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77,423,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklab%20color%20space | The Oklab color space is a uniform color space for device independent color designed to improve perceptual uniformity, hue and lightness prediction, color blending, and usability while ensuring numerical stability and ease of implementation. Introduced by Björn Ottosson in December 2020, Oklab and its cylindrical counterpart, Oklch, have been included in the CSS Color Level 4 and Level 5 drafts for device-independent web colors since December 2021. They are supported by recent versions of major web browsers and allow the specification of wide-gamut P3 colors.
Oklab's model is fitted with improved color appearance data: CAM16 data for lightness and chroma, and IPT data for hue. The new fit addresses issues such as unexpected hue and lightness changes in blue colors present in the CIELAB color space, simplifying the creation of color schemes and smoother color gradients.
Coordinates
Oklab uses the same spatial structure as CIELAB, representing color using three components:
L for perceptual lightness, ranging from 0 (pure black) to 1 (reference white, if achromatic), often denoted as a percentage
a and b for opponent channels of the four unique hues, unbounded but in practice ranging from −0.5 to +0.5; CSS assigns ±100% to ±0.4 for both
a for green (negative) to red (positive)
b for blue (negative) to yellow (positive)
Like CIELCh, Oklch represents colors using:
L for perceptual lightness
C for chroma representing chromatic intensity, with values from 0 (achromatic) with no upper limit, but in practice not exceeding +0.5; CSS treats +0.4 as 100%
h for hue angle in a color wheel, typically denoted in decimal degrees
Achromatic colors
Neutral greys, pure black and the reference white are achromatic, that is, , , , and h is undefined. Assigning any real value to their hue component has no effect on conversions between color spaces.
Color differences
The perceptual color difference in Oklab is calculated as the Euclidean distance between the coordinates.
Conversions between color spaces
Conversion to and from Oklch
Like CIELCh, the Cartesian coordinates a and b are converted to the polar coordinates C and h as follows:
And the polar coordinates are converted to the Cartesian coordinates as follows:
Conversion from CIE XYZ
Converting from CIE XYZ with a Standard Illuminant D65 involves:
Converting to an LMS color space with a linear map:
Applying a cube root non-linearity:
Converting to Oklab with another linear map:
Given:
Conversion from sRGB
Converting from sRGB requires first converting from sRGB to CIE XYZ with a Standard Illuminant D65. As the last step of this conversion is a linear map from linear RGB to CIE XYZ, the reference implementation directly employs the multiplied matrix representing the composition of the two linear maps:
Conversion to CIE XYZ and sRGB
Converting to CIE XYZ and sRGB simply involves applying the respective inverse functions in reverse order:
Notes
References
Color space
Color appearance models
2020 introductions | Oklab color space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 667 | [
"Color space",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Metric spaces"
] |
77,424,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20estimate | In mathematics, specifically in complex analysis, Cauchy's estimate gives local bounds for the derivatives of a holomorphic function. These bounds are optimal.
Cauchy's estimate is also called Cauchy's inequality, but must not be confused with
the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality.
Statement and consequence
Let be a holomorphic function on the open ball in . If is the sup of over , then Cauchy's estimate says: for each integer ,
where is the n-th complex derivative of ; i.e., and (see ).
Moreover, taking shows the above estimate cannot be improved.
As a corollary, for example, we obtain Liouville's theorem, which says a bounded entire function is constant (indeed, let in the estimate.) Slightly more generally, if is an entire function bounded by for some constants and some integer , then is a polynomial.
Proof
We start with Cauchy's integral formula applied to , which gives for with ,
where . By the differentiation under the integral sign (in the complex variable), we get:
Thus,
Letting finishes the proof.
(The proof shows it is not necessary to take to be the sup over the whole open disk, but because of the maximal principle, restricting the sup to the near boundary would not change .)
Related estimate
Here is a somehow more general but less precise estimate. It says: given an open subset , a compact subset and an integer , there is a constant such that for every holomorphic function on ,
where is the Lebesgue measure.
This estimate follows from Cauchy's integral formula (in the general form) applied to where is a smooth function that is on a neighborhood of and whose support is contained in . Indeed, shrinking , assume is bounded and the boundary of it is piecewise-smooth. Then, since , by the integral formula,
for in (since can be a point, we cannot assume is in ). Here, the first term on the right is zero since the support of lies in . Also, the support of is contained in . Thus, after the differentiation under the integral sign, the claimed estimate follows.
As an application of the above estimate, we can obtain the Stieltjes–Vitali theorem, which says that a sequence of holomorphic functions on an open subset that is bounded on each compact subset has a subsequence converging on each compact subset (necessarily to a holomorphic function since the limit satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equations). Indeed, the estimate implies such a sequence is equicontinuous on each compact subset; thus, Ascoli's theorem and the diagonal argument give a claimed subsequence.
In several variables
Cauchy's estimate is also valid for holomorphic functions in several variables. Namely, for a holomorphic function on a polydisc , we have: for each multiindex ,
where , and .
As in the one variable case, this follows from Cauchy's integral formula in polydiscs. and its consequence also continue to be valid in several variables with the same proofs.
See also
Taylor's theorem
References
Further reading
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/114349/how-is-cauchys-estimate-derived/114363
Complex analysis | Cauchy's estimate | [
"Mathematics"
] | 706 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs"
] |
77,424,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Hyperloop%20Week | The European Hyperloop Week (EHW) is the largest annual hyperloop-centered community event in the world dedicated to the development and innovation of hyperloop technology. The event features a combination of activities, including competitions, conferences, workshops, demonstrations, exhibitions and social gatherings. It aims to foster collaboration between students, academia, industry, and governments to accelerate the advancement of hyperloop systems and its full-scale implementation.
History
Following the cancellation of SpaceX's Hyperloop pod competition in 2020, teams around the world were eager to continue innovating and competing but lacked a platform to showcase their work. In response, four European student teams—Delft Hyperloop, HYPED, Hyperloop UPV, and Swissloop—joined forces to create their own competition: the European Hyperloop Week (EHW). EHW was established to provide a platform for the hyperloop community to come together to compete, innovate, network, and share knowledge.
The event has grown in prominence and participation since its inception, attracting student teams, industry experts, and companies from around the world. The spirit of the event is described by their slogan: Fostering Innovation Through Collaboration.
Activities
Conference
EHW hosts a series of presentations, panel discussions, and workshops led by students, industry experts, researchers, and academics. These sessions cover a wide range of topics related to hyperloop technology, infrastructure, regulation, and sustainability. They form a platform for open-source research and networking.
Competition
One of the main attractions of EHW is the hyperloop pod competition, where student teams from universities globally design, build, and test their hyperloop pods. These competitions include three main categories as of 2024: Complete System Demonstration, Promising Subsystem Demonstration and Research Submission. The goal is to push the boundaries of current hyperloop technology and full-scale implementation, and inspire the next generation of engineers and innovators.
Student teams are evaluated by a technical jury consisting of industry experts, academics and former student team members.
Public events
The event serves on one hand as a networking hub for students, professionals and companies. It offers participants the chance to connect with potential employers, partners, and investors. On the other hand, the platform generates awareness about the hyperloop concept amongst the general public. This networking aspect is crucial for fostering collaborations and driving future projects in the hyperloop industry and in adjacent industries such as railway, electronics, pneumatics and other fields of engineering.
EHW includes exhibitions where companies and organizations involved in the hyperloop ecosystem showcase their latest technologies, products, and services. These exhibitions provide a glimpse into the cutting-edge advancements and innovations in the field.
Online
The European Hyperloop Week hosts the largest knowledge hub of hyperloop-related research papers, and annually collects and publishes student team submissions for open-source access on their website. They have also organized and promoted online seminars on hyperloop-related topics.
Organization
The European Hyperloop Week, based in Zurich, Switzerland, is a non-profit organization run entirely by student volunteers. While leadership is primarily drawn from the founding teams, it also includes members from various other student teams. The event is funded and supported through sponsorships, partnerships with companies and institutions, and contributions from participating teams.
See also
Hyperloop pod competition
References
Recurring events established in the 21st century
Technology conferences
Innovation
Hyperloop
Challenge awards
Mechanical engineering awards
Science competitions
Annual events in Europe | European Hyperloop Week | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 713 | [
"Transport systems",
"Science competitions",
"Mechanical engineering awards",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Science and technology awards",
"Vacuum systems",
"Hyperloop"
] |
77,426,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski%27s%20theorem%20on%20metric%20spaces | In mathematics, Sierpiński's theorem is an isomorphism theorem concerning certain metric spaces, named after Wacław Sierpiński who proved it in 1920.
It states that any countable metric space without isolated points is homeomorphic to (with its standard topology).
Examples
As a consequence of the theorem, the metric space (with its usual Euclidean distance) is homeomorphic to , which may seem counterintuitive. This is in contrast to, e.g., , which is not homeomorphic to . As another example, is also homeomorphic to , again in contrast to the closed real interval , which is not homeomorphic to (whereas the open interval is).
References
See also
Cantor's isomorphism theorem is an analogous statement on linear orders.
Theorems in topology | Sierpiński's theorem on metric spaces | [
"Mathematics"
] | 163 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Topology",
"Theorems in topology"
] |
77,426,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20brick%20building | White brick buildings became common in New York City during the 1950s (and are therefore considered to be part of the modernist movement), even though they were not totally unknown to the city before that, as the 1907 Plaza Hotel shows. That said, between the 1950s and 1970s, around 140 white brick apartments were built in the city, defining a lot of its post-war character.
Since 2008, white brick buildings became recognized as an important element in New York, with the requirement of the first landmark restoration of such as building: the 1960 co-op at 900 Fifth Avenue.
As white brick buildings age, they are considered to require higher maintenance than other construction styles.
Select New York City White Brick Buildings in chronological order
1901 925 Fifth Avenue
1905 285 Central Park West
1907 Plaza Hotel
1918 2 West 67th Street
1919 910 Fifth Avenue
1925 239 Central Park West
1926 995 Fifth Avenue
1926 30 East 72nd St
1927 262 Central Park West
1929 91 Central Park West
1929 The Beresford
1930 The San Remo
1931 275 Central Park West
1932 The Eldorado
1938 955 Fifth Avenue
1939 900 Madison Ave
1940 295 Central Park West
1940 936 Fifth Avenue
1948 945 Fifth Avenue
1950 923 Fifth Avenue
1951 Manhattan House
1952 2 Fifth Avenue
1955 Westminster House
1955 930 Fifth Avenue
1956 Sutton House
1957 165 East 66th Street
1959 179 East 70th Street
1960 900 Fifth Avenue
1960 The Victorian
1961 Imperial House
1961 The Grace
1961 150 West End Avenue
1961 Townsend House
1961 201 East 66th
1962 The Renoir
1962 Lincoln Terrace
1962 200 East 74th
1963 301 East 69th Street
1963 The Pavillion
1967 The Excelsior
1968 80 Central Park West
1969 985 Fifth Avenue
1978 The Concorde
References
Architectural history | White brick building | [
"Engineering"
] | 342 | [
"Architectural history",
"Architecture"
] |
77,426,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixhawk | Pixhawk is a project responsible for creating open-source standards for the flight controller hardware that can be installed on various unmanned aerial vehicles. Additionally, any flight controller built to the open standards often includes "Pixhawk" in its name and may be referred to as such.
Overview
An unmanned vehicle's flight controller, also referred to as an FC, FCB (flight control board), FMU (flight management unit), or autopilot, is a combination of hardware and software that is responsible for interfacing with a variety of onboard sensors and control systems in order to facilitate remote control or provide fully autonomous control.
Pixhawk-standardized flight controllers are being used for academic, professional, and amateur applications, and are supported by two mainstream autopilot firmware options: PX4 and ArduPilot. Both firmware options allow for a variety of vehicle types through the Pixhawk flight controller system, including configuration options for unmanned boats, rovers, helicopters, planes, VTOLs, and multirotors. Many manufacturers have adopted various iterations of the Pixhawk standard, including Holybro and CubePilot. Refer to the UAV-systems hardware chart for a full list of flight controllers that have fully or partially adopted the Pixhawk standard.
Pixhawk flight controllers typically feature one or two microcontrollers. In the case of two microcontrollers, a main flight management processor handles all sensor readings, PID calculations, and other resource-heavy computations, while the other handles input/output operations to external motors, switches and radio control receivers. Onboard sensors include an IMU with a multi-axis accelerometer and gyroscope, magnetometer to use as a compass, and a GPS tracking unit to estimate the vehicle's location.
Standards
The Pixhawk standards dictate the hardware requirements for manufacturers who are building products to be compatible with the PX4 autopilot software stack. However, due to ArduPilot's adaptation of Pixhawk flight controllers, the standard is able to ensure compatibility with ArduPilot as well.
The open standards consist of a main autopilot reference standard for each iteration of the Pixhawk FMU, as well as various other standards that apply to the general Pixhawk control ecosystem, such as a payload bus standard or a smart battery standard.
Autopilot Reference Standard
This is the main section of the Pixhawk open standards, containing all mechanical and electrical specification for each version of the flight management unit. Currently, versions 1, 2, 3, 4, 4X, 5, 5X, 6X, 6U, and 6C autopilots have been released. The mechanical design standard includes dimensional drawings of the FMU's PCB, the selected sensor types and their locations, and areas that need additional heat sinking. The electrical standard includes the pin-out of each pin in the main processing microcontroller, and which interface each pin is set to communicate with.
Autopilot Bus Standard
The autopilot bus standard is an extension of the autopilot reference standard specifically for providing more information about manufacturing the latest reference versions of Pixhawk FMU, such as the 5X and 6X. The main reason for this is that these are the first flight units featuring a system on module design, where the housing of the flight controller module takes the form of a compact prism with a set of extremely high-density, 100-pin connectors between the module and the baseboard (seen at the bottom of the image on the right). The baseboard allows users to plug the necessary peripheral devices (such as motors, servos, and radios) into the flight controller, while the system on module design results in an easily swappable flight computer. Additionally, this bus standard details PCB layout guidelines for the system on module along with a catalog of reference schematics for interfaces between the module and the baseboard.
Connector Standard
In the connector standard, the Pixhawk project specifies using the JST GH for the vast majority of all interfaces between the flight controller board and pluggable peripherals. Just as importantly, the standard defines a convention for user-facing pin-outs for telemetry, GPS, CAN bus, SPI, power, and debug ports. External pin-out information is critical for anyone developing a vehicle with an autopilot, as improperly plugging in peripherals results in a non-functional system at best, and a dangerous environment with broken hardware at worst. Although there is a great deal of variation within the Pixhawk family in terms of available ports and port types, the standardization of pin-outs for the most popular interfaces is immensely helpful to any user working with multiple generations of Pixhawk flight controllers.
Other standards
Payload Bus Standard
Although this section serves as an accessory to the main Autopilot Reference Standard, it concisely details how the Pixhawk standards suggest making additional vehicle payloads that are compatible with a Pixhawk autopilot. Although it is not strictly enforced across all vehicle payload manufacturers, this facilitates the possibility for users to implement payloads and flight controllers from different manufacturers.
Smart Battery Standard
The smart battery standard has not been published yet, but it is set to define the interface between a smart battery and a Pixhawk FMU. Such a standard would define the communication protocols, connectors, and capabilities of a battery management system that would be used in a Pixhawk-operated vehicle.
Radio Interface Standard
Although there are a variety of radio solutions that can be interfaced with a Pixhawk flight controller, the project does have a short mechanical, electrical, and software definition for a Pixhawk-specific radio communication system. The standard anticipates connections between ground stations and radio modules to be over USB or Ethernet, while connections between local and remote radios could go over traditional radio-frequency links, or LTE.
History
In 2008, Lorenz Meier, a master's student at ETH Zurich, wanted to make an indoor drone that could use computer vision to autonomously traverse a space and avoid collisions with obstacles. However, such technology did not exist, let alone in a way that was accessible to a university student. Motivated by participating in the indoor autonomy category of a European Micro Air Vehicle competition, Lorenz leveraged the help of professor Marc Pollefeys and assembled a group of 14 teammates to spend nine tireless months creating custom flight controller hardware, firmware, and high-level software. The team, named "Pixhawk," won first place in their category in 2009, being the first competitors to successfully implement computer vision for obstacle avoidance.
Revisiting the project in subsequent years, Lorenz realized that there were not a lot of existing industry tools that could be used to accomplish what he and his team did. As a result, the Pixhawk team made the entire project open source. The ground control software that allowed the team to interface with the drone while it was in flight, the MAVLink communication protocol that was custom developed for streaming telemetry back to the ground station, the PX4 autopilot software that was responsible for controlling the drone, and the Pixhawk flight controller hardware that the autopilot ran on were all released to the public for further development.
Over time, the released project began to grow. MAVLink was picked up by the open-source ArduPilot autopilot software development project, and the ground control software QGroundControl was subsequently used to interface with MAVLink systems. After a couple codebase rewrites and hardware development cycles, Lorenz and a worldwide team of open-source maintainers were able to support a manufacturer that would build a flight controller to their standards. In 2013, 3D Robotics became the first manufacturer of commercial Pixhawk flight controllers, officially lowering the barrier to entry to autonomous flight for enthusiasts and corporations worldwide. Now, anyone could purchase an extremely capable autonomous flight control, flash it with free, open-source PX4 or ArduPilot firmware, and have a university research-level drone platform.
Lorenz heavily credits the open-source community with the extensive success of the Pixhawk platform, as the combined development power seemed to be greater than that of a well-resourced company. In order to help standardize various developments across the project and ensure that it remained accessible and open-source, the Dronecode organization was founded in 2014. Dronecode is currently a non-profit organization under the Linux Foundation, and it has been responsible for facilitating conversations that define the Pixhawk standards.
References
External links
Official repository on GitHub
PX4 autopilot software home page
ArduPilot autopilot software home page
Avionics computers
Embedded systems
Flight control systems
Open-source hardware
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Unmanned surface vehicles
Unmanned underwater vehicles
Robotics engineering | Pixhawk | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,820 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Robotics engineering",
"Embedded systems",
"Computer systems",
"Computer science"
] |
77,426,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-21.5 | 2C-T-21.5 is a lesser-known psychedelic drug related to compounds such as 2C-T-21 and 2C-T-28. It was originally named by Alexander Shulgin and discussed in his book PiHKAL, but was not synthesised at that time. 2C-T-21.5 was ultimately synthesised and tested by Daniel Trachsel some years later. It has a binding affinity of 146 nM at 5-HT2A and 55 nM at 5-HT2C. It produces typical psychedelic effects, being slightly less potent but somewhat longer acting than 2C-T-2 or 2C-T-21, with an active dose of 12–30 mg, and a duration of action of 8–14 hours. Unlike 2C-T-21 it will not form the highly toxic fluoroacetate as a metabolite, instead producing the less toxic difluoroacetic acid.
See also
2C-T-16
2C-T-TFM
2C-TFE
3C-DFE
DOPF
Trifluoromescaline
2C-x
DOx
25-NB
References
2C (psychedelics)
Entheogens
Thioethers
Amines
Methoxy compounds
Organofluorides | 2C-T-21.5 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 269 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,426,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201954 | NGC 1954 is a large spiral galaxy in the constellation of Lepus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 3,172 ± 4 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 46.8 ± 3.3 Mpc Mpc (∼153 million light-years). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 14 December 1786.
Supernovae
Three supernovae have been observed in NGC1954:
SN2010ko (type Ia, mag.16.8) was discovered by Simone Leonini on 5 December 2010.
SN2011fi (typeII, mag.17.8), was discoverd by Kōichi Itagaki on 27 August 2011.
SN2013ex (typeIa, mag.15.6) was discovered by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) on 19 August 2013.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
1954
017422
05305-1405
Lepus_(constellation)
17861214
Discoveries by William Herschel
-02-15-003
Spiral galaxies | NGC 1954 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 237 | [
"Lepus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,426,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201620 | NGC 1620 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 3,455 ± 4km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . However, 20 non-redshift measurements give a closer distance of . It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 1 January 1786.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC1620:
SN2009K (typeIIb, mag.14.9) was discovered by CHASE (CHilean Automatic Supernovas sEarch) on 14 January 2009.
SN2023crx (typeIb, mag.18.6) was discovered by the Gaia Photometric Science Alerts on 1 March 2023.
NGC 1589 Group
According to A.M. Garcia, the galaxy NGC1620 is part of the NGC1589 Group (also known as LGG117) that includes at least 8 other galaxies: NGC 1586, NGC 1587, NGC 1588, NGC 1589, UGC 3054, UGC 3058, UGC 3072 and UGC 3080.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
1620
03103
015638
04340-0014
Eridanus (constellation)
17860101
Discoveries by William Herschel
+00-12-052
Intermediate spiral galaxies | NGC 1620 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 289 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
69,967,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Dronka%20floods%20and%20lightning%20strike | On 2 November 1994 a lightning strike ignited three diesel and aircraft fuel tanks belonging to the Egyptian Army strategic reserve near the village of Dronka, Asyut Governorate in Egypt. The lightning was part of a severe storm that caused heavy flash flooding and widespread damage in four governorates in Upper Egypt leading to hundreds of deaths and tens of thousands of people made homeless in one of Egypt's worst urban disasters. The flooding compounded with the lightning strike meant flaming oil leaked from the tanks and was carried by floodwater into the village. More than 200 houses were destroyed and 469 people killed.
Floods and strike
On 2 November 1994, a five-hour thunderstorm led to flash floods that affected 124 villages in the four governorates of Asyut, Sohag, Qena and Luxor.
Near the village of Dronka, Asyut, the flooding of a Western Desert ravine coincided with a lightning strike that hit a point of elevation at near Dronka, which was near a complex of eight oil tanks maintained by the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation as a strategic reserve for the Egyptian Army. The tanks were spaced around apart and three of them caught fire. Around of oil leaked from the tanks; there was no bund wall or any secondary confinement in place to contain the oil, which mixed with floodwaters that were being held back by a nearby railway line. The line collapsed, and the water and flaming oil washed into Dronka, a village of 10,000 people.
Effects
Reports from the flooding in the four governorates show a total of almost 600 people were killed, and 11,148 houses destroyed and a further 11,085 damaged making 110,660 people homeless. In addition, 23,531 feddans (approx. 12,000ha) of agricultural land were devastated, and total damage exceeded $140 million.
The losses were concentrated in the village of Dronka, Asyut, where the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population report noted that 469 bodies were recovered from there alone, and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) considers this figure to be the death toll. More than 200 houses in Dronka were destroyed and 20,000 residents of the village and surrounding area fled to Assiut. One of the tanks remained ablaze into the night as firefighters decided it was best to let it burn out; there were fears it could ignite some of the surviving five oil tanks. The governor of Assiut declared a state of emergency due to the storm and lightning strike.
The WMO attributes the death toll of 469 to the lightning strike and notes the disaster is the highest mortality event as a result of a lightning strike on record (dating back to 1873). The highest death toll directly caused by a single lightning strike is 21 people killed while sheltering in a hut in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1975.
References
1994 in Egypt
1994 disasters in Africa
1994 fires
20th-century fires in Africa
20th-century floods in Africa
1994 floods
1994 meteorology
Asyut Governorate
Fires in Egypt
Lightning
November 1994 events in Egypt | 1994 Dronka floods and lightning strike | [
"Physics"
] | 622 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Lightning"
] |
69,968,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairpin%20technology | Hairpin technology is a winding technology for stators in electric motors and generators and is also used for traction applications in electric vehicles. In contrast to conventional winding technologies, the hairpin technology is based on solid, flat copper bars which are inserted into the stator stack. These copper bars, also known as hairpins, consist of enameled copper wire bent into a U-shape, similar to the geometry of hairpins.
In addition to hairpins with U-shape, there are two other variants of bar windings, the so-called I-pin technology and the concept of continuous hairpin windings.
I-Pins are straight copper wire elements that are inserted into the stator slots. Unlike Hairpins, these Pins are not bent prior to insertion into stack. However, contacting is necessary on both sides of the stator. In the concept of continuous hairpin windings, so-called winding mats are produced and afterwards inserted into the stack from the inner diameter.
Hairpin stators are most commonly used for synchronous machines.
Stator structure
The structure of a hairpin stator differs from conventional stators only in the type of winding system - other components of the stator are little changed. The stack of sheets consists of many layers of individual sheets, each insulated by a thin coating. The housing is another subcomponent that does not generally require modifications. The thin, round wire of the conventional winding technology is substituted by copper bars, which better fit the slot geometry and therefore provide a higher slot-filling degree than regular winding. To create the necessary winding scheme, the free ends of the hairpins are twisted before welding. In addition to the impregnation process for the entire stator, which is also necessary for conventionally wound stators, a layer of insulation resin is applied to the ends of the hairpins.
Manufacturing
The hairpin stator process chain is based on an indirect winding approach. Due to the solid cross section, hairpins can be shaped into their final geometry ahead of the actual assembly process. In contrast to conventional stator production, in which winding-based assembly processes predominate, a forming process is applied.
Production can be divided into 4 steps:
Hairpin
In the first process, a flat copper wire, which is usually already enameled, is continuously unwound and straightened in several stages to reduce residual curvature and stresses. In preparation for welding of the copper ends in a later process step, this insulation is partially removed. Laser-based and mechanical processes are feasible. The hairpin wire is cut to length and bent, in varying order. Hairpins are formed into a three-dimensional geometry either in a single-stage process using special CNC bending equipment or in multiple stages in which a die bending process follows a swivel bending process. There are three technologies for bending hairpin wires: U-Pin, in which hairpin wires have a shape resembling a U, I-Pin, with wires resemling an I, and Continuous Hairpin, also called continuous wave, in which a single wire is bent into a serpentine shape up to several meters long. U-Pin technology is the most common of these.
Assembly and twisting
Next the pins are inserted into the stator stack. The insertion process is limited by overlaps in the winding head geometry. The hairpins are usually pre-assembled in an assembly nest. Individual pins are arranged in accordance with the winding scheme. In general, a single hairpin stator uses 3-16 different hairpin geometries. The stator slots are lined with insulation paper to separate the winding system from the ground potential of the stator's sheet stack.
In the next assembly step, the hairpin basket is inserted axially into the stator stack. To support the insertion the hairpins are sometimes equipped with chamfers during the cutting process – grippers can improve positioning precision.
Each layer of hairpin ends is twisted in accordance with the winding scheme. During the associated rotation the tool has to be moved in an axial direction for height compensation. To ensure axial accessibility the hairpin ends must be radially exposed in a preparatory step.
Welding and interconnection
Next, hairpin ends are electrically contacted with each other to form the winding scheme. Using a laser, the hairpin ends are partially melted and joined. An optimal welding process is marked by homogenous weld geometries as well as minimal thermal input. Repeatable welding strategies require the stator to maintain a stable condition.
Relative height and lateral offset of the hairpin end can cause welding defects. These can be prevented by corrective processes that are dependent on precise tolerances within upstream processes. Phase jumps and the main electroconductive connection of the entire winding can be carried out through connective elements or assemblies connect to the welded hairpin ends. This can also be done via laser welding. Examples of interconnection elements are contact rings, terminals, and bridges.
Insulation
After the winding process, the welded copper ends are re-insulated and the entire stator is impregnated. Powder coating or polyurethane-based resins are commonly used to insulate the copper ends. Typically, dipping, trickling, or potting processes are used. The impregnation process differs little from those used for conventional stators, such as dipping or trickling processes. The purpose of impregnation is to protect the stator from thermal, electrical, ambient, and mechanical influences.
Testing
A variety of tests are performed throughout the production process. Ensuring function- and safety-relevant properties of the stator is a key objective. Common tests are:
Partial discharge testing
Surge voltage testing
Resistance testing
Geometric testing
Challenges
Particularly in traction drives, a major implementation challenge is process reliability, particularly bending and welding processes. The bending process must not damage the insulation and exactly match the required geometry. Incorrectly welded hairpin ends can cause electrical losses – and possibly a non-functioning stator.
Key target parameters are high fill factors within the stator slots and a small winding head. Due to the rectangular and enlarged conductor cross section, fill factors can reach 73% (significantly higher than the 45-50% in conventionally wound stators). A small winding head increases relative active material and thus the proportion that generates power. However, hairpin's larger cross sectioncan result in additional electrical losses, e.g., due to current displacement effects such as the skin effect.
Automotive industry
Due to deterministic assembly processes, good speed-torque behavior, and high fill factors, hairpin technology has gained appeal for automotive applications. Additionally, the hairpin production process is suitable for automation. As a result, shorter cycle times and increasing quantities lead to decreasing production costs.
Hairpin technology is increasingly applied in automotive applications. The first production vehicle with hairpin technology was the 2008 General Motors Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid featuring 2 motors with this stator construction in GM's 2ML70 "2Mode" transmission.
The Volkswagen Group relies on hairpin stators in its electric vehicles, including the ID.3, ID.4 the Audi e-tron GT, and the Porsche Taycan. The BMW iX3 is the company's first vehicle to employ hairpin stators. In 2021, General Motors unveiled its new motor line up that includes a 64 kW ASM for hybrid applications and a 255 kW PSM in the Hummer EV. In 2023, Tesla announced that its next generation motor would use hairpins.
Research
Government and industry are funding hairpin technology research projects. These include::
Pro-E-Traktion (Production, BMW AG)
HaPiPro2 (Production, PEM of RWTH Aachen University)
AnStaHa (Production, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology)
IPANEMA (Machine Learning, API Hard- and Software GmbH)
KIPrEMo (Artificial Intelligence, FAPS of FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg)
KIKoSA (Artificial Intelligence, FAPS of FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg)
Further reading
Kampker/Schnetter/Vallée: Elektromobilität. 2nd rev. edition, 2018, Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
Gläßel, Tobias: Prozessketten zum Laserstrahlschweißen von flachleiterbasierten Formspulenwicklungen für automobile Traktionsantriebe. FAU Studien aus dem Maschinenbau Band 354. Juli 2020, Erlangen, FAU University Press,
VDMA/Raßmann: Produktionsprozess eines Hairpin-Stators. 1st edition, Oktober 2019,
References
External links
VDMA: Production process of Hairpin stators
Schaeffler eDrive Plattform: Benefits and Disadvantages of a Hairpin stator
Electric motors | Hairpin technology | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,799 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Engines",
"Electric motors"
] |
69,969,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogrekan | Hogrekan in the Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka is a biodiversity heritage site. It was declared as a biodiversity heritage site on 5 June, World Environment Day by the Karnataka State Forest Department and the Biodiversity Board. Hogrekan is located in Taluka Kaduru, where it covers a total area of 2508.06 acres. It consists of lush vegetation and is connected with Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Bababudangiri and Kemmangundi, it is also a part of the Yemedoddi Tiger reserve. The vegetation includes dry deciduous forests which have several other distinct floral species and medicinal plants. It serves as a "Wildlife Corridor" for Kudremukha and Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.
Shola
Hogrekan is also known for the Shola vegetation; this vegetation has a lot of unique medicinal plants. The Shola forest is a stunted tropical montane forest, in which undulating grasslands are scattered. Several floral species in this area have medicinal properties and are also endemic. These grasslands (Shola) are said to be thousands of years old.
References
Environmentalism in India
Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India | Hogrekan | [
"Biology"
] | 231 | [
"Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India",
"Biodiversity"
] |
69,970,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicornia%20rubra | Salicornia rubra, the Rocky Mountain glasswort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is native to colder or higher areas of North America; the Yukon, Nunavut, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario in Canada, and the western and north-central United States. It has been introduced to Quebec and Michigan, and has gone extinct in Illinois. A halophyte, it is one of the most salt-tolerant plants of North America.
References
rubra
Halophytes
Flora of Yukon
Flora of Nunavut
Flora of Western Canada
Flora of Ontario
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Utah
Flora of New Mexico
Flora of North Dakota
Flora of South Dakota
Flora of Nebraska
Flora of Kansas
Flora of Minnesota
Flora of Iowa
Plants described in 1899
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | Salicornia rubra | [
"Chemistry"
] | 176 | [
"Halophytes",
"Salts"
] |
69,970,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchalter%20Cosmology%20Prize | The Buchalter Cosmology Prize, established in 2014, is a prestigious annual prize bestowed by Dr. Ari Buchalter.
Every year, three Buchalter Prizes are awarded in recognition of ground-breaking work in cosmology with the potential to produce a breakthrough advance in our understanding of how the Universe works, particularly by substantially extending or challenging currently-accepted models. The first, second, and third prize come with a prize money of $10,000, $5,000, and $2,500 respectively. The winners are typically announced in the January meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS), placing it de facto among the annual AAS prizes.
Advisors and Judges
Submissions and nominations are overseen by a panel composed of the chairman Dr. Ari Buchalter, an advisory board composed of two senior physicists, and a Judging Panel composed of three senior physicists. The composition of advisory board and Judging Panel is changed periodically. Current members of the advisory board are David Helfand and Marc Kamionkowski, whereas current members of the Judging Panel are Claudia de Rham, Matthew Johnson, and Justin Khoury.
Vision and Mission
The prize was conceived by Dr. Ari Buchalter, a former astrophysicist turned entrepreneur who earned his PhD from Columbia University in 1999 working with David Helfand, on the premise that there are fundamental gaps in our understanding of cosmology, and that several currently-accepted paradigms might be incomplete or incorrect. The prize was created to support the development of new boundary-pushing ideas or discoveries that have the potential to produce a breakthrough advance beyond our present understanding of the Universe.
Recipients
2014
1st prize: Marina Cortês and Lee Smolin, for their work The Universe as a Process of Unique Events.
2nd prize: Jonathan Kaufman, Brian Keating, and Brad Johnson, for their work Precision Tests of Parity Violation Over Cosmological Distances.
3rd prize: Carroll Wainwright, Matthew Johnson, Hiranya Peiris, Anthony Aguirre, Luis Lehner, and Steven Liebling, for their work Simulating the Universe(s): from Cosmic Bubble Collisions to Cosmological Observables with Numerical Relativity.
2015
1st prize: Julian Barbour, Tim Koslowski, and Flavio Mercati, for their work Identification of a gravitational arrow of time.
2nd prize: Nemanja Kaloper and Antonio Padilla, for their work Sequestering the Standard Model Vacuum Energy.
3rd prize: Niayesh Afshordi and Elliot Nelson, for their work Cosmological Non-Constant Problem: Cosmological bounds on TeV-scale physics and beyond.
2016
1st prize: Nima Khosravi, for their work Ensemble Average Theory of Gravity.
2nd prize: Elliot Nelson, for their work Quantum Decoherence During Inflation from Gravitational Nonlinearities.
3rd prize: Cliff Burgess, Richard Holman, Gianmassimo Tasinato, and Matthew Williams, for their work EFT Beyond the Horizon: Stochastic Inflation and How Primordial Quantum Fluctuations Go Classical.
2017
1st prize: Lasha Berezhiani and Justin Khoury, for their work Theory of Dark Matter Superfluidity.
2nd prize: Steffen Gielen and Neil Turok, for their work Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce.
3rd prize: Peter Adshead, Diego Blas, Cliff Burgess, Peter Hayman, and Subodh Patil, for their work Magnon Inflation: Slow Roll with Steep Potentials.
2018
1st prize: José Ramón Espinosa, Davide Racco, and Antonio Riotto, for their work A Cosmological Signature of the Standard Model Higgs Vacuum Instability: Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter.
2nd prize: Douglas Edmonds, Duncan Farrah, Djordje Minic, Jack Ng, and Tatsu Takeuchi, for their work Modified Dark Matter: Relating Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter.
3rd prize: Jonathan Braden, Matthew Johnson, Hiranya Peiris, Andrew Pontzen, and Silke Weinfurtner, for their work A New Semiclassical Picture of Vacuum Decay.
2019
1st prize: Jahed Abedi and Niayesh Afshordi, for their work Echoes from the Abyss: A highly spinning black hole remnant for the binary neutron star merger GW170817.
2nd prize: Eugenio Bianchi, Anuradha Gupta, Hal Haggard, and Bangalore Sathyaprakash, for their work Quantum gravity and black hole spin in gravitational wave observations: a test of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
3rd prize: Jose Beltrán Jiménez, Lavinia Heisenberg, and Tomi Koivisto, for their work The Geometrical Trinity of Gravity.
2020
1st prize: Daniel Green and Rafael Porto, for their work Signals of a Quantum Universe.
2nd prize: Mikhail Ivanov, Marko Simonović, and Matias Zaldarriaga, for their work Cosmological parameters from the BOSS Galaxy Power Spectrum.
3rd prize: Philip Mocz, Anastasia Fialkov, Mark Vogelsberger, Fernando Becerra, Mustafa Amin, Sownak Bose, Michael Boylan-Kolchin, Pierre-Henri Chavanis, Lars Hernquist, Lachlan Lancaster, Federico Marinacci, Victor Robles, and Jesús Zavala, for their work First star-forming structures in fuzzy cosmic filaments.
2021
1st prize: Karsten Jedamzik and Levon Pogosian, for their work Relieving the Hubble tension with primordial magnetic fields.
2nd prize: Azadeh Maleknejad, for their work SU(2) and its Axion in Cosmology: A common Origin for Inflation, Cold Sterile Neutrinos, and Baryogenesis.
3rd prize: Sunny Vagnozzi, Luca Visinelli, Philippe Brax, Anne-Christine Davis, and Jeremy Sakstein, for their work Direct detection of dark energy: the XENON1T excess and future prospects.
2024
1st prize: The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), for their work Detection of Cosmological 21 cm Emission with the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment.
2nd prize: Dr. Nathaniel Craig, Dr. Daniel Green, Dr. Joel Meyers, Dr. Surjeet Rajendran, for their work No νs is Good News.
3rd prize: Dr. Nhat-Minh Nguyen, Dr. Fabian Schmidt, Dr. Beatriz Tucci, Dr. Martin Reinecke, Dr. Andrija Kostić, for their work How much information can be extracted from galaxy clustering at the field level?
Perimeter Institute
Since its inception, the prize has been highly dominated by Perimeter Institute, whose researchers and associates featured for six consecutive years among the prize winners between 2014 and 2019: given the nature of the prize, this is a reflection of the cutting-edge research conducted at the institute.
References
External links
Astronomy prizes
Physics awards
Physical cosmology
Awards established in 2014
American science and technology awards | Buchalter Cosmology Prize | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 1,436 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Astronomy prizes",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Science and technology awards",
"Physical cosmology",
"Physics awards"
] |
69,972,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz%20Fong-Jones | Liz Fong-Jones (born ) is a site reliability engineer and developer advocate known for labor activism with her contributions to the Never Again pledge and her role in leading Google worker organization efforts. She is the president of the board of directors of the Solidarity Fund by Coworker, which she seeded with her own money. She is Honeycomb's field chief technology officer.
Education
Fong-Jones started attending college at the California Institute of Technology in 2005, then dropped out in 2007 when she realized she was not going to have enough money to finish school without going into debt. She later returned to school, graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science with a Bachelor of Science degree in 2014.
Career and activism
Fong-Jones started her career in technical support at a massively multi-player online game studio. She says that her career followed in the footsteps of her family members, who are mainly engineers.
Google (2008–2019)
2008–2016
In 2008, Fong-Jones joined Google, which she said is one of the best places for a transgender person to work, as a systems administrator in their Mountain View, California office, eventually becoming a software engineer in the field of site reliability at their Cambridge, Massachusetts office, followed by their New York City office. She says she began organizing within the company in 2010, focusing on "equity engineering" by working on fixing issues with products that adversely affected marginalized communities, like ensuring accessibility for customers who utilize assistive technology. She later expanded her advocacy to minority groups of employees within the company, like gender pay equity and transgender health care issues.
In 2011, she began taking fellow employee concerns to management, starting when Google+ was about to launch. On behalf of her and her colleagues, she warned executives from requiring users to disclose their real names. Following public outrage, part of the Nymwars, she successfully negotiated a new policy, which she subsequently communicated directly to concerned employees, making her an unofficial "union representative" for workers.
In 2016, Fong-Jones contributed to the codebase of the 2016 Never Again pledge, which made it easier to verify signatories' identities who pledged not to work on harmful projects.
"Google's Ideological Echo Chamber" memo (2017)
Fong-Jones said that while the activism always created tension, it turned hostile in 2017 following James Damore's Google's Ideological Echo Chamber memo, which argued that the underrepresentation of women in tech was due to innate psychological differences between men and women rather than bias, using talking points from evolutionary psychology. The data and arguments of the essay were widely criticized as "debunked" and "shaky scientism", and many concluded that it was naiveté rooted in politics attempting to use scientific rhetoric to make sexist power dynamics permanent. Damore was later terminated.
On 10 August 2017, Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Alphabet, Google's now-parent company, was set to answer employee questions about the controversy at the company's weekly all-hands, known as TGIF, but canceled it 45 minutes prior, citing the leak of the questions and fear of employee safety for "asking a question". Fong-Jones referred to it as an "excuse" to not answer questions like her own, like why they had let the Damore's memo stay on their servers for more than a month if it was grounds for termination, and that she felt it was "a triumph" for her harassers.
After a Google+ conversation criticizing the memo was leaked to an alt-right blog, Vox Popoli, and picked up by public figures such as Milo Yiannopoulos, Fong-Jones became a public target for harassment, blaming her and seven other vocal Google employees for Damore's termination. The harassment included death threats and doxing by other employees on websites such as Breitbart News and 4chan. The targeted employees filed complaints, and said that the security teams were vigilant about physical threats to employee safety, including offering to put doxxed employees in a hotel for a night. Danielle Brown, the company's chief diversity officer at the time, who was also a target of the harassment, was supportive, however none of the complaints about individual employees involved were acted upon, and they were told the leaks may fall under the protection of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 as "protected concerted activity". Several activist employees who spoke internally about racism and sexism in the wake of the harassment were terminated, and subsequently sued Google. The terms used by some of the reprimanded employees included "white privilege" and "white boy", which Google said in a statement was grounds for termination under their policy that "Promoting harmful stereotypes based on race or gender is prohibited".
In October 2017, Fong-Jones arranged for Coworker.org, a labor group that typically assists blue-collar workers in organizing, to give her colleagues a "know your rights" training. She said that when she and her coworkers felt that internal pressure had been fruitless, they wanted to understand what their legal rights were. They had understood that talking to the press was not allowed, due to the company's culture of secrecy. She said they quickly learned they had the right to talk to the press, and that using Google's social networks would not be legally protected.
Fong-Jones helped start a petition, along with a statement about her and her colleagues decision to go to the press, demanding a safer working environment, including better moderation of mailing lists, and rules against doxing colleagues. The petition gathered 2,600 signatures.
Walkout (2018)
In February 2018, concerns about Project Maven, a Pentagon project, which Fong-Jones had previously heard about from a small group of engineers in August 2017 working under Dr. Fei-Fei Li, the chief scientist for Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Google Cloud, materialized into an internal Google+ post by Fong-Jones. The post expressed "grave concerns" that Google might be assisting the United States Armed Forces carry out drone strikes.
Fong-Jones, and a group of engineers who posted concerns about being tasked with building an air gap, were referred to as "the Group of Nine" by outraged employees, causing Diane Greene, then-CEO of Google Cloud, to respond on Google+, which was subsequently leaked to The Intercept. Fong-Jones, who had been solicited for comment by a journalist at the outlet, feared that management would feel backed into a corner and offered to help leadership catch "the leaker". Meredith Whittaker, a former Google Cloud program manager, circulated a petition to other employees demanding cancellation of the contract, writing, "Google should not be in the business of war". In June 2018, Google responded to employee and public pressure, promising not to utilize AI for weapons or surveillance and not to renew its Maven contract.
In October 2018, Google was accused of mishandling sexual harassment complaints, including a $90 million severance package for Andy Rubin, who was accused of coercing a junior employee into sexual contact, which he denied. Fong-Jones said that the company "covers up harassment", contributing to a work environment that discourages women from reporting misconduct, saying that victims believe, "the men will be paid and the women will be pushed aside." In 2017, Fong-Jones had alleged on Google+ that she was sexually assaulted by a director at the company, which was later reported on. In a series of tweets, Fong-Jones criticized the company's culture as allowing leadership to operate "abuse of power relationships where there was no consent, or consent was impossible." She went on to name the director from her 2017 Google+ post as Richard DeVaul, the head of X Development, who was also named in The New York Times article about Rubin. DeVaul apologized for his behavior.
On 1 November 2018, across 50 cities, nearly 20,000 Google employees participated in the Google Walkout for Real Change demanding changes over their working conditions, ethical technology concerns, and how the company handles sexual harassment complaints. One of the catalysts was a report that Project Dragonfly (Dragonfly), a search engine built by Google for China involving censorship that was implicated in the persecution of the country's Muslim minority, the Uyghurs, had ignored the company's privacy review process and lied to the public about how close it was to launch. Pichai was later called to appear before the United States House Committee on the Judiciary at a hearing about Dragonfly. He testified that they had no current plans to launch a search product in China.
On 29 November 2018, Fong-Jones started a solidarity strike fund, consulting with Coworker.org (which is backed by Pierre Omidyar of the Omidyar Network), promising that if her fellow employees donated $100,000, she would match it, which she publicized on Twitter. The fund was matched within a few hours, and reached $250,000 within days. Fong-Jones told Fast Company she was seeking to start the fund for workers so that they "feel empowered to speak up about issues in the future", and later to Protocol, "I'm trying to use some of my financial privilege to help those who can't afford to be suddenly laid off". At the time, Fong-Jones noted that the pledges were not binding and that she would work with lawyers and labor organizations to set up a more formal fund.
One of the motivations to threaten to strike again was Dragonfly, and the allegation that the few people with knowledge of the project would be terminated if it was revealed to anyone else, which Google denied. Research scientist Dr. Jack Poulson resigned over the revelations. Fong-Jones threatened to resign if an employee was not appointed to the board of directors, one of the unmet demands from the walkout, by 1 February 2019.
Dragonfly had been the subject of the 1 November walkout, but also a petition in August 2018 co-signed by about 1,400 employees, and another on 27 November by more than 700. Employee concerns were downplayed by Pichai, who said they only wanted to learn what Google would "look like" in China, referring to Dragonfly as a "very early" "exploration", a statement that was later alleged to be false or misleading based on leaked internal communications.
Resignation (2019)
Fong-Jones voluntarily resigned from Google in early January 2019, saying she wanted to create a "more just world rather than exacerbating inequalities". She said she left a job where her compensation totaled about $800,000 in a year, and a half million in unvested restricted stock.
In her resignation, she offered that she would reconsider if the company conceded to the previous demand that Google place an employee on its board. Fong-Jones alleges that Google's Human Resources department tried to push her out prior to the end of her notice period, 1 February 2019, and filed a retaliation claim. Google's investigation determined that her allegations were unfounded. She later accepted a stock grant from Google close to around $100,000 to leave early, which she later donated to other organizing workers.
She told Business Insider, "If I didn’t care about Google I probably would have silently quit many, many months or years ago." Fong-Jones said that if she had stayed at Google and continued her activism she would've burned out, but applauded her colleagues who pressed on without her.
Following her departure, she shared responses to her resignation from the application Blind which were mainly derogatory comments, including transphobic and racist comments about her identity. Comments made on Blind are anonymous, but the comments Fong-Jones shared were in the Google section, which requires a Google email address to be authenticated. She said that it was "scary" to know that they were written by some of her coworkers.
In an essay she published on Medium in February 2019, she said, "I have grave concerns about how strategic decisions are made at Google today, and who is missing a seat at the bargaining table."
2019–present
In February 2019, Fong-Jones joined the startup named Honeycomb, a software observability service, as the company's first developer advocate. She hopes to help engineers better understand distributed systems. She said she is impressed by the company's commitment to diversity and corporate ethics, with a large number of its leadership roles held by women. In 2021, Fong-Jones spoke at Pulumi's Cloud Engineering Summit for Honeycomb. She is Honeycomb's Field Chief Technology Officer.
Fong-Jones has continued to publicly advocate for inclusion, equity, and diversity in the workplace. She has said that the most important thing companies can do is to involve employees in structural decision-making processes, pointing to European Works Councils as an example for American companies to follow.
In 2019, Fong-Jones invested $200,000 into Tall Poppy, a startup online harassment protection and reputation management company named for the Roman metaphor.
The Solidarity Fund
In 2020, Coworker.org incorporated The Solidarity Fund, after a year of researching the legal intricacies involved in turning Fong-Jones' Google strike fund into a broader fund for the tech industry. To seed the fund, Fong-Jones donated the equivalent of her exit stock grant, which was distributed to 44 organizing tech workers. Roughly half of the initial fund went to Amazon workers. Fong-Jones joined the board as its president, along with Whittaker. Laurence Berland and other Google workers joined as committee members.
In fall 2021, Fong-Jones and The Solidarity Fund created an emergency fund after Apple workers, including committee member Cher Scarlett, had been vocal about unfair labor practices, and Netflix workers protested over a Dave Chappelle show with transphobic comments. The fund offered stipends up to $5,000 for Apple and Netflix workers who were involved in organizing efforts.
The Solidarity Fund was a winner of Fast Company's 2022 World Changing Ideas Awards.
Kiwi Farms
In May 2023, Fong-Jones brought a defamation case against the Brisbane-based company Flow Chemical and its sole director, Vincent Zhen, who were associated with the IP range used by KiwiFarms. The lawsuit alleged that the company was helping to keep the forum Kiwi Farms, which has doxxed and targeted her and other LGBTQ people, online. An interlocutory judgment was made against Flow Chemical and Zhen in July 2023, and, in an October 2023 default judgement they were ordered to pay Fong-Jones $445,000 plus costs.
Personal life
In 2012, while residing in Massachusetts, Fong-Jones rented her car out through RelayRides (now Turo), a ridesharing company that allows users to rent their cars out peer-to-peer. The driver was involved in a traffic collision that resulted in the loss of his life, a total loss of the vehicle, damage to another vehicle, and injuries to four other people, which the police determined were the fault of the deceased. Fong-Jones was contacted by her own insurance company, Commerce Insurance Group, and learned she could be liable to a lawsuit that exceeded Turo's coverage limits. She posted about the incident on Google+, which was later reported on. When asked about whether or not they would cover any personal liability to Fong-Jones for the incident, Turo's insurance lawyer told The New York Times, "What happens in any sort of accident with insufficient coverage? That’s the societal burden of torts that have liability where there is no insurance coverage," and the paper suggested a lawyer covering both Turo and Fong-Jones may be a conflict of interest. While federal law shielded rental car companies from liability for accidents, a reporter noted that it was not clear whether that protection applied to "people who rent out their cars for $10 an hour". Months later, Turo's service was suspended in New York state (NY) after the Department of Financial Services contended that they were not licensed to sell third-party insurance, leaving owners liable for damage caused by renters. Turo re-launched in NY for commercial hosts in 2021.
Fong-Jones is transgender. She said that she experienced dysphoria that she could not cope with when she was 15, leaving her no choice but to start transitioning. She said that her parents were not supportive, and that her biological father disowned her. She said that she has given 40–50% of her income over several years to support other trans people.
Selected works
Resolving Outages Faster with Better Debugging Strategies USENIX SRECON18.
Refining Systems Data without Losing Fidelity USENIX SRECON19.
Identifying Hidden Dependencies USENIX SRECON20.
Optimizing Cost and Performance with arm64 USENIX SRECON21.
Using Serverless Functions for Real-time Observability USENIX SRECON22.
Charity Majors, Liz Fong-Jones, George Miranda. Observability Engineering: Achieving Production Excellence. O'Reilly Media, 2022.
See also
Timnit Gebru
Chelsey Glasson
Margaret Mitchell
Claire Stapleton
References
External links
1980s births
21st-century American scientists
American activists
American computer scientists
21st-century American LGBTQ people
American social justice activists
American software engineers
American women computer scientists
21st-century American women engineers
21st-century American engineers
American LGBTQ scientists
American transgender women
Computer systems engineers
Google employees
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Systems engineers
Technology evangelists
Transgender scientists
Victims of cyberbullying
Women systems engineers
American workers' rights activists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Liz Fong-Jones | [
"Technology"
] | 3,672 | [
"Computer systems engineers",
"Computer systems"
] |
69,973,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20vests%20movement%20%28Canada%29 | The yellow vests movement was a series of protests in Canada inspired by the yellow vest (gilets jaunes) protests that began in France in 2018. Unlike the French gilets jaunes protests in 2018 and 2019, the Yellow Vest Canada movement incorporated xenophobic rhetoric in their messaging, and have been described as "frontline extremists, hate group, alt-right, and far right.
Goals and messaging
According to the Yellow Vest Canada Facebook page in December 2018, "This group is to protest the CARBON TAX and the Treason of our country's politicians who have the audacity to sell out OUR country's sovereignty over to the Globalist UN and their Tyrannical policies." "We are also against the government attempting to buy off the media in an election year and conspire with social media companies to censor our speech. We CANNOT have a free and democratic society unless WE HAVE FREE SPEECH and the ability to express it as far and wide as we wish...We are Canadian Patriots who refuse to allow this country to walk down the path of Tyranny."
Among the first Yellow Vest protests in Canada were those in Western Canada's oil-producing provinces. On December 15, hundreds of protesters gathered in Calgary, Alberta, where the headquarters of the hard-hit oil industry are situated. Protesters expressed frustration at municipal, provincial, and national governments. They protested against the April 2019 carbon price and against Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. By mid-January 2019, there were about 100,000 members in their Facebook group, "Yellow Vest Canada", according to the Canadian Press. Global News reported that the Yellow Vest protests in Canada were largely driven by social media, particularly Facebook, and that they were against Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and the endorsement of the United Nations Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM).
The gilets jaunes movement did not include the Canadian Yellow Vest movements anti-immigration anger, visible in its messaging. On December 15, hundreds of yellow vest protesters encountered counter-protesters, some of whom also wore high-visibility vests at the Alberta Legislature Building and Edmonton City Hall. Some protesters held pro-pipeline or anti-illegal immigration signs while counter-protesters accused them of racism.
On February 14, 2019, the Canadian Anti-Hate Network (CAHN) said that the Canadian Yellow Vests Facebook early messaging changed. Original Facebook members complained and "were swiftly ostracized and banned". In a 2019 article, CAHN said that this was in line with a tactic of the far-right to rebrand by adding "more grievances" as a way of attracting and recruiting new members. In their promotion of the January 19 protest in Medicine Hat, their organizer, Tamara Lich, clarified that they wanted a peaceful protest and that the Medicine Hat Police Service (MHPS) had communicated their support to her. Lich said that the "scuffles" at the Calgary and Edmonton protests with counter-protesters had not occurred in Medicine Hat. She expressed concerns about the posts in the week of January 8 on Yellow-Vest Canada's Facebook and Twitter pages that included death threats against Prime Minister Trudeau. She said the Yellow Vest Medicine Hat group had debated changing their name to "Canadian Initiatives, Medicine Hat YV".
In December 2018, CBC News reported that Yellow Vests Canada did not have the same goals as the French movement. In a January 2019 Canadian Press interview, Canada's ambassador to France, Isabelle Hudon, also said that the Canadian movement bore little resemblance to the original gilets jaunes protests in France. They attracted much smaller crowds than those in France.
Organizers
Alberta resident Tamara Lich, who was arrested in February 2022 for her alleged involvement as one of the key figures involved with the Canada convoy protest in Ottawa, was listed as an early organizer of the Yellow vests protests in her home town of Medicine Hat in 2018 and 2019. She was also one of the early leaders in the Wexit separatist movement, from which the Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta was formed.
United We Roll
By January 2019, United We Roll organizers were concerned that the presence of the controversial Yellow Vesters at their protests in Alberta, would result in their pro-pipeline message being overpowered. Early on United We Roll had formally separated from the Yellow Vests movement. However, by the time the truck convoy left Red Deer for Ottawa on February 14, there were many yellow vest protesters who had joined them. United We Roll organizer, Jason Corbeil, said that their organization considered itself to be a "big tent group" that welcomed those with different causes so they could not exclude the Yellow Vest protesters. United We Roll were a pro-oil industry movement calling for the construction of pipelines and protesting against the carbon tax. They were also critical of federal legislation that sought to change energy projects' environmental review process and legislation to ban oil tankers off the north coast of British Columbia. When the convoy arrived in Ottawa on February 19, their demonstrations lasted two days and included speeches from Conservative Party of Canada leader Andrew Scheer and Faith Goldy. Hundreds of the controversial Yellow Vest protesters arrived on Parliament Hill in Canada's capital city, Ottawa, to support the United We Roll truck convoy.
In Saskatchewan, protests included a 427-truck pro-pipeline convoy in Estevan, 70 people in Yorkton, and 200 people in Regina.
See also
Canada convoy protest
References
Protests in Canada
2018 in Canadian politics
December 2018 events in Canada
Petroleum politics
Populism in Canada
Clothing in politics
Anti-immigration politics in Canada
Canadian far-right political movements
Justin Trudeau controversies | Yellow vests movement (Canada) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,149 | [
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum politics"
] |
69,975,833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxhydroelectric%20effect | The oxhydroelectric effect consists in the generation of voltage and electric current in pure liquid water, without any electrolyte, upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range, after creating a physical (not chemical) asymmetry in liquid water e.g. thanks to a strongly hydrophile polymer, such as Nafion.
Since the publication of the first seminal research, other independent research has been published, which refer to this effect, in scientific peer reviewed, reputable journals (with impact factors higher than the median in the respective fields).
The system can be described as a photovoltaic cell operating in the infrared electromagnetic range, based on liquid water instead of a semiconductor.
Theoretical model
The model proposed by Roberto Germano and his collaborators, who have first observed the effect is based on the known concept of the exclusion zone.
The first observations of a different behaviour of water molecules close to the walls of its container date back to late ‘60s and early ‘70s, when Drost-Hansen, upon reviewing many experimental articles, came to the conclusion that interfacial water shows structural difference with respect to the bulk liquid water.
In 2006 Gerald Pollack published a seminal work on the exclusion zone and those observations were subsequently reported by several other groups, which all report observations of a coherent water region created at the boundary between the surface of a hydrophilic material and the bulk water.
Further elaborating on the work of Pollack, the model describes liquid water as a system made of two phases: a matrix of non-coherent water molecules hosting many “Coherence Domains” (CDs), about 0.1 um in size, found in the exclusion zone, but also in the bulk volume.
In this model the behaviour of the coherence domains is also considered as the cause for the formation of xerosydryle.
The two phases, are characterized by different thermodynamic parameters, and are in a stable non-equilibrium state.
The coherent phase should be described by a quantum state, and in particular a state oscillating between a fundamental state, where electrons are firmly bound (ionization energy of 12.60 eV), and an excited state characterized by a quasi-free electron configuration. The energy of the excited state is 12.06 eV, which means that only a small amount of energy as small as (12.60 - 12.06) eV = 0.54 eV (Infrared range) is sufficient to extract an electron.
Then, at a fixed temperature and for molecules density exceeding a threshold, the transition of the non-coherent water molecules to the coherence state is spontaneous because it is driving the system to a lower energy configuration.
More exactly, the almost free electrons have to cross an energy barrier of (0.54 - Χ) eV, where Χ ~ 0.1 eV is the electric potential difference at the CD boundary with the non-coherent water.
This small amount of energy, ~ 0.44 eV, necessary for the electron extraction, makes the coherent water a reservoir of quasi-free electrons that can be easily released by Infrared stimulation, or quantum tunnel effect or by small external perturbation.
The two water phases, with their different potentials behave as the two components of a photovoltaic cell based on semiconductors.
Then, in the cell described in the patent, one of the two sectors has sheets of hydrophilic material, which create (more) coherent domains in that sector, with respect to the other sector.
Research
The research on the effect has started as a side project in Germano's "technology transfer company" Promete s.r.l. and since 2023 it is conducted in Oxhy s.r.l., a startup created with the purpose to further develop this line of research.
Notes
Water
Electricity
Surface science | Oxhydroelectric effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Environmental_science"
] | 779 | [
"Water",
"Hydrology",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Surface science"
] |
75,799,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Victor%20Smith | Joseph Victor Smith FRS was a British mineralogist and crystallographer, best known for his work on feldspars and zeolites,
and on lunar samples returned during the Apollo missions.
Life and career
Smith was born and brought up on a farm near Crich, Derbyshire, and attended school in Fritchley. He won a scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1945, where he studied natural sciences, specialising in physics and graduating in 1948. He remained in Cambridge to study for a PhD in crystallography, which he completed in 1951. In 1951 he married Brenda Wallis, and then sailed on the Queen Mary to take up a fellowship at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute of Washington. From 1954 to 1956, Smith held the post of demonstrator at the University of Cambridge, and he later held posts at Pennsylvania State University and the University of Chicago, where he was appointed professor in 1960; a post he held until he retired in 2005.
At Chicago, Smith played a leading role in establishing instruments and capacity for the micro-analysis of materials. After setting up an early electron microprobe, Smith later led the way for X-ray synchrotron analysis of a wide range of materials by establishing the Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources (CARS), using beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source and the Argonne National Laboratory.
Books
Smith wrote several research monographs, on the structure, properties and compositions of the feldspar minerals.
JV Smith, 1974, Feldspar minerals: crystal structure and physical properties
JV Smith, 1974, Feldspar minerals: chemical and textural properties
Awards
In recognition of his contributions to mineralogy, Smith was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1980, and the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America in 1982. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1978 and was elected to the United States' National Academy of Sciences in 1986.
Smith's archives are held at the University of Chicago.
References
1928 births
2007 deaths
People from Derbyshire
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Murchison Medal winners
Crystallographers | Joseph Victor Smith | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 447 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
75,801,721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output%20padding | In computing, output padding is the insertion of non-printing characters into the device output stream to allow for a preceding control operation to take effect.
Output padding was necessary on many printing devices, notably Teletype and other mechanical terminals, after the issuance of a carriage return. Without the padding, following characters might print in the middle of the output line.
Output padding was also necessary on many display terminals after cursor positioning, scrolling, and other commands.
Typically the null character was used; the delete character was occasionally used. The number of padding characters depended on the particular device, but also sometimes on the horizontal position of the printing carriage.
Notes
Text user interface
Computer terminals | Output padding | [
"Technology"
] | 144 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
75,802,568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201356 | NGC 1356 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the southern constellation of Horologium. It was discovered by English astronomer John Herschel on Dec 23, 1837.
At a distance of 550 million light-years (170 Mpc) away from the Sun, NGC 1356 is superimposed over an much more distant galaxy (also a barred spiral), PGC 95415, which is approximately 300 million light-years (93 Mpc) more distant than NGC 1356. The small galaxy seen to the far left of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image, IC 1947, is actually closer to NGC 1356.
The apparent pairing between NGC 1356 and PGC 95415 caused them to be included in the AMC catalog of peculiar galaxies (AMC 0329-502). Their true separation was determined later. Apparent galaxy pairs such as this one were used as a baseline for comparison to truly interacting galaxy pairs in a 1994-1996 spectroscopic study by Donzelli and Pastoriza using the Complejo Astronomicomico El Leoncito (CASLEO), San Juan, Argentina.
References
External links
Barred spiral galaxies
1356
Horologium (constellation)
Discoveries by John Herschel
Astronomical objects discovered in 1837
13035
Miriani Griselda Pastoriza
Astronomical observatories in Argentina
200-IG 031
03291-5028 | NGC 1356 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 286 | [
"Women astronomers",
"Astronomers",
"Constellations",
"Horologium (constellation)"
] |
75,802,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clivia%20%C3%97%20nimbicola | Clivia × nimbicola is a plant hybrid belonging to the genus Clivia. The species is endemic to Eswatini.
References
Amaryllidoideae
Hybrid plants
Flora of Swaziland | Clivia × nimbicola | [
"Biology"
] | 45 | [
"Hybrid plants",
"Plants",
"Hybrid organisms"
] |
75,803,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3H6OS2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C3H6OS2}}
The molecular formula C3H6OS2 may refer to:
S,S'-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate
Ethyl xanthic acid
Thiomethylketone
1,2-dithiolane-1-oxide
1,3-dithiolane-1-oxide | C3H6OS2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 78 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
75,804,072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheilanthes%20cinnamomea | Cheilanthes cinnamomea is a species name, which may refer to:
Myriopteris rufa, given a nomen novum in 1883 as Cheilanthes cinnamomea D.C.Eaton
Myriopteris cinnamomea, recombined in 1915 as Cheilanthes cinnamomea (Baker) Domin
cinnamomea | Cheilanthes cinnamomea | [
"Biology"
] | 89 | [
"Set index articles on plants",
"Set index articles on organisms",
"Plants"
] |
75,804,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20rat%20hole | The Chicago rat hole was a hole shaped like a rat in the sidewalk of West Roscoe Street in the Roscoe Village neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. After existing for decades, it became a viral phenomenon on social media (mainly Twitter) in January 2024, attracting tourists to the site. City officials removed the sidewalk slab containing the hole from the street on April 24, 2024, but the hole remains intact.
An apparent example of accidental lifecasting, the hole was described by The New York Times as "Chicago's Stonehenge", as its origins are unknown.
History
The hole gained worldwide attention on January 6, 2024, via a tweet by Chicago-based comedian and writer Winslow Dumaine. The post quickly became viral, compelling many Chicago residents to visit the hole—in what has been described as a "pilgrimage"—and to make offerings to it, such as coins, flowers, candles, cheese, cigarettes, alcohol, children's toys, foodstuffs, and estradiol pills. One group of visitors took shots of Chicago specialty Malört beside the hole, before leaving the bottle as an oblation. The Riot Fest Historical Society also dedicated a plaque at the site of the hole.
Despite its newfound attention in 2024, the hole had existed for at least 20 to 30 years, according to locals. A local softball team has been using the rat as its unofficial mascot since around 2018.
On January 10, 2024, Ann Williams, the state representative for Illinois's 11th district, posted an online video promoting the hole, calling it "the jewel of the 11th district".
On January 11, 2024, the Lakeview Roscoe Village's Chamber of Commerce started receiving suggestions of names for the rat hole, accepting submissions until January 18, 2024. On January 19, 2024, submissions had been narrowed down to five finalists, which residents had until January 21 to vote on: "Lil' Stucky", "Splatatouille", "Splat", "Roscoe Road-dent" and "Dibs". The winning name was "Splatatouille".
The hole was filled in with plaster or cement by an unknown party on January 19, 2024. City officials later confirmed they had not filled in the hole. Ann Williams posted a video stating "we are shocked and saddened" by the news, and "are closely monitoring the developing situation". Local residents attempted to excavate the hole, using their hands and implements such as ice scrapers and license plates. Eventually, a woman cleaned out the hole and restored it to its original condition.
Following the restoration, Williams wrote "This is what community is all about." Shortly afterwards, an engagement and a marriage ceremony took place at the hole. Some residents of West Roscoe Street expressed frustration with the hole's newfound viral status, with some locals citing public nuisance, vandalism, and accumulation of garbage on the sidewalk.
On April 24, 2024, the Chicago Department of Transportation removed the sidewalk slab containing the hole while keeping it intact; it is unclear what the city officials plan on doing with the sidewalk slab. A "Rathole Music Fest" was held at a venue under three miles south of the site in June, featuring local bands as well as burlesque and poetry performances.
Debate over origin of hole
Despite the hole's popular name, some locals believe it was formed by a squirrel. The director of Lincoln Park Zoo's Urban Wildlife Institute, Seth Magle, told NBC Chicago that he believed it likely that a squirrel fell on the wet concrete from a tree. Magle also clarified that the thinness of the tail cavity, used by some to argue in favor of it being a rat hole, should not be considered, given that fur does not always leave impressions. Supporting this theory, one resident stated that an oak tree had existed above that section of the sidewalk that had since been cut down.
Similar phenomena
The rat hole has also brought attention to other object-shaped sidewalk holes, such as a gun-shaped hole in Richmond, Virginia, that was similarly enshrined by locals. A purse filled with Lucky Charms hanging from a sign for Addison Street in Chicago received similar visits from Chicagoans, and was thus also compared to the rat hole. A tweet about the bag was first posted on September 7. It disappeared for a day on September 10 then returned before going permanently missing on the afternoon of September 11.
Gallery
See also
References
External links
Chicago Rat Hole as seen on March 4, 2007 (on Flickr)
Holes
Internet memes introduced in 2024
Mice and rats in art
Sidewalks
Tourist attractions in Chicago
Vandalized works of art in Illinois
Visual arts by animals
North Side, Chicago
2024 disestablishments in Illinois
2024 in Internet culture | Chicago rat hole | [
"Biology"
] | 987 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Animals",
"Visual arts by animals"
] |
75,806,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK-3984 | MK-3984 is a drug which acts as a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM). It is no longer being developed.
References
Selective androgen receptor modulators | MK-3984 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 40 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,806,809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGD-2941 | LGD-2941 is a drug which acts as a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM). It is no longer being developed.
References
Selective androgen receptor modulators
Quinolines
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Pyrrolidines | LGD-2941 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 56 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,806,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS%20%28software%29 | TARDIS, Temperature And Radiative Diffusion In Supernovae, is an open-source 1D Monte Carlo radiative-transfer spectral synthesis program used for numerical modelling and analysis of supernovae.
References
External links
Official website
Supernovae | TARDIS (software) | [
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 52 | [
"Supernovae",
"Astronomical events",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Explosions"
] |
75,809,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20nitroso%20complexes | Transition metal nitroso complexes are coordination complexes containing one or more organonitroso ligands (RNO).
Structure and bonding
Organic nitroso compounds bind to metals in several ways, but most commonly as monodentate N-bonded ligands. Also known are O-bonded, η2-N,O-bonded. Dimers of organic nitroso compounds also bind in a κ2--O,O bidentate manner.
Synthesis
Organic nitroso complexes can be prepared from preformed organic nitroso precursors. These precursors usually exist as N-N bonded dimers, but the dimer dissociates readily. This direct method is used to give W(CO)5(tert-BuNO) (where tert-Bu is ). The Fe-porphyrin complex depicted below is prepared by this route. More complicated but more biorelevant routes involve degradation of precursors such as nitrobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine.
(Et = C2H5, i-Pr = (CH3)2CH)
The coupling of organic ligands and nitric oxide is yet another route.
Connection to methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia is a disorder where a large fraction of hemoglobin in one's blood has converted to inactive forms, generically called methemoglobin. Since methemoglobin is not an oxygen-carrier, methemoglobinemia is a serious disorder, sometimes fatal. Exposure to nitrobenzene, aniline, and their derivatives cause this disorder, which is attributed to their conversion to nitrosobenzene (and derivatives), which inactivate hemoglobin by forming a complex with the Fe center, precluding binding of O2.
References
Coordination complexes
Inorganic chemistry
Nitroso compounds | Transition metal nitroso complexes | [
"Chemistry"
] | 387 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"nan",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
75,809,629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Fu | Kevin Fu is a professor of computer science in the Khoury College of Computer Sciences at Northeastern University known for his contributions to computer security and security for medical devices. Previously, he was a professor at the University of Michigan.
Education
Fu received his SB in Computer Science in 1998 and MEng in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1999, both from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fu completed his PhD as well at MIT in 2005 with a thesis titled "Integrity and access control in untrusted content distribution networks" advised by Ron Rivest and Frans Kaashoek.
Awards
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2022)
ACM Fellow (2022)
IEEE Fellow (2018)
NSF Career Award (2009 - 2013)
References
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Northeastern University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Living people
Fellows of the IEEE
2022 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Year of birth missing (living people) | Kevin Fu | [
"Technology"
] | 198 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computer science stubs"
] |
75,809,658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteka | is a Finnish brand name for a steel-framed bed with springs. The name comes from the company ("Helsinki Steel Furniture Factory") founded by , which started producing Heteka beds in 1932. Production of Heteka beds has been discontinued, but contrary to popular belief the name "Heteka" still remains a registered trademark. Before the Winter War there were six factories in Finland producing double couchette beds of iron, of which Helsingin Teräshuonekalutehdas fared the best.
A Heteka bed consists of two beds inside each other, of which the inner one can be pulled out from under the outer one. The beds have a steel pipe frame and a metal lattice bottom, and the inner bed usually has small wheels. The bottom of the inner bed is lifted up at nighttime, producing another bed. At daytime the bottom is put back down and the bed with its linens is pushed back inside the outer bed. Covered in bedcovers, the Heteka bed now becomes a couch to sit on, without a back rest or arm rests.
Heteka was advertised as repelling bed bugs, because bed bugs and other pests which thrived in old wooden beds could not nestle in beds made of a steel frame.
Heteka enjoyed great success from the 1930s to the 1950s. A total of two million beds were produced before Helsingin Teräshuonekalutehdas was discontinued in 1964, and nearly every Finnish home had a Heteka bed. In smaller homes, which lacked a separate bedroom, a Heteka bed usually functioned as a couch at daytime and was spread out to form a double bed in the evening.
At first Heteka beds used a spiral spring bottom made of small-twisted steel wire, which was as silent as the advertisements promised. The legs of the outer bed were also silenced with rubber feet. Later, apparently for cost reasons during wartime, the bottom was changed to a sparse wire lattice, which creaked noisily especially in older beds. Continual sleeping caused the lattice bottom to become warped and lose its shape. Back doctors were critical of worn-out Heteka beds and advised patients to fix them with plywood plates. Some models even lost the rubber feet, causing the legs to scratch the floor. During wartime even the steel frame was sometimes replaced with a wooden one.
In popular culture
The Heteka bed has left its mark in Finnish popular culture. It has inspired several schlager and pop music songs: "Serenadi hetekalle" by Veikko Lavi (1978) and "Vanha heteka" by Kunto Korlin (1992); "Rottinkihetekka" (a slight misspelling of the trademarked name) by the band (1987) can also be counted. The Heteka is also mentioned in Juha Vainio's song "Eräänlainen sotaveteraani": "Mä oon vain yksinäinen sotaveteraani, eikä kukaan lämmitä mun hetekaani" ("I am just a lonely war veteran, and no one is warming my Heteka bed"). song "Matalassa majassa" contains the verse: "On hetekan syli niin hellä, se mua kannattaa kainosti kitisten - on kuin lepäisi höyhenellä." ("The embrace of the Heteka bed is so gentle, it supports me creaking modestly - it's as if I were resting on a feather.") , known as "Palle", sang: "Vaikk' näyttää että yhdelle, se antaakin unen kahdelle. Ihme tavaton tuo hetekamme on." ("Although it looks like it seats only one, it gives sleep to two. Such a miracle is our Heteka bed.") Before the time of wellie wanging and wife-carrying humorous sports in Finland included Heteka bed pushing and Heteka bed pulling (more specifically, pulling the inner wheeled Heteka bed).
References
External links
Heteka catalogue at the Finnish National Library
A Heteka advertisement in Suomen Kuvalehti 17 April 1937, issue #16, p. 43.
Beds
Products introduced in 1932
Finnish brands
Finnish furniture | Heteka | [
"Biology"
] | 887 | [
"Beds",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
75,809,809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20flow%20network | An active flow network is a graph with edges and nodes, where particles inside this graph are propelled by an active mechanism. This type of network is used to study the motion of molecules in biological medium. Examples are organelles, including the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). The mechanism of the flow between nodes is actively driven, as opposed to passive transport by diffusion. Active transport requires energy consumption, found in the form of ATP in biological systems. The slime mold Physarum polycephalum is also growing as a network, where motion inside is driven an active flow.
Active flow network in transportation
Unidirectional transportation is reminiscent of trains, cars or communication (internet, telephone), where there is a limiting capacity due to maximal amount of commodities that can travel inside a branch connecting two nodes.
Active flow networks in the body
Arteries and vein generate a network where the blood flow is pulsed by the heart contraction cycle. The flow is often model using complex fluid mechanics (Navier-stokes equations) that could be coupled to the structure. Red blood cells are also transported inside these networks and high pressure resistance could be due in part to red blood cell trafficking jam but also to capillary (largest pressure drops occur in the smallest vessels), especially in the brain. Blood flow is an active process further modulated by neuronal activity.
Active flow networks in electronics
In electronics, diodes or resistances form network consuming electrical energy. Theory based on mathematical graph theory and physicochemical reaction rate theory are used to quantify mass-conserving active flow networks. Diode networks have also been introduced in percolation problems by constructing neighbouring lattice sites that transmit connectivity or information in one direction only
Properties of active flow networks inside the endoplasmic reticulum
Active flow networks inside the endoplasmic reticulum are represented by a graph (G,N), with N nodes connected by junctions. Two time scales leads to two opposite properties, as edge can switch at random time from one direction only to the opposite one: 1- time for an edge to switch from direction to the opposite and 2-the time to move from one edge to the next one. This leads to two phenomena:
Trapping a particle was already in the node and one edge switches an even number of times between the instant of transitions, or the particle was previously in the node and had switched to a neighbouring node before returning to the considered node.
Backtracking a particle can jump back to the node it came from, thus wasting time by visiting again the previous node. However, in the network, this probability is affected by the direction of the edge.
Under these two effects (trapping and backtracking), the network exploration is slower when compared to a unidirectional network, where such situation does not occur. AFN models can be used to intert data extracted by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, single particle trajectories or photoactivation.
References
Graphs | Active flow network | [
"Mathematics"
] | 611 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graphs"
] |
75,812,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%20carbonate%20catastrophe | The Mars carbonate catastrophe was an event that happened on Mars in its early history. Evidence shows Mars was once warmer and wet about 4 billion years ago, that is about 560 million years after the formation of Mars. Mars quickly, over a 1 to 12 million year time span, lost its water, becoming cold and very dry. Factors in Mars losing its water and most of its atmosphere are: the carbonate catastrophe, loss of the planet's magnetic field and Mars' low gravity. Mars' low gravity and loss of a magnetic field allowed the Sun's solar wind to strip away most of Mars' atmosphere and water into outer space.
Carbonate catastrophe
Water, H2O, is very abundant in the universe, so when Mars formed during the formation of the solar system it had water. The water on early Mars reacted with atmospheric carbon dioxide. This reaction formed carbonic acid which became part of the water cycle on Mars. The carbonic acid rain produced carbonates on the planet. The carbonates removed (leached) greenhouse gases, water vapor, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbonates still exist on Mars. Early greenhouse gases came from Mars' early magma, planetesimals and comets. The carbonate catastrophe ended the Noachian time span. Mars' interior cooled, so it did not develop plate tectonics and a carbon cycle as Earth did. Thus, Earth did not develop a carbonate catastrophe. Mars' interior cooling also ended volcano activity on Mars.
Magnetic field of Mars
There is evidence that early Mars had a magnetic field, like the magnetic field of Earth. The Magnetic field of Mars ended quickly after the formation of the planet as the core of Mars is made of much lighter elements and is much smaller than Earth's core. Without a magnetic field the Sun's solar wind, made of charged particles, including plasma, electrons, protons and alpha particles stripped away most of the atmosphere and water on Mars.
Gravity of Mars
Mars' gravity is 62.5% less than Earth, that is 100 kg has a weight of about 980 Newtons on Earth would be about 367.5 Newtons on Mars. The low gravity is due to Mars' small size and also its lower density. Mars' mass is only 11% of Earth's mass. Mars' diameter is and the diameter of Earth is .
Mars today
Mars today is very different than its early history, pre-carbonate catastrophe. Mars today:
Mars' atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon. Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide.
Mars has only about 0.7% of the atmospheric pressure of Earth. Mars' atmosphere is about 6.5 millibar, Earth's atmosphere is 1013 millibar. Surface of Mars is like Earth at in the stratosphere.
Mars' atmosphere's humidity is 0.03%, Earth's average humidity is about 50% (lowest 0.36%, high 100%).
Intense ultraviolet solar radiation, due to thin atmosphere.
Intense solar radiation and cosmic rays due to lack of magnetic field.
Alkaline pH soil at 8.3, due to chlorine in the soil. Earth's average soil pH is about 6.5.
Virtually no oxygen at 0.13%. Earth at about 21% oxygen.
Mars is covered in dry iron oxide dust, has seasonal global dust storms, with a duration of about a month.
Mars' average global temperature is , Earth's average global temperature is .
The seasonal Martian polar ice caps are mostly dry ice, frozen carbon dioxide atmosphere (CO2).
Comets falling on Mars bring some water and ice to Mars. The thin Martian atmosphere means the freezing, evaporation, and boiling point of water is all at the same temperature. Thus liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars .
See also
Chloride-bearing deposits on Mars
Composition of Mars
Geology of Mars
List of quadrangles on Mars
List of rocks on Mars
Martian soil
Mineralogy of Mars
Ore resources on Mars
References
Mars
Planetary science
Solar System | Mars carbonate catastrophe | [
"Astronomy"
] | 837 | [
"Planetary science",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Outer space",
"Solar System"
] |
75,813,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese%20tilde | The Vietnamese tilde, also known by its Latin name of apex, was a curved diacritic used in the 17th century to mark final nasalization in the early Vietnamese alphabet. It was an adoption of the Portuguese tilde, and should not be confused with the tone mark ngã, which is mistakenly encoded as a tilde in Unicode but is actually an adoption of the Greek perispomeni. Apex is the name used in contemporary Latin texts.
In his 1651 , Alexandre de Rhodes describes the diacritic:
The apex appears atop , , and less commonly . As with other accent marks, a tone mark can appear atop the apex.
According to canon law historian Roland Jacques, the apex indicated a final labial-velar nasal , an allophone of that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. The apex apparently fell out of use during the mid-18th century, being unified with (representing ), in a major simplification of the orthography, though the Vietnamese Jesuit () continued to use the old orthography into the early 19th century. In Pierre Pigneau de Behaine and Jean-Louis Taberd's 1838 , the words and became and , respectively.
The Middle Vietnamese apex is known as or in modern Vietnamese. The apex is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing, such as in Phạm Thế Ngũ's .
Examples
Obtained from Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, a trilingual Vietnamese, Portuguese and Latin dictionary by Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes.
References
Vietnamese language
Diacritics | Vietnamese tilde | [
"Mathematics"
] | 329 | [
"Symbols",
"Diacritics"
] |
75,815,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Pearson | D. Graham Pearson FRS is a British geologist and geochemist, who is best known for his work using isotopic tracers and characteristics of diamonds to understand the composition and evolution of the mantle roots underpinning continents and the interior of the Earth. Since 2010, he has been a Professor and Canada Excellence in Research Chair at the University of Alberta, Canada. He was elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society in 2023.
Life and works
Pearson was born in West Yorkshire. He completed his undergraduate degree in geology at Imperial College, London, and then undertook a PhD in isotope geochemistry at the University of Leeds. After holding research positions at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Open University, Pearson was appointed to a lectureship at the University of Durham. In 2010, he was appointed to as a prestigious Canada Excellence in Research Chair at the University of Alberta, Canada, where he guides a notable team and established and leads the Arctic Resources Geochemistry Laboratory - one of the largest and most advanced facilities of its kind in the world.
Awards
Pearson's work has been recognised with numerous awards. In 2017, he was awarded the Robert Wilhelm Bunsen medal of the European Geosciences Union, for his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the sub-continental mantle, and innovations in geochemical techniques. In 2021, he received the Murchison Medal from the Geological Society of London for his studies of the deep Earth and planetary materials, and in 2023, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
References
Living people
British geochemists
British geologists
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Alumni of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Murchison Medal winners
Year of birth missing (living people) | Graham Pearson | [
"Chemistry"
] | 346 | [
"Geochemists",
"British geochemists"
] |
78,911,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey%20Dobryden | Alexey Afanasyevich Dobryden (Russian: Алексей Афанасьевич Добрыдень; 20 May 1926 - 9 October 1980) was a Soviet metallurgist and party leader.
Biography
Dobryden was born and raised in Ol'khovatka, Olkhovatsky District, Voronezh Oblast by his parents, Afanasy Andreevich Dobryden and Pelageya Korneevna Dobryden née Poltavtseva.
He was called into service for the Soviet Army on 9 December 1943 when he was 17 years old, from December 1945 he served as corporal in the 10th brigade of the NKVD troops.
After he got demobilised from the army on 25 July 1951, he graduated from the working youth school No. 1 at the Sverdlovsk station. He then married Inna Mikhailovna Peshkova (27 August 1928 - 12 April 2015) on 7 November 1954 in Yekaterinburg. They had two children together, Elena Alekseevna Stepanova (1956 - ) and Mikhail Alekseevich Dobryden (1963 - ).
He later studied at the metallurgical faculty of the Ural State Technical University, from which he graduated in 1956 and received a diploma as a metallurgical engineer with a specialty in Foundry.
He passed away on 9 October 1980 in Yekaterinburg. He was buried at the Shirokorechenskoye Cemetery.
References
Soviet politicians
Metallurgists
Sverdlovsk Oblast
Soviet scientists
1926 births
1980 deaths | Alexey Dobryden | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 331 | [
"Metallurgists",
"Metallurgy"
] |
78,914,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20autonomous%20sex%20identity | Cell Autonomous Sex Identity (CASI) refers to the intrinsic determination of a cell's sex-specific characteristics based on its genetic and epigenetic makeup, independent of external hormonal influences. Unlike traditional models of sex differentiation, which emphasize the role of gonadal hormones in directing cellular and tissue-level sexual traits, CASI highlights the ability of individual cells to express their sexual identity autonomously. This concept has significant implications for understanding sexual dimorphism, development, and the evolutionary diversity of sex determination mechanisms across species.
CASI has been observed in various organisms, including birds, insects, and fish, and challenges the long-held view that hormonal signaling is the primary determinant of sex-specific traits. In certain species, CASI plays a critical role in development, with sex chromosomes directly influencing cellular function and morphology. The study of CASI provides new insights into how genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the differentiation of cells and tissues and has potential applications in understanding human biology, reproductive health, and disorders of sexual development.
Historical Background
The concept of cell autonomous sex identity (CASI) emerged as a challenge to the traditional understanding of sexual differentiation, which largely centered around the role of gonadal hormones in directing the development of sex-specific traits. Early research on sex determination systems focused heavily on the influence of hormonal signaling, particularly in mammals, where the testes and ovaries are known to orchestrate a cascade of changes in both primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
The first indications that sex identity could be cell-autonomous rather than entirely hormone-driven arose from studies in non-mammalian species, particularly birds and insects. In the mid-20th century, researchers investigating sexual dimorphism in avian species observed that male and female cells could exhibit distinct characteristics even when exposed to the same hormonal environment. This led to the hypothesis that sex determination might occur at the cellular level in some cases, independent of systemic hormonal control.
The field gained significant traction in the 21st century with advancements in genetic and molecular biology. Landmark studies in chickens demonstrated that individual cells in somatic tissues could retain their sex identity regardless of the hormonal milieu, providing compelling evidence for CASI. This finding contrasted sharply with mammalian models, where hormonal influences were thought to dominate sexual differentiation.
Further research expanded the scope of CASI to other species, such as insects and fish, revealing diverse mechanisms by which sex chromosomes and gene expression patterns could directly influence cellular phenotypes. These discoveries underscored the evolutionary diversity in sex determination processes and highlighted the importance of CASI in understanding sexual dimorphism across the animal kingdom.
On-going research into exploring the implications of CASI for evolution, health and disease continue. The historical shift from hormone-centric models to a more nuanced understanding that includes cell-autonomous mechanisms marks a significant paradigm change in the study of sexual differentiation.
Mechanisms of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity
Cell autonomous sex identity arises from the intrinsic properties of individual cells, determined by genetic and epigenetic factors encoded by their sex chromosomes. Unlike hormone-driven sex differentiation, where external chemical signals guide the development of sexual traits, CASI relies on the direct expression of genes and regulatory networks that are inherently linked to a cell's chromosomal sex.
At the core of CASI is the differential expression of genes located on the sex chromosomes (e.g., Z and W in birds, X and Y in mammals). In organisms where CASI has been observed, the presence of these sex chromosomes directly influences the transcriptional landscape of individual cells, leading to sex-specific cellular characteristics. For example, in birds, studies have shown that male (ZZ) and female (ZW) cells exhibit distinct gene expression profiles even when exposed to identical hormonal environments.
Key Components of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity Mechanisms
Sex Chromosome-Linked Gene Expression
Genes located on sex chromosomes, such as DMRT1 in birds and TRA-1 in some insects, play crucial roles in establishing cell-autonomous sex identity. These genes are often expressed in a sex-specific manner, driving divergent developmental pathways at the cellular level.
Epigenetic Regulation
Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, contribute to the regulation of sex-specific gene expression. In some cases, these modifications help maintain the cellular memory of sex identity throughout an organism's life.
Non-Hormonal Signaling Pathways
Intrinsic signaling pathways within the cell can reinforce sex-specific gene expression and cellular phenotypes. These pathways act independently of systemic hormonal influences, highlighting the autonomy of CASI.
Interactions with Autosomal Genes
While CASI primarily relies on sex chromosome-linked factors, interactions with autosomal genes also contribute to the establishment and maintenance of sex-specific traits. For example, some autosomal genes are regulated by sex-specific transcription factors encoded on the sex chromosomes.
Examples of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity in Action
Avian Somatic Cells: Studies in birds, such as chickens, have demonstrated that male and female somatic cells can maintain their sexual identity in mixed-sex chimeras, providing direct evidence of CASI.
Drosophila (Fruit Flies): Insects like fruit flies exhibit CASI in the differentiation of somatic tissues, where sex-specific transcription factors directly influence cellular development.
Fish Gonads: CASI has also been observed in fish species where gonadal cells retain their sex identity independent of external hormonal cues.
The mechanisms underlying CASI highlight the diversity and complexity of sex determination processes across species. These insights challenge the traditional hormone-centric view of sexual differentiation and emphasize the importance of understanding cell-intrinsic factors in shaping sex-specific development.
Cell Autonomous Sex Identity in Model Organisms
Research on cell autonomous sex identity has leveraged various model organisms to uncover the genetic, cellular, and developmental mechanisms underlying sex-specific traits. These studies have provided valuable insights into how CASI operates across different taxa and contributed to a broader understanding of sex determination and differentiation.
Birds
Birds, particularly chickens (Gallus gallus), have been instrumental in studying CASI. Unlike mammals, where gonadal hormones dominate sex differentiation, avian somatic cells exhibit intrinsic sex identity. Studies using mixed-sex chimeric chickens demonstrated that male (ZZ) and female (ZW) cells maintain their distinct sexual identity even when transplanted into tissues of the opposite sex. The DMRT1 gene, located on the Z chromosome, has been identified as a key regulator of CASI in birds. Its dosage-dependent expression in males plays a critical role in driving male-specific development.
Drosophila (Fruit Flies)
In the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), CASI is evident in the development of sex-specific somatic tissues, such as bristles and reproductive structures. The sex determination pathway in Drosophila is governed by the Sex-lethal (Sxl) gene, which initiates a cascade of transcriptional events leading to sex-specific alternative splicing of downstream genes like doublesex (dsx). This pathway operates independently in each cell, demonstrating the cell-autonomous nature of sex determination in this species.
Zebrafish
Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a widely used vertebrate model, have also been studied for CASI, particularly in the context of gonadal development. While zebrafish lack sex chromosomes, sex-specific gene expression patterns in gonadal cells are largely autonomous. This has provided a unique perspective on CASI in species without traditional chromosomal sex determination systems.
Mammals
Although CASI is less prominent in mammals due to the dominant role of gonadal hormones, evidence of cell-autonomous sex differences exists. For example, studies in murine models have shown that the presence of XX or XY chromosomes in brain cells can lead to sex-specific differences in neuronal development and function, independent of gonadal hormone influence.
C. elegans (Roundworms)
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has provided key insights into CASI in hermaphroditic and male individuals. Sex determination in C. elegans is controlled by the X:A ratio (the number of X chromosomes relative to autosomes), which regulates a cascade of sex-specific gene expression. Each cell independently interprets this ratio, leading to cell-autonomous decisions about sexual differentiation.
Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)
In Lepidoptera, sex determination involves a WZ/ZZ system, similar to birds. Studies have shown that the sex of individual cells is influenced by chromosomal composition, with evidence of CASI playing a significant role in the development of sex-specific traits, such as wing patterns and pheromone production.
Implications of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity
The discovery and study of cell autonomous sex identity have far-reaching implications across various fields of biology, medicine, and evolution. By highlighting the intrinsic properties of cells in determining sex-specific traits, CASI has challenged traditional hormone-centric models of sexual differentiation and opened new avenues of research and application.
Evolutionary Biology
CASI provides critical insights into the evolution of sex determination systems. The existence of cell-autonomous mechanisms suggests that sex-specific traits can evolve independently of hormonal influences, potentially allowing for greater plasticity in evolutionary pathways. This understanding helps explain the diversity of sex determination strategies observed across taxa, from chromosomal to environmental systems.
Developmental Biology
CASI has redefined our understanding of sexual development by emphasizing the role of intrinsic cellular mechanisms. This has implications for studying developmental disorders related to sexual differentiation, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome and Turner syndrome, as it highlights the interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and cellular factors.
Comparative Physiology
By exploring CASI across different species, researchers can identify universal and species-specific mechanisms of sexual differentiation. This comparative approach enhances our understanding of how sex-specific traits are regulated in diverse environmental and ecological contexts.
Neuroscience and Behavior
In mammals, evidence of CASI in brain cells has implications for understanding sex differences in neural development, cognition, and behavior. CASI may contribute to innate sex-specific behaviors and provide new perspectives on the biological basis of neurodevelopmental disorders that exhibit sex-biased prevalence, such as autism spectrum disorder.
Biomedical Research
CASI highlights the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in research. Intrinsic differences between male and female cells could influence disease progression, drug responses, and therapeutic outcomes. This understanding emphasizes the need for sex-specific approaches in clinical trials and personalized medicine.
Implications for Agriculture and Conservation
CASI research can also benefit applied fields like agriculture and wildlife conservation. In poultry farming, for example, understanding CASI may allow for the development of sex-specific growth strategies or improve breeding programs. Similarly, in conservation, insights into CASI could inform efforts to manage populations with skewed sex ratios or develop strategies for assisted reproduction in endangered species.
Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormonal Influence
While cell autonomous sex identity emphasizes the intrinsic sex-specific properties of individual cells, the interplay between CASI and hormonal influences plays a critical role in shaping an organism's overall sexual phenotype. CASI and hormones are not mutually exclusive but instead represent complementary mechanisms of sexual differentiation.
Independence of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity from Hormonal Cues
CASI operates independently of systemic hormonal signals, as demonstrated in studies where individual cells maintain their sexual identity regardless of the hormonal environment. For example, in avian chimeras, male (ZZ) and female (ZW) cells retain their respective gene expression profiles even when transplanted into opposite-sex tissues. This underscores the cell-intrinsic nature of CASI and its role in establishing baseline sex identity at the cellular level.
Hormonal Modulation of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity Traits
While CASI establishes the foundational sex identity of a cell, hormones can modulate the expression of CASI-driven traits. For instance, in birds, male and female somatic cells may exhibit intrinsic differences due to CASI, but the extent to which these differences manifest in tissues can be influenced by circulating hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. Hormones act as amplifiers, enhancing or suppressing sex-specific characteristics that are intrinsically determined by CASI.
Interactions Between Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Hormones
CASI and hormonal influences interact dynamically during development and adulthood:
Developmental Coordination: In many species, CASI establishes cellular sex identity early in development, which is later reinforced or fine-tuned by hormonal signals. For example, in mammals, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome initiates testis development, but subsequent male sexual differentiation heavily relies on androgens.
Sexual Dimorphism: The combined effects of CASI and hormones contribute to the development of sexually dimorphic traits. In some cases, CASI may dictate cellular predispositions, while hormones ensure the coordinated expression of these traits across tissues and organs.
Contexts of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity-Hormonal Conflict
Instances where CASI and hormonal influences diverge provide unique insights into their interplay. For example:
Chimeric Studies: In mixed-sex chimeras, cells maintain CASI-determined sexual identity even when exposed to conflicting hormonal environments.
Hormone Insensitivity Syndromes: Disorders like androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) reveal the limitations of hormonal influence when CASI-driven traits dominate cellular responses. In AIS, individuals with XY chromosomes (CASI-determined male identity) develop phenotypically female characteristics due to a lack of response to androgens.
Implications for Research and Medicine
Understanding the interaction between CASI and hormonal influences has profound implications:
Endocrinology: Investigating how CASI interacts with hormone-driven processes can provide deeper insights into endocrine disorders.
Regenerative Medicine: Incorporating both CASI and hormonal influences in tissue engineering could improve outcomes for sex-specific therapies.
Sex Differences in Disease: CASI may explain intrinsic cellular differences between males and females that persist even when hormonal effects are absent or minimized.
Evolutionary Perspective
The study of cell autonomous sex identity offers profound insights into the evolution of sex determination and differentiation across species. CASI reveals an evolutionary framework that integrates cell-intrinsic mechanisms with broader hormonal systems, providing adaptability and resilience in diverse ecological and environmental contexts.
Cell Autonomous Sex Identity as an Evolutionary Foundation
CASI represents an ancient and conserved mechanism for sex determination that predates the evolution of complex hormonal systems. The ability of individual cells to autonomously interpret genetic cues and establish their sexual identity is evident across a wide range of taxa, from simple invertebrates like Drosophila to more complex vertebrates such as birds. This suggests that CASI is a fundamental evolutionary strategy, ensuring sex-specific cellular function at the earliest stages of multicellular organismal development.
Divergence of Hormonal Regulation
As organisms evolved, systemic hormonal systems likely arose to coordinate sex-specific traits across tissues and organs, supplementing the intrinsic mechanisms provided by CASI. This dual system allowed for more complex sexual dimorphisms and greater adaptability to environmental pressures, such as mate competition and reproductive success. The divergence of hormonal regulation in mammals (testosterone and estrogen dominance) and birds (estradiol-driven mechanisms) reflects evolutionary fine-tuning built upon the foundation of CASI.
Role in Sex Chromosome Evolution
CASI has implications for understanding the evolution of sex chromosomes. The ability of cells to interpret sex chromosome composition autonomously may have driven the specialization of sex chromosomes, such as the differentiation of X and Y in mammals and Z and W in birds. In species where chromosomal sex determination is absent or secondary, as in zebrafish or certain reptiles, CASI may provide insights into how sex identity is maintained in the absence of clear chromosomal cues.
Evolutionary Advantages of Cell Autonomous Sex Identity
The cell-autonomous nature of CASI offers several evolutionary advantages:
Resilience to Environmental Fluctuations: CASI ensures intrinsic sex determination at the cellular level, which may be less susceptible to environmental perturbations than hormonal systems.
Tissue-Specific Adaptation: CASI allows for the independent evolution of sex-specific traits in different tissues, enabling specialized functions that enhance reproductive success and survival.
Flexibility in Evolutionary Pathways: CASI provides a substrate for the evolution of diverse sex determination systems, allowing species to adapt sex determination strategies to ecological niches or environmental constraints.
Comparative Evolutionary Insights
Studies of CASI across taxa reveal evolutionary trade-offs between cell-autonomous mechanisms and hormonal regulation. For example:
Birds and Mammals: The prominence of CASI in birds contrasts with the hormone-dominated systems of mammals, highlighting different evolutionary pressures shaping sex determination.
Invertebrates and Vertebrates: The conservation of CASI in invertebrates, such as Drosophila, and its adaptation in vertebrates illustrates how intrinsic sex determination mechanisms have been modified across evolutionary time scales.
Broader Evolutionary Implications
CASI underscores the importance of considering multiple levels of biological organization in evolution. While hormones allow for organism-wide coordination, CASI demonstrates cellular-level autonomy in driving evolutionary change. This duality provides a robust framework for the emergence and maintenance of sex-specific traits across a wide variety of life forms.
Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Biology
The study of cell autonomous sex identity in humans is an emerging field that offers new insights into sex differentiation, disorders of sexual development (DSDs), and broader aspects of human biology. While hormonal signals are well-known to play a key role in sexual differentiation, CASI presents a crucial layer of regulation that operates at the cellular level, influencing how human cells "decide" their sex identity independent of external hormonal cues. This section explores the implications of CASI for human biology, from sexual development to disease and beyond.
Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Sexual Differentiation in Humans
CASI plays a foundational role in early sexual differentiation in humans, particularly during embryonic development. In XY embryos, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome activates a cascade of signals that trigger testis development, while in XX embryos, the absence of SRY leads to ovarian development. While hormones such as testosterone and estrogen play major roles in furthering sexual development and secondary sexual characteristics, CASI ensures that each cell reflects its genetic sex, whether male (XY) or female (XX), from the very beginning.
Research has shown that cells, particularly in the gonads, brain, and other tissues, retain their cellular sex identity even in conditions where hormonal signals might be disrupted or absent. This independent cellular identity suggests that CASI might be at work throughout human development, regulating key processes such as the differentiation of gonads and the central nervous system.
Disorders of Sexual Development and Cell Autonomous Sex Identity
Understanding CASI is crucial for interpreting certain disorders of sexual development (DSDs), in which an individual's chromosomal sex and phenotypic sex do not align as expected. These conditions can be classified into several categories, including conditions where individuals with XY chromosomes develop female characteristics (e.g., androgen insensitivity syndrome) or individuals with XX chromosomes develop male characteristics (e.g., congenital adrenal hyperplasia).
In cases such as androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), cells that would typically be influenced by testosterone fail to respond to the hormone, resulting in the development of female external genitalia despite the presence of a Y chromosome. However, the intrinsic cellular identity of the individual’s cells, as determined by their chromosomal sex (XX or XY), remains intact at the cellular level, which aligns with CASI. This suggests that CASI can influence the phenotypic sex independently of hormonal signaling.
Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Brain Development
CASI’s role in human brain development is another important aspect of its contribution to human biology. There is increasing evidence that CASI may contribute to sex differences in brain structures and functions, potentially influencing cognition, behavior, and neurological conditions. Research in humans and animal models has suggested that sexual differentiation in the brain begins early in development, and that certain brain cells might maintain their intrinsic sex identity, even in the absence of external hormonal signaling.
For example, while hormones such as estrogen and testosterone are known to influence brain sexual differentiation in typical sexual development, there may also be cellular mechanisms driven by CASI that set the foundation for sexually dimorphic traits in the brain, including differences in regions responsible for motor control, spatial ability, and emotional regulation. These findings could be important for understanding sex-based differences in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which shows a higher prevalence in males.
Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Human Disease
The implications of CASI extend to human health, especially in relation to sex-specific diseases. While hormonal influences have long been studied in diseases such as cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, ovarian cancer), CASI suggests that the cellular sex identity may also contribute to disease susceptibility and progression.
For example, in certain types of cancers, such as breast cancer or ovarian cancer, the intrinsic sex identity of cells could affect their behavior, such as their response to treatment, their rate of growth, and their metastatic potential. Investigating CASI could help elucidate why some diseases manifest differently in males and females and why certain diseases are sex biased.
See also
Sex determination
Sexual dimorphism
Gonadal development
SRY gene
References
Evolution
Sexual dimorphism
Genetics
Cell biology | Cell autonomous sex identity | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 4,433 | [
"Cell biology",
"Sexual dimorphism",
"Genetics",
"Sex",
"Asymmetry",
"Symmetry"
] |
78,915,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Unified%20Payments%20Interface%20applications | This is a list of applications supporting the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), an Indian instant payment system as well as protocol developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in 2016. The interface facilitates inter-bank peer-to-peer (P2P) and person-to-merchant (P2M) transactions.
References
Unified Payments Interface
Mobile payments in India
Banking in India | List of Unified Payments Interface applications | [
"Technology"
] | 82 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Lists of software"
] |
78,915,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20101581 | HD 101581 (also other designations TOI-6276 and GJ 435) is a nearby K-type main-sequence star located in the constellation Centaurus, approximately away, based on a parallax of 78.227 mas. At an apparent magnitude of 7.8, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, although it can be viewed with a small telescope.
HD 101581 has a spectral type of K5V, which classifies it as a main sequence star (similar to the Sun) having the core hydrogen converted into helium. It has 0.65 times the Solar mass and 0.63 times the Solar radius while its age is estimated to be about 6.9 billion years old. Its surface has an effective temperature of 4633 K giving it the typical orange hue of a K-type star. The metallicity index of it is , indicating a iron-to-hydrogen ratio 45% that of the Sun.
Planetary system
In 2024, two validated Earth-size planets were discovered to orbit HD 101581 via the transit method by TESS. These planets have orbital periods of 4.5 and 6.2 days, respectively. Also a candidate third small transiting planet in a wider orbit was possibly detected. The host star is the brightest star (in visual magnitude) with multiple known transiting Earth-size exoplanets, which should enable the atmospheric study of its orbiting planets via transmission spectroscopy in the near-future.
See also
K2-138, which has a similar architecture "peas-in-pod" of planetary system
LTT 1445, another nearby star system with transiting Earth-size planets
References
Centaurus
K-type main-sequence stars
CD-43 07228
0435
101581
056998
6276
Planetary systems with two confirmed planets | HD 101581 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 376 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
78,916,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Australian%20Jewish%20doxxing%20incident | The 2024 Australian Jewish doxxing incident was an instance of mass doxxing that targeted the Jewish community in Australia. It took place on 8 February 2024 when individuals describing themselves as pro-Palestine activists leaked the chat transcript and contact details of over 600 Jewish creatives and academics a in private WhatsApp group called 'J.E.W.I.S.H creatives and academics', on the grounds that members in the group had discussed ways to threaten the employment of Australian pro-Palestinian activists. Critics considered the motivation to be antisemitism. Many sources considered the incident to be an antisemitic attack; some defended it as a form of whistleblowing. The incident led to group members being subjected to personal threats and attacks on their places of work, and led the Australian government to make changes to Australian law regarding doxxing.
Overview
The incident occurred when a group describing themselves as pro-Palestinian and anti-Zionist activists doxxed the members of a private WhatsApp group of over 600 Australian Jews called 'J.E.W.I.S.H creatives and academics', affecting hundreds of Jewish Australians working in academia and creative industries. The WhatsApp group had been established in the wake of the Hamas attacks on Israel on October 7 2023 as a space to serve as a "lifeline" for Jewish creatives and to discuss issues related to the Israel-Hamas conflict and antisemitism in Australia. The stated justification for the leak was a desire to expose Australian Zionists, after a minority of the members of the group conspired in the group chat against pro-Palestinian public figures, discussing ways to jeopardise their employment. Critics of the doxxing considered the motivation to be antisemitism. The doxxers referred to the WhatsApp group as a "leaked zionist group chat".
The doxxing was reported on 8 February 2024. The activists leaked the full transcript of the group chat, which totalled around 900 pages, as well as the full names, occupations and the photographs of around 100 members of the group The leakers, adopting the term "Zio600" to refer to the group, described the leak as an act of pro-Palestinian activism, and continuing the use of using Zio as a racist slur to refer to the Jewish community. The contents of the group chat were leaked on social media, with several high-profile public figures sharing the material, including the children's artist Matt Chun, Macquarie University academic Randa Abdel-Fattah, and writer Clementine Ford; Ford had been among the pro-Palestinian activists targetted by some members of the group. Several of the high-profile individuals involved in leaking the chat subsequently defended their actions in the context of the Israel–Hamas war, stating that they had done so with the participation of "First Nations people and anti-zionist Jews". Although the doxxers termed the WhatsApp group as a "leaked zionist group chat", it reportedly included Jews who did not identify as Zionists and personal details of children and some individuals who identified as Jewish anti-Zionists were also doxxed. One victim of the doxxing told the The Sydney Morning Herald:“I am not a Zionist, I have never been a Zionist, I am just a Jewish woman trying to go about my life. This is a group of any Jew they know the name of. I can’t believe it is happening.”Members of the leaked 'J.E.W.I.S.H creatives and academics' groups faced death threats, including threats made against a five-year old child with one family reportedly being forced into hiding. Several victims of the doxxing reported on the personal and professional toll the leak had taken on them, including being forced to close their businesses. Businesses owned by members of the group were vandalised and received threatening phone calls and emails, and companies that employed members of the WhatsApp group received phone calls and emails pressuring them to sack the members.
In August 2024, the source of the leak was identified as New York Times journalist Natasha Frost. Frost stated that she had shared the contents of the WhatsApp chat with a single individual about whom she was writing a story in confidence, and that she was "shocked" at its subsequent dissemination, saying the leak put her and many others at risk and that she "deeply regret[ted]" the fact that it had been made public. In November 2024, one of the leakers was allegedly to have made "vile" threats against Jews on social media. In November 2024, the first arrest related to the leak was made.
Changes to legislation
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese directed Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus to bring forward new laws in response to the Privacy Act review in response to the mass doxxing. The Albanese government shortly thereafter announced new laws to combat doxxing, with tougher laws to stop the malicious release of personal information. The Privacy and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2024 took effect on 10 December 2024 and introduced several new offences to the federal Criminal Code Act of 1995, introducing criminal penalties for doxxing.
Reactions
The leak was condemned by leaders of Australia's Jewish community, including Alex Ryvchin, the co-CEO for the Executive Council of Australian Jewry, the peak body for Australian Jews. Ryvchin said he was in "shock …[and] disbelief” that “people are once again drawing up lists of Jews”, calling the tactics “Nazi-like”. and saying that he had "never seen our community so fearful and so shaken". Josh Burns said that the leak had “shaken the Jewish community to its core”. The NSW Jewish Board of Deputies, Zionist Federation of Australia head Alon Cassuto and the Jewish Australian Labor Party MP Josh Burns also condemning the leak. Burns stated that members of the doxxed group had faced death threats, including a threat targeted at a five-year old child and that one family had been forced into hiding. Both the governing Australian Labor Party and the opposition Liberal Party of Australia were strongly critical of the publication of the list. Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said that “[t]he idea that someone should be targeted because of their religion … is just completely unacceptable". Other politicians such as the Liberal Party Senator Dave Sharma and the independent MPs Allegra Spender and Zoe Daniel also condemned the publication of the list.
Other responses
Some sources described the leak as part of growing antisemitic intimidation that had previously been absent in Australia. Megan Goldin wrote in Newsweek that the incident as proof that "antisemitism Down Under [was] turning vicious" and that it reflected "a surge of antisemitism that most Jews thought was relegated to the dark annals of Jewish history". One of the founders of the doxxed group called the doxxers aim to "‘expos[e]’ and purg[e] ‘Zionists', aka any Jews who didn’t denounce Israel to be evilest [sic] of them all", to be reminiscent of Soviet anti-semitism. Professor David Slucki of Monash University said the terminology used by the doxxers was problematic, including the term "Zio", which originated as an ethnic slur for Jews popularised by white supremacist and former Ku Klux Klan head David Duke.
Conversely, writers from The Conversation defended the leak an example of whistleblowing rather than doxxing, though acknowledged ethical issues regarding sharing the names of all the people in the group as only some had targeted pro-Palestinian activists. Bernard Keene, the political editor from Crikey, opined that while members of the group who were unaware of the targeted campaign against pro-Palestinian activists were doxxed, sharing the details of the people who had conspired to jeopardise the employment of pro-Palestinian figures was justified, also stating that portraying the WhatsApp group "as merely an innocuous support mechanism is misleading".
See also
Antisemitism in Australia
Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war
Antisemitic incidents during the Israel-Hamas war
References
Australia
Racism in Australia
Judaism in Australia
Antisemitism in Australia | 2024 Australian Jewish doxxing incident | [
"Biology"
] | 1,697 | [
"Harassment and bullying",
"Behavior",
"Aggression"
] |
78,916,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgin%20clans | Lezgin clans or sykhyls (also tukhums) (, []) are traditional Lezgin kinship groups sharing self-identified through descent from a common ancestor.
Etymology
The Lezgin name for clans is shykhyl «сихил» comes from two Lezgin words tsi «цӀи» and khel «хел» literally “bloodline”. Lezgins also use the term tukhum «тухум», it is a term is more general and used by all Dagestani peoples for a tribe or family. The term is used to describe different clan structures for different ethnicities and does not mean the same thing from one ethnicity to the other.
History
After Russian conquest of the Caucasus the Lezgin sykhyls or tukhums has all but vanished. While the aul was, like the Avar and Dargin auls, the basis of Lezgin society in pre-revolutionary times, the aul and the Jamaat have lost their role. The reasons for this range from their homeland being more open to external influence, culturally from neighbouring Azeris and politically from the USSR, as well as the loss of the Lezgin Tariqa (Мюридизм) to the USSR's state atheism and the more recent penetration of Salafism into Lezgin society.
Clan organization
Each sykhyl spoke a different dialect of the same Lezgic languages, a common spoken Lezgin dialect unintelligible to people outside the village. Despite the fact that during this period the Lezgin lived in relatively closed conditions of mountain gorges, which contributed to more demarcation in terms of territoriality than rallying around a single center, they retained the self-consciousness of a single ethnic group based on a common culture and a single language.
List of clans
Notes
References
Tribes of the Caucasus
Kinship and descent | Lezgin clans | [
"Biology"
] | 402 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kinship and descent"
] |
78,916,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minlos%E2%80%93Sazonov%20theorem | The Minlos–Sasonov theorem is a result from measure theory on topological vector spaces. It provides a sufficient condition for a cylindrical measure to be σ-additive on a locally convex space. This is the case when its Fourier transform is continuous at zero in the Sazonov topology and such a topology is called sufficient. The theorem is named after the two Russian mathematicians Robert Adol'fovich Minlos and Vyacheslav Vasilievich Sazonov.
The theorem generalizes two classical theorem: the Minlos theorem (1963) and the Sazonov theorem (1958). It was then later generalized in the 1970s by the mathematicians Albert Badrikian and Laurent Schwartz to locally convex spaces. Therefore, the theorem is sometimes also called Minlos-Sasonov-Badrikian theorem.
Minlos–Sasonov theorem
Let be a locally convex space, and are the corresponding algebraic and topological dual spaces, and is the dual paar. A topology on is called compatible with the dual paar if the corresponding topological dual space is . A seminorm on is called Hilbertian or a Hilbert seminorm if there exists a positive definite bilinear form such that for all .
Let denote the cylindrical algebra.
Sazonov topology
Let be a seminorm on and be the factor space with canonical mapping defined as . Let be the norm
on , denote the corresponding Banach space as and let be the natural embedding, then define the continuous map
which is a map . Let be a seminorm such that for all
then define a continuous linear operator as follows:
If then , which is well-defined.
If and , then there exists a sequence which converges against and the sequence converges in therefore
If it Hilbertian then is a Hilbert space.
Sazonov topology
Let be a family of continuous Hilbert seminorms defined as follows: if and only if there exists a Hilbert seminorm such that for all
and is a Hilbert-Schmidt operator. Then the topology induced by the family is called the Sazonov topology or S-Topologie. Clearly it depends on the underlying topology
and if is a nuclear then .
Statement of the theorem
Let be a cylindrical measure on and a locally convex topology that is compatible with the dual paar and let be the Sazonov topology. Then is σ-additive on if the Fourier transform is continuous in zero in .
Bibliography
References
Theorems in measure theory
Probability theorems | Minlos–Sazonov theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 496 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in measure theory",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
78,917,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20hypothetical%20particles | This is a list of hypothetical subatomic particles in physics.
Elementary particles
Some theories predict the existence of additional elementary bosons and fermions that are not found in the Standard Model.
Particles predicted by supersymmetric theories
Supersymmetry predicts the existence of superpartners to particles in the Standard Model, none of which have been confirmed experimentally. The sfermions (spin-0) include:
Another hypothetical sfermion is the saxion, superpartner of the axion. Forms a supermultiplet, together with the axino and the axion, in supersymmetric extensions of Peccei–Quinn theory.
The predicted bosinos (spin ) are
Just as the photon, Z and W± bosons are superpositions of the B, W, W, and W fields, the photino, zino, and wino are superpositions of the bino, wino, wino, and wino. No matter if one uses the original gauginos or this superpositions as a basis, the only predicted physical particles are neutralinos and charginos as a superposition of them together with the Higgsinos.
Other superpartner categories include:
Charginos, superpositions of the superpartners of charged Standard Model bosons: charged Higgs boson and W boson. The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) predicts two pairs of charginos.
Neutralinos, superpositions of the superpartners of neutral Standard Model bosons: neutral Higgs boson, Z boson and photon. The lightest neutralino is a leading candidate for dark matter. The MSSM predicts four neutralinos.
Goldstinos are fermions produced by the spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry; they are the supersymmetric counterpart of Goldstone bosons.
Sgoldstino, superpartners of goldstinos.
Dark energy candidates
The following hypothetical particles have been proposed to explain dark energy:
Dark matter candidates
The following categories are not unique or distinct: For example, either a WIMP or a WISP is also a FIP.
Hidden sector theories have also proposed forces that only interact with dark matter, like dark photons.
From experimental anomalies
These hypothetical particles were claimed to be found or hypothesized to explain unsual experimental results. They relate to experimental anomalies but have not been reproduced independently or might be due to experimental errors:
Other
Cosmon, hypothetical state containing the observable universe before the Big Bang.
Diproton (He-2), nuclei consisting of two protons and no neutrons. Yet unobserved.
Diquark, hypothetical state of two quarks grouped inside a baryon.
Geons are electromagnetic or gravitational waves which are held together in a confined region by the gravitational attraction of their own field of energy.
Kaluza–Klein towers of particles are predicted by some models of extra dimensions. The extra-dimensional momentum is manifested as extra mass in four-dimensional spacetime.
Pomerons, used to explain the elastic scattering of hadrons and the location of Regge poles in Regge theory. A counterpart to odderons.
By type
Branons, scalar fields predicted in brane world models.
Composite Higgs, models that consider the Higgs boson to be a composite particle.
Higgs doublets are hypothesized by some theories of physics beyond the standard model.
Continuous spin particle are hypothetical massless particles related to the classification of the representations of the Poincaré group.
Cryptons, any particle from the dark sector of string theory landscape.
Elementary particles that are not bosons or fermions:
Paraparticles, particles that follow parastatistics
Plektons, particles that follow Braid statistics
Exotic particles, particles with exotic properties like negative mass or complex mass.
Exotic hadrons, particles composed of unusual combinations of quarks and gluons.
Exotic mesons
Exotic baryons
Glueball, hypothetical particle that consist of only gluons.
Quark bound states beyond the pentaquark, like hexaquarks and heptaquarks.
Leptoquark, hypothetical particles that are neither bosons or fermions but carry lepton and baryon numbers.
Magnetic monopole is a generic name for particles with non-zero magnetic charge. They are predicted by Grand Unification Theories. These may include:
Dirac monopoles, monopole that would allow charge quantization.
't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles, Dirac monopole but without Dirac strings.
Wu–Yang monopoles, point-like monopole with potential of the form 1/r.
Dyons, extensions of the idea of a magnetic monopole.
Majorana fermions, fermions that are their own anti-particle
Mesonic molecule, two mesons bound together by strong force.
Micro black hole, sub-atomic sized black holes.
Black hole electron, microscopic black hole with the properties of an electron.
Minicharged particle are hypothetical subatomic particles charged with a tiny fraction of the electron charge.
Mirror particles are predicted by theories that restore parity symmetry.
Neutronium, hypothetical nuclei consisting only of neutrons (more than one). Examples include the tetraneutron.
Preons were suggested as subparticles of quarks and leptons, but modern collider experiments have all but ruled out their existence.
Rishons, particles from the Rishon model of preons.
From superseded and obsolete theories
Caloric rays used until the 19th century to explain thermal radiation.
Light corpuscles, hypothetical classical particles used to explain optical phenomena.
Phlogiston, hypothetical combustible content in matter used to explain thermodynamics before the 18th century.
Ultramundane corpuscles, from Le Sage's theory of gravitation, used to explain gravitational phenomena.
Strangelet, hypothetical particle that could form matter consisting of strange quarks.
R-hadron, bound particle of a quark and a supersymmetric particle.
T meson, hypothetical mesons composed of a top quark and one additional subatomic particle. Examples include the theta meson, formed by a top and an anti-top.
Tachyons is a hypothetical particle that travels faster than the speed of light so they would paradoxically experience time in reverse (due to inversion of the theory of relativity) and would violate the known laws of causality. A tachyon has an imaginary rest mass.
True muonium, atom composed of a muon and an anti-muon. Yet unobserved.
Unparticles, hypothetical particles that are massless and scale invariant.
Weyl fermions, hypothetical spin-1/2 massless particles, only found as a quasiparticle.
See also
References
Particles
Subatomic particles
Particles
Unsolved problems in physics | List of hypothetical particles | [
"Physics"
] | 1,439 | [
"Hypothetical particles",
"Matter",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Physical objects",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Nuclear physics",
"Particle physics",
"Particles",
"Atoms",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
78,917,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2022%20R2%20%28ATLAS%29 | Comet ATLAS, formal designation C/2022 R2, is a non-periodic comet with a very small minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth, only about . This has led to an assessment that it may generate a potential meteor shower with a radiant in the general direction from the constellation Lepus by 22–24 November.
On 3 October 2022, observations from the Zwicky Transient Facility showed that the comet had experienced a strong outburst, temporarily increasing its apparent magnitude to 14.24, then rapidly faded away afterwards, indicating that the comet had disintegrated.
References
External links
Non-periodic comets
Near-Earth comets
Destroyed comets
Comets in 2022
Discoveries by ATLAS | C/2022 R2 (ATLAS) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 137 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Comet stubs"
] |
78,919,953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necatorin | Necatorin is a highly mutagenic chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is found in some mushrooms including Lactarius necator (ugly milk-cap), from which it was first isolated and characterized. It tests positive in the Ames test, an assay for mutagenicity. Crude extracts of L. necator are also highly mutagenic in a bacterial test system, and this effect it attributed to necatorin.
Necatorin is present in L. necator at concentrations of 3 to 20 mg/kg, and blanching the mushroom can reduce it to about 25% of its original amount. In boiling water, the chemical compound is stable except under acidic conditions (pH = 5).
References
Mutagens
Lactones
Alkaloids
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Cinnolines | Necatorin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 170 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Natural products",
"Alkaloids"
] |
78,920,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divaricatic%20acid | Divaricatic acid is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is found in a variety of lichens, including some in the genera Evernia, and Lepraria, and Ramalina. It is classified as a depside.
Divaricatic acid forms colorless crystalline needles with a melting point of 129 °C.
Divaricatic acid has antibacterial properties against some Gram positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecium. Since it also has activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a potency equivalent to that of vancomycin, it has been suggested as a potential treatment for MRSA. It also has molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata (ram's horn snail) and antiparasitic activity against cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni (blood fluke).
References
Depsides
Butyl compounds
Methoxy compounds
Lichen products | Divaricatic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 230 | [
"Natural products",
"Lichen products"
] |
78,920,714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Neumann | Barbara Zsusanna Neumann (; 30 November 1914 – 25 November 2002) was a Hungarian mineralogist and clay scientist, inventor of the synthetic clay laponite.
In 2022, the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland named their senior medal in her honour.
Biography
Early life
Neumann () was born in Szolnok, Hungary on 30 November 1914, to Jewish parents. She moved to Budapest, and completed a degree in physics, and doctorate in X-ray diffraction. In 1939, she married Gyorgy Emődi. Emődi was conscripted into the army and died of typhus early in World War II.
Career
During her PhD, Neumann studied the mineralogical structures of clays using X-ray diffraction. One of the samples she worked on was a natural clay called Fuller's earth, provided by the Fuller's Earth Union. In 1939, Neumann wrote to the FEU suggesting that she could help to improve their product. Following an interview, Neumann secured a job with the company, and moved to Redhill, Surrey. Fuller's Earth Union limited merged with Laporte industries in 1954, but Neumann remained with the company until she retired, aged 60, in 1974.
In 1962, Neumann patented a synthetic hectorite clay, which she called laponite. This was the first completely synthetic clay mineral that became commercially highly successful, with uses in products from paints and coatings to catalysts and composites. Laponite was patented in 1970 in the United States. Laponite is a nanomaterial, made up of very small disk-shaped crystals that usually forms a fine white powder. It was one of the first examples of a nanomaterial to be manufactured on an industrial scale. Laponite is registered to and manufactured by BYK Additives & Instruments, and is used in many applications, due to its versatility and desirable physical and chemical properties. Laponite is mentioned in over 3000 patents, and in more than 2500 research publications; and laponite was instrumental in the development of the first 'non-drip' paints, among other products.
Through her career, Neumann was an active member of the Clay Minerals special interest group (CMG) of the Mineralogical Society. She was the first female chair of the CMG from 1967 to 1969.
Family and later life
In April 1949 Neumann married Franz Neumann, an Austrian refugee. They had two children, born in 1950 and 1952. Franz Neumann died in 1971. Neumann died on 25 November 2002, after a stroke.
Recognition
In 2022, the Mineralogical Society renamed their senior medal for 'excellence in mineralogy' the Neumann Medal, in honour of Neumann and in recognition of her contributions to the field of mineralogy.
References
1914 births
2002 deaths
Women mineralogists
Crystallographers
Jewish Hungarian scientists
Hungarian women physicists
20th-century women scientists | Barbara Neumann | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 586 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
78,921,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20steidleri | Tremella steidleri is a species of fungus in the order Tremellales and has the recommended English name brown brain. It produces brown, brain-like, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on Stereum basidiocarps on dead branches of broadleaved trees. It was originally described from the Czech Republic.
Taxonomy
The species was first published in 1908 by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola who named it after its collector, the Czech mycologist Emerich Steidler. Bresadola considered it a variety of the smaller, pinkish, conifer species Tremella encephala (now Naematelia encephala). It was subsequently raised to species level by French mycologists Hubert Bourdot and Amédée Galzin in 1928. As a parasite of Stereum fruit bodies, Tremella steidleri belongs in the genus Naematelia, but the species has not as yet undergone DNA sequencing to confirm this.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, pustular at first becoming compact and brain-like, 30 to 60 mm across, pale to dark, dull, matt brown often with a whitish pruina. Microscopically, the hyphae have clamp connections. The basidia are tremelloid (subglobose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa) and normally stalked, 2 to 4-celled, 15 to 18 by 10 to 13 μm. The basidiospores are ellipsoid, smooth, 7.5 to 10.5 by 5.5 to 7.5 μm.
Similar species
Naematelia aurantia occurs on Stereum hirsutum on broadleaved trees but is typically more lobed and bright yellow to yellow-orange. Naematelia encephala is similarly compact, but is typically smaller, pinkish, and occurs as a parasite of Stereum sanguinolentum on conifers.
Habitat and distribution
Tremella steidleri is a parasite on fruit bodies of Stereum species on broadleaved trees. The type collection was on oak (Quercus species). It was described from Moravia, but occurs throughout central Europe and especially in the United Kingdom.
References
steidleri
Fungi of Europe
Taxa named by Giacomo Bresadola
Fungi described in 1908
Fungus species | Tremella steidleri | [
"Biology"
] | 508 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,921,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Nitrothiophenol | 4-Nitrothiophenol is an organosulfur compound with the formula . It exists as a yellow solid that is soluble in several organic solvents. It is one of three isomers of nitrothiophenol. It was originally prepared by sulfidation of 4-nitrochlorobenzene, which was improved by intentionally generating a polysulfide intermediate. 4-Nitrothiophenol is closely related to thiophenol but more acidic.
The compound reacts with chlorine to give 4-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride, a useful reagent. It has also been used as a probe of plasmon-induced reactions.
References
Nitrobenzene derivatives
Thiols | 4-Nitrothiophenol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 156 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Thiols"
] |
78,923,023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datopotamab%20deruxtecan | Datopotamab deruxtecan, sold under the brand name Datroway, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of breast cancer. It is a Trop-2-directed antibody and topoisomerase inhibitor antibody-drug conjugate.
The most common adverse reactions, including laboratory abnormalities, include stomatitis, nausea, fatigue, decreased leukocytes, decreased calcium, alopecia, decreased lymphocytes, decreased hemoglobin, constipation, decreased neutrophils, dry eye, vomiting, increased ALT, keratitis, increased AST, and increased alkaline phosphatase.
Datopotamab deruxtecan was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2025.
Medical uses
Datopotamab deruxtecan is indicated for the treatment of adults with unresectable or metastatic, hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (IHC 0, IHC1+ or IHC2+/ISH-) breast cancer who have received prior endocrine-based therapy and chemotherapy for unresectable or metastatic disease.
Side effects
Datopotamab deruxtecan is associated with a range of adverse events. Stomatitis is the most common severe event (13.88%). Other side effects include pneumonitis, infusion-related reactions, oral mucositis, and ocular surface events.
History
Efficacy was evaluated in TROPION-Breast01 (NCT05104866), a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial. Participants must have experienced disease progression, been deemed unsuitable for further endocrine therapy, and have received one or two lines of prior chemotherapy for unresectable or metastatic disease. Participants were excluded for a history of ILD/pneumonitis requiring steroids, ongoing ILD/pneumonitis, clinically active brain metastases, or clinically significant corneal disease. Participants also were excluded for ECOG performance status >1. Randomization was stratified by previous lines of chemotherapy, prior CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment, and geographical region. A total of 732 patients were randomized (1:1) to datopotamab deruxtecan-dlnk (n=365) or investigator's choice of chemotherapy (n=367); eribulin (60%), capecitabine (21%), vinorelbine (10%), or gemcitabine (9%).
Society and culture
Legal status
Datopotamab deruxtecan was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2025. In December 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration granted the application for datopotamab deruxtecan breakthrough therapy designation.
Names
Datopotamab deruxtecan is the international nonproprietary name, and the United States Adopted Name.
Datopotamab deruxtecan is sold under the brand name Datroway.
References
External links
Antibody-drug conjugates | Datopotamab deruxtecan | [
"Biology"
] | 658 | [
"Antibody-drug conjugates"
] |
78,923,391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Final%20Experiment%20%28expedition%29 | The Final Experiment was a 2024 expedition to Antarctica to test the validity of the Flat Earth theory. Colorado pastor Will Duffy invited 24 flat Earthers and 24 globe Earthers to make an trip to Union Glacier Camp, where they could observe the midnight sun. Four flat Earthers and four globe Earthers accepted his invitation. Three of the participants were financed by Duffy at a cost of $37,000 per person with the other five crowdfunding their trip.
Prior to the expedition, the consensus on both sides was that an Antarctic midnight sun would be impossible on a flat Earth. In the azimuthal equidistant projection used by most flat Earthers, Antarctica is an "ice wall" encircling the Earth. For the sun to illuminate the entire wall at once, the entire disc would have to be lit up for 24 hours, contradicting accepted observations of the day-night cycle. Hence, observing the midnight sun would falsify the Flat Earth theory.
Many flat Earthers believed that the Antarctic Treaty restricted access to the continent during summer to preserve the "myth" of a 24-hour sun. Despite this, the party disembarked at Union Glacier without issue on the 14th of December. Using Starlink, they were able to live-stream the midnight sun for three days.
Response from flat Earthers
Jeran Campanella, an American YouTuber with 164,000 subscribers, renounced his belief in the azimuthal equidistant model after seeing the midnight sun first-hand. He said: "I realise that I'll be called a shill for just saying that. And you know what, if you're a shill for being honest, so be it." Austin Witsit, another flat Earther on the trip, was unconvinced. He said: "I don't think it falsifies plane [flat] Earth, I don't think it proves a globe – I think it's a singular data point."
The wider Flat Earth community has moved to deny the results, claiming that the footage was filmed in a dome studio or on a green screen, and that the participants were part of a larger conspiracy to promote the globe model. Duffy was accused of taking funds from his church, Agape Kingdom Fellowship, to finance the expedition; Dominic Enyart, a friend of Duffy and a member of his congregation, said that the accusations are baseless. Alabama pastor Dean Odle suggested that Satan "created a fireball" to act as a false sun, in order to undermine a fringe flat-earth interpretation of Scripture.
See also
Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth
References
External links
– Official website
– Videos of the experiment
Flat Earth
Science experiments
Geodesy
Earth sciences | The Final Experiment (expedition) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 568 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Geodesy"
] |
78,923,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-myristoyltransferase%20inhibitors | N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors are small molecules that target and inhibit N-myristoyltransferases, which block the addition of myristic acid to the penultimate glycine of proteins with myristoylation signal. The prototype is the DDD85646, and the analogues IMP-1088 and zelenirstat (PCLX-001). N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors have been shown to have potent antiviral and anti-neoplastic activities.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Antiviral drugs
Pyrazoles
Enzyme inhibitors | N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors | [
"Biology"
] | 130 | [
"Antiviral drugs",
"Biocides"
] |
78,923,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%201335%E2%88%92127 | PKS 1335-127 is a blazar located in the constellation of Virgo with a redshift of (z) 0.539. This is a compact BL Lac object containing a radio source of extragalactic origins; discovered in 1970 during the continuum survey conducted by astronomers from Ohio State University. The object shows a radio spectrum appearing as flat, thus making it a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FRSQ), but also classified as a gigahertz-peaked source (GPS) with high polarization.
Description
PKS 1335-127 is considered to be variable on the electromagnetic spectrum. It is known to produce a near-infrared flare which was detected in February 2013 showing a H-band flux value of 13.691 ± 0.08. Enhanced gamma-ray activity was observed from the object in May 2020, followed by an optical flare one month later. There is presence of large amplitude variability and evidence of position angles showing different rotations at both low and high frequencies from the object.
Radio imaging made by the Very Long Baseline Array on arcsecond scales, shows the structure of PKS 1335-127 is mainly made up of a radio core and a radio jet that is found to curve in an eastwards direction by 6.5" from the core. When imaged at 43 GHz, the jet is revealed to become less defined, with a patch of weak diffused radio emission located southeast. There is also an extended component located at a 152° position angle at a distance of 2.6 milliarcseconds. Earlier observations via a very-long baseline Interferometry (VLBI) map shows the core as unresolved while the jet is found to have an orientation of 135° indicating a perpendicular magnetic field.
Further observations also found the circular polarization in PKS 1335-127 is stable. While images at 15 and 22 GHz respectively shows the presence of compact radio emission focused on the phase center, the image at 43 GHz shows PKS 1335-127 has a double structure containing components with a much stronger southern component. There is also circular polarization towards the jet at its southwestern edge, polarized by 7.16 percent; however it is found 2 factor higher when compared to circular polarization in the jet of 3C 84 (NGC 1275).
References
External links
PKS 1335-127 on SIMBAD
PKS 1335-127 on NASA/IPAC Database
Blazars
Virgo (constellation)
Quasars
BL Lacertae objects
Active galaxies
2827642
Astronomical objects discovered in 1970 | PKS 1335−127 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 531 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,923,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezobresib | Ezobresib is an investigational new drug that has been evaluated for the treatment of cancer. It inhibits Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal domain (BET) proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Developed by Bristol Myers Squibb, this therapeutic agent has been studied for its efficacy in treating various cancers, including solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Despite showing promise in early-phase clinical trials, recent developments suggest that Bristol Myers Squibb has decided to discontinue further development of ezobresib.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Alcohols
Phenyl compounds
Pyridoindoles
Tetrahydropyrans
Triazoles | Ezobresib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 142 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,923,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flezurafenib | Flezurafenib is an investigational new drug designed as a rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) kinase inhibitor which is being evaluated for the treatment of cancer. Developed by Jazz Pharmaceuticals, this novel therapeutic agent is currently being explored for its efficacy against solid tumors and hematological malignancies harboring oncogenic mutations that activate the RAS-RAF-MAPK signaling pathway. As of January 2025, flezurafenib has reached Phase 1 clinical trials, where it is being evaluated for the treatment of advanced cancers and advanced malignant solid neoplasms.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Chromanes
Ethers
4-Fluorophenyl compounds
Imidazoles
Naphthyridines | Flezurafenib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 150 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Ethers",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
78,924,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khady%20Nani%20Dram%C3%A9 | Khady Nani Dramé is a molecular biologist specialising in plant stress physiology and molecular breeding of rice and peanut who now leads translational use of research into rice production in Africa.
She graduated in 2005 with a PhD in ecophysiology from Paris 12 Val de Marne University. She was initially employed at Africa Rice Center/AfricaRice stations in Benin and Tanzania and became involved as a representative for AfricaRice in the Flagship4 project for the Global Rice Array aiming to provide rice breeders worldwide with better and more comprehensive genomics, genotypes, phenomics and environmental information for rice breeding projects. This involves phenotyping rice varieties in the field worldwide as well as providing detailed molecular genetic information on the same varieties. AfricaRice is one of the collaborative research centres of CGIAR. She then moved to the Africa Rice Center in Abidjan as the head of capacity development. Since 2021 she has been director of the Information and Valorizing Research Unit (UNIVAL) in the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA).
Dramé's research into stress focused on the consequences of excessive iron in soils. This is a problem in the cultivation of rice because the crop is grown in flooded soils, rather than better-studied rain-fed or irrigated soils. Dramé has investigated the physiology of this specific problem for rice. She has been part of research projects to assess the performance of rice cultivars. This has included landraces local to Senegal, and also large collections of cultivars in soils with high iron levels that lead to stress for plants. Assessment of both growth characteristics, yields and molecular genetic markers led to linking plant performance to specific genetic markers for use in breeding future varieties.
Publications
Dramé is the author or co-author of over 30 scientific publications as well as contributions to on-line genetic resource and data repositories. These include:
Bathe Diop, Diane R. Wang, Khady Nani Dramé, Vernon Gracen and 7 co-authors (2020) Bridging old and new: Diversity and evaluation of high iron-associated stress response of rice cultivated in W. Africa. Journal of Experimental Biology 71 (14) pp 4188–4200.
Moussa Sié and 10 co-authors including Khady Nani Dramé (2012) Towards a Rational Use of African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) for Breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa. Genes, Genomes and Genomics, Global Science Books.
Elodie Gaulin, Nani Dramé and 13 others (2006) Cellulose binding domains of a Phytophthora cell wall protein are novel pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Plant Cell 18 (7) pp 1766–1777.
Danièle Clavel, Nani Khady Dramé, Harold Roy-Macauley, Serge Braconnier and Daniel Laffray (2005) Analysis of early responses to drought associated with field drought adaptation in four Sahelian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. Environmental and Experimental Biology 54 (3) pp 219-230.
Awards
In 2007 Dramé was one of 15 women selected for an L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards post-doctoral fellowship. She was the recipient of the AfricaRice Dr Robert Carsky Award in 2018.
References
Living people
1979 births
Botanists
Molecular biologists
Senegalese women scientists | Khady Nani Dramé | [
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78,924,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20Transmitter | The Wave Transmitter was a radio transmitter/receiver, described in a patent by Roberto Landell de Moura in 1904, capable of transmitting audio via radio waves as well as light (similar to a photophone). It was developed after many years of Landell de Moura experimenting with multi-function devices that were combinations of megaphones, photophones, and radio telegraphs.
History
Background
Landell de Moura began experiments in wireless communication in the mid 1890s. He worked with electrically powered megaphones, photophones, and when radio technology came along, incorporated radio telegraphy. By 1900 Landell de Moura was giving public demonstration of a device that seemed to use light (a photophone), a device he received a Brazilian patent for in 1901.
On 14 June 1901, he boarded the steamship Piemonte for Europe, from where he then went to the United States, where he sought to patent his inventions, and set up a workshop in New York. During his stay in the U.S., he received patents for a Photophone with radio wave bell or buzzer to alert the user at the other end and a stand-alone wireless telegraph using light or radio waves. He had to change his patent descriptions several times due to the requirements of the Patent Office.
In 1904, he received a patent for his wave transmitter, patent no. 771917. According to the American technicians who analyzed his research during the patent issuance process, his wireless transmission system was superior to what had already been developed, and regarding radiotelephony itself, he was "the discoverer and creator of the principles on which it is based." With the public announcement about his patents, several entrepreneurs offered to buy the rights, but Landell de Moura refused them, declaring: "'The inventions no longer belong to me. By the grace of God, I am merely their custodian. I will take them to my homeland, Brazil, which will be responsible for delivering them to humanity.'"
At the end of 1904, he had to return to Brazil with a debt of US$4,000 , hoping to return to New York in a short time, and, according to Ernani Fornari, patent other six inventions, but he had to abandon his plans. He sought to gain support from the Brazilian government to demonstrate his equipment offshore. However, when meeting with a government representative, he stated that the ships could be at any distance from each other, even suggesting the possibility of interplanetary communication, which was not well received by the government official. He also sought support from the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo to finance the commercialization of his invention, without success. According to Alencar, after the Brazilian government's refusal, Landell de Moura would have destroyed his experiments and given up scientific research. After these events, the federal government began to invest in radio telegraphy for the Armed Forces.
Operation
The Wave Transmitter, originally called the Gouradphone, built in an artisanal way, used an electromechanical microphone, invented by Landell, capable of collecting, according to Claudia Zaltrão, "sound waves through a resonance chamber," whose metallic diaphragm "opened and closed the primary of a Ruhmkorff coil, and induced a high voltage in the secondary of that coil which was radiated either through an antenna or two sparking spheres." The two spheres are called "phonetic interrupter," which, when exposed to the vibrations of the human voice or other sounds, create a series of electric sparks or flashes of light that, when they reach the receiver, are made understandable through a telephone, a lamp, or a Morse code device. However, the radiated voice did not contain the characteristics of the speaker's timbre, requiring training to understand the content of the messages. However, the signal contained many harmonics, allowing it to be detected over a wide range of frequencies.
According to the Cientec team, who replicated the invention, the "phonetic interrupter" was Landell's true innovation, as the other parts of the equipment were already known. According to a report from A Federação, 1905, the transmission of light waves would reach 30 to 50 kilometers and would not have climatic interference, as the beam of light would be modified both by mechanical vibration and by the electrical vibrations produced by the voice.
The device also used both radio waves and light beams, in addition to using continuous waves, with Landell advocating the use of short waves for long-distance communication, something that Marconi only recognized as useful in 1916. D'Arisbo notes that the device for transmitting light waves would be different from that for transmitting electromagnetic waves, while the patent issued in the US explains that the vibrations of the phonetic interrupter are transformed into both electrical and light waves, with Bruscato explaining that the "telephone" and the "wireless telegraph" are those that used light beams. The biographer Hamilton Almeida reports that Landell took more than 10 years to develop his equipment, having started to develop his ideas around 1886, after returning from his studies in Rome. Essentially, Landell sought to establish a point-to-point connection with electromagnetic waves, with the Wave Transmitter radiating information in all directions. Drawing a comparison between the experiments of Landell and Marconi, researchers César Augusto dos Santos and Otto Albuquerque explain as follows:
Landell's patent, in 1901, according to Albuquerque, had priority of speech transmission in a photonic-electronic system, while Marconi's patent focused only on the transmission of signals in Morse code. Both researchers agree that Marconi and Landell conducted similar experiments, but with different aims, with Santos explaining that "the priest-scientist was the first radio amateur in voice telegraphy and the first broadcaster with continued contacts in the country and abroad."
Legacy
In the 1980s, a working group from Telebrás, when analyzing the patents issued by the United States, considered that Landell was the first to carry out continuous wave transmissions, using a valve equivalent to the three-electrode valve patented by Lee De Forest in 1907. At the same time, Edson Benedicto Ramos Féris, then an engineer at the Telebrás Research and Development Center and a professor at USP, explained, after analyzing the patents, that the luminous system used by Landell was a predecessor of fiber optics, as, despite the differences, they are based on the same principle. When discussing the importance of these patents, Hamilton Almeida, in a 1983 book, states that "the wave transmitter patented by Father Landell in the United States is the precursor of the radio."
Regarding Landell's experiments, in 1993, the Italian work "Tu piccola scatola... La radio: fatti, cose, persone," by Laura De Luca and Walter Lobina, states that he conducted the "first radio transmission of which there is any record. The municipality of São Paulo witnessed the emission and reception of electromagnetic and luminous waves. Radio was born, but no one noticed.". In the authors' view, the radio did not find an environment in the country where it could develop. According to Professor Luiz Artur Ferraretto from UFRGS, with the experiences of 1899 and 1900, "Father Landell came close to what, more than a decade later, was named broadcasting." Meanwhile, as Claudia Zaltrão acknowledges, Landell's name and his work remain forgotten in his own country and abroad, while Almeida notes that in life, Landell's invention received recognition from inventors in the USA.
Replics
In 1984, the Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (Cientec), from Rio Grande do Sul, after three months of work by engineer Antonio Carlos Solano and technicians José Clóvis Totel and Antônio Felipe Pepe, presented a functional replica of the Wave Transmitter. One of the many difficulties they faced was understanding the scale of the device and what materials to use in its construction. On 7 September of that year, at the closing of the Semana da Pátria (Week of the Motherland), the replica was presented to the public at an event where Governor Jair Soares conveyed the words "Porto Alegre." In 2004, another functional replica was made by Marco Aurélio Cardoso Moura, after two years of work.
The 1984 replica had a range of up to 50 meters over a wide frequency band, including FM, with Ferraretto noting that at Landell's time the result would have been better due to the absence of external interference. However, it had difficulty reproducing the intonation of the human voice, a problem that led Landell to suggest a code of words for better communication. The 2004 replica had better reception with medium waves, around 540 kHz, in addition to recognizing FM - otherwise, the performance was similar to the 1984 replica.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Primary source
Articles
Newspapers and magazines from the time period
Monography
Books
Additional reading
Radio in Brazil
Radio technology
History of radio
Brazilian inventions
1899 in Brazil
19th-century inventions
Discovery and invention controversies | Wave Transmitter | [
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"Engineering"
] | 1,864 | [
"Information and communications technology",
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77,427,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20architecture%20and%20art%20in%20Milan | The architectural and artistic presence in Milan represents one of the attractions of the Lombard capital. Milan has been among the most important Italian centers in the history of architecture, has made important contributions to the development of art history, and has been the cradle of a number of modern art movements.
History
Gothic style
The Milanese Gothic style was an urban artistic movement at the turn of the second half of the 13th century and the first half of the 15th century that was initially introduced into Milanese territory by Cistercian monks. It was the main artistic style of the vast patronage and self-celebrating agenda of the Viscontis, lords of Milan, whose rule over the city is usually associated with the Milanese Gothic period.
The conventional date of the beginning of the Gothic period in the territory of the lordship of Milan is often given as the Visconti family's rise to power in 1282. Thus, the penetration of the new artistic trends from beyond the Alps came later than in central Italy, where Cistercian Gothic had already produced almost a century earlier the Abbey of Fossanova (1187) and the Abbey of Casamari (1203). This delay in the introduction of the Gothic style in the Milanese area can be explained by the strong and deep-rooted presence of Romanesque architecture, also by virtue of the link between this architecture and the Empire, which was not by chance overcome only with the new political course of the Visconti seigniory.
The date, however, is only indicative since the first example of Gothic appeared in Milan by Cistercian monks in the first half of the 13th century: in 1221 the abbey of Chiaravalle was consecrated by Bishop Enrico Settala. At the same time, however, the Gothic style did not spread noticeably in the area, moreover with stylistic features strongly influenced by Romanesque, until the work of Azzone Visconti between 1329 and 1339, who introduced artists from Pisa and Florence to his court.
The dense agenda of support for the arts inaugurated by Azzone Visconti was continued by his successor Bernabò Visconti, but above all by Gian Galeazzo: under his lordship the largest Italian Gothic building site for the construction of the new city cathedral was inaugurated. For this work, which in the duke's mind would have been monumental and grandiose, architects and artists from all over Europe were called to Milan: the continuous exchange between local and foreign workers helped to bring to maturity the Lombard Gothic style, which before then had been anchored to the strong Romanesque heritage, creating a synthesis between Italian and European Gothic architecture.
After a setback due to a turbulent political period after the death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Milan's artistic splendor resumed vigor under Filippo Maria Visconti, who in the first half of the 15th century transformed the Milanese court into one of the major centers of Italian humanism, calling to his service such personalities as Francesco Filelfo, Pier Candido Decembrio, Gasparino Barzizza and Antonio da Rho. In the last years of the Visconti seigniory, similarly to what happened in Florence, there were then the first hints of the new Renaissance art with the work of Masolino da Panicale in Castiglione Olona.
The end of the Gothic period is thus indicatively made to coincide with the collapse of the Visconti seigniory in 1447, with a late Gothic style that would be grafted onto the early central Italian Renaissance period giving rise to the Lombard Renaissance.
Art of the sixteenth century
The Milanese art scene of the second half of the 16th century must be analyzed by considering the particular position of the city: while for the Spanish Empire it represented a strategic military outpost, from the religious point of view it was at the center of the conflict between the Catholic and Reformed Churches. Consequently, the greatest contribution was made by religious art in the face of less civil artistic and architectural production. While in adopting the Mannerist style the city's patrons and artists had as a point of reference examples of central-Italian derivation, the city's location near Protestant Switzerland made Milan one of the main centers of the flowering and elaboration of Counter-Reformation art, thanks to the widespread action of St. Charles Borromeo.
Domenico Giunti from Tuscany and Galeazzo Alessi from Perugia were the first architects to break away from the Lombard late Renaissance tradition. To the former are due the church of San Paolo Converso and the church of Sant'Angelo, set according to the same construction scheme of a single nave with side chapels with a barrel-vaulted roof, a citation of Alberti's Basilica of Sant'Andrea already found in Bramante's church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro. Vincenzo Seregni's first work in Milan, excluding his apprenticeship in the Fabbrica del Duomo, was instead in the reconstruction of the church of San Vittore al Corpo in a collaboration with Alessi. Alessi continued in his Counter-Reformation program with the construction of the new church of San Barnaba for the Barnabite fathers, an order that had recently been created to encourage the spread of the Tridentine doctrine: the single-nave interior layout can be considered one of the first attempts at a "basilica of the Reformation."
In the Counter-Reformation agenda of Cardinal Charles Borromeo in the city of Milan, there was also the intention to bring to the city the company of Jesuits that he had gotten to know in his Roman sojourns: the cardinal placed their headquarters in the old church of San Fedele, which proved inadequate for Borromeo's propaganda, so Pellegrino Tibaldi was commissioned to construct a new building. The church of Santa Maria presso San Celso was begun in the 15th century, but much of its appearance is due to plans made from 1570 onward. Among the various renovations of old churches was that of the Garegnano Charterhouse, with the addition of the portico and the design of a new facade starting in 1573 under the direction of Vincenzo Seregni. Martino Bassi's most important works also include the reconstruction in classicist forms of the dome of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, which collapsed in 1573.
The project for the completion of the construction site of Santa Maria della Passione, involving Martino Bassi, dates back to 1576. The church of San Carlo al Lazzaretto was commissioned by Charles Borromeo in 1580 from Pellegrino Tibaldi, although in fact the work was supervised by Giuseppe Meda. Construction of the church of San Sebastiano began in 1577 as thanksgiving to the saint for the end of the plague. The church of San Raffaele, built starting in 1579, is attributable to Tibaldi, in which the decorations with sculpted herms in the lower order stand out. The church of Santa Maria al Paradiso was built on an old Franciscan convent: construction started in 1590 and was already completed in 1604. Finally, Cardinal Borromeo had a hand in bringing Milan Cathedral into line with the new Tridentine norms, thus giving a boost to the work on the building.
The building site of Palazzo Marino introduced Galeazzo Alessi to Milan: it is surely the architect's most famous city work, and the palace is regarded as Milan's most representative Mannerist civil architecture. Other famous building sites of the second half of the sixteenth century in Milan include the renovation of Villa Simonetta and the constructions of Palazzo dei Giureconsulti, Casa degli Omenoni, Palazzo Arcivescovile, Palazzo Erba Odescalchi, and the rebuilding of the Palazzo Reale.
Already in the early Renaissance Milanese craftsmen were among the most highly regarded in Europe, yet the heyday of the decorative arts in the city came during the early Spanish rule. One of the leading areas of Milanese craftsmanship was armor, the workmanship of which far exceeded that of other European manufactures. The fame of the Milanese armorers was such that their works were considered a real status symbol among nobles throughout Europe, despite the fact that other foreign states had established their own workshops, such as in Innsbruck, Augsburg or Greenwich; among the best craftsmen of the second half of the sixteenth century stand out above all Lucio Marliani known as the Piccinino and Giovanni Battista Panzeri known as the Zarabaglia, both belonging to well-known families of armorers.
In order to conclude the discussion of the Milanese artistic situation of the late sixteenth century, it is worth mentioning briefly a phenomenon long reputed to be marginal and underground, reevaluated only since the last decade of the twentieth century, which has made it possible to classify the experience of the "Rabisch," as the adherents of the group were also called, as a parallel phenomenon to the counter-reformed art of the time to which one can refer as "alternative classicism." The reevaluation moved the activity of the Accademia dei Facchini della Val di Blenio from a purely goliardic and recreational role to a cultural movement that, with its "anti-intellectualist attitude" and the idea of art "as free creation," anticipated themes that would be taken up centuries later in Romanticism and Scapigliatura.
Baroque
Due to the work of the Borromeo cardinals and its importance in the Italian, at first Spanish and then Austrian dominions, in a period between the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century, Milan experienced a lively artistic period during which it assumed the role of a driving center of the Lombard Baroque, of which the Milanese Baroque was the dominant movement.
The Milanese Baroque period can be divided into three parts: the early seventeenth century, the second seventeenth century, and the eighteenth century. The early seventeenth century began with the appointment of Federico Borromeo as bishop of Milan in 1595 in continuity with the work of his cousin Charles: in this first phase the main exponents of Milanese painting were three, Giovan Battista Crespi, known as Cerano, Giulio Cesare Procaccini and Pier Francesco Mazzucchelli, known as Morazzone. In this first phase, the evolution of the new Baroque style followed with continuity the late Mannerist art widespread in Milan at the time of Charles Borromeo; in fact, the training of the three painters took place on the models of late Tuscan and Roman Mannerism for Cerano and Morazzone, while Procaccini was trained on Emilian models. From the architectural point of view, religious commissions dominated the scene, since Spanish rule cared more about works of military rather than civilian utility; many pre-existing churches were completely rebuilt and decorated in Baroque style, and as many built from scratch: while the Baroque style was introduced in Milan by Lorenzo Binago, two other main architects shared the scene at the time, namely Fabio Mangone, with more classical lines and for this reason often chosen for commissions by Federico Borromeo, and Francesco Maria Richini known simply as il Richini, with lines more inspired by the early Roman Baroque. Having overcome this dualism, Richini represents the greatest figure of architect in seventeenth-century Milan, and to find again such a prestigious figure in Milanese architecture one would have to wait until the advent of Giuseppe Piermarini.
The second phase of the Baroque, which begins indicatively after the early 1730s, departs after a brief interlude laden with significant events: first of all, the main interpreters of the movement died between 1625 (Giulio Cesare Procaccini) and 1632 (Cerano), to which was added the death of Cardinal Federico Borromeo, among the major figures of seventeenth-century Lombardy, and above all the great Manzonian plague, which halved the city's population, striking among the thousands of victims the promising young Milanese painter Daniele Crespi, which, among other things, led to the closure of the Accademia Ambrosiana, founded in 1621 by Federico Borromeo to train young artists for the Milanese school, in which he hired the greatest interpreters of the early Baroque, above all Cerano and Fabio Mangone, as teachers.
Painting in the second half of the seventeenth century was then completely renewed in its interpreters, with the work of the brothers Giuseppe and Carlo Francesco Nuvolone, Francesco Cairo, Giovan Battista Discepoli and others; both the by then closed Accademia Ambrosiana, which first gave some continuity in style and then reopened a few years, and the work in some of the workshops of artists from the rest of Italy from the Emilian, Genoese and Venetian schools played a key role in this. Architecture, with the passing of Fabio Magone, saw the work of Francesco Richini, who remained almost unrivaled in his Milanese production, alongside minor artists such as Gerolamo Quadrio and Carlo Buzzi. Due to the latter fact, the achievements of this period broke completely with Mannerist influences and moved closer to a distinctly Baroque style, with influences from the Emilian, Genoese, and Roman schools. The last quarter of the century saw the opening of the second Ambrosian Academy reopened in 1669 under the direction of Antonio Busca, a pupil of Carlo Francesco Nuvolone, and Dionigi Bussola, which together with the newly founded Milanese Academy of San Luca, linked to the Roman academy of the same name, contributed to the return of a classicist trend linked to the Bolognese and Roman schools.
The eighteenth century represents the last Baroque phase; the style did not blossom overtly into Rococo due to the normative action of the Milanese College of Engineers-Architects and there was a change of trend: religious commissions no longer played the main role in the Milanese artistic scene, but gave way to the ville di delizia of the Milanese countryside and the return of the great private city building sites: the liveliness of the building sites led to a greater number of fine performers, including Giovanni Battista Quadrio, Carlo Federico Pietrasanta, Bartolomeo Bolla, Carlo Giuseppe Merlo and Francesco Croce, who were joined by the Roman Giovanni Ruggeri, who was very active throughout Lombardy. In painting, the works of Giambattista Tiepolo for "history painting" and Alessandro Magnasco for genre painting, both of whom were not from Lombardy, stand out: this phase marked a change in the preferences of patrons, who preferred artists from the non-Lombard school, above all the Venetian school, which was considered more prestigious at the time. The late eighteenth century witnessed a period in which the lines of the Baroque were tempered by the looming neoclassicism, until the Milanese Baroque period came to a close with the painter Francesco Londonio, at whose death in 1783 the city of Milan was already in the midst of the Age of Enlightenment, in the midst of the Neoclassical period.
Neoclassicism
Also noteworthy was Milan's neoclassical period, which was among the most important in Italy and Europe. It lasted from the end of the reign of Maria Theresa of Austria, and continued throughout the subsequent Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and during the Conservative Order: in this period Milan was the protagonist of a strong cultural and economic revival, in which Neoclassicism was the dominant artistic style and major expression.
In the early 18th century Milan passed from Spanish to Austrian rule, following the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714. Under the reigns of Maria Theresa of Austria (1740-1780) and Joseph II of Austria (1765-1790), the city was the protagonist of a strong economic and cultural renaissance: the empress and her son, strongly influenced by Enlightenment theories, carried out considerable reforms. Partly as a result of the Enlightenment government and reforms, Milan proved to be open to innovations from Europe, and it quickly became a lively intellectual center. For this reason, too, it was later the main center of the Italian Enlightenment: the city featured the most famous interpreters of the movement, such as the brothers Alessandro and Pietro Verri and Cesare Beccaria, and was home to Il Caffè and the Accademia dei Pugni, as well as the Accademia dei Trasformati. Reforms affected vast areas of the city's public order: as part of the implementation of the tax reorganization, the city was provided with one of the most modern and effective land registries in Europe, known today as the Teresian Cadastre.
Between 1765 and 1785 Joseph II implemented the suppression of a number of religious orders; the inquisition was abolished, congregations of religious orders, including the Jesuit order, were suppressed and their property confiscated, becoming the property of the city, which, having vast areas at its disposal, was able to implement an unprecedented urban rearrangement organized by court architect Giuseppe Piermarini, who made Neoclassicism the style of the city's rebirth. The first public gardens were opened and elegant palaces, inspired by the new artistic movement, were built, appropriately selecting the target areas. Some of Milan's most famous institutions, such as the Teatro alla Scala, the Brera cultural center and the reformed Scuole Palatine, were created during this period.
In 1796 with Napoleon's arrival in Italy, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria abandoned the city, which from 1800 passed into French hands. French domination did not stop Milan's exceptional cultural activity; the population was growing rapidly and some of Italy's greatest intellectuals met in the city: from Melchiorre Gioia to Vincenzo Monti, from Alessandro Volta to Ugo Foscolo and Silvio Pellico; the Lombard Institute of Science and Letters was also inaugurated and numerous newspapers were founded in the city.
As the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, numerous urban plans were drawn up for Milan with the aim of giving it the appearance of a European capital, but these did not find full implementation. For some time the population had been petitioning for the demolition of the Castello Sforzesco, and by decree of June 23, 1800 Napoleon ordered its demolition. It was partially carried out starting in 1801; in that same year Antolini was commissioned to build the Foro Bonaparte, and the architect proposed to remodel the castle in neoclassical forms, but due to the excessive cost of implementation the project was shelved.
In 1807 by decree the municipalities of Milan and Venice were endowed with a Commission of Ornamentation with vast powers and wide sphere of action. The Commission was composed of the most influential personalities present in Milan, among them Cagnola and Canonica. The first topic addressed was the Master Plan, drafted in the same year. Until 1814 the city's development was regulated by that plan, which "can be considered one of the most modern plans created in Europe."
With the return of the Austrians, the city completed its cultural and economic establishment. Trade and finance activities made Milan Italy's main economic hub, while agriculture in the Milanese area, thanks in part to the government's completion of many water works, was among the most developed and modern in Europe: at the same time, the city became Italy's major publishing and cultural center, with the work of figures such as Carlo Cattaneo, Cesare Cantù and Carlo Tenca. Milan has neoclassical buildings and monuments that were the result of private and public commissions: primarily this is due to the strong link present between the Enlightenment and neoclassical art, especially in architecture of a public nature, and secondly to the role that neoclassical architecture played in the celebration of Napoleon's revolutions and deeds. These periods inevitably came to an end with the Conservative Order: Neoclassicism began a slow decline, and was eventually replaced by the Romantic and eclectic style, nevertheless leaving an important legacy. In that flourishing period, the foundations were laid that would later allow Milan to establish itself as the economic, and at certain times even cultural, capital of united Italy.
Art Nouveau
Also important for art history was the Milanese Art Nouveau, that is, the period of the aforementioned style that spread in Milan between the early 20th century and the outbreak of World War I. In the Lombard capital, the Art Nouveau style found, due to its close connection with the rampant industrial bourgeoisie of the time, fertile ground for rapid development that saw it range from the influences of French floral art nouveau to German Jugendstil and eclecticism.
With the 1881 National Exhibition, twenty years after the unification of the nation, the city of Milan was definitively established as Italy's main industrial hub. The city saw the formation of a new emerging bourgeois class linked to industry and commerce and made up of master builders, landowners and entrepreneurs who in a few decades would stand alongside the city's old nobility in affluence and importance.
At the beginning of the 20th century, therefore, the bourgeois class, which by then had become the ruler of the social and economic life of the city, found in the Art Nouveau style, a novelty coming from France and introduced in Italy in the Turin Exposition of 1902, its own specific status symbol and an opportunity to show its power and at the same time emphasize its clear detachment from the aristocratic class and its neoclassical and baroque mansions: this almost exclusive link between the new ruling class and the new architectural style and the clear detachment from the architectural models of the "old" aristocratic class appear most evident when one observes that, while the new bourgeoisie erected mansions à la page following the new dictates of Art Nouveau, at the same time the traditional and more conservative patronage associated with the old financial and ecclesiastical world - the new bank offices in the Piazza Cordusio area stand out above them all - remained tied instead to the now decadent and more conservative eclectic style in vogue in the nineteenth century.
Giving further impetus to the development of Art Nouveau was the 1906 Milan International Exposition, which saw dozens of pavilions spring up in the style on the exhibition grounds as well as public and private buildings that the exposition helped to erect, thus decreeing the definitive consecration of Art Nouveau as the dominant artistic style. Although highly articulated and differentiated, the Milanese Art Nouveau style shows as a whole some common points and innovations: recurring is the decoration of the building, in wrought iron or decorative concrete, with a theme of flowers or the animal world; at the structural level, the use of reinforced concrete is notable. Common, on the other hand, is the use of painting on the walls of buildings, often with ceramic tiles, and of caryatids and herms borrowed from the architecture of Milan's noble palaces. In contrast, despite a very rich sampling of Art Nouveau applied arts developed in the city, architecture and interior decoration struggled to conform to the new style and except for rare episodes were still dominated by late eclectic stylistic features.
Reaching its apex in 1906, Milanese Art Nouveau saw its first influences with eclectic architecture, which became increasingly strong until the years of World War I, after which Art Nouveau survived only in minor influences in minor buildings, while the trend of the industrial bourgeoisie spontaneously flowed toward Art Deco.
Art movements of the 20th century
Milan was the cradle of a number of modern art movements. In February 1910, painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and Luigi Russolo signed the Manifesto of Futurist Painters in Milan and the Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting in April of the same year, which contributed, along with other manifestos signed in other Italian cities, to found the artistic movement of Futurism, which was the first European avant-garde.
It had influence on related movements that developed in other countries in Europe (especially Russia and France), the United States of America and Asia. The Futurists explored every form of expression, from painting to sculpture, literature (poetry and theater), music, architecture, dance, photography, film, and even gastronomy. The movement's official name is due to Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
Milan was also the birthplace of the artistic movement called Novecento, which was born in the city at the end of 1922 by Mario Sironi, Achille Funi, Leonardo Dudreville, Anselmo Bucci, Emilio Malerba, Pietro Marussig, and Ubaldo Oppi who, at the Pesaro Gallery in Milan, joined together in the new movement named Novecento by Bucci.
These artists, who felt themselves to be translators of the spirit of the Novecento, came from different backgrounds and artistic movements, but were linked by a common sense of a "return to order" in art after the avant-garde endeavors especially of Futurism: the Novecento thus returned to classical antiquity, purity of form and harmony in composition as its supreme reference. In this sense it also adopted the designation of Simplified Neoclassicism. The Novecento movement also manifested itself in literature with Massimo Bontempelli and especially in architecture with the architects Giovanni Muzio, Giò Ponti, Paolo Mezzanotte and others.
Major works
Most prominent artists
Among the most prominent artist are the following:
Architects
Filarete
Donato Bramante
Pellegrino Tibaldi
Francesco Maria Richini
Giuseppe Piermarini
Painters
Michelino da Besozzo
Vincenzo Foppa
Leonardo da Vinci
Bernardino Luini
Gaudenzio Ferrari
Caravaggio
Il Cerano
Andrea Appiani
Francesco Hayez
Sculptors
Giovanni di Balduccio
Giovanni Antonio Amadeo
Agostino Busti
Giuseppe Rusnati
Medardo Rosso
Schools and movements
Comacine masters
Leonardeschi
See also
Villas and palaces in Milan
Notes
References
Bibliography
Culture in Milan
Art history
Architectural history | History of architecture and art in Milan | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,260 | [
"Architectural history",
"Architecture"
] |
77,427,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207797 | NGC 7797 is a Hubble-type SAb-SAc spiral galaxy that is located in the constellation Pisces. It is estimated to be 400 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of about 115,000 light-years across. The object was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on December 6, 1790.
See also
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
External links
NGC 7797 at SIMBAD
References
Discoveries by William Herschel
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Pisces (constellation)
7797
Astronomical objects discovered in 1790
073125
12877 | NGC 7797 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 124 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,427,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS%2019024%2B0044 | IRAS 19024+0044, also known informally as the Starfish Nebula, is a large protoplanetary nebula that is located in the constellation Aquila at a distance of approximately 11,000 light-years from the Milky Way.
The central star of the nebula is approaching the final stage of its evolution. It is surrounded by a cloud of gas and dust resembling a starfish. The nebula is characterized by five blue bubbles that extend from the central star, giving the nebula an asymmetric shape. Its blue color comes from the blue component of the star's spectrum, which is more easily scattered by the nebula's gas and dust than the red and orange colors, which remain relatively intact.
The nebula was also directly imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, and was selected as ESA/HUBBLE's Picture of the Week starting September 5, 2011.
See also
List of protoplanetary nebulae
External links
IRAS 19024+0044 at SIMBAD
References
IRAS catalogue objects
Protoplanetary nebulae
Aquila (constellation) | IRAS 19024+0044 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 216 | [
"Aquila (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,427,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206164 | NGC 6164, known as the Dragon's Egg Nebula, is an emission nebula located in the constellation Norma. The nebula was discovered by astronomer John Herschel in 1834, and is approximately 3,870 light years from the solar system.
Its shape gives it the appearance of a planetary nebula resulting from the death of an old star similar to the Sun, but it is in reality an emission nebula. The gas from this nebula was ejected by the star located at its center, and this is also the source of its energy. In the Henry Draper Catalogue, this star is designated as HD 148937. It is a very young O-type star whose age is between three and four million years. Surrounded by its magnetic field, this star is about 40 times more massive than the Sun, and is expected to end its life on the main sequence in three to four million years.
See also
List of diffuse nebulae
External links
NGC 6164 at NASA/IPAC
NGC 6164 at SIMBAD
NGC 6164 at LEDA
References
Discoveries by John Herschel
6164
Emission nebulae
Norma (constellation) | NGC 6164 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 222 | [
"Norma (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,428,152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20double%20model | In condensed matter physics and quantum information theory, the quantum double model, proposed by Alexei Kitaev, is a lattice model that exhibits topological excitations. This model can be regarded as a lattice gauge theory, and it has applications in many fields, like topological quantum computation, topological order, topological quantum memory, quantum error-correcting code, etc. The name "quantum double" come from the Drinfeld double of a finite groups and Hopf algebras. The most well-known example is the toric code model, which is a special case of quantum double model by setting input group as cyclic group .
Kitaev quantum double model
The input data for Kitaev quantum double is a finite group . Consider a directed lattice , we put a Hilbert space spanned by group elements on each edge, there are four types of edge operators
For each vertex connecting to edges , there is a vertex operator
Notice each edge has an orientation: when is the starting point of , the operator is set as , otherwise, it is set as .
For each face surrounded by edges , there is a face operator
Similar to the vertex operator, due to the orientation of the edge, when face is on the right-hand side when traversing the positive direction of , we set ; otherwise, we set in the above expression. Also, note that the order of edges surrounding the face is assumed to be counterclockwise.
The lattice Hamiltonian of quantum double model is given by
Both of and are Hermitian projectors, they are stabilizer when regard the model is a quantum error correcting code.
The topological excitations of the model is characterized by the representations of the quantum double of finite group . The anyon types are given by irreducible representations. For the lattice model, the topological excitations are created by ribbon operators.
The gapped boundary theory of quantum double model can be constructed based on subgroups of . There is a boundary-bulk duality for this model.
The topological excitation of the model is equivalent to that of the Levin-Wen string-net model with input given by the representation category of finite group .
Hopf quantum double model
The quantum double model can be generalized to the case where the input data is given by a C* Hopf algebra. In this case, the face and vertex operators are constructed using the comultiplication of Hopf algebra. For each vertex, the Haar integral of the input Hopf algebra is used to construct the vertex operator. For each face, the Haar integral of the dual Hopf algebra of the input Hopf algebra is used to construct the face operator.
The topological excitation are created by ribbon operators.
Weak Hopf quantum double model
A more general case arises when the input data is chosen as a weak Hopf algebra, resulting in the weak Hopf quantum double model.
References
Quantum information theory
Condensed matter physics | Quantum double model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 587 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter",
"Materials science"
] |
77,428,742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Markstein | George H. Markstein was a combustion scientist, who has made pioneering contributions to flame theory and detonations.
Biography and research
George H. Markstein was born in Vienna, Austria io 22 June 1911. He completed his master's degree in Engineering and Applied Physics in 1935 and a doctorate degree in Technical Science in 1937, both at Technische Universität Wien. After Anschluss in 1938, his family fled Austria, moved to Switzerland, to Portugal and then to Bogotá, Colombia. In Colombia, George worked for Shell as a surveyor, exploring Colombian jungle.
After World War II, George and his family emigrated to the United States in 1946. George then started working for Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory (CAL) in Buffalo, New York. It is here he started working on premixed flame problems and explained, for the first time in 1951, that the flames can be stabilized at short wavelengths due to diffusion and heat conduction, thereby correcting the Darrieus–Landau theory. He also introduced the notion of parametric instability in the context of thermo-acoustic instability in 1950. Here, he also studied the interactions between shock waves and premixed flames. After 25 years at CAL, in 1971, he moved to Factory Mutual Research Corporation and worked on problems for fire spread and radiative transfer.
He retired from Factory Mutual in 1993 and moved to Hawaii with his wife Hedi. He stopped his scientific career after his retirement. He died on 21 March 2011.
Books
Awards and honours
He was the recipient of the Silver Combustion Medal (1976) and Bernard Lewis Gold Medal (1986) from The Combustion Institute. The Eastern US States Section of The Combustion Institute issues the award in George's name.
References
1911 births
2011 deaths
TU Wien alumni
Fluid dynamicists | George H. Markstein | [
"Chemistry"
] | 362 | [
"Fluid dynamicists",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
77,428,777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Design%20Awards | The Swiss Design Awards competition is a hundred-year old design award and one of the three means of design promotion by the Swiss government's Federal Office of Culture, along with the Most Beautiful Swiss Books and the Grand Prix Design. They are open to Swiss designers and to designers resident in Switzerland. Around 17 prizes of CHF 25,000 each are awarded each year. The Federal Design Commission (previously known as the Federal Commission for Applied Arts) acts as the jury. The commission is assisted by recognised experts, who it invites for the jury.
The type of work accepted in the competition includes graphic design, products and objects, fashion and textile design, photography, scenography and mediation, media and interaction design, and design research.
The competition takes place in two rounds. In the first round, participants submit an entry. The candidates selected by the Commission are invited to a second round, where they present their work at the Swiss Design Awards public exhibition. The exhibition takes place every year in June, at the same time as the Art Basel and Design Miami/Basel exhibitions, and attracts more than 12'000 visitors every year. The committee selects the winners shortly before the opening of the exhibition.
The competition is influential in Switzerland. It is critically reputed and its relatively high money prize can exert a positive impact on designers' careers.
History
The competition was founded in 1917 as a sister competition to the Swiss Art Awards, which had been running since 1898. In 1917, the Swiss government created the Federal Commission of the Applied Arts (FCAA) to support the applied arts via grants, exhibitions, subsidies for professional associations and general financial backing for the applied arts.
The FCAA was initially under the control of the professional associations Schweizerischer Werkbund SWB and L'Oeuvre. From the 1960s, in the international context of social norm upheaval, the government began a process of reviewing cultural policy. A group of experts was asked to provide advice, which became known as the Clottu Commission.
In the 1990s, the Swiss Design Awards in particular, and the Federal Office of Culture's approach to cultural policy in general were heavily criticised by the Schweizerischer Werkbund. This contributed to a redefinition and relaunch of the competition in 2002.
In 1997, the government celebrated 100 years of Swiss Federal Design promotion with the publication Made in Switzerland.
References
1917 establishments in Switzerland
Recurring events established in 1917
Design awards
Swiss design
Swiss awards | Swiss Design Awards | [
"Engineering"
] | 503 | [
"Design",
"Design awards"
] |
77,429,163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Rham%20theorem | In mathematics, more specifically in differential geometry, the de Rham theorem says that the ring homomorphism from the de Rham cohomology to the singular cohomology given by integration is an isomorphism.
The Poincaré lemma implies that the de Rham cohomology is the sheaf cohomology with the constant sheaf . Thus, for abstract reason, the de Rham cohomology is isomorphic as a group to the singular cohomology. But the de Rham theorem gives a more explicit isomorphism between the two cohomologies; thus, connecting analysis and topology more directly.
Statement
The key part of the theorem is a construction of the de Rham homomorphism. Let M be a manifold. Then there is a map
from the space of differential p-forms to the space of smooth singular p-cochains
given by
Stokes' formula implies: ; i.e., is a chain map and so it induces:
where these cohomologies are the cohomologies with real coefficients of and , respectively. As it turns out, is a ring homomorphism and is called the de Rham homomorphism. It is not difficult to show that the de Rham homomorphism is a natural transformation between the de Rham cohomology functor and the singular cohomology functor.
Finally, the theorem says that the induced homomorphism is an isomorphism (i.e., bijective).
There is also a variant of the theorem that says the de Rham cohomology of M is isomorphic as a ring with the Čech cohomology of it. This Čech version is essentially due to André Weil.
Discussion
When considering singular cohomologies with coefficients in another abelian group, for example the integers, then of course one should not expect similar isomorphism. The Klein bottle for example has a homology group , and since the cohomology with real coefficients does not account for any finite (more generally, torsion) groups, we have . This indeed coincides with the corresponding de Rham cohomology group.
As stated above, the de Rham homomorphism is isomorphism between the de Rham cohomology and the smooth singular cohomology with real coefficients, that is the cohomology with respect to smooth chains. However, a technical result implies that the singular homology groups coincide with smooth singular homology groups. This shows that the de Rham theorem actually implies isomorphism between de Rham cohomology and (nonsmooth) singular cohomology groups (with real coefficients).
Idea of proof
One proof roughly follows these ideas: Call a manifold "de Rham", if the theorem holds for it. Call an open cover of a manifold a "de Rham cover", if all elements of the cover are de Rham, as well as all of their finite intersections. One shows that convex sets in are de Rham, basically by the homotopy invariance of both cohomologies in question. Next, one shows inductively that manifolds having finite de Rham cover are de Rham, using the Mayer-Vietoris sequence. Then the result is being extended to manifolds having a basis which is a de Rham cover. This step is more technical. Finally, one easily shows that open subsets of and consequently any manifold has a basis which is a de Rham cover. Thus, invoking the previous step, finishes the proof.
Here is another proof sketch, based on sheaf-theory: There are two important complexes of sheaves on our manifold (in which categories do these complexes live is a subtle problem, let us be vague at first). The first one is the de Rham complex , which is given by the sheaves of -differential forms on . The second one is the singular complex , which is the given by the sheaves of singular cochains of , and is the relative version over of the cochain complex of abelian groups.
Integration over simplices give us a morphism of sheaves of complexes .
Since both objects admit partition of unities, it is a standard fact that the second pages of the hypercohomology spectral sequences for both of them only have one nonzero column each, thus the hypercohomologies of the two complexes of sheaves indeed calculates the de Rham and singular cohomologies of . Therefore, to prove the de Rham theorem, it suffices to show that is an isomorphism.
To this end, we note that there are natural morphisms from the constant sheaf to and , and the obvious triangle commutes. Furthermore, by local contractibility of both the de Rham and singular cohomologies, the natural morphisms are indeed isomorphisms.
By the commutativity of the triangle, we have shown the desired isomorphy of , and the proof is complete, except that we need to return to the subtle problem at the beginning: in which category of sheaves of complexes do the argument above make sense? Since we have used local contractibility of cohomologies to conclude the isomorphy of the two morphisms going out of , the actual category of sheaves of complexes cannot work, and we need to pass to the derived category. However, although the final result is true in the triangulated derived 1-category, for the argument above to work well, the derived 1-category is not enough. For example, isomorphisms in the derived 1-category cannot be checked locally over , but we concluded the isomorphy of the two morphisms going out of by checking it locally. In summary, we need a category which, on the one hand, makes cohomological isomorphisms into actual isomorphisms, and on the other hand, satisfies descent. The derived -category turns out to be the correct notion.
Singular-homology version
There is also a version of the theorem involving singular homology instead of cohomology. It says the pairing
induces a perfect pairing between the de Rham cohomology and the (smooth) singular homology; namely,
is an isomorphism of vector spaces.
This theorem has the following consequence (familiar from calculus); namely, a closed differential form is exact if and only if the integrations of it over arbitrary cycles are all zero. For a one-form, it means that a closed one-form is exact (i.e., admits a potential function) if and only if is independent of a path . This is exactly a statement in calculus.
Current version
There is also a current (a differential form with distributional coefficients) version of the de Rham theorem, which says the singular cohomology can be computed as the cohomology of the complex of currents. This version is weaker in the sense that the isomorphism is not a ring homomorphism (since currents cannot be multiplied and so the space of currents is not a ring).
References
Theorems in differential geometry | De Rham theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,435 | [
"Theorems in differential geometry",
"Geometry stubs",
"Geometry",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
77,429,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C22H26N4O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C22H26N4O3}}
The molecular formula C22H26N4O3 (molar mass: 394.48 g/mol) may refer to:
Ethyleneoxynitazene
Etonitazepyne | C22H26N4O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 60 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
77,429,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H32N4O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H32N4O3}}
The molecular formula C24H32N4O3 (molar mass: 424.55 g/mol) may refer to:
Butonitazene
Secbutonitazene | C24H32N4O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 58 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
77,429,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi%20Naidu | Ravi Naidu (also known as Ravendra Naidu; born in Nadi, Fiji) is a Fijian-Australian scientist, working in soil contamination and sustainable soil management. In 2023, he was awarded the Glinka World Soil Prize...
He is a Distinguished Laureate Professor and Director of the Global Centre for Environmental Remediation in the University of Newcastle, Australia. Apart from his academic role, he holds leadership position in the Cooperative Research Centre for the Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment.
According to his publicly available biography, it appears that Ravi takes a risk-based approach to environmental remediation, in which he helped bring industry, academia and government stakeholders together to work collaboratively.
He was awarded the European Geosciences Union's Kabata-Pendias Medal in 2023, and the Mahatma Gandhi Leadership in 2022
Education and career
After graduating from University of the South Pacific (USP), Fiji, in Chemistry and Mathematics, Ravi Naidu obtained his M.Sc. (Mineralogy) jointly from University of Aberdeen, UK, in 1979. His career started as a lecturer at USP. Soon after, he completed his PhD (Soil chemistry) from Massey University, New Zealand in 1986. In 2015, he obtained Doctor of Science (Soil Chemistry) degree from Massey University, following the same (Hon Causa) by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 2013.
Awards and recognition
2023: Glinka Soil Prize by the United Nations FAO. It is the highest recognition in soil science sector.
2023: Recipient of European Geoscience’s prestigious Kabata-Pendias Medal for outstanding research on toxic metals and soil science.
2022: Mahatma Gandhi Leadership award, House of Commons London for outstanding soil and environmental science research.
2022 Elected Chair of UN-FAO International Network on Soil Pollution (INSOP)
2013 Winner, Richard Pratt – Banksia CEO Award, Banksia Sustainability Awards
Risk-based environmental remediation
Ravi Naidu's detailed analysis focuses on contaminants from agriculture and industry and their effects on the environment and humans. He explains that his research examines how contaminants are present in the environment, their interactions, and how they reach people or nature.
In his Glinka Award description, it is acknowledged that he had contributed research about contaminant and soil properties what helped sustainable soil management today. However, to do this, his investigations mostly target industrial contaminants, driven largely by the industries themselves.
Ravi Naidu and few of his collaborators published an prospective review article in 2021 titled "Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity." Accordingly to PlumX metrics, this article has been captured attention in various other articles, policy documents, social media and news.
International engagement
FAO Global Report on Soil Pollution (2021): Naidu led the SE Asia and Pacific section. The report has been cited in over 11 policy documents, 39 peer-reviewed articles, and discussed over 1,600 times in news and social media.
UN-Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (UN-ITPS): Serving member representing Oceania.
International Network on Soil Pollution: Chair of the network.
Publications
The following articles authored by Ravi Naidu cover his multidisciplinary environmental science career:
Naidu, R., Bolan, N.S., Kookana, R.S., and the late Tiller, K.G. 1994. Ionic strength and pH effects on surface charge and Cd sorption characteristics of soils. European Journal of Soil Science 45, 419-429. External Link
Naidu, R., Biswas, B., Willett, I.R., Cribb, J., Singh, B.K., Nathanail, C.P., Coulon, F., Semple, K.T., Jones, K.C., Barclay, A. & Aitken, R.J. 2021. Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity. Environment International, 156, 106616. External Link
Naidu, R., Biswas, B., Chen, Z.-S., Jit, J., Rahman, M.M., Duan, L., Kim, J., Lee, K., Phenrat, T., Khan, N. & Wijayawardena, A. 2021. Status of Soil Pollution in Asia and the Pacific. Global Assessment of Soil Pollution. UNEP and FAO. External Link
Naidu, R., Kookana, R.S., Sumner, M.E., Harter, R.D. & the late Tiller, K.G. 1997. Cadmium sorption and transport in Variable Charge Soil: A review. Journal of Environmental Quality 26, 602-617. External Link
Dahlawi, S., Naeem, A., Rengel, Z. & Naidu, R. 2018. Biochar application for the remediation of salt-affected soils: Challenges and opportunities. Science of the Total Environment, 625, 320-335. External Link
Smith, E., Naidu, R. & Alston, A.M. 1999. Chemistry of arsenic in soils: I. Sorption of arsenate and arsenite by four Australian soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28, 1719-1726. External Link
Nuruzzaman, M., Rahman, M. M., Liu, Y. J. & Naidu, R. 2016. Nanoencapsulation, Nano-guard for Pesticides: A New Window for Safe Application. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64, 1447-1483. External Link
Juhasz, A.L., Smith, E., Weber, J., Rees, M., Rofe, A., Kuchel, T., Sansom, L. & Naidu, R. 2006. In vivo assessment of arsenic bioavailability in rice and its impact on human health risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1826-1831. External Link
Naidu, R., Arias, V. & Jit, J. 2016. Emerging Contaminants in the environment: Risk-based analysis for better management. Chemosphere, 154, 350-357. External Link
Huq, S.M.I., Joardar, J.C., Parvin, S., Correll, R., & Naidu, R. 2006. Arsenic Contamination in Food-chain: Transfer of Arsenic into Food Materials through Groundwater Irrigation. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 24(3), 305-316. External Link
References
External links
GCER – Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
crcCARE – Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
Environmental chemistry
Environmental issues with soil
Pollution
Soil chemistry
Living people
1954 births | Ravi Naidu | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,463 | [
"Environmental chemistry",
"Soil chemistry",
"Soil contamination",
"nan",
"Environmental soil science",
"Environmental issues with soil"
] |
77,431,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enpal | Enpal is a German renewable energy equipment company based in Berlin that primarily sells and installs photovoltaic systems and heat pumps.
History
Enpal was founded in 2017 and received millions of euros in investment in the early years from German tech investor Lukasz Gadowski, former Zalando board members, and other financiers. Since the beginning of 2021, Enpal has been operating its own training center for installers and electricians for photovoltaics.
Overview
Of the three founders Mario Kohle, Jochen Ziervogel, and Viktor Wingert, Mario Kohle is still on the management board today as CEO. Despite being based in Berlin and its business operations mainly being focused on the German market, the company has the Dutch legal form of a BV.
In 2020, Enpal achieved a revenue of 56 million euros and had 324 employees at the end of the year. In the following year, revenue rose to 115 million euros with around 1,000 employees. The company was profitable for the first time in 2022, when revenue rose to almost 415 million euros. In 2023, revenue increased to 900 million euros.
By December 2023, Enpal installed a total of 60,000 solar systems in Germany.
Enpal installs photovoltaic systems, battery storage systems, wallboxes, smart meters, and heat pumps, and offers an intelligent energy management system.
References
External links
Companies based in Berlin
Photovoltaics manufacturers
Heat pumps
Renewable energy companies of Germany
German companies established in 2017
Electronics companies established in 2017
Renewable resource companies established in 2017 | Enpal | [
"Engineering"
] | 323 | [
"Photovoltaics manufacturers",
"Engineering companies"
] |
77,431,248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthonia%20darbishirei | Arthonia darbishirei is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. Found on the Galápagos Islands, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Gerhard Follman and Birgit Werner. It was first collected on San Salvador Island in June 1872 during the Hassler Expedition. The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Roccella nigerrima, a fruticose lichen that is endemic to the Galápagos. The species epithet darbishirei honours the British lichenologist Otto Vernon Darbishire (1870–1934), who initially described the host lichen and made significant contributions to the study of roccellaceous lichens.
Arthonia darbishirei is characterised by its reddish rusty, irregularly maculiform to indefinite ascomata (fruiting bodies) that grow on the sides of the branches of R. nigerrima. The ascomata measure 0.5–1.3 mm in diameter and have a hyaline (translucent) and hymenium. The fungus produces pear-shaped asci containing eight hyaline, broadly , four-celled ascospores with a distinctive microcephalic shape. While A. darbishirei infiltrates the of its host, it appears to be parasymbiotic, causing no visible damage to R. nigerrima. The species is known only from its type locality on San Salvador Island, where it inhabits geologically young lava rocks in the salty and moist environments typical of Galápagos Roccella species.
References
darbishirei
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of the Galápagos Islands
Lichenicolous fungi | Arthonia darbishirei | [
"Biology"
] | 358 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,431,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthonia%20ingaderiae | Arthonia ingaderiae is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. Discovered on the Pacific coast of South America, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Gerhard Follman. The holotype was collected from the Lomas of Paposo, north of Taltal, Chile, at an elevation of about in the lower fog belt. The fungus grows specifically on the thalli of two fruticose lichen species: Ingaderia gracillima and Ingaderia pulcherrima. The species epithet ingaderiae refers to the host genus Ingaderia.
Arthonia ingaderiae is characterised by its blackish, irregularly roundish ascomata (fruiting bodies) measuring 0.3–0.6 mm in diameter, which grow on the branches of its host lichens. The fungus produces roughly spherical asci containing eight brown, mostly three-celled with a distinctive macrocephalic shape and spiny surface. Notably, A. ingaderiae shows a parasymbiotic relationship with its hosts, causing no visible damage to the lichen thalli. The species is endemic to the temperate to subtropical coastland of Pacific South America, ranging from approximately 23° to 34° south latitude. It inhabits various including bark, spines, and other lichens in foggy, moderately halophytic environments typical of the Central to North Chilean Ingaderietum gracillimae community. Arthonia ingaderiae represents the first lichen-inhabiting fungus reported from the genus Ingaderia and may belong to a distinct subgroup within the genus Arthonia.
References
ingaderiae
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of South America
Lichenicolous fungi | Arthonia ingaderiae | [
"Biology"
] | 373 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,431,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthonia%20prominens | Arthonia prominens is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. Discovered on the Pacific coast of Chile, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Gerhard Follman. The holotype was collected in the supralittoral zone between Las Ventanas and Quintero, in the Valparaíso Province of Central Chile, at an elevation of about 10 metres. The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Ingaderia gracillima, a fruticose lichen. The species epithet prominens (Latin for "projecting" or "prominent") refers to the swollen macules (spots) produced on the host's branches where the fungus's fruiting bodies aggregate.
Arthonia prominens is characterised by its distinctive infection pattern, forming ash-grey, drab-coloured, or whitish raised macules measuring 1.2–2.5 mm in diameter on the flattened branches of I. gracillima. The fungus causes significant alterations to the host's cortical and medullary structure, disintegrating the normal hyphal arrangement. It produces numerous ascomata (0.1–0.3 mm in diameter) and smaller conidiomata on these infection zones. The asci contain eight brownish, mostly three-celled . Unlike its relative A. ingaderiae, A. prominens is considered parasitic due to the extensive changes it causes in its host. The species is endemic to the Mediterranean coastland of Pacific South America, ranging from approximately 30° to 33° south latitude, and appears to be more adapted to moderate Mediterranean conditions compared to A. ingaderiae.
References
prominens
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of South America
Lichenicolous fungi | Arthonia prominens | [
"Biology"
] | 379 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,431,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecanographa%20imitans | Lecanographa imitans is a rare species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Lecanographaceae. Found on the Galápagos Islands, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Birgit Werner and Gerhard Follman. The holotype specimen was collected on Baltra Island, north of Santa Cruz Island, in January 1929. The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Roccella gracilis, a fruticose lichen. The species epithet imitans (Latin for "imitating" or "mimicking") refers to the potential confusion of its ascomata (fruiting bodies) with the true fructifications of its host lichen.
Lecanographa imitans is characterised by its parasitic nature, causing discoloured widenings and swellings on the branches of R. humboldtiana. It produces scattered to aggregate ascomata, initially and later , measuring 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter. The fungus causes significant alterations to its host's structure, including changes in the cortical hyphae arrangement and . L. imitans belongs to the L. grumulosa group but shows unique features, including persistent false around its ascomata and larger, mostly six-celled . The species is known only from Baltra and Pinzón islands in the Galápagos Archipelago, where it inhabits the humid coastal areas, primarily on mangroves and sclerophyllous shrubs.
References
Lecanographaceae
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of the Galápagos Islands
Lichenicolous fungi | Lecanographa imitans | [
"Biology"
] | 337 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,431,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opegrapha%20perturbans | Opegrapha perturbans is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Opegraphaceae. Discovered on the Pacific coast of Chile, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Gerhard Follman. The holotype was collected in Coquimbo, north Chile in 1838 by the French naturalist Claude Gay. The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Ingaderia pulcherrima, a fruticose lichen. The species epithet perturbans (Latin for "confusing" or "misleading") refers to the long-standing mistaken identity of its ascomata (fruiting bodies) with the true fructifications of its host lichen.
Opegrapha perturbans is characterised by its , caterpillar-like ascomata measuring 1.2–3.4 mm long and 0.2–0.4 mm wide, which grow on the branches of I. pulcherrima. The fungus produces cylindrical- asci containing eight colourless, oblong-fusiform that are typically eight-celled. Unlike many related species, O. perturbans has strongly projecting ascomata with a deeply ridged excipular base. The species has a commensalistic relationship with its host, causing no significant damage to the lichen's structure or chemistry. O. perturbans is endemic to the Mediterranean to subtropical littoral regions of Pacific South America, ranging from approximately 23° to 33° south latitude. This species is of particular interest to lichenologists as it was initially misidentified as the fruiting bodies of I. pulcherrima itself, leading to a century-long misconception about the reproductive structures of its host genus.
References
Opegraphaceae
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of South America
Lichenicolous fungi | Opegrapha perturbans | [
"Biology"
] | 395 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,431,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opegrapha%20reinkellae | Opegrapha reinkellae is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Opegraphaceae. Discovered on the Pacific coast of Peru, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Gerhard Follman. The holotype specimen was collected in Peru, possibly from the central region, by A. Winterfeld in the second half of the 19th century. The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Roccella lirellina, a fruticose lichen. The species epithet reinkellae refers to the genus name Reinkella, which was erroneously applied to the host lichen when its ascomata were mistakenly thought to belong to the lichen itself.
Opegrapha reinkellae is characterised by its variable ascomata measuring 0.3–0.9 mm long and 0.1–0.3 mm wide, which grow on the apical parts of R. lirellina branches. The fungus produces cylindrical- asci containing eight hyaline, oblong- ascospores that are typically eight-celled. Notably, O. reinkellae has a parasiticrelationship with its host, deeply penetrating the medulla with suctorial hyphae. The species is a disjunct endemic of the tropical Pacific-Andean littoral of South America, known only from certain localities in Central and North Peru between approximately 5–12° south latitude. Opegrapha reinkellae is of particular interest to lichenologists as it represents the first obligately lichenicolous representative of the genus Opegrapha (in the strict sense) recorded on a member of the Roccellaceae. All known collections of O. reinkellae date from the 19th century, and with its host now considered endangered, the parasite may potentially be extinct.
References
Opegraphaceae
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of South America
Lichenicolous fungi | Opegrapha reinkellae | [
"Biology"
] | 402 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,431,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigridea%20labyrinthica | Sigridea labyrinthica is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. Discovered on the Pacific coast of Chile, it was formally described as a new species in 2003 by Gerhard Follman, who first classified it in the genus Plectocarpon. Damien Ertz and Paul Diederich transferred it to the genus Sigridea in 2005. The holotype was collected at Punta Caraumilla, Bahia Laguna Verde, southwest of Valparaíso, on September 15, 1968, by . The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Roccella portentosa, a fruticose lichen commonly found along the rocky Pacific coast. The species epithet labyrinthicum (Latin for "labyrinthine" or "intricate") refers to the maze-like appearance of its gall-forming ascomata (fruiting bodies).
Sigridea labyrinthica is characterised by its distinctive fructifications, forming flattened galls measuring 0.9–3.8 mm in horizontal diameter and 0.4–1.2 mm in vertical diameter on its host. These galls have a labyrinthine surface reminiscent of Chiodecton dilatatum, subdivided into multiform loculi by whitish, striae of stromatic . The fungus produces but caudate asci containing eight hyaline, almost , four-celled . Sigridea labyrinthica is endemic to the temperate to Mediterranean coastland of the Pacific-Andean province of South America, ranging from approximately 30° to 34° south latitude. This species is of particular interest to lichenologists due to its unique gall-forming nature and its specific association with R. portentosa, a lichen historically used for textile dye production.
References
Roccellaceae
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of South America
Lichenicolous fungi | Sigridea labyrinthica | [
"Biology"
] | 387 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,431,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20animals%20by%20number%20of%20legs | The following is a list of selected animals in order of increasing number of legs, from 0 legs to 653 pairs of legs, the maximum recorded in the animal kingdom. Each entry provides the relevant taxa up to the rank of phylum. Each entry also provides the common name of the animal. If the relevant taxon includes different animals with different common names, then the entry provides the common name of a familiar example.
If juveniles have fewer legs than adults, then the animal is listed by the number of legs recorded in mature adults. If this number varies among adults within the taxon, then this variation is described in parenthetical note. In counting legs, this list follows the conventions adopted in the relevant literature. For example, millipedes with gonopods are listed by numbers that exclude leg pairs that become gonopods.
Animals have been selected so that each number from 0 to 55 leg pairs has one example listed. Each of these examples is listed by a number closely associated with the relevant taxon, either because that number is the one most commonly observed in that taxon or because it is one of only a few numbers recorded for the taxon. Beyond 55 leg pairs, intraspecific variation in leg number increases, and the association between species and any particular number breaks down. Beyond 55 leg pairs, examples are listed only if they represent especially significant maximum numbers (e.g., most legs in the animal kingdom) or exhibit notably little intraspecific variation in leg number.
This list draws examples from three broad groups of animals: tetrapods (with 0 to 2 leg pairs, providing three examples), velvet worms (with 13 to 43 leg pairs, providing ten examples), and arthropods (with 3 to 653 leg pairs, providing all the other examples). Four classes of arthropods each provide multiple examples, including sea spiders (with 4 to 6 leg pairs, providing two examples) and pauropods (adults with 8 to 11 leg pairs, providing four examples), but most of the examples listed are either millipedes (adults with 11 to 653 leg pairs) or centipedes (adults with 15 to 191 leg pairs). Most of the millipede examples come from two orders, Polydesmida (flat-backed millipedes, providing four examples) and Chordeumatida (sausage millipedes, providing eight examples), each with some variation in leg number among species but little variation within species. Nearly all of the centipede examples come from only one order, Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes), which exhibits wide variation in leg number among species (from 27 to 191 leg pairs). Nearly all of the examples from the order Geophilomorpha come from three families of soil centipedes (Mecistocephalidae, Schendylidae, and Geophilidae) that exhibit relatively little intraspecific variation in leg number.
List of animals by number of legs
0 legs: Serpentes (suborder), Squamata (order), Reptilia (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum); snake
1 pair: Aves (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum); bird
2 pairs: Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subpylum), Chordata (phylum); e.g., mammal (2 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)
3 pairs: Hexapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., ant
4 pairs: Arachnida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., spider
5 pairs: Decolopoda (genus), Colossendeidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sea spider
6 pairs: Dodecolopoda mawsoni (monotypic genus & species), Colossendeidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sea spider
7 pairs: Isopoda (order), Malacostraca (class), Crustacea (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., woodlouse (7 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)
8 pairs: Zygopauropus hesperius (monotypic genus & species), Brachypauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod
9 pairs: Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod (9 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)
10 pairs: Decapauropus cuenoti (genus & type species), Pauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod (9 or 10 in females, usually 9; 9 in males)
11 pairs: Hexamerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod
12 pairs: Symphyla (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); symphylan (12 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)
13 pairs: Polyxenida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); bristly millipede (13 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)
14 pairs: Ooperipatellus nickmayeri (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm
15 pairs: Scutigeromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); house centipede
16 pairs: Peripatoides suteri (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm
17 pairs: Glomerida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); northern pill millipede (17 in females; 19 in males, including 1 pair or 2 pairs of telopods)
18 pairs: Peripatopsis alba (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm
19 pairs: Typhloperipatus williamsoni (monotypic genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (19 or 20 in males, usually 19; 20 in females) (minimum in family)
20 pairs: Peripatopsis collarium (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm
21 pairs: Sphaerotheriida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); giant pill millipede (21 in females; 23 in males, including 2 pairs of telopods)
22 pairs: Metaperipatus inae (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (22 in females; 20 in males)
23 pairs: Scolopocryptopidae (family), Scolopendromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); bark centipede
24 pairs: Eoperipatus totoro (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (24 in females; 23 in males)
25 pairs: Eoperipatus horsti (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (24 or 25 in females; 23 or 24 in males, usually 23)
26 pairs: Agenodesmus reticulatus (genus & type species), Fuhrmannodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (26 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 27 in females)
27 pairs: Schendylops ramirezi (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (27 in males; 29 in females) (minimum in order)
28 pairs: Prosopodesmus panporus (genus & species), Haplodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (28 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 31 in females)
29 pairs: Dinogeophilus oligopodus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
30 pairs: Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (usually 30 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; usually 31 in females; some taxa deviate from these numbers)
31 pairs: Schendyla antici (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (31 in females; 29 in males)
32 pairs: Devillea tuberculata (genus & type species), Xystodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (32 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 35 in females)
33 pairs: Geophilus hadesi (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
34 pairs: Mongeperipatus solorzanoi (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (34 in males; 39 to 41 in females, usually 41)
35 pairs: Mecophilus tupiniquim (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
36 pairs: Glomeridesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); slug millipede (usually 36 in females; usually 35 in males, including 1 pair of telepods; some taxa deviate from these numbers)
37 pairs: Escaryus vitimicus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
38 pairs: Epiperipatus titanicus (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (36 to 38 in males; 36 to 39 in females)
39 pairs: Tasmanophilus spenceri (genus & species), Zelanophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
40 pairs: Chamaesoma broelemanni (monotypic genus & species), Chamaesomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (40 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; 42 in females)
41 pairs: Nannarrup (genus), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
42 pairs: Opisthocheiron canayerensis (genus & species), Opisthocheiridae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (42 in females; 40 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)
43 pairs: Dicellophilus carniolensis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
44 pairs: Haasea hungarica (genus & species), Haaseidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (44 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; 46 in females)
45 pairs: Mecistocephalus nannocornis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
46 pairs: Lipseuma (genus), Kashmireumatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (46 in females; 44 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)
47 pairs: Mecistocephalus angusticeps (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
48 pairs: Tianella (genus), Entomobielziidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (usually 48 in females; usually 46 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; some species deviate from these numbers)
49 pairs: Mecistocephalus (genus), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (49 in most species; some species deviate from this number)
50 pairs: Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (usually 50 in females; usually 48 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; some taxa deviate from these numbers)
51 pairs: Mecistocephalus evansi (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
52 pairs: Metamastigophorophyllon (genus), Anthroleucosomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (52 in females; 50 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)
53 pairs: Krateraspis sselivanovi (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
54 pairs: Neocambrisoma raveni (genus & type species), Metopidiotrichidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (54 in females; 51 in males, excluding three pairs modified as gonopods or paragonopods) (maximum in class fixed by species)
55 pairs: Mesoschendyla cribrifera (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
57 pairs: Mecistocephalus diversisternus (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (57 or 59 in each sex)
59 pairs: Mecistocephalus smithii (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede
61 pairs: Mairata itatiaiensis (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (61 in males; 63 in females)
63 pairs: Mecistocephalus japonicus (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (63 or 65 in each sex)
65 pairs: Aphilodon bahianus (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (63 or 65 in each sex)
191 pairs: Gonibregmatus plurimipes (genus & species), Gonibregmatidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (based on one specimen) (maximum in class)
653 pairs: Eumillipes persephone (monotypic genus & species), Siphonotidae (family), Polyzoniida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); camphor millipede (499 to 653 in females; 389 to 409 in males) (maximum in kingdom)
References
Lists of animals
Zoology-related lists
Biology-related lists
Nature-related lists | List of animals by number of legs | [
"Biology"
] | 4,662 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of animals",
"Animals"
] |
77,434,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205495 | NGC 5495 is a very large barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 6,989 ± 20 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 103.1 ± 7.2 Mpc (∼336 million ly). NGC 5495 was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1834.
The luminosity class of NGC 5495 is III and it has a broad HI line. It also contains regions of ionized hydrogen, and is an active Seyfert 2 type galaxy.
Additionally, NGC 5495 is known to host a megamaser. There is further evidence it shows signs of H2O maser emission, detected via 70m NASA Deep Space Network antennas in Australia and Spain. The source spectra in NGC 5495 is said to have an emission signature originating from its accretion disk with an orbital velocity of ~400 km s−1.
The galaxy was selected as ESA/HUBBLE's Picture of the Week.
See also
Whirlpool Galaxy, another spiral galaxy with a similar shape
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
External links
NGC 5495 at NASA/IPAC
NGC 5495 at SIMBAD
NGC 5495 at SEDS
NGC 5495 at LEDA
References
Barred spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Hydra (constellation)
Discoveries by John Herschel
Astronomical objects discovered in 1834
5495
050729
511-010
-04-34-001 | NGC 5495 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 308 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,434,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical%20probability | In mathematics, the term categorical probability denotes a collection of category-theoretic approaches to probability theory and related fields such as statistics, information theory and ergodic theory.
The earliest ideas in the field were developed independently by Lawvere and by Chentsov, where they defined a version of what we today call the category of Markov kernels, and appeared in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
Some of the most widely used structures in the theory are
The category of measurable spaces;
Markov categories such as the category of Markov kernels;
Probability monads such as Giry monad.
References
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/category-theoretic+approaches+to+probability+theory
https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2024/07/imprecise_probabilities_toward.html#more
Further reading
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Giry+monad#related_constructions
https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2024/08/introduction_to_categorical_pr.html#more
Voevodsky's unfinished manuscript: Notes on categorical probability, July 13, 2009.
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/463712/hopf-monads-in-categorical-probability-theory
External links
https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2020/06/categorical_probability_and_st.html
https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2020/06/statistics_for_category_theori.html
Probability theory
Category theory | Categorical probability | [
"Mathematics"
] | 369 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
77,434,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Quinn | Nigel William Trevelyan Quinn is a water resources engineer, earth scientist and academic who is most known for introducing the concept of real-time water quality management in the 1990s. He has been a Research Group Leader of the HydroEcological Engineering Advanced Decision Support group during his career at Berkeley National Laboratory and has held academic appointments at the University of California, Merced, University of California, Berkeley and California State University, Fresno. He has had a 38-year association with the US Bureau of Reclamation Divisions of Planning and Resource Management that is ongoing.
Early life
Quinn was born on December 28, 1955. He attended Milton and Churchill Schools in Zimbabwe. Subsequently, he worked for 11 months as a research technician with the Department of Conservation and Extension in Harare, Zimbabwe, developing and field-testing a tractor-mounted pyrethrum harvester and working in the laboratory on a rapid method for sediment estimation from soil erosion research plots, which was published in the Rhodesian Journal of Agricultural Research.
Education and early career
Quinn graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Agricultural/Irrigation Engineering from Cranfield University in 1977, performing research on the mechanics of footpath erosion, which was later published in the Journal of Environmental Management with co-authors Roy Morgan and Alan Smith. After graduation, he worked as an Irrigation Engineer for Farrow Irrigation, a subsidiary of the Tate and Lyle Corporation. In 1978, he accepted a teaching and research appointment at Iowa State University in the US, later joining the faculty as an Instructor. He graduated with an MS in Agricultural and Civil Engineering, having researched intercepted rainfall throughfall erosivity under various crop canopy architectures, suggesting the inclusion of a canopy subfactor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation; this research was published in the Journal of Agricultural Engineering in 1981. In 1981, he enrolled in a PhD program at Cornell University, serving as a General Electric Fellow with the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and received a PhD in Water Resources Systems Engineering in 1987 under the mentorship of Walter Lynn. He conducted research on a systems approach to selenium drainage management in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
Career
In 1990, he was recruited by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Sally Benson, who was leading her own research program on surface and groundwater selenium containment at the Kesterson Reservoir. The Rainbow Report, to which he contributed, provided a long-term solution roadmap for selenium contamination in the San Joaquin Valley, sparking a 38-year scientific research endeavor in this field. Success on an EPA-STAR grant led to his work on climate change impacts, integrating hydrologic, water quality, and economic models, resulting in several publications and an associate faculty position at UC Berkeley. In 2000, he founded the HydroEcological Engineering Advanced Decision Support Group (HEADS) and absorbed emeritus Professor Bill Oswald's research group, focusing on algae-based cultivation and bioremediation amid growing interest in algae biofuels. His technoeconomic assessment of algae biofuel potential, funded by the Energy Biosciences Institute at UC Berkeley, has been highly cited and contributed to Tryg Lundquist's prominence in algae biofuel technology.
Contributions
After the SJVDP in 1990, Quinn formed a long-term association with Alex Hildebrand (1913–2012), a farmer and CALFED Bay-Delta Advisory Committee governor appointee, sharing ideas on the concept of real-time water quality management, primarily salinity, in the San Joaquin River. He became an advocate and technical proponent of this concept, securing initial grant funding to explore it with the Department of Water Resources, Regional Water Quality Control Board, US Bureau of Reclamation, and US Geological Survey. The real-time water quality management concept was embraced by major state and federal water agencies, endorsed through California state legislation, and enshrined in the San Joaquin Basin Water Quality Control Plan. This advocacy and development resulted in over 30 research publications and book chapters. His early adoption of sensor networks and web-based information dissemination was followed by several water districts and agencies, particularly the Grassland Water District. The WARMF salinity forecasting model originated from his and his colleagues' decision to promote a watershed approach to salinity forecasting, incorporating continuous flow and salinity data into real-time forecasting, enhancing the acceptance of WARMF and similar decision support tools.
Personal life
Quinn has been a lifelong equestrian and polo player. He was affiliated with the Los Altos Hounds hunt, and co-managed the Wine County Polo Club for 3 years between 2014 and 2017. Additionally, he has been a member of the US Polo Association for over 30 years and a member of the Yolo Polo Club, Sutter Buttes Polo Club, Wine Country Polo Club, Cerro Pampa Polo Club and the Tierra Tropical Polo Club in San Pancho, Mexico. He has been a member of the Manorial Society of Great Britain and acquired the ancient feudal title of Lord of the Manor of Hurstpierpoint in West Sussex, England.
Awards and honors
2006 – Fellow, International Symposium for Environmental Software Systems
2007 – Diplomate, American Academy for Water Resources Engineers D.WRE
2010 – Fellow, International Environmental Modelling and Software Society
2013 – Hugo B. Fischer Award, California Water and Environmental Modeling Forum
2014 – Distinguished Service Award, California Water and Environmental Modeling Forum
2015 – Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers
2018 – Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers, Environmental Water Resources Institute
2020 – Life Member Award, American Society of Civil Engineers
Selected articles
Elwell, H. A., & Quinn, N. (1975). A rapid method for estimating the dry mass of soil from erosion research plots. Rhodesian Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, 149–154.
Quinn, N.W.T., Morgan, R. P. C., & Smith, A. J. (1980). Simulation of soil erosion induced by human trampling. Journal of Environmental Management, 10, 155–165.
Quinn, N. W., & Laflen, J. M. (1983). Characteristics of raindrop throughfall under corn canopy. Transactions of the ASAE, 26(5), 1445.
Quinn, N., Grober, L., Kipps, J., Chen, C., & Cummings, E. (1997). Computer model improves real-time management of water quality. California Agriculture, 51(5), 14–20.
Quinn, N. W. T., McGahan, J., & Delamore, M. (1998). Innovative drainage management techniques to meet monthly and annual selenium load targets. California Agriculture, 52(5), 1998.
Quinn, N.W.T., & Karkoski, J. 1998. Potential for real time management of water quality in the San Joaquin Basin, California. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(6).
Quinn, N. W., Miller, N. L., Dracup, J. A., Brekke, L., & Grober, L. F. (2001). An integrated modeling system for environmental impact analysis of climate variability and extreme weather events in the San Joaquin Basin, California. Advances in Environmental Research, 5(4), 309–317.
Quinn, N. W. T., & Hanna, W. M. (2002). Real-time adaptive management of seasonal wetlands to improve water quality in the San Joaquin River. Adv. Environ. Res, 5(4), 309–317.
Quinn, N. W., Brekke, L. D., Miller, N. L., Heinzer, T., Hidalgo, H., & Dracup, J. A. (2004). Model integration for assessing future hydroclimate impacts on water resources, agricultural production and environmental quality in the San Joaquin Basin, California. Environmental Modelling & Software, 19(3), 305–316.
Quinn, N. W., & Hanna, W. M. (2003). A decision support system for adaptive real-time management of seasonal wetlands in California. Environmental Modelling & Software, 18(6), 503–511.
References
Hydrologists
Fellows of the American Society of Civil Engineers
United States Bureau of Reclamation personnel
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people
University of California, Merced faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
California State University, Fresno faculty
Cornell University alumni
Iowa State University alumni
Alumni of Cranfield University
1955 births
Living people | Nigel Quinn | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,744 | [
"Hydrology",
"Hydrologists"
] |
77,436,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile | 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile is a naturally occurring nitrile.
Occurrence
4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile occurs alongside 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate as a degradation product of glucosinalbin, which is found in white mustard. The cabbage butterfly, which feeds on cruciferous plants containing glucosinalbin, among other things, can evade the toxicity of isothiocyanate by specifically breaking down glucosinalbin to 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, which it can further metabolize. The horseradish tree contains niazirine, a glycoside of 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile.
Reactions
The hydrogenation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile under palladium catalysis yields tyramine.
References
4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Nitriles | 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile | [
"Chemistry"
] | 200 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,436,444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Acetamido-TEMPO | 4-acetamido-TEMPO (short for (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl) is a stable radical used for oxidation reactions in organic chemistry. It is a derivative of TEMPO, from which it differs by the additional acetamide group.
Preparation
4-acetamido-TEMPO can be prepared from 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. By reaction with acetic anhydride, the amino group is acetylated, and an acetate salt is formed. The free base can be regenerated with potassium carbonate. Oxidation to the nitroxyl radical occurs with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium tungstate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
Properties
4-acetamido-TEMPO is a stable radical and exists as a crystalline, orange-colored solid.
Reactions
4-acetamido-TEMPO is suitable as a catalyst for oxidation reactions. This includes the oxidation of primary amines to nitriles with potassium peroxymonosulfate as the stoichiometric oxidizing agent. Additionally, it can be used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. A closely related reagent is the Bobbitt's salt, an oxidized derivative of 4-acetamido-TEMPO. The Bobbitt salt can be prepared starting from 4-acetamido-TEMPO by reacting it first with tetrafluoroboric acid and then with sodium hypochlorite.
References
Piperidines
Amine oxides
Acetamides
Free radicals | 4-Acetamido-TEMPO | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 352 | [
"Free radicals",
"Functional groups",
"Senescence",
"Amine oxides",
"Biomolecules"
] |
77,438,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%932025%20SAG-AFTRA%20video%20game%20strike | On July 26, 2024, SAG-AFTRA (Screen Actors Guild – American Federation of Television and Radio Artists) initiated a labor strike involving the union’s voice actors and motion capture artists against American video game companies signed to the union’s Interactive Media Agreements over failed renegotiation terms of the contract that had expired in November 2022. The strike had been authorized in September 2023. The strike started after a year and a half of negotiations which failed to result in a protection agreement from the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for all performers covered by the Interactive Media Agreement. In addition to video game performers, there were concerns about companies having the ability to train AI to replicate an actor’s voice, or create a digital replica of their likeness, without consent or fair compensation.
Background
With significant advances in generative AI in the early 2020s, game developers have seen potential to reduce labor costs and increase productivity by substituting AI for human performers. Additionally, mass layoffs in the video game industry from 2023 onwards have led to concerns about the future sustainability of game development, as this led to the cancellation of several game projects and shutdown of several studios. AI has been explored as one solution to mitigate the rising development costs of games, including costs associated with hiring voice-over and motion capture actors. According to sources, motion capture studios may charge $500-$2000 per hour, and a unionized voice actor may make $450-$2000 per hour. While AI could potentially reduce or even eliminate these costs, this has also led to significant concerns from video game actors of all sectors, including unwanted replication of voice and likeness, job security, and lack of compensation.
In November 2022, the last agreement expired and was subsequently extended on a monthly basis. On September 1, 2023, the SAG-AFTRA National Board voted to send the video game strike authorization vote to its members, and on September 25, the results showed the authorization passed with 98.32% voting in favor. Months of negotiations which were held between SAG-AFTRA and major video game companies such as Activision, Blindlight, Electronic Arts (EA), Epic Games, Insomniac, Take-Two Interactive, Disney Character Voices and Warner Bros. Games proved to be a failure.
In January 2024, SAG-AFTRA announced an agreement with Replica Studios for voice model replicas in video game. The agreement included requirements for consent for any new project, safe storage of voice model replicas, time limit for replica usage without further payment and usage transparency.
Strike
On July 25, 2024, SAG-AFTRA president Fran Drescher and chief negotiator Duncan Crabtree-Ireland stated that SAG-AFTRA would go on strike against major video game publishers. Crabtree-Ireland affirmed that the strike would become effective at 12:01 am PDT on July 26, 2024, while Drescher stated that "We're not going to consent to a contract that allows companies to abuse A.I. to the detriment of our members. Enough is enough. When these companies get serious about offering an agreement our members can live — and work — with, we will be here, ready to negotiate." Roughly 2,600 people employed in the video game industry in voice acting, motion capture and other work would then go on strike.
On September 4, 2024, Lightspeed LA, a division of Tencent's Lightspeed Studios, signed an interim agreement with the union to continue to work with its actors. SAG-AFTRA announced the following day that 80 games had signed acceptable interim agreements with the union, allowing actors to return to work on those games and putting more pressure on the larger publishers.
As with the 2016–17 strike, it is unknown how long the strike is expected to last or how much it will impact production on a large scale. According to Joost van Dreunen of the NYU Stern School of Business, companies would try to resolve this by September, and no later than the end of 2024.
On September 17, 2024, California Governor Gavin Newsom officially signed two bills, AB 1836, which grants protections against AI being used on dead performers and grants rights to performers' estate, and AB 2602, which grants protections against AI being used on living performers without it being spelled out with reasonable specificity. The bills include protections for voice-over work and video game performances (ex. motion capture work) and were signed at SAG-AFTRA headquarters with support from union leadership. Protections against AI for motion capture work is of particular note, as SAG-AFTRA leadership has cited the identity of motion capture professionals as performers (which directly impact AI regulations) as a significant reason for initiating the strike, as well as one of the most heated points of disagreement with video game companies.
As California is a significant base for voice-over and motion capture work—many of the companies targeted by the strike are also based out of the state—this is expected to play a pivotal role in negotiations moving forward. It is unclear how companies plan to respond to or interpret these bills.
On September 24, 2024, SAG-AFTRA called for a strike against League of Legends after accusing Formosa Interactive, who contribute post-production audio work to the game, of making an effort to go around the strike. According to SAG-AFTRA, Formosa Entertainment "secretly transferred an unrelated title to a shell company and sent out casting notices for 'non-union' talent only." SAG-AFTRA's interactive negotiating committee would unanimously vote to file an unfair labor practice charge against Formosa Interactive with the National Labor Relations Board. Part of this charge called for a strike against League of Legends. In response, Formosa released a statement stating that it has denied the allegations and has not acted in any way to undermine employee or union rights. However, Riot Games, the developer and publisher of League of Legends, also released a statement stating that they have only instructed Formosa Interactive to engage with US union performers and that SAG-AFTRA's press release relates that cancelling a game or hiring non-union talent are related to a game not developed and/or published by them, stating that "we’ve never asked Formosa to cancel a game that we've registered."
On October 15, 2024, it was announced that SAG-AFTRA officials and representatives for video game companies would hold in-person negotiations again for the first time since November 2023 starting on October 23, 2024.
On October 28, 2024, SAG-AFTRA announced a partnership deal with AI company Ethovox for voice model replicas, the deal included session fees and revenue sharing with the union. On the same day, the union announced that the strike will continue after days of negotiations with video game companies.
On November 14, 2024, SAG-AFTRA announced a new type of agreement for video game localization, called Independent Interactive Localization Agreement. This agreement was designed to allow video game developers based outside of the United States to hire union voice actors for the purpose of content localization subject to terms of the agreement.
In December 2024, League of Legends said that their skins would temporarily lack custom voiceovers and instead previously recorded "base voiceovers" would be used in English due to the strike. The same arrangement is also used for League of Legends: Wild Rift in case of voice actor for that game opts to not record in solidarity with the strike. The planned release of Hideo Kojima's games OD and Physint were also announced to be delayed due to the strike.
See also
2023 SAG-AFTRA strike
References
External links
SAG-AFTRA information page for the strike
2024 in the United States
SAG-AFTRA video game strike
SAG-AFTRA strikes
Video game industry labor disputes
2020s strikes in the United States
Game artificial intelligence
SAG-AFTRA video game strike | 2024–2025 SAG-AFTRA video game strike | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,634 | [
"Game theory",
"Game artificial intelligence"
] |
77,439,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Rosenberg | Catherine P. Rosenberg is an electrical engineer whose research interests include resource management in wireless sensor networks, quality of service in network traffic engineering, and smart grids in energy systems. Educated in France and the US, she has worked in France, the US, the UK, and Canada, where she is a professor in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Cisco Research Chair in 5G Systems at the University of Waterloo.
Education and career
Rosenberg earned a diploma in telecommunications engineering at the École nationale supérieure des télécommunications de Bretagne in 1983, and a master's degree in computer science at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1984. She completed her Ph.D. in 1986 through Paris-Sud University, under the direction of Erol Gelenbe.
After working at Alcatel and Bell Labs, Rosenberg took her first faculty position from 1988 to 1996, in electrical and computer engineering at Polytechnique Montréal. After working in the UK for Nortel from 1996 to 1999, she became a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue University in the US from 1999 to 2004. In 2004 she took her present position as a professor at the University of Waterloo, also serving as chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. She was named as a tier 1 Canada Research Chair in the Future Internet in 2010 (renewed in 2017), and Cisco Research Chair in 5G Systems in 2018.
Recognition
Rosenberg was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2011, "for contributions to resource management in wireless and satellite networks". She was elected to the Canadian Academy of Engineering in 2013.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Electrical engineers
Women electrical engineers
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
Academic staff of Polytechnique Montréal
Purdue University faculty
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering | Catherine Rosenberg | [
"Engineering"
] | 380 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
77,441,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Price%20%28book%29 | High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society is a 2013 book by psychologist and neuroscientist Carl Hart, combining memoir, scientific assessment, and policy recommendation. Hart recounts his own experiences growing up in a poor African-American neighborhood in Miami, surrounded by violence and drug use, and views it through his research as a neuroscientist investigating the effects of drugs. He argues for an end to the punitive war on drugs that he finds to be based on race, class and misconceptions, in favor of evidence-based policies.
Reception
Writing in the New York Times, John Tierney found High Price to be "a fascinating combination of memoir and social science: wrenching scenes of deprivation and violence accompanied by calm analysis of historical data and laboratory results." In Scientific American, Anna Kuchment recommended High Price, writing, "Hart's account of rising from the projects to the ivory tower is as poignant as his call to change the way society thinks about race, drugs and poverty." Publishers Weekly wrote, "Combining memoir, popular science, and public policy, Hart’s study lambasts current drug laws as draconian and repressive, arguing that they’re based more on assumptions about race and class than on a real understanding of the physiological and societal effects of drugs. ... His is a provocative clarion call for students of sociology and policy-makers alike."
High Price won the PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award in 2014.
References
2013 non-fiction books
Neuroscience
Drug policy
Memoirs about drugs | High Price (book) | [
"Biology"
] | 335 | [
"Neuroscience"
] |
78,928,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylamine | Dibenzylamine is an organic compound with the formula . It is classified as a secondary amine, being the middle member of the series that includes the primary amine benzylamine () and the tertiary amine tribenzylamine (). It is a colorless oily substance with a faint ammonia-like odor. It is produced as a side product in the hydrogenation of benzonitrile:
Selected reactions
Amides derived from dibenzylamine are useful in organic synthesis. Dibenzylamine is a typical substrate for C-N coupling reactions related to the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction.
References
Amines
Benzyl compounds | Dibenzylamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 136 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
78,930,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centra%20Building | The Centra Building (also known as the Centra Hotel, United Bank Building and Holiday Inn Christchurch City Centre) was a former office tower and hotel in central Christchurch, New Zealand. It was designed by architect Peter Beaven in the post-modernist Christchurch style, and was the eighth tallest tower in the central city prior to its demolition.
Built in the late 1980s, the Centra Building was originally built as an office tower for the headquarters of the United Building Society, which later became United Bank. In the mid-1990s, it was acquired by Philip Carter and remodeled as a hotel. In 2004, it rebranded as Holiday Inn Christchurch City Centre, and became colloquially known as the Holiday Inn building.
The Centra building was damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, and was demolished in October 2012. The site sat vacant under Carter's ownership until the 2020s, when resource consent was granted in 2022 to build a new retail space on the site.
Construction and design
The Centra Building was designed by architect Peter Beaven in his late career. He is thought to have drawn inspiration from the Manchester Unity Building in Christchurch (later known as SBS House) and the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings.
Construction on the Centra Building began in 1986, with the laying of the foundations in June that year. In 1988, the external cladding was added as the building took shape. The property was completed in 1989.
The Centra building featured a car park basement with a transformer helping supply power to nearby properties. There were 16 concrete Dycore floors, a mezzanine area, and the penthouse roof was made from copper, covering two levels supported by a steel structure. In the early configuration of the building, there was a colonnaded banking chamber and multiple levels of uniform office space. The basement had a substation in it.
History
The Centra Building was originally developed as an office tower, and was home to the United Building Society which later became United Bank.
Around 1995, Philip Carter of Carter Group purchased the property and began work to redevelop it into a hotel, undertaking a project estimated to have cost up to NZ$17M. It was originally called the Centra Hotel before being rebranded in 2004 as Holiday Inn Christchurch City Centre. This is not to be confused with the Holiday Inn Avon, another Christchurch hotel which was owned by Carter.
In 2009, the hotel was significantly refurbished, including the lobby, bar, and 120 guest rooms, helping it receive a Qualmark 4 Star Plus rating. The project was undertaken by Dalman Architecture Limited and cost NZ$2.5M, according to Carter.
The Centra Building was severely damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. It was permanently closed and cordoned off in the Christchurch red zone area.
Demolition
In February 2012, Carter announced the project to demolish the tower was out for tender, but wouldn't elaborate on the condition of the building at the time.
Demolition began in October undertaken by Nikau Group. It was later claimed that the structure was considered high risk of collapse, resulting in a more complicated demolition process. The famous Twinkle Toes excavator was brought in to help rapidly deconstruct the building. Beaven later described the destruction of the buildings he designed, including the Centra Building, as a "huge, shattering loss."
The site remained unused for over a decade, with the basement level partially exposed to the elements. A plan to rebuild Ao Tawhiti school on the site fell through in 2016; the school had previously announced it would build and occupy a property on the land by 2017. Carter declined to comment on his plans, but claimed in 2015 he had "endeavoured to enable the return" of the inner-city school.
In 2017, the Christchurch city council included the former Centra Building site on their "dirty 30" list of properties considered dangerous or eyesores, regarding it as a hindrance to the rebuild effort.
In 2022, Carter Group received resource consent to build on the site. The new property will likely be used for retail and office space, and has no connection to the former property other than its location.
References
Christchurch Central City
Office buildings completed in 1989
Buildings and structures demolished as a result of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake
Buildings and structures demolished in 2012
Skyscrapers in Christchurch
1980s architecture in New Zealand
Skyscraper office buildings in New Zealand
Former skyscrapers
Postmodern architecture | Centra Building | [
"Engineering"
] | 884 | [
"Postmodern architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
78,930,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej%20Nowak%20%28mathematician%29 | Andrzej Nowak(born 29 of October 1952 in Żagań) is a Polish mathematician known for his contributions to game theory, theory of economics and finance.
Biography
In 1977, he graduated in mathematics at Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology of Wrocław University of Science and Technology in Wrocław. He obtained his doctorate in Institute of Mathematics of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology in 1981, based on the work On zero sum stochastic games with general state space written under the direction Rastislav Telgarsky In 1993, based on the work Optimal and equilibrium strategies in stochastic games, he defended the dissertation at Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Wrocław University, and got Habilitation.
Since 2000, he has been working at Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Zielona Góra, where he heads the Division of Mathematical Economics and Optimization (2008-2016). In 2004, he became the professor of mathematics. He was also the Head of Department of Finance at Faculty of Economic Sciences of University of Applied Sciences in Nysa, Poland.
Contributions
His research articles can be found in Annals of Probability, Mathematics of Operations Research, SIAM Journal of Control and Optimization, Games and Economic Behavior, Journal of Economic Theory, Automatica. References to his papers can be found in mathematical databases.. His most frequently cited works deal with stochastic games and cooperative games.
His editorial activities include participation on the editorial board of the journals: Dynamic Games and Applications, International Journal of Game Theory (2001-2008), Mathematical Methods of Operations Research (2006-2008).
He was the advisor of 3 PhD theses.
He is the member of the International Society of Dynamic Games. In 2007-2011 he was a member of the Mathematical Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
He became the recipient of the The Isaacs Award (2018) and recognized Distinguish alumni of Wrocław University of Science and Technology
References
:Category:1952 births
:Category:Living people
:Category:Game theorists
:Category:Polish mathematicians | Andrzej Nowak (mathematician) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 404 | [
"Game theorists",
"Game theory"
] |
78,931,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP-6%20gas%20mask | The MP-6 Gas Mask is a Polish military gas mask and a successor to the MP-5 masks.
Purpose
The MP-6 mask (codenamed Apollo) is designed to protect the soldier's respiratory system from toxic warfare agents, radioactive dust and bacterial aerosols. In addition, the mask's design allows for the intake of fluid and conversation while wearing it.
The NATO standard filter (40 mm thread) is attached to the mask from the side (on the right, left or both sides, depending on the user's needs). The panoramic visor from the MP-5 mask is replaced by two smaller glasses. Additionally, the mask glasses are protected with polycarbonate ballistic lenses.
The fluid collection tube is NATO standard, allowing you to attach a water bottle, canteen or camel toe.
Production
The mask is manufactured by Maskpol, a company belonging to the Polish Armaments Group. Maskpol previously also produced MP-5 masks.
The mask was presented at MSPO 2010, at MSPO 2011 (where she was awarded the DEFENDER statuette) and MSPO 2012.
On October 12, 2012, an agreement was signed between the Armament Inspectorate and Maskpol for the delivery of 28,400 MP-6 gas masks in the years 2012–2015. The cost of the masks is to be approximately PLN 21.1 million.
Specifications
Goggles: polyamide shrapnel-proof goggles (m=325 [mg], V=215 [m/s]
mountable external laser protective lenses
Shelf-life: Made from formulated hypoallergenic rubber with proven shelf-life of 15 years
Water Usage: safe water intake port allowing for hydration in contaminated environment (>600cm3/5min)
Inhalation: low CO2 content in inhalation air (<0,8%)
Vision: possibility of mounting lenses for optical correction of vision
Chemical warfare: over 24-hours’ protection against chemical warfare (CW) agents
Weight: Total weight of a complete mask (with combined filter FP-6) less than 800 [g] (the largest size available)
Filter: low breathing resistance with combined filter FP-6
Size: Available in three sizes
Comunication: voicemitter providing effective communication
Operators
~28,400 gas masks have been purchased to the Armed forces of Poland.
References
Gas masks
Helmets | MP-6 gas mask | [
"Chemistry"
] | 485 | [
"Gas masks"
] |
78,937,491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20compacta | Tremella compacta is a species of fungus in the order Tremellales. It produces large, ochraceous yellow, compactly lobed, cartilaginous-gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on dead branches of broadleaved trees. It was originally described from Brazil and is distributed in northern South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Taxonomy
The species was first published in 1895 by German mycologist Alfred Möller based on a collection from Blumenau. As a probable parasite of Stereum fruit bodies, Tremella compacta belongs in the genus Naematelia, but the species has not as yet undergone DNA sequencing to confirm this.
Description
Fruit bodies are tough-gelatinous, compactly lobed to cerebriform (brain-like), 35 to 60 mm across, the lobes hollow, ochraceous to apricot or pale orange-brown when fresh, drying hard and rigid. Microscopically, the hyphae have clamp connections. The basidia are tremelloid (ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa) and normally stalked, 2 to 4-celled, 10 to 16 by 7.5 to 14 μm. The basidiospores are ellipsoid, smooth, 7 to 9.5 by 5 to 6.5 μm.
Similar species
Naematelia aurantia occurs on Stereum hirsutum on broadleaved trees but typically has more leaf-like lobes and is bright yellow to yellow-orange.
Habitat and distribution
Tremella compacta occurs on broadleaved trees and appears to be a parasite on fruit bodies of Stereum species. The type collection was from Brazil, but it has also been reported from Belize, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Venezuela.
References
compacta
Fungi described in 1895
Fungi of South America
Fungi of Central America
Fungus species | Tremella compacta | [
"Biology"
] | 399 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,939,477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YY%20Canis%20Minoris | YY Canis Minoris, abbreviated YY CMi and otherwise referred to as HD 67110, is an eclipsing contact binary in the constellation of Canis Minor, close to the border with Hydra. Its apparent magnitude ranges between 8.46 and 9.23, making it too faint to be seen by the naked eye but visible using binoculars. It is located at a distance of approximately according to Gaia DR3 parallax measurements.
Stellar properties
The system consists of two F-type stars more massive and hotter than the Sun. Both objects are larger than typical F-type main-sequence stars, which may be because they are evolving away from the main sequence. As such, they both received the luminosity class V-IV, with their spectra indicating an intermediate luminosity between main-sequence stars and subgiants.
The two stars orbit each other every 1.094 days, separated by a mere 6.41 solar radii. As a result, both of them are gravitationally distorted and overfilling their Roche lobes, becoming a W Ursae Majoris variable (also known as a low mass contact binary).
Observational history
YY CMi was first reported to be variable in August 1934 by Otto Morgenroth of the Sonneberg Observatory, who described it as an Algol variable with a magnitude range of 8.4 to 8.8. The 1958 edition of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars listed it as a Beta Lyrae variable with a combined spectral type of F5. Krishna Damodar Abhyankar (1962) gave the spectral types F6III and A5V to the two components, though this was noted to be incorrect in 1970 and, in 1981, the two were reclassified as evolved stars of roughly the types F6 and early G comprising a contact binary. This evolved and contact nature of the system has been supported by subsequent studies, but a re-examination of Abhyankar's light curves in 1999 yielded slightly earlier evolutionary stages and spectral types for the stars.
References
W Ursae Majoris variables
Canis Minor
F-type main-sequence stars
F-type subgiants
Canis Minoris, YY
067110
BD+02 01872
J08063856+0155464 | YY Canis Minoris | [
"Astronomy"
] | 476 | [
"Canis Minor",
"Constellations"
] |
78,940,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-EMF%20therapy | V-EMF therapy is a therapy that is based on the synergy between electromagnetic fields, vacuum and low-intensity electrostimulation. It is also known as Biodermogenesi. The electromagnetic field is generated with a variable frequency between 0.5 and 2 MHz.
Electromagnetic fields are able to promote the repair processes of skin lesions with a reduction in healing time and scar size and with an increase in the re-epithelialization process. They also promote the migration and subsequent stabilization of different cell types involved in the processes of regeneration, tissue engineering and wound care.
The data in the literature show that the therapeutic application of electromagnetic fields allows to obtain satisfactory results in the regeneration of degenerated or traumatized or injured tissue reaching the healing and regeneration of permanent lesions. In addition, they have been shown to be useful in reducing fibrosis both in the treatment of cellulite and in the treatment of fibrotic, hypertrophic and keloid scars.
Similarly to electromagnetic fields, the application of vacuum, in this therapy adopted with negative pressure between 8 and 16 hundredths of Bar, has shown considerable effectiveness in reducing skin fibrosis due to cellulite and scarring.
As for low-intensity electrostimulation, or electroporation, delivered at 5 VDC, it is able to increase skin nourishment. The three forms of energy used simultaneously are the basis of V-EMF therapy, which has shown significant results in various fields of application. The therapeutic protocol has proven effective in the treatment of burn scars post-surgical trauma and chemical burn, 20 in the treatment of stretch marks and in anti-aging therapy.
See also
Biodermogenesi
References
Medical research
Dermatologic procedures
Electromagnetism | V-EMF therapy | [
"Physics"
] | 359 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
78,941,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20periodate | Ammonium periodate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
Ammonium periodate is formed by the reaction of periodic acid and ammonia solution:
Physical properties
The compound forms colorless crystals of tetragonal system, spatial group I41/a, cell parameters a = 0.5938 nm, c = 1.2790 nm, Z = 4.
It is sparingly soluble in water and explodes when heated. The compound is used in analytical chemistry as an oxidizing agent.
References
Ammonium compounds
Periodates
Oxidizing agents | Ammonium periodate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 112 | [
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts",
"Ammonium compounds",
"Periodates"
] |
78,942,743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenarin | Catenarin is a derivative chemical compound of anthraquinone. Its formula is . It is a natural product.
Occurrence
Catenarin has been identified in plants and fungi from various genera, including Pyrenophora, Ventilago, Aspergillus, and Talaromyces.
References
Hydroxyanthraquinones
Tetrols | Catenarin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Natural products",
"Lichen products"
] |
75,815,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar%20Abbas%20Oil%20Refinery | Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery, also known as Refinery No. 8, is situated near the city of Bandar Abbas in southern Iran.
History
The refinery was conceptualized in the 1960s because Bandar Abbas's location, which is strategically situated near the Persian Gulf, was chosen for its deep-water access and proximity to crude oil reserves.
A partnership between Snamprogetti and Chiyoda Corporation led to the construction of the refinery, with the Italian company responsible for engineering, procurement, and project supervision. It covers an area of 7 square kilometers, and processes heavy crude oil along with condensate transported from the Sarkhoon gas processing complex.
As of 2020, it is the third-largest refinery in Iran after Abadan and Isfahan refineries. Currently, its stated capacity exceeds 320,000 barrels per day (BPD).
Accidents
In September 2023, during emergency repairs, five maintenance workers were involved in an accident, and one worker died.
Gallery
References
Oil refineries in Iran
Buildings and structures in Bandar Abbas | Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery | [
"Chemistry"
] | 213 | [
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum stubs"
] |
75,819,860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-336 | USA-336, also known as SBIRS-GEO 6 (Space Based Infrared System - Geostationary), is a geostationary satellite operated by the United States Space Force (formerly operated by the United States Air Force). USA-336 forms part of the SBIRS High program.
Overview
USA-336 is a three-axis stabilized satellite equipped with an Overhead Persistent Infrared (OPIR) scanner. USA-336 uses its OPIR scanner and long-range surveillance to provide early warning for Ballistic Missile launches. It will replace older Defense Support Program satellites.
References
Satellites
Satellites in geostationary orbit
Spaceflight
2022 in spaceflight
USA satellites | USA-336 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 132 | [
"Satellites",
"Spaceflight",
"Outer space"
] |
75,821,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20Science | Safety Science is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering research on all aspects of human and industrial safety. The editor-in-chief is Georgios Boustras (European University Cyprus),. The journal was established in 1976 as the Journal of Occupational Accidents, with Herbert Eisner as founding editor-in-chief. In 1990, the aims and scope of the journal were expanded, and the journal obtained its current name.
Editors-in-chief
Since 1990, the following persons are or have been editors-in-chief:
1990–2009: Andrew Hale
2010–2012: Kathryn Mearns
2013–2017: Jean-Luc Wybo
2018–present: Georgios Boustras
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 4.7.
References
Academic journals established in 1976
Monthly journals
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Occupational safety and health journals
Safety engineering | Safety Science | [
"Engineering"
] | 203 | [
"Safety engineering",
"Systems engineering"
] |
75,821,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Schwob | Claude Schwob (1910–2000) was an American nuclear chemist who worked on the Manhattan Project. After the end of World War II, he was employed at the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Schwob, who was gay, was open about his sexuality throughout his life.
Biography
Schwob was born on June 16, 1910, in New York, and lived in France for much of his childhood. He graduated in 1931 from Fordham University with a PhD in chemistry, and went on to teach there at St. Peter's College. During World War II, Schwob volunteered to serve in the Chemical Warfare Service. He worked on the Manhattan Project, first at the University of Chicago, then in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He is the only gay man known to have served as a researcher on the Manhattan Project at a high clearance level, and was open about his sexuality.
After the end of the Manhattan Project, Schwob returned to teaching at the Institute of Technology in Chicago until 1947. A 1946 entry in the journal of Glenn T. Seaborg mentions Schwob, who had written Seaborg to ask about hot lab images for an upcoming presentation to the Instrument Society of America. Beginning in 1948, Schwob researched radiation in a top-secret lab at the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, where he remained until his retirement. His work on radiation exposure made him a leading national expert on the topic. Rod Buntzen, one of his colleagues there, describes Schwob as speaking openly about his sexuality and sexual activities.
An avid amateur photographer, Schwob took a large number of photos of men through the 1940s and 1950s. His subjects are often nude and sometimes engaging in oral sex; Schwob himself sometimes appears, engaging familiarly with the other men or joining in the sexual activities. Schwob also collected prints from the Athletic Model Guild, similarly depicting men in states of undress. His large photographic collection is now in the archive of the GLBT Historical Society.
Schwob lived in the Castro, a gay neighborhood in San Francisco. He spent time at San Gregorio State Beach and the Russian River, as well as the Oasis, a local gay bathhouse. He supported Hospitality House and programs assisting homeless gay youth. Although he lived alone, Schwob had a number of regular male partners, mostly younger than him. Photos from his collection document a 1955 road trip through the Pacific Northwest with one of these companions. He continued to be sexually active well into old age. Schwob died on July 24, 2000.
References
1910 births
2000 deaths
Manhattan Project people
Nuclear chemists
Fordham University alumni
Gay scientists
American LGBTQ scientists | Claude Schwob | [
"Chemistry"
] | 555 | [
"Nuclear chemists"
] |
75,821,975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena%20BioWorks | Arena BioWorks is a recently-announced biomedical institute that will be located in Kendall Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Having attracted notable scientists, the institute is led by Stuart Schreiber.
The institute has $500 million in initial private funding backed by individuals including Steve Pagliuca, Michael Dell, Michael Chambers, Jim Breyer, and Elisabeth DeLuca.
References
External links
Official website
Biotechnology
Laboratories in the United States
Medical research institutes in Massachusetts | Arena BioWorks | [
"Biology"
] | 90 | [
"nan",
"Biotechnology"
] |
75,822,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzimidazolinone | Benzimidazolinone is an organic compound with the formula . Also classified as a heterocyclic compound it is a bicyclic urea. It is a tautomer of 2-hydroxybenzimidazole.
Synthesis, structure, applications
The parent compound is prepared by the carbonylation of 1,2-diaminobenzene. The carbonylation can be effected with carbonyldiimidazole. Like other ureas, it engages in hydrogen bonding, yielding supramolecular structures. Otherwise, the compound is of little interest.
Substituted 2-benzimidazolinones are commercial dyes and pigments. For example 4-amino-2-benzimidazolinone condenses with diketene to give the acetoacetanilide, which undergoes diazo coupling with various aryldiazonium salts. In this way pigment orange 36 and pigment yellow 154 are produced. These pigments are used in paints and plastics.
The drug domperidone is a derivative of benzimidazolinone.
References
Ureas
Organic pigments
Shades of orange
Benzimidazolines | Benzimidazolinone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 243 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
75,825,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20roof | A rain roof is a second, newer roof that has been constructed over an existing roof that has failed, or which has inadequate slope to shed rain. Since such additional spaces may not be visible or accessible, the concealed void presents a particular hazard in firefighting operations, as a fire may develop or persist in such a space undetected.
Description
Rain roofs are commonly found in North America over an older flat or minimally sloped roof that has developed leaks, or in a building that has been added to in a manner that requires revised drainage patterns. Construction usually involves framing or trusses that create a space above the original roof, which remains in place, which are then covered with new roofing materials. Side and end walls may be extended upwards to create sufficient space for the framing and to enclose the new space.
While rain roofs are commonly found in large, older commercial buildings, they may also be built over single and double-wide mobile homes to improve drainage.
Fire safety
Firefighting operations can be complicated by the presence of the undetected concealed space, and by the presence of a second water-shedding roof underneath. A concealed space, potentially unknown to firefighters, and difficult or impossible to access, may allow a fire to grow or persist in spite of firefighting operations inside and outside the building.
A rain roof was a significant hazard that contributed to the deaths of six New York City Fire Department firefighters in the 1978 Waldbaum's supermarket fire.
See also
Cockloft, a similar shallow concealed space between a roof and a ceiling
References
Roofs | Rain roof | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 317 | [
"Structural system",
"Structural engineering",
"Roofs"
] |
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