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75,391,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucenprubart | Ucenprubart (LY3454738) is a monoclonal antibody that acts as an agonist at CD200R1 and is developed by Eli Lilly and Company for atopic dermatitis and other autoimmune diseases.
References
Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company
Monoclonal antibodies | Ucenprubart | [
"Chemistry"
] | 66 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDI7352 | MEDI7352 is an experimental non-opioid analgesic drug that works as a bispecific monoclonal antibody against tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF); it is developed by AstraZeneca for chronic pain.
References
Monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by AstraZeneca | MEDI7352 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 75 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
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75,394,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%20Calendars | Tolkien Calendars, displaying artworks interpreting J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, have appeared annually since 1976. Some of the early calendars were illustrated with Tolkien's own artwork. Artists including the Brothers Hildebrandt and Ted Nasmith produced popular work on themes from The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit; later calendars also illustrated scenes from The Silmarillion. Some calendars have been named "Hobbit Calendar" or "Lord of the Rings Calendar", but "Tolkien Calendar" has remained the most popular choice of name.
Artists
Starting out
The earliest known production is the 1969 calendar printed in the Meretricious fanzine in December 1968. It was illustrated by Tim Kirk.
Ian and Betty Ballantine of Ballantine Books, publishers of The Lord of the Rings in the United States from the 1960s, brought out a Tolkien Calendar in 1973; Ian Ballantine sent a copy to J. R. R. Tolkien, explaining that he always aimed to please the author.
Also in 1973, Tolkien's publishers Allen & Unwin, having experimented with some Middle-earth posters, decided to produce an "official" calendar of their own, and brought out their first one in 1974, using Tolkien's own illustrations for The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and his then-unpublished legendarium (which would start to be presented to readers three years later as The Silmarillion). This was successful enough for further calendars featuring Tolkien's artwork to be issued for the years 1976 to 1979. After that, with no more suitable works by Tolkien available, paintings by other artists were used, starting in 1980 with stills from Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings. Once they had permission from The Tolkien Estate to use the works of other artists, Allen & Unwin issued Tolkien Calendars every year from 1984 to 2009.
The Brothers Hildebrandt
Tim and Greg Hildebrandt, usually called the Brothers Hildebrandt, became well known for their Tolkien Calendars, which appeared from 1976 until Tim's death in 2006. The illustrator John Howe said he got "a real spark" from the Hildebrandts' calendars, as they showed him that Tolkien's novels could be illustrated.
In 1976, the Tolkien Calendar was reported to be "the bestselling calendar of all time". The 1977 Tolkien Calendar by the Brothers Hildebrandt was reported to have sold "nearly a half-million copies".
Later artists
The publication of The Silmarillion in 1977 opened up new avenues for Tolkien artists, with its account of the tumultuous events of the Second Age of Arda. Well-known artists such as Alan Lee, who served as a concept artist for Peter Jackson's films of The Lord of the Rings, came to illustrate entire calendars such as the HarperCollins production for 2024. Ted Nasmith was sole artist for numerous calendars (including those for 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, and 2022). Another artist who later worked as one of Jackson's concept artists, John Howe, was similarly featured on 1987, 1991, 1995, and 2001 Tolkien Calendars.
The 2015 calendar was illustrated with paintings by Mary Fairburn, whose work Tolkien had much liked in 1968, but which had remained unpublished until rediscovered by The Times Literary Supplement.
Other calendars, such as that of 2023, presented artworks by multiple artists working in diverse styles, including Jenny Dolfen and Donato Giancola.
Publishers in at least 12 other English-speaking and European countries produced calendars; by 2016, some 433 different editions had been published.
Reception
Self-imitation
Diana Paxson noted in Mythlore in 1984 that Lester del Rey hired Tolkien Calendar artists to illustrate Terry Brooks's 1977 The Sword of Shannara, the whole product "as closely modeled on [The Lord of the Rings] as could be managed without actually committing plagiarism." Mike Perschon, writing in Tor.com in 2012, similarly noted that del Rey hired the Brothers Hildebrandt, in Brooks's own words, to "mimic the Lord of the Rings calendar illustrations they had previously done."
Effects
Nasmith's 1992 calendar, with nine paintings of The Lord of the Rings and three of The Silmarillion, was welcomed in Mythlore as a "stunning, awe-inspiring achievement". "At the Court of the Fountain" revealed the "splendor of the Númenóreans" with its image of the citadel of Minas Tirith, its "low vantage point" allowing the White Tower to soar high in the sunshine. In contrast, "Éowyn and the Lord of the Nazgûl" shows the field of battle with "a sense of stop-action immediacy". Among The Silmarillion scenes, "Morgoth and the High King of the Noldor" gives, according to the review, an epic sense of "Hell-on-Middle-earth" as Fingolfin faces the enormous figure of the Dark Lord.
The independent scholar Denis Bridoux wrote that the early calendars such as the 1976 Hobbit Calendar enabled fans to enjoy Tolkien's artwork in a larger format than those in The Hobbit, and in colour too. The 1977 Lord of the Rings Calendar presented mostly new artwork, adding strongly, he wrote, "to my suspension of disbelief, and [it] enhanced my impression that Middle-earth was a 'real' place." This was so even though, he noted, some of the scenes depicted were not as in Tolkien's narrative.
References
Works based on Middle-earth
Visual art set in Middle-earth
Calendars
Publications established in 1969 | Tolkien Calendars | [
"Physics"
] | 1,196 | [
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"Calendars",
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75,395,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20toroidal%20dipole | In classical electrodynamics, the dynamic toroidal dipole arises from time-dependent currents flowing along the poloidal direction on the surface of a torus. In relativistic quantum mechanics, spin contributions to the toroidal dipole needs to be taken into account. Toroidal dipole moments are odd under parity and time-reversal symmetries. Dynamic toroidal dipole is distinguished from the static toroidal dipole introduced by Zeldovich in 1957 under the name of static anapole.
The dynamic toroidal multipoles were theoretically introduced in the 1970s in the context of a complete multipole expansion in electrodynamics and their radiation properties were studied in a series of theoretical works. The experimental study of dynamic toroidal multipoles, however, became possible only with advances in artificial electromagnetic materials (metamaterials), leading to the first experimental observation of the toroidal dipole, in 2010 in an array of microwave resonators with elements of toroidal symmetry.
The far-field radiation properties of the dynamic toroidal dipole are identical to those of the conventional electric dipole. Hence combining a dynamic toroidal dipole with an electric dipole can result in a non-radiating charge-current configuration (termed dynamic anapole), in which the electromagnetic fields vanish outside the source, whereas the vector potential persists. Non-radiating anapoles were observed experimentally for the first time in 2013 as peak of transmission of structured matter at microwave frequencies and in 2015 at optical wavelengths in nanoparticles. Electrodynamics of dynamic toroidal dipole and anapoles is now massively influencing research in metamaterials, nanoparticles, plasmonics, sensors, lasers and spectroscopy
Note: The terminology of dynamic "electric" and "magnetic" toroidal multipoles has also been introduced. The latter is already part of the standard multipole expansion in the form of the mean square radii of the magnetic multipoles.
See also
Multipole expansion
Toroidal moment
References
Electrodynamics
Moment (physics) | Dynamic toroidal dipole | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 423 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Electrodynamics",
"Moment (physics)",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
75,395,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20empathy | Ecological empathy, or eco-empathy, is empathy directed towards the natural world. It encompasses empathy directed towards animals, plants, ecosystems, and the earth as a whole.
Kim-Pong Tam developed a method of measuring individuals' dispositional empathy with nature (DEN), and has demonstrated its robust connection to conservation behavior.
Numerous strategies can be implemented to cultivate ecological empathy—in both children and adults—including environmental education, ecopedagogy, arts, literature, film, future scenarios, ecological storytelling, Indigenous approaches, and parenting practices.
Empathy for animals is a central component of eco-empathy, and effective programs have been developed to promote empathy towards animals in the home, in zoos and aquariums, on the farm, and in the wild.
Definitions
As defined by Wang et al., “Empathy with nature means acknowledging the needs of animals, nature in general, and the importance of their survival, as well as showing interest in their well-being,” (Wang et al., 2022, p. 654). Ecological empathy overlaps with nature connectedness, and can be understood as the ability to connect with nature, both cognitively and affectively.
Distinctions between ecological empathy and other concepts
Ecological empathy is related to, but distinct from, the concepts of biophilia, ecological grief, and solastalgia.
The biophilia hypothesis holds that humans possess an innate love of nature and a drive to connect with the natural world. Biophilia refers to our affinity towards the natural world, whereas ecological empathy is our ability to feel empathy towards nature. Both are promoted by time spent in nature.
While ecological empathy is an experience of empathy for nature, ecological grief (or climate grief) is the sadness that arises when one learns about environmental degradation and climate change. Related to ecological grief is solastalgia—a term coined by Glenn Albrecht to describe the distress caused by changes to one’s environment while one is living in that environment (as opposed to nostalgia, which occurs when one is away from home.) It refers to the experience of current climate-related events (as opposed to eco-anxiety, which involves the fear of future climate-related events.) While ecological grief and solastalgia solely involve negative emotions related to nature, ecological empathy is about feeling the emotions of the natural world—either positive or negative.
Measurement
Ecological empathy can be assessed in various ways, and several scales have been created to assess individuals’ connection with and attitudes towards nature.
Dispositional Empathy with Nature (DEN) scale
Kim-Pong Tam developed the Dispositional Empathy with Nature (DEN) scale, adapted from the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), (a widely used empathy scale which measures both affective and cognitive empathy.) The DEN scale has been used by psychologists and educators in a variety of contexts since it was developed, to measure empathy towards nature in both students and adults, and has been translated and used internationally.
Sample items of the Dispositional Empathy with Nature scale (Tam, 2013, p. 96) include:
I imagine how I would feel if I were the suffering animals and plants.
I try to understand how the suffering animals and plants feel by imagining how things look from their perspective.
I visualize in my mind clearly and vividly how the suffering animals and plants feel in their situation.
I have tender, concerned feelings for the suffering animals and plants.
Emotional Affinity Toward Nature scale
Kals and colleagues designed the Emotional Affinity Toward Nature scale to measure individuals’ affinity with and connection to the natural world. The scale contains three constructs, measuring participants’ behavior, emotions about nature, and experiences in nature—respectively. The scale has been used in the fields of psychology and education—primarily to assess students’ affinity toward nature, but has been used for adults as well. Sample items (Kals et al., 1999, pp. 188) from each construct include:
[Behavioral criteria]: I am willing to take steps in my own house-hold for the protection of natural resources (e.g., installation of water flow regulators, solar panels, and so forth).
[Emotions and interest]: If I spend time in nature today, I feel a deep feeling of love toward nature.
[Experiences with nature]: Nowadays, I spend a lot of time in nature.
Environmental Attitudes Inventory (EAI)
Milfont & Duckitt designed The Environmental Attitudes Inventory (EAI) to measure participants’ feelings, connection with, and attitudes about nature. The scale has been used internationally to measure students’ attitudes towards the environment, and has also been adapted and optimized in various contexts. The inventory has twelve scales, each of which contains ten survey items (Milfont & Duckitt, 2010, pp. 91-92):
Enjoyment of nature
Support for interventionist conservation policies
Environmental movement activism
Conservation motivated by anthropocentric concern
Confidence in science and technology
Environmental threat
Altering nature
Personal conservation behaviour
Human dominance over nature (items reverse coded)
Human utilization of nature (items reverse coded)
Eco-centric concern
Support for population growth policies
Connectedness to nature scale
The connectedness to nature scale designed by Mayer and Franz is a scale to measure individuals’ sense of connection with nature. The tool has been used primarily by psychologists and has been translated into other languages, including Cantonese and French for use in international contexts. Sample items (Mayer & Franz, 2004, p. 513) include:
I often feel a sense of oneness with the natural world around me.
I recognize and appreciate the intelligence of other living organisms
I often feel a kinship with animals and plants.
I often feel like I am only a small part of the natural world around me, and that I am no more important than the grass on the ground or the birds in the trees.
Connection to conservation behavior
Across a number of studies, higher rates of ecological empathy have been found to correlate with increased conservation attitudes and behavior.
Tam found that dispositional empathy with nature (DEN) robustly predicted both public (e.g. supporting an environmental organization) and private (e.g. household behaviors such as recycling) conservation behavior.
Ienna and colleagues in their study of 878 participants found that both empathy and knowledge of environmental issues predicted pro-environmental attitudes and behavior; though verifiable knowledge was a stronger predictor. The authors also found a dissociation between cognitive and affective empathy—while affective empathy was found to predict attitudes but not behavior, cognitive empathy predicted both. This finding aligned with the authors’ prediction that cognitive empathy would influence behavior in a similar way as knowledge.
Wang and colleagues found that inducing empathy for nature (through photographs and videos) led to increased pro-environmental behaviors. For individuals with independent (vs. interdependent) self-construal, however, higher empathy with nature did not lead to such behaviors. The study found that empathy towards nature led participants to make a commitment to the environment (a mediating factor), which in turn prompted increased environmental behavior.
Based on Daniel Batson’s Model of Altruism, Jaime Berenguer designed a study to test the effects of empathy on moral reasoning. Participants who were prompted to practice empathy when reading a passage about an environmental dilemma were able to construct significantly more moral arguments for their positions than those in the neutral condition.
Ecological empathy has also been assessed in corporate settings. Islam and colleagues found that employees with high levels of empathy demonstrated more pro-environmental and conservation behavior, as well as higher levels of identification with their workplace in connection with its pro-environmental policies.
Gary Lynne and colleagues found that “empathy nudging”, when combined with financial incentives, can have a powerful impact on farmers’ business decisions regarding sustainable agriculture. This is especially true for those who are initially low in conservation practices.
Factors such as place and identity mediate the role of empathy in conservation behaviors. Empathy will predict environmental actions only to the extent that it is able to transcend outgroup differences (natives vs. newcomers within a space) and geographic distance.
Individual differences
As with empathy generally, individuals vary in their ability and willingness to practice ecological empathy.
Tam has defined the construct of Dispositional Empathy with Nature (DEN) to describe “the dispositional tendency to understand and share the emotional experience of the natural world, (Tam, 2013, p. 1). Tam has developed and validated an instrument for assessing DEN and found that, across five studies with over eight hundred participants, DEN predicted conservation behavior.
Across the literature, gender is found to be a mediating factor for empathy, with girls displaying greater ability and motivation to practice empathy.
Methods of cultivation
Empathy is teachable, and numerous educational programs and interventions have been developed to foster ecological empathy, in both youth and adults.
Environmental education
Environmental education (EE) is a broad, multidisciplinary field that supports students’ engagement with nature, understanding of ecological systems, exploration of complex environmental problems, and the development of habits, lifestyles, and actions that promote conservation.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment. As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions”.
The EPA lays out the following components of environmental education:
Awareness and sensitivity to the environment and environmental challenges
Knowledge and understanding of the environment and environmental challenges
Attitudes of concern for the environment and motivation to improve or maintain environmental quality
Skills to identify and help resolve environmental challenges
Participation in activities that lead to the resolution of environmental challenges
David Sobel argues that environmental education should be focused on empathy between the ages of four and seven, as children in this age range have less of a distinction between “self” and “other” and can more easily empathize with others.
Sobel encourages educators and parents to foster a love of nature by letting children engage in wild play—getting dirty, climbing trees, building forts, and immersing themselves in the natural world. He critiques environmental education which focus too much on rules and the cultivation of systemic knowledge, and argues that “Nature programs should invite children to make mud pies, climb trees, catch frogs, paint their faces with charcoal, get their hands dirty and their feet wet. They should be allowed to go off the trail and have fun”.
Sobel calls for parents and educators to focus on fostering a connection with and love of nature first and foremost. In Beyond Ecophobia. Reclaiming the Heart in Nature Education, Sobel argues, “If we want children to flourish, to become truly empowered, let us allow them to love the earth before we ask them to save it.”
Ecopedagogy
Ecopedagogy, as distinct from traditional environmental education, empowers students to explore the connections between social and environmental violence, to investigate the hidden political structures that contribute to environmental destruction, and—critically—to engage in transformational praxis.
Ecopedagogy curricula can empower students to examine their own relationship with the natural world, the infrastructural privileges they may or may not have, and the ways in which the infrastructures around them were shaped by systems of power.
Arts
Both making and viewing visual art have been used to promote ecological empathy. Notable environmental artists include Andy Goldworthy, Chris Jordan, Agnes Denes, and Clifford Ross.
Music, dance, theater, and poetry are also used to promote ecological empathy.
Literature
Children’s books can be used to promote ecological empathy often featuring animals as central characters. One such series is the Schoolyard Series—a collection of children’s picture books developed by The National Science Foundation’s Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) network—with content reviewed by scientists and illustrations that engage readers and promote empathic connection.
Other popular environmental children’s books (as cited by Holm) include The Lorax, Washing the Willow Tree Loon, Hoot Flush, The Wheel on the School, The Missing 'Gator of Gumbo Limbo, The Empty Lot, The Great Kapok Tree, Just a Dream, and The Forever Forest: Kids Save a Tropical Treasure.
For adult readers, the genre of climate fiction can promote empathy and reflection by strengthening readers’ ecological imagination skills. In her book, Affective Ecologies, Alexa Weik von Mossner argues that the embodied cognition elicited by environmental narratives allows readers to empathize, understand, and connect with ecological issues and human-nature relationships in a profound way.
Film
Numerous films have been created to draw attention to current environmental issues and promote ecological empathy among audiences. Notable examples are: The 11th Hour, Angry Inuk, Anthropocene: The Human Epoch, Food, Inc., An Inconvenient Truth, The Cove, The Redwoods, The Story of Stuff, and The True Cost.
Future scenarios
Future scenarios can be used to elicit empathy for the environment and can be implemented in several ways. Jessica Blythe and colleagues studied the use of future scenarios about the ocean (presented in either written or virtual reality format) and found post-empathy levels to be significantly higher in both conditions.
Pessimistic scenarios tend to elicit more empathy, though optimistic scenarios tend to promote empowerment.
Scenario Art involves the presentation of visual representations of future scenarios alongside a process of strategic questioning—designed to foster provoke empathy, creativity, and sustainable decision-making.
Future scenarios have also been used in museums to help visitors imagine the impact of various ecological solutions on future life.
Ecological storytelling
Participatory ecological storytelling promotes ecological empathy by having participants co-create environmental stories using both human and animal characters. Projecting and combining their own emotions with that of their characters, storytelling participants can develop empathy for environmental actors and the planet itself. Through their stories, participants engage in a critical self-reflective process and imagine possibilities for the construction of a sustainable future. This tool has been used with both broad range of participants, including youth, professional designers, and business stakeholders.
Indigenous approaches
Educators can also promote empathy through the integration of indigenous practices into the curricula. Activities are designed to help children connect with and understand themselves, first and foremost, connecting with others to better understand their perspectives, and helping students make meaningful connections between what they’re learning and their own lives. Indigenous stories, time spent outdoors to play freely with one another, and the building of relationship provide a foundation for empathic learning.
Indigenous learning is not only a cognitive process but also a social and emotional process, as the transfer of learning often happens through intergenerational relationships. In many Indigenous cultures, environmental knowledge is passed on through siblings, peers, and elders—through storytelling and powerful rituals and ceremonies (in contrast to the traditional lecture format of modern schools).
Indigenous storytelling can play a powerful role in the cultivation of ecological empathy. Celidwen and Keltner explain, “Indigenous Peoples recover and recontextualize stories in ongoing co-creation and participation, thus strengthening identity and purpose, and restoring community bonds. These stories, still oriented toward reverence to all living forms, encourage empathy and perspective taking, bringing individuals into resilient and adaptive communities.”
Parenting practices
Parents can also play a powerful role in promoting ecological empathy with their children. In Rachel Carson’s book, The Sense of Wonder, writes about her adventures with her grandnephew who—through his sense of wonder—helps her discover the natural world all over again. Carson encourages parents to provide children with companionship as they discover the joy and beauty of nature.
Empathy for animals
A central component of ecological empathy is the empathy felt towards non-human animals.
One main motivation for nurturing children’s capacity to empathize with animals is based on the concept of transference, whereby the empathic skills they develop for animals will result in an increased ability to empathize with humans.
Indeed, research suggests that developing empathy for animals may support the development of empathy toward other humans and—on the flip side—engaging in acts of cruelty toward animals may predict antisocial and violent behavior towards other humans. In their study of 23 school shooters between 1988 and 2012, Arluke and Madfis found 43% of them had a history of abusing animals.
Humane education and nature education programs have been used as an effective intervention to promote empathy towards animals—in the zoo, at home, on the farm, or in the wild.
Animals in zoos and aquariums
Wharton et al. have identified six practices adults can use with children to support their empathy towards marine life:
Framing—using language (such as names and pronouns) that conveys an animal’s individuality
Modeling—showing children how to treat animals with compassion and care
Increasing Knowledge—helping children understand an animal’s unique needs and experiences
Practice—give children an opportunity to practice caring for an animal and acting out their empathic feelings (giving positive feedback when children engage appropriately with the animal in their care)
Providing Experiences—allow children to spend time in nature and in environments where they can interact with animals
Imagination—encourage students to imagine how an animal is feeling in a particular moment, or have them role play by taking on the character of a particular animal
Sarah Webber and colleagues found that zoo visitors observing orangutans interacting with a digital interface (projected on the floor of their enclosure) responded with cognitive, affective, and motor empathy towards the orangutans. The interactive projection offered orangutans the opportunity to create artwork, play interactive games, view videos, and identify themselves in photographs. The exhibit was designed to build empathy by allowing visitors to observe the animals’ behaviors up-close, witness their cognitive capacity in action, and observe differences in individual animals' preferences and behaviors.
In their small-scale evaluation of a zoo-based nature preschool, Ernst and Budnik found that children’s levels of empathy towards both humans and animals increased over the course of the school year. For wild animals, they found significant increases in emotional sharing and empathic concern, but not in the cognitive (perspective-taking) component.
Companion animals
Khalid and Naqvi found that individuals reporting strong "pet attachment" had higher levels of empathy. This finding was corroborated by Daly and Morton, who found that children who were highly attached to their pets were more empathic than those who were less attached. Daly and Morton also found that children who preferred both cats and dogs (as opposed to one or the other)—as well as those who owned both—were more empathic than those who preferred or owned only one.
Robert Poresky found that children’s empathy towards other children was correlated with their empathy towards pets. He also found that children with a stronger pet bond scored higher on the measure of empathy towards other children.
Rothgerber and Mican found that individuals who reported having a close relationship with animals subsequently avoided meat more than those who didn’t, and used indirect, apologetic justifications for the meat they did eat. Both effects were mediated by empathy for animals.
A growing body of research suggests that humane education programs, especially those involving human-animal interactions, facilitates the development of empathy in children. Humane education programs can also be used as an effective strategy to combat school violence—reducing aggression towards both humans and animals.
Farmed animals
Psychologist Melanie Joy, who coined the term carnism, studies the psychology of eating meat and the “meat paradox,” which refers to the fact that most people simultaneously care about animals and consume them. A growing number of researchers are studying this phenomenon in attempt to understand what factors play a role in this paradox. Piazza and colleagues identified what they refer to as the “4Ns” individuals use to justify meat consumption: Necessary, Natural, Normal, and Nice.
Research by Loughnan and colleagues suggests that people who value masculinity, find dominance and inequality acceptable, view animals as highly dissimilar to humans, or think that animals cannot feel pain are more likely to eat meat.
Megan Earle and colleagues found that providing visual reminders of the animal origins of meat (compared to photos of the meat alone) lead to decreased meat consumption, which was mediated by increased empathy towards animals, distress about meat consumption, and disgust for meat. The intervention also led to a decrease in negative attitudes towards vegetarians and vegans.
In their meta-analysis of 100 studies evaluating interventions designed to reduce meat consumption, Mathur and colleagues found that appeals to animal welfare were largely successful in achieving at least a short-term reduction in meat consumption, based on self-report behavioral outcomes and intentions for future behavior.
While self-reported measures of empathy may be susceptible to social desirability bias and other validity issues, analysis of facial expressions can be a more objective measure. Ly and Weary found that facial expressions were able to robustly predict empathy towards farm animals when participants viewed videos of animals undergoing painful procedures associated with industrial farming.
In a study of dairy farmers, lack of empathy towards animals (as indicated by disagreement with the statement: “animals experience physical pain as humans do”) was correlated with higher numbers of skin lesions in the farmers’ cows.
Organizations such as the New Roots Institute, The Humane League, Humane Society of the United States, Farm Sanctuary, Mercy for Animals, and others educate youth and the broader public about the impact of factory farming, in an attempt to promote empathy for farmed animals.
Wild animals
With the rise of globalization and transnational trade, both legal and illegal wildlife trade has proliferated. Dan Yue and colleagues designed educational materials including texts depicting the poaching of animals in an anthropomorphic way, such as one written from the perspective of a tiger cub whose mother was killed by poachers. These anthropomorphic educational materials boosted participants’ empathy towards wildlife and their intention to avoid consuming wildlife products, such as tiger bone wine..
Kansky and Maassarani found that the implementation of non-violent communication (NVC) workshops led to greater empathic concern for both people and wildlife in Namibia.
Ashley Young and colleagues offer best practices for cultivating children’s empathic connection for animals, including:
Providing children with ample time outdoors to connect with nature
Respecting an animal’s subjective existence, emotions, and intentions (e.g. not picking up an animal that is resisting being picked up or demonstrating fear)
Acting as a role model for children to model appropriate ways of connecting with animals, and provide feedback on their animal interactions
Activating children’s imaginations through role-playing, storytelling, and mimicry of animals
See also
Environmental protection
History of climate change policy and politics
References
Environmentalism
Wikipedia Student Program
Empathy
Education
Environmental psychology
Nature conservation
Ecology | Ecological empathy | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,610 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Ecology",
"Environmental psychology"
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75,395,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20mechanics%20of%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20%28NMR%29%20spectroscopy | Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses the intrinsic magnetic moment that arises from the spin angular momentum of a spin-active nucleus. If the element of interest has a nuclear spin that is not 0, the nucleus may exist in different spin angular momentum states, where the energy of these states can be affected by an external magnetic field. For a spin, l = ½ nucleus two energy levels may be considered: spin up and spin down, depending on how the spin aligns with the external magnetic field. It is important to remember that, in the presence of an external magnetic field, individual nuclei may have random orientations other than up and down. However, the sample's bulk magnetization, that is, the sum of the total magnetic moments will determine the strength of the NMR signal. In addition, the energy of the applied radio frequency used in NMR must be consistent with the energy difference between the spin states.
Hamiltonian (Ĥ)
The Hamiltonian operator / function represents the energy operator. The spin Hamiltonian for a nuclear spin under an applied magnetic field (B0) is,
In classical mechanics, the Hamiltonian H(q, p) is expressed as:
H(q, p) = T(p) + V(q)
where:
q : Generalized coordinates (position variables).
p : Generalized momenta (momentum variables).
T(p) : Kinetic energy (often depends on p ).
V(q) : Potential energy (depends on q ).
Ĥone spin = -γB0ÎZ
Where γ is the gyro-magnetic ratio and ÎZ is the z-component of the nuclear spin angular momentum.
The energy of the nuclear spin level is given by this Hamiltonian operator, since we know the eigenvalue for ψ. We will first determine the energy of states and subsequently convert it to frequency units since in NMR, energy is expressed in frequency units is more common.
Eigenvalues of nuclear spin angular momentum
The equation of the Hamiltonian contains an angular momentum operator. So it will be easy if we find the eigenvalues of the angular momentum operator first and then substitute it into the Hamiltonian. For a spin half nucleus there are two eigenfunctions for ÎZ.
Let m = +1/2 and m = -1/2 and eigenfunctions are,
ÎZ ψm = mħψm Eigenvalues and Hamiltonian
Applying the equation of nuclear spin angular momentum (ÎZ ψm) to one spin Hamiltonian (Ĥone spin) will give,Ĥone spin ψm = -mħγB0ψmFrom this, eigenvalue is,Em = -mħγB0In frequency units,Em = -mγB0/2π Hz
Introducing Larmor frequency (v0), Em = mv0 Hz
Hence the Hamiltonian in frequency units, Ĥone spin = v0ÎZ
Examples
1. Nucleus with Spin I= 1/2
Eigenvalues of ÎZ:
m_I \hbar, \quad m_I = \pm \frac{1}{2}.
Two spins without coupling
If there are two spin states, then we have to change the Hamiltonian in such a way that it accommodates both the spin states.
Ĥtwo spins, no coupling = v0,1Î1Z + v0,2Î2Z
v0,1 is the Larmor frequency of first spin and v0,2 is the Larmor frequency of second spin. Similarly Î1Z is the z-component of angular momentum operator of first spin and Î2Z is the z-component of angular momentum operator of first spin. Here in this case coupling is not considered.
Here while considering the wave function we have to look into both spin states of both spin 1 and 2. The spin up state is represented by α and spin down is β. The wave functions hence will have four combinations as below.
ψα,1 ψα,2 = αα ψα,1 ψβ,2 = αβ ψβ,1 ψα,2 = βα ψβ,1 ψβ,2 = ββ
Applying these combinations into the two spin Hamiltonian above will give the eigenvalue which is the energy state. This is tabulated below.
In general, the energy level (eigenvalue) can be written as;
Em = m1v0,1 + m2v0,2
Eigenvalues of coupled spins
To consider coupling of spin 1 and 2 a coupling constant (J) and corresponding coupling term is introduced in the Hamiltonian:
Ĥtwo spins = v0,1Î1Z + v0,2Î2Z + J12Î1ZÎ2Z
Applying the wave functions in this Hamiltonian gives the eigenvalues as tabulated below.
Selection rule and transitions
When two spins couple each other, the Hamiltonian operator will be,
Ĥtwo spins = v0,1Î1Z + v0,2Î2Z + J12Î1ZÎ2Z
The eigenvalue,
Em = m1v0,1 + m2v0,2 + m1m2 J12
The selection rule for allowed transition is + or -1. Here we are considering homonuclear protons. Thus their αβ and βα states will have the same energy. The transition energy can be calculated by reducing the energy (eigenvalue) of the upper state from the lower state. The transition energy in frequency units is tabulated below.
The transitions given in the above table is represented in the figure below:
Relevance in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR):
In NMR, the nuclear spin angular momentum interacts with an external magnetic field. The splitting of energy levels due to mI (known as Zeeman splitting) forms the basis of NMR spectroscopy.
The transitions between these quantised levels are detected as resonance frequencies.
References
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Quantum mechanics of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,226 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"
] |
75,395,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dettol%20antiseptic%20liquid | Dettol antiseptic liquid is a product produced by the Dettol Brand for Reckitt. It is light yellow in color in the concentrated form but, as several of the ingredients are insoluble in water, it produces a milky emulsion of oil droplets when diluted with water, exhibiting the ouzo effect. Chloroxylenol comprises 4.8% of the admixture, with pine oil, isopropanol, castor oil, soap and water.
At first, this product was almost given the moniker "PCMX", after its active ingredient para-chloro-meta-xylenol. It would go on to become the first product in this very popular product line with its depiction of a white sword on a green bottle.
Adverse use
Like other household cleaners, Dettol antiseptic liquid is poisonous and should not be ingested. It also should not be used undiluted. In rare cases, it may cause skin sensitization.
Excessive exposure to Dettol has the potential for causing death. It can be poisonous when swallowed or aspirated. It has been reported most cases of Dettol ingestion were intentional. However, only 7% suffered serious consequences.
Dettol is toxic to many animals, especially cats. Phenolic compounds are of particular concern because cats are unable to fully metabolize them. A cat may swallow the product by licking its paws after it has come into contact with it.
In Australia, Dettol in a spray bottle has been used to combat cane toads, as spraying the disinfectant kills the toads quickly. Owing to concerns over potential harm to other Australian wildlife species, the use of Dettol as an agent for pest control was banned in Western Australia by the Department of Environment and Conservation in 2011.
See also
List of Dettol branded products
Pine-Sol
References
British brands
Cleaning products
Disinfectants
Products introduced in 1933
Reckitt brands | Dettol antiseptic liquid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 409 | [
"Cleaning products",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
75,396,676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedram%20Roushan | Pedram Roushan is an Iranian-American physicist working at Google AI on quantum computing and quantum simulation.
Pedram Roushan was born in Sari, Iran in 1978 and raised in Iran. His family belonged to the Baháʼí Faith and suffered prosecution and discrimination after the Islamic Revolution. Roushan's parents were laid-off from their jobs due to their beliefs, and his father had to spend several years in hiding. In 1984 and to escape the persecution, with his family they lived in a small village close to Gilan province, where Roushan attended elementary school. In 1996, Roushan was denied access to Iranian universities. He enrolled at the Baháʼí Institute for Higher Education, where he obtained a degree in civil engineering.
In 2001 and with the help of the Hebrew Immigration Aid Society (HIAS), he moved to the US as a religious refugee and attended the University of Pittsburgh, where he graduated summa cum laude in 2005. He completed his PhD in the group of Ali Yazdani at Princeton University in 2011, where he studies diluted magnetic semiconductors and also performed the first scanning tunneling microscopy on the surface of topological insulators. He then moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara as a postdoc, where he worked in John Martinis' group on building a quantum computer based on superconducting qubits. In 2014 he joined Google together with the Martinis team and was part of the group performing the first claimed quantum supremacy demonstration on Google's Sycamore processor.
He is currently a Staff Research Scientist with Google and leads the experimental effort on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) algorithms, focusing on simulating quantum phenomena on NISQ processors. With his team and their collaborators, they have studied information scrambling in quantum circuits, non-equilibrium dynamics and universality classes in quantum spin models, phases of matter away from equilibrium, e.g. time crystals and measurement-induced entanglement phases, quantum statistics of abelian and non-abelian excitations of the Kitaev toric code model.
As of November 2023, Roushan has published more than 70 articles in peer-reviewed journals which have been cited over 25,000 times (h-index of 50). At the 18th Capri Spring School in 2024, he coined the term "discoverino" to refer to small discoveries first made by NISQ devices, but could also be made in theory or by using substantial classical computing resources.
Publication (selected)
References
External links
21st-century American physicists
Quantum physicists
Quantum information scientists
21st-century Iranian physicists
Google employees
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Princeton University alumni
1978 births
Living people | Pedram Roushan | [
"Physics"
] | 553 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
75,397,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205514 | NGC 5514 is a pair of merging disk galaxies in the northern constellation of Boötes. They were discovered by German astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 26, 1865. The galaxies are located at an estimated distance of . The morphology of the system is similar to the Antennae Galaxies, NGC 4038/NGC 4039. A distinct tail extends to the east for an angular distance of . There is a fainter tail extending a comparable distance to the west. This galaxy pair likely forms a small group with the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5519.
This appears to be a collision between two galaxies of unequal mass, having a 2:1 mass ratio. They display activity of the LINER type, but this is located in two regions in the outer parts away from the combined nucleus. These may be large shock regions caused by the collision. There are two corresponding starburst regions, one of which has outflows that have created a supergiant galactic bubble.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 5514: SN2019igh (typeIIb, mag. 19.05).
See also
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
References
Galaxy mergers
LINER galaxies
5514
NGC 5500
Galaxies discovered in 1865
Astronomical objects discovered in 1865
Discoveries by Heinrich Louis d'Arrest
50809/93124
9102 | NGC 5514 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 269 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
75,398,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivity%20theorems | The stoichiometric structure and mass-conservation properties of biochemical pathways gives rise to a series of theorems or relationships between the control coefficients and the control coefficients and elasticities. There are a large number of such relationships depending on the pathway configuration (e.g. linear, branched or cyclic) which have been documented and discovered by various authors. The term theorem has been used to describe these relationships because they can be proved in terms of more elementary concepts. The operational proofs in particular are of this nature.
The most well known of these theorems are the summation theorems for the control coefficients and the connectivity theorems which relate control coefficients to the elasticities. The focus of this page are the connectivity theorems.
When deriving the summation theorems, a thought experiment was conducted that involved manipulating enzyme activities such that concentrations were unaffected but fluxes changed. The connectivity theorems use the opposite thought experiment, that is enzyme activities are changed such that concentrations change but fluxes are unchanged. This is an important observation that highlights the orthogonal nature of these two sets of theorem.
As with the summation theorems, the connectivity theorems can also be proved using more rigorous mathematical approaches involving calculus and linear algebra. Here the more intuitive and operational proofs will be used to prove the connectivity theorems.
Statement of the connectivity theorems
Two basic sets of theorems exists, one for flux and another for concentrations. The concentration connectivity theorems are divided again depending on whether the system species is different from the local species .
Proof
The operational proof for the flux connectivity theorem relies on making perturbations to enzyme levels such that the pathway flux is unchanged but a single metabolite level is changed. This can be illustrated with the following pathway:
Let us make a change to the rate through by increasing the concentration of enzyme . Assume is increased by an amount, . This will result in a change to the steady-state of the pathway. The concentrations of , and the flux, through the pathway will increase, and the concentration of will decrease because it is upstream of the disturbance.
Impose a second change to the pathway such that the flux, is restored to what it was before the original change. Since the flux increased when was changed, the flux can be decreased by decreasing one of the other enzyme levels. If the concentration of is decreased, this will reduce the flux. Decreasing will also cause the concentration of to further increase. However, and will change in the opposite direction compared to when was increased.
When is sufficiently changed so that the flux is restored to its original value, the concentrations of and will also be restored to their original values. It is only that will differ. This is true because the flux through is now the same as it was originally (since we’ve restored the flux), and has not been manipulated in anyway. This means that the concentration of and all
species upstream of must be the same as they were before the modulations occurred. The same arguments apply to and all species downstream of .
The net result is that has been increased by resulting a change in flux of . The concentration of was decreased such that the flux was restored to it original value, . In the process, changed by but neither or . In fact no other species in the entire system has changed other than .
This thought experiment can be expressed mathematically as follows. The system equations in terms of the flux control coefficients can be written as:
There are only two terms because only and were changed.
The local change at each step can be written for and in terms of elasticities:
Note that won't necessarily equal and by construction both rates, and showed no change. Also by construction only changed.
The local equation can be rearranged as:
The right-hand sides can be inserted into the system equation the change in flux:
Therefore:
However, by construction of the perturbations, does not equal zero, hence we arrive at the connectivity theorem:
The operational method can also be used for systems where a given metabolite can influence multiple steps. This would apply to cases such as branched systems or systems with negative feedback loops.
The same approach can be used to derive the concentration connectivity theorems except one can consider either the case that focuses on a single species or a second case where the system equation is written to consider the effect on a distance species.
Interpretation
The flux control coefficient connectivity theorem is the easiest to understand. Starting with a simple two step pathway:
where and are fixed species so that the pathway can reach a steady-state. and are the reaction rates for the first and second steps.
We can write the flux connectivity theorem for this simple system as follows:
where is the elasticity of the first step with respect to the species and is the elasticity of the second step with respect to the species . It is easier to interpret the equation with a slight rearrangement to the following form:
The equation indicates that the ratio of the flux control coefficients is inversely proportional to the elasticities. That is, a high flux control coefficient on step one is associated with a low elasticity and vice versa. Likewise a high value for the flux control coefficient on step two is associated with a low elasticity .
This can be explained as follows: If is high (in absolute terms, since it is negative) then a change at will be resisted by the elasticity, hence the flux control coefficient on step one will be low.
See also
Branched pathways
Control coefficient (biochemistry)
Elasticity coefficient
Metabolic control analysis
Summation theorems (biochemistry)
References
Biochemistry methods
Metabolism
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Systems biology | Connectivity theorems | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 1,125 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Systems biology"
] |
75,399,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese%20Flapper | Therese Flapper is an Australian environmental engineer, and was elected to be a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, in 2023. She has worked with infrastructure including water, roads, waste, energy and buildings, and was past president of Engineers Australia, Canberra, and the local Landcare group.
Education
Flapper was one of two girls from her class of 120, in the Western Suburbs of Sydney, to go to university. She lived in housing commission accommodation, and needed to travel more than two hours each way to get to university.
Her first year of university involved living in the backyard of her grandmother's housing commission house. “Then my grandmother kicked my uncle out of the house so I could have his room. I was the ant’s pants to my grandmother, the bee’s knees. She would brag about me to everyone. She was incredibly supportive of me and my determination to go to uni...To me, education was a way to bust you out. But ‘busting out’ meant breaking down a lot of walls."Flapper was awarded a Bachelor of Science (honours) from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in 1991, and a Masters of Engineering Sciences from UNSW in 1996. She graduated with a PhD in Engineering Sciences for her thesis "Development of a fungal bioreactor to treat industrial wastewater" in 2001, also from UNSW.
Career
Flapper was the Business Group Manager of GHD's Business Group Manager from 2011 to 2015. Flapper was deputy president for the Australian arm of the International Water Association (IWA), and also is the President of NSW Australian Water Association. She was also president of Engineers Australia, Canberra.
Flapper has worked with the local community as a volunteer bush firefighter with the NSW Rural Fire Service, and she was also the President of the local Landcare group.
Flapper has worked with the independent audit of the Molonglo Valley Strategic Assessment, "Protecting Molonglo", and the Strategic Assessment of the region, including, and species protected under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999, including Pink-tailed Worm-lizard, Superb and Swift parrots, Grasslands and Box-Gum woodland.
Publications
McGill, G, Horner, R, Flapper, T. (2014) Reclaimed water for the Shoalhaven region: Expansion of the existing REMS to double the volume of available reclaimed water in the northern Shoalhaven City Council local government area. Water: Journal of the Australian Water Association: 1 September 2014.
Flapper, T. Benjamin, R. Mosse, P (2003) Online, real time measurement of Cod and SS at Lower Molonglo WQCC.
Flapper, T. Campbell, B. O’Connor, N. (2010) SWF Project No 512-001 Quantification of pathogen removal in Australian activated sludge plants.
Awards
2023 – ATSE – Fellow.
2022 – NSW RFS Commissioners award – for service to NSW during the 2019/2020 fire season.
2020 – National Emergency Services Medal.
2021 – Crystal Vision Award.
2007 – Women of the Year (Nancy Mills) – Australian Water Association
2000 – National Engineers Excellence Award – Engineers Australia.
References
External links
ATSE Fellows
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Environmental engineers
Women engineers
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
University of New South Wales alumni | Therese Flapper | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 692 | [
"Environmental engineers",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
75,400,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foscarbidopa/foslevodopa | Foscarbidopa/foslevodopa, sold under the brand name Vyalev among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is a fixed-dose combination of foscarbidopa, an aromatic amino acid decarboxylation inhibitor and prodrug for carbidopa; and foslevodopa, an aromatic amino acid and prodrug for levodopa that was developed by AbbVie. Its structure is identical to carbidopa/levodopa except for the replacement of a hydroxyl on each molecule with a phosphate group, similar to the antiepileptic prodrug fosphenytoin as it relates to phenytoin.
The combination was refused approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2023. It was approved for medical use in Canada in May 2023, in Australia in March 2024, and in the United States in October 2024.
Produodopa uses a pump to steadily release foscarbidopa/foslevodopa into the bloodstream round-the-clock. It is available via the UK National Health Service since February 2024.
Medical uses
The combination of foscarbidopa and foslevodopa is indicated for the treatment of motor fluctuations in adults with advanced Parkinson's disease.
Side effects
The most common adverse reactions include infusion/catheter site reactions, infusion/catheter site infections, hallucinations, and dyskinesia.
References
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors
Antiparkinsonian agents
Combination drugs
Dopamine agonists
Drugs developed by AbbVie
Monoamine precursors
Prodrugs | Foscarbidopa/foslevodopa | [
"Chemistry"
] | 360 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
75,400,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosigotifator | Fosigotifator is an experimental small-molecule developed by AbbVie, which is running clinical trials to determine if the drug can treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A formulation of fosigotifator, as its monosodium phosphate salt mixed with tromethamine, is known as ABBV-CLS-7262. Fosigotifator has been patented by AbbVie and Calico Life Sciences as a prodrug for modulation of the integrated stress response pathway.
References
Drugs developed by AbbVie
Experimental drugs
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Chloroarenes
Fluoroarenes
Amides
Organophosphates
Ethanolamines | Fosigotifator | [
"Chemistry"
] | 150 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Amides"
] |
75,400,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H32O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H32O3}}
The molecular formula C24H32O3 may refer to:
Caleicine
1,2-Didehydro-3-oxo-THCO | C24H32O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 48 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
75,400,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201537 | NGC 1537 is an elliptical galaxy located around 64 million light-years away in the constellation Eridanus. NGC 1537 is south of the celestial equator and it was discovered by John Herschel in 1835. NGC 1537 is not know to have much star-formation, and it is not known to have an active galactic nucleus.
See also
NGC 154, a similar elliptical galaxy
NGC 3640, a similar elliptical galaxy with around the same size.
NGC 3311, a supergiant elliptical galaxy
References
External links
Elliptical galaxies
Eridanus (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1835
Galaxies discovered in 1835
Discoveries by John Herschel
14695
420-12
-05-11-005
1537 | NGC 1537 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 142 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
75,401,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMB-5%27Br-BUTINACA | MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA (5'-Br-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist that has been sold as a designer drug. It was first identified in Russia in August 2022. It is believed to be synthesized from the "half finished" synthesis precursor MDMB-5Br-INACA, which is shipped to the destination and then the final synthetic step is completed on arrival.
See also
4F-MDMB-BINACA
6-Bromopravadoline
ADB-PINACA
ADB-5'F-BUTINACA
ADB-5'Br-BUTINACA
ADB-5'Br-PINACA
ADSB-FUB-187
MDMB-BINACA
References
Cannabinoids
Designer drugs
Bromoarenes
Amides
Tert-butyl compounds
Indazolecarboxamides
Methyl esters | MDMB-5'Br-BUTINACA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 199 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,401,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haewoojae | Haewoojae (), also known as Mr. Toilet House, is a museum and cultural center dedicated to toilets located in Suwon, South Korea. It was built in 2007 as the residence of former mayor of Suwon Shim Jae-Deok. Shim was known for his campaigning to improve the quality of toilets in Suwon. After his death in 2009, the building reopened in 2010 as a cultural center and museum related to toilets. Haewoojae displays historical and modern toilets as well as exhibitions on toilets' role in culture, as well as ways to improve existing toilet systems.
History
Construction on Haewoojae began in May 2007 in preparation of the inaugural meeting of the World Toilet Association. On November 11 the same year, the construction was completed. The building was initially used as a residence for Shim Jae-Deok, the former mayor of Suwon who worked to improve the quality of toilets in Suwon. The World Toilet Association stated that they were building Haewoojae ahead of the United Nations' declaration of 2008 as the international year of hygiene. During that time, the house was open to the public for rent for $50,000 US dollars a night.
Shim died on January 14, 2009; his funeral was held at Haewoojae. In July 2009, his family donated Haewoojae to Suwon's government, which announced plans to renovate it and convert into a toilet-themed park for residents. On August 5, 2010, it was announced that Haewoojae's remodeling would be finished around late September the same year. On September 30, 2010, Haewoojae was reopened to the public, this time as a toilet-related cultural exhibition facility. Haewoojae would later on also open a toilet themed outdoors park outside of it in July 4, 2012.
Museum layout
There are four bathrooms, two above ground floors and a basement at Haewoojae. The combined area of the two floors is 420 square meters. Furthermore, there are specialized mirrors on the first floor bathroom of Haewoojae which can turn opaque on the first floor, and translucent bathroom walls on the second floor, and the toilets all have a speaker which plays music. The toilets in Haewoojae all employ water-saving systems which reduce water usage by around 70% compared to commercial toilets.
On the first floor of the museum, toilets and toilet-related objects starting from the 1950s to the present are exhibited, while the second floor contains information about how toilets play a role in culture as well as how to improve toilet systems. Furthermore, the museum contains toilets from historical eras of South Korea, particularly the Baekje and Silla eras. There are also depictions of people defecating and urinating throughout the museum. Surrounding the museum, there is an outdoors park containing historical examples of outhouses and pig toilets, as well as sculptures of people defecating.
See also
Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
Toilet History Museum
References
Tourist attractions in Suwon
Museums in South Korea
2010 establishments in South Korea
Toilets
Residential buildings completed in 2007
Museums established in 2010 | Haewoojae | [
"Biology"
] | 646 | [
"Excretion",
"Toilets"
] |
75,401,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Giacomini | Anna Giacomini is an Italian civil engineer, a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 2023, and a professor at the University of Newcastle.
Education
Giacomini has 20 years of experience in Rock Mechanics and Civil Engineering. She was awarded a PhD from the University of Parma, Italy, in 2003. In 2007 she joined the University of Newcastle as a research academic. Giacomini with a research background in rockfall analysis and rock mechanics, applied to mining within the Australian landscape. She was the principal researcher of an Australian Research Council Linkage Project from 2009 to 2011, Giacomini played a role in developing barrier designs aimed at safeguarding infrastructure such as roads and railways from rockfall hazards.
Career
Giacomini is a professor at the University of Newcastle, in NSW, Australia. Gioacomini works in the field of rock mechanics and rockfall analyses. She has served as editorial board member of four International Journals in the field of civil engineering, as reviewer for several national and international funding bodies in the rock mechanics and engineering fields. She is also a member of the ARC College of Experts. Her work was described, after winning the Booker prize from the Australian Academy of Science, in 2019, as:"...significantly improved safety within the Australian mining industry, where rockfalls threaten human lives, the portal structures for underground entry, and damage to machinery."Giacomini is one of the co-founders of the HunterWISE - Women in STEM program.
Publications
Giacomini has published over 150 scientific works, with an H index of 27 in 2023. The following are select publications:
GP Giani, A Giacomini, M Migliazza, A Segalini (2004) Experimental and theoretical studies to improve rock fall analysis and protection work design. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 37, 369-389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.09.007
A Giacomini, O Buzzi, B Renard, GP Giani (2009) Experimental studies on fragmentation of rock falls on impact with rock surfaces. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences: 46:(4)708-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.09.007
K Thoeni, A Giacomini, C Lambert, S W Sloan, J P Carter (2014) A 3D discrete element modelling approach for rockfall analysis with drapery systems. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 68:107-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.02.008
Awards
2023 - Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.
2022 - Prize for Excellence in Engineering or Information and Communications Technology, NSW Premier's Prizes for Science & Engineering.
2019 John Booker Medal from the Australian Academy of Science.
2019 Best Practice Industry Engagement Award, received from the Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources.
2018 - Vice Chancellor's Award for Research Supervisor of the year.
References
External links
University of Newcastle Profile
Science Awards
ATSE Fellows
Living people
Civil engineers
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
21st-century Italian engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Italian women engineers | Anna Giacomini | [
"Engineering"
] | 681 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineers"
] |
75,401,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezanumab | Elezanumab (development names AE12-1Y-QL and ABT-555) is a fully human monoclonal antibody developed by AbbVie against repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa). It has been tested in people with multiple sclerosis and acute ischemic stroke.
References
Monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by AbbVie | Elezanumab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 77 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
66,712,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trametes%20trogii | Trametes trogii is a species of fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae.
It has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Synonym:
Funalia trogii (Berk.) Bondartsev & Singer, 1941
References
Polyporaceae
Fungus species | Trametes trogii | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,712,844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenbuehelia%20petaloides | Hohenbuehelia petaloides, commonly known as the leaflike oyster or the shoehorn oyster mushroom, is a species of agaric fungus belonging to the family Pleurotaceae. The fruit bodies have pale to brown funnel-shaped caps with decurrent gills and are considered edible. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution and is found near the decaying wood it feeds on.
Taxonomy
The species was first described in 1785 by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard. It was later assigned to the new genus, Hohenbuehelia, in 1866 by Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg. Synonyms include Hohenbuehelia geogenia and Pleurotus petaloides.
Description
The cap ranges from fan-shaped to funnel-shaped, growing up to 10 cm wide. The cap surface is smooth or microscopically hairy and ranges in color from pale or whitish (often when young) to brown. The gills are decurrent and are often crowded and narrow. The stem is either absent or short and attached laterally. The texture is tough or rubbery due to the gelatinous layer under the cuticle. The mushroom has a mealy taste and odor and is considered edible, although the tough texture may not be appealing.
Habitat and distribution
The species is saprobic, feeding on decaying wood. It can be found either alone or clustering in small groups around woody debris or the occasional stump. The species is considered to have a cosmopolitan distribution and is known to be found in regions including North America, Venezuela, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand. Like most Pleurotaceae, it is nematophagous.
References
Pleurotaceae
Carnivorous fungi
Fungus species | Hohenbuehelia petaloides | [
"Biology"
] | 347 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,712,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnotrya%20tulasnei | Hydnotrya tulasnei is a species of fungus belonging to the family Discinaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America, Japan.
References
Discinaceae
Fungus species | Hydnotrya tulasnei | [
"Biology"
] | 40 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,713,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohygrocybe%20ovina | Neohygrocybe ovina is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of blushing waxcap, since the lamellae (gills) and flesh turn pinkish red when bruised. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Taxonomy
The species was first described from France in 1793 by mycologist Jean Baptiste Bulliard as Agaricus ovinus. French mycologist Robert Kühner transferred it to the genus Hygrocybe in 1926.
Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that Hygrocybe ovina is a distinct species but does not belong in Hygrocybe sensu stricto. Instead, it has been moved into the related but separate genus Neohygrocybe, as already proposed on morphological grounds by Czech mycologist Josef Herink in 1958.
Description
Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 120mm (5 in) tall, the cap hemispherical at first, becoming broadly convex when expanded, up to 90mm (3 in) across. The cap surface is smooth, dry, sometimes breaking into scales when old, dark grey to blackish. The lamellae (gills) are waxy, thick, and pale cap-coloured. The stipe (stem) is smooth, often compressed and furrowed, pale cap-coloured, lacking a ring. Gills and context turn pinkish red when bruised. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, c. 7.5 to 9 by 5 to 6μm.
Distribution and habitat
The Blushing Waxcap is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe. A similar species, Neohygrocybe subovina, occurs in North America. Like most other European waxcaps, Neohygrocybe ovina occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns).
Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses.
Conservation
Neohygrocybe ovina is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Neohygrocybe ovina also appears on the official or provisional national red lists of threatened fungi in several European countries, including Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden.
See also
List of Hygrocybe species
List of fungi by conservation status
References
Hygrophoraceae
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1793
Taxa named by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard
Fungus species | Neohygrocybe ovina | [
"Biology"
] | 628 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,713,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Romanoff | Melvin Romanoff was a physical chemist and corrosion engineer who specialized and wrote books about underground and soil corrosion. He worked for many years at the National Bureau of standards. His tenure at The National Bureau of Standards later renamed the National Institute of Standards and Technology was from 1937 to 1970. He was inducted into the hall of fame in 1995. For many years, NACE, the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, now NACE International presented a Melvin Romanoff award in his honor.
Work at the National Bureau of Standards
The Underground Corrosion of Steel Piling was originally written as a collection of papers as Monograph 58, for the National Bureau of standards. One of the two authors was Melvin Romanoff. After his death in October 1970 it was superseded by Monograph 158 and dedicated in his honor. It was published March 1972. The citation honoring him in this publication is in the form of a eulogy and reads in part "he was the guiding light and motivating force for research at the National Bureau of Standards on underground corrosion. His work is considered by corrosion engineers throughout the world to be indispensable for an understanding of the corrosion behavior of metals in soils. The studies described in the monograph embody pioneering concepts on the nature of driven piling corrosion developed by Mr. Romanoff toward the end of his career. Therefore this publication, which is a compilation of the papers resulting from those concepts, serves as a fitting memorial for Melvin Romanoff." He died October 1970.
See also
Michael Faraday
Herbert H. Uhlig
Ulick Richardson Evans
Marcel Pourbaix
Mars G Fontana
Corrosion
Corrosion engineering
References
American physical chemists
Corrosion prevention
Year of birth missing
1970 deaths | Melvin Romanoff | [
"Chemistry"
] | 335 | [
"Corrosion prevention",
"Corrosion"
] |
66,713,788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Henderson%20Jack | Kenneth Henderson Jack FRS (12 October 1918—28 January 2013) was a British chemist whose career involved the application of X-ray crystallography to the field of materials science.
Biography
Kenneth Henderson Jack was born on 12 October 1918 at his grandmother's flat in Coburg Street, North Shields. He was the eldest of three sons of John Henderson Jack, mariner, and Emily (née Cozens). He attended King Edward's Primary School and then Tynemouth Municipal High School. He gained a scholarship place to study chemistry at Armstrong College (later part of the Newcastle Colleges of Durham University). Jack graduated with first-class honours in chemistry and came top of his year. After a brief spell in teaching – a requirement of his scholarship – he was directed into war work at the Chemical Defence Research Establishment, Sutton Oak, before the Professor of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, H. L. Riley brought him back to Newcastle in October 1941.
Riley led a group involved with the Ministry of Supply on armour-plated steel. Jack's work in this field came to the notice of Sir Charles Goodeve, the first director of the British Iron and Steel Research Association (BISRA), who appointed him as a Senior Scientific Officer in 1945. After a year at Newcastle, Jack moved to Cambridge for three years, to work on crystallography in W H Taylor's group with Peter Hirsch.He worked for a PhD while at Cambridge and was awarded the degree in 1949. He then returned to Newcastle as a lecturer in inorganic chemistry, while continuing his work in interstitial alloys.
In 1951 Jack was invited to give a paper at the Pittsburgh Diffraction Conference. While there he helped pay his way by giving lectures at various institutions, one of which was Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Over lunch he was told by the research director, Clarence Zener, to send for his wife and children and come to work at Westinghouse. On 11 August he and his family arrived in New York on the Mauretania, and Jack started at the 500-strong research facility, in charge of the X-ray lab. The facility was upgraded with new equipment, some of which he helped build. Although he was offered several jobs in Pittsburgh, Kenneth Jack and his family decided to return to England. They sailed from Montreal on the Empress of Scotland on 28 August 1953, bound for Liverpool.
Back at Newcastle Jack worked on developing his powder diffraction techniques. He enjoyed his teaching and research, but could gain no promotion or salary increase. After several unsuccessful applications for professorships he accepted a position in 1957 at Thermal Syndicate Limited. He had less freedom than in academia, and was required to focus on the needs of the business. He and his team developed a way ok making a much-improved version of the firm's main product: a fused quartz with the brand name Spectrosil. The new Spectrosil® WF “had outstanding optical transmission as well as a very low impurity content and found important applications in the production of optical fibres for telecommunications”.
But Newcastle beckoned again. The professor of metallurgy at Jing's College asked Kenneth Jack, in 1963, if he was interested in a recently established readership there. The outcome, in the following year, was Jack's appointment with a Personal Chair in Applied Crystal Chemistry, at what was now the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, now more usually Newcastle University. His lines of research includes a focus on silicon nitride () and its development into more complex Si-Al-O-N structures; the discovery of Guinier–Preston (GP) zones in Fe-Mo-N. The latter led to funding in 1970 from the Wolfson Foundation for a transmission electron microscope and additional staff.
The work of the growing Wolfson group “became better and better known [and] there were many invitations to give lectures overseas in Europe, the USA, Japan, India, Pakistan and China. Ken’s seven-week visit to India and Pakistan in early 1981 was particularly memorable. ”. He coined the term “sialon” to describe the Si-Al-O-N complexes. Other universities and the Joseph Lucas Group Research Centre became interested, and the Lucas group trademarked some of them Syalon®.
Jack “received many honours, prizes and awards throughout his career. In 1980 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1996 he was made an honorary professor at Swansea University. He was appointed OBE in 1997 and, a decade later, was made a distinguished life member of the American Ceramic Society”.
Kenneth Jack retired from the University of Newcastle in 1984.
Family
Kenneth Henderson Jack married Alfreda Hughes, whom he had known since childhood, in 1942. They had two children: David Hughes born in 1944, and Stephen in 1950.
David Jack studied metallurgy at Cambridge, where he gained a PhD. He spent 1969–1970 as an ICI postdoctoral fellow in his father's research group at Newcastle, before being appointed Lecturer in the Metallurgy Department at Leeds University. In 1981 he took up a research manager position in Coventry with the Swedish industrial group Sandvik. From 1997 he worked for the Japanese machine tool company Yamazaki Mazak, retiring in 2009. He then oversaw which has its European HQ and factory in Worcester, UK, ultimately becoming responsible for its total European business. (Memoir) to retirement in 2009. He then presided over the opening of the company's new $17-million European Technology Centre in Worcester; it opened on 24 November 2009.
Freda Jack died suddenly in 1974 from a cerebral aneurysm. Kenneth developed health problems around 2007, and died in hospital on 28 January 2013. He was survived by his two sons.
References
1918 births
Fellows of the Royal Society
British chemists
X-ray crystallography
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
2013 deaths | Kenneth Henderson Jack | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,195 | [
"X-ray crystallography",
"Crystallography"
] |
66,715,668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrophorus%20penarius | Hygrophorus penarius is a species of fungus belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae.
It is native to Europe, Northern America, and Japan.
References
penarius
Fungus species | Hygrophorus penarius | [
"Biology"
] | 43 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentinellus%20ursinus | Lentinellus ursinus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Auriscalpiaceae.
The caps are wide, often separated into lobes. They are brown in the center, fading to white at the margin. The spore print is white.
It may require microscopy to distinguish from L. angustifolius. Lookalikes from other genera include Pleurotus ostreatus.
It can be found in North America from October–March on the West Coast and July–October elsewhere.
Like all species in its genus, it is inedible due to its bitterness.
References
Russulales
Inedible fungi
Fungus species | Lentinellus ursinus | [
"Biology"
] | 131 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentinellus%20vulpinus | Lentinellus vulpinus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Auriscalpiaceae.
It has a cosmopolitan distribution. Like all species in its genus, it is inedible due to its bitterness.
References
External links
Lentinellus vulpinus occurrence data from GBIF
Russulales
Inedible fungi
Taxa named by James Sowerby
Fungus species | Lentinellus vulpinus | [
"Biology"
] | 76 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology%20in%20Relation%20to%20Air%20Travel | Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel is a book by Arthur Massey, the medical officer of health of Coventry, published by H. K. Lewis & Co. in 1933. By comparing the travel times of journeys by ship to those of travelling by air, he demonstrated how the quarantinable diseases plague, cholera, yellow fever and smallpox, could arrive in the UK in the early 1930s.
Massey noted that travelling by aeroplane, from countries where major infectious diseases were common, to countries where those diseases were rare or non-existent, risked spreading those diseases during the incubation period.
It was noted by Air Commodore H. E. Whittingham and in The Indian Medical Gazette to be one of the earliest works of its kind.
Publication
Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel was written by the Coventry-based medical officer of health Arthur Massey, and published by H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd. in 1933, when the topic was relatively new, and in the year after the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation was drawn up. It has 59 pages and five maps.
Synopsis
The book deals briefly with the danger of spreading infectious disease via aircraft as flight times in the 1930s brought West Africa and India within a few days' travel of England and Europe, and the United States more speedily reached from Central and South America. Massey noted that travelling by aeroplane, from countries where major infectious diseases were common, to countries where those diseases were rare or non-existent, risked spreading those diseases during the incubation period. It was aimed at informing health authorities and offered solutions for prevention. By comparing the travel times of travelling by ship to those of travelling by air, he demonstrated how particularly four quarantinable diseases (plague, cholera, yellow fever and smallpox), could arrive in the UK in the early 1930s. He made particular note of mosquitoes and the risk of transferring yellow fever. In the preface, he wrote:
Speedier transport is equivalent to a reduction of distance. This was shown when steamships superseded sailing vessels. It is demonstrated more forcibly today by the events of civil aviation. Among the momentous advantages, fraternal and commercial, born of this development, there is the disadvantage that countries affected by certain major infectious diseases are brought nearer to countries which ordinarily enjoy freedom therefrom.
The book addresses disinfection and sanitation in aircraft, and the prevention of aircraft transmitting plague, cholera, malaria, relapsing fever and smallpox. How to dispose of excrement and implement procedures to avoid carrying disease bearing insects are included in the book.
Response
It was noted by Air Commodore H. E. Whittingham, to be one of the earliest works of its kind, along with that of Air Commodore David Munro, who wrote on the subject in 1925. The Indian Medical Gazette also noted it to be a new field, but disagreed with some of the maps showing plague and cholera distribution in Asia and noted some minor errors in the text.
References
1933 non-fiction books
20th-century books
Medical books
Epidemiology
Aviation books | Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 628 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
66,716,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20cortinarius | Lepiota cortinarius is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
cortinarius
Fungus species | Lepiota cortinarius | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20fuscovinacea | Lepiota fuscovinacea is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
fuscovinacea
Fungus species | Lepiota fuscovinacea | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20hystrix | Lepiota hystrix is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
It is native to Northern Europe and Japan.
References
hystrix
Fungus species | Lepiota hystrix | [
"Biology"
] | 37 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20kuehneri | Lepiota kuehneri is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
References
kuehneri
Fungus species | Lepiota kuehneri | [
"Biology"
] | 30 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20lilacea | Lepiota lilacea is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae. It was first described in Italy, in 1893, by Giacomo Bresadora, in his book Fungi Tridentini.
It is characterised by its small cap (up to 36 mm broad), with a dark purple disc, and its distinct annulus. Its spores do not turn reddish-brown under Melzer's reagent (are non-dextrinoid).
It is poisonous to humans.
It is native to Europe and America.
References
lilacea
Fungus species | Lepiota lilacea | [
"Biology"
] | 116 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,716,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20subalba | Lepiota subalba is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
It is native to Europe.
References
subalba
Fungus species | Lepiota subalba | [
"Biology"
] | 34 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,717,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93halogen%20exchange | In organometallic chemistry, metal–halogen exchange is a fundamental reaction that converts an organic halide into an organometallic product. The reaction commonly involves the use of electropositive metals (Li, Na, Mg) and organochlorides, bromides, and iodides. Particularly well-developed is the use of metal–halogen exchange for the preparation of organolithium compounds.
Lithium–halogen exchange
Two kinds of lithium–halogen exchange can be considered: reactions involving organolithium compounds and reactions involving lithium metal. Commercial organolithium compounds are produced by the heterogeneous (slurry) reaction of lithium with organic bromides and chlorides:
2 Li + R−X → LiX + R−Li
Often the lithium halide remains in the soluble product.
Most of this article is about the homogeneous (one-phase) reaction of preformed organolithium compounds:
R−Li + R′−X → R−X + R′−Li
Butyllithium is commonly used. Gilman and Wittig independently discovered this method in the late 1930s. It is not a salt metathesis reaction, as no salt is produced.
Lithium–halogen exchange is frequently used to prepare vinyl-, aryl- and primary alkyllithium reagents. Vinyl halides usually undergo lithium–halogen exchange with retention of the stereochemistry of the double bond. The presence of alkoxyl or related chelating groups accelerates lithium–halogen exchange. Lithium halogen exchange is typically a fast reaction. It is usually faster than nucleophilic addition and can sometimes exceed the rate of proton transfer.
Exchange rates usually follow the trend I > Br > Cl. Alkyl- and arylfluoride are generally unreactive toward organolithium reagents. Lithium–halogen exchange is kinetically controlled, and the rate of exchange is primarily influenced by the stabilities of the carbanion intermediates (sp > sp2 > sp3) of the organolithium reagents.
Mechanism and scope
Two mechanisms have been proposed for lithium–halogen exchange.
One proposed pathway involves a nucleophilic mechanism that generates a reversible "ate-complex" intermediate. Farnham and Calabrese crystallized an "ate-complex" lithium bis(pentafluorophenyl) iodinate complexed with TMEDA.
The "ate-complex" further reacts with electrophiles and provides pentafluorophenyl iodide and C6H5Li. A number of kinetic studies also support a nucleophilic pathway in which the carbanion on the lithium species attacks the halogen atom on the aryl halide. Another proposed mechanism involves single electron transfer with the generation of radicals. In reactions of secondary and tertiary alkyllithium and alkyl halides, radical species were detected by EPR spectroscopy. The mechanistic studies of lithium–halogen exchange are complicated by the formation of aggregates of organolithium species.
Other metals
Magnesium–halogen exchange
Grignard reagents can be prepared by treating a preformed Grignard reagent with an organic halide. This method offers the advantage that the Mg transfer tolerates many functional groups. A typical reaction involves isopropylmagnesium chloride and aryl bromide or iodides:
i-PrMgCl + ArCl → i-PrCl + ArMgCl
Magnesium ate complexes metalate aryl halides:
ArBr + Li[MgBu3] → ArMgBu2 + BuBr
Zinc–halogen exchange
Zinc–halogen exchange:
LiBu3Zn + R−I → Li[R−ZnBu2] + BuI
Applications
Several examples can be found in organic syntheses.
Below lithium–halogen exchange is a step in the synthesis of morphine. Here n-butyllithium is used to perform lithium–halogen exchange with bromide. The nucleophilic carbanion center quickly undergoes carbolithiation to the double bond, generating an anion stabilized by the adjacent sulfone group. An intramolecular SN2 reaction by the anion forms the cyclic backbone of morphine.
Lithium–halogen exchange is a crucial part of Parham cyclization. In this reaction, an aryl halide (usually iodide or bromide) exchanges with organolithium to form a lithiated arene species. If the arene bears a side chain with an electrophillic moiety, the carbanion attached to the lithium will perform intramolecular nucleophilic attack and cyclize. This reaction is a useful strategy for heterocycle formation. In the example below, Parham cyclization was used to in the cyclization of an isocyanate to form isoindolinone, which was then converted to a nitrone. The nitrone species further reacts with radicals and can be used as "spin traps" to study biological radical processes.
References
Organometallic chemistry | Metal–halogen exchange | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,071 | [
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
66,718,077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly%20Khlopin | Vitaly Grigorievich Khlopin (Russian:Вита́лий Григо́рьевич Хло́пин) (January 1890 - 10 July 1950) was a Russian and Soviet scientist- radiochemist, professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), Hero of Socialist Labour (1949), and director of the Radium Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939-1950). He was one of the founders of Soviet radiochemistry and radium industry, received the first domestic radium preparations (1921), one of the founders of the Radium Institute and leading participants in the atomic project and founder of the school of Soviet radiochemists.
Biography
He was born on January 14 (26), 1890 in Perm, in the family of a doctor Grigory Vitalievich Khlopin (1863-1929). From 1905 the Khlopins lived in St. Petersburg.
Brief chronology of his life path:
1897 - began studying at a private men's school in Yuriev;
1908 - graduated from the 12th St. Petersburg Gymnasium;
1911 - graduated from the chemistry department of the University of Göttingen.
1911—1913 - at the St. Petersburg Clinical Institute of the Grand Duchess Helena Pavlovna he taught practical sessions on chemical methods of sanitary analyses;
1912 - graduated with a first degree diploma from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University in chemistry;
1912-1917 - remained at the University at the Department of General Chemistry as an assistant, where under the guidance of L. A. Chugaev he was being prepared for teaching (the first work with L. A. Chugaev on the synthesis of complex compounds of platonitrite with dithioethers);
1913-1916 - engaged in experimental research in the chemistry of platinum compounds and analysis of rare elements;
1914, 1915 - laboratory assistant at the Petrograd Central City Chemical Laboratory;
1915 - at the suggestion of Academician V.I. Vernadsky he started working in the Radiological Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences (organized in the autumn of 1911 in the former studio of A.I. Quindzhi on Vasilievsky Island) as a specialist in chemistry (until 1921);
1915, 1916 - at the suggestion of the Chemical Committee at the State Academy of Sciences, conducts experimental work on obtaining products of military-chemical importance (some asphyxiants) and on developing methods for obtaining pure platinum from Russian raw materials, and on behalf of the Central Laboratory of the Central Laboratory of the Navy Department participates in the development of a method for obtaining sodium azide;
Autumn 1916 - the Military Chemical Committee sent as a specialist in chemistry as the head of sanitary and evacuation part in the "Urmiyskaya Expedition for the survey of boron-acid springs of the Kara region and the Urmiysky lake area";
1916 - member of the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia (CNPF);
1917 - until the liquidation of the Committee for Military Labor Assistance - secretary of its Chemical Division and chairman of the Commission on Luminous Compounds; in October participated in the work of the Congress on Technical Defense of the State; assistant at the Department of General Chemistry I of Petrograd University (until 1924);
1918-1919 - in summer he was elected Commissioner of the Board formed under the NPFR for the organization of the first Radium Plant in Russia. V. G. Khlopin was entrusted with the general management of issues related to the chemical and administrative side of the case; in December he was elected as a representative of CNPF to the Council of the Radium Association; from January 1919 he was a member of the Council of the Chemical Division of the Russian Technical Society; from July 1918 to September 1919 he was a member of the Council of the Platinum Institute;
1918-1934 - member of the editorial board of the Chemical-Technical Publishing House, later transformed into the publishing house Chemteoret;
1920 - elected Professor of the Department of General Chemistry at the Ural State University (unable to travel to the Urals, he was forced to give up his position);
1921 - on December 1, V. G. Khlopin obtained the first highly active preparations of domestic radium;
1922-1934 - Head of the gas department of NPFR, - Geochemical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Leningrad);
1922 - began research at the Radium Institute in Petrograd (Leningrad);
1922-1935 - deputy director and head of the chemical department; from 1924 (simultaneously at the Leningrad University) he headed the gas department of the Geochemical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Helium Laboratory of the Soyuzgaz Trust;
1924 - V. G. Khlopin suggested the idea that the process of fractional crystallization is caused by the distribution of matter between two immiscible phases (crystals and saturated solution) - the law of microcomponent distribution between liquid and solid phases (Khlopin's law); since summer he has been holding meetings with students of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow State University;
1924-1930 - associate professor at Leningrad State University;
1924-1933 - member of the Scientific and Technical Council on Helium at the Helium Committee of the Supreme Council of National Economy; took an active part in the search and study of helium deposits and the development of analytical methods for determining helium;
1925 - at the IV Mendeleev Congress made a report on "Achievements in the field of radioactive substances in the USSR"; scientific trip to Germany;
1928-1934 - member of the Committee for the Chemicalization of the National Economy under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (hereinafter - under the Presidium of the USSR State Planning Committee);
1929, 1930 - Head of hydrochemical works of the Alagez Party of the USSR Academy of Sciences;
1930-1936 - permanent consultant on radium industry at the plant "Rare Elements" (existed until 1931, since 1931 Giredmet was established on its basis) of Soyuzredmet (then Glavredmet);
1931, 1932 - Scientific Director of the Geochemical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences;
1933 - Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences; member of the Scientific and Technical Council on Helium at the USSR State Planning Committee;
1933-1938 - consultant of the laboratory of the Soyuzgaz Trust, later Heliogazrazvedka (Leningrad);
1934-1937 - professor at the Leningrad State University;
1935 - approved by the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences with the degree of Chemistry Philosophy Doctor;
1936-1946 - Director of the Radium Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Leningrad);
1937 - pays much attention to the study of the chemical nature of products of artificial decay of uranium and thorium, which became possible due to irradiation of their preparations at the cyclotron launched at the Radium Institute - the first in Europe;
1938 - consultant to the State Institute of Rare and Minor Metals of the People's Commissariat for Rare and Minor Metals (Moscow);
1939 - full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences;
1940 - Chairman of the Committee on Uranium Problem at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences;
1941, 1942 - in evacuation in Kazan, directed the activities of the Radium Institute; Deputy Chairman of the USSR Academy of Sciences Commission for Mobilization of Volga Region Resources; Deputy Academician-Secretary of the Chemical Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences;
1943 - Stalin Prize of the third degree for the development of a method of industrial production of radium;
1945 - in Leningrad University V. G. Khlopin headed the first in the USSR chair of radiochemistry, where he gave the first in the Soviet Union course of lectures on radioactivity - the training of a new generation of radiochemists for research organizations and nuclear industry began;
1947 - V. G. Khlopin and E. K. Gerling developed a new method for determining geologic age by xenon accumulated during spontaneous uranium fission.
He died on July 10, 1950, and was buried in Leningrad, on the Necropolis of the Masters of Arts of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra[14].
Family
Father - Grigory Vitalievich Khlopin (1863-1929).
Mother - Ekaterina Alexandrovna, née Kavaderova (1865-1945) - a graduate of the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg (verbal-historical and physical-mathematical faculties), was engaged in journalism. (at the time of G. V. Khlopin's exile to the Urals in 1886), from 1905, when the Khlopins lived already in St. Petersburg, Ekaterina Alexandrovna was engaged in charity work. She died on the road during the re-evacuation of the State Radium University from Kazan to Leningrad.
Brother - Nikolai Grigorievich Khlopin, a histologist.
Khlopin was first married to Nadezhda Pavlovna Annenkova (daughter of the Narodovtsy P. S. Annenkov[clarification]).
A daughter (born 1913), whom they baptized in a church in Kuokkala.
In 1920 he married Maria Alexandrovna Pasvik.
Scientific works
V. G. Khlopin began his independent scientific activity as a student in 1911 - in his father's laboratory at the Clinical Institute he carried out work, the results of which were published in the article "On the formation of oxidants in the air under the action of ultraviolet rays".
In these studies V. G. Khlopin first proved the formation in atmospheric air under the action of ultraviolet rays not only hydrogen peroxide and ozone, but also nitrogen oxides, the latter statement began a long discussion that lasted until 1931, when D. Vorländer () proved the correctness of the observations of V. G. Khlopin.
The circle of V. G. Khlopin's interests is not strictly confined to any one area. It is determined by the school, which he passed under the guidance of L. A. Chugaev and V. I. Vernadsky, respectively - in general chemistry and geochemistry, which, in turn, allowed V. G. Khlopin to develop his own scientific direction - to create the first domestic school of radiochemists.
Working with L. A. Chugaev
At the initial stage of his research activity (1911-1917), V. G. Khlopin was mainly concerned with problems related to inorganic and analytical chemistry. In 1913, together with L. A. Chugaev, he worked on the synthesis of complex compounds of platonitrite with dithioethers. Of his further works, especially important are those aimed at the development of a new method for the preparation of various derivatives of univalent nickel, and the creation of a device for determining the solubility of compounds at different temperatures.
To the most interesting works of this period belongs the discovery of hydroxopentamine series of complex compounds of platinum made in 1915 by L. A. Chugaev and V. G. Khlopin; curiously, but methodologically, from the point of view of the theory of cognition, it is quite natural that historically it was made somewhat earlier than the discovery by L. A. Chugaev and N. A. Vladimirov of the pentamine series, later called Chugaev's salts.
Two works hold a special place in this period of V. G. Khlopin's scientific work:
1. The action of hydrosulfur sodium salt on metallic selenium and tellurium, leading to the development of a convenient method of obtaining sodium telluride and selenide and a convenient synthesis of organic compounds of tellurium and selenium (1914),
2. On the action of hydrosulfurosodium salt on nickel salts in the presence of nitrous sodium salt. The work led to the synthesis of univalent nickel derivatives (1915), which were much later (in 1925) obtained in Germany by S. Mansho and co-workers by the action of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide on nickel salts.
Here, at the same department, already in the First World War, on the assignment of the Chemical Committee of the Main Artillery Department, V.G. Khlopin performed his first technological work - he developed a method of obtaining pure platinum from Russian raw materials. The importance of this work was due to the sharp reduction of imports. His participation in several expeditions aimed at identifying Russia's natural resources was subordinated to the solution of the same problems. He wrote reviews on rare elements: boron, lithium, rubidium, cesium and zirconium.
At V. I. Vernadsky’s laboratory
All of V.G. Khlopin's further scientific activity was predetermined by this meeting. In the laboratory founded by Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, a systematic study of radioactive minerals and rocks was carried out, the search for which in Russia was carried out by expeditions, also organized on his initiative. V. I. Vernadsky was the first Russian scientist who realized the importance of the discovery of radioactivity: "...For us it is not completely indifferent at all how radioactive minerals of Russia will be studied... Now, when mankind is entering a new age of radiant - atomic energy, we, and not others, should know, should find out what the soil of our native country holds in this respect".
In 1909 V. I. Vernadsky headed the research of radioactivity phenomena in Russia, under his chairmanship the Radium Commission was organized - all the works were united under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences, the Radiological Laboratory was founded, since 1914 the publication of the "Proceedings of the Radium Expedition of the Academy of Sciences" was started. In the mentioned speech V. I. Vernadsky notes the specific features of the new direction of scientific research: "This discovery has produced a huge revolution in the scientific outlook, caused the creation of a new science, different from physics and chemistry - the doctrine of radioactivity, put before life and technology practical tasks of a completely new kind...".
In 1915, V. I. Vernadsky attracted V. G. Khlopin to work in the Radiological Laboratory. V. G. Khlopin was destined to become the first, and for many years - the leading specialist in the new discipline. But research in the field of radioactivity, study of new radioactive elements already discovered in Russia at that time was still in the state of initial organizational period - there were no domestic radium preparations for laboratory experiments; however, deposits of minerals and ores - raw materials for consistent development of scientific work in this direction, systematic study of radioactive minerals - were already known. The leading experts of the profile - Professors K. A. Nenadkevich and A. E. Fersman - were invited to participate in the present work.
In the context of mastering the fundamental areas of activity, which for V.G. Khlopin became his life's work, he develops research of scientific and applied aspects, including methods of geochemistry of radioactive elements and noble gases, analytical chemistry and thermodynamics; at the same time, the scientist develops an independent direction, which gave the preconditions for the formation of a scientific school. By the early 1920s, four main lines had emerged, which in turn led to the establishment of an independent school:
1. radium technology;
2. chemistry of radioelements and applied radiochemistry;
3. geochemistry of radioelements and noble gases;
4.analytical chemistry.
First trial radium plant
In 1917, the purely scientific interest in the study of radium was replaced by the practical need to use it for military purposes - the military department and defense organizations received information that radium was used for the production of light compounds. The necessity of radium extraction from domestic raw materials became urgent. A large batch of radium-containing ore from the Tyuya-Muyun deposit was stored in the warehouse of a private commercial firm "Fergana Society for Rare Metals Mining". This organization, due to the lack of specialists-radiochemists in Russia, was preparing the raw material for shipment to Germany for technological extraction of the final product from it, but the war and then the February Revolution of 1917 prevented this.
The Congress for the Technical Defense of the State in October 1917 decided to organize a special radium plant under the direct control of the Academy of Sciences, but the October Socialist Revolution again removed this issue from the queue. In January 1918 V. G. Khlopin published an article "A Few Words on the Application of Radioactive Elements in Military Technology and on the Possible Future of the Radium Industry in Russia", in which he characterized the importance and prospective use of radium for military-strategic purposes. In the spring of the same year, the Presidium of the All-Russian Council of National Economy (RCNE) decided to sequester radioactive raw materials belonging to the "Fergana Society"; in April, the Chemical Department of the RCNE, headed by Prof. L. Ya. Karpov, entrusted the Academy of Sciences with the mission of organizing a plant for radium extraction from domestic uranium-vanadium ores and ensuring scientific control over production; at a meeting of specialists convened on 12 April by the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia (NPFR), headed by N. S. Kovalev. С. Kurnakov, V. G. Khlopin and L. I. Bogoyavlensky it was reported on the results of the work undertaken to obtain radium from the available raw materials; in July 1918 a special Commission, the Technical Council or later the Board for the organization of a radium plant at the Academy of Sciences was elected, which decided to organize a research laboratory, a special Radium Department (under the Commission) headed by V. I. Vernadsky was established under the chairmanship of A. E. Fersman, senior mineralogist of the Academy of Sciences, professor of the Higher Women's Courses. The secretary of the department, a specialist of the Radium Laboratory of the Academy, an assistant of the Department of General Chemistry of the Petrograd University, 28-year-old V. G. Khlopin, was appointed its commissioner for the organization of the radium plant. His thorough theoretical training and mastery of the methods of fine chemical analysis, his ability to solve practical problems effectively, and his experience in expeditions fully justified his involvement in such a responsible business. L. N. Bogoyavlensky, a specialist on this subject, was invited as the head of the plant.
"October 28, 1918.Uralsovnarkhoz (Perm), Usolsk executive committee, Management of Berezniki soda plant. «I order the Berezniki plant to immediately begin work on the organization of a radium plant according to the resolution of the Vysovnarkhoz. The necessary funds have been allocated by the Council of People's Commissars. The work should be carried out under the direction and responsibility of chemical engineer Bogoyavlensky, to whom I propose to render full assistance. Chairman of the Council of People 's Commissars Lenin»".
Lenin V. I. Complete Collected Works, vol. 50, p. 375.
In 1918, all radioactive residues that were in Petrograd were evacuated inland - first to the Berezniki soda plant in Perm province, and in May 1920, already by the new plant manager I. Ya. Bashilov, - to the Bondyuzhsky chemical plant of Khimosnov (now Khimzavod named after L. Y. Karpov in Mendeleevsk), where only in the fall of 1920 it became possible to put into operation a temporary pilot plant for radium extraction.
Radioactive substances technology
V. G. Khlopin developed a method of mechanical enrichment to improve the quality of raw barium-radium sulfates rich in silica (together with engineer S. P. Alexandrov). Later, the scientist transformed the Curie-Debierne method of conversion of sulfates into carbonates under the condition of saturation of sulfates with silica - through the combination of soda with caustic soda (together with P. A. Volkov).
On the basis of theoretical assumptions, V. G. Khlopin proposed several methods of fractional crystallization of barium-radium salts, excluding evaporation of solutions - by increasing the concentration of the same ion in the cold: fractional precipitation of chlorides with hydrochloric acid (1921), fractional precipitation of bromides (together with M. A. Pasvik, 1923), fractional precipitation of nitrates (with P. I. Tolmachev, with A. P. Ratner, 1924-1930). A. Pasvik, 1923), fractional precipitation of nitrates (with P. I. Tolmachev, with A. P. Ratner, 1924-1930), fractional precipitation of chromates (M. S. Merkulova), fractional precipitation of chlorides with zinc chloride (I. Y. Bashilov and Y. S. Vilnyansky, 1926).
In 1924, V. G. Khlopin created a general theory of the fractional crystallization process, which greatly facilitated the calculation of the technological process in general and the development of the required apparatus for its implementation in particular. A number of versions of the conventional crystallization scheme were hereby based on calculations used in plant practice. Later this theory was applied and developed in the All-Russian Research Institute of Chemical Reagents and Particularly Pure Chemicals for obtaining chemically pure substances by recrystallization.
Chemistry of radio elements and applied radiochemistry
In this field, V. G. Khlopin and his colleagues and students (M. S. Merkulova, V. I. Grebenshchikov and others) developed a methodology for studying the process of isomorphous coprecipitation of microcomponents and ways to achieve equilibrium in the solid phase-solution system, - the influence of many factors on this process was established and the hypothesis of V. G. Khlopin (1924) about the subordination of the process of fractional crystallization to the law of substance distribution between two immiscible phases was proved (Khlopin's law). The possibility of using the method of isomorphic co-crystallization not only for the isolation of radioactive elements, but also for the study of their state in liquid and solid phases - for determining their valence was shown. V. G. Khlopin and A. G. Samartseva established the existence of compounds of divalent and hexavalent polonium by this method. The process of adsorption of crystalline precipitates by the surface was also studied, - the distribution between the gas phase and crystalline precipitate, as well as between the salt melt and the solid phase.
Thus, in this section, V. G. Khlopin's studies address the following key issues:
1. conditions for achieving true (thermodynamic) microcomponent equilibrium between the crystalline solid phase and solution;
2. the use of radioelements as indicators in determining the mechanism of isomorphic substitution of dissociated ions;
3. application of general laws of isomorphous substitution for development of a method for fixation of chemical compounds present in extremely small proportions and unstable in the solid phase, establishment of their valence and chemical type, - for revealing new chemical equilibria both in the solid phase and in solution;
4. conditions of adsorption equilibrium between solid crystalline phase and solution.
Thermodynamic equilibrium of microcomponent
It has been rigorously experimentally established that:
a) When a true (thermodynamic) equilibrium is reached between a crystalline solid phase (electrolyte) and a solution, the microcomponent present in the solution and isomorphic with the solid phase is distributed between the two immiscible solvents according to the Berthelot-Nernst law and at that in all known cases in its simple form: Ск/Ср=К or
where x is the amount of microcomponent transferred into crystals, a is the total amount of microcomponent, y and b are the corresponding values for macrocomponent.
b) The mechanism responsible for achieving true equilibrium between the crystalline phase and the solution is reduced to the process of multiple recrystallization of the solid phase, that replaces in the considered case practically absent under ordinary conditions the diffusion process in the solid state. Recrystallization at submicroscopic sizes of crystals proceeds extremely fast, thus in crystallization from supersaturated solutions recrystallization and establishment of equilibrium are finished at the stage when crystallites are small enough.
c) In the case of slow crystallization not from supersaturated solutions, but from saturated ones, in particular, due to slow evaporation, the true equilibrium between crystals and solution is not observed, and the distribution of the microcomponent between the solid phase and solution proceeds in this case according to the logarithmic law of Goskins and Derner, developed on the basis of the idea of continuous ion exchange between the faces of the growing crystal and the solution
Here, as above: a is the total amount of microcomponent, x is the amount of microcomponent transferred to the solid phase, b is the total amount of macrocomponent, y is the amount of macrocomponent transferred to the solid phase.
d) An abrupt change in the value of D with a change in temparature or in the composition of the liquid phase is an indicator of the occurrence of a new chemical equilibrium in solution or in the solid phase.
The case of distribution of the microcomponent between the crystalline solid phase and the solution (according to the Berthelot-Nernst or Goskins and Derner law) can serve as evidence for the formation between the microcomponent and the anion or cation of the solid phase of compounds crystallizing isomorphically with the solid phase.
Radioactive elements as indicators
Radioactive elements (Ra and RaD) were used by V. G. Khlopin and B. A. Nikitin as indicators in determining the nature of a new kind of mixed Gramm crystals. These studies showed a fundamental difference between true mixed crystals in the spirit of Eilhard Mitscherlich, when the substitution of one component for another is expressed in the form of ion for ion, or atom for atom, molecule for molecule, and mixed crystals of a new kind, in which such a simple substitution is impossible, and proceeds by means of very small sizes of the ready sections of the crystal lattice of each component. Scientists have shown that mixed crystals of a new kind fundamentally differ from true mixed crystals by the presence of a low miscibility limit - they are not formed at low concentration of one of the components at all. In this case, they are similar to anomalous mixed crystals (as shown experimentally by V. G. Khlopin and M. A. Tolstaya), and relate to the latter approximately as a colloidal solution with suspension. These works (on the structure and properties of mixed crystals of a new kind and anomalous mixed crystals) led V. G. Khlopin to the idea of the need to classify isomorphic bodies not by considering the structure of isomorphic mixtures in static equilibrium (as it was done, for example, by V. G. Goldschmidt and his school), but according to the methods of substitution of components - taking into account the dynamics of the formation of an isomorphic mixture. In this case, all isomorphic bodies are strictly divided into two groups according to the method of substitution:
(a) Isomorphic compounds in the spirit of E. Mitscherlich, truly isomorphic. Substitution in the formation of mixed crystals by such compounds occurs according to the first principle: ion on ion, etc. The above distribution laws apply to such crystals. Such compounds have similar chemical composition and molecular structure.
(b) All other isomorphic compounds, when the formation of mixed crystals is conditioned by the second principle: substitution of sites from the unit cell or close to them (mixed crystals of a new kind or isomorphic of the 2nd kind according to W.G. Goldschmidt), up to microscopic - anomalous mixed crystals such as FeCl2 — NH4Cl, Ba(NO3)2, Pb(NO2)2, methylene blue K2SO4 - Ponsorot, etc., showing heterogeneity).
3.Thanks to the works discussed in the previous two paragraphs, V. G. Khlopin was able to present in a new form the law of E. Mitscherlich, which makes it possible to judge the composition and molecular structure of unknown compounds on the basis of their formation of isomorphous mixtures with compounds whose composition and molecular structure are known. V.G. Khlopin proposed the method of isomorphous co-crystallization from solutions for fixation of weightless and unstable chemical compounds and determination of their composition. The method made it possible to discover and determine the composition of individual compounds of divalent and hexavalent polonium (V. G. Khlopin and A. G. Samartseva).
4. Studying adsorption of isomorphous ions on the surface of crystalline precipitates, V. G. Khlopin showed that adsorption equilibrium is established in 20–30 minutes; adsorption of isomorphous ions does not depend on the charge of the adsorber surface when its solubility does not change. Correctly reproducible results of adsorption study and full reversibility of this process are achieved only if the adsorber surface remains unchanged throughout the experiment - if the adsorber solubility remains unchanged; in case of changes in the liquid phase composition or under other additional conditions, when the adsorber solubility changes, adsorption acquires a more complex character, which is accompanied by co-crystallization distorting the results. Studying the adsorption kinetics, a similar phenomenon was encountered by L. Imre. V. G. Khlopin gave a formula for determining the surface of crystalline precipitates by adsorption of an isomorphic ion on them and experimentally confirmed its applicability (V. G. Khlopin, M. S. Merkulova).
Geochemistry of radioelements and noble gases
In this field, the following directions were developed in V. G. Khlopin's works:
1. radioelements migration, in particular - relatively short-lived in the Earth's crust;
2. study of radium-mesothorium containing waters;
3. Determination of geologic age on the basis of radioactive data;
4. distribution of helium and argon in natural gases of the country;
5. effects of natural waters in geochemistry of noble gases;
6. distribution of boron in natural waters.
Radioelements migration
The scientist was the first to draw attention to the special importance of studying the migration of relatively short-lived radioelements in the Earth's crust for solving general geological and geochemical problems (1926). V. G. Khlopin pointed out a number of questions of these disciplines, which imply solution by the proposed methods: determination of sequence in geological and geochemical processes, determination of absolute age of relatively young and very young geological formations, and a number of other thematic areas. Migrations of uranium and radium were subjected to experimental study.
Radioactive water studies
Extensive studies relating to the establishment of the presence of radium, uranium, and decay products of the thorium series in natural brines of the Soviet Union were carried out under the direction of V. G. Khlopin; numerous expeditions revealed a new form of accumulation in nature of radium and its isotopes in brine waters of the Na, Ca, and Cl types. The following of his students and colleagues participated in these studies: V. I. Baranov, L. V. Komlev, M. S. Merkulov, B. A. Nikitin, V. P. Savchenko, A. G. Samartseva, N. V. Tageev, and others.
Determination of geologic age by radiometric method
These works concern, on the one hand, consideration of the basics of the method and analysis of the nature of errors, and, on the other hand, experimental determination of the age of uranites from different pegmatite veins both by the uranium/lead ratio and by Lan's oxygen method, which was developed and refined in the works of V.G. Khlopin. The scientist supervised research in this direction in the Radium Institute - on helium and lead methods, which gave the determination of the geologic age of some formations. The work (with E. K. Gerling and E. M. Ioffe) on helium migration from minerals and rocks and the influence of the gas phase on this process should be attributed to this cycle.
Helium and argon distribution in natural gases of the USSR
V. G. Khlopin began to study the distribution of helium in freely emitting gases of the country in 1922-1923. In 1924, he and A. I. Lakashuk discovered helium in the gases of the Novouzensky district of Saratov province; and in the period from 1924 to 1936, V. G. Khlopin and his students (E. K. Gerling, G. M. Ermolina, B. A. Nikitin, I. E. Starik, P. I. Tolmachev, and others) analyzed many samples of natural gases and created a distribution map based on the data. For the first time a new type of gas jets in the Kokand area, called "air jets" and characteristic of wide mountain basins (1936), was identified.
Natural waters and geochemistry of noble gases
The works of the present direction were a direct consequence of the previous section, on the basis of which V.G. Khlopin came to the concept of continuous gas exchange between inner and outer gas atmospheres, about the role of natural waters, in a particular case - in the exchange of noble gases (excluding helium) between outer air and underground atmospheres. In accordance with these ideas in underground gas atmospheres there is a gradual enrichment of argon, krypton and xenon, - depletion of neon in relation to their content in the air. Relation
in underground atmospheres is greater than in air. It has been found that gases dissolved in the lower layers of deep natural reservoirs are sharply enriched with heavy noble gases.
Boron in natural waters
The beginning of this direction of geochemistry was the work on boron-acid springs in northwestern Persia and Transcaucasia; later these studies were extended to other areas of the USSR. It was found that boron is a typical element in the waters of oil-bearing areas, enriched in them. V.G. Khlopin also for the first time noted the need for prospecting boron-acid compounds in the Embinsky and Gurievsky counties of the Ural region, where much later the Inderskoye field was discovered.
Analytical chemistry
V. G. Khlopin’s work in this area concerns gas, volumetric, gravimetric and colorimetric analysis.
Gas analysis. V. G. Khlopin developed instruments for rapid assessment of the amount of helium and neon in gas mixtures (V. G. Khlopin, E. K. Gerling, 1932). These devices have simplified the analysis of noble gases so much that they have made it possible to include it in the general method of gas analysis.
Volumetric analysis. For the first time in the USSR, V. G. Khlopin introduced the method of differential reduction and differential oxidation with the simultaneous determination of several cations in a mixture (1922) and experimentally mastered the simultaneous determination of vanadium, iron and uranium - volumetric methods for the determination of vanadium and uranium were proposed.
Gravimetric analysis. V. G. Khlopin developed a quantitative method for separating tetravalent uranium in the form UF4NH4F1/2H2O from hexavalent uranium and trivalent and divalent iron.
Colorimetric analysis. Scientists have proposed a method for determining small amounts of iridium in the presence of platinum.
Under the leadership of V.G. Khlopin, several methods of analysis were also developed: a volumetric method for determining small amounts of boron, a volumetric method for determining SO4^2- and Mg^2+, gravimetric methods for determining uranium, a colorimetric method for determining fluorine, and others.
The Uranium Problem and the Atomic Project
In the process of studying natural radioactivity - studying the radiation of radioactive elements and radioactive transformations, new natural radioactive elements were discovered, systematized in radioactive groups - uranium and thorium, which include the third, so-called actinium family - actinides (this name was proposed by S. A. Shchukarev). F.Soddy's discovery of the law of radioactive displacements made it possible to assume that the final stable decay products of elements of all three families are three isotopes of the same element - lead.
The Bohr model of the atom is based on the study of natural radioactivity, which showed the complexity of the structure of the atom, the decay of which produces atoms of other elements, which is accompanied by three types of radiation: α, β и γ.
The neutron-proton theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus owes its origin to the discovery of new elementary particles that make up the nucleus: the neutron (10n) and the proton (11p), which became possible by the artificial splitting of the atom under the influence of α-particles (1919): 147N+42He→178O+11H, accompanied by the release of a proton (soon experiments were carried out with a number of other light elements).
Further fundamental research in this area showed that in light elements the number of neutrons in the nucleus is equal to the number of protons; and as we move to heavy elements, neutrons begin to dominate over protons, and the nuclei become unstable - they become radioactive.
As part of the atomic project, he was a member of the technical council and was responsible for the activities of the radium institute. Through the efforts of V.G. Khlopin and the First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee and City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Alexey Kuznetsov, the Radium Institute received additional premises. The decision to allocate space was made by the Special Committee in November 1945, carried out by the chairmen of the Operations Bureau of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR A. N. Kosygin and the representative of the State Planning Committee in the Special Committee N. A. Borisov.
Pedagogical, administrative, social and editorial activities
After graduating from St. Petersburg University, V. G. Khlopin was left at the department of Professor L. A. Chugaev, but while still a student, in 1911 he conducted a workshop on the chemical methods of sanitary analyzes with doctors at the St. Petersburg Clinical Institute, and continued this course of practical training in 1912 and 1913.
From 1917 to 1924, V. G. Khlopin served as an assistant in the department of general chemistry at the university, and from 1924, as an assistant professor, he began teaching a special course on radioactivity and the chemistry of radioelements - the first in the USSR; since brief and incomplete data and summaries existed only in foreign literature, this course was completely developed by V. G. Khlopin, who taught it until 1930, and resumed in 1934 as a professor, teaching it until 1935. In the spring of 1945, the scientist organized and headed the department of radiochemistry at Leningrad University.
Developed by V. G. Khlopin in collaboration with B. A. Nikitin and A. P. Ratner, a course of lectures on radiochemistry formed the basis of an extensive monograph on the chemistry of radioactive substances.
V. G. Khlopin took an active part in the work of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, and after the latter was transformed into the All-Union Chemical Society, he was a member of the Council of the Leningrad branch of the organization, and later was its chairman.
At the Academy of Sciences, V. G. Khlopin was a member of the Analytical Commission, the Commission on Isotopes, and the Commission for the Development of the Scientific Heritage of D. I. Mendeleev. From 1941 to 1945, V. G. Khlopin, as Deputy Academician-Secretary, did a lot of work in the Department of Chemical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During the Eastern Front (World War II), V. G. Khlopin served as deputy chairman of the Commission for the Mobilization of Resources of the Volga and Kama Region and chairman of its chemical section.
For many years he was a member of the Editorial Council of the Chemical-Technical Publishing House (Khimteoret). The scientist was the executive editor of the journal Uspekhi Khimii and was on the editorial boards of the journals: “Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences”, “Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Department of Chemical Sciences)”, “Journal of General Chemistry” and “Journal of Physical Chemistry”.
Vitaly Grigorievich Khlopin trained students in all the most important areas of scientific activity, many of whom became not only independent scientific researchers, but also the creators of their own scientific directions and schools.
Awards and scientific recognition
Hero of Socialist Labor (10/29/1949);
three Orders of Lenin (10.6.1945; 21.3.1947; 29.10.1949);
Stalin Prize of the third degree (1943) - for the development of a method for the industrial production of radiothorium
Stalin Prize of the first degree (1946) - for scientific research in the field of chemistry of radioactive substances, the results of which are presented in the articles: “Radioactive methods for determining the absolute surface of crystalline suspensions”, “Adsorption of radium on lead sulfate”, “Transformation of elements and the periodic law” (1939 —1944)
Stalin Prize, first degree (10/29/1949) - scientific director of the development of the technological process for separating plutonium from uranium metal at plant "B"
Small Prize of D. I. Mendeleev for work on radium (1924);
Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1940);
The first Mendeleev's reader (1941).
Addresses in St. Petersburg
1922-1941, 1945-1950 - Roentgen street, 3;
1922-1941, 1945-1950 - Kamennoostrovsky Avenue, 23;
1908-1941, 1945-1949 - Universitetskaya embankment, 7;
1913-1941 - Bolshaya Zelenina street, 13;
1945-1950 - Lesnoy Avenue, 61 (House of Specialists).
Memory
The following were named after V. G. Khlopin:
By resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Radium Institute was named after V. G. Khlopin (1950).
The V. G. Khlopin Prize was established for the best work in the field of radiochemistry (1950).
Since 1970, the Radium Institute has held Khlopin readings on radiochemistry and the chemistry of rare elements.
Khlopin Street - in the Kalininsky district since 1972, from Polytechnicheskaya to Gzhatskaya streets.
Radium Institute named after. V. G. Khlopin - 2nd Murinsky Avenue, building 28;
Radium Institute named after. V. G. Khlopin (historical building) - Roentgen Street, building 1 (for more information about this building, see the article Roentgen Street).
Memorial plaques
Memorial plaque on the building of the Radium Institute
A memorial plaque was installed on the building at 3 Roentgen Street in 1952 (architect Z. M. Vilensky).
A memorial plaque was installed on the building at 23 Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt in 1990 (sculptor E. N. Rotanov, architect S. L. Mikhailov).
In 1996, a memorial plaque was installed on the building at 7 Universitetskaya embankment with erroneous dates in the text: “In this building, from 1908 to 1949, the outstanding scientist, organizer of the nuclear industry, founder of the Department of Radiochemistry V. G. Khlopin studied and worked.” (In 1941-1945 he was evacuated to Kazan.)
In the 1950s, a memorial plaque was installed on the house at 61 Lesnoy Avenue with the text: “The outstanding Russian chemist Vitaly Grigorievich Khlopin lived in this house from 1945 to 1950.”
References
Soviet chemists
1890 births
1950 deaths
Nuclear chemists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences | Vitaly Khlopin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 9,595 | [
"Nuclear chemists"
] |
66,718,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina%20Vu%C5%A1kovi%C4%87 | Kristina L. Vušković (, born 6 May 1967) is a Serbian mathematician and theoretical computer scientist working in graph theory. She is Professor in Algorithms and Combinatorics in the School of Computing at the University of Leeds, and a professor of computer science at Union University (Serbia).
Education and career
Vušković was born on 6 May 1967 in Belgrade. She graduated summa cum laude from the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University in 1989, majoring in mathematics and computer science, and completed her PhD in Algorithms, Combinatorics and Optimization at Carnegie Mellon University in 1994. Her dissertation, supervised by Gérard Cornuéjols, was Holes in Bipartite Graphs.
After postdoctoral research as an NSERC Canada International Fellow at the University of Waterloo, she became an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Kentucky, in 1996. She moved to Leeds in 2000, and was given the chair of algorithms and combinatorics at Leeds in 2011. Since 2007 she has also been a professor of computer science at Union University (Serbia).
Research
Vušković's research in graph theory concerns the structure and algorithms of hereditary classes of graphs. Her results include the recognition of perfect graphs in polynomial time; she has also worked in combinatorial algorithms for graph coloring of perfect graphs.
References
1967 births
Living people
British mathematicians
British women mathematicians
British computer scientists
British women computer scientists
Serbian mathematicians
Serbian women scientists
Serbian computer scientists
Serbian women computer scientists
Graph theorists
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Academics of the University of Leeds | Kristina Vušković | [
"Mathematics"
] | 316 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
66,723,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophyllon%20subtumens | Pyrophyllon subtumens is an obligate red algal epiphyte of Durvillaea southern bull-kelp, and is endemic to New Zealand.
Taxonomy
The species belongs to a monotypic genus, which is sister to Childophyllon - a genus containing another red algal epiphyte of other seaweeds in New Zealand. The species was previously recognised as Porphyra subtumens before being reclassified.
Description
The species can be found growing on all mainland New Zealand species of Durvillaea.
References
Red algae
Flora of New Zealand | Pyrophyllon subtumens | [
"Biology"
] | 122 | [
"Red algae",
"Algae"
] |
66,725,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi%20Fort | The Lodi Fort () is a citadel in the city of Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The fortress is located on the banks of the river Sutlej and contains a tunnel to leading to the neighboring town of Phillaur.
History
It was built over 500 years ago during the reign of the Sikandar Khan Lodi and was well-maintained under the reign of Ranjit Singh and the British after him, but then fell into disrepair. It was declared a state-protected monument in December 2013.
The Government Institute of Textile Chemistry and Knitting Technology was initially based in the fort campus which is now shifted to the new address at Z - Block, Rishi Nagar, Ludhiana.
See also
Lodi dynasty
Phillaur Fort
Sikandar Khan Lodi
References
Buildings and structures in Ludhiana
Forts in Punjab, India
Fortifications | Lodi Fort | [
"Engineering"
] | 172 | [
"Fortifications",
"Military engineering"
] |
66,725,975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Newstead | Keith Newstead (4 March 1956 - 8 November 2020) was an English automata maker. He was considered one of the most pre-eminent makers of automata in the United Kingdom.
His work was exhibited globally, including the Exploratorium, the Eden Project, and the Tokyo Toy Museum.
References
External links
Home
English sculptors
1956 births
2020 deaths | Keith Newstead | [
"Engineering"
] | 73 | [
"Automata (mechanical)",
"Automation"
] |
66,726,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoleuca%20turrita | Melanoleuca turrita is a species of fungus belonging to the family Tricholomataceae.
It is native to Europe.
References
Tricholomataceae
Fungus species | Melanoleuca turrita | [
"Biology"
] | 38 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,726,637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanophyllum%20eyrei | Melanophyllum eyrei, commonly known as the Greenspored Dapperling is an uncommon species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
It is native to Europe and Britain in deciduous woodland with scrub on calcareous soil.
The cap can be up to 3cm in diameter, hemispherical, becoming flat with an appendiculate margin. Dingy white, sometimes with a brownish centre; surface granular or powdery.
The gills are bluish green with a pale green spore print; free. The stipe is up to 3cm long, slender and similar in colour and texture to the cap. No ring.
References
Agaricaceae
Fungus species | Melanophyllum eyrei | [
"Biology"
] | 141 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,726,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo%20%28social%20network%29 | Koo was an Indian microblogging and social networking service, owned by Bangalore-based Bombinate Technologies. It was co-founded by entrepreneurs Aprameya Radhakrishna and Mayank Bidawatka. The app was launched in early 2020; it won the government's Atmanirbhar App Innovation Challenge which selected the best apps from some 7,000 entries across the country.
As of November 2022, the company was valued at over $275 million. Investors in Bombinate Technologies include Tiger Global Management, Blume Ventures, Kalaari Capital and Accel, and former Infosys CFO TV Mohandas Pai's 3one4 Capital.
On 3 July 2024, the founders announced their decision to shut down the platform.
History
Initial growth
According to statistics provided by analytics provider Sensor Tower, Koo saw 2.6 million installs from Indian app stores in 2020, compared to 2.8 crore (28 million) installs observed for Twitter. From 6 to 11 February, the installations of Koo increased rapidly. The app increased in popularity after a weeklong standoff between Twitter and the Government of India over Twitter's refusal to block accounts during the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest. The government demanded that Twitter block the accounts of hundreds of activists, journalists, and politicians, accusing them of spreading misinformation. Twitter complied with a majority of the orders, but refused some, citing freedom of expression. Following this standoff, many Cabinet Ministers such as Piyush Goyal, various government officials & supporters of the Bharatiya Janata Party moved to Koo and urged their supporters to follow. This led to a surge in Koo's user base. In April 2021, Ravi Shankar Prasad became the first minister with 2.5 million followers on Koo.
Koo in Nigeria
Koo was the go-to alternative to Twitter in Nigeria after the country indefinitely banned Twitter for deleting a tweet by Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari. The tweet had threatened a crackdown on regional separatists "in the language they understand". Twitter claimed the post was in violation of Twitter rules, but gave no further details. Twitter was officially banned in Nigeria on 5 June 2021. The Government of Nigeria created their official Koo account five days later on 10 June. In 2022, it was reported that Nigerian government officials had stopped using Koo after the ban on Twitter was lifted.
Koo in Brazil
After crises involving the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk in 2022, Koo became an attractive social network for Brazilian users. According to one of the founders, Aprameya Radhakrishna, until 16 November, only two thousand Brazilian users used Koo, which placed Brazil in position 75 on the list of countries with the most lifetime unique users. On the 18th alone, more than a million Brazilians registered on the social network, which placed Brazil in second place on the list. The app featured at number 1 in the Google's Play Store and Apple's App Store in Brazil. Soon Portuguese support was added in the App. Koo received so many submissions and comments that the site became unstable. Personalities such as Felipe Neto, Casimiro, Bruno Gagliasso and Pocah created their accounts on the social network. The name "Koo", which has the same pronunciation as "cu", a vulgar term for the anus in Portuguese language, drew attention of users. Koo held a poll on Twitter asking Brazilians if the name of the social network should be changed, which was rejected. Koo reached the Top 3 of Twitter's trending topics in Brazil.
Funding
As of May 2021, Koo investors include Accel, Kalaari Capital, Blume Ventures, Dream Incubator, 3one4 Capital, Blume Ventures, IIFL, and Mirae Asset. On 26 May 2021, Koo raised $30 million (about ₹218 crore) in Series B funding, led by Tiger Global Management. After raising $30 million from Tiger Global Management, Koo's valuation increased, reaching over $100 million, up from about $25 million in February. Shunwei Capital sold its whole stake in Koo by March 2021. On 25 November 2022, Koo further raised $6 million in a funding round led Accel Partners and Tiger Global.
Interface and features
Logo
Koo's logo is a yellow bird. The design of the bird was streamlined on 14 May 2021.
User experience
Koo's interface is similar to that of Twitter, allowing users to categorize their posts with hashtags and tag other users in mentions or replies. Similarly to the terms tweet and retweet, to make a post on Koo is to koo, and sharing or reposting an existing koo, to re-koo. Koo uses a yellow and white interface.
On 4 May 2021, Koo introduced a new feature called "Talk to Type" which allows its users to create a post with the app's voice assistant.
Koo marks verified accounts with a yellow-coloured tick.
On 14 March 2023, the company integrated ChatGPT in Koo so that users can use it to create content and posts.
Languages
Koo was first launched in Kannada and supports Hindi, English, Portuguese, Tamil, Telugu, Assamese, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, Hausa, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Thai, Vietnamese, Turkish, Korean.
Security incidents
In February 2021, a cybersecurity expert showed a data breach on the app, but the company rejected the claim.
On 19 November 2022, an update caused a vulnerability allowing profiles to be hacked. KooForBrasil's Twitter profile admitted the failure and apologized saying that there had never been an invasion before.
Reception
2020 - Koo got Rank 2 in the Government of India's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge' in the Social category.
2021 - Koo was ranked among the Top 3 social media products in APAC (Asia-pacific) region as per the Amplitude report.
2022 - Koo CEO Aprameya Radhakrishnan was recognized as the Top 100 global tech changemakers.
Crisis and closure
In April 2024, it was reported that Koo faced difficulties paying employee salaries for April, and that future salaries could only be paid when a potential sale of Koo completed.
On 3 July 2024, the founders announced their decision to shut the platform down due to an unpredictable market, failed partnerships and the high cost of technology services involved. They hinted at a possibility of selling some of the company assets, and that they would stop operations immediately.
See also
ShareChat
Twitter
References
External links
Blog software
Microblogging
Internet properties established in 2020
Indian social networking websites
Microblogging services
Multilingual websites
Social networking services
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Real-time web
Text messaging
Defunct social networking services | Koo (social network) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,416 | [
"Real-time web",
"Real-time computing"
] |
66,726,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RacCS203 | RacCS203 is a bat-derived strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus collected in acuminate horseshoe bats from sites in Thailand and sequenced by Lin-Fa Wang's team. It has 91.5% sequence similarity to SARS-CoV-2 and is most related to the RmYN02 strain. Its spike protein is closely related to RmYN02's spike, both highly divergent from SARS-CoV-2's spike.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic tree
Genome comparison
See also
RaTG13, 96.2% similarity to SARS-COV-2
RmYN02, 93.3% similarity to SARS-COV-2
References
SARS-CoV-2
Bat virome
Coronaviridae
Animal virology
Sarbecovirus
Zoonoses | RacCS203 | [
"Biology"
] | 173 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
66,727,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofavolus%20suavissimus | Neofavolus suavissimus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae.
Synonym:
Panus suavissimus (Fr.) Singer, 1951
References
Polyporaceae
Fungus species | Neofavolus suavissimus | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,727,776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separating%20arch | A separating arch is an arch, which, as arcade, separates the nave of a church from the side aisle, or an arch between two adjacent side aisles. It is found mainly in hall churches. A separating arch can be replaced constructively or emphasised decoratively by a . In this case one speaks - instead of a Scheidbogen - also of a Scheidrippe.
Separating arches as elements of vaults and wall division
Separating arches delimit a bay in the longitudinal direction. A pair of transverse arches and a pair of separating arches result in a vault. With the belt arches as well as the pillars or columns at the four corners, the segmental arches form a vault field as the basic element of a vault.
A wall supported by separating arch is called a separating wall.
References
Further reading
Art. Scheidbogen. In , Günther Binding: Bildwörterbuch der Architektur (. Vol. 194). 4th revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2005, , .
Scheidbogen. In Hans-Joachim Kadatz: Wörterbuch der Architektur, Seemann, Leipzig, 2nd edition 1988, , .
Scheidbogen. In Wilfried Koch: Baustilkunde. Europäische Baukunst von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Mosaik-Verlag, München 1982, , .
Architecture | Separating arch | [
"Engineering"
] | 285 | [
"Construction",
"Architecture"
] |
66,728,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20B.%20Jensen | William Barry Jensen (born March 25, 1948, in Marshfield, Wisconsin- died November 2, 2024 Cincinnati, Ohio) was an American chemist and chemical historian.
Jensen, son of a sign painter and librarian, went to school in Wausau, Wisconsin. He became interested in chemistry at an early age and, after reading Discovery of the Elements by Mary Elvira Weeks, he also became interested in the history of chemistry. In 2013, Jensen wrote Memoirs of an Amateur Chemist: Growing up a Science Nerd in the 1960s, an autobiography detailing his earliest memories, such as receiving his first chemistry kit, collecting pieces of glassware, and winning science fairs. These memoirs were published electronically by the Oesper Collections in 2024 and can be found here: https://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/768605
Jensen studied chemistry at the University of Wisconsin – Madison, taking a bachelor's degree in 1970, a master's degree in 1972 and a doctorate in inorganic chemistry in 1982. He was then appointed as assistant professor of inorganic chemistry at the Rochester Institute of Technology from 1983 to 1986, before becoming Oesper Professor of the History of Chemistry and Chemistry Education at the University of Cincinnati. There he was also curator of the Oesper Collection on the History of Chemistry, the largest such collection in the United States after that at the Smithsonian Museum.
He had an Ask the Historian column in the Journal of Chemical Education. From 1988 to 1995, he was the founding editor of the Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. He was awarded the 2005 Edelstein Award for Outstanding contributions to the History of Chemistry by the History division of the American Chemical Society. As a chemical historian, he was primarily concerned with the history of physical and inorganic chemistry at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, as well as the history of chemical apparatus. He endeavours to bring the history of chemistry closer to more chemistry students, detached from the history of science.
Jensen was an article contributor to Encyclopedia Britannica. He was also a caricaturist for MeasureNet Technology Ltd.. In 2010, Jensen published a book of his caricatures of famous scientists which the Oesper Collections published digitally in 2024. Chymists: That strange class of mortals: Caricatures of famous chemists with a few physicists and biologists added, can be found here: https://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/768601
In 1982, an influential article by Jensen appeared in the Journal of Chemical Education, suggesting that group 3 in the periodic table should contain lutetium and lawrencium instead of lanthanum and actinium. This question has been much debated in the literature. Jensen was a member of a 2015–2021 IUPAC project to decide on the composition of group 3, chaired by Eric Scerri; so far it has produced a provisional report (written by Scerri), which was in support of Jensen's 1982 conclusion.
Dr. Jensen's books published by the Oesper Collections can be found here: https://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/768600 and include books on the origins of the chemistry community in Cincinnati, OH, titles previously mentioned, and his beloved history of chemistry textbook, Philosophers of Fire.
Selected publications
References
External links
William B. Jensen's research while affiliated with University of Cincinnati and other places (ResearchGate)
University of Cincinnati faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
20th-century American chemists
1948 births
2024 deaths
American academic journal editors
Historians of chemistry
Scientists from Wisconsin
American historians of science
Historians from Wisconsin
People from Marshfield, Wisconsin
Rochester Institute of Technology faculty
People involved with the periodic table | William B. Jensen | [
"Chemistry"
] | 767 | [
"Periodic table",
"People involved with the periodic table"
] |
66,728,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20energy%20district | A positive energy district (PED) is an urban area that produces at least as much energy on an annual basis as it consumes. The purpose of a PED is not to be an island isolated from the rest of the energy system but rather a functional and flexible part of the larger whole. The impetus to develop whole positive energy districts instead of single buildings is based on the possibility of sharing resources, managing energy efficiently systems across many buildings and reaching economics of scale. The overarching design principles of PEDs can be summarized as follows:
Development of a PED should start by minimizing local energy demand by applying all reasonable energy efficiency measures.
Remaining energy needs of the PED should be covered as far as reasonably possible by locally produced renewable or zero-emission energy. Thus the planning of a PED focuses on the local conditions, available energy resources and the possibilities of reusing local surplus energy.
Smart planning methods and smart control are needed to make the energy system work as a whole. Energy production and loads should be designed to meet so that energy is produced close to consumption, both in location and time. For example, the production of local solar power has a natural tendency to match with the loads air conditioners and refrigerators. On the other hand, smart control can be used to coordinate other similar peaks in production and consumption. For example, electric vehicles can be charged at optimized times. Similarly, some parts of HVAC systems can be adjusted to operate at beneficial times without causing any inconvenience to building users.
The development of PEDs is a topic of intense international R&D activities and first pilot areas have been developed. JPI Urban Europe has listed 29 pilot areas around Europe.
References
Sustainable building
Sustainable architecture
Sustainable urban planning
Smart cities
Energy economics
Environmental design | Positive energy district | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 361 | [
"Environmental design",
"Sustainable building",
"Sustainable architecture",
"Building engineering",
"Energy economics",
"Construction",
"Design",
"Environmental social science",
"Architecture"
] |
66,728,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluteus%20pellitus | Pluteus pellitus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Pluteaceae.
It has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
References
Pluteaceae
Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Fungus species | Pluteus pellitus | [
"Biology"
] | 43 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,729,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porella%20platyphylla | Porella platyphylla is a species of liverwort belonging to the family Porellaceae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Eurasia and North America, where it typically grows on tree bark and rocks in areas with adequate rainfall. The species is most common in regions receiving at least 600 millimetres of annual precipitation. The species forms part of a complex taxonomic group that includes several closely related species and hybrids, with populations showing distinct genetic differences between continents despite their morphological similarity.
The species is characterised by its obtuse-rounded leaf lobes with flat margins, and irregular teeth at the perianth mouth when mature. It reproduces both sexually, with separate male and female plants, and asexually through leaf fragments. P. platyphylla is known for its ability to survive long periods of desiccation, being able to recover normal photosynthetic function within hours of rehydration. The species produces unique chemical compounds, including pinguisane sesquiterpenoids and sacculatane diterpenoids, which help distinguish it from related species. Recent molecular studies have revealed significant genetic variation within the species, particularly in European populations, though this variation is not always reflected in physical characteristics.
Taxonomy
The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus, with early descriptions and illustrations provided by Pier Antonio Micheli (1729) and Johann Jacob Dillenius (1741). P. platyphylloidea was later described by Lewis David von Schweinitz in 1821 from a North Carolina collection, who distinguished it primarily by its occurrence on rocks rather than bark, larger plants with often branching, leaves with margins, and differences in the relative sizes of the plant's structural features.
Historical taxonomic treatments varied in their interpretation of these plants. While some researchers like Marshall Avery Howe (1897) and Theodore Christian Frye and Lois Clark (1946) treated them as a single variable species, others such as Alexander William Evans (1916), Karl Müller of Freiburg (1915), and Rudolf Mathias Schuster (1980) maintained them as separate species. The perianth mouth structure and elater spiral patterns were particularly emphasised as diagnostic features by later authors.
A comprehensive 1998 study examining both morphological and genetic variation in Porella platyphylla and P. platyphylloidea led to a significant taxonomic revision. The research, which analysed 35 populations across North America and Europe, revealed three distinct genetic groups within what had previously been considered two separate species. To help stabilize the taxonomy of this complex group, researchers later designated a DNA voucher specimen from Germany (Heinrichs and Feldberg 4600) as an epitype for P. platyphylla.
Related species
Porella platyphylla forms part of a complex of closely related taxa, with its closest relative being P. cordaeana. DNA analyses have revealed two main clades within P. platyphylla: one predominantly North American and another widespread in Europe but also present in North America and Asia. Both species maintain distinct European and North American lineages that form sister groups in phylogenetic analyses.
Porella cordaeana can be distinguished from P. platyphylla by its -sinuous perianth mouth and acute, ventrally reflexed and twisted lobules. While both species have leaf lobules that fold under, in P. cordaeana these are twisted and taper to a point, whereas in P. platyphylla they are merely folded under without twisting and have rounded or obtuse tips.
These species can sometimes be found growing together in the same habitat, and multiple species may even grow intermixed within a single colony. This close physical association, combined with their ability to reproduce sexually, has led to hybridisation between species. A hybrid between these species, has been documented in Europe. This hybrid is an allopolyploid, meaning it originated through hybridisation between two species and underwent chromosome doubling. While P. platyphylla and P. cordaeana are typically haploid with eight chromosomes (occasionally nine in P. platyphylla), their hybrid derivative is polyploid. Genetic evidence suggests this hybridisation event was relatively recent, and the hybrid may have originated multiple times.
Analyses of chloroplast and nuclear DNA have produced conflicting evolutionary trees, suggesting that the North American populations formerly known as P. platyphylloidea may be the result of ancient hybridisation between P. cordaeana and P. platyphylla, though through a different and much older hybridisation event than that which produced .
Description
Porella platyphylla shows several distinctive morphological features that help identify it, though these can show considerable variation both within single populations and between different geographical regions. The leaves have tips (known as lobes) that are obtuse-rounded in shape, with edges that lie flat rather than being wavy or folded. The cells in the middle portion of these lobes measure between 28.5 and 36.1 μm in width.
A key identifying feature of the species is found in its perianth—a protective tube-like structure that surrounds the developing reproductive organs in female plants. When fully mature, the mouth of this perianth has irregularly spaced teeth that are 2–6 cells wide at their base. The female reproductive structures (called bracts) typically have smooth, unbroken edges, unlike some related species which may have toothed or spiny margins.
Features previously used to distinguish P. platyphylla from P. platyphylloidea, such as leaf lobule width and elater spiral patterns, have shown no consistent correlation with genetic groupings. Even populations that were genetically identical sometimes displayed different morphological characteristics traditionally used to separate the species. More recent molecular studies have revealed the existence of cryptic species—genetically distinct lineages that cannot be reliably distinguished through morphological examination alone. While some tendencies exist, such as larger leaf lobules being more common in North American populations, these characteristics are not consistent enough for reliable identification. This challenge is further complicated by evidence that some populations may represent ancient hybrid lineages, explaining the high degree of morphological variability observed within populations and the unreliability of traditionally used diagnostic features.
Life history
The life cycle and development of Porella platyphylla was first studied in detail in the early 20th century. Like other liverworts, this species displays distinct stages in its life cycle, including both a dominant gametophyte (the main plant body) and a smaller sporophyte phase.
Vegetative structure
The main plant body (gametophyte) grows flat against its substrate in a pattern known as (having distinct upper and lower surfaces). It develops from a pyramid-shaped growing tip called an apical cell, which continually divides to form new tissue. The plant produces three rows of leaves: two rows on the upper () surface and one row on the lower () surface. The ventral leaves, technically called amphigastria, are supplemented by special flaps or lobes from the dorsal leaves that fold underneath, giving the appearance of five rows of leaves when viewed from below.
Reproduction
Porella platyphylla reproduces sexually, with male and female reproductive organs developing on short side branches. The female organs (archegonia) develop on particularly short branches and consist of a protective jacket of cells surrounding a central channel containing an egg cell. The male organs (antheridia) form on slightly longer branches and produce sperm cells. Each antheridium develops on a long, slender stalk made up of two rows of cells. Individual colonies are often multiclonal, with male and female plants growing intermixed, indicating establishment from multiple spores. While female plants are relatively common (about 49% of shoots), male plants are less frequently found (around 10% of shoots).
After fertilisation, the embryo develops into a sporophyte—the spore-producing generation. The mature sporophyte consists of a capsule containing spores mixed with elongated cells called elaters, which help disperse the spores. The sporophyte base forms a foot that anchors it to the parent plant, with the shape of this foot varying from club-like to anchor-shaped.
Survival adaptations
One main characteristic of P. platyphylla is its ability to survive long periods of drying out (desiccation). The plant can remain dormant in a dried state for months or even years, reviving quickly when moisture becomes available again. This adaptation allows it to survive in environments with irregular water availability.
Studies using chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have shown that the species can recover rapidly and completely after spending a week in an air-dry state. When rehydrated, the plant's photosynthetic apparatus returns to normal functioning within just two hours, regardless of whether recovery takes place in light or darkness. This rapid recovery suggests that P. platyphylla has "constitutive" protection mechanisms—meaning the protective systems are always present rather than being produced in response to drying.
During drying, the plant's photosynthetic efficiency remains near optimal until water content falls below about half of the fully hydrated state, after which it declines steeply. However, this decline is fully reversible, and the period of desiccation appears as only a temporary interruption of normal photosynthetic function. The plant shows increased photoprotection during recovery in light conditions, with these protective processes being essentially complete within 24 hours.
Chemistry
Porella platyphylla produces a wide range of terpenoid metabolites, including mono-, sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids. The species belongs to the "nonpungent" chemotype of Porella species (referring to taste rather than smell), producing primarily pinguisane sesquiterpenoids and sacculatane diterpenoids – carbon skeletons that remain unique to liverworts. The species can be distinguished chemically from pungent Porella species, which produce intensely pungent drimane compounds and related substances. P. platyphylla belongs to the pinguisane-sacculatane chemotype, characterised by high amounts of pinguisane-type sesquiterpenoids alongside sacculatane-type diterpenoids. It is known for the presence of monoterpenoids, with α-terpinene as the most abundant component.
Chemical composition shows strong correlation with molecular phylogenetic data in the genus Porella. The chemical profile of P. platyphylla places it in a clade with P. navicularis, both sharing the pinguisane-sacculatane chemotype. The absence of pungent drimane compounds distinguishes this clade from the P. vernicosa complex, which forms a distinct section within the genus characterised by pungent taste and glossy appearance. The chemical composition of Porella species, particularly their terpenoid profiles, has proven valuable for taxonomic investigations, helping to resolve uncertainties in this morphologically challenging genus through correlation with molecular data.
Distribution and habitat
Porella platyphylla is widely distributed in forest ecosystems that receive at least 600 millimetres of annual precipitation. It is particularly abundant in northern and central Europe and along the Atlantic coast and islands, though it can also be found scattered throughout Mediterranean regions. The liverwort has a Holarctic distribution pattern, occurring across Eurasia and North America. The species shows distinct geographical structuring in its genetic makeup, with European and North American populations forming separate sister clades. While the species is capable of long-distance dispersal—as evidenced by its wide distribution—molecular evidence suggests that successful establishment and genetic mixing between distant populations remains relatively rare. Whilst the species is widespread in Europe, the typical European form (P. platyphylla sensu stricto) has been confirmed from only a single locality in New Mexico in North America.
The species typically grows on tree bark and rocks, though habitat preferences may vary between different genetic lineages. The North American populations formerly known as P. platyphylloidea were historically noted to occur more frequently on rock substrates, whilst European populations were more commonly found on bark, though this distinction has proven unreliable for taxonomic purposes. In the southern part of the Russian Far East, it primarily occurs on limestone and other basic rocks in partly shaded conditions. However, in northern regions such as the Commander Islands (around 55°N), it can be found on temporarily inundated stream beds, showing habitat preferences more similar to those seen in northern Europe.
Within Russia, most occurrences lie between 43° and 45°N, though the species penetrates northward to several locations including the Bolshoy Anyuy (49°N), Komsomolsk Nature Reserve (51°N), and the Dzhagdy Range (~54°N). Its presence in the Commander Islands (at almost 55°N) appears to be relictual, particularly notable as the species is absent from the intervening Kamchatka Peninsula.
References
Porellales
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Europe
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Russia
Epiphytes
Lithophytes | Porella platyphylla | [
"Biology"
] | 2,719 | [
"Lithophytes",
"Plants"
] |
66,729,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongiporus%20floriformis | Spongiporus floriformis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Dacryobolaceae.
Synonym:
Polyporus floriformis Quél., 1884 (= basionym)
References
Polyporales
Fungus species | Spongiporus floriformis | [
"Biology"
] | 51 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,729,362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psathyrella%20caput-medusae | Psathyrella caput-medusae is a species of fungus belonging to the family Psathyrellaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Psathyrellaceae
Fungus species | Psathyrella caput-medusae | [
"Biology"
] | 41 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,729,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocraterellus%20undulatus | Pseudocraterellus undulatus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Hydnaceae. It has the common name sinuous chanterelle.
Synonym:
Merulius undulatus Pers., 1801 (basionym)
Pseudocraterellus sinuosus (Fr.) Corner, 1958
Description
Pseudocraterellus undulatus is a small funnel shaped mushroom with tough grey flesh.
Cap: 1–5 cm. Starts as convex or depressed but quickly becomes funnel shaped/infundibuliform with irregular edges and wrinkles. Hymenium is wrinkled and branching, greyish-brown in colour with distant spacing and decurrent attachment. Stem: 3–6 cm. Tapers downwards and is often grooved and twisted with adjacent mushrooms fusing together above the base. Spore print: White to pale yellow. Spores: Broadly ellipsoid, smooth, non-amyloid. 9.5–12 x 7–8 μm. Taste: Mild. Smell: Faint and indefinite.
Habitat and distribution
Grows on soil and amongst leaf litter in broad-leaved woods. It is a mycorrhizal species which is especially associated with beech, hazel and oak trees. Can grow as a solitary mushroom or in small groups which may be attached to one another. It is widespread but only occasionally found and may grow from Summer to Autumn.
Edibility
Whilst P. undulatus is regarded as an edible mushroom with a mild taste; it may grow too rarely to justify picking.
References
Hydnaceae
Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Fungi described in 1801
Fungus species | Pseudocraterellus undulatus | [
"Biology"
] | 333 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,730,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Clark%20McKerrow | James Clark McKerrow (21 May 1887 – 1965) was a British physician and philosopher.
Biography
McKerrow was born on 21 May 1887 in Workington. He was educated at University of Edinburgh and obtained his M.B. in 1912. During World War I he served in the Territorial Force but after being wounded joined family medical practice in Workington. McKerrow dedicated much of his life to studying evolution, philosophy, psychology and religious experiences. He studied at the British Museum Reading Room and filled 500 notebooks with his ideas. He wrote numerous philosophical and psychology books.
McKerrow was an original thinker and held unorthodox opinions about different subjects. In his book Religion and History, he argued that there never was an Apostolic Age and that Christianity began between A.D. 70 and 135 from Gnosticism, a blend of pagan philosophy and Jewish Messianism. McKerrow denied the historicity of Jesus and maintained that Christ is "mythical" not a historical figure.
McKerrow's Evolution Without Natural Selection promotes a Lamarckian alternative to natural selection. He contended that life must be accepted as a "four-dimensional process" and that living organisms evolve though "habit". This idea was similar to Samuel Butler's.
McKerrow died from cancer in 1965.
Selected publications
The Appearance of Mind (1923)
Aberrations of Life (1923)
Economics for Nicodemus (1927)
Novius Organum: Essays in a New Metaphysic (1931)
An Introduction to Pneumatology (1932)
Religion and History (1934)
Evolution Without Natural Selection (1937)
References
1887 births
1965 deaths
20th-century British medical doctors
20th-century British philosophers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Deaths from cancer in England
Historical revisionism
Lamarckism
People from Workington
Military personnel from Cumbria
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army soldiers
Territorial Force soldiers | James Clark McKerrow | [
"Biology"
] | 384 | [
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories",
"Lamarckism"
] |
69,529,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud%20workload%20protection%20platform | A cloud workload protection platform (CWPP) is a computer security software aimed at securing (potentially virtual) computer machines. CWPPs are usually agent-based, meaning that a software agent is running permanently within the machine to be protected, collecting security-relevant data and events and sending those to a cloud-based service. The cloud-based service monitors all the machines under its supervision, derives alerts and notifies users about corresponding potential security threats.
Gartner maintains a list of CWPP vendor-based solutions.
References | Cloud workload protection platform | [
"Engineering"
] | 108 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer security software"
] |
69,529,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS%20Power%20Tools | DOS Power Tools: Techniques, Tricks and Utilities is a book by Paul Somerson, first published in 1988 by Bantam Books and sponsored by PC Magazine. The book offers a guide to approaching MS-DOS (and its cousin PC DOS) as well as various tricks and utility programs—the latter provided as x86 assembly source code listings and as compiled .COM and .EXE executables on an accompanying floppy disk (later expanded to three disks). The book was a best-seller and received positive critical reception.
The first edition of the book was written to accompany versions of DOS from 2.0 through 3.3. The book was revised in 1992 to support version 5.0.
Contents
The first edition of DOS Power Tools is divided into five parts. The first part, "Getting Up to Speed", comprises six chapters discussing the background and development of DOS; the basic principles of DOS and its interactions with hard drives; an introduction to binary and hexadecimal encoding and x86 instructions; PC keyboard scan codes; and the basics of CPUs, ROM and RAM. The second part, "The DOS Tools", describes two programs included with DOS—EDLIN.COM, the line editor, and DEBUG.COM, the assembler/debugger—as well as various .SYS files. The third part, "Power User Secrets", defines batch files and their various syntax; DOS environment variables; ANSI color codes; EGA video modes; the rest of the programs included with DOS versions 2.0 through 3.3, such as GRAPHICS.COM, XCOPY and FDISK; and concludes with a troubleshooting guide in case the PC crashes. The fourth part, "The Utilities DOS Forgot", is a compendium of source code listings for various bespoke programs and utilities, written in x86 assembly and in GW-BASIC. The fifth and final part, "Quick Reference", provides a glossary of the primary DOS commands and their flags; CONFIG.SYS directives; batch file syntax; and comprehensive glossaries for EDLIN, DEBUG, and ANSI.SYS.
Sales and reception
DOS Power Tools was a hot-seller for Bantam Books' Computer Books imprint, with between 385,000 and 400,000 copies having been sold by summer 1990. The book came amid a resurgence of computer-related reference works in the late 1980s, following a bottoming-out of the market in the mid-1980s. The book eventually sold roughly one million copies.
Computers in Libraries writer and OCLC employee Randy Dykhuis called the first edition a "mammoth book ... $40, including a disk, and it's worth it". He continued: "I can't recommend this book highly enough. I think it belongs on or near the desk of anyone who wants to get everything possible from their PC." Publishers Weekly called the DOS 5.0 edition an "excellent guide" for "intermediate and advanced users", with Somerson writing in a "friendly, lively style, providing enlightening, albeit sometimes redundant, coverage of a wide range of meaty DOS topics with numerous hands-on examples". The magazine held reservation with its coverage of the DOS 5.0–specific commands compared to older ones and found the index "unusable" but concluded that "the book remains one of the best of its kind".
Citations
References
External links
1988 non-fiction books
Computer books
DOS on IBM PC compatibles
Bantam Books books | DOS Power Tools | [
"Technology"
] | 726 | [
"Works about computing",
"Computer books"
] |
69,530,816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%20Sun%20Mosque | The Midnight Sun Mosque, also known as the Inuvik Mosque or Little Mosque on the Tundra, is a non-denominational Islamic house of worship located in Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. The mosque was built in 2010 for the town's small Muslim community. It is the northernmost mosque in the Western Hemisphere and the only one in North America above the Arctic Circle.
Inuvik's Muslim community outgrew its original worship centre, a truck trailer, by the late 2000s. They had bought land for a mosque, but construction costs were too great. A Winnipeg-based Islamic charity funded a prefabricated mosque that was taken by truck to Hay River, twice nearly falling into a creek. From Hay River, it was floated via barge across Great Slave Lake and down the Mackenzie River to Inuvik, where it was moved to its permanent location on the northern edge of the town.
Religious observances at the mosque, held per Sunni tradition although they are open to all Muslims, have made some adjustments to the Arctic. In some years Ramadan, with its daily fasts required during the day for a full month, falls during either midnight sun or polar night. Since it is impossible to fast between sunrise and sunset, worshippers use the corresponding times on that day in Mecca, but at their local time. During midnight sun this means that the traditional evening iftar meal is consumed while the sun is still out. Biryani served is made from reindeer meat instead of beef.
The mosque operates Inuvik's food bank, most of which is stocked with halal food donated from elsewhere in Canada. It is available to all regardless of faith, and serves hundreds of families in the area. Muslims elsewhere also contribute qurbani foods for Eid al-Adha.
Building and location
The mosque is located on the south side of Wolverine Road, northeast of its junctions with Navy and Adams roads, at the northern corner of the residential portion of Inuvik. Across the road, north and east, is scrubby taiga. Northwest is an area of commercial and industrial properties that continues for several kilometers along the Dempster Highway.
The building itself is a single-story modular building sided in vertical light blue-gray metallic siding with (mostly) dark blue trim and imitation foundation. It is topped by a gently pitched front-gabled roof finished with brown shingles.
The north (front, facing toward Mecca over the North Pole) facade is topped by a short two-stage white octagonal tower, with a looping pattern. Atop it is a green octagonal cone topped with a crescent moon finial.
A wooden wheelchair ramp runs along the west side to a rear entrance. The mosque's casement windows have dark blue surrounds. The second and third are more widely spaced. Light fixtures similar to those on the front are mounted north of the first window and between the second and third. The east profile is identical to the west one, without the wheelchair ramp.
To the northeast of the front entrance stands a three-stage white minaret. It is in the Ottoman style, narrow and octagonal. When dark, it can be illuminated by lights at the top of the first and second stages.
The mosque has a total interior floor space of , comprising a prayer hall, library, kitchen, and children's playroom. The main prayer hall has dedicated prayer spaces for men and women and is lined with ornate red carpet.
History
Muslims in Inuvik
Muslims have been in the Inuvik area at least since Peter Baker, a Lebanese-Canadian trapper who started an Edmonton-based trading company, provided supplies to oil prospectors working out of the Mackenzie River delta region, where Inuvik was established as an administrative centre in the early 1960s. He was later elected to represent the Mackenzie North riding in the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly in 1964, making him the first known Muslim elected to office in Canada. In 2011 it was reported that one Muslim resident, an Albanian, had been living in Inuvik since the early 1970s.
Muslims began coming to Inuvik in greater numbers starting in the mid-1970s, as the Arctic oil exploration boom created new job opportunities. The boom ended with the collapse of oil prices in 1986. By the 2000s, there were a hundred Muslims in Inuvik, mostly Sunni from Egypt, Lebanon and the Sudan, including all the town's taxi drivers, and many architects, engineers and businessmen. Many were men whose families remained in southern Canada, supported by the relatively high incomes from jobs in the Arctic. Some of the congregants' wives had joined them in Inuvik, but many had to leave their children in southern Canada to be educated in their faith.
The men prayed at Our Lady of Victory Church, the igloo-shaped Roman Catholic church in downtown Inuvik. Beginning in 2000, the local Muslim community was served by a converted truck trailer with space for 20 attendees; Eid al-Fitr celebrations were held at the town's curling lounge or its arena. A painted crescent moon over the entrance was the only outward sign it was a mosque Inside, prayer rows were marked on the carpet with tape. On Fridays men took turns leading the services and giving the jumah sermon to a packed house.
Transport and construction of mosque
An Egyptian imam was impressed with the community centre on a 2008 visit. He advised members to incorporate a non-profit society as a step toward building a formal mosque; they soon founded the Muslim Association of Inuvik. A Sudanese taxi driver who had been one of the earliest Muslims in town bought two lots at $90,000 in support of the construction effort.
Building the mosque was a challenge. While Inuvik's remote location had made the land affordable, it also greatly inflated construction costs. The modest structure they had in mind would cost half a million Canadian dollars. A member reached out to Saudi-born businessman Hussain Guisti, who had built a mosque for the small Muslim community in the similarly remote northern city of Thompson, Manitoba, while his wife was doing her medical residency there. He had overcome high construction costs by having the mosque prefabricated in Winnipeg and trucked over to Thompson.
Guisti had never heard of Inuvik before he got the call, but when he looked for the town's location on a map, he decided he had to make the mosque possible, believing (erroneously) that it would make history as the northernmost mosque yet built. Before agreeing to fund the construction, Guisti imposed three conditions. First, while the mosque would be open to all Muslims, worship would follow the Sunni traditions he had been raised in. Second, the mosque would have to be financially self-sustaining once it was open. Last, he wanted to call the first prayer.
In early 2010, Guisti's Zubaidah Tallab Foundation (ZTF) funded the construction of the mosque. Instead of building it on site in Inuvik, the ZTF realized it would be cheaper to have the mosque prefabricated in a Winnipeg warehouse. That September, the completed mosque was shipped over in two sections on trucks and river barge to its current location.
The mosque's journey was heavily covered by the media, which termed it "Little Mosque on the Tundra" after the CBC series Little Mosque on the Prairie, and beset with difficulties. On the road leg, a truck took it first to Edmonton, where it would take a route north to Hay River in the Northwest Territories (NWT) for the beginning of the barge trip. The water route was necessary because several bridges on the upper reaches of the Dempster Highway, the only road to Inuvik, were too narrow for the trucks carrying the mosque.
In Edmonton, it was held up for a day due to construction and heavy traffic, and authorities there made the trucks wait two more days for Labour Day weekend to pass. After crossing the 60th parallel into the NWT, the truck had to cross the very narrow Reindeer Bridge, which was not wide enough for the trucks. After the driver took the tires off and used another truck to balance the building, they attempted the crossing, only for that section of the mosque to become unbalanced and threaten to fall off the trailer into the creek. The crew attempted to compensate by moving all the construction supplies for the interior, such as carpeting, furniture and plumbing, to the opposite side of the structure, but that only made it lean the other direction as they attempted the crossing a second time. A construction crew in the area used their backhoes and lent chains to secure it to the truck bed, and it was able to cross successfully. "We almost had an underwater mosque, a house of worship for toads and fish," Guisti said later.
This caused delays getting to Hay River, where the mosque was scheduled for the last barge of the season—any later and the water levels along the Mackenzie might not be high enough to guarantee passage all the way to Inuvik. Only a late phone call to the barge operator persuaded it to wait. Once the mosque reached the barge, it was transferred to it but rough weather on Great Slave Lake kept the vessel in port for another two days. The trip across the lake and down the Mackenzie to Inuvik took ten days, and the mosque reached its destination in late September, greeted by 40 local Muslims, as snow fell for the first time that autumn. At the time of its arrival the congregation had not chosen a name for the mosque. One member jokingly suggested calling it the "Graceful Mosque" because it had reached Inuvik intact.
Assembling the interior furnishings and dome was the next challenge. Some of the congregants volunteered to do so, but they did not know how. Fathallah Farjat, a Palestinian-born carpenter then working in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about the problem and called Guisti, who paid for his flight to Inuvik. Farjat worked for six weeks without pay on the mosque's interior, doing framing, hanging drywall, laying carpet, finding space for a kitchen, and designing, then building, the dome and pulpit. A minaret, not part of the original design, was suggested; Farjat then designed and built one despite never having done so before.
On the suggestion of an engineer in the congregation, the mosque is oriented on a very north-northeast qibla, its front facing Mecca over the North Pole. This is distinct from most other mosques in North America, which face more to the east, via the direct or great circle routes. Omar Mouallem considers this an example of ijtihad, since it was not derived from any religious authority. Services are held in both Arabic and English.
The mosque officially opened two months later on November 10, with Guisti calling the first prayer. After a day-long open house at the mosque, the community hosted a dinner at the local arena open to all Inuvik residents. Lebanese and Palestinian relatives of one local restaurateur arranged for enough supplies to be flown in from Edmonton for a Middle Eastern dinner attended by 500–600. A man came from Dubai to personally donate the carpeting. "The day was filled with a lot of emotion", recalled Nilufer Rahman, a Winnipeg documentarian Guisti hired to make a film about the mosque. "It was refreshing to see so many grown men cry."
Food bank
Following the mosque's completion, the Muslim Welfare Centre (MWC) in Toronto provided the funds to purchase an adjacent property to set up the "Arctic Food Bank". It distributes groceries to the town's population, and is now Inuvik's largest charity.
The food bank was the first full-service one to be established in Inuvik, according to the mosque leadership. It fills a need since the town's remoteness and dependence on the mostly unpaved Dempster Highway as its main conduit for goods results in higher prices at local markets, which can rise still further as fuel prices do. Since locals are thus often reluctant to donate in quantity, the MWC ships at least $35,000 worth of donated halal food to Inuvik annually, available to all residents for free once every two weeks if they have registered. As of 2019 that included 700 families living within two hours' drive of Inuvik; the mosque estimated that at any given time one-quarter to one-third of the immediate residents have used the food bank.
Ramadan
As with other mosques in the Arctic and subarctic, great variations in the length of the day over the course of the year affect how the community observes Ramadan, when Muslims fast during the day for a month and only eat at night, as determined by the rising and setting of the sun. In some years in Inuvik since the mosque opened, Ramadan has occurred during the midnight sun period between May and July that gives the mosque its name; and in the years around 2030 it will occur during the month-long polar night in December and January, when the sun never rises.
During both those periods of the year it would be impractical and unhealthy to fast based on the movements of the sun, so many Muslim congregations above the Arctic Circle fast based on the time of day at Mecca, or some city to the south with a more regular diurnal cycle. The Midnight Sun Mosque's worshippers decided to use the times of sunrise and sunset at Mecca, but in Inuvik's North American Mountain Time Zone, since Mecca is nine hours ahead of local time. This results in a fast that usually lasts 13 hours out of 24, beginning around 5 a.m. and ending around 6:30 p.m.
After a debate early in the mosque's history, the congregation settled on this timetable so that all would eat and pray at the same time. "The purpose is to worship, not to be tortured," said one member. "If you are doing something beyond your capability as a human, that is not Islam."
The resulting schedule has taken some getting used to. Under the midnight sun, it is still broad daylight when the iftar meal that ends the daily fast is prepared and served. "You're supposed to break your fast when it's dusk, and we eat when the sun is out. It's not usual to have iftar when the sun is up", one member told The Guardian.
Timing is not the only concession the feast makes to its location. Inuvialuit food has also influenced the menu. Dates and curries, common elements at iftar meals around the world, are served. But biryani served at the Midnight Sun Mosque is made with reindeer meat, not the traditional beef.
During Ramadan, the food bank is supplied with qurbani, the lamb, goat and beef meats that prosperous Muslims are required to donate to the needy for Eid al-Adha. Local hunters have offered surplus food, but most local game meat is not halal. The mosque accepts reindeer or moose, but only if the animal has been killed according to dhabihah requirements: by facing it toward Mecca, cutting its jugular vein and saying "In the name of Allah". Inuvialuit hunters prefer to follow their own sacrificial traditions, so the mosque receives little of this meat. Fishermen, in contrast, offer large quantities of surplus trout and pike in summer.
Legacy
Amier Suliman, one of the congregants, remarked to an Egyptian news outlet that "this [the mosque] is the first minaret to be erected in the Arctic... some will say it's a new frontier for Islam." The construction and transport of the mosque inspired children's author Shazia Afzal and illustrator Aliya Ghare to co-create the book Journey of the Midnight Sun. The book will be published by Orca Book Publishers and released on March 15, 2022.
Denny Rodgers, then mayor of Inuvik, said in 2011 that the mosque was "a nice addition to the community". The former trailer was an undistinguished building, "but now the minaret tower is lit up all the time. At night it's quite spectacular. We're already known for the Igloo [Roman Catholic] Church, but now the mosque provides another feature to help us attract quality professionals to move here, bring their families, and become part of the community."
See also
Islam in Canada
List of mosques in Canada
Nord Kamal Mosque, northernmost purpose-built mosque in the world, in Norilsk, Russia
Notes
References
External links
Inuvik
2010 establishments in Canada
Mosques completed in 2010
Religious buildings and structures in the Northwest Territories
Prefabricated buildings
21st-century mosques in Canada | Midnight Sun Mosque | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,429 | [
"Building engineering",
"Prefabricated buildings"
] |
69,531,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20skyrmionium | In magnetic systems, excitations can be found that are characterized by the orientation of the local magnetic moments of atomic cores. A magnetic skyrmionium is a ring-shaped topological spin texture and is closely related to the magnetic skyrmion.
Topological charge
The topological charge can be defined as follows.
With this definition, the topological charge of a skyrmion can be calculated to be ±1. A magnetic skyrmionium is a topological quasi particle that is composed of a superposition of two magnetic skyrmions of opposite topological charge adding up to zero total topological charge. On this basis one can view the core of a skyrmionium as a skyrmion (yellow central disk in figure) with opposite charge compared to a bigger skyrmion (green disk) in which it is situated.
Different to magnetic skyrmions, that experience a transverse deflection under current driven motion known as the skyrmion Hall effect (similar to the Hall effect), magnetic skyrmioniums are expected to move parallel to electrical-drive currents. The current-driven motion of magnetic excitations is one example of the direct link between topological charge and a physical observable.
Theoretical predictions
Skyrmioniums have been the subject of numerous theoretical investigations. Besides theoretical predictions concerning the existence of skyrmioniums such as in the 2D Janus mono layer CrGe(Se,Te)3, a lot of research concentrated on their manipulation by electrical currents, spin currents or spin waves. So far, there is only little experimental evidence for the existence of magnetic skyrmioniums. One example is the observation of skyrmionium in a NiFe-CrSb2Te3 hetero-structure.
Potential applications
Magnetic excitations such as skyrmions or skyrmioniums are potential building blocks of next generation spintronic devices, which enable for instance neuromorphic computing.
References
Quasiparticles
Magnetism | Magnetic skyrmionium | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 392 | [
"Quasiparticles",
"Subatomic particles",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
69,533,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Kelly%20%28materials%20scientist%29 | Anthony Kelly CBE FRS (25 January 1929 — 3 June 2014) was a British materials scientist.
He joined the Crystallography Research Group in the Cavendish Laboratory in 1950, after completing his physics undergraduate degree at the University of Reading. In the 50s, he held positions at the University of Illinois, the University of Birmingham, and Northwestern University, before returning to Cambridge in 1959 as lecturer in the department of metallurgy.
In 1967, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, where he worked first in the Division of Inorganic and Metallic Structure, and then in the Materials Group as deputy director. Whilst still involved with NPL, he served an extensive period as Vice Chancellor of the University of Surrey from 1975 to 1994. He returned to Cambridge in 1994 as a distinguished research fellow in the Department of Materials Science.
He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1973, Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1979.
References
1929 births
2014 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Reading
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Materials scientists and engineers
People associated with the University of Surrey | Anthony Kelly (materials scientist) | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 225 | [
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials science"
] |
69,534,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic%20flexibility | Metabolic flexibility is the capacity to alter metabolism in response to exercise or available fuel (especially fats and carbohydrates). Metabolic inflexibility was first described as the ability to generate energy through either aerobic or anaerobic respiration or as the inability of muscle to increase glucose oxidation in response to insulin.
An organism can also be said to have metabolic flexibility if it is capable of metabolizing either carbohydrate or fat efficiently, depending on availability of those fuels. By this definition, metabolic flexibility can be quantified using respiratory quotient. This form of metabolic flexibility is reduced by insulin resistance.
With aging there is a decrease in metabolic flexibility due to a decline in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity which results in pyruvate increasingly being anaerobically converted to lactate rather than aerobically converted to acetyl-CoA. Similarly, a virus-induced cytokine storm can compromise metabolic flexibility by inactivating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and other enzymes.
See also
Insulin resistance
References
Biochemistry
Medical terminology | Metabolic flexibility | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 224 | [
"Biochemistry",
"nan"
] |
69,534,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Holmgren | Jan Roland Holmgren (born in Borås, Sweden) is a Swedish physician, microbiologist, immunologist, and vaccinologist, known for his research on cholera and mucosal immunology, specifically, for his leadership in developing "the world's first effective oral cholera vaccine".
Biography
At the University of Gothenburg (Göteborgs universitet in Swedish), Holmgren graduated in 1965 with a bachelor of medicine degree, in 1969 with a Ph.D., and in 1973 with an M.D. His 1969 doctoral dissertation dealt with immunological aspects of urinary tract infections in children. At the University of Gothenburg, he was appointed in 1969 a docentry and in 1970 an associate professorship. From 1971 to 1980 he held research positions at the Swedish Medical Research Council. In 1980 he was appointed to the University of Gothenburg's professorial chair in medical microbiology and immunology as successor to Örjan Ouchterlony upon the latter's retirement. In addition to his professorship, Holmgren was appointed founding director of the Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), which was created in 2002. He is the author or co-author of more than 600 scientific papers.
His research contributed to the development of a vaccine together with Ann-Mari Svennerholm against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Furthermore, his research has applications to understanding immunological mechanisms, such as immunological tolerance by oral immunization, and also to developing vaccines against some autoimmune diseases and allergies.
He received in 1977 the Swedish Academy of Sciences Prize for Medicine (Hilda and Alfred Erikssons Prize) and in 1994 both the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine and the Söderbergska Prize of the Swedish Medical Society. He received in 2017 the Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal and in 2018 the Prince Mahidol Award in Public Health. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science and the Swedish Academy of Engineering. He was a board member of the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation from 1995 to 2017 and has served on the boards of other national and international organizations for research on vaccines, infections, and global health; the other organizations include the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) and the International Vaccine Institute (IVI).
He married Ann-Mari Svennerholm, who was his first Ph.D. student. They have worked together since 1970. They have a son and two daughters.
Selected publications
Holmgren J. Modern History of Cholera Vaccines and the Pivotal Role of icddr,b. J Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 20;224(12 Suppl 2):S742-S748. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab423. PMID 34453544; PMCID: PMC8687080.
Holmgren J. An Update on Cholera Immunity and Current and Future Cholera Vaccines. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 28;6(2):64. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020064. PMID 33925118; PMCID: PMC8167659.
Swedish immunologists
Swedish microbiologists
20th-century Swedish physicians
21st-century Swedish physicians
Vaccinologists
University of Gothenburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Gothenburg
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1944 births
Living people | Jan Holmgren | [
"Biology"
] | 722 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
69,535,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio%20Marcondes%20Salgado | Júlio Marcondes César Salgado (1 July 1890 — 23 July 1932) was a Brazilian general and commander of the São Paulo State Public Force, currently the Military Police of the State of São Paulo, during the Constitutionalist Revolution.
Biography
Early life
Salgado was born on 1 July 1890 in the city of Pindamonhangaba to Victoriano Clementino Salgado and Anna Euphrosina Marcondes do Amaral Salgado. He was the brother of Sérgio, Luiz, Joaquim, Francisco, Euclydia, Francisco Marcondes Salgado and Eneas Marcondes Salgado.
The Marcondes family had a tradition in public and military service. Among the most outstanding people in that family was colonel Manuel Marcondes de Oliveira Melo, the 1st Baron of Pindamonhangaba and commander of the Guard of Honour of Prince Pedro on the occasion of the Grito do Ipiranga (Cry of Ipiranga) that culminated in the independence of Brazil. Another highlight in the Marcondes family was the counselor Francisco Inácio Marcondes Homem de Melo, the first and only Baron of Homem de Melo, who figured in the Imperial era as a minister, president of several provinces and historian.
The Salgado family also had illustrious members of the monarchy and gave São Paulo men such as Antonio Salgado da Silva (the Viscount of Palmeira), Inácio Bicudo de Siqueira Salgado (the Baron of Itapeva) and Benedito Corrêa Salgado, partner of the Baron of Pindamonhangaba in the journey that culminated in the Cry of Ipiranga on the 7th of September.
In the old Jambeiro farm, owned by his parents, the then young Júlio lived a happy childhood. On the horse "Castanho", his favorite mount, he would go from the farm to Pindamonhangaba, or run through the forests of the farm, already foreshadowing the future rider he would become by taking part in equestrian competitions at the head of the São Paulo State Public Force.
Salgado learned how to read and write at the Grupo Escolar de Pindamonhangaba. He had already attended the 2nd year when adversity knocked on his door: the death of his mother.
Military career
On 16 June 1907, at age 16, he enlisted as a simple soldier in the Cavalry Corps of the São Paulo State Public Force. At that institution, he attended the Corporal Alumni Platoon, obtaining his first promotion, the anspeçada, on 1 August 1908.
On 19 May 1911, he was promoted to 2nd sergeant, by merit. In that year he married Ophélia Acritelli, a descendant of a traditional family from Santa Branca.
On 4 December 1913, aiming for officership, he joined the newly opened School of Officials of the Public Force, graduating in February 1915. That same year, he finally joined the officership of the corporation, as an ensign. In 1916, he was promoted to 2nd lieutenant quartermaster. In 1918 he was promoted to 1st lieutenant, for studies. In 1922, he was awarded the “Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold II” granted by His Majesty King Albert of Belgium, when visiting the city of São Paulo. The honour was also attributed on that occasion to the then captain of the Cavalry of the Public Force, Azarias Silva, another distinguished officer of cavalry of the corporation.
On 18 March 1924, he was promoted to the rank of captain, by seniority. That same year, he demonstrated his military value, already ostensibly demonstrated in moments of peace, when the 1924 revolt broke out in the capital of São Paulo on July 5, a military insurrection aimed at a coup d'état in the country, starting with the takeover of the state of São Paulo. With deeply legalistic convictions, the then captain took part in the government troops in defense of the State Presidency, then headed by Carlos de Campos. Along with the loyalists to the Legal Government, he assumed several commands during the battle that consecrated him as a true leader.
In 1925, he took part in the assault on the North Station and the Light Plant on the Paula Souza st., that were in control of the insurgents. That same year, in pursuit of the Prestes Column, commanding a company of the 3rd Infantry Battalion, he won the combat in Iacanga, in the west of São Paulo, capturing almost all the enemies. On November 6 of that year, he received the "Medal of Legality" for this feat and was promoted, also for merit and bravery, to major. On 14 May 1927, he was awarded the "Military Medal of Merit" in bronze. On June 1 of the same year, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, being classified for the Command of the Cavalry Regiment.
He was an outstanding sportsman, having been São Paulo's champion in polo and fencing, in addition to being a good horseman. On 25 November 1929, he won 1st place in the Brazilian Championship, jumping with the horse Boemio at 1 meter and 85 centimeters high. On 19 January 1930, he received the "Physical Culture Medal".
During the 1930 Revolution, at the head of the Cavalry Regiment, he fought the rebels in defence of the State Government. With the deposition in Rio de Janeiro of president Washington Luís, the São Paulo State Public Force surrendered to the revolutionaries, accepting the orders of the Provisional Governing Board of 1930 which, on October 24 of that year, deposed the president and assumed the Head of the Federal Government. Later that day, together with other officers of the corporation, including its commander general, he signed a press release informing the corporation's position in the face of the new political and military situation. Despite having fought the revolution, he remained in positions of trust in the corporation.
On 28 April 1931, he was arrested along with about 200 officers and soldiers from the Army and the Public Force such as José Teófilo Ramos, Antônio Pietscher, Christiano Klingelhoefer, Romão Gomes and Reinaldo Saldanha da Gama, also suffering other disciplinary punishments on account of his participation in a military uprising that took place in São Paulo, later called abrilada. On that date, political leaders linked to the Democratic Party and military personnel from the Public Force and the Army, led by the general commander of the Public Force, colonel Joviniano Brandão, undertook a seditious movement to remove the military intervenor João Alberto Lins de Barros and his secretary of public security, general Miguel Costa. Despite being quickly suffocated, this uprising made evident the political and military crisis established in São Paulo after the 1930 Revolution, as well as the political divide within the Public Force, between Getúlio Vargas' supporters, represented by general Miguel Costa, and his opponents.
In 1931, he commanded the 4th Battalion of Hunters, now headquartered in Bauru. In that year, he also commanded the 5th Battalion of Hunters, now headquartered in Taubaté. By Decree No. 31.766 of 28 June 1990, the 5th Interior Military Police Battalion was named “General Júlio Marcondes Salgado” in his memory.
On 23 May 1932, when Waldemar Ferreira took office as Secretary of Justice and Public Security, his first act was the nomination of Marcondes Salgado for the Interim Command of the State Public Force to the Federal intervenor of São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo. On May 25 he was promoted to colonel and took office on June 17 of that year. He was replaced in command of the Cavalry Regiment by lieutenant colonel Azarias Silva.
He was one of the articulating leaders and military mentor of the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932. With the outbreak of the armed revolt on 9 July 1932, the then General Commander of the Public Force of São Paulo published the following note to the press:
Death
On the morning of 23 July 1932, colonel Júlio Marcondes Salgado died after being mortally wounded in an accident with a prototype mortar during tests, in the Santo Amaro region. In one of the demonstrations, the explosive charge that was supposed to be projected was attached to the launch tube and, with the explosion, the shrapnel hit colonel Salgado, severing his carotid artery. The major of the Public Force José Marcelino da Fonseca was also killed in this accident (one of the creators of the artifact), which also lightly injured general Bertoldo Klinger, then Supreme Commander of the Constitutionalist Army.
His remains were transferred to the Monument and Mausoleum to the Constitutionalist Soldier of 1932, located in São Paulo.
Homages
The Constitutional Governor of São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo, paid him his last tribute, promoting him to the post of General of the Public Force, by Decree No. 5602 of 23 July 23, 1932, on the same date of his death, declaring him as the right champion of the constitutionalization of the country.
The 5th Military Police Battalion of the Interior of the State of São Paulo was renamed to "General Júlio Marcondes Salgado" by Decree No. 31.766 of 28 July 1990, by governor Orestes Quércia. It is considered the “mother unit” of Military Police Organizations headquartered in the Paraíba Valley.
In São Paulo there is the Gen. Júlio Marcondes Salgado Municipal School, in the Parque Edu Chaves district, north zone, and the Gen. Júlio Marcondes Salgado street in the Barra Funda district. In the city of Taubaté there is the "General Marcondes Salgado" race, created in 1985, honoring the commander. In the state, there is also the General Salgado municipality named in his honor.
In Pindamonhangaba, his hometown, he was honored with the name of a street that starts at the Barão do Rio Branco square and ends in the Sant’Ana district. In Taubaté he is also remembered with a square named after him.
References
Bibliography
External links
Obelisk and Mausoleum of the Ibirapuera park
1890 births
1932 deaths
Accidental deaths in Brazil
Brazilian generals
Brazilian military personnel killed in action
Deaths from explosion
People from Pindamonhangaba | Júlio Marcondes Salgado | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,108 | [
"Deaths from explosion",
"Explosions"
] |
69,535,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBC1D30 | TBC1D30 is a gene in the human genome that encodes the protein of the same name. This protein has two domains, one of which is involved in the processing of the Rab protein. Much of the function of this gene is not yet known, but it is expressed mostly in the brain and adrenal cortex.
Gene
TBC1D30, also known as KIAA0984, is a protein in the 12th chromosome of the human genome at 12q14.3. The gene for the protein includes two domains: the RabGAP-TBC domain, and the DUF4682 domain. This gene spans 100,076 base pairs in the human genome, but gets condensed down into 7,931 bp for the mRNA transcript, and finally 944 amino acids in its isoform X1 with 12 exons.
Transcripts
There are 9 isoforms of TBC1D30, 3 of which are independent of the genome build.
The first three in the list are independent of the reference genome. The latter 6, labelled with an X, are based on NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p13 Primary Assembly. The domains for each isoform that contains domains are the same RabGAB-TBC and DUF4682 domains. The size column shows the number of amino acids in each protein isoform.
Protein
TBC1D30 has an isoelectric point of about 8.5. Antibodies revealed TBC1D30 to have a molecular weight of about 90 kDa.
Gene level regulation
The most likely promoter for TBC1D30 is about 1,279 base pairs, with a start at 64,779,516 and an end at 64,780,794.
The TBC1D30 protein has been found in or associated with the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane from antibody studies.
The protein is mostly found to be expressed in tissues of the brain and adrenal glands.
Transcript level regulation
There is a microRNA binding site within the 3' UTR of the TBC1D30 gene for the hsa-miR-194-5p miRNA. This microRNA is involved in the Wnt/Beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Protein level regulation
The protein contains some possible myristoylation, amination, and phosphorylation sites. There are also some degradation sites within the RabGAP-TBC domain.
Homology and evolution
TBC1D30 has a large amount of orthologs. Analysis of these homologs allow us to ascertain the most important amino acids, i.e., the ones that are conserved. The most highly conserved amino acids among vertebrates, invertebrates, fungi, plants, bacteria and protists with available sequences were trp236, arg255, trp259, ile297, asp300, arg303, thr304, leu321, leu325, ala327, gly336, tyr337, cys338, gln339, leu349, glu356, pro399, trp432, trp450, asp451, arg463, and leu466.
The RabGAP domain within the gene originated approximately 4 billion years ago, as it is present within Terriglobus roseus, which is an acidobacterium that diverged from humans 4.09 billion years ago. The whole gene likely originated approximately 1.3 billion years ago, as there are still amino acids conserved past the RabGAP domain, and into the DUF4682 domain for Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Nicotiana attenuata. These two plants diverged from humans about 1.275 billions years ago.
The gene is evolving at a slower pace than Fibrinogen alpha, which evolves very quickly, but at a faster pace than Cytochrome C, which evolves very slowly.
Interacting proteins
TBC1D30 likely interacts with STX3, ZRANB1 and ESR1. These interactions were found through affinity capture and Western blot, affinity capture and mass spectrometry, and two-hybrid screening respectively.
Clinical significance
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), rs11615287, at the start of the RabGAP-TBC domain is likely to be damaging to the protein.
Studies have investigated how TBC1D30 affects insulin processing.
References
Human genome projects | TBC1D30 | [
"Biology"
] | 961 | [
"Human genome projects",
"Genome projects"
] |
69,535,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepRoute.ai | DeepRoute.ai is a Chinese robotaxi startup based in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
DeepRoute.ai has partnered with Caocao Mobility, Dongfeng Motors, and Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle to test self-driving vehicles. The company began self-driving robotaxi service in Wuhan in April 2021, and the company publicly launched robotaxi service in Shenzhen in July 2021.
In addition to robotaxi technology (DeepRoute-INJOY), DeepRoute.ai has also developed a self-driving solution for medium-duty trucks (DeepRoute-LINK).
Its L4 Full Stack Self-Driving System, DeepRoute-Sense, was named a CES 2020 Innovation Awards Honoree in the category of Vehicle Intelligence & Transportation. It includes a lightweight set-top box and sensor-fusion calibration service, consisting of GNSS, eight vehicle cameras, three lidars and a series of other sensors to help correspondence and data synchronization between the controllers. In December 2021, DeepRoute.ai announced DeepRoute-Driver 2.0, a production-ready Level 4 system comprising five solid-state lidar sensors, eight cameras, a proprietary computing system and an optional millimeter-wave radar.
DeepRoute.ai secured $50 million in a Series Pre-A led by Fosun RZ Capital, the venture capital arm of Chinese conglomerate Fosun International in September 2019. The company also raised a Series B funding round of $300 million in September 2021, which included Alibaba, Jeneration Capital, Yunqi Partners and Geely as investors. DeepRoute.ai’s CEO is Maxwell Zhou, who led autonomous driving projects at Baidu, Texas Instruments and DJI.
History
DeepRoute.ai was founded in Shenzhen in February 2019 by Maxwell Zhou who has a Doctorate degree in Artificial Intelligence.
In August of 2020, DeepRoute.ai partnered with CaoCao Mobility to start Robotaxi service in Hangzhou. A few months later, in October, the company joined a $90M Autonomous Driving Pilot Program led by Dongfeng Motor, aiming to bring more than 200 Robotaxis to Wuhan by the end of 2022. As its primary partner, DeepRoute.ai is working with Dongfeng Motor to build the largest Robotaxi fleet in Wuhan’s Central Business District and
development area, making it the most extensive fleet in China.
By January 2021, DeepRoute.ai had accumulated over one million kilometers of road testing. The company began self-driving robotaxi service in Wuhan in April 2021, and the company publicly launched robotaxi service in Shenzhen in July 2021.
In September 2021, DeepRoute.ai announced a $300 million Series B funding round led by Alibaba Group.
In December 2021, DeepRoute.ai announced DeepRoute-Driver 2.0, a production-ready Level 4 system comprising five solid-state lidar sensors, eight cameras, a proprietary computing system and an optional millimeter-wave radar.
In March 2023, DeepRoute.ai announced its Driver 3.0 solution, the latest advance to achieving full autonomous driving. DeepRoute.ai is among the first to successfully complete HD map-free self-driving public road tests thus breaking limitations created by geo-fencing.
Partnerships
In June 2022, DeepRoute.ai partnered with Deppon Logistics Co., Ltd. to provide autonomous driving medium-duty trucks for logistics transfer. This marked the first use of self-driving mid-size trucks in commercial service in China.
In August 2020, DeepRoute.ai announced its partnership with Cao Cao Mobility, a Geely-backed ride-hailing company, to test Robotaxis in Hangzhou for daily operations, planning to provide Robotaxis during the 2022 Asian Games.
References
Self-driving car companies
Automotive technologies
Robotics | DeepRoute.ai | [
"Engineering"
] | 800 | [
"Robotics",
"Automation"
] |
69,536,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Rice | Julia Elizabeth Rice (born 1960) is a British-American computational chemist who works for IBM Research at their Almaden Research Center in San Jose California. Her work their involves the study of nonlinear optics in the simulation of organic molecules, the development of the Mulliken software package for quantum chemistry, the management of scientific data, and connections to statistical mechanics.
Education and career
Rice was born on 10 July 1960 in Cambridge, England. She earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and chemistry from Royal Holloway, University of London in 1981, winning the Martin Holloway Prize as that year's best honours finalist in her subject. She completed her Ph.D. in theoretical chemistry at the University of Cambridge in 1985, under the supervision of Nicholas C. Handy.
After postdoctoral research with Henry F. Schaefer III at the University of California, Berkeley, and a year as a research fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, she joined IBM Research in 1988.
Recognition
In 2001 Rice was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Computational Physics, "for pioneering the development of efficient algorithms for the analytic derivative method with electron correlation, and for the calculation of frequency dependent polarizabilities with accuracy comparable to experiment". She was elected to the IBM Academy of Technology in 2003, and is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
British chemists
British women chemists
American chemists
American women chemists
Computational chemists
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science | Julia Rice | [
"Chemistry"
] | 335 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Computational chemists"
] |
69,536,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20DR15 | is a large trans-Neptunian object in the scattered disc, around in diameter. It was discovered on 17 February 2021, by American astronomers Scott Sheppard, David Tholen, and Chad Trujillo using the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope of the Mauna Kea Observatories in Hawaii, and announced on 17 December 2021. It was 89.4 astronomical units from the Sun when it was discovered, making it the ninth-most distant known Solar System object from the Sun . It has been identified in several precovery images as far back as 10 March 2005.
References
External links
Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)
20210217 | 2021 DR15 | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 138 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Possible dwarf planets"
] |
69,536,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Phone%20Museum | The Mobile Phone Museum is a virtual museum curating mobile phones and a nonprofit organisation aimed at archiving and preserving mobile technology and increasing educational outreach about developments and innovations in the mobile industry. It has been described as the "world’s most extensive mobile phone museum".
History
The museum was founded by Ben Wood and Matt Chatterley, and officially launched at an event in London in November 2021. It is supported through a five-year sponsorship agreement with Vodafone. At launch the museum consisted of more than 2000 unique devices from 200 different manufacturers, spanning from early developments in mobile phones to the latest models.
The museum has plans to develop travelling exhibitions to showcase the collection to science, technology and design museums, and to schools.
References
Technology museums
Telecommunications museums
Mobile technology | Mobile Phone Museum | [
"Technology"
] | 156 | [
"nan"
] |
69,536,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20packaging%20%28semiconductors%29 | Advanced packaging is the aggregation and interconnection of components before traditional integrated circuit packaging where a single die is packaged. Advanced packaging allows multiple devices, including electrical, mechanical, or semiconductor devices, to be merged and packaged as a single electronic device. Advanced packaging uses processes and techniques that are typically performed at semiconductor fabrication facilities, unlike traditional integrated circuit packaging, which does not. Advanced packaging thus sits between fabrication and traditional packaging -- or, in other terminology, between BEoL and post-fab. Advanced packaging includes multi-chip modules, 3D ICs, 2.5D ICs, heterogeneous integration, fan-out wafer-level packaging, system-in-package, quilt packaging, combining logic (processors) and memory in a single package, die stacking, wafer bonding/stacking, several chiplets or dies in a package, combinations of these techniques, and others. 2.5D and 3D ICs are also called 2.5D or 3D packages.
Advanced packaging can help achieve performance gains through the integration of several devices in one package and associated efficiency gains (by reducing the distances signals have to travel, in other words reducing signal paths), and allowing for high numbers of connections between devices, without having to resort to smaller transistors which have become increasingly more difficult to manufacture. Fan-out packaging is seen as a low cost option for advanced packaging.
Advanced Packaging is considered fundamental in expanding the Moore’s Law. An example of heterogeneus integration is Intel's EMIB, which uses "bridges" made on silicon substrates, to connect different dies together. Another example is TSMC's CoWoS (chip-on-wafer-on-substrate) technology which uses an interposer. Advanced packaging is closely related to system integration, used in systems related to "artificial intelligence, machine learning, automotive, and 5G" to name a few. System integration consists of "ways to avoid putting everything on a single chip by creating a system that interconnects multiple smaller chips, or chiplets" Advanced packages can have chiplets from several vendors. To enable this, standards for connecting chiplets have been developed such as
UCie.
References
Semiconductor technology | Advanced packaging (semiconductors) | [
"Materials_science"
] | 452 | [
"Semiconductor technology",
"Microtechnology"
] |
69,537,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene%20Ren | Charlene Ren, also known as Xiaoyuan Ren, is a Chinese environmental engineer and social entrepreneur. She is the founder of MyH2O, an information platform that uses data to monitor water quality and improve access to clean water resources for rural communities in China.
Early life and education
Ren was born and raised in Beijing. Her parents were both the first in their families to attend college.
As a high school student, she became interested in environmental issues and joined a local chapter of Roots and Shoots, the international youth organization founded by Jane Goodall. Her grandparents live outside the capital, and their experiences with unreliable water quality were an influence on her future field of study.
Ren received a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics from Vassar College and two master's degrees in Environmental Engineering and Technology Policy from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As part of her graduate work, Ren studied rural water monitoring systems in India. This exploration developed into the ongoing MIT/India "Data for Improved Governance" project.
Career
Ren first wrote a business plan for the company that would become MyH2O in 2014 during her postgraduate studies at MIT, with mentorship from engineer John H. Lienard V. She was inspired by the robust network of water quality and sanitation databases that she observed in India while completing her master's degrees. She launched the platform in 2015 with the goal of using similar data collection systems to combat a crisis of poor water quality in rural China.
There are tens of millions of people in China who do not have access to reliably clean drinking water; pollution caused by industrial and agricultural runoff is a significant problem in rural areas. Ren founded MyH2O on the crucial understanding that if environmental pollution is to be remediated, it must first be made visible.
The MyH2O platform collects data on rural water quality and sanitation through a network of youth volunteers. The data collected is shared with policy makers and then used for the provision of clean water resources to rural communities. Data is made available to volunteers and residents via a dedicated mobile app, which also provides resources and guidance about purifying contaminated water. The MyH2O network covers 1,000 villages located across 26 provinces.
Ren emphasizes that beyond the utility of the hard data collected, MyH2O also has the positive effect of empowering residents of rural villages to raise their voices and take action to improve their own circumstances, connecting them in a grassroots network of citizen-scientists.
Advocacy
Ren is a member of the China Youth Climate Action Network. She has worked as an organizer of the International Youth Summit on Energy and Climate Change. Ren represented China during one of Homeward Bound's leadership events for women scientists, joining the group for a journey to Antarctica. She was named an Echoing Green Fellow in 2016.
Awards and honors
In 2019 she appeared in Forbes's "30 Under 30" list in the category of Social Entrepreneurship and on the BBC 100 Women list of inspiring and influential women from around the world. She was honored as one of the United Nations Environment Programme's 2020 Young Champions of the Earth, an award which comes with project funding and mentorship.
Personal life
Ren describes herself as a "proud vegetarian" and a supporter of feminist causes.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Environmental engineers
Vassar College alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni | Charlene Ren | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 671 | [
"Environmental engineers",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
69,538,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, sold under the brand name Paxlovid, is a co-packaged medication used as a treatment for COVID19. It contains the antiviral medications nirmatrelvir and ritonavir and was developed by Pfizer. Nirmatrelvir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease, while ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor, slowing down nirmatrelvir metabolism and therefore boosting its effect. It is taken by mouth.
In unvaccinated high-risk people with COVID19, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir can reduce the risk of hospitalization or death by 88% if taken within five days of symptom onset. People who take nirmatrelvir/ritonavir also test negative for COVID19 about two and a half days earlier than people who do not. Side effects of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir include changes in sense of taste (dysgeusia), diarrhea, high blood pressure (hypertension), and muscle pain (myalgia).
In December 2021, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted nirmatrelvir/ritonavir emergency use authorization (EUA) to treat COVID19. It was approved in the United Kingdom later that month, and in the European Union and Canada in January 2022. In May 2023, it was approved in the U.S. to treat mild to moderate COVID19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID19, including hospitalization or death. The FDA considers the combination to be a first-in-class medication. In 2022, it was the 164th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.
Medical uses
In the United States, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is indicated for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID19, including hospitalization or death. This includes people above 50, people with diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, chronic lung diseases, pregnancy, or on immunosuppressant drugs.
The co-packaged medication is not authorized or suggested for the pre-exposure or post-exposure prevention of COVID19.
In the European Union, the co-packaged medication is indicated for the treatment of COVID19 in adults who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk for progressing to severe COVID19.
If administered within five days of symptom onset in confirmed COVID19 infections, the efficacy of the co-packaged medication against hospitalization or death in unvaccinated high-risk adults, as of 2022, was about .
Pregnancy
The suggestion of the use of co-packaged medication during pregnancy in people who can become pregnant and are not using contraception and for people who are breastfeeding needs further study. Given the risk of morbidity, hospitalization and mortality associated with severe COVID19 disease in females and fetuses, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir can provide an important option to reduce the risks associated with acute COVID19 infection in at-risk and unvaccinated patients after careful consideration of the benefits and risks for each patient. There is limited human data on the use of nirmatrelvir during pregnancy related to the risk of birth defects, spontaneous abortions (miscarriage), or adverse outcomes. There are no human data on the presence of nirmatrelvir in human milk, or its effects on milk production or the infant. A temporary reduction in body weight was observed in the offspring of nursing rats. Other observational studies have also demonstrated the safety of ritonavir during pregnancy.
Contraindications
The medication is contraindicated in those with hypersensitivity to either of the two main components, and in those with severely reduced kidney or liver function. Co-administration with certain drugs may have serious, sometimes fatal, effects.
Side effects
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has a high potential for potentially serious drug interactions due to strong CYP3A inhibition by ritonavir. The US FDA label, the FDA fact sheet, and the FDA EUA contain a boxed warning about the CYP3A inhibition.
Adverse events of the co-packaged medication, regardless of causality, observed in the phase II-III EPIC-HR study included dysgeusia (6% vs. < 1% for placebo), diarrhea (3% vs. 2% for placebo), hypertension (1% vs. < 1% for placebo), and myalgia (1% vs. < 1% for placebo). In clinical trials, 2% of people discontinued treatment due to side effects with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir while 4% in the placebo group did so. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is under investigation, so its side effects have yet to be fully evaluated and may not be completely known.
Other side effects of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir may include hypersensitivity reactions, liver toxicity, and development of HIV drug resistance in people with uncontrolled or undiagnosed HIV infection. Hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions) may manifest as skin rash, hives, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, angioedema, and/or anaphylaxis. Liver toxicity may manifest as elevated transaminases and clinical hepatitis, including symptoms like appetite loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes), dark-colored urine, pale-colored stools, itchy skin, and abdominal pain.
Interactions
Co-administration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir with certain drugs is contraindicated, including drugs dependent on CYP3A for removal, for which a raised concentration results in serious reactions, or those with potent CYP3A inducers, for which reduced blood concentration of the two main components may result in loss of effect against the virus and possible resistance, among others. Co-administration also affects the concentration of several drugs, sometimes requiring changing the dose or careful monitoring. Many of these drugs are widely prescribed to people at high risk from COVID19. With the extension of the emergency authorization in August 2022, the FDA updated a checklist to help evaluate potential drug interactions and other patient factors before prescribing Paxlovid, including more than 120 drugs that are contraindicated, should be avoided or held from use, or require dose adjustments or special monitoring.
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is safe to use in combination with over-the-counter pain- and fever-reducing medications such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen.
Pharmacology
Nirmatrelvir is responsible for the antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, while ritonavir works by inhibiting the metabolization of nirmatrelvir in the liver, strengthening its activity.
Pharmacodynamics
Nirmatrelvir is a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro, 3CLpro, nsp5 protease) inhibitor while ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor and strong CYP3A inhibitor. Nirmatrelvir is the main active agent in the formulation, while ritonavir, which inhibits HIV-1 protease, is a strong CYP3A inhibitor: it inhibits the metabolization of nirmatrelvir in the liver and thereby strengthens or boosts its activity. Ritonavir is not active against or thought to directly contribute to the medication's antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir works against COVID19 by preventing the replication of SARS-CoV-2, which the SARS-CoV-2 main protease is essential for.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
The time to peak concentrations of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is 3.00hours (range 1.02–6.00hours), while that of ritonavir is 3.98hours. Peak concentrations of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir following a single dose (300mg nirmatrelvir and 100mg ritonavir) in healthy individuals are 2.21μg/mL while total exposure is 23.01μg•h/mL. Taking nirmatrelvir/ritonavir with a high-fat meal modestly increases exposure to nirmatrelvir (peak concentrations increased by 15% and total exposure increased by 1.6%) relative to taking them under fasting conditions.
Distribution
The volume of distribution (Vz/F) of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is 104.7L while that of ritonavir is 112.4L. The blood-to-plasma ratio of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is 0.60 while the red-blood-cell-to-plasma ratio of ritonavir is 0.14. The plasma protein binding of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is 69% while that of ritonavir is 98 to 99%.
Metabolism
Nirmatrelvir is mainly a substrate of CYP3A in terms of its metabolism. But when it is combined with ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, nirmatrelvir's metabolism is minimal and its elimination instead is mainly via renal excretion. Ritonavir is eliminated mainly by hepatic metabolism, with CYP3A4 the major enzyme involved and CYP2D6 the minor enzyme.
Elimination
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is excreted 35.3% in feces and 49.6% in urine, while ritonavir is excreted 86.4% in feces and 11.3% in urine.
The oral clearance (CL/F) of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is 8.99 while that of ritonavir is 13.92. The elimination half-life of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is (mean ± SD) 6.05 ± 1.79hours while that of ritonavir is 6.15hours. The half-life of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir makes the formulation suitable for administration every 12hours.
Specific populations
The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir based on age or gender have not been assessed. Exposure to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was numerically lower in Japanese than in Western people, but not to a clinically meaningful extent. Peak concentrations, total exposure, time to peak concentrations, and elimination half-life of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir are severity-dependently increased in people with renal impairment, but not increased in people with moderate hepatic impairment. The combination has not been studied in people with severe hepatic impairment.
Research
Research suggests that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir may minimize the risk of long COVID. A 2025 recent report indicates that Paxlovid may benefit certain long COVID patients, though it remains unclear which individuals are most likely to respond. A study examined 13 long COVID patients who underwent extended treatment with the antiviral drug. The results were mixed: nine patients experienced some improvement, but only five reported lasting effects, while four saw no improvement. The findings highlight the ongoing uncertainty surrounding effective treatments for long COVID, nearly five years into the pandemic. Although some patients recover naturally or respond to various therapies, no universally effective treatment has been identified.
Rebound
An additional analysis of the original EPIC-HR clinical trial data (Delta variant) showed that about 2% of both the treatment and placebo groups experienced a symptomatic rebound after the five-day treatment, meaning they felt ill again and tested positive again (antigen test and PCR test) after testing negative. The exact cause is not known, but there is speculation that it is due to reservoirs in tissues that are not reached by the medication, or reinfection. In May 2022, Pfizer suggested repeating the treatment, but the FDA said there was no evidence of benefit.
In June 2022, a US case report of ten people with rebound COVID19 had found viral load during relapse was comparable to levels during an initial infection, and high enough to cause secondary transmission. President Joe Biden, First Lady Jill Biden, Anthony Fauci, Peter Hotez, and Rochelle Walensky are known to have experienced rebound. As of June 2022, Pfizer studied the phenomenon in a new trial it called EPIC-SR (standard risk) while the omicron variant was circulating. Both EPIC-HR and EPIC-SR were randomized controlled trials that provide information about COVID19 rebound. Data from these trials showed that rebound in SARS-CoV-2 (RNA or virus) shedding or COVID19 symptoms occurred in a subset of participants and happened in both the participants receiving nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and the placebo. As of 2023, the FDA found there was no clear association between nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment and COVID19 rebound based on data available to them.
Resistance
As of July 2022, no nirmatrelvir/ritonavir drug resistant SARS-CoV-2 had been observed in clinical context. The engineering of a nirmatrelvir-resistant chimera of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) under laboratory conditions was published without formal peer review in July 2022. As of November 2022, multiple pathways that could lead to resistance to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir had been demonstrated in vitro.
History
Nirmatrelvir belongs to a family of 3C-like protease inhibitors developed in the late 2010s against feline coronavirus, while ritonavir is an antiretroviral drug developed in the 1980s and used since the 1990s to inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes other protease inhibitors.
The primary data supporting the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were from the EPIC-HR trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial studying nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for the treatment of non-hospitalized symptomatic adults with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants were 18 years of age and older with a pre-specified risk factor for progression to severe disease, or were 60years and older regardless of pre-specified chronic medical conditions. No participants had received a COVID19 vaccine or been previously infected with COVID19. The main outcome measured in the trial was the proportion of people who were hospitalized due to COVID19 or died due to any cause during 28days of follow-up. EPIC-HR started in July 2021, and completed in December 2021. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir significantly reduced the proportion of people with COVID19-related hospitalization or death from any cause by 88% compared to placebo among participants treated within five days of symptom onset and who did not receive COVID19 therapeutic monoclonal antibody treatment. In December 2021, Pfizer also announced that a Phase II/III study of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir showed a reduced risk of hospitalization or death.
In August 2021, Pfizer began a phase II/III trial of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for COVID19 in standard-risk individuals with COVID19 known as EPIC-SR. Interim results of this trial were announced in December 2021, and final results were released in June 2022. Pfizer discontinued enrollment in the study, with the reason given being the very low rate of hospitalization and death in this population. EPIC-SR was another clinical trial that enrolled vaccinated participants with at least one risk factor for progression to severe COVID19. Although not statistically significant, among these vaccinated participants, there was a reduction in the risk of COVID19 related hospitalization or death from any cause.
In December 2021, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was granted emergency use authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID19. In December 2021, the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) approved the use of nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for adults with mild to moderate infection and at high risk of their illness worsening.
In April 2022, it was announced that the PANORAMIC trial would start testing the effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for treating COVID19 infections.
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has been evaluated in the treatment of COVID19 in standard-risk individuals in the EPIC-SR trial. This study did not achieve its primary goal of reducing time to sustained alleviation of COVID19 symptoms (treatment: 13days (95% CI 12–15 days); placebo: 13days (95% CI 11–14 days)). It also did not find a statistically significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization or death (treatment: 5/576 [0.9%]; placebo: 10/569 [1.8%]; p > 0.05). Likewise, findings were not statistically significant for reducing hospitalization rates in a subgroup of vaccinated adults with at least one risk factor for severe COVID19 (treatment: 3/361 [0.8%]; placebo: 7/360 [1.9%]; 57% reductionRR 0.43, 95% CI 0.11–1.64). However, the trial did find a statistically significant 62% decrease in COVID19-related medical visits, similar to the 67% reduction from the EPIC-HR study of high-risk individuals. Enrollment in EPIC-SR was discontinued due to the low rate of hospitalization and death in this population.
In May 2023, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir received FDA approval for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID19, including hospitalization or death. In November 2023, the FDA revised the EUA for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir to authorize EUA- or NDA-labeled nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID19 in people aged twelve years of age and older weighing at least , who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID19, including hospitalization. In March 2024, the FDA revised the EUA for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir to remove the authorization for EUA-labeled nirmatrelvir/ritonavir.
Society and culture
Legal status
Canada
Health Canada approved the use of the co-packaged medication in January 2022.
China
In February 2022, China approved the medication for the treatment of adults who have mild to moderate COVID19 and are at a high risk of progressing to a severe condition.
European Union
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved the co-packaged medication for the treatment of COVID19 in the EU in January 2022.
Israel
The Israeli Ministry of Health approved the use of the co-packaged medication in December 2021.
Japan
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approved the use of the co-packaged medication for treating adults in February 2022.
Singapore
The Singapore Health Sciences Authority approved the use of the co-packaged medication for treating adults in February 2022.
South Korea
South Korea approved the use of the co-packaged medication in December 2021.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom approved the use of the co-packaged medication in December 2021.
United States
In November 2021, Pfizer submitted an application to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency use authorization for the co-packaged medication. The authorization was granted in December 2021, for people 12 years of age or older who are infected with COVID19 and are at risk.
In January 2024, the FDA revised the emergency use authorization (EUA) and stated that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir manufactured and labeled in accordance with the EUA under U.S. distribution would remain authorized for use through the earlier of the labeled or extended expiration date, or through March 2024. In March 2024, the FDA revised the emergency use authorization to no longer cover EUA-labeled nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. As of March 2024, the FDA emergency use authorization for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir continued to authorize it for the treatment of people 12 years of age and older weighing at least who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. The emergency use authorization also continued to authorize prescribing of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir by a state-licensed pharmacist to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in people 12 years of age and older weighing at least who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, in accordance with the FDA-approved prescribing information or authorized labeling, as applicable, and subject to certain conditions as detailed in the letter of authorization and the authorized fact sheet for health care providers.
Manufacturing
Pfizer selected its largest oral tablet factory in Freiburg as the launch facility for manufacturing the co-packaged medication. Nirmatrelvir, the novel portion of the co-packaged medication, was developed in the U.S. and was initially manufactured in small amounts in Groton, Connecticut, to support clinical trials, but the Freiburg facility was responsible for figuring out how to mass-produce the co-packaged medication on an industrial scale. Pfizer selected another factory in Ascoli Piceno, Italy, to assist the Freiburg factory with packaging tablets into blister packs.
Economics
In December 2021, the German government ordered one million doses, but by August 2022, wholesalers had delivered only around 43,000 to pharmacies. In Germany, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has been by prescription through physicians only, and German physicians have been reluctant to prescribe it. Hence, health minister Karl Lauterbach decided that general practitioners could stock five nirmatrelvir/ritonavir courses in their practice and dispense it directly to patients, that a prescription would be remunerated with 15 euros, and that every nursing home should appoint a vaccination officer as well as a nirmatrelvir/ritonavir officer. As of August 2022 the treatment guidelines German family doctors follow had not been updated since February 2022 and recommended nirmatrelvir/ritonavir only in unvaccinated risk patients, i.e., only a few people.
As of April 2022, the U.S. had ordered 20 million nirmatrelvir/ritonavir courses. As of July 2022, the United States Department of Health and Human Services had set up at least 2,200 sites where people could receive nirmatrelvir/ritonavir as soon as they tested positive for the virus, including pharmacies, community health centers and long-term care facilities. In July 2022, the FDA allowed state-licensed pharmacists to prescribe it to people with COVID19 at high risk of progressing to severe disease.
Throughout 2022, only 10-12% of eligible U.S. adult outpatients had received nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. Reasons are suspected to be concerns about "rebound, unfamiliarity with the treatment and cost" as well as "confusion around who's at high risk for severe disease". In spite of Pfizer's list price of for five days in the US, treatment had been and was free through the end of 2024 for Medicare or Medicaid beneficiaries and insured persons covering out-of-pocket costs.
Pfizer reported revenue of for Paxlovid in 2023.
Brand names
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is sold under the brand name Paxlovid. Primovir and Paxista are generic versions manufactured and distributed in India.
Comparison to ivermectin
In 2021, it was falsely claimed that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is a repackaged version of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin, or that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is just like ivermectin as both are protease inhibitors. Ivermectin has been falsely promoted as a COVID19 therapeutic. Such claims, sometimes using the nickname "Pfizermectin", arise from superficial similarities between the mechanism of action of the drugs and the claim that Pfizer is suppressing information about the benefits of ivermectin.
References
External links
Combination antiviral drugs
COVID-19 drug development
CYP3A4 inhibitors
Drugs developed by Pfizer
SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,359 | [
"COVID-19 drug development",
"Drug discovery"
] |
69,538,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression%20of%20concern | In academic publishing, an expression of concern is a notice issued by a publisher against a particular publication, warning that it may contain errors or be otherwise untrustworthy.
Definitions
Practice for issuing expressions of concern is not standardized across the publishing industry. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors says in its 2019 recommendations that a publisher may choose to issue an expression of concern while an investigation of alleged scientific misconduct is ongoing, and pending its outcome.
See also
Erratum
Post-publication peer review
Retractions in academic publishing
Notes
References
COPE Notes.
ICMJE.
Scientific misconduct
Academic publishing
Publishing terminology
Error | Expression of concern | [
"Technology"
] | 120 | [
"Scientific misconduct",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
65,428,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-11%204672 | BD−11 4672 is a single star with a pair of orbiting exoplanets in the southern constellation of Scutum, the shield. The designation BD−11 4672 comes from the Bonner Durchmusterung star catalogue, which was published during the nineteenth century in Germany. With an apparent visual magnitude of 9.99, the star is much too faint to be viewed with the naked eye. It is located at a distance of 89 light years from the Sun, as determined from parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −87.5 km/s. This was recognised as a high proper motion star by German astronomer Max Wolf in 1924 and is traversing the celestial sphere at an angular rate of .
The spectrum of BD−11 4672 matches a K-type main-sequence star, an orange dwarf, with a stellar classification of K7 V. Its age is not well constrained, but is probably older than the Sun. It is a metal-poor star, showing an iron abundance that is 35% of solar. No significant flare activity was detected. The star shows evidence of a Sun-like magnetic activity cycle with a period of 7–10 years. It has 65% of the mass and 64% of the radius of the Sun. The star is radiating 16% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,550 K.
Planetary system
In 2010, a team of astronomers led by astronomer of the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher performed a radial-velocity analysis, which led to the suspicion of a gas giant exoplanet in orbit around BD−11 4672. The existence of this exoplanet was confirmed in 2014. In 2020, a second exoplanet was detected on an interior and much more eccentric orbit near the inner edge of the Star's habitable zone.
See also
list of exoplanets discovered in 2014 (BD-11 4672b)
list of exoplanets discovered in 2020 (BD-11 4672c)
References
K-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with two confirmed planets
Scutum (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
90979
J18332885-1138097
TIC objects | BD-11 4672 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 479 | [
"Scutum (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,429,306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205966 | NGC 5966 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Boötes. NGC 5966 is its New General Catalogue designation. The galaxy was discovered by William Herschel on March 18, 1787. Based on its redshift, it is located about 220 million light-years (67 Mpc) away from the Sun.
References
External links
Boötes
5966
Elliptical galaxies | NGC 5966 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 74 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
65,429,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20holobiont | Since the colonization of land by ancestral plant lineages 450 million years ago, plants and their associated microbes have been interacting with each other, forming an assemblage of species that is often referred to as a holobiont. Selective pressure acting on holobiont components has likely shaped plant-associated microbial communities and selected for host-adapted microorganisms that impact plant fitness. However, the high microbial densities detected on plant tissues, together with the fast generation time of microbes and their more ancient origin compared to their host, suggest that microbe-microbe interactions are also important selective forces sculpting complex microbial assemblages in the phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and plant endosphere compartments.
Introduction
Although most work on host-microbe interactions has been focused on animal systems such as corals, sponges, or humans, there is a substantial body of literature on plant holobionts. Plant-associated microbial communities impact both key components of the fitness of plants, growth and survival, and are shaped by nutrient availability and plant defense mechanisms. Several habitats have been investigated as harbouring plant-associated microbes, including the rhizoplane (surface of root tissue), the rhizosphere (periphery of the roots), the endosphere (inside plant tissue), and the phyllosphere (total above-ground surface area). The holobiont concept originally suggested a significant fraction of the microbiome genome together with the host genome is transmitted from one generation to the next and thus can propagate unique properties of the holobiont. In this regard, studies have shown that seeds can play such a role. Evidence of this process have been recently proven showing that the majority, up to 95%, of the seed microbiome is mistranslated across generations.
The plant holobiont is relatively well-studied, with particular focus on agricultural species such as legumes and grains. Bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses are all members of the plant holobiont. The bacteria phyla known to be part of the plant holobiont are Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, Bacillota, and Pseudomonadota. For example, nitrogen-fixers such as Azotobacter (Proteobacteria) and Bacillus (Firmicutes) greatly improve plant performance. Fungi of the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota colonize plant tissues and provide a variety of functions for the plant host. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota), for instance, are common across plant groups and provide improved nutrient acquisition, temperature and drought resistance, and reduced pathogen load. Epichloë species (Ascomycota) are part of the meadow fescue holobiont and provide herbivore resistance by producing ergot alkaloids, which cause ergotism in mammals. Protist members of the plant holobiont are less well-studied, with most knowledge oriented towards pathogens. However, there are examples of commensalistic plant-protist associations, such as Phytomonas (Trypanosomatidae).
Like all other organisms, plants do not lead solitary lives, as there are myriads of microbes and viruses living around and within them. Some microbes, whether endophytic or epiphytic, play diverse roles in supporting healthy plant growth, whereas others are pathogenic, which can become dominant over the beneficial ones to cause disease. In recent years, various cutting-edge tools developed for studying the associations between microbes and plants and extensive modern research on plant microbiomes have dramatically furthered knowledge on ecological functions and key roles of the plant microbiome in supporting plant adaptability to dynamic environments. Currently, plant-associated microorganisms are considered reservoirs of additional genes and traits, which are critical to the growth and development of the host. Furthermore, the plant pathobiome—which represents the disease-causing agents in the context of the interaction between the microbial communities and plant host in its biotic environment—is another important component of the plant microbiome that remains relatively understudied.
Research focussing on the widely accepted one pathogen–one disease hypothesis has led to many breakthroughs, such as the identification of diseases and novel disease-causing organisms, as well as the development of control strategies using effective compounds against individual pathogens, which have proven successful in controlling several diseases. However, this came at the cost of neglect of plant pathology in a holistic approach—or systems-based plant pathology—in which communities and their interactions are considered rather than individual organisms. This reductionist scheme has limited our ability to overcome certain important challenges, such as the emergence of novel and severe diseases, with little that could be done to counter these diseases without considering the associated biotic factors.
The plant holobiont
As functional macrobes living in a close association with diverse communities of microbes and viruses, plants should be considered a "holobiont", viewed as a complex system in continuous interaction with the resident microbes and the surrounding environment. The microbes with their functional genes represent the plant microbiome, or the phytobiome, and their composition may differ among individual plants, as well as across various stages of growth or sites and tissues of the same plant. Despite the extensive taxonomic overlap between the microbiomes of different plant tissues, each compartment exhibits a unique composition of strains and species, as evidenced from the specificity of different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in various tissues of plants within the same genus. The beneficial roles of microbes associated with plants include, but are not limited to, supporting plant growth at different stages starting from seed germination, promoting plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and assisting plants in nutrient uptake. The plant growth-promoting bacteria and the arbuscular mycorrhiza represent the beneficial microbes that are mostly involved in supporting plant growth and nutrition by facilitating nutrients mobilisation. The mycorrhizae were even reported to manipulate plant hormonal signalling to facilitate their colonisation of the root surface in a way similar to the mechanisms of some pathogenic microbes, while in this case, the hijacking is beneficial for the host plant.
Alternatively, pathogenic microbes are also a part of the phytobiome, although this concept has been partly overlooked in most studies on this topic. Despite their presence within the microbial communities, pathogenic microbes are differentiated from the rest of the phytobiome based on their ability to damage the plant tissues through transient blooming under specific conditions, which is consistent with the core concept of the disease triangle in epidemiology.
Defining specific taxonomic groups as pathogenic or beneficial could be misleading, as some microbial genera might include beneficial members that support growth at certain stages of a plant species, but are pathogenic at another stage or to other plant species. For instance, while some members of the genus Rhizoctonia are essential for promoting seed germination and supporting the growth of certain orchid species, others are devastating pathogens causing seedling damping-off, root rot, stem rot, and canker in several plants and even post-harvest rot in some crops. Therefore, studying the types and taxonomic composition of plant microbiomes might not be sufficient to completely understand the roles of the plant microbiome, and the functional potential of the characterised microbial structure must be investigated within their communities.
Studies have shown that under specific conditions, the stable, beneficial plant microbiome may be altered to facilitate the development and establishment of certain diseases. A model representing this phenomenon is the olive knot disease caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. Savastanoi. The knots formed by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. Savastanoi in the aerial parts of olive trees harbour a specific multi-species community of endophytic non-pathogenic bacteria, which cooperate with the main causative bacteria to enhance disease severity. The well-documented co-existence and shared quorum-sensing signals of specific bacterial communities of Pantoea and Erwinia in the olive knots and the causative agent Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. Savastanoi in different olive-growing regions of the world suggests the co-evolution and conserved roles of this bacterial consortium in promoting disease development. Co-inoculation of Pantoea and Erwinia species with Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. Savastanoi facilitated bacterial colonisation, nutrient exploitation, plant defence disruption, and knot enlargement.
In this context, plant pathogenic microbes may specifically manipulate the structure of the plant microbiome to generate conditions conducive to their own survival and colonisation. Kim et al. demonstrated that the plant pathogen Burkholderia glumae employs the specific type-6 secretion system (T6SS) for interaction with rice endophytic microbes, thereby reducing the populations of specific bacterial genera, such as Luteibacter and Dyella, which promote plant growth and contribute to protection against pathogenic bacteria. Metagenomic analysis in their study also revealed significant changes in the community structure of endophytic microbiota in infected rice plants compared with non-infected plants or plants infected with a T6SS-defective B. glumae mutant. Specifically, these changes facilitated the colonisation and establishment of B. glumae at the early stages of infection.
Another example in which the plant-associated beneficial bacteria turn harmful under specific conditions to support the development of the disease is the root-knot caused by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nematode infection is associated with the presence of specific microbes harbouring abundant genes involved in pathogenesis, such as genes encoding plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Hence, assessments of the taxonomic composition should always be aligned to functional analyses of the existing microbial communities, and the plant holobiont should be separated into the symbiome or pathobiome under specific conditions based on function rather than taxonomy. Overall, the plant holobiont could be represented as a never-ending war between the allies of pathogenic microbes, as the pathobiome, and the key beneficial microbes, as the symbiome.
Symbiotic relationships
Under natural conditions, plants are always associated with a well-orchestrated community of microbes — the phytomicrobiome. The nature and degree of microbial effect on the plant host can be positive, neutral, or negative, and depends largely on the environment. The phytomicrobiome is integral for plant growth and function; microbes play a key role in plant nutrient acquisition, biotic and abiotic stress management, physiology regulation through microbe-to-plant signals, and growth regulation via the production of phytohormones. Relationships between the plant and phytomicrobiome members vary in intimacy, ranging from casual associations between roots and the rhizosphere microbial community, to endophytes that live between plant cells, to the endosymbiosis of microbes by the plant cell resulting in mitochondria and chloroplasts. If we consider these key organelles to also be members of the phytomicrobiome, how do we distinguish between the two? If we accept the mitochondria and chloroplasts as both members of the phytomicrobiome and the plant (entrained microbes), the influence of microbes on the evolution of plants becomes so profound that without microbes, the concept of the "plant" is not viable.
The phytomicrobiome is composed of a community of microorganisms that associate and interact with a host plant including bacteria, archaea, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, protozoa, algae, and nematodes. Collectively, the plant and its phytomicrobiome are a holobiont, a term originally coined by Adolf Meyer-Abich but most frequently associated with and popularized by Lynn Margulis and rigorously explored by Bordenstein and Theis. While the phytomicrobiome includes parasitic and commensal microbes, it also includes mutualists, or beneficial microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi (MF) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) that enable the plant holobiont to survive within a wide range of environments. Beneficial microbes mediate plant holobiont responses to abiotic and biotic stresses and allow the plant holobiont to adapt to environmental variations. The plant host can then modify the abundance and composition of beneficial microbial species within the phytomicrobiome, at least in part, by secreting biochemical compounds. This selection occurs most strongly in the endosphere, followed by the rhizoplane, and finally the rhizosphere. For example, root exudates can select for and promote the growth of certain beneficial microbes by serving as carbon and/or energy sources for microbial metabolism.
The earliest and arguably most essential example of a specific symbiotic function within the plant holobiome arose from the endosymbiosis of an alphaproteobacterium and a cyanobacterium. These microbes are now the mitochondrion and chloroplast, respectively, and are microbes that have been fully integrated into plant cells (see diagram). These endosymbionts did not replace particular functions of the ancestral organism, but rather provided new functions, giving an evolutionarily competitive edge to the newly evolving plants.
In this paper, we focus on how beneficial bacteria and fungi, a relatively small fraction of the phytomicrobiome, have had a disproportionately large influence on plant holobiont evolution. We also review the fundamental roles that the phytomicrobiome plays in plant holobiont development and survival. Finally, we propose that a greater integration of holobiont theory should be incorporated into the plant sciences.
Origin of the plant holobiont
Endosymbiosis of prokaryotes and the rise of plant holobionts
Life on earth is believed to stem from a single origin, the microbial ancestor that emerged as early as 3.5 billion years ago. According to endosymbiosis theory, about 1.5 billion years ago, a proto-eukaryotic cell engulfed an alphaproteobacteria, forming an endosymbiotic relationship, and gradually developed into what is now recognized as the mitochondrion (see diagram). Mitochondria use alternative electron acceptors to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and are now the most important organelle for plant respiration since they enable metabolic reactions to convert energy into usable forms.
Approximately half of a billion years later, eukaryotic cells containing mitochondria engulfed cyanobacteria (photosynthetic prokaryotes), which like the alphaproteobacteria became fully incorporated into and dependent on plant cells, resulting in the chloroplast (diagram). Chloroplasts convert energy from the sun into carbohydrates, using water as the electron donor. However, large-scale gene loss from plastids has occurred during the course of evolution, and higher plant chloroplasts now contain only 120–130 genes compared with the 1700 to 7500 genes contained in cyanobacterial genomes. In spite of their reduced genome size, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria still carry out some of the same functions, ranging from gene expression to metabolism. For example, it is clear that the protein targeting system of cyanobacteria is similar to that of the chloroplast.
Organisms have been described as entities evolved from constituent elements that are highly cooperative and minimally conflicting; however, there is ongoing debate regarding the levels of cooperation and conflict within holobionts. In plants, chloroplasts and mitochondria are highly cooperative with plant cells while relationships between the plant and the phytomicrobiome are more varied including the mutualistic and parasitic interactions. For example, relationships between plants and PGPB are organismal given that they are highly cooperative and low conflict in nature. On the other hand, some plant-microbe interactions are more opportunistic for one member and therefore are not organismal. The plant is therefore a eukaryotic organism, with prokaryotic constituents (entrained microbes), that interacts with its phytomicrobiome to form the plant holobiont. As a result, the difference between the plant and the phytomicrobiome blurs and the concept of the holobiont becomes pre-eminent. It can then be argued that the influence of microbes on the evolution of plants is so profound that without microbes, the concept of the “plant” fails.
Transition to land
The phytomicrobiome helps the plant holobiont survive in a variety of environments. In fact, early in their evolution, plants could not have successfully transitioned from the aquatic environments inhabited by their ancestors without functional support from the phytomicrobiome. The phytomicrobiome has likely been shaped to impart additional genes to the holobiont, therefore altering the niches available to the plant; this allows the plant to adjust its behavior to suit the conditions of its immediate environment. A selective advantage provides the plant holobiont with functional plasticity, allowing it to better access resources and improve its nutrition, growth, and stress tolerance. For further analysis on the roles in which the phytomicrobiome plays in plant holobiont evolution, see several recent reviews.
See also
Seagrass holobiont
References
Holobionts | Plant holobiont | [
"Biology"
] | 3,751 | [
"Symbiosis",
"Holobionts"
] |
65,430,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals%20%28journal%29 | Metals is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering related scientific research and technology development. It was established in 2011 and is published by MDPI in affiliation with the Portuguese Society of Materials and the Spanish Materials Society. The editor-in-chief is Hugo F. Lopez (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee). The journal publishes reviews, regular research papers, short communications, and book reviews. There are occasional special issues.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
References
External links
Official Website
Academic journals established in 2011
Open access journals
Materials science journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
MDPI academic journals | Metals (journal) | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 152 | [
"Materials science journals",
"Materials science"
] |
65,431,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusoge | In Japanese video gaming, a , , is an unenjoyable or poorly made video game. Though the label is usually applied disparagingly, there is a subculture of celebrating kusoge.
Etymology
The term kusogē is a portmanteau of and . Though it is commonly attributed to illustrator , and occasionally to Takahashi-Meijin of Hudson Soft, it is unclear when and by whom it was popularized – or whether a single source can be attributed in the first place. By the language used in videogame magazines of the time, it appears that the word was nascent in 1986 and a common expression by 1987. In 1985 and 1986, a variety of other, less codified terms were sometimes synthesized at the author's discretion, usually combining a pejorative with the word "game" or "soft" (a wasei-eigo abbreviation of "software") – examples include , and .
A variety of similarly constructed terms exist to describe other subjective attributes – for example, , , and . The same manner of portmanteau is also used for something more akin to genres, such as and .
Culture
"Kusoge" is in essence a disparaging term, and is typically used to recommend against a video game. Nonetheless, a subculture that celebrates kusoge and seeks them out has established itself. This is similar to paracinema or camp appreciation of works of art: often but not always ironic; reveling in what is incoherent, odd, absurd, flawed, or broken. This counter-cultural appreciation of kusoge can at the very least be traced back to the , a regular column in the video game magazine Used Games (later known as GAMESIDE), which started publication in 1996. In the fighting game community, kusoge typically refers to fighting games that are severely unbalanced for competitive play through design mistakes or bugs, which can lead to ridiculous strategies, and thus these games are considered funny and not just bad.
In later years, the word "kusoge" has occasionally been embraced by video game companies. Taito described Takeshi no Chōsenjō as in marketing for the game's 2017 smartphone re-release. Sunsoft similarly used the word in the marketing for the 2023 video game Ikki Unite – a sequel to noted kusoge Ikki – stating in a press release that .
See also
List of video games notable for negative reception
Notes
References
Concepts in aesthetics
Cultural trends
Japanese words and phrases
Pejorative terms related to technology
Video game terminology | Kusoge | [
"Technology"
] | 518 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Video game terminology"
] |
65,432,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP107%20family | Cytochrome P450, family 107, also known as CYP107, is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family in bacteria, found to be conserved and highly populated in Streptomyces and Bacillus species. The first gene identified in this family is Cytochrome P450 eryF (CYP107A1) from Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Many enzymes of this family are involved in the synthesis of macrolide antibiotics. The members of this family are widely distributed in Alphaproteobacteria, cyanobacterial, Mycobacterium, Bacillota, and Streptomyces species, which may be due to horizontal gene transfer driven by selection pressure.
References
107
Protein families | CYP107 family | [
"Biology"
] | 165 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
65,433,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal%20recognition%20of%20pregnancy | Maternal recognition of pregnancy is a crucial aspect of carrying a pregnancy to full term. Without maternal recognition to maintain pregnancy, the initial messengers which stop luteolysis and promote foetal implantation, growth and uterine development finish with nothing to replace them and the pregnancy is lost.
Pregnancy maintenance relies on the continued production of progesterone which is initially produced by the corpus luteum (CL). A hormone secreting structure that develops on the ovary after ovulation. Maternal recognition of pregnancy differs between species, however they all include a signal to prevent luteolysis, which then prevents the resumption of menstrual or oestrous cycles.
Luteolysis is the regression of the corpus luteum. The process is identified by the decline of progesterone and it signifies the absence of pregnancy following ovulation. In the non pregnant uterus, the decline of progesterone allows the return of oestrogen, resulting in the upregulation of oxytocin receptors and consequently pulsatile release of PGF2α. In turn, luteolysis is induced. This regression allows the continuation of the menstrual cycle.
However, if pregnancy is established, luteolysis is evaded via maternal recognition of pregnancy because high levels of progesterone are maintained by the CL and the placental hormone hCG further maintains the CL.
Mechanisms of recognition
Human
Progesterone released from the corpus luteum is promoted by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) produced by the cells of the trophoblast, the outer layer of cells of the early embryo.
Sheep and cow
In most ruminant species, interferon tau has been identified as the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy . Interferon tau is therefore also referred to as an anti luteolytic factor, essential for the maintenance of the corpus luteum.
Interferon tau is secreted by the trophectoderm of the blastocyst from around day 10 in ovine species and from day 15 in bovine species. Interferon tau acts on the endometrial cells of the maternal uterus to prevent the production of the luteolytic factor, PGF2ɑ. The inhibition of PGF2ɑ production is the result of a change in gene expression. Interferon tau inhibits the transcription of the oxytocin receptor gene in both sheep and cows, and also the oestrogen receptor ɑ gene in sheep. The absence of these receptors in the cells of the endometrium prevents the pulsatile release of PGF2ɑ.
References
Reproduction in animals
Reproduction in mammals
Hormones | Maternal recognition of pregnancy | [
"Biology"
] | 558 | [
"Reproduction in animals",
"Behavior",
"Reproduction"
] |
65,434,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20P.%20Dolciani%20Award | The Mary P. Dolciani Award is an award established in 2012 by the Mathematical Association of America. The award recognizes a pure or applied mathematician with a record of distinguished contributions to K-16 mathematics education in the United States or Canada and comes with a $5,000 award. Examples of significant contributions include, but are not limited to, the development of K-16 mathematics curriculum, educational technology, or programs to improve teaching or teacher preparation. The prize is funded by a grant established by mathematician, educator, and author Mary P. Dolciani, who dedicated her career to improving mathematics education and is the author of several secondary- and college-level mathematics textbooks.
It should be distinguished from the Mary P. Dolciani Prize for Excellence in Research, awarded beginning in 2019 by the American Mathematical Society.
Award recipients
2024: Darryl Yong, Harvey Mudd College
2023: Stan Yoshinobu, University of Toronto
2022: Roger Howe, Texas A&M University
2021: John Ewing, Math for America
2020: Henry O. Pollak, Columbia University
2019: Joseph Gallian, University of Minnesota Duluth
2018: Al Cuoco, Distinguished Scholar, Education Development Center
2017: Tatiana Shubin, San Jose State University
2015: Sybilla Beckmann, University of Georgia
2014: Alan H. Schoenfeld, University of California at Berkeley
2013: Hyman Bass, University of Michigan
2012: William G. McCallum, University of Arizona
References
Mathematics awards | Mary P. Dolciani Award | [
"Technology"
] | 299 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science award stubs",
"Mathematics awards"
] |
65,434,892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204365 | NGC 4365 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by William Herschel on April 13, 1784.
NGC 4365 is the central galaxy of W' cloud, a cloud of galaxies about 6 megaparsecs behind (further from us than) the Virgo Supercluster.
NGC 4365 has a kinematically distinct, counter-rotating stellar core region, which provides strong evidence for the theory that elliptical galaxies grow through mergers. The mean age of its stellar population is greater than 12 billion years, and it retains a triaxial structure that has remained largely unchanged for 12 billion years. Because supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies tend to scatter stars into chaotic new orbits, the longevity of NGC 4365's triaxial structure and kinematically distinct stellar populations indicates that it cannot have a supermassive black hole with a mass greater than .
There is a stream of globular clusters connecting NGC 4365 to the neighboring compact S0 galaxy NGC 4342. It appears that NGC 4365 is stripping globular clusters and stars from its neighbor via tidal interaction.
References
External links
Virgo (constellation)
Elliptical galaxies
4365
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
040375 | NGC 4365 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 252 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,435,579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eran%20Rabani | Eran Rabani (Hebrew: ערן רבני) is an Israeli theoretical chemist. He is a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, holding the Glenn T. Seaborg Chair in Physical Chemistry, and at the Tel Aviv University. Rabani serves as the director of The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, and as a faculty scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Education
Rabani received his B.Sc. in chemistry from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1991. Under the supervision of Raphael David Levine, Rabani studied molecular Rydberg states, completing his PhD. in 1996. Having completed his post-doctoral fellowship at Columbia University in 1999 he joined the faculty of the School of Chemistry at the Tel Aviv University.
Career
Rabani's interest in the theory of nanomaterials rose during his post-doctoral stay in the group of Bruce J. Berne at Columbia University, studying the electronic properties of cadmium selenide nanocrystals. This work included the first application of the filter-diagonalization method for the study of electronic structure, as well as the first quantitative study interactions between nanocrystals. Later early work in Rabani's independent career included further the study of the latter, the highlight of which is the theoretical study of drying-induced self-assembly of nanocrystals.
Starting in 2012, Rabani has been working extensively with Roi Baer (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and Daniel Neuhauser (University of California, Los Angeles) on applying stochastic methods for the study of the electronic structure of large systems, such as nanocrystals, including stochastic formulations of the random-phase approximation, second order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory and density functional theory. Such methods have allowed the calculation of GW self-energies of 10,000 electrons-large systems with linear scaling.
Rabani became a full professor at Tel Aviv University in 2008. In 2014 he joined the faculty of the department of chemistry at University of California, Berkeley and later the faculty of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2015. Rabani has held various positions, including serving as the Vice President for Research and Development at Tel Aviv University, where today he is the director of The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science. In 2015 Rabani joined the editorial board of the American Chemical Society journal Nano Letters as an associate editor.
Rabani has an h-index of 47 as of 2020, having published more than 230 papers which were cited more than 8600 times. Among his doctoral students throughout the years is Oded Hod, a faculty member at Tel Aviv University.
Awards
Source:
Visiting Miller Research Professorship, University of California, Berkeley 2010
Marie Curie IOF, 2010 - 2013
J.T. Oden Faculty Fellow, University of Texas, Austin 2009
Invited Professorship, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris 2008 - 2009
The Michael Bruno memorial award, Yad Hanadiv, 2006
ICS Prize for Excellent Young Chemists, Israel Chemical Society, 2003
The Friedenberg Foundation Award, Israel Science Foundation, 2002
The Bergmann Memorial Research Award, United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, 2000
The Yigal Alon Fellowship, The Israeli Council of Higher Education, 1999 - 2002
The Fulbright Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1997
The Rothschild Postdoctoral Fellowship, Yad Hanadiv, 1996
Community activity
Rabani served as a council member and the vice mayor of Har Adar between the years 2008–2010.
References
Israeli chemists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli nanotechnologists
Jewish scientists
Living people
Jewish chemists
1967 births
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Theoretical chemists
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty | Eran Rabani | [
"Chemistry"
] | 762 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Physical chemists"
] |
65,436,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2orf74 | C2orf74, also known as LOC339804, is a protein encoding gene located on the short arm of chromosome 2 near position 15 (2p15). Isoform 1 of the gene is 19,713 base pairs long. C2orf74 has orthologs in 135 different species, including primarily placental mammals and some marsupials.
The protein encoded by the C2orf74 gene has two isoforms, the longest of which (isoform 1) is 187 amino acids in length. This protein is linked to the development of autoimmune disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis and diseases affecting the colon
Gene
C2orf74 is a gene located on the plus strand at 2p15 in humans. It is 19,713 base pairs in length beginning at 61,145,116 and ending at 61,164,828 and includes 8 exons. Other genes within its neighborhood include KIAA841, LOC105374759, LOC105374758, LOC339803, AHSA2P, USP34, and SNORA70B.
Transcripts
Transcript variants
C2orf74 has 6 validated mRNA products created via alternative splicing that give rise to two different isoforms. An extended version of Isoform 1 has also been sequenced utilizing a 5' in frame start codon, though this protein product is not formally acknowledged as a separate isoform by NCBI.
The above table is a compilation of the transcript variants of C2orf74 acknowledged on the C2orf74 gene page of NCBI.
Proteins
There are two known isoforms of the C2orf74 encoded protein. Isoform 1 is derived from transcript variant 1, and is 187 amino acids in length. There is a putative N-terminal extension of this isoform that utilizes a 5' start codon and adds 7 amino acids to the start of isoform 1, bringing the length of the protein up to 194 amino acids. Isoform 2 is derived from any one of transcript variants 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. It is created using an alternative promoter, features a different 5'UTR, and a shorter N-terminal end that excludes the first 3 exons that comprise the N-terminal end of exon 1. The result is a shorter protein 115 amino acids in length that lacks a highly conserved transmembrane domain featured at the N-terminal end of isoform 1.
The above figure depicts a conceptual translation of isoform 1 of C2orf74 made using SixFrame. Exon boundaries are depicted in blue font. The 5'UTR of this protein is shown to have an upstream in frame stop codon (red), and an upstream in frame start codon (green). The putative N-terminal extension is depicted in light gray. The N-terminal transmembrane domain is highlighted in lavender. Regions conserved among orthologs are highlighted in cyan, while regions prone to deletion are highlighted in gray. Phosphorylation sites are highlighted in red with the phosphorylated amino acid underlined. Significant SNPs are highlighted in pink with a key pictured to the right detailing the type of change and reason for inclusion. Polyadenylation signals in the 3'UTR are highlighted in orange.
Isoform 1
Isoform 1 of the C2orf74 protein has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 21 kDa, and a pI of 5.74. It does not display any unique amino acid composition, cysteine spacing, number of multiplets, or periodicity. This protein isoform has a putative 7 aa N-terminal extension It contains a 21 aa transmembrane region at position 7.
Domains
The transmembrane region begins 7 amino acids from the N-terminal end of the protein, and ends at the 29th amino acid in humans. This region has been identified by NCBI, as well as being supported by biochemical analysis. The biochemical qualities characterizing this region as a transmembrane region include a neutral charge cluster and a high-scoring hydrophobic segment, as well as alpha-helical secondary structure. This region is also highly conserved among all orthologs, indicating it as a region of functional significance.
The region downstream of the transmembrane region is considered a domain of unknown function (DUF) within pfam 15484. Approximately 52% of this portion of the protein is considered to be disordered, making confidence in prediction of domain function difficult. However, the C-terminal end is highly conserved among all orthologs.
Structure
C2orf74 isoform 1 is shown to be dominated primarily by helical secondary structure, with only short regions being predicted to include beta sheet conformations. Predictions of tertiary structure tend to showcase a globular DUF, at the end of a helical transmembrane domain. Structural predictions of isoform 2 which includes only the DUF also appear to be strictly globular in conformation.
subcellular localization
The presence of a transmembrane domain indicates that Isoform 1 of the C2orf74 product is found within a membranous cellular structure. Analysis of likely subcellular localization among orthologs indicates the C2orf74 product is most likely found in the nuclear membrane, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum. Immunocytochemical imaging shows C2orf74 to be localized to the centromere, while immunohistochemical imaging shows it to be centralized in the cytosol.
Gene level regulation
Promoter
C2orf74 has 3 possible promoters that produce complete protein isoforms. Isoform 1 could be made by either GXP_6040264 or GXP_2056207, though GXP_6040264 shows the most promise, as it has a higher number of CAGE tags (249) than GXP_2056207 (133), and is conserved among several orthologs. Isoform 2 is made by the promoter GXP_649849.
GXP_6040264 contains over 300 transcription factor binding sites, with a fork head domain factor (V$FKHD), a bromodomain and PHD domain transcription factor (V$BPTF), and a sex/testes determining and related HMG box factor (V$SORY) being the most conserved regions among mammals.
Expression
C2orf74 is expressed at minimal levels in several cell types. Due to the low levels of expression, meaningful trends in localization are difficult to discern. In situ hybridization of C2orf74 and some RNA sequencing assays indicate potential for localization in the cerebellum. Microarray data from NCBI GEO indicates lower levels of C2orf74 expression in individuals with colorectal tumors such as adenomas or cancerous colorectal tumors when compared to normal mucosa or tumors of non-colorectal origin such as carcinomas.
Transcript level regulation
The 5' region of transcript variant 1 is 232 bp in length and features an upstream in frame stop codon as well as an upstream in frame start codon. When expressed, this start codon would add a 7 aa N-terminal extension to transcript variant 1. Analysis of potential 3D structure of the 5'UTR of isoform 1 shows the presence of 2 hairpin structures. The 5' UTR of transcript variants 2 through 6 differs from that of transcript variant 1. However, the 5' UTR differs a great degree between orthologs, indicating that it may not be a region of great importance in terms of transcriptional regulation.
The 3' UTR is conserved among all human transcript variants, though it does not show significant conservation among mammalian species. It is 301 bp in length, and contains two polyadenylation signals at 981 bp and 1071 bp respectively. It also contains two partially conserved mi-RNA binding sites at 73 bp (has-mir-241) and 270 bp (has-miR-23), though neither of the mi-RNAs predicted to bind appear to be present in the human transcriptome. The human 3'UTR is found to be rich in stem-loop structures
Protein level regulation
C2orf74 is predicted to have 4 CK2 phosphorylation sites, as well as 3 PKC phosphorylation sites. The presence of CK2 and PKC phosphorylation sites are common among many orthologs. Myristoylation sites are also common among c2orf74 orthologs, though they are less conserved.
Significance of Phosphorylation sites
CK2
Caesin Kinase 2 is a protein kinase that is serine/threonine specific and plays a significant role in cell signaling pathways related to cell cycling, regulation, and development. Association with C2orf74 may implicate it as a member of an intracellular phosphorylation chain governing cell development, and explain its association with conditions such as cancer and autoimmunity.
PKC
Protein kinase C is a family of protein kinases that are serine and threonine specific and play a role in regulating a broad range of cellular functions, particularly those involving phosphorylation cascades. As with CK2, C2orf74's association with PKC may implicate it as a signaling molecule involved in a phosphorylation cascade. This may provide context as to the nature of C2orf74's relationship to autoimmune disease and cancer.
Homology
Orthologs
C2orf74 first appeared in mammals and is found in animals as distantly related to humans as marsupials. The table below highlights 20 selected orthologs from various mammalian clades arranged by date of divergence from the human lineage. Red tiles indicate high similarity to the human sequence and blue tiles indicate low similarity. In general, the samples follow the pattern in which more recent evolutionary diversion results in more similar genotypes. Notable exceptions, however, include the galago, mouse, and manatee.
Rate of Evolution
The figures below show in more detail the evolutionary history of C2orf74. To the right is a comparison of the divergence rate of C2orf74 compared to that of cytochrome C and fibrinogen alpha. Given that fibrinogen alpha in this figure serves as a standard example of a rapidly changing protein, one can see that C2orf74 is evolving quite quickly.
Protein interactions
Transcription factors
There are three types of transcription factors that have been predicted to bind to C2orf74. These transcription factors are POT1, SMAGP, and SRPK1.
POT1
POT1 is a telomere end binding protein. It is as of yet unclear how this relates to the predicted function of C2orf74 given previous research and predictions of subcellular localization.
SMAGP
SMAGP is a small transmembrane and glycosylated protein. Association with SMAGP makes sense given the subcellular localization of both structures to the nuclear membrane. Its possible that association with SMAGP may aid C2orf74 as a protein complex associated with intracellular signaling pathways.
SRPK1
SRPK1 is a protein kinase localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Association with SRPK1 also makes sense for C2orf74 given the subcellular localization of both proteins and implication in phosphorylative processes.
Clinical significance
Disease association
Bowel disease
Several studies have been able to link differential C2orf74 functionality to bowel disease. Two separate studies have identified C2orf74 as a potential susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease. Furthermore, various studies reported in NCBI GEO show differential expression of C2orf74 in benign and cancerous colorectal tumor tissues.
Autoimmune disease
Aside from Crohn's disease, C2orf74 has also been found to be a susceptibility locus for ankylosing spondylitis, and generally for other nondescript autoimmune conditions. The SNP believed to play a role in C2orf74's relationship to ankylosing spondylitis is found within the coding region of the gene, and is denoted in the conceptual translation found in the Protein section above.
Mutations (SNPs of interest)
At 36aa there is a missense SNP that may be either a Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) or an Aspartate (Asp, D). This is caused by a SNP is associated with ankylosing spondylitis can be found at 319 bp on transcript variant 1
References
Genealogy
Proteins | C2orf74 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,655 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Phylogenetics",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins",
"Genealogy"
] |
65,436,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20chloride%20complex | In chemistry, a transition metal chloride complex is a coordination complex that consists of a transition metal coordinated to one or more chloride ligand. The class of complexes is extensive.
Bonding
Halides are X-type ligands in coordination chemistry. They are both σ- and π-donors. Chloride is commonly found as both a terminal ligand and a bridging ligand. The halide ligands are weak field ligands. Due to a smaller crystal field splitting energy, the homoleptic halide complexes of the first transition series are all high spin. Only [CrCl6]3− is exchange inert.
Homoleptic metal halide complexes are known with several stoichiometries, but the main ones are the hexahalometallates and the tetrahalometallates. The hexahalides adopt octahedral coordination geometry, whereas the tetrahalides are usually tetrahedral. Square planar tetrahalides are known for Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III). Examples with 2- and 3-coordination are common for Au(I), Cu(I), and Ag(I).
Due to the presence of filled pπ orbitals, halide ligands on transition metals are able to reinforce π-backbonding onto a π-acid. They are also known to labilize cis-ligands.
Homoleptic complexes
Homoleptic complexes (complexes with only chloride ligands) are often common reagents. Almost all examples are anions.
1st row
2nd row
Some homoleptic complexes of the second row transition metals feature metal-metal bonds.
3rd row
Heteroleptic complexes
Heteroleptic complexes containing chloride are numerous. Most hydrated metal halides are members of this class. Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride and Cisplatin (cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2) are prominent examples of metal-ammine-chlorides.
Hydrates
As indicated in the table below, many hydrates of metal chlorides are molecular complexes. These compounds are often important commercial sources of transition metal chlorides. Several hydrated metal chlorides are not molecular and thus are not included in this tabulation. For example the dihydrates of manganese(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, copper(II) chloride, iron(II) chloride, and cobalt(II) chloride are coordination polymers.
Adducts
Metal chlorides form adducts with ethers to give transition metal ether complexes.
References
Coordination chemistry
Coordination complexes
Inorganic compounds | Transition metal chloride complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 527 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Coordination complexes",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Salts",
"Metal halides"
] |
65,440,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Busch%20%28physicist%29 | Paul Busch (15 February 1955 – 9 June 2018) was a German-born mathematical physicist, known for his work in quantum mechanics. He made pioneering contributions to quantum measurement theory, being an advocate of the use of POVMs, and to the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, where he developed a mathematical formulation of a measurement-disturbance relation.
He was a professor of mathematics at the University of Hull and the University of York. He published over 100 scientific articles and co-authored three books: The Quantum Theory of Measurement, Operational Quantum Physics and Quantum Measurement.
Early life and education
Busch was born in Refrath, a district of Bergisch Gladbach, Germany in February 1955. He studied at the University of Cologne, obtaining a Diploma in Physics in 1979 and a Ph.D. in 1982 under the supervision of Peter Mittelstaedt. The title of his Ph.D. thesis was Indeterminacy relations and simultaneous measurements in quantum theory. He followed his PhD with a Habilitation in Mathematical Physics from the University of Cologne, for a thesis entitled Physical aspects of a generalised observable concept in quantum theory.
Career
Busch held positions at Florida Atlantic University (1986), the Max Planck Institute (Göttingen) (1987–88), and the University of Heidelberg (1994). In 1995, he moved to the University of Hull, where he was successively lecturer, reader and professor of mathematical physics; he was head of the department of mathematics from 2001 to 2005. He joined the University of York as professor of mathematics in 2005, where he remained until his death. He was additionally an adjunct professor of theoretical physics at the University of Turku in Finland (from 1991), and also held visiting professorships at the Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University (1994–95) and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario (2005–07).
He died in June 2018 after a short illness.
Honours
Busch was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Physics in 2014 and a full member of L'Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences in 2016. He was President of the International Quantum Structures Association (2016 until his death).
References
External links
Paul Busch's website containing his CV from Jan 2018
Stefan Weigert "Paul Busch 1955 – 2018"
1956 births
2018 deaths
People from Bergisch Gladbach
20th-century German physicists
21st-century German physicists
Academics of the University of Hull
Academics of the University of York
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
German expatriates in England
University of Cologne alumni
Quantum physicists | Paul Busch (physicist) | [
"Physics"
] | 517 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
65,440,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel%205 | The Pixel 5 is an Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. It serves as the successor to the Pixel 4. It was officially announced on September 30, 2020 at the "Launch Night In" event alongside the Pixel 4a (5G) and released in the United States on October 29, 2020. It is the first flagship smartphone in the Pixel lineup not to feature an XL version. On October 19, 2021, it was succeeded by the Pixel 6 and Pixel 6 Pro.
Specifications
Design and hardware
The Pixel 5 is constructed using a "100% recycled aluminum enclosure" and Gorilla Glass 6 for the screen. The device is available in Just Black and Sorta Sage colors, both of which have a matte finish. The housing has a thick coating of plastic, while the power button is anodized with a metallic finish. The bottom of the device has a USB-C connector which is used for charging and audio output. It has stereo speakers, one of which is an under display unit with the other speaker located to the right of the USB-C port. The back houses a capacitive fingerprint reader, which had been removed on the Pixel 4.
The Pixel 5 uses the mid-range Qualcomm Snapdragon 765G system-on-chip (consisting of eight Kryo 475 cores, an Adreno 620 GPU and a Hexagon 696 DSP), with 8 GB of LPDDR4X RAM and 128 GB of non-expandable UFS 2.1 internal storage. The Snapdragon 765G allows for standard 5G connectivity; both "sub-6" and millimeter-wave (mmWave) networks are supported.
The Pixel 5 has a 4080mAh battery, a significant increase over its predecessor's 2800 mAh battery. It is capable of fast-charging at up to 18 W, and supports Qi wireless charging as well as reverse wireless charging. This is enabled through a cutout in the back panel for the wireless charging coil, covered by bio-resin. It retains the water protection rating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529. The Pixel 4's Motion Sense capabilities and facial recognition have been omitted, as well as Active Edge and Pixel Neural Core.
The Pixel 5 features a 6-inch (152mm) 1080p OLED display with HDR10+ support, that operates at a refresh rate of up to 90 Hz; it dynamically adjusts depending on content to preserve battery life. The display has a 19.5:9 aspect ratio, and adopts a design aesthetic similar to the Pixel 4a, with slim uniform bezels and a circular cutout in the upper left hand corner for the front-facing camera.
The Pixel 5 includes dual rear-facing cameras located within a raised square module. While the wide camera is unchanged, it includes an ultrawide lens replacing the Pixel 4's telephoto lens. The wide 28 mm 77° f/1.7 lens has the Sony Exmor IMX363 12.2-megapixel sensor, while the ultrawide 107° f/2.2 lens has a 16-megapixel sensor; both sensors are shared with the Pixel 4a (5G). The front-facing camera uses an 8-megapixel sensor. Along with the Pixel 4a (5G), it is the first Pixel phone capable of recording 4K video at 60 fps, as previous Pixel phones were limited to 30 fps. Although it lacks Pixel Neural Core, Pixel Visual Core has been reworked to support Live HDR+ and Dual Exposure features present on the Pixel 4. Additional software improvements include a new Portrait Light mode, Portrait Mode for Night Sight, a Cinematic Pan setting and HDR+ with exposure bracketing.
Software
The Pixel 5 shipped with Android 11 and version 8.0 of the Google Camera app at launch, with features such as Call Screen and a Personal Safety app. A new feature introduced concurrently on the Pixel 4a (5G) is Extreme Battery Saver, which stops background app processing and only lets essential apps run. It will be available on older Pixel models as a part of a future software update. It is expected to receive 3 years of major OS upgrades with support extending until 2023.
The Pixel 5 is the last Pixel phone to ship with unlimited storage in high definition on Google Photos, with subsequent phones (beginning with the Pixel 5a and Pixel 6 series) no longer including this offer.
References
External links
Launch Night In
Android (operating system) devices
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Foxconn
Google hardware
Google Pixel
Mobile phones introduced in 2020
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras | Pixel 5 | [
"Technology"
] | 969 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
65,440,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacotoma | Polyplacotoma mediterranea is a species in the phylum Placozoa, only representative of the genus Polyplacotoma. They differ greatly from other species of placozoans with regards to their morphology and genetic makeup, and have been ranked in the separate class Polyplacotomia. P. mediterranea has the smallest mitogenome, the lowest GC content, and the smallest intergenic spacer regions of all placozoans. Their bodily structure consists of elongated polytomous body branches, as well as a maximum size that is greater than 10 mm in length. The mitochondrial genome of Polyplacotoma mediterranea is also very compact and contains overlapping protein and tRNA gene codes.
References
Placozoa
Monotypic animal genera
Animals described in 2019
Parazoa | Polyplacotoma | [
"Biology"
] | 173 | [
"Parazoa",
"Animals",
"Animal stubs"
] |
65,441,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-189%20b | WASP-189 b (also known as HD 133112 b) is an extrasolar planet that has an orbital period around its host star, WASP-189 (HD 133112), of less than three earth days, and is about 322 light-years away in the Libra constellation. It was first discovered in 2018, and was observed in 2020 by CHEOPS.
Discovery and observations
WASP-189 b was first discovered in 2018. In 2020, astronomers used CHEOPS to observe it. Based on a passage behind its host star (occultation) the planet's brightness could be measured and the temperature was estimated to be . Based on a passage in front of its host star (transit) the radius is 1.6 times the radius of Jupiter. Its atmosphere contains titanium oxide, and also contains metals such as chromium, magnesium, vanadium and manganese.
See also
Hot Jupiter
Wide Angle Search for Planets
References
External links
Planet WASP-189 b
Exoplanets discovered by WASP
Exoplanets discovered in 2018
Giant planets
Hot Jupiters
Libra (constellation)
Transiting exoplanets | WASP-189 b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 227 | [
"Libra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,441,265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205533 | NGC 5533 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It was discovered by the astronomer William Herschel on May 1, 1785. It has a regular structure, with one tightly wound spiral; its disk is inclined about 53 degrees towards the line of sight.
It is a member of the NGC 5557 Group, along with several other galaxies.
Gallery
References
External links
Boötes
5533
Unbarred spiral galaxies | NGC 5533 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 88 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
78,356,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206492 | NGC6492 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pavo. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4351 ± 8km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, five non redshift measurements give a distance of . The galaxy was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 22 July 1835.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC6492 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nucleus with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 6492:
South African amateur astronomer Berto Monard discovered SN2004fv (typeIa, mag. 14.8) on 4 November 2004.
The GOTO telescope array discovered SN2024sky (typeII, mag. 16.65) on 19 August 2024.
See also
List of NGC objects (6001–7000)
References
External links
6492
061315
102-022
17576-6625
Pavo (constellation)
18350722
Discoveries by John Herschel
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies | NGC 6492 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 264 | [
"Constellations",
"Pavo (constellation)"
] |
78,357,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine | 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), also known as 3-O-methyl-α-methyldopamine, is an active metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It is substantially less potent than MDMA or 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as a monoamine releasing agent in vitro. Nonetheless, HMA has been found to induce the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine with values of 897nM, 694nM, and 1450–3423nM, respectively, and hence acts as a lower-potency serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). The predicted log P of HMA is 0.6.
See also
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA)
3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine)
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA; α-methylepinine)
2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (THA)
2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (THMA)
3,4-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA)
References
Human drug metabolites
Methoxy compounds
Phenols
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
Substituted amphetamines | 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 335 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
78,357,190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycin%20thallous%20acetate%20actidione%20agar | 'Streptomycin thallous acetate actidione agar, often abbreviated STAA, is a selective culture medium designed to favor the growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta for lab study. This medium was developed in 1966, by George Alan Gardner.
Typical composition
STAA agar typically contains (w/v):
2.0% peptone
0.2% yeast extract
0.75% glycerol
0.1% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
0.1% magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
1.3% agar
pH adjusted to 7.0 at 25 °C
After autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 minutes, the media is cooled to 50 °C and additives are added:
0.05% Streptomycin sulphate
0.005% Thallous acetate
STAA contains streptomycin sulphate, which inhibits some Gram-positive organisms and most Gram-negatives at higher concentrations, whilst Brochothrix thermosphacta remains resistant. Thallous acetate inhibits most yeasts as well as many aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria.
The test sample is homogenized in sterile 0.1% peptone water and diluted. 0.1ml volumes are transferred to the agar plate and spread across the surface. The agar plates are incubated at 22 °C for 48 hours aerobically. Typical colonies of Brochothrix thermosphacta will grow as straw-colored colonies, 0.5-1.0mm in diameter. Some Pseudomonads can be able to grow on STAA and may be differentiated from Brochothrix thermosphacta by performing an oxidase test.
References
Microbiological media | Streptomycin thallous acetate actidione agar | [
"Biology"
] | 370 | [
"Microbiological media",
"Microbiology equipment"
] |
78,357,360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%209289 | HD 9289 is a white-hued variable star in the constellation of Cetus. It has the variable-star designation BW Ceti (abbreviated to BW Cet). With an apparent magnitude of 9.38, it is too faint to be observed by the naked eye from Earth. It is located at a distance of approximately according to Gaia EDR3 parallax measurements, and is moving away from the Solar System at a heliocentric radial velocity of 11.352 km/s.
Stellar properties
HD 9289 is an A-type main-sequence star with the spectral type A3 SrEuCr. The suffix indicates that the star shows strong spectral lines of strontium, europium, and chromium, characteristic of an Ap star. The star radiates roughly 8.7 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere. It possesses a magnetic field with a strength of 2.0 kG, which is 3,000–9,000 times stronger than Earth's magnetic field (0.22–0.67 G).
The star was first classified as a rapidly oscillating Ap star (roAp) in 1993 by Kurtz et al. when it was found to pulsate at multiple periods, all clustered around 10.5 minutes (1585.06 μHz). Additional observations confirmed the presence of rotational amplitude modulation, similar to that of the well-studied roAp star HR 1217. In 2011, a new set of pulsation frequencies were discovered, the strongest of them being at 1585.936 μHz with an amplitude of 0.63 mmag. Few of them were consistent with the initial reports, however, which was explained by the fact that the measurements by Kurtz et al. were affected by aliasing that caused misidentifications, though an innate shift in the star's pulsation behavior could not be ruled out.
In 2012, the rotational period of HD 9289 was constrained to through differential photometry observations. This was revised slightly upward in 2021 to .
Binary companion
In 2012, a previously undetected visual companion was discovered at a separation of 0.441 arcseconds to the east-northeast of HD 9289. The probability that the two stars are unrelated and aligned by chance is very low (2.16 %), therefore the pair are most certainly part of a wide binary system. The secondary star is about 1.70 magnitudes fainter than the primary when observed in the K band.
References
Rapidly oscillating Ap stars
A-type main-sequence stars
009289
BD−11 00286
Cetus
J01311648-1107078
Ceti, BW | HD 9289 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 569 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
78,357,530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JaamSim | JaamSim is a free open-source software for building discrete-event simulation models, which includes drag-and-drop model building and 3D animated graphics.
Features
Drag-and-drop model building
Animated 3D graphics
Submodels
Libraries of model objects
Units for all relevant inputs, outputs, and expressions
Version control of model inputs using standard software such as Git
References
External links s
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Simulation software | JaamSim | [
"Technology"
] | 90 | [] |
78,357,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmi%209A | The Redmi 9A is a series of Android-based smartphones developed and manufactured by Xiaomi's sub-brand Redmi. It was unveiled on June 30, 2020, alongside the Redmi 9C, and was released on July 7, 2020.
On September 9, the Redmi 9AT was announced in Spain, which differs from the standard model by the addition of a second microphone for improved noise cancellation. Additionally, on September 15, 2020, the Redmi 9i was introduced in India as a version of the Redmi 9A with increased memory. Further, on September 28, 2021, the Redmi 9A Sport and Redmi 9i Sport were launched in India, primarily distinguished from the regular models by their new color options.
Specifications
Design
The screen is made of glass and the smartphone's body is made of plastic.
On the bottom, there is a microUSB port, a speaker, and a microphone. On the top, there is a 3.5mm audio jack, and a second microphone in the Redmi 9AT. On the left side, there is a slot for 2 SIM cards and a microSD memory card. Under the main camera and flash, there is a line with the Redmi logo.
The phone is available with multiple colors, depending on the variant:
The Redmi 9A and 9AT (in Spain) and was sold in 3 colors: Carbon Gray (Midnight Black), Sky Blue (Sea Blue), Ocean Green and (Nature Green).
In India, the Redmi 9i was sold in 3 colors: Midnight Black, Sea Blue, and Nature Green.
In India, the Redmi 9A Sport and 9i Sport were sold in 3 colors: Carbon Black (black), Metallic Blue (silver-blue), and Coral Green (green-blue).
Processor and GPU
All models (9A, 9AT, 9A Sport, 9i Sport) except the Redmi 9i featured with a MediaTek Helio G25 processor and a PowerVR GE8320 graphics processor.
The Redmi 9i featured with an Octa-core 4x2.0 GHz Cortex-A53 & 4x1.5 GHz Cortex-A53 processor.
Battery
The battery has a capacity of 5000 mAh.
Camera
The smartphones received a 13 MP main camera with f/2.2 aperture, phase-detection autofocus, and the ability to record video in 1080p@60fps resolution. The front camera received a 5 MP resolution, f/2.2 aperture, and the ability to record video in 1080p@30fps resolution.
Display
All phone has as IPS LCD screen, sizing about 6.53 inches, an HD+ resolution (1600 x 720 pixels) with a 20:9 aspect ratio with 269 pixels per inch, and a waterdrop notch for the front camera.
Storage
The phone's storages has a 32, 64, or 128 GB configuration with a 2/3/4 GB RAM, depending on the variant:
The Redmi 9A was sold in configurations of 2/32GB, 3/32GB, 4/64GB, 4/128GB, and 6/128GB. In Ukraine, the smartphone was only available in the 2/32GB configuration.
The Redmi 9AT was sold in the 2/32GB configuration.
The Redmi 9A Sport was sold in configurations of 2/32GB and 3/32GB.
The Redmi 9i and 9i Sport were sold in configurations of 4/64GB and 4/128GB.
Software
Smartphones were released with MIUI 12 based on Android 10. Later, Chinese and Russian versions of the Redmi 9A with MIUI were updated to MIUI 12.5 based on Android 11.
See also
Redmi 9C
Redmi 9T
Redmi Note 9
References
External links
9A
Mobile phones introduced in 2020
Phablets
Discontinued smartphones | Redmi 9A | [
"Technology"
] | 808 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
78,358,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotryptamine | Isotryptamine, also known as 2-(1-indolyl)ethylamine, is a chemical compound and positional isomer of tryptamine (2-(3-indolyl)ethylamine).
A variety of isotryptamine derivatives, or substituted isotryptamines, have been developed, including serotonergic psychedelics and psychoplastogens like 6-MeO-isoDMT; non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens like isoDMT, 5-MeO-isoDMT, and AAZ-A-154 (DLX-001); serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonists like (S)-5,6-difluoro-isoAMT, Ro60-0175 ((S)-5-fluoro-6-chloro-isoAMT), and PNU-181731; serotonin 5-HT6 receptor modulators; and dual monoamine releasing agents and serotonin receptor agonists like isoAMT (PAL-569).
References
Serotonin receptor modulators | Isotryptamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 244 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
78,359,137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioliteracy | Bioliteracy is the ability to understand and engage with biological topics. The concept is used particularly in the contexts of biotechnology and biodiversity.
Description
In the biotechnology context, bioliteracy is considered important for promoting the biotechnology industry and the development of biological engineering products. It has also been defined as "the concept of imbuing people, personnel, or teams with an understanding of and comfort with biology and biotechnology." The use in the context of biodiversity is somewhat distinct, focusing on improving awareness of different organisms with the goal of conservation.
Citizen science initiatives, such as iNaturalist, are considered effective ways to increase bioliteracy, engaging students with the direct observation of nature.
References
Biology
Biotechnology
Biodiversity
Biology terminology
Biological engineering
Literacy
Conservation biology | Bioliteracy | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 152 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Biodiversity",
"Conservation biology"
] |
78,359,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepijn%20van%20der%20Stap | Pepijn van der Stap is a Dutch convicted criminal accused of hacking various organizations. He worked as a volunteer for the and had a day job at the security company Hadrian in Amsterdam. He is currently studying biochemistry from jail.
References
Living people
Hackers
Year of birth missing (living people) | Pepijn van der Stap | [
"Technology"
] | 62 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
78,360,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinyl%20nitrate | Protactinyl nitrate, protactinium(V) oxynitrate, or erroneously known as protactinium nitrate, is a radioactive chemical compound with the formula PaO(NO3)3·xH2O (1.5 ≤ x ≤ 4). It is a white solid that readily hydrolyzes to protactinium(V) oxide in moist air. This compound is a common commercial source of protactinium.
Preparation and decomposition
Protactinyl nitrate was first prepared in 1966 by reacting protactinium(V) chloride or protactinium(V) bromide with fuming nitric acid. Lower concentrations of nitric acid cannot be used, due to the hydrolysis of the compound.
Protactinyl nitrate decomposes at 400 °C to protactinium(V) oxide.
References
Protactinium compounds
Nitrates | Protactinyl nitrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 187 | [
"Oxidizing agents",
"Nitrates",
"Salts"
] |
78,360,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C10H11FN2O | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C10H11FN2O}}
The molecular formula C10H11FN2O (molar mass: 194.21 g/mol) may refer to:
2F-MAR
4'-Fluoro-4-methylaminorex
Nifene
RO 5263397
Molecular formulas | C10H11FN2O | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
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