed by the ESA mission ARIEL.
Properties
KELT-10b has 68% the mass of Jupiter, but is about 40% larger than the Jovian planet. The planet is less dense than Jupiter due to its mass, and has an equilibrium temperature of . KELT-10b has a typical four-day orbit around its host at a separation about ten times greater than Mercury, but is unknown if it's orbiting on a circular or an elliptical one. Observations of the planet with the Very Large Telescope resulted in the discovery of the presence of sodium in the atmosphere.
See also
List of largest exoplanets
List of nearest exoplanets
List of potentially habitable exoplanets
References
Telescopium
Hot Jupiters
Exoplanets discovered in 2015
Exoplanets discovered by KELT | KELT-10b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 302 | [
"Telescopium",
"Constellations"
] |
66,733,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced%20lipids | Reinforced lipids are lipid molecules in which some of the fatty acids contain deuterium. They can be used for the protection of living cells by slowing the chain reaction due to isotope effect on lipid peroxidation. The lipid bilayer of the cell and organelle membranes contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are key components of cell and organelle membranes. Any process that either increases oxidation of PUFAs or hinders their ability to be replaced can lead to serious disease. Correspondingly, use of reinforced lipids that stop the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation has preventive and therapeutic potential.
Examples of reinforced lipids
There are a number of polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be reinforced by deuteration. They include (the names of the reinforced deuterated versions are separated by a slash):
linoleic acid / D2-linoleic acid (D2-Lin)
α-linolenic acid / D4-α-linolenic acid (D4-Lnn)
arachidonic acid / D6-arachidonic acid (D6-ARA)
eicosapentaenoic acid / D8-eicosapentaenoic acid (D8-EPA)
docosahexaenoic acid / D10-docosahexaenoic acid (D10-DHA)
Mechanism of action
Hydrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 1. It has just one proton and one electron. Deuterium is the heavier naturally occurring, stable isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton, one electron, and a neutron, doubling the mass without changing its properties significantly. Substituting deuterium for hydrogen yields deuterated compounds that are similar in size and shape to normal hydrogen compounds.
One of the most pernicious and irreparable types of oxidative damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon biomolecules involves the carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage (hydrogen abstraction). In theory, replacing hydrogen with deuterium "reinforces" the bond due to the kinetic isotope effect, and such reinforced biomolecules taken up by the body will be more resistant to ROS.
The deuterium-reinforced lipids resists the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) through isotope effect — a non-antioxidant based mechanism that protects mitochondrial, neuronal and other lipid membranes, thereby greatly reducing the levels of numerous LPO-derived toxic products such as reactive carbonyls.
Treating cells with deuterium-containing PUFAs (D-PUFAs) can prevent of ferroptosis. This treatment stops the autoxidation process through the kinetic isotope effect (KIE), as shown in Table 1 [66]. The efficacy of D-PUFAs in preventing ferroptosis has been demonstrated in models induced by erastin and RSL3, and has shown promising results in various disease models, especially those related to neurodegenerative disorders.
Laboratory and animal research
The concept of using reinforced lipids to inhibit lipid peroxidation has been tested in numerous cell and animal
models, including:
Parkinson's disease (MPTP and a-Syn models in mice and rats)
Huntington's disease (in mice)
Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1 and ALDH2 mouse models)
Diabetic retinopathy (Akita mice)
Age-related macular degeneration (light irradiation in rats, eye iron overload in mice)
Atherosclerosis (Leiden mice)
Clinical research
Friedreich's ataxia
A double-blind comparator-controlled Phase I/II clinical trial of using D2-linoleic acid ethyl ester (RT001) for Friedreich's ataxia, sponsored by Retrotope and Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance, was conducted to determine the safety profile and appropriate dosing for consequent trials. RT001 was promptly absorbed and was found to be safe and tolerable over 28 days at the maximal dose of 9 g/day. It improved peak workload and peak oxygen consumption in the test group compared to the control group who received the equal doses of normal, non-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester. Another randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study began in 2019.
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy
An open-label clinical study for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy evaluating long-term evaluation of efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of RT001, which, when taken with food, can protect the neuronal cells from degeneration, started in the Summer 2018.
Phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration
In 2017, the FDA granted RT001 orphan drug designation in the treatment of phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN).
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
In 2018, RT001 was given to a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) under a "compassionate use scheme".
Progressive supranuclear palsy
In 2020, the FDA granted orphan drug designation RT001 for the treatment of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP is a disease involving modification and dysfunction of tau protein; RT001's mechanism of action both lowers lipid peroxidation and prevents mitochondrial cell death of neurons which is associated with disease onset and progression.
References
Biochemistry
Fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
Ethyl esters
Fatty acid esters
Deuterated compounds | Reinforced lipids | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,193 | [
"Biochemistry",
"nan"
] |
66,735,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-05105679 | PF-05105679 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the TRPM8 ion channel, which is the main receptor responsible for the sensation of cold. It was developed as a potential analgesic, and blocks the sensation of cold in both animals and human trials. It also lowers core body temperature in small mammals, but does not produce this effect in humans in the normal dosage range.
See also
AMG-333
RQ-00203078
References
Quinolines
Tertiary amines
Benzoic acids
4-Fluorophenyl compounds
Amides | PF-05105679 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 123 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Amides"
] |
66,742,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20decoherence | Gravitational decoherence is a term for hypothetical mechanisms by which gravitation can act on quantum mechanical systems to produce decoherence. Advocates of gravitational decoherence include Frigyes Károlyházy, Roger Penrose and Lajos Diósi.
A number of experiments have been proposed to test the gravitational decoherence hypothesis.
Dmitriy Podolskiy and Robert Lanza have argued that gravitational decoherence may explain the existence of the arrow of time.
See also
Penrose interpretation
Diósi–Penrose model
Objective-collapse theory
Quantum gravity
References
Quantum mechanics
Quantum gravity | Gravitational decoherence | [
"Physics"
] | 119 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum gravity",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
66,742,126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trametes%20suaveolens | Trametes suaveolens is a species of fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae.
Synonym:
Boletus suaveolens L., 1753 (= basionym)
References
Polyporaceae
Fungus species | Trametes suaveolens | [
"Biology"
] | 47 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,742,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geastrum%20melanocephalum | Geastrum melanocephalum is a species of fungus belonging to the family Geastraceae. It has been put on the Red List of Threatened Macrofungi in Poland, where it is in danger of extinction.
Synonym:
Trichaster melanocephalus Czernajew, 1845
References
melanocephalum
Fungi described in 1956
Fungi of Poland
Fungus species | Geastrum melanocephalum | [
"Biology"
] | 81 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,742,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma%20batschii | Tricholoma batschii is a species of fungus belonging to the family Tricholomataceae.
It is found in Europe.
References
batschii
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Tricholoma batschii | [
"Biology"
] | 43 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,742,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma%20viridilutescens | Tricholoma viridilutescens is a species of fungus belonging to the family Tricholomataceae.
It is native to Europe.
References
viridilutescens
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1978
Fungus species | Tricholoma viridilutescens | [
"Biology"
] | 49 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,743,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrario%E2%80%93Ackermann%20reaction | In organic chemistry, the Ferrario–Ackermann reaction or simply the Ferrario reaction is a name reaction that allow for the generation of phenoxanthiine from diphenyl ether and sulfur in the presence of aluminum chloride catalyst.
References
Name reactions | Ferrario–Ackermann reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 54 | [
"Name reactions",
"Chemical reaction stubs",
"Ring forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
66,744,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW%20Leonis%20Minoris | VW Leo Minoris is a tight quadruple star system, located in the constellation of Leo Minor. With a peak combined apparent visual magnitude of 8.07, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements give a distance estimate of approximately 370 light years from the Sun, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +5 km/s.
Hierarchy of orbits
This system was found to be variable using observations with the Hipparcos satellite. It is classified as an A-type W Ursae Majoris eclipsing binary, where the two stars share a common envelope. The eclipse of the primary causes the magnitude of the system to drop to 8.45. These components (1 & 2) have an orbital period of and the orbital plane has an inclination of 72.4° to the line of sight from the Earth. They have a combined stellar classification of F2V, matching an F-type main sequence star.
In 2006 an additional, detached binary component was discovered, making this a quadruple star system. This binary has an orbital period of 7.93 days, a mild eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.04, and it shows an apsidal precession with a period of . The components (3 & 4) have a combined stellar class of G2V, showing a match with a G-type main-sequence star.
The two binaries (1–2 & 3–4) orbit each other with a period of 355 days and an eccentricity of 0.1. The plane of their orbit is close to coplanar (within 5°) with the orbital plane of the detached binary. This outer orbit appears stable, suggesting there is no additional outlying component to this system. The nearby ninth magnitude star HD 95606 (HIP 53969) shares a common proper motion with this system and may be loosely gravitationally bound. They likely all formed in the same protostellar cloud.
References
F-type main-sequence stars
G-type main-sequence stars
W Ursae Majoris variables
4
Leo Minor
BD+31 2225
095660
054003
Leonis Minoris, VW | VW Leonis Minoris | [
"Astronomy"
] | 450 | [
"Leo Minor",
"Constellations"
] |
66,744,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium%28II%29%20iodide | Chromium(II) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula CrI2. It is a red-brown or black solid. The compound is made by thermal decomposition of chromium(III) iodide. Like many metal diiodides, CrI2 adopts the "cadmium iodide structure" motif, i.e., it features sheets of octahedral Cr(II) centers interconnected by bridging iodide ligands. Reflecting the effects of its d4 configuration, chromium's coordination sphere is highly distorted.
Treatment of chromium powder with concentrated hydroiodic acid gives a blue hydrated chromium(II) iodide, which can be converted to related acetonitrile complexes.
Cr + nH2O + 2HI → CrI2(H2O)n + H2
References
Chromium(II) compounds
Iodides
Metal halides | Chromium(II) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 199 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Metal halides",
"Salts"
] |
66,744,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Odom | Susan A. Odom (16 November 1980 – 18 April 2021) was a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Kentucky who developed redox active organic compounds for energy storage applications.
Early life and education
Odom was inspired to explore STEM fields by her father who was a metallurgical engineer. She studied chemistry at the University of Kentucky and graduated in 2003, working under the supervision of Geoffrey Coates at Cornell University (a summer NSF REU) and John Anthony at the University of Kentucky. She moved to Georgia Institute of Technology where she conducted graduate research under the supervision of Seth R. Marder. After graduating in 2008, she moved to the University of Illinois as a postdoctoral scholar under Jeffrey S Moore. In 2011, she joined the faculty of the University of Kentucky.
Research and career
Odom joined the faculty at the University of Kentucky in 2011 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2017. She developed new materials for energy storage applications, including redox shuttles for overcharge protection and electrolytes for redox flow batteries. She aspired to develop stable, soluble redox-active organic materials.
Lithium-ion batteries in series are at risk of being overcharged. If one cell is weaker – or has lower capacity than other cells in the series – the series cannot achieve 100% state of charge without overcharging the weaker battery. One way to mitigate overcharge is to incorporate internal shunts called redox shuttles into the battery electrolyte. The redox shuttle is oxidized at the cathode/electrolyte interface to form a radical cation, then is reduced at the anode/electrolyte interface to return to its neutral form. For every redox shuttle cycle, an electron is transported from the cathode to the anode. An effective redox shuttle will limit cell potential to its oxidation potential. Odom developed one of the most effective redox shuttles to date, mitigating charging currents as high as 1 C, which is defined as one charge/discharge cycle per hour.
Challenges with using lithium-ion batteries for grid storage include the potential for catastrophic failure on a large scale as well as sourcing lithium and transition metals for cathode materials. Odom demonstrated promising results in the liquid-based electrochemical energy storage system called redox flow batteries. If capacities and cell voltages are sufficiently high, and if costs can be sufficiently low, these batteries will penetrate the market for grid-scale storage. Already installations exist throughout the world with aqueous vanadium-based electrolytes, but widespread adoption is limited due to economic viability. In 2016, Odom and Fikile Brushett demonstrated the performance of a phenothiazine derivative in a symmetric flow cell battery. This material was patented and licensed to Tokyo Chemicals Incorporated. The pair later demonstrated the viability of two-electron donating materials for the positive side of a redox flow battery.
In collaboration with chemist Chad Risko, Odom studied how strain alters the oxidation and reduction potentials of materials through the prevention of electronic relaxation. In one case, a material was developed as a shelf-stable commercial oxidant. She showed that substituents that induce strain raise oxidation potentials regardless of their Hammet coefficient.
Awards and honours
2004 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship
2009 National Science Foundation American Competitiveness in Chemistry Postdoctoral Fellowship
2011 American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund Doctoral New Investigator Award
2012, 2013, 2016, 2017 University of Kentucky Teacher Who Made a Difference Award
2014 Chemical Communications Emerging Investigator
2015 University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences Diversity in Research Award
2017 University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences Outstanding Research Mentor Award
2017 University of Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Undergraduate Research Outstanding Faculty Mentor Award
2017, 2018, 2019 Research Corporation for Scientific Advancement Scialog Fellow for Advanced Energy Storage
2020 American Chemical Society Women Chemists Committee Rising Star Award
Odom served on the organizing committee for multiple symposia in the Materials Research Society. In 2020, Odom was elected as a Member at Large in the Battery Division of the Electrochemical Society. Odom served on the editorial board of Materials Today.
Publications
S.A. Odom, K. Lancaster, L. Beverina, K.M. Lefler, N.J. Thompson, V. Coropceanu, J.-L. Brédas, S.R. Marder, & S. Barlow. "Bis(di-4-alkoxyphenyl)amino Derivatives of Dithienylethene, Bithiophene, Dithienothiophene, and Dithienopyrrole: Palladium-catalysed Synthesis and Highly Delocalised Racial Cations". Chemistry - A European Journal (2007) 13, 9637–9646. DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700668
S.A. Odom, S. Chayanupatkul, B.J. Blaiszik, O. Zhao, A.C. Jackson, P.V. Braun, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, & J.S. Moore. "A Self-Healing Conductive Ink". Advanced Materials (2012) 24, 2578–2581. DOI: 10.1002/adma201200196
S.A. Odom, T.T. Tyler, M.M. Caruso, J. Ritchey, M.V. Schulmerich, S.J. Robinson, R. Bhargava, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, M.C. Hersam, & J.S. Moore. "Autonomic Restoration of Electrical Conductivity using Polymer-Stabilized Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Microcapsules". Applied Physics Letters (2012) 101, 043106-1–043106-5. DOI: 10.1063/1.4737935
A.P. Kaur, C.F. Elliott, S. Ergun, & S.A. Odom. "Overcharge Performance of 3,7-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-N-ethylphenothiazine at High Concentrations in Lithium-Ion Batteries". Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2016) 163, A1–A7. DOI: 10.1149/2.0951514jes
M.D. Casselman, C.F. Elliott, S. Modekrutti, P. Zhang, S.R. Parkin, C. Risko, & S.A. Odom. "Beyond the Hammett Effect: Using Strain to Alter the Landscape of Electrochemical Potentials". ChemPhysChem (2017) 18, 2142–2146. DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700607
J.D. Milshtein, A.P. Kaur, M.D. Casselman, J.A. Kowalski, S. Modekrutti, P. Zhang, N.H. Attanayake, C.F. Elliott, S.R. Parkin, C. Risko, F.R. Brushett, & S.A. Odom. "High-Current-Density, Long-Duration Cycling of Soluble Organic Active Species for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries". Energy and Environmental Science (2016) 9, 3531–3543. DOI: 10.1039/C6EE02027E
Personal life
Odom lived in Lexington, KY. In high school and from 2006-2009, she bred and showed Maine Coon cats through the cattery Verismocat, which is known for its regional and national award winning cats such as GC, BW, NW Verismo Wotan-of-Valhalla. Dr. Odom died after falling in her home on April 18, 2021.
References
External links
1980 births
2021 deaths
American chemists
University of Kentucky faculty
United States National Science Foundation officials
Georgia Tech alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Electrochemists
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Deaths from falls | Susan Odom | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,685 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemists"
] |
66,745,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Capensis | Flora Capensis is a book that described the flora found in colonial South Africa, encompassing the Cape Colony, Kaffraria and the Colony of Natal, as it was known during the second half of the 19th century. Creating the book was suggested by the famous English botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker. William Henry Harvey and Otto Wilhelm Sonder took up the work of writing the first three volumes of the Flora Capensis, which were published between 1860 and 1865 by Hodges, Smith and Co. in Dublin, and A.S. Robertson in Cape Town. Parts 4 to 6 were edited by William Turner Thiselton-Dyer and issued over the following decades, with the supplement published in 1933.
References
External links
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15231#page/2/mode/1up
Florae (publication)
Botany
Flora of South Africa | Flora Capensis | [
"Biology"
] | 179 | [
"Flora",
"Florae (publication)",
"Plants",
"Botany"
] |
66,745,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animator%20vs.%20Animation | Animator vs. Animation is an animated web series created by Alan Becker. The original animation was first published on Newgrounds on June 3, 2006, with a sequel following five months later. Almost every installment is animated in either Adobe Animate or Blender, with live action scenes having also been incorporated into the series starting with the fourth episode.
The premise of the web-series is a stick figure attempting to escape the animation program they were created in, through using strategies such as the built-in animation tools or sheer brute force. The series contains almost no spoken dialogue.
Known for its unique concept and high-quality animation, it became an immediate internet hit, receiving 4.78 stars on Newgrounds and 80 million views on YouTube. The fourth installment gained almost 5 million views on YouTube within a month.
A Kickstarter campaign for a reboot episode of the series was created July 10, 2013, reaching their $10,000 funding goal on August 9, 2013. The episode released on October 2, 2014.
Multiple browser game adaptions of the series have been created, including one in 2006 named 'Animator vs. Animation Game: SE', being developed by Charles Yeh.
Plot
Season 1 (2006–2014)
Animator vs. Animation (2006)
Noogai (the animator) creates a black stick figure in Adobe Flash (now known as Adobe Animate), naming it 'Victim'. As soon as Victim comes to life, Noogai tries to destroy Victim, and they try to defend themselves, using the animation software's tools. Victim also clones themselves by using the software's library tool and using Flash's built in tools (e.g., brush, pen, etc.).
Noogai eventually manages to close Adobe Flash, seemingly erasing Victim and the project file in the process.
Animator vs. Animation 2 (2006)
Presumably a few months later, Noogai tries again to create another black stick figure, this time naming it 'The Chosen One', making them even more powerful based on in-universe rules established by a discussion between Noogai and a AIM friend. Again, The Chosen One comes to life, this time making it to Noogai's desktop and destroying Noogai's desktop applications and files, all while Noogai is attempting to message a friend on AIM for help, before The Chosen One crushes AIM with the program window, ending the conversation.
Before they could shut down the computer, The Chosen One is recognised as a virus by Noogai's antivirus software, Avast, and is immediately and swiftly captured. Later, it is revealed that The Chosen One is being used as a pop-up blocker by Noogai.
Animator vs. Animation 3 (2010)
Four years after the events of the previous installment, The Chosen One is still an ad blocker used by Noogai. Longing for freedom, they see a website about Stick Figure Slavery promising escape, but Noogai swiftly cuts off The Chosen One's plans. However, The Chosen One manages to manipulate Noogai's cursor, making the cursor click on the option to free them, and The Chosen One immediately begins destroying Noogai's computer. While The Chosen One battles Clippit in Microsoft Word to little success, Noogai quickly draws a red stick figure, naming it The Dark Lord, which Noogai codes with the mission of destroying The Chosen One. The fight becomes more destructive as The Dark Lord manages to convince several desktop applications such as Firefox and Windows Movie Maker to help him defeat The Chosen One, however the apps are easily defeated.
As the battle rages on, The Chosen One brings The Dark Lord over to their side while Noogai tries to use the Solitaire match to kill The Chosen One. After failing to do so, the two team up to terminate his computer, creating a vortex and crashing his desktop, ending the episode.
Animator vs. Animation 4 (2014)
Around four years after the previous episode, Noogai is animating an orange stick figure whilst chatting with a friend through direct messages about the events of the previous episode. Noogai expresses his frustration at having to purchase a computer, but also explains that he does not believe the events of the previous episodes will happen again. He leaves to go help a presumed partner, and in his absence, the orange colored figure he was animating comes to life and snoops around a bit, before quickly returning to its position upon Noogai's return. Noogai tells his friend he will return shortly before heading off. The hollow-headed orange stick figure continues to explore, releasing a group of red, yellow, green, and blue stick figures from a website called "sticksfight.com" (A website that did not exist in the real world but now is a working URL). Noogai returns and eventually stops the chaos by using Task Manager to "end the tasks" of all the stick figures, including the original. However, Task Manager experiences a problem and Noogai gets a message from "TheSecondComing.exe" which reads: "You ended my friends. Now I will end you." Chaos erupts as the orange stick figure, presumably related to The Chosen One from previous episodes, goes around being a general online detriment to Noogai, doing things such as insulting his friends on Facebook. The stick figure goes between Noogai's phone and computer, fighting him as best they can. In the process of this fight, Orange animates different drawings, including a horse, a strongman, and a few others. Noogai, seeing this, is reminded of his own failed attempts to draw similar ideas, and when he finally captures Orange, hesitates to delete the drawings until one of them attacks his cursor. Noogai makes a move to presumably end Orange as he previously has done to Victim, before Orange unexpectedly speaks, begging him to stop. This causes Noogai to warm up to a deal with Orange: so long as they teach him how to animate better, Noogai will let them free. Orange eventually agrees after Noogai revives his friends from the Sticksfight website.
Season 2 (2018–2020)
The Virus - Animator vs. Animation 5
The episode starts with Noogai animating a bipedal flower-like character, when Orange walks in from the left. Orange then jumps up into the animation window, asking Noogai if he needs help, to which Noogai accepts. With the help of two temporary stick figures drawn by Orange, the animation is refined to be more natural-looking. After Noogai's cursor and Orange exchange a series of high-fives, a whirring sound becomes audible, and Noogai puts his hand to his computer tower, recoiling away after feeling the heat. Orange engages the tooltip of the taskbar's temperature icon, showing it to be 92 degrees Celsius. Noogai subsequently opens the Task Manager, showing a program named "ViraBot" using massive amounts of resources. After Noogai attempts to shut down the program with Task Manager, a large amount of different "Vira-" apps are shown in the start menu. After attempting to use the system's management options, to which access was denied, the desktop icon of ViraBot.exe is revealed. After trying to use the Recycle Bin to destroy it, Noogai draws a hammer requested by Orange, who bashes the icon until it cracks, with a red, four-legged spider-like creature emerging. The ViraBot then proceeds to attack the cursor and the stick figure, with their attempts to defend themselves proving unsuccessful. Orange then opens the browser to inform the visibly overheating Fighting Stick Figures of the virus. After the ViraBot enters the browser's window and destroys Noogai's cursor, the five stick figures start kicking it around the desktop. Once they all start kicking it at once, the ViraBot starts fighting back, eventually using a sticky grey substance to trap the four Fighting Stick Figures to the edge of the screen. After Orange tries to run away but gets ensnared as well, the ViraBot generates two spikes and brandishes them, before lunging forward. A sudden explosion interrupts the attack, with a portal opening and a black stick figure steps out of it, revealing himself to be The Chosen One. The episode ends in a cliffhanger ending right as the two begin to engage in combat.
The Chosen One's Return – Animator vs. Animation 6
Following the events from "The Virus", a battle between The Chosen One and the ViraBot begins. The ViraBot manages to stab The Chosen One with its virus spikes but The Chosen One turns out unharmed or is quickly healed. They then attack and corner the ViraBot, forcing it to enter and control the computer's system against The Chosen One. Although at first the ViraBot wins the fight, The Chosen One suddenly becomes even more powerful and finally kills the ViraBot, much to now free Orange's and the Fighting Stick Figures' satisfaction. As they bow down to The Chosen One in respect and gratitude, The Chosen One once again creates a portal before saying goodbye to Noogai and gaining his respect as well and entering the newly created portal. Orange and the Fighting Stick Figures decide to follow The Chosen one into the portal.
The Flashback – Animator vs. Animation 7
The episode begins with the events that occured in the end of "Animator vs. Animation 3". This time, however, it is revealed that both The Chosen One and The Dark Lord managed to escape Noogai's computer before it was completely destroyed, much to Noogai's frustration. After the two escape, they start terrorizing the Internet and games. Years later, The Dark Lord invents an extremely dangerous virus called ViraBot, with the intention of creating an even greater apocalypse, much to now heart-changed The Chosen One's anxiety. After failing to stop The Dark Lord from launching the first virus into Noogai's computer, The Chosen One is at first hesitant whether to save Noogai or not as he is the one who used to assault The Chosen One. However, because Noogai also created The Chosen One to begin with, the stick figure decides to save him. When both the virus and The Chosen One enter Noogai's computer, the events from "Animator vs. Animation 5" take place. Then, The Chosen One, Orange, and the Fighting Stick Figures are seen traveling through the tunnel the portal leads to.
The Showdown – Animator vs. Animation 8
The Chosen One, Orange, and the Fighting Stick Figures make it to the end of the tunnel, leading to a world called the Outernet, where The Chosen One finds and once again attacks The Dark Lord. As the two start fighting, Orange and the Fighting Stick Figures arrive at the house where The Dark Lord was earlier seen. In this house, they discover a black-red wristband, which The Dark Lord later puts on and uses, giving them more power for the fight against The Chosen One. Seeing that, Orange and the Fighting Stick Figures, especially electronics-knowing Yellow, use The Dark Lord's computer to call Noogai, now with his cursor again available, for help and transport his cursor into the Outernet. Then, both Noogai and The Chosen One started attacking The Dark Lord until The Dark Lord called ViraBots for help, resulting in the cursor being stopped and the program being shutdown, thus separating Noogai from the Outernet. As The Dark Lord approaches The Chosen One, surrounded and cornered by ViraBots, to attack and kill The Chosen One, Orange and the Fighting Stick Figures arrive and stand in defense. However, The Dark Lord stabs the five, making the Fighting Stick Figures vanish while also seemingly killing Orange. With The Chosen One alive but now weak, The Dark Lord orders their ViraBots to terrorize the world, but before they have a chance to do so, Orange is suddenly completely healed and gains superpowers, greater than The Chosen One's or The Dark Lord's powers. Orange uses them to kill all ViraBots and presumably The Dark Lord. Then Orange uses The Dark Lord's computer to revive the Fighting Stick Figures before losing the powers and consciousness, and also no longer being aware of the powers when Orange is finally conscious again. Orange and the Fighting Stick Figures are reunited. Impressed and happy The Chosen One bows down to Orange in respect, which Orange and the Fighting Stick Figures don't understand as they are not aware of Orange's superpowers either. Then, Orange and the Fighting Stick Figures, with Noogai's cursor's help, go back home, that is Noogai's computer.
Season 3 (2023–present)
Wanted – Animator vs. Animation 9 (2023)
The Chosen One is being chased through an Outernet city by four mercenaries, each using a flying hovercraft with a pixel gun. They manage to shoot The Chosen One, but The Chosen One escapes, entering Noogai's computer. There, The Chosen One begs Orange for help, but still nobody but The Chosen One is aware of Orange's powers. The Chosen One takes Orange with them back to the Outernet. The Fighting Stick Figures follow them. When the six make it to the Outernet, the mercenaries are seen looking for The Chosen One. When Orange is spotted and attacked by the mercenaries, and still does not use any superpowers, The Chosen One grabs Orange and flies away, only to get shot by one of the mercenaries with an electrocuting gun, making them both fall and weakening The Chosen One. Orange is revealed to have taken a drawing animation tool from Noogai and uses it to defend themselves and The Chosen One, and fight the mercenaries. Eventually, one of the mercenaries pauses Orange and The Chosen One, and all the mercenaries, seen by the Fighting Stick Figures, who notice the mercenaries' rocket logo, fly away with Orange and The Chosen One captured. They arrive in a jail-like restricted area building where The Chosen One, still paused, and Orange are imprisoned. The mercenaries then meet with their boss, revealed to be Victim.
The Box – Animator vs. Animation 10 (2024)
The Fighting Stick Figures rush in the same direction as the mercenaries in the previous episode, and ask several citizens if they know anything about that rocket symbol the Fighting Stick Figures saw. As the citizens say they know nothing about this, refuse to answer, or ignore, the Fighting Stick Figures spot a delivery truck with the same rocket sign on it and secretly sneak inside it, before it's driver, not noticing them, also enters the truck and starts driving. Meanwhile, in the secret organization from the previous episode, symbolized by the rocket, Orange is forced to teach the organization's workers how to create living 3D creatures with the drawing animation tool, while super strength and eye lasers of The Chosen One, locked in a special box with Victim, are disabled by the mercenaries. At the same time, they increase Victim's strength as Victim starts violating The Chosen One before tying them to a chair and asking them about Noogai. When The Chosen One refuses to tell anything to Victim, Victim puts a memory scanner on The Chosen One's head, making Victim see everything The Chosen One saw in the past. Victim, their mercenaries and the other workers of the organization, and Orange, discover that Orange also has great superpowers, which causes the workers to additionally secure Orange's cage. Victim and the mercenaries continue using the memory scanner and discover that the Fighting Stick Figures are related to Noogai. As soon as they arrive at the organization, they are all captured as well.
Victim – Animator vs. Animation 11 (2024)
Noogai (the animator) creates a black stick figure in Adobe Flash (now known as Adobe Animate), naming it 'Victim'. As soon as Victim comes to life, Noogai tries to destroy Victim, and they try to defend themselves, using the animation software's tools. Victim also clones themselves by using the software's library tool and using Flash's built in tools (e.g., brush, pen, etc.).
Noogai eventually manages to close Adobe Flash, seemingly erasing Victim and the project file in the process.
After being recreated and tortured by his creator countless times over the course of 2006 and 2007, he escaped Flash via a rocket, turning dark gray and getting marooned alongside an animated female character known as Mitsi. The two created an technology company together and lived a peaceful life on Newgrounds until 2011, when Mitsi was killed by Victim's successor, The Chosen One. This prompts Victim to track him down over the coming years with the help of four mercenaries.
Characters
Humans
"Noogai3" (portrayed by Alan Becker): The animator. He originally showed disdain towards his creations, before showing more care to them after learning that one of them could talk through text.
Stick figures
Victim (also spelled as 'victim'): A black stick figure created in 2006 by Noogai. He debuted in "Animator vs. Animation" before seeming being killed off in the same episode. Nearly seventeen years later, he was revealed to have ultimately escaped Adobe Flash via a rocket after being recreated and tortured by his creator countless times over the course of 2006 and 2007, turning dark gray and getting marooned alongside an animated female character known as Mitsi. The two created an technology company together and lived a peaceful life on Newgrounds until 2011, when Mitsi was killed by Victim's successor, The Chosen One. This prompts Victim to track him down over the coming years with the help of four mercenaries.
The Chosen One (often referred to as TCO): A black stick figure, originally almost identical in appearance to Victim, being created in 2006 by Noogai. He has several superpowers which include fire breathing, laser vision, and superhuman strength, among others. He debuted in "Animator vs. Animation 2" and was presumed dead after the next episode before reappearing at the end of "The Virus".
The Dark Lord (often referred to as TDL): A red stick figure, created by Noogai in 2011, merely programmed with the mission of destroying The Chosen One. He debuted in "Animator vs. Animation 3" and was presumed dead in the same episode, before reappearing in "The Flashback", only to again presumably die at the end of "The Showdown".
Stick Gang: A group of five stick figures, consisting of The Second Coming and the Fighting Stick Figures.
The Second Coming (often referred to as Orange or TSC; file name 'TheSecondComing.exe'): An orange stick figure accidentally created by Noogai in 2014. He is the leader of the Stick Gang. In almost all animations he appears in, The Second Coming is depicted as being a completely normal stick figure much like the other figures he meets the same episode he is introduced in, albeit with far more honed fighting abilities. Though, he has hidden powers and capabilities that make him one of the most powerful figures currently introduced in the series, with him having powers including telekinesis, flight and laser vision. However, these abilities have only surfaced temporarily through vague means, likely while critically weakened, and The Second Coming has zero recollection of his powerful state.
Fighting Stick Figures: A group of four solid-headed stick figures consisting of Red, Blue, Yellow and Green, introduced in 2014. Residing on sticksfight.com, they escaped with the help of The Second Coming before each being terminated by Noogai, then subsequently revived. They were later killed by The Dark Lord during "The Showdown", only to be revived again by a powered-up Second Coming.
Red: A red stick figure, introduced in 2014.
Blue: A cyan stick figure, introduced in 2014.
Yellow: A yellow stick figure, introduced in 2014.
Green: A lime stick figure, introduced in 2014.
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Development and history
Becker was inspired by many popular animations and stories such as Duck Amuck and the 1959 animated version of Harold and the Purple Crayon. Many other Flash games such as Cursor Thief on Newgrounds also gave him the spark to create the animation. Approximately three months after beginning animation, Becker posted the animation to Newgrounds. The next day, the animation received second place for the entire day. Becker began receiving many emails and instant messages from website owners that wanted to host the animation on their website, with one of the websites even offering $75 as long as they received exclusive rights to the animation. Becker declined after reading an email above from Steven Lerner, the owner of Albino Blacksheep.
AtomFilms offered to fund the making of a sequel, and it released on November 4, 2006. Becker used his real AIM username in the animation, which made him unable to use the service without his desktop screen being smothered by hundreds of fans who attempted to message him online. Becker began uploading the videos on YouTube, manually reporting clones of the videos using YouTube's copyright report system, but it reportedly took a few years. Becker uploaded 'Animator vs. Animation 3' onto Atom.com on October 4, 2010, intending for it to be the final episode. Becker then went to study animation at Columbus College of Art and Design, with the goal of being hired at Pixar. Becker launched a Kickstarter campaign for the funding of Animator vs. Animation 4 after being motivated by his teacher's words and encouragement to keep going. The campaign launched on July 10, 2013 and the $10,000 funding goal was reached on August 9, 2013. On October 2, 2014, 'Animator vs. Animation 4' was released onto YouTube. It reportedly gained almost five million views on YouTube within a month.
eBaum's World controversy
'Animator vs. Animation' was put onto eBaum's World without Becker's permission and with no credit. Legal action was threatened against eBaum's World under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. eBaum's World later contacted Becker, offering him $250 as compensation and pressuring Becker into a false testimonial. Becker later retracted the statement, and officially asked eBaum's World to pull the animation and the testimonial off the website.
Spin-offs
The series has had multiple spin-offs, under the Animation vs. label, with some of them gaining more views than the original series itself.
A notable spinoff called Animation vs. Minecraft was uploaded on December 14, 2015. The video briefly had the title of the most popular Minecraft video on the internet for a month. A spin-off series of the same name debuted on November 17, 2017, with its fourteenth episode being the most popular Minecraft video on the internet briefly and Becker's most popular video.
Another notable spinoff is Animation vs. YouTube, which featured cameo appearances from numerous YouTubers, including PewDiePie and Markiplier. Actual Shorts are shorts formatted for YouTube Shorts, with the name referencing the fact that certain episodes in the Animation vs. Minecraft series are too long to be considered 'shorts', with running times of up to thirty minutes.
Reception
The series has gained a positive reception.
Awards and nominations
See also
Flash animation
Stick figure
Notes
References
2006 web series debuts
2000s YouTube series
2010s YouTube series
2020s YouTube series
American animated web series
Comedy web series
Drama web series
Films about films
Minecraft in popular culture | Animator vs. Animation | [
"Technology"
] | 4,884 | [
"Works about the Internet",
"Works about computing"
] |
66,746,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Monaghan%20%28engineer%29 | Paul Gerard Monaghan (born 18 October 1967) is a British Formula One engineer. He is currently the chief engineer at the Red Bull Racing Formula One team.
Career
Monaghan gained his master's degree in Mechanical Engineering and then began his motorsport career working at McLaren Racing in 1990 starting out in research and development department before moving to the special projects division. He eventually advanced to the position of data engineer, working alongside David Coulthard.
In 2000, seeking a new challenge, Monaghan joined the Benetton squad, which was in the process of transitioning into the Renault F1 Team. Initially, Monaghan worked as a performance engineer but soon after he joined, he took on the role of Race Engineer for Jenson Button. After Button left the team, Monaghan began working with Renault's exciting new prospect Fernando Alonso, engineering the young Spaniard to his first victory in 2003.
After a brief stint at Jordan Grand Prix, Monaghan joined Red Bull Racing at the end of 2005. Monaghan was initially appointed Head of Race Engineering but over time this has transitioned into the role of Chief Engineer, Car Engineering. This role sees him responsible for extracting maximum performance from the team's machinery across a grand prix weekend and turning racing concepts into performance gains.
References
1967 births
Living people
21st-century British engineers
Formula One engineers
Data engineers
Benetton Formula | Paul Monaghan (engineer) | [
"Engineering"
] | 275 | [
"Data engineers",
"Data engineering"
] |
66,748,988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-00203078 | RQ-00203078 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the TRPM8 ion channel, which is the main receptor responsible for the sensation of cold. It was developed as a potential analgesic, and blocks the development of hyperalgesia following exposure to cold temperatures or chronic morphine administration.
See also
AMG-333
PF-05105679
References
Pyridines
Trifluoromethyl ethers
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Carboxylic acids
Chloroarenes
Sulfonamides | RQ-00203078 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 119 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
75,401,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telisotuzumab%20vedotin | Telisotuzumab vedotin is a monoclonal antibody developed by AbbVie for non-small cell lung cancer.
References
Drugs acting on the respiratory system
Monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by AbbVie | Telisotuzumab vedotin | [
"Biology"
] | 47 | [
"Antibody-drug conjugates"
] |
75,401,837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTX-030 | TTX-030 is an experimental anti-CD39 monoclonal antibody developed by AbbVie to treat pancreatic cancer.
References
Monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by AbbVie | TTX-030 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 41 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,403,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis%20Prodromakis | Themistoklis "Themis" Prodromakis, FRSC, FBCS, FInstP, FIET, CEng (Greek: Θεμιστοκλής Προδρομάκης, born 1 September 1981) is an electronic engineer. In 2022 he joined the School of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh as the Regius Professor of Engineering. Prodromakis is also Director of the Centre for Electronics Frontiers and holds an RAEng Chair in Emerging Technologies in AI hardware technologies. He is the founder and director of ArC Instruments that commercialises high-performance testing instruments for semiconductor technologies.
He has been involved in developing emerging metal-oxide resistive random-access memory technologies with applications in embedded electronics. and biomedicine. His tool developments went hand in hand with the optimisation of solid-state device technologies, allowing him to demonstrate world-record performance in analogue memory, where single devices can store over 100 discernible memory states. He showcased the use of memristor technologies in a variety of applications: on-node bio-signal processors that compared to CMOS state-of-art achieve a 200 better compression efficiency and over 2-orders of magnitude power savings per channel; in-silico implementations of unsupervised learning, empowering the handling of big-unlabelled-data efficiently and robustly; and a novel microelectronics design paradigm that fuses the analogue and digital worlds and empowers energy efficient implementations of analogue reconfigurable gates. He was also the first to demonstrate a bio-hybrid network comprising real and artificial neurons that was linked via memristor synapse emulators over the internet.
He has published over 350 research papers and holds more than 10 patents in the field of semiconductors and AI hardware technologies. His contributions in memristive technologies and applications have brought this emerging technology one step closer to the electronics industry for which he was recognised as a 2021 Blavatnik Award UK Honoree in Physical Sciences and Engineering.
He established and directed the Lloyd's Register Foundation International Consortium for Nanotechnologies, a global initiative that supported 52 talented individuals for building a safer world with nanotechnologies. He also played a key role in growing the remit of memristors by inaugurating and chairing MEMRISYS. In 2020 he was appointed Editor in Chief of Frontiers on Nanotechnology. He is a keen advocate for explaining his research to the public through outreach activities, lectures and general interest articles.
References
Electronics engineers
Living people
1981 births
Greek computer scientists | Themis Prodromakis | [
"Engineering"
] | 539 | [
"Electronics engineers",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
75,404,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEERS-2112 | CEERS-2112 is the most distant barred spiral galaxy observed as of 2023. The light observed from the galaxy was emitted when the universe was only 2.1 billion years old. It was determined to be similar in mass to the Milky Way.
Observations
The galaxy is located in the Extended Groth Strip cosmological field and it was identified as a barred spiral galaxy thanks to the observations of the NIRCam instrument onboard the James Webb Space Telescope. These observations were made in June 2022 as part of the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey and are publicly available for the general community.
Morphology
CEERS-2112 is a barred spiral galaxy, resembling the structure of the Milky Way. It presents a concentration of stars moving on very elliptical orbits in its central region, which appears as an elongated structure (stellar bar), from which two faint spiral arms develop. In the local Universe, about 70% of galaxies show this appearance, which is quite rare in the early Universe, where the percentage diminishes to about 5% at redshift z > 2.
Stellar mass
The galaxy has a stellar mass of 3.9 billion times that of the Sun, comparable with that of the Milky Way 11.7 billion years ago.
References
External links
CEERS public webpage: https://ceers.github.io
The Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (CEERS datasets): https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/ceers
Dwarf spiral galaxies
Barred spiral galaxies
Ursa Major
Boötes
Astronomical objects discovered in 2023 | CEERS-2112 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 328 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
75,404,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20Fiction%20Database | The Interactive Fiction Database (IFDB) is a database of metadata and reviews of interactive fiction.
In November 2023, the database contained 12,969 game listings, 12,784 member reviews, 51,762 member ratings, and 17,040 registered members. Some games can be played in the web browser using links on the IFDB web site.
History
The database was founded by Michael J. Roberts in 2007.
The IFDB is currently (2023) maintained by the IFDB committee of the Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation (IFTF).
Top games
The top 10 games on the IFDB Top 100 list, using an IMDb style Bayes estimator to calculate weighted ratings based on all IFDB ratings, are (2023):
Counterfeit Monkey, by Emily Short
Anchorhead, by Michael Gentry
Hadean Lands, by Andrew Plotkin
Superluminal Vagrant Twin, by C.E.J. Pacian
80 Days, by inkle and Meg Jayanth
Open Sorcery, by Abigail Corfman
Worldsmith by Ade McT
The Wizard Sniffer, by Buster Hudson
Will Not Let Me Go, by Stephen Granade
Eat Me, by Chandler Groover
Emily Short has six entries among the top 100. Andrew Plotkin, Buster Hudson, Chandler Groover, Steve Meretzky, inkle, Brendan Patrick Hennessy, mathbrush, Steph Cherrywell, Jon Ingold has 3 entries each.
In a September 2023 vote among members, the following were voted the best games:
Counterfeit Monkey, by Emily Short
Anchorhead, by Michael Gentry
Spider and Web, by Andrew Plotkin
Hadean Lands, by Andrew Plotkin
The Impossible Bottle, by Linus Åkesson
The Gostak, by Carl Muckenhoupt
Photopia, by Adam Cadre
Eat Me, by Chandler Groover
Lost Pig, by Admiral Jota
80 Days, by inkle, Meg Jayanth
Adventure, by William Crowther and Don Woods
Blue Lacuna, by Aaron A. Reed
Curses, by Graham Nelson
The Wizard Sniffer, by Buster Hudson
See also
Interactive Fiction Competition
Spring Thing
XYZZY Awards
References
External links
https://ifdb.org/
2007 establishments
Internet properties established in 2007
Online game databases
Recommender systems | Interactive Fiction Database | [
"Technology"
] | 462 | [
"Information systems",
"Recommender systems"
] |
75,405,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADB-5%27F-BUTINACA | ADB-5'F-BUTINACA is an indazole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist. It was synthesised as part of investigations into related compounds such as ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA and MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA, and confirmed that fluorination of the indazole 5-position increases potency in a similar manner to bromination.
See also
ADB-BUTINACA
ADB-5'Br-PINACA
ADSB-FUB-187
References
Cannabinoids
Designer drugs
Fluoroarenes
Amides
Tert-butyl compounds
Indazolecarboxamides | ADB-5'F-BUTINACA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 145 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,405,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADB-5%27Br-BUTINACA | ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA (ADB-B-5Br-INACA) is an indazole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist which has been sold as a designer drug, first detected in Philadelphia in the US in May 2022, and subsequently found in South Korea, Portugal and Sweden. It is specifically listed as an illegal drug in Italy, South Korea and several states in the US, and controlled under analogue legislation in various other jurisdictions.
See also
ADB-BUTINACA
ADB-5'Br-PINACA
ADB-5'F-BUTINACA
ADSB-FUB-187
MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA
MDMB-BINACA
References
Cannabinoids
Designer drugs
Bromoarenes
Amides
Tert-butyl compounds
Indazolecarboxamides | ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 182 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,406,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaterasu%20particle | The Amaterasu particle, named after the sun goddess in Japanese mythology, was an unexpected ultra-high-energy cosmic ray detected in 2021 and later identified in 2023, using the Telescope Array Project observatory in Utah, United States. It had an energy exceeding 240 exa-electronvolts (EeV) and was inferred through the two dozen particles it sent toward ground detectors. This single particle appears to have emerged, inexplicably, from the Local Void, an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy. The single subatomic particle held energy roughly equivalent to a brick dropping to the ground from waist height.
According to study leader, Associate Professor Toshihiro Fujii from Osaka Metropolitan University, "No promising astronomical object matching the direction from which the cosmic ray arrived has been identified, suggesting possibilities of unknown astronomical phenomena and novel physical origins beyond the Standard Model."
Previously reported extremely high-energy cosmic ray events include a 320 EeV particle in 1991 (Oh-My-God particle), a 213 EeV particle in 1993 and a 280 EeV particle in 2001. This makes the Amaterasu particle the third most powerful cosmic ray to have been detected.
See also
Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
References
Cosmic rays
2021 in science
2021 in Utah
Individual particles | Amaterasu particle | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 269 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Radiation",
"Cosmic rays"
] |
75,407,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20interstitial%20cells | Valve interstitial cells (VIC), cardiac valve interstitial cells, or also known as valvular interstitial cells (VICs), are the most prevalent cells in the heart valve leaflets, which are a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and are responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix that provides the mechanical properties of the heart valve.
They are present in all three layers of the heart valve: a) fibrosa, b) spongiosa, c) ventricularis.
VICs are found in all three layers of heart valves, while the entire structure is covered by valve endothelial cells (VECs). Each layer has a unique matrix composition: ventricularis is abundant in elastin, spongiosa is rich in proteoglycans, and fibrosa is filled with collagen. During embryogenesis, the endothelial cells that cover the primordial valve structures migrate into the underlying matrix and undergo a transformation from endothelial to mesenchymal, becoming the interstitial cells. Therefore, VICs originate from endothelial cells.
References
External links
Heart valves
Cell biology
Histology | Valve interstitial cells | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 246 | [
"Histology",
"Cell biology",
"Microscopy"
] |
75,408,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%2014 | The Xiaomi 14 is a series of Android-based smartphones manufactured by Xiaomi that succeeds the Xiaomi 13 series. The series is the company's flagship range. The Xiaomi 14 and 14 Pro, the first phones to feature a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 System On Chip, were announced on 26 October 2023 and were released in China on 1 November 2023. The Xiaomi 14 Ultra was released on February 22, 2024, in China alongside the Xiaomi Pad 6S Pro.
The global launch of the Xiaomi 14 series happened at MWC 2024 on February 25, 2024, in Barcelona, Spain.
Design
The Xiaomi 14 features a flat front made of Corning Gorilla Glass Victus, meanwhile the Xiaomi 14 Pro has a front with curved side edges made of in-house Xiaomi Shield (Longjing) Glass. The Xiaomi 14 Ultra, as the Pro model, features a front made of Shield Glass but it is curved around the perimeter, though not as prominently as on the sides of the Pro model.
The back of the Xiaomi 14 is made of a silicone polymer material in the Snow Mountain Powder color option and glass in other color options, the Xiaomi 14 Pro features the back made of glass in all color options, while on the Xiaomi 14 Ultra it is made of glass in the Dragon Crystal Blue color and eco leather in other color options.
The frame of all three models is generally made of aluminium but the Xiaomi 14 Pro and Xiaomi 14 Ultra offer Titanium Special Editions with the titanium frame.
The only noticeable design change of the Xiaomi 14 compared to the Xiaomi 13 is the camera island, which has no dividing lines and features a different arrangement of elements, such as three camera lenses, LED flash and Leica logo. The Xiaomi 14 Pro, compared to the Xiaomi 13 Pro, features a flatter back and a consistent frame width on all sides. Meanwhile, the Xiaomi 14 Ultra retains mostly identical to its predecessor design but includes the bezel around the camera island and lacks a bump on the upper part of the back.
All modes have IP68 dust and water resistance.
On the bottom side, there is a dual SIM tray, a microphone, a USB-C port and a speaker. On the top of the Xiaomi 14 Pro and Xiaomi 14 Ultra there is a second speaker. On the right side, there is the volume rocker and the power button. Elements such as the IR port, an additional microphone have been moved to the camera island.
On the global market, the Xiaomi 14 is available in black, white, and Jade Green color options. In China, the Xiaomi 14 is also available in Snow Mountain Powder (pink).
The Xiaomi 14 Pro is available in black, white, Jade Green, and Titanium Special Edition color options.
On the global market, the Xiaomi 14 Ultra is available in black and white color options. In China, the Xiaomi 14 Ultra is also available in Dragon Crystal Blue and Titanium Special Edition.
Specifications
Hardware
Platform
The Xiaomi 14 and Xiaomi 14 Pro are the first smartphones to receive the flagship Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 SoC with an Adreno 750 GPU. The Xiaomi 14 Ultra uses the same platform.
Battery
The smartphones feature non-removable Li-Po batteries with a capacity of 4610 mAh in the Xiaomi 14, 4880 mAh in the Xiaomi 14 Pro, 5000 mAh in the global model of the Xiaomi 14 Ultra and 5300 mAh in the Chinese model of the Xiaomi 14 Ultra.
The Xiaomi 14 and 14 Ultra support 90 W fast wired charging and the Xiaomi 14 Pro supports 120 W fast wired charging. The Xiaomi 14 and Xiaomi 14 Pro also support 50 W fast wireless charging and the Xiaomi 14 Ultra supports a 80 W fast wireless charging, which, at the time of release, is the most powerful wireless charging since the Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra. All three models feature a 5 W reverse wireless charging support.
Camera
Xiaomi 14 and Xiaomi 14 Pro feature a triple camera setup consisting of the following lenses:
50 MP wide-angle lens with an f/1.6 aperture on the base model and an adjustable aperture ranging from f/1.4 to f/4.0 on the Pro model, featuring phase detection dual pixel autofocus, laser autofocus, and optical image stabilization;
50 MP telephoto lens with an f/2.0 aperture, 3.2x optical zoom, phase detection autofocus, and optical image stabilization;
50 MP ultrawide-angle lens with an f/2.2 aperture, a 115° field of view, and autofocus on the Pro model.
On the other hand, the Xiaomi 14 Ultra features quad-camera setup consisting of the following lenses
50 MP 1-inch Sony LYT-900 wide-angle lens with an adjustable aperture ranging from f/1.6 to f/4.0, multi-directional phase detection autofocus, laser autofocus, and optical image stabilization;
50 MP Sony IMX858 telephoto lens with an f/1.8 aperture, 3.2x optical zoom, phase detection dual pixel autofocus, and optical image stabilization;
50 MP Sony IMX858 periscope telephoto lens with an f/2.5 aperture, 5x optical zoom, phase detection dual pixel autofocus, and optical image stabilization;
50 MP Sony IMX858 ultrawide-angle lens with an f/1.8 aperture, a 123° field of view, and phase detection dual pixel autofocus.
In addition, the Xiaomi 14 Ultra features a TOF 3D camera for depth measurement. All models also use LEICA SUMMILUX optics.
The main cameras of the Xiaomi 14 and Xiaomi 14 Pro can record video at up to 8K@24fps, while the main camera of the Xiaomi 14 Ultra can record video at up to 8K@30fps.
All three models also feature a 32 MP front-facing camera with an f/2.5 aperture and the ability to record video at up to 4K@60fps.
Display
The models feature an LTPO AMOLED display with an adaptive 1–120 Hz refresh rate, Dolby Vison, HDR10+, a 20:9 aspect ratio, a centered circular cutout for the front-facing camera, and an under-display optical fingerprint sensor. The display of the Xiaomi 14 has 6.36" diagonal, 2670 × 1200 resolution, and a 460 ppi pixel density, while the display of the Xiaomi 14 Pro and Xiaomi 14 Ultra have 6.73" diagonal, 3200 × 1440 (QHD+) resolution, and a 522 ppi pixel density.
Sound
The smartphones feature stereo speakers with Dolby Atmos support. In the Xiaomi 14 the earpiece doubles as the second speaker, while the Xiaomi 14 Pro and Xiaomi 14 Ultra feature a dedicated second speaker on the top of the frame.
Memory
The Xiaomi 14 is available in 8 GB/256 GB, 12 GB/256 GB, 16 GB/512 GB, and 16 GB/1 TB memory configurations, while the Xiaomi 14 Pro and Xiaomi 14 Ultra are available in 12 GB/256 GB, 16 GB/512 GB, and 16 GB/1 TB memory configurations
Software
The Xiaomi 14 and Xiaomi 14 Pro are the first smartphones to receive the new HyperOS operating system, that succeeds MIUI. On both models, HyperOS is based on Android 14. Xiaomi 14 Ultra features the same software. Later, all three models were updated to HyperOS 2 based on Android 15.
See also
List of large sensor camera phones
List of longest smartphone telephoto lenses
References
External links
Mobile phones introduced in 2023
Android (operating system) devices
Flagship smartphones
14
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 8K video recording | Xiaomi 14 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,644 | [
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
75,408,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainshuttle | Brainshuttle or brain shuttle is a technology developed by Roche to help molecules such as monoclonal antibodies to cross the blood-brain barrier more than they would otherwise. It has been tested with anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies such as trontinemab.
References
Neuroscience | Brainshuttle | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 59 | [
"Neuroscience",
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,408,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trontinemab | Trontinemab (RG6102) is a monoclonal antibody developed by Roche/Genentech for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is based on gantenerumab, an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody, and using a Brainshuttle domain for transfer through the blood-brain barrier. Compared to gantenerumab, it has 50 times as much penetrance into the brain.
References
Drugs developed by Genentech
Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies | Trontinemab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 108 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,409,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetravinylmethane | Tetravinylmethane is an organic compound with formula C9H12, consisting of four vinyl groups bonded to a central carbon atom. It has been synthesised by several different routes.
See also
Neopentane
Tetraethylmethane
Tetraethynylmethane
Tetra-tert-butylmethane
Tetracyclopropylmethane
Tetraphenylmethane
Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)methane
Methanetetracarboxylate
Tetramethoxymethane
Tetrafluoromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Tetrabromomethane
Tetraiodomethane
Tetraazidomethane
Tetracyanomethane
Tetranitromethane
References
Alkenes | Tetravinylmethane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 159 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Alkenes"
] |
75,409,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakis%28trimethylsilyl%29methane | Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)methane (TTMSM) is an organic compound with formula C13H36Si4, consisting of four trimethylsilyl (Si(CH3)3) groups bonded to a central carbon atom. It is extremely sterically crowded but unlike with the all-carbon equivalent tetra-tert-butylmethane which is only known as a theoretical compound, the longer silicon-carbon bonds allow this compound to be synthesised.
See also
Neopentane
Tetraethylmethane
Tetravinylmethane
Tetraethynylmethane
Tetracyclopropylmethane
Tetraphenylmethane
Methanetetracarboxylate
Tetramethoxymethane
Tetrafluoromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Tetrabromomethane
Tetraiodomethane
Tetraazidomethane
Tetracyanomethane
Tetranitromethane
References
Silanes | Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)methane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 206 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
75,409,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betatron%20oscillations | Betatron oscillations are the fast transverse oscillations of a charged particle in various focusing systems: linear accelerators, storage rings, transfer channels. Oscillations are usually considered as a small deviations from the ideal reference orbit and determined by transverse forces of focusing elements i.e. depending on transverse deviation value: quadrupole magnets, electrostatic lenses, RF-fields. This transverse motion is the subject of study of electron optics. Betatron oscillations were firstly studied by D.W. Kerst and R. Serber in 1941 while commissioning the fist betatron. The fundamental study of betatron oscillations was carried out by Ernest Courant, Milton S.Livingston and Hartland Snyder that lead to the revolution in high energy accelerators design by applying strong focusing principle.
Hill's equations
To hold particles of the beam inside the vacuum chamber of accelerator or transfer channel magnetic or electrostatic elements are used. The guiding field of dipole magnets sets the reference orbit of the beam while focusing magnets with field linearly depending on transverse coordinate returns the particles with small deviations forcing them to oscillate stably around reference orbit. For any orbit one can set locally the co-propagating with the reference particle Frenet–Serret coordinate system. Assuming small deviations of the particle in all directions and after linearization of all the fields one will come to the linear equations of motion which are a pair of Hill equations:
Here , are periodic functions in a case of cyclic accelerator such as betatron or synchrotron. is a gradient of magnetic field. Prime means derivative over s, path along the beam trajectory. The product of guiding field over curvature radius is magnetic rigidity, which is via Lorentz force strictly related to the momentum , where is a particle charge.
As the equation of transverse motion independent from each other they can be solved separately. For one dimensional motion the solution of Hill equation is a quasi-periodical oscillation. It can be written as , where is Twiss beta-function, is a betatron phase advance and is an invariant amplitude known as Courant-Snyder invariant.
References
Literature
Accelerator physics | Betatron oscillations | [
"Physics"
] | 449 | [
"Accelerator physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Experimental physics"
] |
75,410,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B324 | B324 is a yellow hypergiant in the Triangulum Galaxy, located near the giant H II region IC 142 around 2.7 million light years away. It is the brightest star in the Triangulum Galaxy in terms of apparent magnitude.
Discovery
The star has been first catalogued in 1980 by Humphreys and Sandage. The star was found to be the brightest star in the galaxy. It was given the spectral type A5eIa and it was considered a blue supergiant with emission lines.
Physical properties
In 1980 the star was already known as a very luminous star. The absolute visual magnitude was estimated to be -9.4, making it brighter than any other blue supergiant. Later in 1990 and 1996 two papers obtained an even higher absolute magnitude of -10 and a luminosity of 787,000 .
The star has a P Cygni profile. This is commonly thought to be a characteristic of luminous blue variables. However, it is present in some other stars with high mass-loss rates, such as IRC +10420. Notably its luminosity is similar to that of LBVs like S Doradus during an outburst. It also shares some characteristics with the A-type hypergiant HD 33579.
The star was first suggested to be a star similar to S Doradus in 1995 based on the spectral similarities to Var B. Independently a year later a different study came to the same conclusion based on the spectral variation and the profile. It was given the spectral type F0-F5Ia+.
A 2004 study has rejected this classification based on the lack of variability in this star.
In 2012 a study found that the star is more similar to cool LBVs than to yellow hypergiants based on spectral variation, recent circumstellar ejecta and the very high luminosity (which the paper estimated to be 2 million , significantly above the Humphreys-Davidson limit for stars with temperatures comparable to those of the star. While this would imply that the star has stayed in an outburst state for around 20 years, some stars have stayed in this state for even longer.
However, a 2013 paper casts doubt on this classification. The Ca II and [Ca II] emission is strong and the star shows little variability, making it similar to the post-RSG IRC +10420. B324 also has small near-infrared excess. The high derived luminosity was based on a large distance to M33 and the luminosity was revised to 863,000 . Other similarities to the yellow hypergiant mentioned above include the similar absorption line spectra. The star's temperature was estimaged to be 8,000 K and the spectral type A8-F0Ia was assigned to this star.
A 2016 paper got a similar luminosity for the star (873,000 ) and a slightly lower temperature of 6,970 K.
In 2017 it has been suggested that the star might be evolving to cooler temperatures instead, suggesting that the star has never been a red supergiant yet.
The same year a paper supporting the post-RSG classification has been published, such as the small 12C/13C ratio and the Na I emission, present in Rho Cassiopeiae, HR 8752 and other yellow hypergiants.
References
F-type hypergiants
A-type hypergiants
Extragalactic stars
Stars in the Triangulum Galaxy
Triangulum Galaxy
Triangulum | B324 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 706 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
75,411,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRET%20%28software%29 | Formal Requirements Elicitation Tool (FRET) is a requirements engineering tool. It was developed by the NASA Ames Research Center to specify complex safety-critical systems whose failure could result in loss of life, significant property damage, or environmental harm. FRET is open-source software released under the NASA Open Source Agreement.
Background
The behavior and features of a system are specified by its requirements. Most requirements are written in natural languages such as English, which is easy for analysts and stakeholders to understand but cannot be checked for errors and omissions using formal methods. On the other hand, formal notations such as VDM and Z, which are precise and unambiguous, tend to be difficult for analysts and stakeholders to understand.
As a compromise, FRET requirements are created in a controlled natural language called FRETish and converted into temporal logic.
Uses
FRETish requirements can correspond to variables in external code or models. FRET generates and verifies formal equivalents for each statement, allowing requirements to be imported or exported in a variety of formats including JSON.
In FRET, processes are simulated and analyzed by interfacing with external modeling and analysis tools. The supported external tools include COCO simulator, Simulink Design, Verifier, NuSMV, and Copilot.
See also
Functional requirement
Non-functional requirement
Objective
Requirements analysis
Software engineering
Software Engineering Body of Knowledge
Software requirements
Software requirements specification
Stakeholder analysis
Systems engineering
List of requirements engineering tools
References
Software requirements | FRET (software) | [
"Engineering"
] | 301 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software requirements"
] |
75,411,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta-subsumption | Theta-subsumption (θ-subsumption, or just subsumption) is a decidable relation between two first-order clauses that guarantees that one clause logically entails the other. It was first introduced by John Alan Robinson in 1965 and has become a fundamental notion in inductive logic programming. Deciding whether a given clause θ-subsumes another is an NP-complete problem.
Definition
A clause, that is, a disjunction of first-order literals, can be considered as a set containing all its disjuncts.
With this convention, a clause θ-subsumes a clause if there is a substitution such that the clause obtained by applying to is a subset of .
Properties
θ-subsumption is a weaker relation than logical entailment, that is, whenever a clause θ-subsumes a clause , then logically entails . However, the converse is not true: A clause can logically entail another clause, but not θ-subsume it.
θ-subsumption is decidable; more precisely, the problem of whether one clause θ-subsumes another is NP-complete in the length of the clauses. This is still true when restricting the setting to pairs of Horn clauses.
As a binary relation among Horn clauses, θ-subsumption is reflexive and transitive. It therefore defines a preorder. It is not antisymmetric, since different clauses can be syntactic variants of each other. However, in every equivalence class of clauses that mutually θ-subsume each other, there is a unique shortest clause up to variable renaming, which can be effectively computed. The class of quotients with respect to this equivalence relation is a complete lattice, which has both infinite ascending and infinite descending chains. A subset of this lattice is known as a .
History
θ-subsumption was first introduced by J. Alan Robinson in 1965 in the context of resolution, and was first applied to inductive logic programming by Gordon Plotkin in 1970 for finding and reducing least general generalisations of sets of clauses. In 1977, Lewis D. Baxter proves that θ-subsumption is NP-complete, and the 1979 seminal work on NP-complete problems, Computers and Intractability, includes it among its list of NP-complete problems.
Applications
Theorem provers based on the resolution or superposition calculus use θ-subsumption to prune redundant clauses. In addition, θ-subsumption is the most prominent notion of entailment used in inductive logic programming, where it is the fundamental tool to determine whether one clause is a specialisation or a generalisation of another. It is further used to test whether a clause covers an example, and to determine whether a given pair of clauses is redundant.
Notes
References
Inductive logic programming
Logical consequence
NP-complete problems | Theta-subsumption | [
"Mathematics"
] | 589 | [
"NP-complete problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems"
] |
75,412,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso%20Sorrentino%20%28mathematician%29 | Alfonso Sorrentino (Rome, 27 November 1979) is an Italian mathematician, currently full professor of Mathematical analysis at University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy).
His main scientific interests are in the field of dynamical systems, specifically, in the study of Hamiltonian dynamical systems by means of variational methods (Aubry-Mather theory), partial differential equations techniques (weak KAM theory and Hamilton-Jacobi equation) and geometric approaches (symplectic geometry and topology).
Biography and career
Sorrentino was a student of John N. Mather at Princeton University, obtaining his Ph.D. in Mathematics in 2008. After his graduation, he held the roles of junior research fellow at Fondation Sciences Mathématiques de Paris (2008–2009), Herchel-Smith Research Fellow at University of Cambridge (2009–2012), Newton Trust Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge (2009–2012), and Researcher at Roma Tre University (2012–2014)
Honors and awards
2018 Guido Fubini Prize for Mathematics, Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (Italy).
2019 Barcelona Dynamical System Prize 2019, Catalan Mathematical Society (Catalunya, Spain).
2020 International Consortium of Chinese Mathematicians (ICCM 2020) Best Paper Award (Gold Medal).
2023 Frontiers of Science Award, given at the International Congress of Basic Sciences, Beijing July 2023
Selected writings
A. Sorrentino, Action-minimizing methods in Hamiltonian dynamics. Monograph in the series Mathematical Notes Vol. 50, Princeton University Press, pp. 128, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=4PNnBgAAQBAJ
V. Kaloshin and A. Sorrentino, On the local Birkhoff conjecture for convex billiards, Annals of Math.(2), 188 (1): 315–380, 2018 https://doi.org/10.4007/annals.2018.188.1.6
G. Huang, V. Kaloshin and A. Sorrentino, On Marked Length Spetrum of Generic Strictly Convex Billiard Tables, Duke Math. Journal, 167 (1): 175 – 209, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1215/00127094-2017-0038
G. Huang, V. Kaloshin and A. Sorrentino, Nearly circular domains which are integrable close to the boundary are ellipses. Geom. and Funct. Analysis, 28 (2): 334–392, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00039-018-0440-4
A. Sorrentino and C. Viterbo, Action minimizing properties and distances on the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms. Geom. & Topol., 14 (4): 2383 - 2403, 2010 https://msp.org/gt/2010/14-4/p15.xhtml
A. Sorrentino, On the integrability of Tonelli Hamiltonians. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 363 (10): 5071 - 5089, 2011 https://www.jstor.org/stable/41307429
L. Butler and A. Sorrentino, Weak Liouville-Arnol'd theorems and their implications. Comm. Math. Phys., 315 (1): 109 – 133, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-012-1536-6
S. Marò and A. Sorrentino, Aubry-Mather theory for conformally symplectic systems, Comm. Math. Phys., 354 (2): 775–808, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-017-2900-3
A. Siconolfi and A. Sorrentino, Global results for Eikonal Hamilton-Jacobi equations on networks, Analysis & PDE 11 (1): 171–211, 2018 https://doi.org/10.2140/apde.2018.11.171
References
External links
University of Rome Tor Vergata, Official website, Alfonso Sorrentino
International Mathematics Masters, Alfonso Sorrentino Professor of Mathematical Analysis - University of Rome Tor Vergata, https://www.internationalmathematicsmaster.org/archive/alfonso-sorrentino
ANVUR, Alfonso Sorrentino https://www.anvur.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/SORRENTINO_Alfonso_CURRICULUM.pdf
1979 births
Living people
Italian mathematicians
Princeton University alumni
Dynamical systems theorists | Alfonso Sorrentino (mathematician) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,012 | [
"Dynamical systems theorists",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
75,414,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm%20little%20pond | A warm little pond is a hypothetical terrestrial shallow water environment on early Earth under which the origin of life could have occurred. The term was originally coined by Charles Darwin in an 1871 letter to his friend Joseph Dalton Hooker. This idea is related to later work such as the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and the Miller–Urey experiment, which respectively provided a hypothesis for life’s origin from a primordial soup of organics and a proof of concept for the mechanism by which biomolecules and their precursors may have formed.
A prerequisite condition for the formation of warm little ponds on early Earth is the stable environment of exposed land. While uncertain, it has been proposed based on geo-dynamical modeling that continents may have been present around the time of the origin of life; probably more certain is that higher levels of volcanism on early Earth resulted in the presence of volcanic islands on which shallow lake environments may have formed.
In modern prebiotic chemistry, warm little ponds are invoked in certain abiogenesis hypotheses that propose life first developed in shallow water environments on land, such as terrestrial hotsprings or evaporative lakes, as opposed to in the ocean, such as around hydrothermal vent fields. Warm little ponds are associated with a number of conditions many researchers believe may have been conducive to the origin of life, including general spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Several key points of abiogenesis hypotheses associated with this idea are the ability of wet-dry cycles to concentrate reactants, an energy source in the form of solar ultraviolet radiation, the ability of lipids to spontaneously form vesicles in freshwater, and the presence of mineral surfaces as a platform for polymerization reactions between biological precursor molecules.
Historical context
Darwin's proposal
Charles Darwin was privately convinced that life had originated through a natural process. However, this was beyond the scope of his research and theorizing, which he introduced in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. Heinrich Georg Bronn, German translator of the book, said in 1860 that this made Darwin's theory incomplete; Darwin privately commented to his friend Charles Lyell that this seemed about as logical as saying there "was no use in Newton showing laws of attraction of gravity & consequent movements of the Planets, because he could not show what the attra[c]tion of Gravity is." Darwin made this point in the 1861 3rd edition of his book, stating "It is no valid objection that science as yet throws no light on the far higher problem of the essence or origin of life. Who can explain what is the essence of the attraction of gravity?" In 1862 Darwin"s supporter Ernst Haeckel commented in a footnote that the "chief defect of the Darwinian theory is that it throws no light on the origin of the primitive organism–probably a simple cell–from which all the others have descended." Darwin did not object.
Hooker forwarded to Darwin the 28 March 1863 issue of The Athenaeum which included an anonymous review `(soon shown to be by biologist Richard Owen) attacking Darwin's reference in early editions of his book to "some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed" by saying this used Pentateuchal terms. Darwin had already regretted this terminology, and had revised it in the 3rd edition. He told Hooker he "really meant 'appeared' by some wholly unknown process.– It is mere rubbish thinking, at present, of origin of life; one might as well think of origin of matter." On 18 April he sent his detailed response to the magazine, which was quick to publish it:
In his 1868 book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Darwin said the topic was "quite beyond the scope of science".
Though it was not published during his lifetime, a letter written by Darwin to botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker on 1 February 1871 proposed the prescient idea that abiogenesis may have occurred in a shallow lake environment,:
These words, lightly edited, were quoted in The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, published in 1887.
A copy of this letter was included in Melvin Calvin's 1969 book Chemical evolution: Molecular evolution towards the origin of living systems on the Earth and elsewhere, and the term "warm little pond" has since been invoked in the scientific literature as a descriptor for shallow lakes or ponds as candidate environments for the origin of life.
Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
The general idea of a warm little pond-like environment was subsequently echoed in abiogenesis theories following this initial proposal, notably the Oparin-Haldane theory. While it is unclear if he was aware of Darwin's 1871 letter, Soviet biochemist Alexander Oparin was known to subscribe to the Darwinian theory of evolution, which was widely accepted in Russia at the time. In 1924, he published a booklet, The Origin of Life, suggesting a scenario in which commonly available volatiles would have been oxidized in the early atmosphere to form various hydrocarbons such as alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes. After precipitation into seawater, these may have reacted to form complex biomolecules, and eventually given rise to the first cells. This idea is often referred to as the heterotrophic origin of life, as it suggests the first organisms obtained energy and carbon from organic molecules as opposed to carbon dioxide (CO_2).
Oparin's idea was formulated independently from and prior to J. B. S. Haldane's proposal for the origin of life, which suggested in 1929 that ultraviolet induced photochemistry may have produced simple organics from a mixture of CO_2 and ammonia (NH_3) in the young oceans. These substances would have increased in concentration, eventually forming a primordial soup that provided a platform and ample feedstocks for the prebiotic chemistry leading to the first lifeforms. Eventually, this early life would have utilized and depleted these organics until it became capable of synthesizing them itself. While there are some distinctions between the two ideas related to the nature of the first metabolism, due to their similarities and simultaneity, the joining of these theories is referred to as the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis for the origin of life.
Miller-Urey experiment
Several decades later, the Miller-Urey experiment provided the first empirical basis for these ideas. Inspired by Oparin's theory, University of Chicago chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey applied an electric discharge analogous to a lightning strike to a seawater-like system of water and reduced gasses meant to simulate the prebiotic atmosphere including hydrogen, methane, and ammonia. This experiment resulted in the formation of a number of amino acids and other biomolecule precursors after several days.
It is noteworthy that in determining an energy source for the experiment, Miller and Urey acknowledged that ultraviolet light was probably the most promising candidate in terms of its availability at the time of the origin of life, but faced experimental limitations in examining it. From this point on, "chemical evolution" experiments that seek to describe the prebiotic processes that led to the first cell formation have only gained traction in the origin of life field.
Modern context
Evidence for land on early Earth
While contested, the earliest possible evidence for the origin of life is the biogenic-like carbon isotope ratio in a graphite inclusion inside a single Jack Hills zircon, which would date it to 4.1 billion years ago (Ga). More definitive evidence of life on Earth is fossil evidence of stromatolites in Australia from 3.49 Ga. This information means that when considering the plausibility of warm little ponds for the origin of life, emerged early continental crust or volcanic islands above sea level in the early Archean is key.
The earliest geologic evidence for exposed land is from about 3.8 billion years ago in the form of beach gravel from Isua, Greenland. It is unknown if continental emergence occurred or was widespread prior to this. Due to much higher levels of radiogenic heat flux early in Earth's history, the modern plate tectonic regime probably had not yet developed; it was instead possibly characterized by a vertical or stagnant lid regime, but geo-dynamical constraints on these assumptions are broad and there is little agreement among models.
However, high internal heating likely also led to a significant amount of volcanism, which could have provided both a source of heat and exposed land in the form of volcanic islands. These may have been similar to volcanic island arcs in the style of today's Hawaiian Islands. In fact, a relatively slow plate tectonic regime provides a basis for the assumption of a relatively old seafloor, the low elasticity of which may have allowed hotspot islands and oceanic plateaus to reach exposed levels as far back as the late Hadean. It is even hypothesized that any such islands would have subsequently been eroded into the ocean, allowing products of prebiotic chemistry to intermix and evolve.
Relevance to prebiotic chemistry
Wet-dry cycles
Wet-dry cycles can serve as a mechanism to concentrate reactants, generate gradients in temperature or pH, and drive both dehydration and hydrolysis reactions, which are favorable under dry conditions and in solution respectively. Environmental fluctuations may have produced these cycles in early terrestrial environments, which have been shown to bring about a wide range of organic mixtures whose compositions vary with conditions such as pH and salinity.
Wet-dry cycling may have resulted from a number of different mechanisms in different environments, including hot spring or geyser action, evaporative cycles, seasonal climactic cycles, or daily weather cycles. Temporally, cycles may range from minutes to weeks depending on their driver. The action of wet-dry cycles is key to the hot spring hypothesis for the origin of life, which suggests protocells developed through a multistep process in which spontaneously formed lipid vesicles incorporate polymers that grow through condensation reactions. It has been furthermore suggested that the interactions between these cells as a gel-like substance during the transition between each cycle could have constituted a precursor to multicellular life. It has been shown that small peptides can self assemble during the dehydration phase in the presence of fatty acid micelles, and that fatty acid and phospholipid vesicles can retain their contents during this phase.
There is some theoretical and experimental evidence for nucleobase formation and stability in warm little ponds as well, possibly preceding the hypothetical RNA world stage of chemical evolution. One possibility is the exogenous delivery of simple organics ranging from amino acids to nucleobases via carbonaceous meteorites (such as the Murchison meteorite), after which seasonal wet-dry cycles would lead to the onset of polymerization into nucleotides and eventually RNA. Numerical modeling has suggested RNA could have appeared after just several of these cycles.
While it is generally difficult to synthesize the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) abiotically, there is evidence for the possibility of endogenous production as well. Cytosine and uracil can be formed by reactions involving high (~ 1 M) concentrations of urea at high pH. These conditions may have been plausible in lagoons or beaches on early landmasses that experienced drying, because urea is highly soluble and most likely would not have evaporated out of solution during desiccation.
Effects of ultraviolet (UV) light
Several variants of cyanosulfidic chemistries associated with UV irradiation have been identified. For instance, it is possible to fix CO_2 through UV photochemistry in mildly alkaline water via irradiating glycolate and sulfite, and thereby generate organics including citrate, malate, and succinate, all of which are TCA cycle intermediates. Cyanide acts as a reductant and a carbon source in these reactions.
UV photolysis of bisulfide is also capable of oxidizing lactate into other metabolic intermediates, and ribose precursors can be formed from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) through UV irradiation. Alkaline lakes in particular may have provided the best setting for this scenario due to the precipitation and dissolution of sodium ferrocyanide salts in these environments, which were likely to have been common on early Earth due to weathering of ultramafic rocks. This could have provided a source of cyanide to early prebiotic reaction networks, as could have exogenous delivery.
However, UV light also has the potential to damage delicate biomolecules in the absence of shielding. In this context, it has been pointed out that cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, and guanine are relatively stable when irradiated with UV light. Therefore, it is possible that sunlight acted to select these bases in particular as the building blocks of RNA and DNA.
Solution composition and characteristics
It has been suggested that freshwater terrestrial lakes might be the most ideal settings for the abiogenesis due to the tendency of lipids to spontaneously form vesicles with semi-permeable membranes, which could have led to the first encapsulation or cell precursors. These structures lack the ion pumps of extant cells to flush ions out of the membrane, and therefore tend to collapse in brines like seawater.
Studies of extant cell cytosol have also suggested broad connections between the habitat of early cells, which would have been in approximate compositional equilibrium with their environments. From elemental (K^+/Na^+) ratios, the closest matches may be terrestrial anoxic hydrothermal waters.
The tendency of phosphate, an important building block of cell membranes and nucleotides, to form insoluble minerals, is a common issue facing the geochemical relevance of many prebiotic reaction schemes as well as the idea that life originated in a marine setting. In carbonate-rich alkaline lakes specifically, precipitation of calcium as calcium carbonate (CaCO_3) can prevent sequestering of phosphate as the carbonate mineral apatite (Ca_5PO_4), greatly increasing its availability in solution.
Clays and mineral surfaces
Theoretical and experimental work has shown that mineral surfaces were likely to have been agents of surface chemistry in alkaline and acid lakes. Clays have a large capacity for adsorption, leading to an ability to concentrate reactants and act as templates for polymerization. It has been shown that the rate of amino acid polymerization is significantly increased in the presence of montmorillonite clays through adsorption to clay particles; in fact, the formation of peptides up to 55 amino acids long has been demonstrated . The presence of borate minerals can also stabilize ribose, the desired product of the formose reaction. However, levels of adsorption that are too high can also act to remove necessary biomolecules from solution.
References
Origin of life | Warm little pond | [
"Biology"
] | 3,092 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Origin of life"
] |
75,415,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-55308942 | JNJ-55308942 is an investigational drug that works as a P2X7 antagonist with a downstream effect of reducing interleukin-1β release. It is developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals for bipolar depression.
See also
JNJ-54175446
References
Drugs developed by Johnson & Johnson
Anti-interleukin drugs
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Fluoroarenes
Triazolopyridines
Pyrimidines
Amides | JNJ-55308942 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 99 | [
"Amides",
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75,415,258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketenyl%20anion | A ketenyl anion contains a C=C=O allene-like functional group, similar to ketene, with a negative charge on either terminal carbon or oxygen atom, forming resonance structures by moving a lone pair of electrons on C-C-O bond. Ketenes have been sources for many organic compounds with its reactivity despite a challenge to isolate them as crystal. Precedent method to obtain this product has been at gas phase or at reactive intermediate, and synthesis of ketene is used be done in extreme conditions (i.e., high temperature, low pressure). Recently found stabilized ketenyl anions become easier to prepare compared to precedent synthetic procedure. A major feature about stabilized ketene is that it can be prepared from carbon monoxide (CO) reacting with main-group starting materials such as ylides, silylene, and phosphinidene to synthesize and isolate for further steps. As CO becomes a more common carbon source for various type of synthesis, this recent finding about stabilizing ketene with main-group elements opens a variety of synthetic routes to target desired products.
Synthesis
Gessner et al. first revealed a synthetic route for stabilized ketenyl anion using metalated ylides in 2022. In their paper, upon introducing CO, metalated ylide with posassium cation exchange CO with phosphine group R, also known for carbonylation of ylide. Their isolated ketenyl anion [K(PPh2(=S)CCO] is stable solid for a week under inert atmosphere, and its crystal structure was characterized. An alternate synthetic pathway for synthesizing ketenyl anion from ylide, shown in Figure 2, includes sulfuration on diphenylphosphine group, deprotonation on carbon center, and CO substitution in exchange of triphenylphosphine leaving. This synthesis resulted in 88% isolation of the product. Later in their studies, the ketenyl anion product upon carbonylation can be selective by changing electron-withdrawing ability on a certain leaving group and Lewis acidity of coordinated alkali metal cation. In their example with ylide containing phosphine group and tosyl group (Ts), Gessner et al. was able to produce the ketenyl anion product more selective by modifying those parameters, shown in Figure 2. As R group is more electron-withdrawing group, it becomes more likely to leave than tosyl group. For example, changing R group from cyclohexyl group (Cy) to phenyl group (Ph) favored the ketenyl anion product with R1 group leaving by 76%. This is because phenyl group is less electron rich and less nucleophilic compared to cyclohexyl group, resulting in more stable by itself. For alkali metal cation trend, when triphenylphosphine group is present, changing from M = Li to M = K favored in phosphine group leaving by 9%. Although it is a small effect compared to leaving group effect, this is due to Lewis acidity on metal cations because a stronger Lewis acidic metal cation (Li > K in Lewis acidity) attracts tosyl group to interact, resulting in increasing leaving group ability.
Inoue et al. presented synthetic route of stabilizing ketene via silica-carbonyl anion, silicon analogue of ketene. They motivated this goals from recent reactivity study of silylene and disilane activating CO and isolating intermediate, hypothesizing that silica-ketenyl anion is also capable to stabilize ketene. While Gessner et al. uses ylides to accept CO, Inoue et al. uses silylene anion with another silyl group substituted to afford insertion of CO or carbonylation at room temperature in exchange of silyl group.
Liu et al. had another approach to stabilize and isolate ketene by using carbene coordinated by phosphinidene. Carbene coordinated by 2,6-diisopropylphenyl(Dipp)-substituted phosphinidene and dinitrogen (N2) perform N2/CO ligand exchange. The starting material is similar to N-heterocyclic carbene with bulky substituents, invented by Bertrand. In their studies, this reaction is concerted and thermodynamically favorable (-47.4 kcal/mol relative to N2-coordinated carbene) on coordinating CO ligand to NHC. This product is stable at room temperature inert atmosphere for a month, and no decomposition while heating in THF at 80 °C for 12 hours was observed.
Structure
As shown in Figure 5, ketenyl anion has two major resonance structures: ketenyl form and ynolate form. Due to the resonance structures, alkali metal cations can be coordinated to either at central carbon atom or terminal oxygen atom depending on its electronic structure. A series of structural analysis revealed both ketene and ynolate structures evenly contribute to the overall electronic structure of ketenyl anion.
From an example in Gessner's paper, the crystal structure of the ketenyl anion K[PPh2(=S)CCO] had the bond length of C-C bond (1.245 Å) and C-O bond (1.215 Å). By comparing these bond length with Pyykkő's analysis on bond, C-C bond is in between double bond and triple bond whereas C-O bond is in between single bond and double bond. In natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, Wiberg bond index is found to be 2.06 and 1.72 for C-C bond and C-O bond, respectively. These values also suggests that both double and triple bond character for C-C bond (range of 1.20 - 1.34 Å) and both single bond and double bond character for C-O bond (range of 1.24 - 1.38 Å). The characteristic of allene-like (C=C=C) structure is also applied other ketenyl anion compounds so far. Inoue's silica-ketenyl anion product, shown in Figure 3, had Wiberg bond index of 1.68 and 1.76 for Si-C bond and C-O bond, respectively. Their bond indices demonstrate that both Si-C and C-O bonds have part of double bond character that contributes of Si=C=O structure.
This ketenyl anion can dimerize in solid state as oxygen atoms interacts with alkali metal cation. This dimer can be broken up by adding M(18-crown-6) (where M = alkali metal cation), resulting in isolation of single ketenyl anion structure. Intrinsic bond orbitals (IBO) of the molecule [K(PPh2(=S)CCO] reveal molecular orbital describing π-orbital of C-C and C-O and delocalized orbital on oxygen atom.
The stability of ketenyl anion is come from the decrease of charge on ketene carbon from parent ketene to ketenyl anion. In Gessner's study, parent ketenyl anion [H-C=C=O]− has smaller positive charge (+4.0 e) on C compared to parent ketene [H2C=C=O] (+7.0 e on C). This drops of charge makes the ketene less amphiphilic, leading to a more stable compound.
Reactivity
The advantage of using ketenyl anion molecule is to synthesize desired compound selectively without concerning dimerization before synthesizing a target product. In ylide-ketenyl anion, electrophile can be substituted in exchange of metal to functionalize the ketene moiety at high yield. Since the central carbon is negatively charged, this nucleophilicity enable substitution with a series of electrophilic compounds such as triphenylmethyl group. Some ketenyl anion can further react with other compounds to form a new functional group. For example, after electrophilic substitution of ketenyl anion with triphenylmethyl group, the treatment with water results in formation of carboxylic acid at C=O moiety. Reported compounds from Gessner et al. had more than 90% yield isolated as solid.
Not only at the central carbon where a cation can be coordinated, other carbon atom and terminal oxygen atom can also be functionalized upon electrophilic substitution. This reactivity allows activation of chemical bonds such as S-S and C=O bonds and new bonds C-S bond and C=C bond. These products requires CO and substrates of interests, which highlight new synthetic pathways of organic compounds at room temperature instead of extreme conditions such as pyrolysis.
A stabilized ketenyl anion also undergoes dimerization with disubstituted phosphine compound to form a heterocyclic product. In this reaction, an intermediate is proposed to be electrophilic substitution of a disubstituted phosphine compound followed by dimerization.
In different ketenyl anion compound, cleavage of Csp-H bond, C=N bond, and I2 bond at room temperature were also reported in phosphinidene-stabilized ketene. For I2 cleaving reaction, the mechanism is proposed to be cleavage of the bond at central carbon and migration of I to phosphorus atom.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Anions
Functional groups | Ketenyl anion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,023 | [
"Ions",
"Functional groups",
"Matter",
"Anions"
] |
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