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75,826,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW%20Sculptoris | BW Sculptoris is WZ Sge-type dwarf nova and a candidate period bouncer. The binary consists of a white dwarf and a brown dwarf donor that orbits the white dwarf every 78.23 minutes. BW Sculptoris is one of the closest and brightest cataclysmic variable stars with a brightness of magnitude16.5 and a distance of 93.3 parsecs. It also has the shortest period for any CVs known to date (as of August 2023).
BW Sculptoris was discovered in 1997 by two teams. Abbott et al. discovered it with ROSAT as RX J2353.0-3852. Augusteijn & Wisotzki discovered it independently in the Hamburg/ESO survey with the ESO 1.52 meter telescope and it was originally designated HE 2350–3908 (it received its variable star designation, BW Sculptoris, in the year 2000). Both authors noted the low mass transfer. Earlier mass ratios hinted at a low mass donor and Neustroev & Mäntynen were able to narrow down the mass of the white dwarf to and the mass of the donor to (), making the donor a brown dwarf. BW Sculptoris is a candidate period bouncer. This is an evolutionary stage of a cataclysmic variable in which a donor star looses enough mass to evolve into a substellar object or brown dwarf. This occurs together with a decrease of the orbital period until the period reaches 70–80 minutes, at which point the period increases again. It is suspected that BW Sculptoris already passed this minimum and that the orbital period will increase in the future.
Superoutburst of 2011
BW Sculptoris experienced a superoutburst with an amplitude of 7.5 mag in October 2011. The superoutburst was first detected by M. Linnolt (AAVSO) on October 21 with a visual magnitude of 9.6. On October 31 an ordinary superhump developed and on November 12 BW Sculptoris entered the rapid fading phase. Even 10 years after the superoutburst the star has not returned to its pre-outburst level.
References
Sculptor (constellation)
White dwarfs
Brown dwarfs
Dwarf novae
Objects with variable star designations
Astronomical objects discovered in 1997 | BW Sculptoris | [
"Astronomy"
] | 467 | [
"Constellations",
"Sculptor (constellation)"
] |
75,827,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-339 | USA-339, also known as the Shepard Demonstration, USSF-44, and AFSPC-44, is a satellite owned by the United States Space Force (USSF). It was built to conduct technological experiments to mature technologies and accelerate risk reduction. The USSF has published little information about USA-339.
USA-339 was launched on November 1, 2022, at 9:41 EST on board the rocket Falcon Heavy USSF-44 anlong with the LDPE 2, Tetra 1, Alpine, and LINUSS 1 and 2 satellites. The Falcon Heavy USSF-44 launch was the first National Security Space Launch on a Falcon Heavy rocket, and was also the first launch of a Falcon Heavy since June 2019.
References
USA satellites
Spaceflight
2022 in spaceflight
Satellites
Satellites in geostationary orbit | USA-339 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 168 | [
"Outer space",
"Spacecraft stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Satellites",
"Spaceflight"
] |
75,833,059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanshanzia | Tuanshanzia is a genus of Proterozoic eukaryote, known from several locations across China and India, including the Gaoyuzhuang and Chuanlinggou formations, the eponymous Tuanshanzi Formation, as well as the Vindhya Basin. It is probably an alga, although its exact classification is currently unclear. Tuanshanzia seems to be part of a wider group of elongate Proterozoic algae, alongside Changchengia and Eopalmaria.
Description
Tuanshanzia specimens range from long, and are often preserved as carbonaceous films with a wide range of shapes, varying by species. The type, T. lanceolata has a lanceolate shape, whereas other species have shapes ranging from oval to elongated. As a form taxon, Tuanshanzia is likely paraphyletic, although as no practical alternative exists it remains a valid genus. The genus is named after the Tuanshanzi Formation, where it was first discovered, while the various species are named after their morphology. Many of the specimens from the Tuanshanzi Formation are likely microbial mat fragments due to their rough edges and irregularity, however some are likely actual algae due to smooth and regular margins, alongside carbon isotope analysis showing similarities to eukaryotes.
References
Proterozoic life
Paleoproterozoic
Mesoproterozoic
Taxa described in 1995
Proterozoic first appearances
Enigmatic eukaryote taxa | Tuanshanzia | [
"Biology"
] | 303 | [
"Eukaryotes",
"Eukaryote stubs"
] |
75,833,590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20W.%20Trigg | Charles Wilderman Trigg (February 7, 1898 in Baltimore, MD—June 28, 1989 in San Diego, CA) was a mathematics writer and lecturer for many years at the University of Southern California. He was considered one of the foremost recreational mathematicians of the twentieth century and was the book review editor of the Journal of Recreational Mathematics.
Education and career
Trigg got a B.S. in chemical engineering at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute in 1914, another B.S. in chemical engineering at the University of Pittsburgh in 1917, and an M.A. at the University of Southern California in 1931.
Until 1950 his main field of research was the production of coffee, first at the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh (1916-1920), and then at King Coffee Products in Detroit. He was granted five patents related to coffee processing.
In 1950 he became a lecturer at the University of Southern California where he stayed until 1966. In 1967 he wrote his very popular book, Mathematical Quickies: 270 Stimulating Problems with Solutions. A reviewer said, "For the mathematics enthusiast of any age or level of sophisitcation, this stimulating treasury of unusual math problems offers unlimited opportunity for mind-biggling recreation."
Publications
1973: "Palindromic Triangular Numbers" (with Raphael Robinson), J. Recr. Math. Vol. 6, pp. 146–147
1967: Mathematical Quickies: 270 Stimulating Problems with Solutions, McGraw Hill, 1967,
1934: "E69" Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 41, No. 5, May, 1934, p. 332
References
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute alumni
University of Southern California alumni
University of Southern California faculty
University of Pittsburgh alumni
20th-century American mathematicians
Recreational mathematicians
Mathematics popularizers
1898 births
1989 deaths | Charles W. Trigg | [
"Mathematics"
] | 354 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Recreational mathematicians"
] |
75,833,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural%20Uprising | Architectural Uprising, founded as Arkitekturupproret is a Swedish non-profit association and think tank which was founded in September 2016. It defends classical architecture while simultaneously contesting modern architecture, deeming modern buildings unprepossessing. Initially founded as a digital group in 2014, it became an association two years later. Described by Bloomberg as a "significant platform and voice in the design of built environments", it is an independent organization. Its work is analogous to that carried out in the United States by the ICAA.
Chapters
The Architectural Uprising has chapters in Brazil, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Romania, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Syria, Ukraine and other countries, as well as several groups for regions and cities like Amsterdam, Berlin, Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm, and one for the western United States.
Kasper Kalkon Award
Since 2016, the association has been awarding the Kasper Kalkon prize. The name Kasper Kalkon ironically alludes to Sweden's Architects' main prize, the Kasper Salin Prize, and every year the AU holds a Turkey Gala as the equivalent of the Kasper Salin Gala, where, among other awards, prizes for Sweden's ugliest and most beautiful new buildings are awarded.
The Kasper Kalkon prize for Sweden's ugliest newly built house was inspired by the British Carbuncle Cup, which was instituted in 2006 after a statement by Charles III (then Prince of Wales) that a modernist addition to the National Gallery in London resembled "a boil [carbuncle] on the face of a dear old friend". The Kasper Kalkon prize was awarded for the first time in November 2016. The winner, who was chosen by public vote, was Segerstedthuset in Uppsala. AU also subsequently appointed winners for each year throughout the 2010s.
Concept of fake view
The Architecture Uprising coined the term "fake view", which means that digital vision images of planned buildings are created in a way that is impossible to realize, which in turn leads to the real building looking completely different from what the vision image predicted. In connection with the Kasper Kalkon award, the AU usually also awards a prize to "the most lying fake view of the year", which is sometimes chosen by vote and sometimes appointed by the AU's working group.
In 2021, the new Växjö municipal building by architect White Arkitekter won the prize for the most lying fake view of the year.
The winner in 2022 was the Platinan conference house in Gothenburg, designed by Erik Giudice.
See also
Classical order
Classical architecture
Traditional architecture
New Classical architecture
References
External links
Short documentary about the Architectural Uprising, 2023 (The Aesthetic City)
Arts organizations established in 2016
Architecture organizations
2016 establishments in Sweden
New Classical architecture
Classical architecture
Architecture in Sweden | Architectural Uprising | [
"Engineering"
] | 594 | [
"Architecture organizations",
"Architecture"
] |
75,833,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EK%20Eridani | EK Eridani is a single variable star in the equatorial constellation of Eridanus. It has the designation HR 1362 from the Bright Star Catalogue; EK Eridani is the variable star designation, abbreviated EK Eri. This star is dimly visible to the naked eye with a brightness that fluctuates around 6.15. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 209 light years from the Sun. The star is drifting further away with a heliocentric radial velocity of 6.9 km/s.
From South Africa in 1964, R. Lake reported a variation of 0.7 in the visual magnitude of this star. In 1973, W. P. Bidelman and D. J. MacConnell placed HR 1362 on a list of brighter stars of astrophysical interest because it displayed emission in the H and K lines, although they were uncertain of this finding. F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer detected X-ray emission from this star in 1973, another indicator of magnetic activity in the chromosphere. A series of measurements of the brightness of this star were made from 1979 until 1984, demonstrating it is variable with a 154-day period. At the time, this was the longest period known for a chromospherically active star. By 1990, this period was revised upward to 335 days.
K. G. Strassmeier and associates found the stellar spectrum and color indices to be consistent with a stellar classification of G8 III-IV for HR 1362. They confirmed the moderately strong H and K emission lines as being overactive by over an order of magnitude compared to other cool giant stars. The level of magnetic activity for this star is unusually high for its rotation period, which in 1993 led K. Stępień to suggest it was a strongly magnetic Ap star while on the main sequence. The mean strength of the magnetic field was determined to be , which is comparable to the typical field strength of RS CVn or FK Com type variable stars.
This is an evolving subgiant star with a very slow rotation period of 308.8 days. It is classified as a BY Draconis variable that changes in luminosity as star spots rotate across the visible surface of the star. The lingering magnetic field may be the result of an interaction between the remnant field from an Ap progenitor star and a deep convection zone. At a 60° axial tilt, the field can be successfully modeled as a simple dipole magnet with a persistent cool spot at the magnetic pole. Asteroseismological measurements show EK Eri has 1.84 times the mass of the Sun and 5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 15 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,135 K.
See also
53 Camelopardalis – a star with properties similar to the EK Eri progenitor.
References
Further reading
G-type subgiants
BY Draconis variables
Ap stars
Eridanus (constellation)
1362
BD-06 875
027536
020263 | EK Eridani | [
"Astronomy"
] | 631 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
75,834,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20field%20theory | Double field theory in theoretical physics refers to formalisms that capture the T-duality property of string theory as a manifest symmetry of a field theory.
Background
In double field theory, the T-duality transformation of exchanging momentum and winding modes of closed strings on toroidal backgrounds translates to a generalized coordinate transformation on a doubled spacetime, where one set of its coordinates is dual to momentum modes and the second set of coordinates is interpreted as dual to winding modes of the closed string. Whether the second set of coordinates has physical meaning depends on how the level-matching condition of closed strings is implemented in the theory: either through the weak constraint or the strong constraint.
In strongly constrained double field theory, which was introduced by Warren Siegel in 1993, the strong constraint ensures the dependency of the fields on only one set of the doubled coordinates; it describes the massless fields of closed string theory, i.e. the graviton, Kalb Ramond B-field, and dilaton, but does not include any winding modes, and serves as a T-duality invariant reformulation of supergravity.
Weakly constrained double field theory, introduced by Chris Hull and Barton Zwiebach in 2009, allows for the fields to depend on the whole doubled spacetime and encodes genuine momentum and winding modes of the string.
Double field theory has been a setting for studying various string theoretical properties such as: consistent Kaluza-Klein truncations of higher-dimensional supergravity to lower-dimensional theories, generalized fluxes, and alpha-prime corrections of string theory in the context of cosmology and black holes.
References
Theoretical physics | Double field theory | [
"Physics"
] | 332 | [
"Theoretical physics"
] |
75,834,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%20Sextantis | 19 Sextantis (HD 88547; HR 4004; 34 G. Sextantis), or simply 19 Sex, is a solitary star located in the equatorial constellation Sextans. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.78. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 516 light-years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, 19 Sex's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.17 magnitudes.
19 Sex has a stellar classification of K1 III, indicating that it is an evolved K-type giant star that has ceased hydrogen fusion at it core and it has left the main sequence. It has also been given a slightly hotter class of K0 III. Stellar evolution models from Stock et al. (2018) model it to be a red giant branch star (100% chance) that is currently fusing a hydrogen shell around an inert helium core. It has 88% the mass of the Sun but at the age of 7.94 billion years, it has expanded to 23.13 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 241 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . 19 Sex is metal deficient with an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = −0.53 or 29.5% of the Sun's and it spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
K-type giants
Sextans
Sextantis, 19
Sextantis, 34
BD+05 02301
088547
050027
4004
00277696329 | 19 Sextantis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 358 | [
"Sextans",
"Constellations"
] |
75,834,669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot%20knife | The carrot knife, () also known as a radish knife, is a toy launched in 2022 which resembles a pocketknife with blunt plastic parts.
Background
The carrot knife is a toy typically made of soft plastic and has retractable and foldable parts. The whole toy resembles the shape of a carrot. While it is made of blunt plastic it resembles the mechanism of a spring-action knife or a pocketknife.
The toy is intended as a stress-reliever for teenagers, similar to the fidget spinner.
History
The toy was conceptualized by a Beijing-born 3D-printing artist Zhou Wenhao who is known online as Crazy Question Mark 493 (). He is a student at a university in Wuhan.
In June 2022, Wenhao came up with the concept for the carrot knife, and dubbed it as Zhònglì yòu zǎi xiǎo luóbo (, ). He posted an 8-second video on his Bilibili account and was viewed by 1 million people, becoming viral. He would share the designs publicly but labeled it as "not for commercial use".
In July 2023, he would post a video on Douyin about the toy which garnered 5 million views overnight. Several third-party manufacturers also began to sell the toy which eventually became known as the carrot knife.
Safety and violence
Schools in South Korea, Taiwan and mainland China has explicitly prohibited students from bringing carrot knives to school and has discouraged their parents to purchase the toy for their children.
Concerns were raised that the toy might encourage violence since the toy is often used to simulate stabbings.
References
2020s fads and trends
2020s toys
Chinese inventions
Mechanical toys
Plastic toys
Products introduced in 2022
21st-century inventions
Toy controversies
Physical activity and dexterity toys
Sensory toys | Carrot knife | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 367 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Mechanical toys"
] |
78,944,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2023%20F2%20%28SOHO%29 | C/2023 F2 (SOHO), also known as SOHO-4658, is a sungrazing comet that was discovered by Chinese astronomer, Hanjie Tan, from images taken by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory on 20 March 2023.
Observational history
It is a member of the Meyer family, the second largest sungrazer group of comets after the Kreutz sungrazers, and is one of the brightest of 270 known of the group so far, having reached a peak magnitude of 6.5 during perihelion. This provided a possible opportunity to view it from ground observations, however attempts to locate the comet from the La Silla Observatory in April 2023 were unsuccessful.
References
External links
Sungrazing comets
Non-periodic comets
Hyperbolic comets
Comets in 2023 | C/2023 F2 (SOHO) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 166 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Comet stubs"
] |
78,944,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopy%20game | In combinatorial game theory, a branch of mathematics, a loopy game is one in which a previous state is reachable from descendent options.
By contrast, a loop-free game is a game where players can never reach previous positions. A loop-free finite game is also called a short game.
Some loopy games with combinatorial game theory notation include:
dud: {dud|dud} ("deathless universal draw")
on: {on|}
off: {|off}
Some interesting properties arise from these definitions. For example, on + off = dud, or dud + G = dud for any game G.
Like transfinite games, the infinite nature of loopy games gives an extra outcome to loopy games: a tie. A player 'survives' a game if they either tie or win.
Impartial loopy games are susceptible to analysis by the generalized Sprague-Grundy theorem.
Definition
A loopy game is a pair G = (V, x), where V is a bipartite graph with named edge-sets (that is, some edges of the bipartite graph are Left, and other edges are Right) and x is the start vertex (initial position) of a game. This labeled bipartite graph is called a bigraph in combinatorial game theory.
If V is finite, the game G must be finite.
If both edge sets of V are equal, G is impartial.
Stoppers
Stoppers are loopy games that have no subpositions with infinite alternating runs. Unlike generic loopy games, stoppers can never tie.
Examples
Checkers
Fox and Geese
References
Combinatorial game theory | Loopy game | [
"Mathematics"
] | 352 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Game theory",
"Combinatorial game theory",
"Combinatorics"
] |
78,946,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1H-LSD | 1H-LSD (N1-hexanoyl-lysergic acid diethylamide, SYN-L-027) is an acylated derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), with a six carbon hexanoyl chain attached to the N1 position. It acts as a prodrug for LSD, and in animal studies produces drug-appropriate responding with a similar potency to short-chain homologues such as ALD-52 and 1P-LSD, in contrast to the 4 and 5 carbon homologues 1B-LSD and 1V-LSD which are several times weaker.
See also
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
1cP-LSD
1DD-LSD
ALD-52
1cP-AL-LAD
1P-ETH-LAD
References
Designer drugs
Lysergamides
Prodrugs
Serotonin receptor agonists | 1H-LSD | [
"Chemistry"
] | 203 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,949,491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20Association%20of%20Energy%20Regulators%20for%20Eastern%20and%20Southern%20Africa | The Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa (RAERESA) is a specialized agency of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. It was established to promote regional integration and investment in the energy sector by harmonizing regulatory frameworks among member states. The organization operates under the legal framework of the COMESA Treaty, particularly Articles 106 to 109, which mandate cooperation in energy development and regulation.
Foundation and mission
RAERESA was officially launched on March 16, 2009, after the signing of its Constitution by seven founding national energy regulators: Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, and Sudan. The organization was created to address regional disparities in energy regulation and encourage the development of a sustainable and competitive energy market in the region.
Objectives and functions
RAERESA’s primary objectives include:
Harmonizing energy policies, legislation, and regulations across member states.
Facilitating capacity-building programs for regulators and stakeholders.
Promoting cooperation in energy trade and investment within the region, especially power pools.
Encouraging the development and adoption of renewable energy sources.
Structure
The governance structure of RAERESA consists of:
The Plenary: The highest decision-making body comprising representatives from member states.
The Executive Committee: Responsible for overseeing the implementation of strategic initiatives.
Portfolio Committees: Focused on specific areas such as legal harmonization and capacity building.
The Secretariat: Led by the Chief Executive Officer, it handles daily operations and coordination.
Members and Governance
As of 2022, RAERESA includes 14 full members and 5 associate members. Full members are energy regulatory authorities from countries including Egypt, Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia, among others. Associate members include Comoros, Eritrea, and Tunisia.
Full Members of RAERESA
Associate Members of RAERESA
Activities
RAERESA undertakes various initiatives to strengthen regional energy cooperation. Its key activities include:
Providing technical support and training for member states.
Advocating for environmental sustainability and energy efficiency.
Promoting the use of renewable energy technologies.
Implementing the Enhancement of a Sustainable Regional Energy Market in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESREM) project under the European Development Fund.
International Cooperation
RAERESA collaborates with international organizations such as the International Confederation of Energy Regulators (ICER) and to share best practices and improve energy regulation globally. In 2022, a delegation of 13 officials from the organization visited the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), to learn about development of power in Norway, and Norway's energy law.
Funding
The association receives financial support from development partners, including the African Development Bank. In 2022, the AfDB provided a $1.5 million grant to enhance the harmonization of electricity regulations and facilitate cross-border power trading within the COMESA region.
See also
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA-RAERESA)
Energy Regulators Regional Association (ERRA)
Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP-IRB)
Energy law
Energy Regulators Association of East Africa (EREA)
Energy Regulation Centre of Excellence (ERCE)
References
External links
RAERESA website
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Organizations established in 2009
Energy markets
Lusaka
International energy organizations
Energy regulatory authorities
Non-profit organizations based in Africa
Energy law
Energy policy | Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 642 | [
"International energy organizations",
"Environmental social science",
"Energy organizations",
"Energy policy"
] |
78,950,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP-5%20Gas%20Mask | MP-5 Gas Mask – the standard gas mask of the Polish Armed Forces. This mask is designed to protect the user's respiratory tract from airborne toxic agents, radioactive dust and bacterial aerosols. For protection against toxic industrial agents such as ammonia or carbon monoxide, specific combined filters should be used additionally (connected in series with the basic FP-5 combined filter). The design also allows for the collection of fluids and conversation. The masks are currently manufactured by Maskpol.
Development
In the mid-1980s, the Department of Respiratory Protection of the Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry in Warsaw began work on a new gas mask. It was to replace the previously introduced MP-4 masks. This study had the working name MP-5.
The first design had two screw-in absorbers (on the sides, which provided less inhalation resistance). It also had a headgear from the MP-4 mask and polycarbonate goggles. However, one absorber located centrally was ultimately used.
Specifications
Facial part
The face part of the mask is made of plastic. It has one large polyurethane visor[footnote needed]. The canister mounting socket is located in the lower part of the mask. On the right side of the mask is the service valve (for fluid administration and mask tightness testing in an uncontaminated atmosphere), and on the left is the exhalation valve.
Absorber
The mask is designed with an FP-5 filter (NATO standard thread). Other filters with NATO standard thread can also be used.
The composition of the set
The MP-5 gas mask is stored in the bag as follows:
face part – main pocket
filter absorber – main pocket
filter absorber – main pocket
bag straps – small side pocket
lower side pocket is a place for the anti-chemical package
Sizes
The mask comes in 4 sizes:
Size 1 – face height (Distance in a straight line from chin to nasal-temporal depression): over 127 mm
Size 2 – face height: from 116 to 127 mm, face circumference (along the oval line, through the ears, chin and above the eyebrows) over 605 mm
Size 3 – face height: from 116 to 127 mm, face circumference below 605 mm
Size 4 – face height: below 116 mm
Technical parameters
Inspiratory resistance with continuous air flow at a rate of:
30 dm³/min – 175 Pa
160 dm³/min – 1500 Pa
Exhalation resistance with continuous air flow rate:
30 dm³/min – 80 Pa
160 dm³/min – 300 Pa
Mask weight (face part with filter):
800g
Patency of drinking device:
200 cm³/min
References
Gas masks
Helmets | MP-5 Gas Mask | [
"Chemistry"
] | 563 | [
"Gas masks"
] |
78,950,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosdesdenosine%20sipalabenamide | Fosdesdenosine sipalabenamide is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of advanced solid tumors and lymphoma. This compound is a phosphoramidate derivative of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), an adenosine analog originally isolated from the fungus Cordyceps. As a nucleoside analog with potential antineoplastic properties, Fosdesdenosine sipalabenamide is designed to inhibit RNA synthesis and act as an RNA inhibitor. The drug is being developed by NuCana Plc.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Nucleosides
Phosphoramidates
Purines | Fosdesdenosine sipalabenamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 145 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,951,259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foselutoclax | Foselutoclax is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of age-related eye diseases, particularly diabetic macular edema (DME) and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Developed by Unity Biotechnology, this senolytic compound acts as a potent inhibitor of Bcl-xL, a protein that senescent cells rely on for survival. Foselutoclax is designed to selectively eliminate senescent cells in the retina, potentially addressing the underlying causes of vision loss in these conditions.
References
Anti-aging substances
Senescence
Anilines
Benzene derivatives
Carboxylic acids
Phenyl compounds
Phosphates
Piperazines
Pyrroles
Sulfonamides
Sulfones
Thioethers
Trifluoromethyl compounds | Foselutoclax | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 170 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Anti-aging substances",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Salts",
"Senescence",
"Sulfones",
"Phosphates",
"Cellular processes",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Metabolism"
] |
78,951,889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Amrhein | James E. Amrhein was an American civil engineer and structural engineer who served as the executive director of the Masonry Institute of America as such he wrote most of the handbooks on Masonry engineering, instillation, and inspection.
Biography
Amrhein was born in Brooklyn, New York on November 5, 1923 to Joseph and Kunigunda Amrhein and graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School before earning his BCE at Manhattan College and his MCE at Columbia University, graduating as a member of Tau Beta Pi and Chi Epsilon.
During World War II Amrhein was a Lieutenant in the Seabees seeing service in Iwo Jima as well as during the occupation of Japan. He would continue to serve through the Korean War, where he worked to construct bases at Cubi Point and Subic Bay in the Philippines.
He was a member of the Structural Engineers Association of Southern California, the SEAOC College of Fellows, was the founder of the Masonry Society, as well as being a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Concrete Institute and the International Code Council while also serving for 6 years on the Long Beach planning and zoning commission. From 1989 to 1990 Amrhein served as the President the Masonry Institute of America having been the executive director for the prior 26 years, as such he served as co-chair for the first North American Masonry Conference.
Amrhein worked as a supervising structural engineer at the Portland Cement Association before joining the Masonry Institute of America, winning the Steven B. Barnes Award for his research on “Tall Slender Wall Performance.” He was also a professor at the California State University at Long Beach from 1961 to 1988.
Personal life
James was married to Laurette Amrhein for 56 years, the couple had 4 children: Christopher, a professor of soil and environmental science at the University of California Riverside, Michele a chemical engineer, Mark a geotechnical engineer, and Bruce a biomedical engineer. He died on May 22, 2011 and is buried in the Riverside National Cemetery.
Bibliography
Amrhein wrote 10 books and 32 technical reports, including:
Masonry Design Manual. 3rd Edition (January 1979) ISBN: B004J1SOOA
Reinforced masonry engineering handbook: Clay and concrete masonry (January 1983) ISBN: 0940116057
Marble and Stone Slab Veneer (January 1989) ISBN: 0940116154
Reinforced Grouted Brick Masonry (January 1991) ISBN: 0940116197
Masonry Veneer (January 1994) ISBN: 0940116235
Masonry Codes and Specifications, 1994 (January 1994) ISBN: 0940116111
Tall slender walls: Estimating curves for area of steel for reinforced masonry (January 1994) ISBN: 094011626X
Residential Masonry Fireplace and Chimney Handbook (January 1995) ISBN: 0940116294
Reinforcing steel in masonry: Details, construction, specifications (January 1999) ISBN: 0940116332
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook, 6th Edition (January 2006) ISBN: 0940116472
References
1923 births
2011 deaths
American civil engineers
Masonry | James Amrhein | [
"Engineering"
] | 627 | [
"Construction",
"Masonry"
] |
78,954,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginolysin | Vaginolysin (VLY) is a toxin produced by Gardnerella vaginalis, a bacterium commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis. VLY is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family, characterized by their ability to form pores in cholesterol rich membranes. The most closely related protein is intermedilysin, which is produced by Streptococcus intermedius.
VLY exhibits cytolytic activity against human erythrocytes, causing lysis of red blood cells. This process releases iron, an essential nutrient for microbial pathogens. In vitro studies have also demonstrated VLY induces membrane blebbing in human vaginal and cervical cells, suggesting its role in epithelial cell damage.
The cytolytic activities of VLY are hypothesized to contribute to the virulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, potentially by facilitating the bacterium's access to intracellular metabolites and aiding in its evasion of host immune responses.
References
Proteins
Toxins | Vaginolysin | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 219 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Toxicology",
"Molecular biology",
"Toxins",
"Proteins"
] |
78,960,568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST-148%20%28antiviral%29 | ST-148 is an antiviral drug which acts as a capsid inhibitor. It was developed for treatment of dengue fever, but while it shows strongest activity against dengue virus it also shows broad spectrum activity against other flaviviruses such as Zika virus. It is thought to cause viral capsid proteins to become more rigid, inhibiting both assembly and disassembly of capsids and thereby hindering viral replication and infection of cells.
References
Antiviral drugs
Thiadiazoles
Carboxamides
Thienopyridines
Amines
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings | ST-148 (antiviral) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 126 | [
"Antiviral drugs",
"Functional groups",
"Amines",
"Biocides",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
78,960,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littermate%20syndrome | Littermate syndrome (sometimes referred to as littermate dependency) is a blanket term for a variety of behavioral problems in dogs, which are attributed to their being raised alongside other dogs of the same age (regardless of whether they are actually from the same litter). The existence of littermate syndrome is disputed.
Behaviors which have been connected to littermate syndrome include leash reactivity, fear aggression, neophobia, and separation anxiety relative to the other dog, as well as aggression towards each other and towards their owner.
The American Kennel Club posits that littermate syndrome is the result of puppies "bond[ing] more closely with each other than with [their owner]", arguing that they will distract each other during training and thereby mutually impede their socialization.
A 2019 article in the Journal of the International Association of Animal Behavior Consulants argues that there is no scientific evidence of littermate syndrome existing, only anecdotal, and that the syndrome's various aspects all have different causes, including poor management of the dogs' environment, and insufficient opportunities for behavioral enrichment; as well, the article emphasizes that many dogs are raised alongside their siblings without the occurrence of littermate syndrome, and further suggests that the label "syndrome" may wrongly give the impression that the behavioral problems are irremediable.
Biologist and ethologist Marc Bekoff has declared it to be a "myth", specifying that while the relevant behaviors may be real, the overall phenomenon is "rare enough not to warrant being called a syndrome".
References
Dog training and behavior
Ethology | Littermate syndrome | [
"Biology"
] | 320 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior"
] |
78,961,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20customs%20of%20etiquette | Jewish customs of etiquette, known simply as Derekh Eretz (, ), or what is a Hebrew idiom used to describe etiquette, is understood as the order and manner of conduct of man in the presence of other men; being a set of social norms drawn from the world of human interactions. In the Talmud and Midrashic literature there are many things on this subject, some of which having the same rigid application of the Torah itself, while others pertain to the customs in the synagogues, or at the dinner table.
Jewish etiquette is a complex system of mores and manners that have been agreed upon by the community, and which seeks to delineate an acceptable standard of social laws governing the expectations of personal conduct with respect to one's fellow Jew and/or Gentile, or environment. Ancient Jewish communities throughout the world have preserved a well-documented system of etiquette, and are believed to have mimicked the social order once universally practised by all Jews in former times. However, today, many of these social norms are being lost to the community, due to their mixing with the larger community of Jewish immigrants, and the coalescing of these diverse ethnic groups.
History
Jews in ancient times adhered to strict codes of conduct, where custom played an important role in the way they would interact with one another; with an emphasis on decorum (good manners), respect and politeness. The precursor for Jewish social etiquette dates back to antiquity, and has been documented in one of the Minor Tractates, known as Derech Ereẓ (Manners), the name of a treatise attached to Talmud editions, divided into Rabba (Large) and Zuta (Small). The early rabbinic work is a testimony of how Jewish etiquette has maintained its own unique, strict code of customs throughout the centuries, although in some cases (e.g. Jewish etiquette in the bath-house), such rules can be traced back to ancient Roman practices. In fact, some ancient practices were so widespread that a Jewish dictum is typically cited in its recognition: “Decorum came before the giving of the Law,” meaning, one cannot personify Torah until he demonstrates common courtesy and decorum (derech ereẓ) in everything that he does. In the Talmud and Midrash, there are approximately 200 teachings concerning derech eretz as decent, polite, respectful, thoughtful, and civilized behavior, as well as a Minor Tractate (Derech Ereẓ) specifically treating on these issues. They define and delineate the difference between conduct and behavior that is malum in se, malum prohibitum, and good practice. Sometimes ethical codes include sections that are meant to give firm rules, but some offer only general guidance, while at other times the words are merely aspirational. Jewish etiquette can easily be divided into sub-categories: table etiquette, dress etiquette, speech etiquette, writing etiquette, etc.
A collection known as Hilkot Derekh Ereẓ existed even in the school of Rabbi Akiva (Berakhot 22a); but, as the term "Hilkot" indicates, it was composed entirely of short sentences and rules of behavior and custom, without any references to Jewish Scripture and tradition. Some rules of etiquette are supposed by the Rabbis to have been laid down by the Bible itself. Moses modestly uses the plural in saying to Joshua, "Choose for us men and go fight with Amalek" (Exodus 17:9), though he referred only to himself. By this, the rabbis learnt that whenever a wise man speaks to his congregation, he does not speak in the language of "I" but in the language of "we", so as not to be condescending. This is also the practice of authors or newspaper editors when writing lead articles, speaking in the language of "we."
The most basic of biblical tenets and which touch on good manners is the command to stand up before an old man (Leviticus 19:32), particularly, before one who is learned in the Torah. Later, in rabbinic tradition, proper etiquette extended even to the place one takes when walking, in relation to one's superiors. For example, if there were three people walking together, the rabbi takes up the middle position, while he that is esteemed greater than one's self (2nd in rank) takes up the right-most position, while the person who is least amongst them takes up the left-most position. Another of the rabbinic teachings is the importance given to the right-hand side. For instance, at every turn that a man turns, he should strive only to make a right turn, etc. Moreover, whenever one is scheduled to meet with a great and respectable man, before going to such a meeting, he is supposed to change his clothes, and dress appropriately for the occassion.
Jewish mannerisms
As in other societies, the social structure and conduct of Jews were reinforced by the element of shame. The Talmud names three characteristic traits that are exemplary of the Jewish people as a whole, saying that they are distinguished by being 'merciful, shamefaced and benevolent'. In general, the principle of a shame culture, or the fear of being brought to shame, or of gaining a social stigma resulting in social alienation by his peers, or, in extreme cases, family estrangement if caught being disrespectful or engaging in any misconduct, were the chief factors that preserved social order and conduct. At the same time, the people of Israel are admonished not to bring their fellow Jew to public shame, but to safeguard his personal dignity.
Common greetings
One's manner of speech has always played a major role in Jewish etiquette, a manner of speech that is meant to highlight one's more refined and urbane character traits, and where it is mainly guided by respect, humility and modesty. In some cultures this is known as "beautified speech," or "elegant speech."
(צפרך טוב = ṣafrakh ṭoḇ), the common greeting said when one greets his neighbor after rising from sleep in the morning, literally meaning, "May your morning be good" (Good morning!). The response to the greeting is (צפרך טוב ומבורך = ṣafrakh ṭoḇ ū-meḇorakh), "May your morning be good and blessed".
(שלום עליכם = shalom ʿaleikhem), literally meaning, "Peace be unto you," is said whenever a man meets up with his neighbor, whether on a weekday or on a Sabbath day, being the customary words at greeting someone. The expression is always used in the plural tense, even if there was only one man whom he met. The traditional reply given in return is, (עליכם שלום וברכה = shalom ʿaleikhem u'ḇrakhah), meaning, "Unto you may there be peace and a blessing."
(מרי שלום עליכם = mori, shalom ʿaleikhem), meaning, "Mori (Rabbi), peace be unto you," is said when a man greets his Rabbi. The greeter, in this case, will place the palm of his right hand over his own heart and make a slight bow of courtesy, out of respect for his Rabbi. The Rabbi, in turn, will usually answer him in kind, by responding: (עליכם שלום וברכה = ʿaleikhem shalom u'ḇrakha), "May peace and a blessing be upon you."
(חייך לפניך = ḥayekha lefanekha), meaning, "Your life is before you!", said whenever a person sees another person studying Torah. The person studying will duly respond by saying, in respect, (כי הוא חייך ואורך ימיך = kī hū ḥayekha we-orekh yamekha), meaning, "For it is your life and the prolonging of your days," an allusion to the biblical verse in Deuteronomy 30:20.
Holiday greetings
On any of the three major Jewish holidays (Passover, Shavu'ot and Sukkot), the common greeting between a man and his neighbour is to say: (תזכה לשנים רבות ומועדים טובים = "May you be merited with many more years and with good holidays"). The response to the same greeting is: (בחייך ובימיך הטובים = "During your lifetime and in your own good days").
On the Jewish New Year (Rosh Hashanah), the common blessing said to one's neighbour in greeting him is: (תיכתב בספר החיים ובספר הזיכרון = "May you be inscribed in the Book of Life and in the Book of Remembrance"). The response to the same greeting is: (ואתה תיכתב בספר החיים ובספר הזיכרון = "And may you be inscribed in the Book of Life and in the Book of Remembrance").
On the night of the Sabbath, the common greeting to one's neighbour is to say: (שבת שלום = shabbat shalom), which has the meaning of "A Sabbath of peace!" The response to the same greeting is: (עליך ועל כל ישראל = ʻalekha we-ʻal kol yisrael), meaning, "Upon you and upon all of Israel."
Euphemisms, nicknames and flowery speech
A sign of Hebrew literary excellence is the ability of speakers to interweave in their daily conversation verses taken from the Hebrew Bible, such that "the language is rife with biblical allusions, that is, the insertion of verses and parts of verses into their speech, a phenomenon that is common and seen as a humorous rhetorical device." These interjections are usually "in response to an existing situation, or they would say a verse with deliberate distortion to suit a specific event."
Typically, religious Jews will not make use of vulgar language. This was seen as essential in adding refinement to one's manner of speech. If, in a conversation, there was a need to mention one's privy place, they would seek the least offensive way of saying so. The vestiges of ancient etiquette have also revealed themselves in their manner of expressions or utterances. In what follows are a few examples:
If someone needed to mention the virile membrum, he would say for that organ (בְּרִית = bǝrīth), a reference to the "covenant" of circumcision.
The Yemenite Jew, for example, did not call a donkey by its name, but rather gave to it a euphemism, "beast of burden" (נושא אדם = lit. carrier of man). The scribe, Rabbi Zechariah al-Dhahiri (16th-century), coins the phrase "lance" (Heb. רומח) for it. Similarly, we find that the elders who procured a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible for Ptolemy II gave a euphemism for the donkey, rather than call it by its name. Thus, the Midrash says: "And he put them on a donkey – This is one of eighteen places where the Sages changed [the literal translation] for Ptolemy the king."
Instead of saying "toilet", which word carries with it certain negative connotations, Jews in Yemen would say, (בֵּית הַכָּבוֹד = bayth ha-koḇodh), being a euphemism for "outhouse" or "toilet facilities," and literally meaning, "the house of glory," so as not to accustom oneself in speaking vulgar words. A word that is more commonly used to denote the same is (בית הכסא = bayth ha-kisei), literally, "house of the stool."
The word "lewd woman" ("harlot" or "whore") was much too harsh of a word to say, therefore the euphemism (מוכנת = mukhanath) was used for her, literally meaning "she that is ready." In other places, they made use of the word (יצאנית = yeṣ’ānīth) for her, meaning "she that goes out."
A cemetery or graveyard was not called by its Modern Hebrew expression, bayt ha-keḇorot, but rather by its euphemism, (בית החיים = bayth ha-ḥayyim), meaning, "the house of the living."
Instead of saying "so-and-so has died," or "he is dead," words that were seen as too harsh to say, they will say "so-and-so has passed-on" or "he passed-on" (הוא עבר = hū ʿaḇar), or what is also in today's Modern Hebrew, (הוא נפטר = hū nifṭar), "he has been dismissed; sent-off [into the other world]."
Language of appeasement
(חוץ מכבודך = ḥūṣ mikǝḇodakh), or what is a flowery way of saying "I beg your pardon," or "Forgive me [for saying]", is often used in the Hebrew register. Considered a very respectful way of saying to a person that you respectfully disagree with someone's opinion or action, and is usually followed by whatever it is that you disagree with him. It is often used as a preface whenever one wishes to mention a matter that is very sensitive, such as when there is an element in the statement that when heard may be offensive to the listener, and the person speaking does not want to come across as offensive by way of preemptively warning the listener that he is about to say something that is offensive (e.g. a toilet; a dog; feces; a donkey; a harlot; shoes; a heathen, etc.).
(בעונות = be-ʿawonot), meaning, "On account of [our] iniquities" --- said by the person who has just heard bad news (disaster, destruction, divorce and broken homes, etc.) and by saying so is meant to show regret, on the one hand, yet justify God's judgments and dealings with man, on the other.
In Jewish etiquette, invectives are never used against the people of Israel, but if anyone wished to denounce something done by the nation of Israel, he alters his speech and says, "The enemies of Israel ( = soneihen shel yisrael) have done so-and-so", without specifically railing on Israel.
Terms of endearment
In most Jewish commuities, a man did not call his spouse by her personal name, but rather coined a term of endearment for that spouse, such as with the Jews of Yemen who would use the phrase, (יַא-הֵי = Ya-He), lit. "O, you!". This was also done out of respect. Its practice was often used by, both, Jewish men and women alike when addressing one another, without mentioning the other's name. A man might also call his wife, Imma (אמא = "mother"), while the woman may call her husband Abba (אבא = "father"). Sometimes a wife would simply call her husband by his family name, such as (יא כהן = "Ya Cohen!"). If her husband was a Rabbi, she would often call her husband by the epithet, (יא מורי = "Ya mori!") (lit. O, Rabbi!). The general rule of practice was that it was always held as improper to call one's spouse by his or her first name. Coining a phrase or nick-name for one's spouse was also meant to instruct children not to call their parents by their first names, out of respect and awe for their parents. In western societies, "honey" and "babe" are commonly used to address one's spouse.
Similarly, one does not say to a rabbi or to a superior: 'You said, such and such" [= ] (in the second-person), as this is seen as being too direct, or might sound confrontational. Rather, one says: 'The rabbi has said' [= ] (third-person), or 'his honor has said', etc. [= ]. The Bach (Yoreh De'ah 242:6) seems to believe that while such a practice (referring to one's teacher in third-person) is appropriate, it is not an absolute requirement, and therefore if one wishes to greet his rabbi, he may say, Shalom to you, my Rabbi; or if one is having an extended conversation with his teacher and a younger person wishes to correct his teacher or some older person, the younger person can say to the older person, "But did you not teach us, such-and-such?" (again, second-person, without using strong and harsh words of renunciation).
Intimations and facial expressions
The colloquy used by religious Jews in their every-day speech is rich in various body gestures and nuances, each with an intimation and meaning of its own. Some of them are very old, and their memorial comes up in early literary sources:
Taking hold of another's right earlobe and flexing it inwards. This movement initiated by an older man towards someone younger, hints at the threat of punishment, and is most commonly found in relations between father and son, hinting at the punishment awaiting him by pinching his ear. The basis for this hand gesture can be traced to the words of Israel's Sages, in Tractate Semaḥot. After a child had gone off and committed suicide because of his fear of being punished, it was declared: "Let no man show to a small child [his displeasure] by holding his ear, but rather spank him immediately, or else let him remain silent, and not say anything to him." Rabbeinu Asher explained: "His father frightened him, by threatening that he would not go unpunished for his mishap, in that he took hold of his ear, in the same way that they beat small children and drag them by their ears." The story, as related there, tells of how two fathers had shown their displeasure towards their sons by holding on to their ears. One had broken a vial on the Sabbath and the other ran away from school. Both boys, being frightened by what they had done, went off and committed suicide by falling into cisterns. Among Yemenite Jews, the practice of bending a child's ear was still prevalent as late as the 20th-century, and called by them in the Yemenite-Arabic dialect "chabzeh."
Resting the cheeks on the palm of the hand symbolized mourning and sorrow. A person who makes this gesture without realizing it on the Sabbath day or holiday is scorned by his onlookers. The memorial of this action was discovered in the lamentation, Ašer tešeḇ () composed by Solomon ibn Gabirol. In the lament's introduction, the poet describes a young woman who grieves heavily over the parting of her loved one, as if she had been bereaved of her firstborn son. "She then sighed and put a hand to her cheek, and she was bitter, as those who weep bitterly for their firstborn."
Use of honorifics
(מורי ורבי = morī we-rebbī), literally meaning, "My lord and my rabbi," the honorific titles commonly given to a rabbi when addressing him. The order may also be reversed, rebbī we-morī. One uses such honorifics when talking directly to one's interlocutor, or even when referring to an unrelated third party in speech.
The word, (אֲדוֹנִי = adhonī), is used as an honorific title, to show respect to one's elders; literally meaning, "my lord" (in the lower case), was often used when addressing one's grandfather, meaning either, "my grandfather," or in some cases, "my [maternal] uncle".
(דוד = dod), often used as a title of respect for any elderly man, unrelated to oneself; literally meaning one's "paternal uncle," and used for the same.(דודה = dodah), same as above, meaning "auntie," used as a title of respect for any elderly woman, unrelated to oneself.
(תלמיד = talmīd), a title which, in Yemen, was applied to any older person who took upon himself to study the more arcane religious topics of ritual slaughter, etc. Today, the word in Modern Hebrew has come to mean any pupil, or "student," even small children.
Common respect for parents, teachers and elders
A child does not sit in a special chair or seat reserved for his father (an exercise of filial piety). This would apply also to a student; any seat that is used strictly by one's teacher a student will never sit in that seat, even jokingly, as it is seen as a show of disrespect for either one's parent or teacher.
An elderly man that enters a house or a room is quickly greeted by having all those who are younger and who are present in that house to stand-up on their feet (had they been sitting), until he passes them or sits down in his place. If the man sitting were actually older in age than the person entering, it is not necessary that he stand-up, but often he will nod out of a show of respect.
Conduct in places of worship
The Jewish custom of old was to take-off one's shoes immediately prior to entering the synagogue, a custom that has only recently disappeared by some communities following their immigration to the land of Israel after 1948.
When a man rises up to the reading dais on the Sabbath day, to read from the Torah scroll during the weekly lection, all of his sons, grandchildren and younger brothers in the synagogue remain standing upon their feet, each man in his place, until the reader completes his appointed reading. When he begins to say the final blessing after reading the parasha, they all sit down again. If the person going up to read from the Torah was a talmid hacham (disciple of the Sages), his son-in-laws would also remain standing until he concludes his reading.
Table etiquette
Although tables were not in common use in ancient Israel, as most families gathered to eat while reclining on the floor and eating from a common dish or bowl, still, table manners were seen at that place.
The Shulchan Arukh codifies the requirement to wash one's hands with water before eating bread. If the supper was a ceremonial meal with many gathered to eat together, the host who serves them will make rounds, going from guest to guest with a water jug, basin and hand towel, starting with the most distinguished of the quests, so that each can wash his hands without the necessity of having to get up from his place. The common response said after one had been given water to wash his hands is (יעבדוך עמים = yaʻaḇdūkha ʻamīm), "May the peoples serve you," to which response, the one who administered the water will answer him, (ישתחוו לך לאומים = yištaḥawwū lekha leʾūmīm), "May the nations bow down before you."
Observant Jews, while eating, will keep communication around the table to a bare minimum, almost maintaining complete silence, in keeping with the rabbinic dictum, "The hour of eating is an hour of warfare," explained as "lest the windpipe precedes the esophagus" (i.e. the intake of food is inadvertently channeled down the windpipe, instead of the gullet, and he chokes thereby). People who converse while eating are more prone to have this happen to them.
Flatbread, pita bread, bread rolls, slices of bread, etc., no matter how thin, are not held up and placed into the mouth for eating, nor chomped upon. Rather, the refined person while sitting at his supper will break-off a small portion of that slice of bread with his hand, sufficient enough to be consumed at one time in his mouth, and only then will he proceed to eat it. Unlike the custom of Ashkenaz whose practice is to cut the Sabbath Challah with a knife, the Yemenite Jewish custom strictly avoids laying a knife to bread, but breaks the bread with his hands.
Those reclining to eat food together are always calm and relaxed, the proper dining etiquette being to chew one's food slowly and in a prolonged manner. Because of this, the quantities of food they consumed were much smaller than what is currently accepted in the Western world. (Formerly, the entire Jewish family would lounge together around a low-lying table, eating usually from a common dish. In Yemenite Jewish dining etiquette, cutlery was not used at the dinner table; each man eating with his fingers and a sop. For this reason, diners took extra care to ensure that their fingernails were cropped and hands clean).
Diners are careful (for aesthetic reasons) when eating and dipping their sop into a bowl of soup that the tips of their fingers do not touch the soup itself.
When meat is served at that table and is placed in a common dish, no person puts forth his hand to take a portion of the meat, until the host or master of the house has first done so at that table, and this, too, is done by him only near the conclusion of eating that meal.
If a man were being poured a drink, it is customary for the person being served to say to the one serving him, (ברוך מי שהכוס מידו = Borūkh mī šǝ-hakōs mi-yadō), meaning, "Blessed is he from whose hand is the cup." The response by the one who pours the drink is (ברוך שותהו = Borūkh šothehū), meaning, "Blessed is he that drinks it."
If there was a large piece of meat set at that table, no person will take it up and bite a piece from it. Rather, he that takes it will slice away a smaller portion with a knife, or else break a piece off with his hand.
A rule of practice is never to eat or drink while standing. In Yemenite Jewish culture this is reinforced with the dictum: "No one drinks while standing, except the donkey."
(תזכו לחיים טובים = tizkū le-ḥayyim toḇīm), literally, "May you be merited with a good life," said whenever a person enters a house a finds his hosts seated and drinking arrack or other alcoholic beverages (whether on a Sabbath day or week-day).
He that belches after a meal, they say to him: (יהנה בטוב = "Enjoy the good"). The same blessing is also used instead of "Bon Appetit!", or what has now been replaced in Modern Hebrew with: Be-te'aḇon (בתיאבון).
It is considered uncouth to eat in public places, such as in the marketplace, but rather one eats only in the confines of his own house or in the house of his host. Those who took little regard to this rabbinic stricture and who would eat unabashedly in the marketplace were libeled as incompetent to bear witness in a Jewish court of law, since such people were generally seen as shameless. (Modern-day inns, hotels and restaurants are generally thought not to be under such strictures).
Common courtesy after one's meal is to include the Birkat ha-Oreaḥ (Heb. ברכת האורח) in the Grace said over the meal. The common expressions used for showing one's gratitude to the host are to say either (תזכו = tizkū), meaning "Be merited," or (ברוכים תהיו = berūkhīm tehiyū), meaning, "May you be blessed," or (לעולם תחיו = leʿolam teḥiyū), meaning "May you live forever."
Inviting guests
In ordinary Jewish law, it is considered bad manners if a guest who is invited to dine with a person(s) invites another guest; a guest inviting a guest. The homeowner is entitled to invite as many guests as he pleases, but a guest should never invite another guest, as the host will, in most cases, consider this an imposition.
Personal hygiene and conduct in the toilet
After relieving one's self in the toilet, it is a well-known Jewish custom to use one's left hand when wiping one's self, while even this too is done with water. The reason being is that the right hand is used for writing the Torah, while water is known to thoroughly cleanse the place.
Jewish men traditionally urinated in a sitting position. This may have been because Jewish men in Yemen traditionally wore tunics and long, dress-like vestments, and the impracticality of urinating while standing without revealing one's buttocks and privy place. The etiquette of sitting while urinating was reinforced with a local dictum: "No one urinates while standing, except the donkey." The old Jewish practice of sitting while urinating is also alluded to in the Babylonian Talmud (Berakhot 40a). Today, this old etiquette is nearly obsolete because of the western-style trousers with zippers that are worn by Jewish men.
In Jewish orthodox law, for reasons of modesty, whenever a person uses the toilet facility, or bathes himself in a public bath, he does not engage in a conversation with any person or people on matters related to Torah, whether those sitting in the Water-Closet (toilet) with him, or those waiting outside. (In former times, when outhouses were removed at a distance from the house, such as in an open field, young women and girls would go out while accompanied with one of their female companions for reasons of personal safety, such as the prevention of mishaps, the one waiting outside the door of the outhouse while the other relieved herself, and these conversing all the while with each other, until the time that they return to their respective places).
One who undresses in the public bath-house, while he is in the dressing chamber he covers up his naked body with a sheet or a towel, until he reaches the actual place of bathing. So, too, after he concludes his bath, he covers his nakedness in his sheet or towel until he reaches the dressing chamber, where he puts back on his clothes.
Jewish women that are married will shave their pubic hair, including the hair beneath their armpit.
Dress codes
Clothing, as anchored in Jewish law, is often a sign of one's identity, and plays an important role in preserving a social hierarchy, as well as to distinguish between religious groups, age, gender, and more. For women and girls, in particular, it has the additional function of instilling in them the rule of discipline and the principle of restraint, of modesty and submission to authority.
Every Jewish man or boy dons a hat (not necessarily a brimmed hat), or else a skull-cap (yarmulke), at all times, except when bathing or sleeping. This is done to show his humility towards heaven. In Arab lands, the Jewish custom was for unmarried men and boys to wear a large felt-like hat without a brim and which covered the greater part of their head. The majority of Israel made it an obligation, rather than a "measure of piety," to wear hats or kippot at all times. When a man married, he also wore a habit (now obsolete).
In Jewish etiquette, Jewish women will not wear any predominantly red colored accoutrement, as it attracts undue attention to themselves. The same was the rule of practice in most places throughout Yemen. Modesty was the guiding-factor here, so that a woman would not make herself conspicuous to others.
Interpersonal relations
In the language register employed by the Jews of Yemen there are preserved ancient linguistic patterns, especially in the field of blessings and good wishes. These expressions are mostly in Hebrew, since the well-wishers hoped to add some degree of sanctity to their words, for which cause, they drew such words from the vocabulary of their ancestors and repeated them in the holy tongue. The most ancient of these can be found in the corpus of Midrashic literature, while the most recent date back to the period of the Middle-Ages and to the Cairo Geniza fragments. The language of the Torah in Yemenite Jewish communities has not come down to us in the form of "thank you" (Modern Hebrew: תודה), or "thank you very much," but rather, "may you be blessed" (ברוך תהיה = borūkh tehiyeh), or "may he be blessed," or "may they be blessed." Such expressions are used in the writings of the Geonim. The Gaon, Rabbi Samuel ben ʿAli, in one of his letters, says about those communities who lend support to the Babylonian academies, "And concerning those communities, may they be blessed."
Rabbi and ethnographer, Jacob Sapir (1822–1886), who visited Yemen's Jewish community in 1859, noted certain expressions in widespread use among the Jews there, and wrote of his impressions on this wise:
"They are very well accustomed, whenever a man tells his friend [about] his troubles or his aspirations, to reply back unto him in consolation (אהיה אשר אהיה = Eheyeh Asher Eheyeh), literally meaning, "I shall be what I shall be", an allusion to God's ability to affect change, or (אל שדי = El Shaddai), meaning, "God Almighty", while this [expression] does not cease from their mouths... Over every speech or statement made, they will say, (ברוך תהיה = Borūkh tehiyeh!), meaning, "May you be blessed", or the phrase (ברוך אתה לאדוני = Borūkh attah laadhonai), meaning, "Blessed are you unto God", and they are not scrupulous about [infringing upon the commandment that says], Thou shalt not take the Lord's name in vain."
While Sapir thought it was inappropriate or excessive conduct to mention God's name or one of his attributes in greeting, the Yemenite Jews held that the practice was completely valid, based on a teaching in the Talmud (Berakhoth 54a), which says: "They made it an enactment that a man greet his neighbor by employing God's name, etc."
The expression (בָּרוּךְ תִּהְיֶה = Borūkh tehiyeh), or in the plural form (ברוכים תהיו = Berūkhīm tehiyū), was often said when leaving someone's house in the daytime, or after listening to a certain statement made by one's friend or friends. The reply given in return was: (אתה ברוך אדוני = Attah borūkh adhonai), meaning, "You are blessed of God". Another common expression used when leaving one's neighbor's house is to say, (ואתה ברוך = We-attah borūkh).
Whenever a person sought forgiveness, the Yemenite custom was not to say, "I'm sorry" (Modern Hebrew: סליחה), but rather, "I beg your forgiveness" (מחילה = meḥīlah), to which plea another reply was given, "you are forgiven" (בִּמְחִיל = bimḥīl), or (אתה במחיל = attah bimḥīl). Here, in fact, this word במחיל, whose form looks strange to the Hebrew reader, is found in the Genizah manuscripts. Shelomo Dov Goitein, a researcher of both Yemenite Jewry and the Cairo Geniza manuscripts, has already made mention of it. Following his examination of these manuscripts, he reached the conclusion that many of the linguistic forms common to the Yemenite Jews can be found in the Geniza fragments.
(ברוך הבא = Borūkh haba), the traditional words said when welcoming a person into one's house, literally meaning, "Blessed is he that comes" (Welcome!). The response by the guest is traditionally (ברוך הנמצא = Borūkh hannimṣa), "Blessed is he that is present."
Whenever a person takes leave of his friend at night (such as when he retires to sleep, or leaves his neighbor's house at night), the host says to his departing friend or guest, (תלין בטוב = Talīn bǝṭoḇ) (sing.) or if there were two or more persons, (תלינו בטוב = Talīnū bǝṭoḇ) (plural), literally meaning "rest well." To this, the departing guest replies to his host, (תקיץ ברחמים = Takīṣ bǝraḥamīm) (sing.), meaning, "may you rise in mercy." If the hosts were more than one person, the guest would answer, (תקיצו ברחמים = Takīṣū bǝraḥamīm) (pl.).
(תזכו = Tizkū), literally, "May you be merited," the common blessing said after a man has shown an act of kindness to him, or has heard of a man's good deeds.
If a man departed another's house during the day, the one leaving will say to his host (שלום עליכם = Shalom ʻaleikhem), "May peace be upon you!" The response given in return by one's host is (לֵך לשלום = Lekh le-shalom), literally, "Go in peace."
If a poor man or beggar came to a man's house asking alms, the owner of the house if he had nothing to give to him would not say to him, "I do not have anything to give you," but rather will say: (אדוני יתן לך = Adhonai yitten lekha), meaning, "May God provide for you".
In public events, Jewish men and woman, including boys and girls, sat in separate company; the sexes did not mingle together, out of a display of modesty. Even in houses of merriment, women sat separately from the men. In Yemen, it was considered a "misconduct of social norms" for Jewish men and women to sing together and to dance together. However, in the confines of a man's house, where the proprietor of the house sat at the dinner table with his wife and children on the Sabbath day and holidays, they were permitted to sing hymns and para-liturgical songs together.
Writing etiquette
Formal writing is a prominent feature in early Jewish letters of communication, in which the opening lines are usually styled in a rhymed, flowery speech, and one that usually praises its recipient. A few of the more common forms of rhymed addresses in a letter's opening are as follows:
(A principal person's greeting): "An abundance of peace, even a thousand-fold and ten thousand-fold, from He that dwells in the heavens; may they reach and come before my beloved, he that is the delight of mine eye, like the valleys of brooks that are spread out, even unto him that is near to my heart, but far from mine eye, [he that is like] an ornament of grace upon my neck; he that is of a good name, who is like unto a green tree, God will also provide for him what is good, even our honorable and dear [so-and-so], etc."
()
"May your peace be multiplied always" (שלמכון יסגא לעלמין = šelomkhōn yisğei le-ʻolǝmīn), a form of formal address often used in letter writing, and which is written in Aramaic. The phrase is often abbreviated in letter-writing, שי"ל.
Between the formal opening lines of the letter and its main content, there is an intermediate statement found in most letters of etiquette, namely, "After having sought your peace and well-being" (אחרי דרישת שלומך וטובתך = aḥǝrei dǝrišath šǝlomkha we-ṭoḇathkha), often abbreviated אחדש"ו.
Those who wrote letters in Yemen, whenever they came to express their longing for the recipient of the letter, they made note of it with the banal phrase, "I lack naught except to see your dear face." This style of language is a legacy from the Middle-Ages. Rabbi Meir Abulafia (13th-century) writes in a letter to Rabbi Yehuda b. Mattithiah: "And I have nothing new to inform you, the king's daughter is all glorious within, her clothing is of wrought gold; there is naught that she lacks, except to see your face." Some see this as authentic Jewish mannerisms of speech preserved by the Jews of Yemen, a manner of speech also discovered in letters of communications found in the Cairo Geniza. This, too, is a testament to the antiquity that symbolizes the very foundations of their culture.
Valedictions and Terms of contritement
Such expressions, mostly used as valedictions in letters of communication before signing one's name, are common with the Jewish nation. The idea behind such words is to show humility, and to always bear in mind the rabbinic admonition: "Be exceedingly lowly in spirit." The most typical of these expressions are as follows:
(הצעיר = ha-ṣaʿīr), meaning "The Younger", written before signing one's name;
(סְיָן טִין = siyan ṭīn), Aramaic for "He that is but mire and clay", and what is often only abbreviated in letters (ס"ט). The expression is an allusion to Jonathan ben Uzziel's Aramaic translation of Isaiah 57:20, and is usually written after signing one's name;
(הקטן = ha-qaṭan), or sometimes (הקל = ha-qal), meaning, "He that is least", and written before signing one's name;
(שפל מאד = šǝfal mǝʾod), meaning, "A man of very low stature."
The common practice is to sign one's name, "so-and-so" the son of "so-and-so." Occasionally, the signatories will make use of the abbreviated expression, (יצ"ו = yišmǝro ṣūro wiyoṣǝro), meaning, "May his Rock and Creator preserve him," instead of the typical ending, "He that is but mire and clay." On other occasions, especially in court documents (e.g. title-deeds), one's deceased father's name is signed with the addition of (יש"ל = yǝḥī šǝmo le-ʻolam), meaning, "May his name live forever."
When speaking to others about one's own accomplishments, one does not say of himself, "I did such-and-such a thing," but will say rather, "We did such-and-such a thing," or "We wrote such-and-such a thing," or "We gave orders that such-and-such a thing be done," or "We spoke to so-and-so," so as not to draw undue attention to one's own self, nor to make himself appear to be condescending.
The Evil eye
Avoiding the affects of the "evil eye" was part and parcel of Jewish etiquette. The superstitious belief in the affects of the "evil eye" was so pervasive in many Jewish cultures that they would say for a beautiful maiden that she was (בְּלָאָה = belo'oh), literally meaning "rag," rather than say she was a beauty, so that she would not be ill-affected by the evil-eye. The word used here is Arabic, equivalent to the Hebrew סְחָבָה. (The same idea is used in the Scripture when referring to Moses having taken an "Ethiopian woman," and whom Rashi in his commentary on Numbers 12:1 says, by way of an exegesis, was actually a very beautiful woman.)
See also
Etiquette in the Middle East
Mussar literature
Norm (social)
Shame society
Torah im Derech Eretz
Yetzer hara
Notes
References
Bibliography
(reprinted from 1922 and 1938 editions of the Hebrew Publishing Co., New York)
External links
Minor Tractate: Derech Eretz Rabbah
Wisdom literature
Jewish law and rituals
Minhagim
Etiquette
Habits
Popular culture
Social concepts
Jews and Judaism
Hebrew language
Jewish ethics
Etiquette by region | Jewish customs of etiquette | [
"Biology"
] | 9,850 | [
"Etiquette",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Habits"
] |
78,961,498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1P-BOL-148 | 1P-BOL-148 (1-Propionyl-2-bromo-LSD, SYN-L-017), is an analogue of LSD which acts as a prodrug for 2-bromo-LSD (BOL-148). It does not have hallucinogenic effects, but is claimed to be potentially useful for the treatment of cluster headaches, and as an antidepressant.
See also
1P-LSD
References
Carboxamides
Lysergamides
Non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists
Prodrugs | 1P-BOL-148 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 130 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,961,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1T-AL-LAD | 1T-AL-LAD is a psychedelic lysergamide derivative which has been sold as a designer drug, first reported in April 2024. It is believed to act as a prodrug for AL-LAD in a similar manner to how 1P-LSD acts as a prodrug for LSD.
See also
1cP-AL-LAD
1P-AL-LAD
1P-ETH-LAD
1T-LSD
1S-LSD
References
Carboxamides
Lysergamides
Prodrugs
Psychedelic drugs
Thiophenes | 1T-AL-LAD | [
"Chemistry"
] | 118 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,961,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBoc-DMT | NBoc-DMT, or NB-DMT, also known as N1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine family. It is a novel designer and recreational drug and is a synthetic modification of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with an N′-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (NBoc) group. NB-DMT is said to be a "prodrug" of DMT that decomposes into DMT when the compound is heated (e.g., with smoking or vaping), and may also be useful as an orally active prodrug of DMT, unlike DMT itself which is inactive when taken orally. It has been claimed to have about 25% of the potency of DMT by weight. The drug was first detected as a designer drug being sold online by February 2024. NB-DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance in Russia. A number of other NBoc designer drugs have also been encountered.
See also
N-t-BOC-MDMA
References
5-HT2A agonists
Designer drugs
Dimethylamino compounds
Prodrugs
Psychedelic tryptamines
Serotonin receptor agonists
Serotonin releasing agents
Sigma agonists
Tert-Butyl esters | NBoc-DMT | [
"Chemistry"
] | 297 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,963,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Bio%20Committee | The National Bio Committee () is a presidential advisory committee of South Korea that oversees national strategies on biotechnology and its industry. It was launched in January 2025.
History
In April 2024, the government announced the Advanced Bio Initiative. The advanced bio field is one of the three game-changing technologies named by the Yoon Suk Yeol government, and these three technologies include artificial intelligence, emiconductors, and quantum technology. The main content is to foster digital bio by combining existing innovation-based technologies with high-quality data and to foster bio-based materials and manufacturing industries.
Park Sang-wook, Senior Secretary to the President for Science and Technology, explained the background of the establishment, saying, "The bio sector has been criticized for having fragmented governance because the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy have each handled policies and Research and development."
It was scheduled to be launched in December 2024, but it was officially launched on January 23, 2025, a month later, at the launch ceremony held at the Seoul Bio Hub, presided over by Acting President Choi Sang-mok.
At the launching ceremony, Acting President Choi said, “The National Bio Committee, which was launched as the highest level of governance across all ministries, will organically connect policies that are being individually promoted by related organizations and consolidate public-private capabilities in all areas of bio, including health and medical care, food, resources, energy, and the environment."
Regarding the launch, the Korea Pharmaceutical and Bio-Pharma Manufacturers Association expressed expectations, saying, "As fierce competition for the bio market is taking place among countries and attention is increasing as a future food source, the launch of an organization directly under the president to oversee the entire bio sector will allow the nation to focus its efforts," but urged that it be operated independently with specific goals. They also requested a proper division of roles with the existing Biohealth Innovation Committee.
Role
In January 2025, the joint inter-ministerial Bio-Great Transformation Strategy () was announced. It included the establishment of a Korean-style bio cluster, and the main content was to functionally connect approximately 20 bio clusters scattered across the country and establish an infrastructure sharing system, thereby establishing a more efficient collaboration system and creating 10,000 new jobs. A cluster council was formed under the committee.
This will strengthen the functions of public Contract Research Organization and Contract manufacturing organization specializing in clinical trials and production processes in the red bio field, focus on developing domestic raw materials and materials for green bio and securing synthetic biology technology, and support the use of eco-friendly materials for white bio and blue bio, and high value-added marine biological resources, respectively.
Another key role is to constantly discover and improve existing regulatory innovation agencies and industry regulations, and to reduce uncertainty by establishing a regulatory science and regulatory innovation roadmap. In addition, it is responsible for strengthening multidisciplinary education to foster key personnel specialized in each field such as Artificial intelligence new drug development, digital healthcare, synthetic biology, and agricultural and food bio, fostering doctors and scientists, and attracting overseas scholars and researchers.
By 2027, it will foster 110,000 industrial talents in the biohealth field, establish separate talent development strategies for green and white bio fields, and promote specialized education in fields such as AI new drug development, foster medical scientists, and expand the attraction of overseas scholars and overseas dispatch of domestic researchers.
The committee also established a data collaboration system centered around the committee for data-based bio R&D.
It plays a role in supporting product development by utilizing the already established public CDMO for domestic bio companies that have the technology but do not have production facilities. It also has a role in supporting companies in the CDMO field, where the country already has strengths, to become the world's number one in terms of production and sales by expanding production capacity by 2.5 times the current level by 2032. In addition, it also supports expanding the self-sufficiency rate of materials, parts, and equipment.
Structure
The committee has 24 civilian members, including Vice-chair Professor Lee Sang-yup of the KAIST, and 12 ex officio government members, including the ministers of bio-related ministries and the Senior Secretary to the President for Science and Technology.
See also
Samsung Biologics
Contract manufacturing organization
References
2025 establishments in South Korea
Government agencies of South Korea
Biotechnology in South Korea
Pages with unreviewed translations | National Bio Committee | [
"Biology"
] | 915 | [
"Biotechnology in South Korea",
"Biotechnology by country"
] |
78,965,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Valensi | Henry Valensi (17 September 1883 - 21 April 1960) was a French Cubist painter, animator, film director and art theoretician. He founded the musicalism movement and created 'La Symphonie printanière' (Spring Symphony), a unique abstract animation or "cinépeinture" (film-painting), a print of which was acquired in 2013 by the musée national d'art moderne in Paris and exhibited there from 23 October 2013 to 5 January 2015 (alongside seven of his paintings left to the French state) as part of its "Plural Modernities" hang. The Association Henry Valensi, made up of the artists' beneficiaries, has been managing and promoting his work since 2013.
Biography
Born in Algiers, he began by painting Algerian landscapes. His family moved to the 9th arrondissement of Paris in 1899 and encouraged his enthusiasm for painting. On the advice of Léon Bonnat, in 1902 Valensi joined the Académie Julian, where he studied painting under Jules Lefebvre and Tony Robert-Fleury. From 1905 Étienne Dinet allowed him to present his first exhibition at the Salon des orientalistes. He was therefore influenced by impressionism but expressed the need to renew pictorial art by liberating the artist from the purely objective vision that practice had crystallised into immobility.
Living comfortably on an inheritance, Valensi joined the Société des artistes indépendants and exhibited regularly each year at their Salon from 1908 onwards. He travelled widely in Europe, round the perimeter of the Mediterranean and in Russia. His landscapes began to change as he added abstract elements during a voyage to Greece in 1909. From then on he was only interested in avant-garde attempts, movement and dynamism, which he integrated into his art. He was linked to Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Futurist painters before finding his own movement of musicalism in 1913.
In 1910-1911, Jacques Villon and František Kupka introduced Valensi to the chief editor of L'Assiette au beurre, a satirical review for which he provided anticolonial, anticapitalist, anticlerical and antimilitarist drawings. In 1912 he, Jacques Villon, Pierre Dumont, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia managed and organised the Salon de la Section d'Or. Beside "Nude Descending a Staircase" by Duchamp, Valensi hung "The Air Around the Long Sawyers" (now in the Musée des Beaux Arts de Lyon). From 1913 he exhibited regularly at several salons in France and abroad.
In 1932 Valensi, Charles Blanc-Gatti, Gustave Bourgogne and Vito Stracquadaini founded the Association des artistes musicalistes and organised the first of twenty-three musicalist salons at the galerie Renaissance in Paris. According to Valensi's theories, art occupied a preponderant place in the evolution of self-awareness across civilisations. Since it was science, rhythm and dynamism, in the 20th century music became the art most capable of expressing the nuances and subtleties of the human soul. Sound and colour were both vibrations of matter, meaning musicalist painting used art materials (colour, line, shapes) subjectively to create a "music" of colour on the canvas.
Valensi considered that the last atage in the evolution of pictorial art consisted of introducing real movement into the space of the canvas, which led to "cinépeinture" produced by "cinépeintres" (film painters). From 1936 onwards Valensi worked almost alone, with a camera installed on a bench in a maid's room serving as a studio, elaborating La Symphonie printanière, a 30 minute abstract animated film in colour, which he completed in 1959 using 64,000 drawings and based on a painting he had produced in 1932.
As a theoretician
A renowned art theoretician, Valensi published several works on the evolution of the arts and their relationship to materiality. He spoke of art matter - sound was the composer's matter, colour was the painter's matter, words were a writer's matter, and stone or marble a sculptor's matter. Valensi saw there as being five arts, namely sculpture, architecture, painting, literature (including poetry) and music (including dance). Throughout history he saw these arts were governed by the principals of a dominating art, which lost its materiality over time and - as humanity moved further on in time - he defined that predominant art as "the Law of the Predominances". By this logic, which he called "Art-Un" (One-Art), Valensi conceived an evolutionary history of Western and Mediterranean art, dominated by artistic rules such as:
all arts in ancient Egypt were dominated by the principles of architecture, namely rigidity, colossal size and mass
in ancient Greece and ancient Rome architecture's dominant influence gave way to that of sculpture, bringing realism, three-dimensionality, geometric precision and lightness and making all artistic canons evolve
in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, painting became the dominant art, with colour and expressivity transforming sculpture, architecture, literature and music
from the end of the 16th century to the mid 19th century, the dominant art was literature, setting artistic principles, as allegorical sources and multiplying literary sources dominated the academies, with most paintings of mythological, historical and literary themes coming from this period.
at the end of the 19th century Valensi saw a certain "musicalization" or abstraction of the arts, considering Stéphane Mallarmé as the first musicalist poet, stating "Mallarmé received [the word] and, having musicalized it, gave it new symbolic senses".
Valensi saw the musicalist movement as tending fully to embody this new era as it moved towards lightness and fluidity by the musicalistion-abstraction of all the arts and of all thought. The "Artistes musicalistes" was published on 17 April 1932, for the first time in the journal Comœdia. Musicalist painting and its aesthetic principles were representative of the arts' musicalisation. They defined themselves by introducing musical properties in pictorial plasticity, by knowing movement, rhythm and space-time - colour was a vibration only distinguishable from sound by its different wavelength. Valensi considered that he painted in a spiritual state similar to that of a composer, orchestrating colours on a canvas and naming what he considered to be successful works as "preludes", "fugues" or "symphonies".
In the 1910s artistic thought was considerably affected by technical progress, discovering new plastic and spatial forms. Several paintings of the time benefitted from academic training, but sought to represent these new forms of reality through Cubism, Futurism and Musicalism. Valensi's musicalism was born into a world where reference to the image was completely changing, in which art impregnated these new forms of reality which were the machine, movement or reality of matter (support, colours). The most successful musicalist work was thought not to suggest rhythm or movement but to give them a real plasticity. Cinema (forty years old when Valensi created his moving painting or "cinépeinture") represented the ideal of inserting movement and giving a plastic form to time, the fourth dimension. Valensi refused to feed the debate then raging around him between art and industry and considered that his "cinépeinture" represented the perfect marriage between art, industry and science and a successful version of the "Art-Un" welcomed by all. For him, the "Art-Un" was the name for the collective of arts across the world, ruled alternately by each of its members, and in the 20th century it was ruled and guided (rather than dominated) by the principles of music.
Symphonie printanière
The first attempt to produce an animated "cinépeinture" film, Symphonie printanière dated from 1936, although the idea was much older. When Valensi produced the painting of the same name in 1932, he foresaw the introduction of movement into painting. The first successful attempts at three-colour film were made in 1922 by the American company Kodachrome, but it took more than ten years to become commercially available. Thus, in 1936, Valensi began producing his "cinépeint" film with two c.1925 Pathé cameras and a projector of the same era. Mixing abstract compositions and figurative elements, the film's scenes were painted onto celluloid in oils and filmed directly. The moving elements were generated by superimposing celluloids cut into the desired shape. Valensi created the film almost alone, though the last scenes were produced in collaboration with his student Christiane Vincent-La Force, a musicalist painter forty years his junior, who ran a gallery. All the drawings for the film (paper sketches and painted celluloids) are conserved in the French film archives at the Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée in Bois-d’Arcy. The elements on film, developed by the GTC laboratory of Joinville-le-Pont, are conserved at the studio Digimage in Montrouge.
Like a musical symphony, La Symphonie printanière was made up of five parts - a prelude, three movements and a finale. It combines chronological and thematic development - the prelude corresponds to the end of winter and the finale to the summer solstice. The three middle movements related to heaven, nature and life embodied by love respectively. The work as a whole united the properties of painting, of music (movement and rhythm) and of literature, with the composition responding to a narrative register. It includes several figurative elements such as the floral hatching or the male and female characters in the third movement. Nevertheless, the film's result is a generally abstract composition, the colours translating the emotional rendering. Passionate about psychophysics, throughout his career Valensi often lent on the study of colour as a emission of vibrations, vibrations which had an impact on the human psyche. For him, each of the seven colours in the rainbow or spectrum expressed a feeling and generated a more or less intense energy. The order in which he classified the colours was according to the energy they diffused and the feelings that they conveyed according to his plastic language - red referred to dynamism, orange to euphoria, yellow to joy, green to hope, blue to calm and indigo and violet to melancholy. The colours translate the different actions of the "cinépeint" film.
Legacy
In 2013 Marie Talon produced the biography Henry Valensi, l'heure est venue…, commissioned by the rights holders for Valensi's works. It is an imaginary dialogue tracing the history of the Parisian artistic avant-garde and using unpublished documents from the archives such as Max Jacob's letters to Valensi during summer 1914 and letters showing that Valensi was often at Robert and Sonia Delaunay's home. It also drew on Claire Euzet's 1996 Sorbonne doctoral thesis Le musicalisme, une tendance de l'abstraction, on Christiane Vincent Laforce's memories (she had assisted and collaborated with Valensi from 1957 until his death) and the works of Monika Lilkov on Valensi (particularly his 2012 memoir La peinture en mouvement).
In 2014 Benoît Sapiro and Alain Le Gaillard exhibited paintings and film elements by Valensi in their galleries on rue des beaux-arts and rue Mazarine in Paris. Since 2021 the Army Museum has acquired several of his wartime works, such as The March of the Allies,, The Landing and The New Hope, Study No. 3
References
Bibliography (in French)
Qu'est ce que le Musicalisme ? Henry Valensi fondateur du Groupe musicaliste, Paris, galerie Drouart, 1990 - catalogue of the exhibition at the galerie Drouart
Marie Talon, Henry Valensi, l'heure est venue…, Yvelinéditions, 2013, .
« Henry Valensi » on issuu.com.
Association Henry Valensi.
Artists from Algiers
French film directors
20th-century French painters
Cubism
Theorists
Académie Julian alumni
1883 births
1960 deaths
French editorial cartoonists | Henry Valensi | [
"Physics"
] | 2,575 | [] |
78,968,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzotrifuroxan | Benzotrifuroxan is a heterocyclic organic compound that is related to 1,2,5-oxadioles. The high-energy compound is explosive.
History
The compound was first synthesized in 1924 by O. Turek as hexanitrosobenzene. In addition to the hexanitroso structure, symmetric polycyclic structures could also be formulated.
Characteristics
Physical properties
Benzotrifuroxan is a crystalline solid that melts at 195 °C. The compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal lattice with the space group Pna21. The molar enthalpy of formation is 606 kJ·mol−1, the enthalpy of combustion is −2967 kJ·mol−1.
Chemical properties
Benzotrifuroxan can decompose explosively. The heat of explosion is 5903 kJ·kg −1, the detonation speed is 8.61 km·s −1. The compound is sensitive to impact.
Benzotrifuroxan forms stable complexes with aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, 1-phenylnaphthalene, 2-phenylnaphthalene and tetrahydronaphthalene. Recrystallization in benzene yields a 1:1 complex with the solvent, whereby the benzene can only be removed at 100 °C in vacuum.
Synthesis
Benzotrifuroxan can be obtained by thermal degradation of 1,3,5-triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.
A further synthesis can be carried out by reacting 5,7-dichloro-4,6-dinitronbenzofuroxan with sodium azide.
Uses
In combination with TNT, the compound can be used to produce nanodiamonds using detonation shock waves.
References
attribution translated from the German article :de:Benzotrifuroxan
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Benzoxadiazoles
Orthorhombic crystals
Explosive chemicals
| Benzotrifuroxan | [
"Chemistry"
] | 428 | [
"Explosive chemicals"
] |
77,443,132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asengeprast | Asengeprast (development code FT011) is an experimental scleroderma drug candidate. It is a small molecule inhibitor of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR68 with antifibrotic activity. It is being developed by Certa Therapeutics.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug status to FT011, for systemic sclerosis (SSc).
Asengeprast has been reported to attenuate fibrosis and chronic heart failure in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Asengeprast can also inhibit kidney fibrosis and prevent kidney failure. It was developed by structure-activity optimization of the antifibrotic activity of cinnamoyl anthranilates, by assessment of their ability to prevent TGF-beta-stimulated production of collagen.
See also
Tranilast
References
Experimental drugs
Methoxy compounds
Anilides
Benzoic acids
Ethers
Immunosuppressants | Asengeprast | [
"Chemistry"
] | 215 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
77,444,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay-Riddell%20equation | The Fay-Riddell equation is a fundamental relation in the fields of aerospace engineering and hypersonic flow, which provides a method to estimate the stagnation point heat transfer rate on a blunt body moving at hypersonic speeds in dissociated air. The heat flux for a spherical nose is computed according to quantities at the wall and the edge of an equilibrium boundary layer.where is the Prandtl number, is the Lewis number, is the stagnation enthalpy at the boundary layer's edge, is the wall enthalpy, is the enthalpy of dissociation, is the air density, is the dynamic viscosity, and is the velocity gradient at the stagnation point. According to Newtonian hypersonic flow theory, the velocity gradient should be:where is the nose radius, is the pressure at the edge, and is the free stream pressure. The equation was developed by James Fay and Francis Riddell in the late 1950s. Their work addressed the critical need for accurate predictions of aerodynamic heating to protect spacecraft during re-entry, and is considered to be a pioneering work in the analysis of chemically reacting viscous flow.
Assumptions
The Fay-Riddell equation is derived under several assumptions:
Hypersonic Flow: The equation is applicable for flows where the Mach number is significantly greater than 5.
Continuum Flow: It assumes the flow can be treated as a continuum, which is valid at higher altitudes with sufficient air density.
Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium: The gas is assumed to be in thermal and chemical equilibrium, meaning the energy modes (translational, rotational, vibrational) and chemical reactions reach a steady state.
Blunt Body Geometry: The equation is most accurate for blunt body geometries where the leading edge radius is large compared to the boundary layer thickness.
Extensions
While the Fay-Riddell equation was derived for an equilibrium boundary layer, it is possible to extend the results to a chemically frozen boundary layer with either an equilibrium catalytic wall or a noncatalytic wall.
Applications
The Fay-Riddell equation is widely used in the design and analysis of thermal protection systems for re-entry vehicles. It provides engineers with a crucial tool for estimating the severe aerodynamic heating conditions encountered during atmospheric entry and for designing appropriate thermal protection measures.
See also
Aerodynamic heating
Atmospheric entry
Hypersonic flight
Stagnation point
References
External links
Stagnation Point Heating
Heat transfer
Atmospheric entry
Aerospace engineering | Fay-Riddell equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 485 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Atmospheric entry",
"Thermodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
77,447,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dead%20Prince%20and%20the%20Talking%20Doll | The Dead Prince and the Talking Doll is an Indian folktale collected by scholar A. K. Ramanujan in Kannada. It tells the story of a princess destined to marry a seemingly dead man, who is, in reality, under a curse, his body prickled by numerous pins. The princess begins a task of removing the pins to revive the prince, but a servant replaces her and claims the prince's resurrection as her doing. Finally, the princess is given a talking doll she reveals her story to, which alerts the prince of the truth.
The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 894, "The Ghoulish Schoolmaster and the Stone of Pity", for the alternate object the heroine may tell her tale to, but, before the 2004 revision, it was indexed as type AaTh 437, "The Needle Prince". Variants of the type are reported in India.
Summary
A princess is visited by a beggar man (bava) who comes for alms and predicts she will marry a dead man. One day, the king overhears the beggar man's prophecy and asks his daughter the meaning of the man's words. The princess explains the beggar man has visited her for the past twelve years and has always uttered this prophecy to her, since she was a little girl. The king decides to avert this fate for his daughter and departs from the kingdom with the whole family.
Meanwhile, the story takes a turn to explain how a prince from a neighbouring kingdom fell deathly ill and seemed to die, but his body looked as if it was in a state of sleep. Astrologers divined that he would be that way for twelve years, and the king places his son's body in a bungalow outside his kingdom, only to be accessed by his destined bride. Before the king exits the improvised mausoleum, he writes a warning that only a chaste woman who has made offerings to the gods for her husband can enter the door to the bungalow, only her and nobody else.
The action returns to the first king and his family: they stop by the forest to cook a meal, while the princess goes for a walk and finds the bungalow. She touches the door and it lets her in, locking her inside. The princess wanders through the bungalow's twelve door and discovers the body of the prince. She realizes the beggar man's words have become true, and finds provisions the prince's family have left for twelve years. The princess then decides to stay there and take care of the prince's body. In the forest, the princess's family notices the girl is missing and go to look for her. Her father finds the house and hears his daughter's cries coming from the bungalow, then asks how she entered it. The princess explains the door opened for her, but they locked her in and she cannot leave, then mentions the dead man's body. Her father then concedes that this is the princess's destiny, and leaves her to her fate.
The princess holds a long, 12 year vigil on him, bathing the body and making offerings for the gods. In the tenth year, the princess feels lonely and longs for a female companion, when an acrobat girl appears outside the bungalow. She contorts herself and enters the building. The princess rejoices she has a companionship to endure the end of the vigil. After two more years, the princess hears a bird chirp outside, saying that the time of the vigil is at an end and the girl should take the leaves from a certain tree, make a juice out of it and give it to the prince in a silver cup. The princess follows the bird's instructions and prepares the concoction to awaken the prince, but goes for a bath before she does it. The acrobat girl sees the concoction and asks the princess what it means. The princess tells the acrobat girl what the bird said and goes to take a bath. While she is busy, the acrobat girl takes the potion and pours down the prince's mouth. The prince wakes up uttering Siva's name, and sees the acrobat girl, who introduces herself as his wife.
The princess returns and finds the prince, now revived, and the girl in private conversation, then relents that happiness is not for her. Later, the prince begins to notice differences between the girl who claims to be his wife and the one that acts as their servant, and suspects something is amiss. Later, he decides to go on a hunt, and asks the two girls what he can bring them: the acrobat girl asks for dry bread (which alerts the prince of her true character) and the princess asks for a talking doll. The prince returns with the gifts, and that night the talking doll asks the princess to tell her a story. The princess recounts everything that happened to her, including how the acrobat took the silver cup. The prince overhears the whole story, whips the acrobat girl with a switch to expel her, and goes to meet the princess, his true saviour. Outside, the prince's family, who has waited twelve long years for his revival, finds the couple inside, the prince back to life and with his loving princess. The prince's family sends for the princess's family, who go to their daughter's wedding.
Analysis
Tale type
The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type AaTh 437, "The Supplanted Bride (The Needle Prince)": the heroine is prophecized to marry a dead man, enters a castle and finds a prince on a slab as if he is dead. Alternatively, the heroine must remove the pins from his sleeping body, or hold a long vigil on him for forty days; the heroine tires on the second-to-last day and hires a servant to cover for her, who supplants her as the prince's saviour; next, the prince goes to the market and brings back three objects on the heroine's request, to which the heroine reveals the servant's deceit and through which the prince learns the whole truth.
The tale type is also closely related to AaTh 425G, "False Bride Takes Heroine’s Place". However, the last major revision of the International Folktale Classification Index, published in 2004 by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther, subsumed tale type AaTh 437 as new type ATU 894, "".
Combinations
Ramanujan states that the story is combined in India with a local version of the King Lear judgment, indexed as type AT 923B, "The Princess Who Was Responsible for Her Own Fortune". In the same vein, according to Enzyklopädie des Märchens, type 437 may borrow as a starting episode sequences from other types, such as from ATU 923, "Love Like Salt".
Motifs
The heroine's role
According to Enzyklopädie des Märchens, type 437, "The Needle Prince", is thus called for the task the heroine must undertake in Indian, Persian and Tajik variants: remove the pins or needles from the prince's body.
The heroine is also considered to be more active, since the prince is the one who is in a passive state, and discovers the truth by heroine's actions, who asks for the objects she will reveal the tale to.
The heroine's confidante
The heroine may tell her sorrows to the stone of patience, which is replaced by a doll or a "patience box" in other tales. The stone of patience serves to reveal the truth, since another person eavesdrops on the heroine's confession. In some tales, the heroine's suffering is so strong, the stone explodes or melts.
Interpretations
Ramanujan cited it as an example of "woman-centered folktale", and the Indian tale showcases a wife's devotion and a new bride's loneliness and fear in a new household. Similarly, the tale type is said to be primarily part of female tellers' repertoire.
Variants
Israeli professor Dov Noy reported that the tale type 894 was "very popular in Oriental literature", with variants found in India, Iran, Egypt and regionally in Europe (southern and eastern).
As for type 437, Richard Dorson stated that it appears "sporadically in Europe", but it is "better known in India". In this regard, according to Enzyklopädie des Märchens, type 437 is reported in Europe (South, Southeastern, Eastern and Northeast), in the Caucasus, Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia and India.
India
According to Stith Thompson's second revision of the international index, type AaTh 437 was reported with five variants in India. In turn, Ramanujan stated that variants of tale type 437 exist in Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi.
In a tale from New Goa, collected in the Konkani language, The King of Pins, a princess gives alms to a beggar lady. In return, the lady prays that the maiden will marry the "King of Pins". Her interest piqued, the princess asks around the location of this prince. She meets a fairy who turns her to stone, but the fairy's son restores the princess and gives her a black hen with chicks and a spinning wheel. When she reaches her destination, she enters a fabulous palace and enter a room. Inside, there is a prince in a coma-like state, his body prickled by pins from head to toe. The princess then begins to take out the pins. Unfortunately, she falls asleep, and a "wicked black woman" appears to finish her job. When all pins are taken out of his body, he awakens and sees the black woman instead of princess, thinking her to be his saviour. The prince places the black woman in better apartments and the princess in the quarters below. The princess then takes out the spinning wheel which she trades with the black woman for one night in the prince's chambers. The black woman allows it, but gives a sleeping drink to the prince, so the princess cannot talk to him. The next day, the princess trades the hen with chicks for another night with the prince, and manages to talk to him, for he avoided drinking the potion. He discovers the whole truth, hangs the black woman and marries the princess.
India-born author Maive Stokes collected and published the Indian tale The Princess who Loved her Father like Salt. In the first part of the tale, three princesses are asked a question about how much they love their father. After the princess is banished by her father to the jungle, she finds a palace deep within the jungle. Inside lies a prince in a deep sleep, his body prickled by needles. She begins the task of carefully taking each needle, one by one, until one day she purchases a slave girl to keep her company. Maive Stokes compared this tale to a Sicilian variant collected by folklorist Laura Gonzenbach, with the name Der böse Schulmeister und die wandernde Königstochter ("The Evil Schoolmaster and the Wandering Princess").
In a Central Indian tale collected from a Bharia source in Mandla and titled The Sister, a princess with seven brothers receives a prophecy by an astrologer: she will marry a corpse. Their father, the king, dismisses the words and forgets about it. Years later, she and her brothers go on a hunt. They soon become thirst and find a house in the jungle, furnished and filled with provisions. They drink water and spend the night there. The next morning, the brothers take their servants with them and exit the house, when its doors lock the princess in. The princess wanders about the house and finds it full of utensils, food and clothes, and finds the body of a man with innumerable pins on it. Her brothers realize her fate is coming true and leave her be. The princess then begins to remove the pins on the man one by one. Meanwhile, the princes return home and report to his parents the occurrence. Their mother fashions a doll of rag and sends it with a maidservant to her daughter in the jungle. When the maidservant arrives, the princess has removed almost every pin, save from those on his face, when she welcomes the maidservant with some water to drink, and leaves to take a bath. While she is busy, the maidservant removes the last pins and revives the prince, who mistakes her for his saviour. The princess comes back from the bath and finds the prince awakened, and the maidservant lies she is a lowly servant. The princess takes the doll of rag to the bunyan tree, which comes alive at night to provide food the princess and to bathe her. The princess confide in the doll, which tells her her sorrow will end in four days. In the morning, the doll returns to an immomile state; the princess returns to the prince's house and is beaten by the maidservant. The next night, the Lamans follow the princess to the riverside, see women coming out to bathe the princess, and report to the prince. On the third night, the prince himself follows the princess and witness the same scene. By the fourth day, the prince confronts the princess about her true identity, and she reveals everything. The prince marries the true princess at once, and she requests the prince to fill the maidservant's nose and mouth with marking nuts and cowry shells and bury her alive. It happens thus, and the prince takes his wife into his house.
In a tale collected by Sunity Devi, Maharani of Coochbehar, with the title The Needle Prince, seven princesses who are sisters talk among themselves about leaving or not leaving their parents' home: the six elder princesses would rather stay with their parents, while the youngest, although reluctant to express her opinions at first, tells them she would like to marry one day and live with her husband always. The other princess show their concern with her answer, since their parents might expel her for those words, and threaten to tell their mother about it. Afraid, the princess flees in fear into the forest, and stumbles upon an abandoned house. She walks to the house, which is in fact a richly furnished palace, takes a bath in a swimming pool filled with rosewater, eats some food, and finds the body of a handsome young man lying as if dead, pierced with thousand of needles. The princess decides to remove the needles one by one, and, fourteen days later, all but two have been removed. Suddenly, the princess notices one of her maidservants from her parents' palace, an ugly, dark and fat woman, has found her in the forest palace. The princess lets her in and places her to watch over the body, while she herself goes to rest and take a bath. The maidservant disregards the princess's warning not to touch anything on the man's body, and removes the last two needles from his eyelids, reviving him. The man thinks that the maidservant was the one that did the whole task. As for the princess, she puts on a beautiful sari and goes to the dead man's room, when she finds the man is awake. Her maidservant lies to the man that the beautiful princess is but her maidservant. The man silently notices the princess's beauty, but believes the lie that is a maidservant, then reveals he is a prince under the needles curse, and only a princess could have saved him. However, while he is set on marrying his saviour, he must postpone the wedding until he hears music again, for his kingdom is silent and abandoned. As time passes, the maidservant humiliates and beats the princess, and she cries for her fate. One day, she cries in the garden and faires come to comfort her, saying that the prince will eventually know the truth. More time passes, and the maidservant, passing herself off as a princess, threatens the prince into marrying her, but he goes for a walk in the garden and sees a light in the distance: it is the true princess, conversing with the fairies, to whom she tells how everything transpired, from her removing the needles to her replacement by her own maidservant. The prince overhears the story and approaches the girl, proposing to marry her in the garden, surrounded by the fairies and blessed by two Brahmins. The pair then confront the maidservant about her trickery.
In a tale from Himachal Pradesh with the title The Clever Princess, a king's daughter and a minister's daughter are friends and playmates. A guru teaches the girls and is paid with gold coins by the princess and with silver coins by the minister's daughter. He also predicts that the princess will marry a corpse and her friend a prince. The king worries for his daughter's fate, since the Guru's predictions have been true in the past, and takes her to the forest to do charity to beggars and mendicants. While in the forest, they get thirsty and find a small house, where they believe they can drink water. The princess enters the house and the door locks behind her, keeping her in. She realizes she is trapped inside, cries, then decides to explore the place, when she discovers the whole house is furnished. She opens every room and discovers a man's body covered with dub grass - the man she realizes is her intended husband. The princess has a dream that, if she prays to the Sun God and remove a blade of dub grass every day, he would awake, thus she begins her task the next day. In time, she begins to feel lonely, when an oil merchant passes by the house to rest. The princess notices he has a daughter, and insists that she stays and becomes her companion. After the merchant oil leaves, his daughter learns from the princess how to revive the dead man, and goes to finish the task the next day, since there is only a blade of dub grass left. On doing this, the man revives and sees the oil merchant's daughter, promising to marry her. The princess enters the man's room and finds the dead man has been revived, but the merchant's daughter lies that she is but a maidservant. Some time later, the man goes to town to buy gifts for his wife (red bangles and other accessories) and the maidservant (a Mina bird). The man brings the bird to the maidservant (the princess), who teaches the bird her whole story. The oil merchant's daughter wants to have the bird gone, and the man takes the cage to his room. The mina bird begins to repeat the princess's whole story, and he learns of the whole truth. The oil merchant's daughter confirms the bird's words and the man wants to have her killed, but the princess begs him to spare her. Thus, the princess marries the man from the house, makes the oil merchant's daughter their servant, and returns to her father.
In a tale from Uttar Pradesh published by author Krishna Prakash Bahadur with the title The Lucky Princess, a king summons his seven daughters to ask them by whose good fortune do they have food to eat. The six elder princesses answer that it is their father's good fortune, while the youngest says it is herself. The king, enraged, promises to find a dead man for her to marry: he marries his six elder daughters to princes, and takes his cadette with him to the forest to fulfil his threat. While in the forest, they get thirsty, and the king orders his daughter to enter a nearby house in search of water. As soon as she enters, the door closes on her, and the king leaves her there. As for the princess, she notices she is inside a palace; she opens every room and finds a dead prince's body in the attic, all prickled with needles. The princess decides to remove the needles, one by one. One day, a merchant passes by the palace and offers a maidservant, whom the princess takes for herself. While the maidservant does the chores around the palace, the princess dedicates to the task of removing the needles. Thus, the time comes when there are only three remaining needles on his eyelid, and the princess asks the maidservant to cover for her, while she goes to take a bath. Seizing the opportunity, the maidservant removes the last needles and revives the prince, lying to him she is a princess and the real princess is a mere servant. Some time later, the prince buys from the market an emerald and a pigtail for the false princess and a doll on the true's one request. The real princess tells her sorrows to the doll every night, which sparks the prince's curiosity to hear it. The prince asks the maidservant about her taletelling to the doll, and the real princess reveals the deceit. The prince then turns the maidservant inside out, and marries the real princess.
See also
Pentamerone
The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward
The Goose Girl
The Young Slave
The Maiden with the Rose on her Forehead
The Bay-Tree Maiden
Sleeping Beauty
The Sleeping Prince (fairy tale)
References
Indian fairy tales
Sleep in mythology and folklore
Fictional princes
Fairy tales about princes
Fairy tales about princesses
Fairy tales about talking objects
ATU 400-459
ATU 850-999
False hero | The Dead Prince and the Talking Doll | [
"Biology"
] | 4,504 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep",
"Sleep in mythology and folklore"
] |
77,447,131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logitech%20PowerPlay | Logitech PowerPlay is a mousepad underlay which can charge compatible mice both at rest and while they are in use. It connects to the computer via USB and, on the pad side, features a control module which a compatible mouse can connect to via the proprietary Lightspeed protocol. Mice need to support inserting Logitech's Powercore module to capture the electromagnetic energy. The control module has a lit-up logo whose colors can be changed using software and a light to indicate whether the mouse is connected.
History
According to Logitech, there were neither wireless chargers that were thin enough to fit into the mousepad nor chargers that could cover the necessary surface area when development started on PowerPlay. The 2.5 W provided by a USB port was found not to be sufficient to meet the power demand of the mouse when the field needs to be projected across the entire area of the mousepad, necessitating changes to the mouse and its firmware to reduce its consumption. The system keeps the battery between 85 and 95 percent charged to reduce wear on the battery.
The base consists of five layers which are bonded together using an adhesive-based lamination process, coming to a height of 2mm. The bottom layer provides an anti-slip texture, a middle layer is made of polycarbonate for rigidity. On top of the base, one can use a regular mousepad or place one of the two tops (cloth or hard) that come with the product.
The first prototype was built four years before the final product was released in 2017. At the launch in 2017, two mice were compatible: the G903 and the G703. At 108 and 113 grams, these were considered heavy by some players.
In August 2018, a model simply called Pro Wireless was released with compatibility for PowerPlay, weighing .
In July 2024, Logitech announced the G309 mouse with a reduced weight of when using the Powercore module. This brings the total number of compatible mice up to 4. The pad cannot charge other wirelessly charging devices such as smartphones.
References
External links
PowerPlay on Logitech's website
Computer peripherals
Logitech products | Logitech PowerPlay | [
"Technology"
] | 443 | [
"Computer peripherals",
"Components"
] |
77,447,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202848 | NGC2848 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Hydra. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 2,361 ± 23km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 34.82 ± 2.46Mpc (∼114million light-years). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 31 December 1785.
To date, 13 non-redshift measurements give a distance of 18.892 ± 6.377Mpc (∼61.6million light-years), which is outside the Hubble distance values. Since this galaxy is relatively close to the Local Group, it is likely that this value is closer to the true distance of NGC2848. It is with the average value of independent measurements, when they exist, that the NASA/IPAC database calculates the diameter of a galaxy.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC2848:
SN1994L (typeII, mag.14.7) was discovered by Nicholas Brown on 8 April 1994.
SN2023usp (typeII, mag.18.262) was discovered by ATLAS on 12 October 2023.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
2848
026404
09178-1618
Hydra_(constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1785
Discoveries by William Herschel
-03-24-007
Intermediate spiral galaxies
UGCA objects | NGC 2848 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 299 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,449,401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepney%20Simulator | Jeepney Simulator is a 2023 Filipino simulator game developed by indie game studio Spacezero Interactive. An early access version of the game was released on July 17, 2023, and the full version was released on September 16 for Windows as a paid game. Jeepney Simulator is about a video game depicting life as a jeepney driver in the Philippines.
Gameplay
Synopsis
This game tells the narrative of how one family's heritage is overshadowed by a greedy organization seeking to monopolize public transit.
Goal
Jeepney Simulator is a first-person simulator game with the goal of taking the passengers on the road and stopping at their destination to have income. And its goal is to buy or upgrade the needs of his house and jeepney. The player needs to get up from the bed and go to Billy's garage to get his Jeepney. The player will start in a green mini jeepney to start the ride of the jeepney at dawn. After the job from Jeepney, the player needs to pay his bills before entering his house. After entering the house, there will be some random questions that you need to answer. The player sees his children named "Timmy" sitting on the front of the computer, and you have a goal to keep their happiness, health, and school status high by pressing the choices if you come to Timmy. On the second floor of the house, you will see his wife, and you have a goal to keep happiness, health, and school status high by pressing the choices. The player will have a shift up to 11:59 PM. If the player does not come back to the house and sleeps on his bed before the clock strikes at 12:00 AM, he will have a midnight fine and will be added to his house bill.
Family management
After working as a jeepney driver, you can manage the family's health and happiness by interacting with them, buying furniture from the jeepney driver's income, and picking randomized events.
Refueling
If the jeepney fuel almost runs out, The player can go to the gas station to refill the gas or to Billy's garage to refill the gas with just one click.
Customization
The player can also customize their Jeep into other colors. And we can upgrade the parts of the jeepney to increase speed, fuel efficiency, and fuel capacity.
Characters
Billy - the jeepney driver
Jessica - Wife of a jeepney driver
Timmy - Son of a jeepney driver
Hiraya Corporation - Antagonist corporation who wants to replace the Traditional Jeepney to AI-controlled jeepneys
Development
Made up of 3D artist and video editor Alvin Vann V. Arapoc and lead developer Joshua Renzie A. Bicoy.
Sequel
A sequel, Jeepney Simulator 2, was released on April 12, 2024.
References
2023 video games
Video games developed in the Philippines
Windows games
Windows-only games
Driving simulators
Jeepneys
Single-player video games | Jeepney Simulator | [
"Technology"
] | 593 | [
"Driving simulators",
"Real-time simulation"
] |
77,450,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxypropylamino%20cyclohexenylidene%20ethoxyethylcyanoacetate | Methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate (INCI) is an organic compound used in sunscreens to absorb UVA radiation. It is marketed as Mexoryl 400 by L'Oréal. MCE has an absorption maximum of 385 nm, which is in the long-wave UVA range (UVA1, 360−400 nm). Like Mexoryl SX (Ecamsule) and Mexoryl XL (Drometrizole trisiloxane), it is used exclusively in products manufactured by L'Oréal. MCE was developed by L'Oréal and BASF.
Properties
MCE is a yellow solid in the form of powder or small chunks. At 25°C, it is soluble in phenoxyethanol, dimethyl capramide, ethoxydiglycol, dimethyl isosorbide, and alcohol (ethanol), which are ingredients used in cosmetics.
It is considered a cyclic merocyanine.
Safety and regulation
In 2019, MCE was approved for use up to a maximum concentration of 3% as a UV filter in cosmetics in the EU. It is not currently recognised or approved by the FDA for use in cosmetics in the US.
References
Sunscreening agents
Cyanoacetate esters
Methoxy compounds
Anilines
Ethoxy compounds | Methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 293 | [] |
77,450,696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%20Institute%20of%20Mathematical%20Sciences%20and%20Applications | Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications (BIMSA), located in Huairou district of Beijing, is an international mathematics research institution, co-sponsored by Beijing Municipal Government and Tsinghua University.
BIMSA is dedicated to advancing research in mathematics, theoretical physics, computer science, and related fields. Its goal is to promote inter-disciplinary collaboration and to bridge the gap between fundamental research and real-world applications.
The International Congress of Basic Science (ICBS) is held at BIMSA.
History
On June 12, 2020, with the support of the Beijing Municipal Government and the efforts of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission and the Huairou District Government, the Beijing Yanqi Lake Institute of Applied Mathematics (referred to as "Beijing Institute of Applied Mathematics") was officially established. This new research and development institution leverages the mathematical resources of Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and was initiated by world-renowned mathematician Professor Shing-Tung Yau, director of the Center of Mathematical Sciences at Tsinghua University. Tsinghua University signed a cooperation agreement with the newly established Beijing Institute of Applied Mathematics.
The first president is Shing-Tung Yau, a mathematician known for his work in differential geometry and mathematical physics. He is a Fields Medalist and a Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureate.
Research
The BIMSA conducts research across a wide range of areas in mathematics, physics and information science, from theoretical to applied.
BIMSA has more than 10 research groups active across a range of topics. The research areas include:
Algebraic Geometry
Algebraic Topology and its Applications
Analysis and Geometry
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Computational Mathematics
Digital Economy
Mathematical Physics and General Relativity
Number Theory and Representation Theory
Quantum Fields and Strings
Quantum Symmetry
Statistics, Probability and Data Science
Graduate Program
BIMSA has established long-term cooperative relationships with various universities to jointly train doctoral students, leveraging the teaching and research strengths of both parties. Graduates receive doctoral degree certificates and diplomas from the respective universities. Currently, BIMSA is conducting joint doctoral training programs with the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Statistics and Big Data at Renmin University of China. The first cohort of joint doctoral students with the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beihang University officially started and enrolled in 2023.
See also
Tsinghua University
Shing-Tung Yau
References
Mathematical institutes
Theoretical physics
Research institutes
Tsinghua University | Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications | [
"Physics"
] | 520 | [
"Theoretical physics"
] |
77,451,023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206008 | NGC6008 (sometimes referred to as NGC6008A) is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Serpens. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4,959 ± 8km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 73.2 ± 5.1Mpc (∼239million light-years). It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan on 10 June 1880.
According to the SIMBAD database, NGC6008 is a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.
One supernova has been observed in NGC6008: SN2023apm (typeII-P, mag.19.45) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 23 January 2023.
NGC 6052 Group
According to A.M. Garcia, NGC6008 is part of the NGC6052 group (also known as LGG403). This group has at least 13 members: NGC 5975, NGC 6020, NGC 6030, NGC 6032, NGC 6052, NGC 6060, NGC 6073, IC 1132, PGC 57117, UGC 10127, UGC 10197, and UGC 102116.
See also
List of NGC objects (6001–7000)
References
External links
6008
056289
Serpens
Astronomical objects discovered in 1880
Discoveries by Édouard Stephan
+04-37-052
Barred spiral galaxies
10076
15507+2114
LINER galaxies | NGC 6008 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 323 | [
"Constellations",
"Serpens"
] |
77,452,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205419 | NGC5419 is a large elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4,375 ± 23km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 64.5 ± 4.5Mpc (∼210million light-years). It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 1 May 1834.
NGC5419 is the brightest cluster galaxy of the galaxy cluster, AbellS0753. It contains a large core with a radius span of 1.58 arcsec (≈55 pc). In addition, it has a double nucleus, indicating the presence of two supermassive black holes in the center with a separation gap of only ≈70 pc.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC5419:
SN2018zz (typeIa, mag.16) was discovered by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) on 3 March 2018.
SN2020alh (typeIa, mag.15.3).
NGC 5488 Group
According to A.M. Garcia, the galaxy NGC5419 is part of the NGC5488 group (also known as LGG369). This group of galaxies has 14 members: NGC 5397, NGC 5488, IC 4366 and nine galaxies from the ESO catalog.
See also
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
References
External links
5419
050100
Centaurus
18340501
Discoveries by John Herschel
-06-31-019
Elliptical galaxies
384- G 039 | NGC 5419 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 327 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
77,453,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201642 | NGC1642 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Taurus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4575 ± 3km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . However, one non-redshift measurement gives a much closer distance of . It was discovered by German astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on 29 December 1861.
One supernova has been observed in NGC1642: SN2023bhm (typeIa-91bg-like, mag.18.1) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 2 February 2023.
NGC 1762 Group
According to A.M. Garcia, the galaxy NGC1642 is part of the NGC1762 group (also known as LGG120) that includes at least 27 galaxies, including IC 392, NGC 1590, NGC 1633, NGC 1691, NGC 1713, NGC 1719, and NGC 1762, among others.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
1642
03140
015867
Taurus_(constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1861
+00-12-072
Unbarred spiral galaxies
04403+0031 | NGC 1642 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 245 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,453,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Antonio%20Salhe | Jorge Antonio Salhe Readi (; ; born 24 August 1974) is a Chilean-Palestinian shooter and engineer. He represented Palestine in the men's skeet event at the 2024 Summer Olympics, coming on last out of 30 competitors.
Early and personal life
Salhe was born in Chile to Palestinian immigrants Jorge Sr. and Deniz Salhe. His mother was born in Bethlehem, Mandatory Palestine, arriving in Santiago when she was four years old as her family was searching for better opportunities. Salhe grew up in a household where the roots and history of Palestine were valued.
He studied industriale civil engineering and mechanical engineering at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. From a young age, he showed interest in shooting sports. He began practicing skeet at local clubs in Santiago and quickly excelled in national competitions. He was trained by Peruvian Olympic shooter Juan Giha.
Salhe is in a relationship with a woman named Sylvia. He has seven children: Pamela, Claudia, Francisco, Gonzalo, Nicolás, Agustina and Gaspar.
Career
Salhe has participated in international events, representing both Chile and Palestine on various occasions. For more than five years, Salhe and other Chilean-Palestinians worked to incorporate Palestine into the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), gathering support from different countries, especially from other Arab federations.
Olympic participation
Salhe was invited by the ISSF to participate in the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France, representing Palestine; this invitation was one of the universality places allocated to athletes from underrepresented countries to participate, promoting diversity in the Olympic Games.
He participated in the men's skeet event, being the first Palestinian to compete in shooting events at the Olympics. He came last in the qualification round out of 30 competitors, failing to advance.
References
1975 births
Living people
Chilean people of Palestinian descent
Chilean sportspeople
Shooters at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Chilean male sport shooters
Palestinian sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Palestine
Skeet shooters
21st-century Palestinian sportsmen
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile alumni
Chilean engineers
21st-century Chilean engineers
Palestinian mechanical engineers
Chilean civil engineers
Palestinian civil engineers
Industrial engineers | Jorge Antonio Salhe | [
"Engineering"
] | 428 | [
"Industrial engineers",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
78,972,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI/ML%20Development%20Platform | AI/ML development platforms, such as PyTorch and Hugging Face, are software ecosystems designed to facilitate the creation, training, deployment, and management of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models. These platforms provide tools, frameworks, and infrastructure to streamline workflows for developers, data scientists, and researchers working on AI-driven solutions.
Overview
AI/ML development platforms serve as comprehensive environments for building AI systems, ranging from simple predictive models to complex large language models (LLMs). They abstract technical complexities (e.g., distributed computing, hyperparameter tuning) while offering modular components for customization. Key users include:
Developers: Building applications powered by AI/ML.
Data scientists: Experimenting with algorithms and data pipelines.
Researchers: Advancing state-of-the-art AI capabilities.
Key features
Modern AI/ML platforms typically include:
End-to-end workflow support:
Data preparation: Tools for cleaning, labeling, and augmenting datasets.
Model building: Libraries for designing neural networks (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow integrations).
Training & Optimization: Distributed training, hyperparameter tuning, and AutoML.
Deployment: Exporting models to production environments (APIs, edge devices, cloud services).
Scalability: Support for multi-GPU/TPU training and cloud-native infrastructure (e.g., Kubernetes).
Pre-built models & templates: Repositories of pre-trained models (e.g., Hugging Face’s Model Hub) for tasks like natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, or speech recognition.
Collaboration tools: Version control, experiment tracking (e.g., MLflow), and team project management.
Ethical AI tools: Bias detection, explainability frameworks (e.g., SHAP, LIME), and compliance with regulations like GDPR.
Examples of platforms
Applications
AI/ML development platforms underpin innovations in:
Health care: Drug discovery, medical imaging analysis.
Finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading.
Natural language processing (NLP): Chatbots, translation systems.
Autonomous systems: Self-driving cars, robotics.
Challenges
Computational costs: Training LLMs requires massive GPU/TPU resources.
Data privacy: Balancing model performance with GDPR/CCPA compliance.
Skill gaps: High barrier to entry for non-experts.
Bias and fairness: Mitigating skewed outcomes in sensitive applications.
Future trends
Democratization: Low-code/no-code platforms (e.g., Google AutoML, DataRobot).
Ethical AI integration: Tools for bias mitigation and transparency.
Federated learning: Training models on decentralized data.
Quantum machine learning: Hybrid platforms leveraging quantum computing.
See also
Automated machine learning
Large language model
References
External links
MLflow Official Website – Open-source platform for the machine learning lifecycle.
Hugging Face – Community and tools for NLP models.
TensorFlow – Google's machine learning framework.
Google AI Research – Publications on AI/ML advancements. | AI/ML Development Platform | [
"Engineering"
] | 640 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
75,836,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Testimony%20of%20the%20Suns | "The Testimony of the Suns" is a lengthy astronomical poem by American poet and playwright George Sterling that combines elements of science, fantasy, science fiction, and philosophy. Literary historian S. T. Joshi called it Sterling's "longest poem and one of his greatest." Upon the poem's first publication, critic Ambrose Bierce wrote in the New York American: "...its publication is an event of capital importance. Written in French and published in Paris, it would stir the very stones in the streets. ...It is nothing but literature—nothing but the most notable utterance that has been heard in our Western World since the great heart of Poe was broken against the adamant of his country's inattention."
The unusual poem was too long for magazines and was rejected by book publishers, so in 1903 Sterling self-published it in his first book, The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems. When his book was released, Sterling's poems had been published in newspapers and magazines for seven years. The Washington Post had published his first important poem, and the prestigious national magazine Harper's Monthly had published another Sterling poem, but "The Testimony of the Suns" marked the first time Sterling's poetry attracted nationwide attention from critics. The national critical success of "The Testimony of the Suns" established Sterling's career as a poet.
Creation of the poem
Influences on "The Testimony of the Suns"
Sterling learned to love astronomy because "my dear dead father was greatly interested in it, and I've spent many hours on the house-top with him and his telescope." He marveled at planets, stars, and galaxies—apparently resting in peace but actually slowly and endlessly colliding with and destroying each other.
Another inspiration to Sterling was British author H. G. Wells, to whom he wrote: "I feel so far I've done only one thing worth of any one's attention—an astronomical poem I call ‘The Testimony of the Suns', written under the inspiration of your many references to the stars, notably that tremendous thing entitled ‘Under the Knife.' They (your references) thrill me like great poetry. No one loves them as I do. The sleeper gazing on the unchanged constellations—the Time Traveller aware of the star-drift [in Wells' novel The Time Machine]—how they make me ache!" Wells' short story "Under the Knife" tells of a man under anesthesia for surgery who dies on the operating table. His consciousness floats out of his body, away from Earth, beyond our galaxy. Before the man is brought back to life, he sees our entire universe as a speck in an immense hand.
Sterling was an avid reader of Edgar Allan Poe's writings, so Poe's last book Eureka: A Prose Poem may have influenced "The Testimony of the Suns." Historians of science have claimed that in Eureka Poe was the first person to conceive a Newtonian evolving universe in which stars and galaxies are collapsing together.
Thomas Benediktsson in his book George Sterling said the poem was also influenced by German scientist-philosopher Ernst Haeckel's 1899 book Die Welträthsel (published in America as The Riddle of the Universe).
Writing process and reactions from friends
Sometime after December 16, 1901, Sterling began to write a long poem depicting the galaxies and stars of "the stellar universe at strife, when to the eye it is a symbol of such peace and changelessness ...It surely is a war if the cosmic processes are viewed as a whole."
Sterling wrote his poem during morning commutes to work from his house in Piedmont, writing in his head while riding one of his uncle Frank C. Havens' ferryboats across the bay to San Francisco, then polishing his verses during his twelve-minute walk from the Ferry Building up Market Street to Uncle Frank's corporate headquarters at 14 Sansome Street. Not until Sterling reached his large office and sat at his mammoth rolltop desk did he commit that morning's words to paper. His long poem's draft in his penciled neat handwriting eventually filled six small notebooks.
In early 1902 Sterling sent his untitled, not-yet-completed "star poem" to his mentor, the author and critic Ambrose Bierce. Bierce responded: "Where are you going to stop?—I mean at what stage of development? ...you are advancing at a stupendous rate. This last beats any and all that went before—or I am bewitched and befuddled. I dare not trust myself to say what I think of it. In manner it is great, but the greatness of the theme!—that is beyond anything. It is a new field—the broadest yet discovered. ...You must make it your domain. You shall be the poet of the skies, the prophet of the suns."
Sterling worked on his star poem for more than a year, expanding it, sending drafts to Bierce for comments, and polishing every stanza. He showed a draft to astronomer Garrett P. Serviss to make sure his scientific terms and concepts were accurate. In February 1903, Sterling finally finished "The Testimony of the Suns." It was 644 lines long, far too lengthy for any magazine. That month Sterling shared his poem with his closest friend, Jack London. Five years later London remembered how he felt when he first read the star poem. He wrote how Martin (a character London based on himself) echoed his own response after reading a similar star poem (written by a character London based on Sterling). London sneaks in Sterling's title "The Testimony of the Suns" in his fifth sentence below:
It was perfect art. Form triumphed over substance, if triumph it could be called where the last conceivable atom of substance had found expression in so perfect construction as to make Martin's head swim with delight, to put passionate tears into his eyes, and to send chills creeping up and down his back. It was a long poem of six or seven hundred lines, and it was a fantastic, amazing, unearthly thing. It was terrific, impossible; and yet there it was, scrawled in black ink across the sheets of paper. It dealt with man and his soul-gropings in their ultimate terms, plumbing the abysses of space for the testimony of remotest suns and rainbow spectrums. It was a mad orgy of imagination ...The poem swung in majestic rhythm to the cool tumult of interstellar conflict, to the onset of starry hosts, to the impact of cold suns and the flaming up of nebulae in the darkened void; and through it all, unceasing and faint, like a silver shuttle, ran the frail, piping voice of man, a querulous chip amid the screaming of planets and the crash of systems.
"There is nothing like it in literature," Martin said, when at last he was able to speak. "It's wonderful!—wonderful! It has gone to my head. I am drunken with it. ...I know I'm making a fool of myself, but the thing has obsessed me."
In 1904, when Alexander M. Robertson published a second edition of Sterling's book The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems, the poet made changes to the texts of "The Testimony of the Suns," creating a slightly different second version. In the book's 1907 third edition he made a few more changes. When Sterling prepared his star poem for inclusion in his 1923 Selected Poems collection, he changed his first line from "The winter sunset fronts the North...." to "The heavens darken in the North...." He changed appearances of the word "deems" to "thinks" or "dreams." He made more than twenty other changes, resulting in his fourth and final version of "The Testimony of the Suns."
Subjects and structure of the poem
During the time Sterling was writing "The Testimony of the Suns," his poem's subject seemed to change. Two-and-a-half months into writing it, he said: "the whole poem will be on life, or rather the human portion of life." Two-and-a-half weeks later he explained: "As for God, I fear I'll have to leave him in. The poem being a polemic against those believing in Him, His presence was necessary." Three months after that: "First, I hope it will be clear enough to the intellectual reader that my invocation to the stars is only an allegory of man's search of the universe for the secret of life ..."
Sterling wrote "The Testimony of the Suns" using accentual-syllabic verse in iambic tetrameter rhythm, structured as four-line stanzas using the ABBA rhyme format. The same structure was used by Alfred, Lord Tennyson for his famous poem "In Memoriam A.H.H.," which led some critics to compare Sterling to Tennyson.
Sterling divided his long poem into three sections: an opening epigraph quoted from an Ambrose Bierce poem, and two parts labeled "I" and "II." The three sections together total 162 quatrains, or 651 lines including two dates and the epigraph's attribution to Bierce.
Opening quotation
The opening epigraph quotes four lines from Ambrose Bierce's 1888 poem "Invocation," which Sterling later called Bierce's "one great poem, as noble an invocation as we have heard this side of the Atlantic."
Part I
"Part I describes the ‘war' of the stars in the cosmos," says Thomas E. Benediktsson in George Sterling. "The poem opens with a contrast between the perspective of ‘Time,' or the temporal vision of man, and ‘Eternity,' or the absolute vision of universal law. ‘In the eyes of time,' then, the evening skies seem peaceful, intransigent, and beyond all human conflict. But to the eyes of Eternity, the skies are a vast battleground: the stars are at war; their movements are such that one will invariably collide with another, causing it to disintegrate into a nebula or dead star. In the eternal flux of the cosmos, however, nebulae eventually evolve into new stars. Thus, there is an external process of creation and destruction in the heavens, quite remote from human concerns, and so alien to human time that it takes a supreme intellectual effort even to conceptualize it."
As Benediktsson points out, when Sterling uses the word "time," his meaning can often be clarified by substituting the word "man." For example, here are the opening lines of Part I:
The heavens darken in the North....
The light deserts the quiet sky....
From their far gates how silently
The stars of evening tremble forth!
Time, to thy sight what peace they share
On Night's inviolable breast!
Remote in solitudes of rest,
Afar from human change or care.
By mentally changing the fifth line to "Man, to thy sight what peace they share," the stanza's meaning becomes more clear.
Many of the Part I stanzas are speeches addressed to different personified stars. They can seem repetitive, almost ritualized. Benediktsson explains that "each of these is a slight variation on the same expression of wonder at the immense scope and mystery of the conflict."
Part I consists of 80 quatrains. It ends with the date "December, 1901." This is the month when Sterling began to write his as-yet-untitled star poem.
Part II
If Part I portrays an immense universe of galaxies and stars colliding in never-ending conflict, "...Part II attempts to relate human life to that universal war. ...Sterling intends to develop further the pathos of human attempts to anthropomorphize the universe. ...Sterling goes on at length to discuss the folly and vanity of those men who try to question the laws of the universe as science has revealed them. The delusions that men fall prey to can be grouped into two categories: the speculations that mankind is eternal, and the 'dream of Faith' that there is life beyond death. These are never to be fulfilled, because law is unalterable and is subject to the same law of destruction that controls the destinies of stars. Even if there is an apocalypse for man, it will certainly not bring the universe to an end."
Part II consists of 81 quatrains. It ends with the date "February, 1902." Sterling's reason for including this date is unknown. It is neither the date Sterling started Part II nor when he finished it.
Book appearances
In spite of critical acclaim for "The Testimony of the Suns," because of the poem's length it has rarely appeared in books.
1903 self-published first edition
When Sterling finished "The Testimony of the Suns" he grouped it with 43 shorter poems and submitted his collection to book publishers. All rejected it. Sterling decided to publish his book himself while also paying to publish Shapes of Clay, a collection of poems by Bierce. Sterling selected Charles Murdock, a friend of his uncle Frank C. Havens, as his book printer. To handle book marketing and sales, he hired William E. Wood, a publicist with Hale Brothers department stores in San Jose. Wood knew a little about the book business because he had once worked for a San Francisco bookstore.
Sterling published his book The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems under Wood's name in November 1903. On Christmas Eve, Sterling inscribed a copy "To our genius, Jack London: Here's my book, my heart you have already."
Evidence of quantity published for the first edition of The Testimony of the Suns varies from 500 to 650 copies. Whatever the quantity, the first edition sold out quickly.
1904 second edition
Scotsman Alexander M. Robertson owned one of San Francisco's leading bookstores and had started a small publishing company. He and Sterling signed an agreement to publish a second edition of The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems, which Robertson published in November, 1904. He printed 1,000 copies of the book but sales were slow. In April 1906, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire burned Robertson's bookstore building to the ground. He had sold about 200 copies of the second edition; all others were destroyed, making it the rarest of the three The Testimony of the Suns editions.
1907 third edition
After Robertson recovered from the earthquake and fire, he published a third edition of The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems. Sterling's friend Herman George Scheffauer drew new astronomical art for the third edition's front cover and dust jacket. (The first two editions had no dust jacket). Robertson bound 920 copies of the third edition and published it in October 1907.
1923, 1970, and 1974 Selected Poems
New York publisher Henry Holt and Company signed Sterling to select a bookful of poems from his twenty-five years as a poet. Sterling included "The Testimony of the Suns," but he revised it. He wrote a new first line. He also remembered critic Harriet Monroe lambasting "the worst excesses" in his poem's language: "he never thinks—he deems," she said. So he replaced all "deems" in his poem with "thinks" or "dreams." He modernized "hath" to "has" but did not update "ye" to "you" nor "thy" to "your." He made other changes as well. This fourth and final version of his star poem Sterling placed in Selected Poems as the last poem.
Selected Poems was eventually printed by four different publishers based in four different cities: New York: Henry Holt, 1923; San Francisco: A. M. Robertson, 1923; St. Clair Shores, Michigan: Scholarly Press, 1970; and [Irvine, California]: Reprint Services Corp., 1974.
1927 annotated facsimile edition
Thirteen months after Sterling's November 1926 death, the prestigious Book Club of California published an oversize () volume as a beautifully-designed tribute. The Testimony of the Suns: Including Comments, Suggestions, and Annotations by Ambrose Bierce: A Facsimile of the Original Typewritten Manuscript with the Marginal Notes by George Sterling in Black Ink and the Comments by Ambrose Bierce in Red Ink (San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1927) also included an introduction by author, historian, and Book Club secretary Oscar Lewis and "A Memoir of Ambrose Bierce" by Albert Bender. Historian David Magee said: "The poet was a protege of Ambrose Bierce whose annotations and suggestions, reproduced here in facsimile, show how closely student and mentor worked together. Comparison of the manuscript and printed text proves that Sterling abided by most of Bierce's advice." The limited edition of 300 copies quickly sold out.
2003 and 2013 anthologies
The third version of "The Testimony of the Suns" was included in the George Sterling anthology, The Thirst of Satan: Poems of Fantasy and Terror, S. T. Joshi, ed. (New York: Hippocampus Press, 2003), pp. 23–47.
The final version of "The Testimony of the Suns" (the one from Selected Poems) appeared in George Sterling, Complete Poetry, S. T. Joshi and David E. Schultz, eds. (New York: Hippocampus Press, 2013), volume 1, pp. 17–34. In the poem's third line, the word "from" is mistakenly printed as "foam." Extensive notes on the poem appear in volume 2, pp. 752–754. The notes claim that one of the three The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems versions was used as the source for the text, but that is not accurate. The text presented in Complete Poetry comes from Sterling's Selected Poems.
2022 bilingual critical edition
The poem is printed in both English and Spanish on facing pages and is annotated in George Sterling, El Testimonio de los Soles y Otros Poemas: Edicióne Crítica y Bilingüe, Ariadna García Carreño, ed. and translator (Madrid: Editorial Verbum, 2022), pp. 100–149. The English text comes from the third edition of The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems.
Initial critical responses
William E. Wood, Sterling's employee for the first edition of The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems, was a publicist. He knew how to get a good mailing list to send review copies to book reviewers. Beginning in December 1903, reviews appeared in dozens of newspapers and magazines across the country. Some reviews were enthusiastic and some were mixed.
The first review appeared in William Randolph Hearst's newspaper, the New York American. Sterling's mentor Ambrose Bierce wrote of Sterling's "majestic poem'": "Doubtless it will make no impression on a country that devours Mr. Riley. Yet its publication is an event of capital importance. Written in French and published in Paris, it would stir the very stones in the streets. ...It is nothing but literature—nothing but the most notable utterance that has been heard in our Western World since the great heart of Poe was broken against the adamant of his country's inattention." Bierce's passionate review was reprinted in the New York Evening Journal, the San Francisco Examiner, and in Sterling's birthplace newspaper, the Sag Harbor Corrector.
The New York Times''' admiration was more muted: "In The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems, by George Sterling, ...there is a nice sense of personal vision and thoughtful contemplation, and also there is a touch of intellectual passion that gives to the author's mental attitude toward common things the delicate dignity and reserve in utterance most grateful to the mind weary of an overflow of sentiment. Here again the longer poems [such as "The Testimony of the Suns"] are the best and the most characteristic ..." The Times review ended: "...the presence of the moral quality at the source of Mr. Sterling's poetry is what gives it the note of character that promises permanence. And he has been able to deliver his message without contortions of style. In his management of his simple metres and in his discriminating use of words fitted to his thought he gives the pleasure that can be gained only from such respectful use of the intellectual instrument."
The poem also impressed Book News Monthly, a national magazine for the book business: "...the volume The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems, written by George Sterling, ...in every part rings true to the nature of the man. The poems are often of great lyrical beauty and always have some music in them. The "Testimony of the Sun[s]," which gives the book its name, while it has many good qualities is surpassed by the ode to "Music" ...The volume has in it an unspeakable note of sadness, which adds greatly to its appealing powers, and we feel that here is a man who has suffered and conquered nobly." A second review added: "Mr. Sterling's verse is suffused with sense of the worth and dignity of the poet's work. His has the thought-enkindled line. There is metrical instinct. A little excess of imagery."
The Atlanta Constitution wrote: "There is no doubt at all about the genius of George Sterling, author of "The Testimony of the Suns" ...In Mr. Sterling's work there is much that recalls Tennyson—his measure, and, at times, his imagery, but he's original enough, for all that."
The New York Evening Post commented on the second edition of Sterling's book: "It boots not that "The Testimony of the Suns" is the most distinguished poetic work produced in the West in years. It is a miracle that any work of poetry whatsoever should require reprinting within six months. The wonder grows when one considers that "The Testimony of the Suns," if it is anything, it is reserved, lofty, dignified, severe—and, to the general [public], cryptic. As readers who recall the review of the Evening Post remember, the poem concerns the testimony of astronomical science as to the personal immortality of man. The conclusion is reached that man may only dream of personal immortality—may dream in futility eternal. ...Is there not ‘hope for poetry' when second editions are required for such as this?"
The Lincoln Nebraska State Journal reported: "It has been said by the critics that this age is without real poets; that the living writers of verse cannot approach the majestic, soul-uplifting, hair-curling heights attained by the artists of old whose scope of thought may only be apprehended by the tutored mind. ...Look again—such a poet lives, and his home is in California. ...And while "the testimony of the suns" yields no satisfying solution of the great problem of life and death, we are forced to admit that in style and diction it is bully good poetry."
From Kentucky, the Louisville Courier-Journal wrote: "The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems, by George Sterling, is a volume of poems of more than common merit. While many of them are in the minor key, other chords ring true and pure, their author is possessed of the genuine poetic fire."
The Sag Harbor Corrector's lengthy review not only told how a reviewer felt about the poem but also described its structure: "It was reserved for Sterling to enshrine in poetry the cosmic process of nature and to send his mind forth to the farthest stars and get from them, if possible, some light as to the origin and destiny of the universe. The poem begins with these beautiful lines: [First two stanzas are reprinted.] ...The second part of the poem is alive to the timelessness of eternity. It sings of the burning out of the stars, of their ashen bulks and of the dark that will replace the rays of Orion when its suns have died. The poet looks far for a divine revelation but is rewarded by the old-time question: "Canst thou by searching find out God?" ...The poet craves from the silence of the star [the] solution of its mystery, and the poem ends:
And crave, unanswered, till denied
By cosmic gloom and stellar glare,
The brains are dust that bore the pray'r,
And dust the yearning lips that cried."
The magazine Impressions Quarterly printed a four-page review of Sterling's book that began enthusiastically but ended by disagreeing with Sterling's views of God and of humanity's insignificance in the cosmos and eternity:
A poet of the first magnitude has risen. We cannot judge or criticize him by casual reading, nor get to the full depth of his meaning without a good deal of thought on our part, for this man is one of the great poets. ...We are made to feel at once the immensity and the minuteness of our thinking souls, and made to grasp the finiteness of the expanse of the starlit heavens, and, more than all, the encircling vastness of God.
These splendid excursions of the poet are for the most part found in the title poem of the collection, "The Testimony of the Suns," in which the questions of Life and the Purpose of Life are asked of the great stars, which give no answer. The theme is black and without hope, and we are depressed by despair while traversing the spaces of the stars and learning their reality and magnitude ...
But the resonant stanzas fill us with wonder; the rolling of the words, massive and thunderous, is suggestive of the rotundity of Virgil. ...This poem, "The Testimony of the Suns," is almost very great, and the production of a poet of a high order ....It is to be regretted that many stanzas are marred by the use of uncouth words, whose frequent repetitions throughout the book point to their being his "pet words." Nevertheless, we ought to forgive Mr. Sterling all his whimsical words and hard names in glad thankfulness for his many noble stanzas, so full of Miltonic grandeur, and for his earnest faith in the great God—a faith told with a majesty of expression reminding us of the Book of Job.
His philosophy is, however, appalling rather than convincing, and omits that one all-important step in the evolution of the body of man from the nebula, which step is the breathing into him the breath of Life. ...In "The Testimony of the Suns," the hopeless mystery of Life, from the entirely materialistic point of view, is clearly stated in lines of surpassing beauty and power, even though we take a happier view of it than the closing stanzas."
That Impressions Quarterly review was commented upon by other magazines and newspapers. In "Almost a Very Great Poet Is Discovered," the Minneapolis Journal said: "A new and great—'almost very great'—poet has been discovered by Impressions Quarterly. ...Mr. Sterling, it seems, ...falls short of the insight which characterizes the very great poets, but then Mr. Sterling is only ‘almost very great'." The magazine Godwin's Weekly said the Impressions Quarterly "reviewer hails the California bard as a poet of the first magnitude, which appears to be rather too glowing an appreciation, although there can be no question of the poet's distinctive gifts as a singer of melodious songs."
One unusual form of criticism came from Clarence E. Eddy, a prospector, poet, reporter for the Salt Lake Tribune, and editor and publisher of the Roosevelt, Idaho Thunder Mountain News. Eddy wrote a poem, "To the Singer of the Suns," which praised Sterling and "The Testimony of the Suns":
No clarion note so clear and strong
As is this mighty voice of thine,
And ne'er before has mortal song
Ascended nearer the divine.
But Eddy believed that Sterling's poem failed because:
Beyond unnumbered suns it sings,
But sobs at last by gulfs of night
In weariness it folds its wings ...
Eddy later expanded his poem's points in a lengthy prose review, stating that Sterling "is essentially a poet of humanity, but, as a prelude, sings of the heavens; he diverts us from our littleness and the lusts of earth to contemplate all of God's great handiwork that human reason can grasp. The myriad voices of the little singers and daily rhym[e]sters are lulled and lost in the deep tones of this mighty singer of the new day, who has poured the fruition of the sciences and the centuries of thought into a poem, but much of the greatness of this poem is due to the awful splendor of its theme." But Sterling's "Testimony" did not satisfy Eddy: "Thus contemplating the vast wonders and questioning the mysteries of creation, and knowing man's craving for immortality, the poet does not give us the final word of hope for which we hunger, and it is this, if anything, that the great poem fails. One lays the book down with a sense of bereavement, for though its music has sweep upon the heart-strings and its majesty has borne the mind amid the systems of unnumbered suns, it ceases at last in a sob."
Sterling was chosen as one of the San Francisco's six top literary lights by the committee creating the San Francisco pavilion for the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. He sat for a bas relief portrait by sculptor Robert Ingersoll Aitken, best known today for his sculptures on the United States Supreme Court building. Aitken's sculpture of Sterling was displayed at the World's Fair. Today Aitken's sculpture of Sterling is on permanent display in the Local History Department of the Harrison Memorial Library in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.
Not all reviewers approved of Sterling's poem and book. Some reviews were mixed, but the qualities reviewers disliked varied. For example, the Buffalo [New York] Courier said: "Th[a]t author shows considerable power of imagination and no little feeling, but the thought is not always so plain as one might wish. Then, too, the meter used seems at times halting." In Missouri, the St. Louis Republic was not impressed: "In short, Mr. Sterling is enjoyable after you have past the ‘choral trumpet's gleam' and the ‘doubting vans,' and passed through the mystic mistiness of the ‘Suns' poem and learned to brush away some of the ‘fine writing' and find the deeper truth and beauty. Why shouldn't a poet cultivate lucidity? Is poetry any the less poetry for being plain? Doesn't impressionism fail of its mission without poignancy, without saliency, without definite idea?" Poet Ridgely Torrence wrote in the national magazine Critic that "The Testimony of the Suns, by George Sterling, contains some excellent verse. ...Mr. Sterling really gives the impression of a certain largeness of utterance here and there in single lines and purple patches, but he fails in the main seemingly from the lack of a sense of humor. His voice is deeply keyed, but he is prone either to become wordy or sing of the commonplace and trite themes in so mighty a voice and with such a solemn visage that he leads us to smile rather than to wonder with appreciation."
When The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems was first published, Sterling's poems had appeared in newspapers and magazines for seven years. The Washington Post had published his first important poem, and the prestigious national magazine Harper's Monthly had published another Sterling poem, but "The Testimony of the Suns" marked the first time Sterling's poetry attracted nationwide attention from critics. (Several more "Testimony" reviews appeared but are not quoted in this Wikipedia article.) The critical success of "The Testimony of the Suns" established Sterling's career as a poet. Almost all of Sterling's subsequent books received nationwide attention from magazines and newspapers.
The San Francisco Examiner ran a full-page interview of Sterling by eminent critic Ashton Stevens. Two portraits illustrated the interview, one showing Sterling at his desk in the Realty Syndicate offices, the other comparing him to Dante. Sterling explained his feelings about the national critical response: "I feel like a man that had had a bushel of diamonds poured on his head. Bierce, you know, trained me to look for anything but—well, for anything but praise. Bierce trained us two—Scheffauer, like myself, is a pupil of Bierce's; ...to expect only indifference; to regard what we wrote as burned, so far as the world is concerned; just so much exercise, mental athletics. He warned us not to be like most youngster poets, always wanting to pose in the center of the limelight. He said that wise poets write for one another. ...I had no idea that any sort of recognition could come so soon—not that all of my book is of much account; I don't say that there is anything really good in it but ‘The Testimony of the Suns'."
Unpopularity predicted
Some critics admired "The Testimony of the Suns" but accurately predicted that Sterling's poem would not become a popular favorite. In Chicago, one reviewer explained: "...let me commend ‘The Testimony of the Suns,' Sterling's chef d'oeuvre, and recall Ambrose Bierce's magnificent compliment: ‘ ‘The Testimony of the Suns' is nothing but literature—nothing but the greatest poem written in America since the great heart of Poe was broken against the adamant of his country's inattention. Written in France and published in Paris, it would move the very stones in the street.' Quite so, but written in American and published in San Francisco, it has attracted the attention of the infinitesimally few—the few, the happy few, the band of brothers, who really care for art, and recognize it whether the medium be painting, poetry, or our own august mystery. ...The bourgeois—whose idea of a great poet is Riley or Frank Stanton[—]have found Sterling's tremendous achievement above and beyond them. What they want is the jingleman."
A Nevada-based critic agreed, stating in a joint review of Sterling's book and Poems of Both Worlds by Herman George Scheffauer: "...their work is fired over the heads of the masses and so filled with erudition as not to strike the popular fancy. It is the work of the head more than the work of the heart. Such poems are for the learned few and not for the popular middle classes who like the sympathetic verse of Bobbie Burns."
Criticism after the San Francisco earthquake
After the April 18, 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, newspapers and magazines across the country published eulogies to the memories of a San Francisco that no longer was. Some mentioned Sterling. In National Magazine, St. Louis editor William Maron Reedy said: "George Sterling wrote there the best book of verse of the last four years, The Testimony of the Suns."
Ambrose Bierce continued to express high regard for "The Testimony of the Suns." In 1907 he wrote: "Of that work I have the temerity to think that in both subject and art it nicks the rock as high as anything of the generation of Tennyson, and a good deal higher than anything of the generation of Kipling ...,"
Alexander Robertson published the third edition of The Testimony of the Suns and Other Poems in late 1907. The editor of Current Literature thought the new edition noteworthy enough to print 24 stanzas from the poem, explaining: "...the title poem, while it is twice as long and thrice as obscure as it ought to be, contains passages of exalted feeling and cosmic thought that nearly sweep one off his feet at times. Briefly put, the testimony of the suns is to the effect that man's life is but a passing incident in the universe and that personal immortality is a vain dream."
Harriet Monroe, the editor of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, wrote a critical overview of Sterling's first four books. Her review strongly affected Sterling. On "The Testimony of the Suns," she wrote:
"His first long poem, "The Testimony of the Suns," does indeed make one feel the sidereal march, make one shiver before the immensity and shining glory of the universe—this in spite of shameless rhetoric which often threatens to engulf the theme beyond redemption, and in spite of the whole second part, an unhappy afterthought. Already the young poet's brilliant but too facile craftsmanship was tempted by the worst excesses of the Tennysonian tradition: he never thinks—he deems; he does not ask, but craves; he is fain for this and that; he deals in emperies and auguries and antiphons, in causal throes and lethal voids—in many other things of tinsel and fustian, the frippery of a by-gone fashion. ...And yet this is the poet, and this the poem, capable at times of lyric rapture:
O Deep whose very silence stuns!
Where Light is powerless to illume,
Lost in immensities of gloom
That dwarf to motes the flaring suns.
O Night where Time and Sorrow cease!
Eternal magnitude of dark
Wherein Aldebaran drifts a spark,
And Sirius is hushed to peace!
O Tides that foam on strands untrod,
From seas in everlasting prime,
To light where Life looks forth on Time
And Pain, unanswered, questions God!
What Power, with inclusive sweep
And rigor of compelling bars,
Shall curb the furies of the stars,
And still the troubling of that Deep?
"...If I dwell upon this early poem, it is because the best and worst qualities of the poet are in it. His later work never gives us such a hint of grandeur, or falls into deeper abysses of rhetoric. ...The truth is, this sort of pomposity has died the death."
Late twentieth and early twenty-first century criticism
More than three-quarters of a century after "The Testimony of the Suns" first saw daylight, looking at it today enables different perspectives. Is Sterling's poem now merely a historical artifact? Does it still say anything to readers today?
Thomas Benediktsson's 1980 book George Sterling provides the most detailed look at Sterling's star poem to date. After careful examination, Benediktsson decided: "It should be clear by now that "The Testimony of the Suns" has little attraction for the modern reader. It is filled with archaisms and overly ‘sublime' rhetorical effects, and it lacks precise statement of its ideas. ...The second part of the poem especially falls prey to these excesses. In the effort to sustain the grandeur, Sterling allows his stanzas to become strident and nearly hysterical at times, and at other times to become deadly monotonous."
He continued: "Behind the excesses of the rhetoric, however, is the revelation of a cosmic abyss, reinforced by the astronomical theme and leading only to despair. ...Humanity will always seek ‘to know what permanence abides/Beyond the veil the senses draw'. But there will be no revelations: men are trapped in time, and they will ‘crave unanswered.' ...The poem's final statement, then, is of ‘the impotence and eternal loneliness of human beings, involved in some vast and incomprehensible law of cyclic recurrence.' (Lionel Stevenson, "George Sterling's Place in Modern Poetry," University of California Chronicle v. 31 (October 1929), p. 418.) And thus, despite its flaws, ‘The Testimony of the Suns' is historically significant. Along with the then-forgotten poems of Stephen Crane and the still unknown poems of Robinson Jeffers, it is one of the earliest naturalist poems in America. Almost Schopenhauerian in its emphasis upon the primacy of pain, it is in its way a remarkable poem for the ‘twilight interval' in which it was written. Bierce had helped make Sterling into a significant transitional figure—a poet whose nineteenth-century rhetoric and traditional stock of images contrast sharply with [his] very modern sense of despair."
On the other hand, literary historian S. T. Joshi stated: "Whether ‘The Testimony of the Suns' is Sterling's greatest poem is open to question; certainly, it is one of his most impressive. The vibrant depiction of cosmic conflict, although occasionally obscure in sense and diction, is a triumph of the imagination; but Sterling knew that it was not without human significance ...The fundamental message of that second part appears to be the failure of the human mind to find any ‘meaning' in the stars aside from the notion of constant struggle, warfare, and ultimate transience. Since the stars themselves will one day perish, what hope can human beings have of staving off oblivion?"
Poet and critic Donald Sidney-Fryer described the poem as "Very much a product of the fin-de-siècle''" and "a striking and grandiose appraisal of the cosmos at large. ...It remains an austere and very sober disquisition on the uncharted and star-strewn immensities of the cosmic-astronomic spaces, as well as the utter indifference of the cosmos at large to human beings and their concerns while residing and evolving on a small and inconspicuous planet circling around an insignificant sun located at the edge of the Milky Way, one galaxy among billions. This long, rather digressive, but certainly impressive poem still represents the strongest statement of cosmic pessimism or nihilism ever penned."
More recently, Writer and critic Joshua Glenn categorized "The Testimony of the Suns" as "Radium Age poetry," described as "A (pro- or anti-) science-, mathematics-, technology-, space-, apocalypse-, dehumanization-, disenchantment-, and/or future-oriented poem published during [science fiction]'s emergent Radium Age (c. 1900–1935)." As an example, Glenn cited the poem's last twelve stanzas, which describe a search for extraterrestrial life and possible colonization of other planets.
References
1903 poems
Astronomy books | The Testimony of the Suns | [
"Astronomy"
] | 8,956 | [
"Astronomy books",
"Works about astronomy"
] |
75,837,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20MacColl%20%28footballer%29 | Hugh MacColl (30 June 1861 – 31 August 1915) was a Scottish marine engineer and footballer who was a founder and the first captain of Spanish club Sevilla FC, including in the first official football match in Spain.
Early life
Hugh MacColl was born on 30 June 1861, in South Apsley Place street in the Gorbals district of Glasgow. In 1876, the 15-year-old MacColl became an apprentice engineer at Robert Napier & Sons on the Clyde. While employed there as a draftsman, he pursued further technical studies at Anderson's College (now the University of Strathclyde). After this, he became a draftsman at the Central Marine Engine Works at Hartlepool, a port town in County Durham, England; and then at Harland & Wolff in Belfast, before returning to Glasgow as a chief draftsman with James Howden & Co.
In 1889, MacColl was appointed technical manager of the engineering works of Portilla, White & Co., one of Spain's largest foundries, which was located in Seville. Thanks to a strong commercial relationship with the United Kingdom, Seville became the home to a large British enclave, so once he arrived in the Andalusian capital, MacColl established connections not only with these people; mostly workers and directors of the shipping company MacAndrews, the Seville Water Works and the Portilla White foundry; but also with many locals. In Spain, MacColl was known as "Don Hugo", and eventually, he changed his first name to Hugo, which he kept for the rest of his life.
Playing career
A few months after his arrival, on 25 January 1890, MacColl, together with some of his waterworks co-workers and fellow Seville residents of British origin, attended an old café to mark the traditional Scottish celebration of Burns Night. That same evening, after consuming some beers and becoming concerned about their physical health and lifestyle, MacColl and the others began discussing the proposal of forming an Athletics Association, but after much discussion, they instead founded Sevilla FC to organize football matches regularly in order to exercise and feel more at home. To that end, they drew up the rough articles and the constitution of Sevilla FC, doing it so while in a drunken state. MacColl was elected as the club's first-ever captain while Edward F. Johnston, who was the British vice-council in Seville, was named president; it was also decided that this club should play under the rules of the English FA.
Wasting no time, Sevilla FC began organizing several "kickabout" matches between the club's members in a close by racecourse, where MacColl and the others would set up goalposts to play 70-minute five-a-side matches on Sundays, which at the time was a non-working day, although MacColl and the others were able to persuade their bosses to give them Saturday afternoons off. On 25 February 1890, one of MacColl's colleagues in the Portilla White foundry, Isaías White Méndez, the then secretary of Sevilla FC, organized a match with a Recreation Club 80 miles away in Huelva, which took place on Saturday 8 March 1890, at the Hipódromo de Tablada (horse racing track). This match is now considered to be the first official football match in Spain, which means that Hugo MacColl, who played in this match not only as a defender, but most importantly, as Sevilla FC's captain, was the first official captain in Spanish football history alongside Huelva's unknown captain.
In 1894, another Hugh McColl travelled to Santiago in Chile where he was a player and trainer of the city's first representative team, but this was a different man despite the similarity in name. This Hugh McColl travelled back and forth from the UK to Chile over the next decade and a half.
Later life
MacColl remained in Seville for six years, from 1889 until 1895, when he returned to Britain, settling in Sunderland, where in early 1895, he partnered with John T. Jameson, a former colleague at a Hartlepool engine firm, to reopen the engineering workshops at Wreath Quay, on the north side of the River Wear, near Wearmouth Bridge. They then adapted the premises for the marine engine business and the construction and repair of boilers, thus founding the Jameson & MacColl, a marine engine building firm, but only two engine contracts were secured by the firm before Jameson's sudden death in July 1896, at the age of 35, leaving a widow and four young children.
Following Jameson's death, MacColl turned to another old pal, his fellow Sevilla FC founding member Gilbert Reid Pollock, who was a businessman and engineering expert, and who came across from Manchester to become a partner in the firm, which was renamed MacColl & Pollock. This company was once a prosperous global enterprise, employing 500 men at its peak, and engining almost 400 vessels between 1896 and 1931. It was also probably the last engine-building company to be developed on the River Wear, building its last engine in 1930, with the firm dealing only with repairs until it closed in 1935.
During the company's early years, MacColl and Pollock were prominent members of the prestigious Wearside Golf Club, but never lost their passion for football, a sport that they promoted among their workers at Wreath Quay, where engineers, platers, and boilermakers formed different teams to compete against each other or against teams belonging to other Wearside firms. In 1908, MacColl and Pollock were contacted by Sevilla FC regarding the purchase of new red and white shirts based on Sunderland AFC for a charity match against Recreativo de Huelva, meant to help the victims of the bloody 1908 Messina earthquake; the two of them gladly provided these shirts for the equipment, tasking John Wood, one of Sevilla's British members and captain of the SS Cordova, a steamship based in Sunderland, with taking the shirts to Seville.
He was also a member of the Institution of Naval Architects, the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, and the North-East Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders.
Personal life
In 1901 he married Maude McCarthy (1868–1920), daughter of the ship owner George Eugene McCarthy and granddaughter of the comedian and Drury Lane actor-manager Eugene McCarthy. The couple had two children, Hugh Geoffrey MacColl (1902–1947) and James MacColl (1908–1971), who was Mayor of Paddington from 1947 to 1949 and a Labour member of parliament (MP) for Widnes from 1950 to 1971.
Death
Although he ran the successful marine engine company on Wearside, MacColl perished in Glasgow, dying suddenly in the Central Station Hotel on 31 August 1915 while on holiday in his hometown. He was just 54 and had amassed a fortune of over £14,600. At first, it was not known where he had been buried, but his grave was finally found in 2015 by the Sevilla club historian Javier Terenti, who had already found the gravestones of Edward F. Johnston in Elgin and Pollock on the Isle of Man. In 2015, after years of looking for his grave, Terenti discovered some references in his wife's personal correspondence, according to which "Hugh MacColl was most probably buried in Cathcart Cemetery", so he followed that up with East Renfrewshire Council, who manage the cemetery, who were able to not only pinpointed the lair and take photographs of his gravestones.
Legacy
In 2007, Sevilla FC won their second UEFA Cup in Glasgow after defeating RCD Espanyol on penalties in the final. Javier Terenti later said that this was "sort of tribute to our club's first captain".
References
1865 births
1915 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Footballers from Glasgow
Sevilla FC players
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Men's association football defenders
Marine engineers | Hugh MacColl (footballer) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,609 | [
"Marine engineers",
"Marine engineering"
] |
75,840,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-asthmatic%20agent | An anti-asthmatic agent, also known as an anti-asthma drug, refers to a drug that can aid in airway smooth muscle dilation to allow normal breathing during an asthma attack or reduce inflammation on the airway to decrease airway resistance for asthmatic patients, or both. The goal of asthmatic agents is to reduce asthma exacerbation frequencies and related hospital visits.
Anti-asthmatic agents as rescue medications for acute asthma attacks include short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (SABA), short-acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMA), systemic glucocorticoids, and magnesium sulfate. Anti-asthmatic agents as maintenance medications for asthmatic symptom control include long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (LABA), inhaled glucocorticoids, long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), methylxanthines/phosphodiesterase inhibitors, leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and certain types of monoclonal antibodies.
Global Initiative of Asthma (GINA) is the official guideline on the usage of anti-asthmatic agents. The GINA guideline outlines the class, dosage, and administration of anti-asthmatic agents prescription depending on the severity of asthma symptoms and nature.
Rescue medications
Inhaled short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists
Inhaled short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists, such as terbutaline and salbutamol, are the first-line drugs indicated for asthma exacerbation for all patients to provide rapid bronchodilating effects. Short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists can be delivered by different devices, for example, nebulizers and metered-dose inhalers.
β2-adrenergic agonists can trigger the activation of Gs protein-coupled β2-adrenergic receptors on the airway smooth muscle cells in the lungs. The β2-adrenergic receptors activation allows the adenylyl cyclase within the airway smooth muscle cells to catalyse the conversion of ATP to cAMP. cAMP as a second messenger further activates protein kinase A and decreases the intracellular calcium level, causing subsequent smooth muscle relaxation.
Common side effects of inhaled β2-adrenergic agonists include tremors, palpitations and headache. The incidence and severity of side effects depend on the dose and route of administration of the β2-adrenergic agonists.
Inhaled short-acting muscarinic antagonists
Inhaled short-acting muscarinic antagonists, such as oxitropium and ipratropium, can be used as an adjunct therapy with short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists in moderate to severe asthma exacerbations to achieve bronchodilation. Short-acting muscarinic antagonists are usually discontinued upon hospital admission due to a lack of benefits among hospitalized patients.
Muscarinic antagonists can compete with acetylcholine for muscarinic receptors and provide an antagonistic effect on muscarinic receptors, causing inhibition of cholinergic bronchomotor tone and hence bronchodilation.
Inhaled muscarinic antagonists commonly cause dry mouth, throat irritation and dizziness.
Systemic glucocorticoids
Systemic glucocorticoids, such as oral prednisolone and intravenous hydrocortisone, are indicated for moderate to severe asthma exacerbation to reduce airway inflammation. It is important for patients with refractory asthma exacerbation who are already on intensive bronchodilator therapy as airflow resistance in the airway is likely to be caused by mucus accumulation and inflammation on the airway.
Systemic administration of glucocorticoids can reduce airway mucus production. It can also suppress inflammatory responses by inhibiting the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators and lowering the infiltration and activity of inflammatory cells. Additionally, glucocorticoids can increase the amount of β2-adrenergic receptors and their sensitivity towards β2-adrenergic agonists on the airway smooth muscles.
The use of systemic glucocorticoids may cause depressed immunity, osteoporosis and Cushing’s syndrome. The side effects of glucocorticoids depend on the dose and duration of treatment.
Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium sulfate is indicated for severe or life-threatening asthma exacerbation to achieve bronchodilation.
Intravenous magnesium sulfate can reduce calcium ions influx into smooth muscle cells on the airway, causing airway muscle relaxation.
It is possible for intravenous magnesium sulfate to cause hypermagnesemia, resulting in muscle weakness. Intravenous magnesium sulfate is contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency.
Maintenance medications
Long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists
Long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists, for example, vilanterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol and salmeterol, are commonly used together with inhaled corticosteroid in maintenance treatment.
Inhaled glucocorticoids
Inhaled corticosteroids are commonly used together with long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists in maintenance therapy as corticosteroids can increase the amount of airway bronchial β2-receptors and their sensitivity towards β2-selective agents.
The use of inhaled corticosteroid may commonly cause dysphonia and overgrowth of oropharyngeal candidiasis. The risk of overgrowth of oropharyngeal candidiasis can be reduced by rinsing the mouth with water after use.
Long-acting muscarinic antagonists
Long-acting muscarinic antagonists, including tiotropium, aclidinium and umeclidinium, are indicated for severe asthma in maintenance treatment.
Muscarinic antagonists can reduce cholinergic bronchomotor tone, resulting in airway muscle relexation and bronchodilation.
Muscarinic antagonists commonly cause dry mouth, throat irritation and dizziness.
Methylxanthine / Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Methylxanthines, including theophylline, aminophylline and dyphylline, are a class of drugs that can achieve bronchodilation and reduce bronchospasm for symptomatic control of asthma.
Methylxanthines act as a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, inhibiting phosphodiesterase degradation action of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This resulted accumulation of cAMP relaxes smooth muscles, leading to dilation of airways.
Methylxanthines activate histone deacetylases, promoting the deacetylation of histone and subsequent DNA folding. This inhibits the synthesis of pro-inflammatory factors that induce asthma attacks and exacerbations, achieving anti-inflammatory effects.
For asthma maintenance therapy, methylxanthines are taken orally.
Therapeutic drug monitoring is required for patients on methylxanthines as the therapeutic range is narrow. Methylxanthines are not routinely used owing to their adverse effect profiles and the risk of toxicity. Adverse effects of Methylxanthines include nervousness, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, gastrointestinal disturbance (nausea, vomiting), tremor, palpitation and increased urine output.
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
Leukotriene receptor antagonists, including montelukast and zafirlukast, inhibit pro-inflammatory leukotrienes bindings to LTC4 and LTD4 receptors. This blocks the downstream inflammatory pathways that lead to bronchospasm and smooth muscle contractions in asthmatic patients.
Leukotriene receptor antagonists are taken orally.
Common adverse effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists include headache, abdominal pain and diarrhoea.
Mast cell stabilizers
Mast Cell Stabilizers, including sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium, amlexanox, pemirolast potassium, repirinast and tranilast are drugs that inhibit the degranulation and activation of mast cells upon contact with antigen. This prevents the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamines and leukotrienes. Mast cell stabilizers are given as prophylactic treatment to prevent exacerbation of asthmatic symptoms.
For asthma maintenance therapy, mast cell stabilizers are taken by inhalation.
Common adverse effects of Mast cell stabilizers include mouth dryness, cough, throat irritation, nasal congestion and bronchospasm.
Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibodies that aid in asthma symptomatic control include omalizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab and tezepelumab.
Omalizumab binds to free human immunoglobulin (IgE) to reduce IgE level in circulation. This reduces the subsequent binding of IgE to the IgE receptors on inflammatory cells, including mast cells, basophils and dendritic cells. The release of inflammatory mediators is then prevented.
Mepolizumab and reslizumab inhibit Interleukin (IL)-5 binding with IL-5 receptors on the surface of eosinophils, inhibiting subsequent inflammatory responses.
Benralizumab blocks the IL-5 receptors on basophils, preventing binding of IL-5 with IL-5 receptors on basophils, inhibiting subsequent inflammatory responses.
Dupilumab blocks IL-4 receptors, inhibiting subsequent inflammatory activities of IL-4 and IL-13.
Tezepelumab binds to thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is an inflammatory cytokine in the airway epithelial cells involved in asthma exacerbations, inhibiting subsequent inflammatory responses.
Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of asthmatic symptoms are given by subcutaneous injections.
Common adverse effects include local site reactions, joint pain, back pain, headache and sore throat.
Treatment steps
GINA guideline
According to the Global Initiative of Asthma (GINA), the guideline for anti-asthmatic treatment is divided into 5 levels according to asthma severity.
For newly diagnosed asthma patients, the 5 levels derived from the severity of asthma depend on the occurrence of symptoms and their frequencies. These symptoms include bronchoconstriction, shortness of breath and wheezing that exacerbates after physical activities. Frequent coughing, chest tightness and breathing difficulties are also signs of asthma worsening. These symptoms can interfere with a patient's daily living and affect quality of life. These 5 levels are indicators of what drug treatments should be administered. The guideline is as follows:
Step 1-2: Symptoms less than 4–5 days a week
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and formoterol combination therapy when required
Step 3: Symptoms most days, or waking with asthma once a week or more
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and formoterol maintenance therapy
Step 4: Daily symptoms, or waking with asthma once a week or more, and low lung function
Medium dose inhaled corticosteroids and formoterol maintenance therapy
Short-course oral corticosteroids when required in severely uncontrolled asthma
Step 5: Further worsening of symptoms and increased occurrence of exacerbations
Add-on long-acting muscarinic antagonists
Refer for phenotypic assessment with or without biologic therapy
Consider high dose inhaled corticosteroids and formoterol maintenance therapy
Consider Anti-IgE, anti-iL5/5R, anti-IL4Rα or anti-TSLP
Reliever: As-needed-only low dose ICS-formoterol
The rationale behind using inhaled corticosteroids and formoterol combination therapy as a reliever as opposed to salbutamol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic agonist, is that this dosage regimen shows a reduction in the severe asthma exacerbation risk compared with using β2-adrenergic agonists reliever. As inhaled formoterol medications are often accompanied by a corticosteroid, this combination is a simpler regimen for patients as it utilizes the same formulation for both reliever and maintenance therapy as well as providing a long duration of bronchodilation effect.
References
Antiasthmatic drugs
Asthma
Medicine | Anti-asthmatic agent | [
"Biology"
] | 2,651 | [
"Medicine"
] |
75,840,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20John%20Fahey | Joseph John Fahey (July 30, 1901June 29, 1980) was an American geologist and geochemist. He joined the U.S. Geological Survey in 1927, where he worked until his retirement in 1971. During his career, he named seventeen minerals, including bradleyite, edgarbaileyite, loughlinite, mansfieldite, and wherryite. The mineral faheyite was named after him in 1953.
Fahey was born in Massena, New York on July 30, 1901. He and his family soon moved to Washington, D.C., where he attended Gonzaga High School and was educated in the classics. Fahey first enrolled at Catholic University, where he studied chemistry from 1919 to 1921; he transferred to George Washington University that year. He stayed enrolled at the university and studied at night until 1925, though issues with the transferring of credits meant he never received a Bachelor of Science degree even with all required credits completed. From 1922 to 1927, he was employed by the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, and was transferred to the Geological Survey in 1927. At the beginning of his Geological Survey career he was a junior chemist, but rose the ranks until he was appointed Principal Chemist in 1941, a title he held until his 1971 retirement.
Fahey was a member of many learned societies, including the Geological Society of Washington, to which he presented a memorial at their 1968 meeting; and the Chemical Society of Washington, of which he served as president. He was also a fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and served as their vice president.
He died at the Fairland Nursing Home in Silver Spring, Maryland, on June 29, 1980. At the time of his death, he was a life fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America, and a fellow of the Geological Society of America. He was also a former resident of University Park, Maryland.
Notes
References
1901 births
1980 deaths
People from Massena, New York
Scientists from New York (state)
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
People from Adelphi, Maryland
People from University Park, Maryland
Scientists from Maryland
American geochemists
Gonzaga College High School alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
George Washington University alumni
United States Geological Survey personnel
Fellows of the Geological Society of America
Fellows of the Mineralogical Society of America | Joseph John Fahey | [
"Chemistry"
] | 470 | [
"Geochemists",
"American geochemists"
] |
75,842,947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20data%20management | Reverse data management describes a branch and set of research questions in relational database theory that aim to reverse the common focus of standard data management.
Instead of focusing on the "forward" transformation of an input databases (a set of relational tables) to an output table, which is the main focus of standard query evaluation,
reverse data management reverses that focus and studies the possible input database transformations that would achieve a desired output. Usually the objective is to find an intervention (a deletion, addition, or change of tuples) of minimal size, in order to achieve a particular change in the output.
The problem has been studied at least since the 1980s, but has received renewed attention due to an influential paper in the early 2000s that made a connection between provenance and view propagation. The term was coined in a VLDB 2011 vision paper. The problem has been receiving significant attention in recent years due to its connection to computational fairness.
Topics in reverse data management problems
Example topics in reverse data management include:
Deletion propagation with source side-effects: Find a minimal number of tuples to delete in the database in order to delete a particular tuple in the output.
Deletion propagation with view side-effects: Find a set of tuples to delete in the database in order to delete a particular tuple in the output, while removing the minimal number of other output tuples.
Causal responsibility: Find a minimal number of tuples to delete in the database in order to make a particular input tuple counterfactual. This notion is inspired by the notions of actual cause and causal responsibility from the work of Halpern and Pearl.
Resilience: Find a minimal number of tuples to delete in the database in order to make a Boolean query false. The complexity of this problem is identical to the problem of deletion propagation with source-side effects over a different database.
Smallest witness problem: Find a minimal number of tuples to keep in the a database (or equivalently, delete a maximal number of tuples) while keeping a particular tuple in the output.
Minimum repair: Given a database that violates certain integrity constraints, find a minimal number of tuples to delete in the database in order to fulfill all constraints (also called to "repair" the database).
References
Data management | Reverse data management | [
"Technology"
] | 477 | [
"Data management",
"Data"
] |
75,843,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20path%20query | In databases and specifically in graph databases, a regular path query or RPQ is a query asking for pairs of endpoints in the database that are connected by a path satisfying a certain regular expression. A similar feature exists in the SPARQL query language as "property paths".
Definition
A graph database consists of a directed graph whose edges carry a label. A regular path query is just a regular expression over the set of labels. For instance, in a graph database where vertices represent users and there is an edge label "parent" for edges from a parent to a child, the regular path query would select pairs of a node x and a descendant y of x, with a path from x to y of "parent" edges having length 1 or more.
Semantics
The answers to RPQs can consist of endpoint pairs, i.e., pairs of nodes x and y that are connected by some path satisfying the regular expression; or it can consist of the list of all paths satisfying the regular expression. However, this set of paths is generally infinite.
To ensure that the number of results is not infinite, the semantics of RPQs is sometimes defined to return only the simple paths, i.e., the paths that do not go twice via the same vertex; or the trails, i.e., the paths that do not go twice through the same edge.
Complexity
The evaluation of regular path queries (RPQ), in the sense of returning all endpoint pairs, can be performed in polynomial time. To do this, for every endpoint pair, we can see the graph database as a finite automaton, also represent the regular path query as a finite automaton, and check if a suitable path exists by checking that the intersection of both languages is nonempty (i.e., solving the emptiness problem), for instance via the product automaton construction.
Other problems
Several classical problems about queries have been studied for regular path queries, such as query containment and query rewriting.
Extensions
Database theory research has investigated more expressive variants of RPQs:
Two-way RPQs aka 2RPQs, which can also traverse edges in the reverse direction. More precisely, a 2RPQ is a regular expression that uses the labels of the graph together with labels corresponding to reverse edges. For instance, the RPQ selects pairs of nodes x and y with a path from x to y going first backward on a parent edge, then forward on a parent edge, i.e., x and y are siblings.
Conjunctive regular path queries aka CRPQ, which are conjunctive queries whose atoms are RPQs. Such queries make it possible to test for more complex patterns than just paths, however they are intractable to evaluate.
A further extension allowing both disjunctions (like union of conjunctive queries) and two-way expressions are UC2RPQs.
References
Graph databases
Query languages
Database theory | Regular path query | [
"Mathematics"
] | 617 | [
"Graph databases",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
75,843,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Pollock | Gilbert Reid Pollock (24 August 1865 - 26 May 1954) was a Scottish iron engineer, businessman, and footballer who was a founder of Spanish club Sevilla FC and the author of the club's first-ever away goal.
Early life
Gilbert Reid Pollock was born on 24 August 1865, in Neilston, a village near Glasgow. After completing his studies, he began gaining a reputation as an accomplished young engineer and, after achieving enough professional experience, moved to Seville towards the end of the 1880s, where he was employed at the engineering works of the Portilla White foundry in Seville.
Thanks to a strong commercial relationship with the United Kingdom, Seville became the home to a large British enclave, so once in the Andalusian capital, Pollock established connections not only with these people; mostly workers and directors of the shipping company MacAndrews, the Seville Water Works and the Portilla White foundry; but also with many locals.
Playing career
On 25 January 1890, Pollock, together with some of his co-workers and fellow Seville residents of British origin, attended an old café to mark the traditional Scottish celebration of Burns Night. That same evening, after consuming some beers and becoming concerned about their physical health and lifestyle, Pollock and the others began discussing the proposal of forming an Athletics Association, but after a short debate, they instead founded Sevilla FC to organize football matches regularly in order to exercise and feel more at home. To that end, they drew up the rough articles and the constitution of Sevilla FC, doing it so while in a drunken state. They elected Edward F. Johnston, who was the British vice-council in Seville, as the club's first president, while his fellow "Glasgowian" and foundry colleague Hugh MacColl was named captain; it was also decided that this club should play under the rules of the English FA.
Wasting no time, Sevilla FC began organizing several "kickabout" matches between the club's members in a close by racecourse, where Pollock and the others would set up goalposts to play 70-minute five-a-side matches on Sundays, which at the time was a non-working day, although Pollock and the others were able to persuade their bosses to give them Saturday afternoons off. One of Pollock's colleagues in the Portilla White foundry, Isaías White Méndez, the then secretary of Sevilla FC, organized a match with a Recreation Club 80 miles away in Huelva, which took place on Saturday 8 March 1890, at the Hipódromo de Tablada (horse racing track). This match is now considered to be the first official football match in Spain, but Pollock missed this match for unknown reasons.
Following the success of the first match, the clubs decided to play a return fixture three weeks later, this time in Huelva, on 7 April 1890, this time in Huelva, in front of a crowd of between 400 and 500, and it was Pollock who scored the opening goal after 25 minutes, thus becoming the first-ever player to score an away goal on Spanish soil. This time, however, Sevilla went on to lose as Huelva's side, fortified by "some athletes from the British colony of Rio-Tinto", fought back to win 2–1.
Later life
In 1896, Hugh MacColl, his former Portilla White colleague and Sevilla FC teammate, contacted Pollock to propose a business partnership following the sudden death of his first partner John T. Jameson. Pollock, moved north to Sunderland to join him and become a partner in the firm, which was renamed MacColl & Pollock, a marine engine building firm based at Wreath Quay, on the north side of the River Wear, near Wearmouth Bridge. This company was once a prosperous global enterprise, employing 500 men at its peak, and engining almost 400 vessels between 1896 and 1931. It was also probably the last engine-building company to be developed on the River Wear, building its last engine in 1930, with the firm dealing only with repairs until it closed in 1935.
During the company's early years, Pollock and MacColl were prominent members of the prestigious Wearside Golf Club, but never lost their passion for football, a sport that they promoted among their workers at Wreath Quay, where engineers, platers, and boilermakers formed different teams to compete against each other or against teams belonging to other Wearside firms. Sevilla's adopted colours, red and white stripes, are believed to have been taken from Sunderland AFC, since their former captain MacColl and one of their founding members Pollock were living there at the time. MacColl died in 1915, but Pollock continued managing the company until it closed in 1935, before retiring to the Isle of Man.
It remains unclear when he married Annie Blackwell of Hyde, Cheshire, but according to Pollock's obituary published in the Sunderland Echo on 27 May 1954, the couple shared a son and three daughters, including Bessie Reid Pollock (1895–1959), who married Andrew Common in 1923.
Death
Widowed some years earlier, Pollock was living at the Fort Anne Hotel in Douglas when he died in 1954, aged 88, and was buried in Braddan Cemetery, where his grave can still be seen today. At first, it was not known where he had been buried, but his grave was finally found on the Isle of Man by the Sevilla club historian Javier Terenti, who had already found the gravestone of Edward F. Johnston in Elgin.
References
1865 births
1915 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Footballers from Glasgow
Men's association football defenders
Marine engineers | Gilbert Pollock | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,116 | [
"Marine engineers",
"Marine engineering"
] |
75,843,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Cancer%20Research%20Foundation | The Swiss Cancer Research Foundation (German: "Krebsforschung Schweiz", abbreviated "KFS") is a foundation under Swiss law based in Bern, which was founded in 1990. It promotes research projects aimed at improving the survival and quality of life of patients with cancer.
References
External links
Official website
1990 establishments in Switzerland
Organisations based in Bern
Foundations based in Switzerland
Biomedical research foundations
Cancer research organizations
Research institutes established in 1990 | Swiss Cancer Research Foundation | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 91 | [
"Biotechnology organizations",
"Biomedical research foundations"
] |
75,844,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%E2%80%93bandwidth%20product | The space–bandwidth product (SBP) is a measure of the information-carrying capacity of an optical system. It is the product of the spatial extent (size) of the system and the bandwidth (frequency range) over which it operates.
Holography
In holography, the space–bandwidth product determines the resolution and quality of the reconstructed holographic image. The SBP sets a limit on the amount of information that can be recorded and reconstructed.
In digital holography, the SBP of a holographic imaging system can be calculated by analyzing at the recorded interference pattern.
The SBP is directly related to the size of the hologram and the range of frequencies (or colors) that can be captured.
Microscopy
The SBP of a modern microscope can reach up to tens of megapixels. However, image sensors that are used typically are only a few megapixels, so the majority of optical information in the system is undetected.
References
Holography
Signal processing | Space–bandwidth product | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 205 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing"
] |
75,844,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-276 | USA-276, also known as NROL-76, is a classified spacecraft operated by the National Reconnaissance Office. Due to being classified, very little information is known about the satellite.
Background
USA-276 was launched onboard Falcon 9 NROL-76. The Falcon 9 upper stage that carried USA-276 to its orbit made several close flybys of the ISS.
References
SpaceX military payloads
satellites
spaceflight
2017 in spaceflight
Classified information in the United States | USA-276 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 95 | [
"Outer space",
"Spacecraft stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Satellites",
"Spaceflight"
] |
75,845,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porous%20polymer | Porous polymers are a class of porous media materials in which monomers form 2D and 3D polymers containing angstrom- to nanometer-scale pores formed by the arrangement of the monomers. They may be either crystalline or amorphous. Subclasses include covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs). The subfield of chemistry specializing in porous polymers is called reticular chemistry.
Covalent organic frameworks
Covalent organic frameworks are crystalline porous polymers assembled from organic monomers linked through covalent bonds.
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks are crystalline porous polymers assembled from organic monomers linked through hydrogen bonds.
Metal-organic frameworks
Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline porous polymers assembled from organic monomers connected by coordination to metal atom centers.
References | Porous polymer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 195 | [
"Porous polymers",
"Porous media",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Materials science"
] |
75,845,973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Nitrosomorpholine | N-Nitrosomorpholine (NNM, NMOR) is an organic compound which is known to be a carcinogen and mutagen.
Chemistry
NMOR is a pale yellow sand-like powder below 84°F.
NMOR is most commonly produced from morpholine, but can also be made by the reaction of dimorpholinomethane in fuming nitric acid. Few reactions using NMOR as a starting material are reported in the organic synthesis literature, but it can be used as a precursor to a nitrogen-centered radical.
Occurrence
NMOR is generally not used intentionally, but is instead created by the nitrosation of morpholine or morpholine derivatives which are used for several industrial purposes.
Rubber
2-(Morpholinothio)benzothiazole is used as an accelerator/stabilizer for vulcanization, or the manufacture of rubber products. It is the precursor to NMOR in the vulcanization process, as it is nitrosated by ambient sources of the nitro group present in the manufacturing process. As such, workers and others exposed to the rubber industry or its byproducts are exposed to higher levels of NMOR than the general population, raising their risk of cancer.
Tobacco products
NMOR is a component of tobacco products. As of 2014, detectable levels of NMOR are present in tobacco products in the United States and China. The presence of NMOR and other n-nitrosoamines is not limited to cigarettes, but is found in smokeless tobacco products (snuff tobacco, Snus, etc.) as well. Volatile nitrosamines, including NMOR, are detectable in the urine of tobacco smokers.
Food
Morpholine oleate is used in glazing wax which covers fruit. NMOR can be generated by the nitration of morpholine, causing its presence in waxed fruits.Health Canada, the Canadian governmental department of public health, has stated in 2002 that this does not pose a risk to human health.
Consumption of nitrate-rich diets is correlated with levels of salivary and urinary NMOR. The presence of NMOR can also be observed in gastric juices.
Other
NMOR has been found in several cosmetic products.
Health hazards
The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not completely clear in humans. NMOR and its metabolites may induce DNA damage by directly forming reactive oxygen species or compounds which crosslink DNA. In a rat model in 2013, it was observed that NMOR is hydroxylated, probably by a P450 enzyme, alpha to the N-nitroso moiety. This then decomposes into a diazonium-containing aldehyde which is capable of crosslinking DNA.
Endogenous synthesis from morpholine in the digestive system is observed. NMOR can be generated from N-nitrosating species formed by salivary nitrite and stomach acid, potentially leading to more damage in individuals with acid reflux. H. pylori does not induce NMOR formation in vitro, though this has yet to be confirmed in vivo.
NMOR is in fact used to generate liver cancer models in rats. Along with N-diethylnitrosamine, it is the gold standard for producing hepatocarcinoma with 100% lung metastasis.
See also
Nitrosamine
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
Hepatotoxicity
References
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Nitrosamines
Reagents for organic chemistry
Carcinogens | N-Nitrosomorpholine | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 738 | [
"Carcinogens",
"Toxicology",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
75,846,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2019467 | HD 19467 is a star with an orbiting brown dwarf companion in the equatorial constellation of Eridanus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.97, which is a challenge to view with the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of 104.5 light years based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 7 km/s. It has a high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at an angular rate of . Based on the motion and chemical abundances of this star it has been considered a likely member of the Wolf 630 group of co-moving stars, although its age estimate is inconsistent with that assignment.
The spectrum of HD 19467 presents as a G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G3 V. It has been identified as a solar twin based on the similarity of its physical properties to the Sun. This is an older star, with age estimates range from 5.4 up to 10.1 billion years, depending on the study. It is considered a thin disk star, which should theoretically limit the age to no more than 8 billion years. The spin rate is correspondingly low with a rotation period of 29.5 days. Based on the abundance of iron, the metallicity is lower than solar. The level of magnetic activity in the star's chromosphere as well as X-ray emission are at most below the equivalent level in the Sun.
Brown dwarf
In 2014, a survey team announced the discovery of a brown dwarf in orbit around HD 19467. The presence of an low-mass companion was indicated via an acceleration trend in radial velocity time series data collected between 1996 and 2021. The object was then directly imaged using the NIRC-2 instrument at the Keck Observatory. Designated HD 19467 B, it was located at an angular separation of from the host star. Astrometric observations taken over a 1.1 year period demonstrated that the object is clearly associated with HD 19467 A, having a similar parallax and proper motion. The radial velocity data indicated a minimum mass of , with a brightness and colors matching a T-dwarf.
The spectrum of this object was taken at the Palomar Observatory, finding a spectral type of T5.5. It was measured as having an effective temperature of 978 K and, like the host star, a sub-solar metallicity. Orbital analysis was used to infer a mass of , which is near the substellar mass boundary. It has a highly eccentric orbit with period estimates ranging from 320 to 420 years, depending on the study.
See also
Scholz's Star – a star with a brown dwarf companion of similar mass to HD 19467 B
References
Further reading
G-type main-sequence stars
Brown dwarfs
Eridanus (constellation)
BD-14 604
019467
014501 | HD 19467 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 579 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
75,848,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaifenesin/codeine | Guaifenesin/codeine is a fixed-dose combination cold medicine used for the treatment of cough. It contains guaifenesin, an expectorant; and codeine, as the phosphate, an opioid antitussive. It is taken by mouth.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2006. In 2022, it was the 272nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.
Society and culture
Brand names
Guaifenesin/codeine is available under multiple brand names including Allfen CD, Antituss AC, Bitex, Bron-Tuss, Brontex, Cheracol with Codeine, Cheratussin, Cheratussin AC, Codafen, Codar GF, Coditussin AC, Dex-Tuss, Diabetic Tussin C, Duraganidin NR, ExeClear-C, G Tussin AC, Gani-Tuss NR, Glydeine, Guaiatussin AC, Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free, Guaifen AC, Guaifenesin AC, Guiatuss AC, Guiatussin with Codeine, Halotussin AC, Iophen, Iophen-C NR, M-Clear, M-Clear WC, Mar-cof CG, Maxi-Tuss AC, Mytussin AC, Relcof C, Robafen AC, Robichem AC, Robitussin AC, Romilar AC, Tussi Organidin, Tussiden C, Tusso-C, Virtussin A/C, and Virtussin AC.
References
Combination drugs
Expectorants | Guaifenesin/codeine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 361 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,850,074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokusai%20Electric | Kokusai Electric is a Japanese semiconductor manufacturing company. Based in Chiyoda, Tokyo, the company has been involved in the production of equipment for over seven decades.
On September 21, 2023, the Tokyo Stock Exchange granted approval for the listing of KOKUSAI ELECTRIC on the Prime Market, took effect on October 25, 2023.
History
1949: Founded as Kokusai Electric Industry Co., Ltd., initially focusing on electrical equipment repair and distribution.
1956: Entered the semiconductor manufacturing equipment sector with orders for germanium and silicon single crystal pulling equipment
1961: Listed on the first Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange
1971: Kokusai Electric Co., of America was established.
1989: Established Kokusai Electric System Service Co., Ltd
1990s: Merges with Hitachi, forming Hitachi Kokusai Electric Inc.
2000s: development of advanced deposition equipment for larger wafer sizes, including the "AdvancedAce" platform.
2018: Spins off from Hitachi Kokusai Electric to become the independent KOKUSAI ELECTRIC CORPORATION.
2023: Lists on the Prime Market of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
References
External links
kokusai-electric.com
Equipment semiconductor companies
Electronics companies of Japan
Manufacturing companies established in 2017
Electronics companies established in 2017
Japanese companies established in 2017
Corporate spin-offs
2023 initial public offerings
Chiyoda, Tokyo | Kokusai Electric | [
"Engineering"
] | 273 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
75,850,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent%20Cloud | Tencent Cloud () is a cloud computing service operated by Tencent. It owns multiple data centers worldwide and provides services to Chinese overseas and international companies.
According to a 2021 report by Gartner, Tencent Cloud occupies 2.84% of the global cloud computing market and is ranked at number 6, and 7.67% of the Asia-Pacific market at number 5.
Data centers
Mainland China: Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Nanjing, Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Qingyuan
Worldwide: Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Tokyo, Bangkok, Toronto, Silicon Valley, Virginia, Frankfurt, São Paulo, Jakarta
Services
In January 2022, GOX, Indonesia's first game streaming platform, announced its partnership with Tencent cloud, which would provide live streaming and esports solutions. The two sides signed a four-year long contract.
Tencent Cloud South Asia Pacific (Mumbai) Availability Zone will cease its operation by March 17, 2025 at 11:30 India Standard Time.
Technical issues
In April 8, 2024, Tencent Cloud experienced disruptions due to irregularities with their cloud programming interface affecting at least 1,957 clients.
References
External links
（English）Tencent cloud
（Simplified Chinese）腾讯云计算
Cloud computing providers
Tencent divisions and subsidiaries | Tencent Cloud | [
"Technology"
] | 261 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
75,850,173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Swim | Last Swim is a 2024 British coming-of-age film directed by Sasha Nathwani, from a screenplay by Nathwani and Helen Simmons.
Plot
British-Iranian sixth form student Ziba Soofi, who recently aced her A Levels and won a place at University College London (UCL) to study astrophysics, plans to celebrate results day with her friends Shea, Merf, and Tara. However, underneath what should be a joyous day, Ziba has been left depressed by a condition that threatens her future.
Cast
Deba Hekmat as Ziba Soofi
Narges Rashidi as Mona
Solly McLeod as Shea
Jay Lycurgo as Merf
Denzel Baidoo as Malcom
Lydia Fleming as Tara
Michelle Greenidge as Tonya
Davoud Rastgou as Ramin
Production
Last Swim wasin development as of 2021 and appeared on Filmarket Hub's 2022 UK Online Pitchbox list. Campbell Beaton produced the film for Pablo & Zeus, alongside Nisha Mullea and Bert Hamelinck for Caviar. Principal photography took place in and around London in May and June 2023.
Release
Last Swim opened the Generation 14plus competition at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival (Berlinale) where it also won a Crystal Bear and the AG Kino - Gilde - Cinema Vision 14Plus prize. Ahead of its Berlinale premiere, Indie Sales acquired the international distribution rights to the film.
Accolades
References
External links
2024 films
British-Iranian culture
British coming-of-age drama films
British teen drama films
Films about astronomy
Films about depression
Films about disability in the United Kingdom
Films about friendship
Films shot in London | Last Swim | [
"Astronomy"
] | 343 | [
"Films about astronomy",
"Works about astronomy"
] |
75,851,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picocyanobacteria | Picocyanobacteria are cyanobacteria that are part of the picoplankton, which is the fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm. Picocyanobacteria comprise the smallest photoautotrophs.
Genera
Freshwater picocyanobacteria genera include Synechococcus, Cyanobium, and Synechocystis, and marine picocyanobacteria genera are represented primarily by Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus.
See also
Cyanobacteria
Picoplankton
Picoeukaryote
Picozoa
References
External links
How Ancient Microbes Rode Bug Bits Out to Sea (PBS Eons)
Cyanobacteria
Biological oceanography
Planktology
Aquatic ecology | Picocyanobacteria | [
"Biology"
] | 160 | [
"Aquatic ecology",
"Algae",
"Cyanobacteria",
"Ecosystems"
] |
77,454,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yip-Wah%20Chung | Yip-Wah Chung (born 1950) is a materials scientist at Northwestern University. He is a professor of materials science & engineering, and, by courtesy, of mechanical engineering within the McCormick School of Engineering, and serves as co-director of the mechanical engineering–materials science & engineering Master of Science program.
Chung was raised in Hong Kong, and holds a B.S. and an M.S. in physics from the University of Hong Kong, as well as a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley. He joined Northwestern, after obtaining his doctorate; at Northwestern, he previously served as department chair of materials science & engineering (1992–1998).
His research includes work on energy efficiency, surface engineering, and tribology. In 2016, Chung, Jiaxing Huang, and other co-authors published an article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences describing how a lubricant containing crumpled graphene could provide higher lubrication performance than other lubricant oils. In 2017, Chung was featured in the Northwestern Engineering magazine for his research on improving energy efficiency. The article describes a development by Chung and others on reducing friction within automobiles. Their development, a lubricant additive, "can reduce friction by up to 70 percent and wear by up to 90 percent compared to conventional lubricant counterparts." In 2019, Chung was interviewed by Tribology & Lubrication Technology. In his interview, he expressed sentiment that communication skills are a vital part of career tribology, and are not emphasized enough in education.
In 2002, Chung, Leon M. Keer, and Kornel Ehmann won the Innovative Research Award, conferred by the tribology division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. For his contributions to surface engineering and coatings, Chung received the 2024 R.F. Bunshah Award from the Advanced Surface Engineering Division, American Vacuum Society. As of 2024, he is a fellow of ASM International, American Vacuum Society, and the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers.
Selected publications
References
External links
Faculty profileMcCormick School of Engineering
Research profileNorthwestern Scholars
Living people
1950 births
Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Northwestern University faculty
Hong Kong engineers
Hong Kong scientists
Energy engineers
Mechanical engineers
Materials scientists and engineers
Tribologists | Yip-Wah Chung | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 484 | [
"Tribology",
"Materials science stubs",
"Mechanical engineers",
"Materials science",
"Energy engineering",
"Tribologists",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Energy engineers",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
77,454,771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201511 | NGC1511 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Hydrus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1341 ± 5km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 19.76 ± 1.39Mpc (∼64million light-years). It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 2 November 1834.
Morphology
Eskridge, Frogel, and Pogge published a paper in 2002 describing the morphology of 205 closely spaced spiral or lenticular galaxies. The observations were made in the H-band of the infrared and in the B-band (blue). Eskridge and colleagues described NGC 1511 as:
Supernova
One supernova has been observed in NGC1511: SN1935C (type unknown, mag.12.5). The supernova was discovered by Emily Hughes Boyce on 16 August 1935, and was initially thought to be either a supernova, or a nova associated with the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was classified as a nova, and known as either HV11970 or Nova Hydri1935. In September 1988, Sidney Van Den Bergh and Martha L. Hazen concluded definitively that the object was a supernova in NGC1511, and the star was given the designation SN1935C.
NGC 1511 Group
According to A.M. Garcia, the galaxy NGC1511 is the central member of the NGC1511 group (also known as LGG 107) that includes NGC 1473 and NGC 1511A .
Image gallery
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
1511
014236
03594-6746
Hydrus
Astronomical objects discovered in 1834
Discoveries by John Herschel
+00-12-072
Barred spiral galaxies | NGC 1511 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 368 | [
"Hydrus",
"Constellations"
] |
77,456,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavatina%20Hall | Cavatina Hall is a building complex consisting of an office building and a concert hall in Bielsko-Biała in Poland.
History
The building opened in 2022. It bears the name of the developer and operator, the real estate company Cavatina, which in turn is named after the Italian song type Cavatina. The office building has a glass facade with rounded corners, the wooden concert hall is covered by a curved glass superstructure, making it an example of blobitecture.
Concert hall
The concert hall seats 1,000 people and is the first privately operated concert hall in Poland. There is also a chamber music hall and a recording studio.
In 2024, the operator founded a resident symphony orchestra. Its inaugural conductor is Stanley Dodds, a former violinist of the Berlin Philharmonic.
Office building
There are 9,000 square metres of office space on six floors, as well as a parking garage and a restaurant.
References
External links
website
Glass buildings
Office buildings in Poland
Concert halls in Poland
2020s architecture
Postmodern architecture | Cavatina Hall | [
"Engineering"
] | 212 | [
"Postmodern architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
77,456,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-based%20approach%20to%20EMC%20regulation%20and%20standardization | The risk-based approach is an enhanced system of the regulation and standardization of Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in electronic devices before their commercialization. EMC is essential for ensuring the safety, performance, and quality of electronic devices. However, achieving and maintaining EMC presents a significant challenge due to the rapid development of new products with evolving technologies and features.
It is often assumed that if a device meets the electromagnetic emission and immunity levels defined by the EMC standards, it has been tested against worst-case electromagnetic disturbance phenomena. However, this is usually not the case, and devices frequently face more severe electromagnetic environments than anticipated in real life and malfunction. Additionally, product technology can evolve faster than EMC standards and therefore, relying solely on immunity testing is no longer sufficient to ensure EMC.
While conventional testing methods specified in EMC standards are essential for assessing the EM immunity of electrical and electronic equipment, they are often inadequate for ensuring safety-critical systems will maintain acceptable failure levels throughout their entire expected lifecycle.
In fields such as transportation, medicine, and defense, technological advancements have led to the integration of sophisticated features into a wide range of complex systems, which are more electrified, connected, and automated than their predecessors, resulting in increased complexity and a lack of comprehensive system understanding. Achieving EMC is essential for these systems to prevent potential hazards hazards caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) that could compromise safety, security, and reliability. Many EMC experts and scientists
argue that the current rule-based EMC testing approach is insufficient for addressing these challenges.
Some of the reasons include:
Only one EM disturbance is tested at a time
Normal EMC test methods are designed for accuracy and repeatability, and not to simulate real life
The effects of the physical environment are not considered by normal EMC testing
Ageing is not considered by normal immunity testing
The maximum test level is not necessarily the worst
These are just a few reasons why the current rule-based approach, which mandates compliance with relevant EMC standards and regulations, may be inadequate for complex
systems. In addition to potentially compromising system attributes like safety and security, this approach can lead to financial losses due to launch delays caused by EMC issues identified later in the development process. However, due to budget constraints on money, time, and equipment for testing immunity and emissions, it is impractical to conduct more extensive testing than what is currently done by system manufacturers and component suppliers. Therefore, in addition to complying with existing standards, it is crucial to perform a comprehensive risk assessment and implement risk mitigation measures to prevent unacceptable consequences for stakeholders.
The European Commission has recognized that many companies only meet the minimum requirements of harmonized standards to demonstrate EMC compliance. This prompted the release of the Blue Guide, the RED Guide, and most recently, the Guide for the EMC Directive, all of which emphasize a risk-based approach. The key points related to this "risk-based approach" outlined in these guides can be summarized as follows:
Harmonized standards do not replace legally binding essential requirements
Even when using harmonized standards, the manufacturer remains fully responsible for assessing the risks associated with their product
Conformity assessment requires technical documentation and must include a thorough risk analysis
The EMC assessment must consider all normal intended operating conditions and configurations of the equipment.
The challenges involved in implementing a risk-based approach should not be underestimated. Traditionally, each device was assessed individually, with the goal of ensuring its own protection against EMI using arbitrary sets of standardized values as a reference. However, the design philosophy has fundamentally shifted towards considering scenarios that ensure a device functions safely within its intended electromagnetic environment throughout its lifetime. This approach requires considering every possible interaction with other devices across various settings. The change goes beyond merely re-enforcing existing EMI protections; it involves understanding new electromagnetic environments of use, adapting to them, and inventing protective solutions to address emerging EMI issues, all while maintaining the key design characteristics of the device. It also focuses on ensuring long-term resilience and reliability in face of the constantly changing and increasingly complex EMI scenarios. Given these factors, the "risk-based approach" should be the default practice.
Medical device risk management concepts
The law demands a risk-based approach rather than the conventional, rule-based approach. The EMCD (the EMC directive - the law) and the Blue Guide, which covers the implementation of EU product rules, require an EMI risk-based approach for any new equipment. Similarly, the specific regulations for medical equipment (MDR and IEC 60601-1-2) also refer to a risk-based approach.
The Medical Device Regulation (MDR) 2017/745 outlines General Safety and Performance Requirements (GSPR) that medical device manufacturers must meet. Anned I of the MDR specifies EMC-related GSPR in Articles 14.2(b), 18.5, 18.6, and 23.4(s). These requirements ensure that medical devices remain safe and effective in the presence of EMI risks caused by electromagnetic disturbances. Ultimately, regulatory bodies review and confirm that EMC-related GSPR continue to perform satisfactorily, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical devices.
Medical device EMC risk management includes various key terms such as electromagnetic disturbances, electromagnetic compatibility, EM environment, EM emission, Immunity (to a disturbance), risk, hazard, harm, hazardous situation, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk control, residual risk, basic safety, essential performance, severity, risk management file, intended use, benefit, etc.
Related European Research projects
There are several ongoing European research projects focusing on the risk management of EMI, such as PETER (Pan-European Training, Research, and Education Network on Electromagnetic Risk Management) and ETERNITY.
The ETERNITY project, which stands for European Training Network on Electromagnetic Risks in Medical Technology, is a European-funded Marie Skłodowska-Curie project involving partners from Belgium, Portugal, Spain, and The Netherlands. ETERNITY specifically addresses the implementation of risk-based EMC within the medical domain, investigating the impact of EMI and EMC issues on safety-critical medical devices. The project's primary objective is to develop a risk-based approach to mitigate the adverse effects of EMI on the operation of medical systems.
ETERNITY encompasses 14 individual projects, each assigned to an Early -Stage Researcher (ESR), contributing to one or more work packages (WPs). Each ESR's research is designed as a standalone contribution, with planned collaboration points to integrate complementary results and add extra value to the project.
Through this project, the selected ESRs have received advanced research training on the technical aspects of EMI/EMC and how to tackle
EMI challenges in medical contexts. The academic and industrial partners involved bring strong expertise in this field, and the recruited researchers have demonstrated strong backgrounds, motivation, and commitment to the project's success.
Steps in Risk-based EMC in medical technology
The European Medical Device Regulation (MDR 2017/745) and the medical EMC collateral standard (IEC 60601-1-2) are built on a legal foundation that specifies a risk-based approach, as outlined by the risk management standard ISO14971. The ISO14971 risk-based EMC approach has also been incorporated into the ETERNITY project.
Risk management plan
The risk management plan (RMP) establishes the context for the risk management process and is the first step. The RMP should be documented by the MD manufacturer and includes a detailed plan of all activities, assigning responsibility for each task. It also outlines criteria for risk acceptability based on the manufacturer's policy, monitoring methods to evaluate performance criteria, details for verifying the implementation and effectiveness of risk control measures, and activities related to the
production and post-production information.
Risk assessment
The risk assessment process involves the following elements:
Risk analysis – The EMC risk analysis begins with an understanding of the intended use, operating environment, foreseeable misuse, and safety characteristics of the medical device. This step involves identifying and analyzing known and foreseeable electromagnetic disturbance hazards. In the context of EM risk analysis, electromagnetic phenomena serve as the initial event or cause, which can then trigger subsequent events, potentially leading to a chain reaction.
Risk estimation - After analyzing the risks, the next step is to estimate them based on the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. Risk estimation is associated with each hazardous situation and its linked risks. The categories for probability and severity can be defined in the RM policy or plan. If the EMI risk is deemed unacceptable, cross-functional experts from medical, EMC, and other relevant domains are involved to assess its severity.
Risk evaluation - During risk estimation, the manufacturer assesses each risk individually and categorizes them as acceptable or unacceptable using a risk matrix. The acceptability of each risk is determined according to the risk acceptability criteria outlined in the risk management plan.
Risk control
When risks are deemed unacceptable, it is mandatory to implement risk control measures (RCM) to mitigate them. RCMs are designed to prevent the occurrence of events that could lead to hazardous situations or, ultimately, harm. According to the ISO 14971 risk management standard, manufacturers should select appropriate RCMs in the following order of priority:
Inherently safe design and manufacturing
Implement protective measures in the design or manufacturing process
Provide information for safety and the appropriate training
Overall residual risk evaluation
In the initial steps of the risk management process—risk analysis, risk estimation, and risk control—risks are assessed and managed individually. However, in real-life scenarios, multiple less severe risks can combine to create a more severe risk. Therefore, it is essential to adopt an overall risk perspective for the whole medical device. Risk evaluation involves assessing each individual risk against the risk acceptability criteria defined in the risk management plan.
Risk management report review
Risk management file (RMF)
EMC risk management file (EMC RMF)
Risk management review (RMR)
Above state-of-the-art risk management steps are integrated and interrelated among individual ESR projects, and their corresponding core WP are described below.
Risk-based EMC implementation within European ETERNITY project
Electromagnetic Risk Identification (ETERNITY Work Package 1)
ETERNITY WP1 of electromagnetic risk identification focuses on the left part of the risk-based approach's V-model, i.e., the identification of EMI-related risks and their criticality. The goal is to characterize the EMI-related risks stemming from the operating electromagnetic environment and/or the susceptibility of the medical system under development. No risk analysis methods have yet been developed to cover EMI issues, so it is necessary to choose the methods to use and adapt them to deal with EMI. Successful adaptation requires competency, skills, and expertise in both safety engineering and real-life EMI, and not just EMC testing. ESR 1 to 3 are involved in EMI risk identification.
ESR 1 is exploring the feasibility of using a footprint to forecast and reduce unwanted electromagnetic radiation in medical applications, focusing on real-life scenarios over standardized measurements for enhanced safety. This research is expected to have a positive socio-economic impact by increasing awareness of risk-based product rules, which differentiate from traditional rule-based standards.
ESR2 is exploring exploring the integration of digital communication systems (DCS) within the medical field and its associated potential EMI issues. This investigation will analyze the impact on both patients and medical devices when exposed to intentional or unintentional EMI, utilizing machine learning techniques. The expected socio-economic impact from these findings includes the development of new methodologies and evaluation techniques for assessing DCS-EMC effectiveness using established benchmarks and directives.
The research performed by ESR3 aims to enhance EMI risk assessment in medical systems using a systems thinking approach. EMI is considered a causal factor for unsafe control actions leading to accidents. The new methodology will improve safety and reliability in critical infrastructure by identifying previously unrecognized EMI hazards and risks, enabling more effective mitigation strategies, and reducing the likelihood of catastrophic failures in the medical field.
Electromagnetic Risk Reduction Methodologies (ETERNITY Work Package 2)
ETERNITY WP2 focuses on electromagnetic Risk-Reduction Methodologies that effectively reduce the EMI risks (identified with the methods of WP1) to the level that they are acceptable for safety. Methodologies in hardware, middleware and software are considered.
The main objective of the research performed by ESR4 consists of developing an EMI-aware design process, starting from the risk and hazard analyses of the medical system under development in its operational electromagnetic environment. This will translate into EMI-risk-reduction method as a social impact and in easy-to-apply and cost-effective technique as an economic impact.
The work by ESR5 aims to improve the resilience of healthcare digital communication links against EMI by utilizing time-domain mitigation techniques. It examines how electromagnetic disturbances affect these links to enhance the reliability and robustness of medical devices and systems, thereby improving patient safety and care.
ESR6 is implementing a multi-layer coding technique in communication networks of safety-critical systems, reducing risks in medical system of systems. This methodology enhances network resilience, reduces safety risks, and ensures reliable transmission of critical information, offering industries a way to upgrade systems with advanced mitigation techniques for improved safety and reliability.
Evaluation, Validation & Verification Methodologies (ETERNITY Work Package 3)
ETERNITY WP3 focuses on residual risk evaluation through verification and validation methodologies and that completes the risk-based approach's V-cycle and targets novel methodologies to verify, validate and argument that the applied risk-reduction (WP2) effectively addresses the identified risks (WP1) over the full lifecycle.
ESR7 aims to provide insights into an alternative methodology that will aid in the process of risk assessment. The primary objective is to propose an alternative method that enables manufacturers and hospital managers, among others, to conduct risk testing. The proposed methodology will lead to facilitating the application of the risk-based approach for both manufacturers and hospital managers.
The research conducted by ESR8 aims to develop an approach for including digital communication signals and multiple interference sources in EMC immunity tests for medical devices. By better assessing and controlling EMI risks, this method will advance radiated immunity test assessment, improve risk control, and address issues from medical device malfunctions caused by inadequate EM assessment. A validation method for EMC immunity tests, considering the complex EM environment in medical scenarios, is proposed.
Upon completing ESR9's research, an EMI sensor will be integrated into an electronic device to continuously monitor potential EMD. This will improve the safety and reliability of medical devices and enhance the sustainability of electronic products. The enhanced EMI sensors can prevent disruptions in critical medical equipment, thereby maintaining device functionality and ensuring a high level of operational integrity.
Case studies that applied Risk-based EMC approach (ETERNITY Work Package 4)
ETERNITY WP4 pilots ETERNITY's risk-based EMC approach, combining the previous 3 WPs. In total, 4 ESRs are working on case studies covering the full design cycle from early concept to final certification, in 4 different medical environments (hospitals, homecare, transportation, and "special environment" in which medical imaging and treatment systems operate).
Upon completing the research, ESR10 will introduce novel testing methodologies for the life cycles of complex medical systems, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems, enhancing their resilience and improving patient safety.The research will address the oversimplification of EMI risk management in MRI systems by proposing a modular approach. Additionally, it will identify the usefulness of reverberation measurement techniques to design more representative EMC test setups.
ESR 11's research will develop key tools for risk-based EMC, prioritizing higher and more relevant risks and optimizing the use of limited resources. This will lead to more accessible and affordable healthcare, and support the creation of more reliable, resilient, effective, and safer medical equipment. ESR 11 has proposed a clinical workflow-oriented EMI risk management framework and a unified risk-based EMC approach, along with tools for risk assessment, risk review, and EMD characterization.
The aim of the research performed by ESR12 is to evaluate the EM performance of monitoring systems in all operating conditions throughout their life cycle, not just in controlled laboratory settings, thereby supporting the risk-based approach to EMI. The proposed methodology will be crucial for future driver-monitoring systems, enhancing risk assessment and improving overall safety.
By the end of the ESR13 research, a set of guidelines for EMC-aware design in Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) will be available, reducing time-to-market and associated costs for new products.
ESR14's research focuses on using graphical representation to improve understanding of how to protect medical devices from EMI. This enhances risk management, resilience design, and regulatory EMC compliance. The research aims to increase trust in medical devices' safety and effectiveness against EMI, positively impacting society. It will also reduce the economic impact of EMC risks by presenting a unified EMC assurance case, arguing for risk identification, analysis, mitigation, resilience, and compliance with standards such as IEC 60601-1-2 and IEC TS 60601-4-2.
References
External links
ETERNITY Promotion Video
ETERNITY
PETER
SAS
Products | IEC
Electromagnetic compatibility | Risk-based approach to EMC regulation and standardization | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,549 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electromagnetic compatibility"
] |
77,457,471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%202-185 | Sh 2-185 is an H II region centered on the massive star system Gamma Cassiopeiae (γ Cas) in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. It was included in the second Catalogue of H II Regions, published in 1959 by Stewart Sharpless. Sh 2-185 is located at a distance of approximately from the Sun. The region is surrounded by a dust shell, and displays several infrared point sources that are a characteristics of young stellar objects.
This H II region includes the reflection and emission nebulae IC 59 and IC 63. Both nebulae have a cometary shape, with IC 63 being the brighter of the two. The difference in appearance between the two nebulae is a consequence of their physical distance from γ Cas. IC 63 displays a well-defined ionization front, while this is lacking in IC 59. The nebulae are the closest photodissociation regions to the Sun.
IC 59
This nebula was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on December 30, 1893, then added to J. L. E. Dreyer's Index Catalogue of Nebulae in 1895. It spans an angular size of and is visible with a small telescope. From the perspective of the Earth, IC 59 is positioned in front of γ Cas, and the closest tip to the star is located at a separation of . It is a photodissociation region that is being sculpted by γ Cas. Light from the star is being scattered from the nebula at an angle of 17° toward the Earth.
Although the tip of the nebula has been considered the closest point to γ Cas, the western concave face is where the most intense UV radiation is being received. Hence the tip may actually be further away from the star than the rest of the cloud. The warmer component of this nebula has a mean temperature of , while the cooler component is .
IC 63
IC 63 is sometimes dubbed the Ghost Nebula, or the ghost of Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Max Wolf on the same night as IC 59, and has since been extensively studied. It spans an angular size of and is visible with a small telescope. From the perspective of the Earth, IC 63 is positioned behind γ Cas, and the closest tip to the star is located at a separation of . It is a photodissociation region that is being sculpted by γ Cas. Light from the star is being scattered from the nebula at an angle of 154° toward the Earth.
There is no evidence of triggered star formation in this nebula. The warmer component of this nebula has a mean temperature of , while the cooler component is . The velocity distribution across the nebula varies with the distance from the star, and is consistent with it being driven by the radiation. The atomic hydrogen in the PDR structure has a clumpy organization, while the tip has a ring-like structure. The entire structure seems to be moving apart and it is likely that this nebula will completely disperse within a half million years.
References
Further reading
Sharpless objects
H II regions
Reflection nebulae
Emission nebulae
Cassiopeia (constellation)
IC objects
Discoveries by Max Wolf | Sh 2-185 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 624 | [
"Cassiopeia (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,457,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%20%26%20co | Distillerie Bal & Co was a jenever distillery in Merksem, founded in 1861.
History
After an early career as clerks at the Van den Bergh Distillery, Jan Baptist and Corneel Jozef Bal opened their own jenever distillery under the name La Couronne - De Kroon Distillery.
When Jan Baptist Bal died in 1866, his brother Corneel Jozef and his 4 sons continued the company under the name Distillerie C.J. Bal & Cie. In 1894 the company's name was changed to Usines Bal & Cie.
The Neoclassical offices (1888) of De Kroon Steam Distillery, a.k.a. Distillerie à vapeur 'La Couronne', were located in Korte Winkelstraat in Antwerp. They were designed by Antwerp architect Joseph Hertogs (1861-1931).
The company expanded its activities to include a yeast factory, on the corner of Cassiersstraat and Van de Wervestraat in Antwerp, and the production of butter and margarine in Merksem.
In 1959 the company was taken over by Frans Hol.
International Exhibitions
The distillery took part in several international exhibitions:
Antwerp, 1885
Antwerp, 1894
Ghent, 1913
Products
Known registered labels of the company:
Bal's Oude Klare, registered on 11 May 1906
Hollandia Bitter (eau-de-vie d'amer), registered on 28 May 1907
Zuivere Oude Graan Genever van 't kruikje, registered on 8 November 1923
Graanjenever van 't kruikje, Bal & Co, registered on 8 November 1923
References
Distilleries
Antwerp | Bal & co | [
"Chemistry"
] | 353 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,462,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207171 | NGC7171 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Aquarius. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 2388 ± 24 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 35.22 ± 2.49Mpc (∼115 million light-years). It was discovered by German–British astronomer William Herschel on 12 August 1787.
According to the SIMBAD database, NGC7171 is an active Seyfert 2 galaxy.
One supernova has been observed in NGC7171: SN2023yoo (typeIa, mag.17.339) was discovered by ATLAS on 28 November 2023.
See also
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
References
External links
7171
067839
21583-1330
Aquarius (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1787
Discoveries by William Herschel
-02-56-005
Barred spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies | NGC 7171 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 195 | [
"Constellations",
"Aquarius (constellation)"
] |
77,465,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203535 | NGC 3535 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 7289 ± 25 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 107.51 ± 7.54 Mpc (∼351 million light-years). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 18 April 1784.
According to the SIMBAD database, NGC 3535 is a radio galaxy.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3535: SN 2023hrn (type Ia, mag. 18.4) was discovered by ATLAS on 8 May 2023.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
3535
06189
033760
11059+0505
Leo (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Discoveries by William Herschel
+01-29-004
Unbarred spiral galaxies | NGC 3535 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 184 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,465,539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54%20Cassiopeiae | 54 Cassiopeiae is a star in the northern constellation Cassiopeia. Located from Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 6.59, which makes it hard to be seen by the naked eye even from dark skies. Its absolute magnitude is 4.4. It is a F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification F8V, currently fusing atoms of hydrogen into helium at its core.
Astrometric measurements by the Gaia spacecraft suggested the presence of a planetary companion to 54 Cassiopeiae, seven times more massive than Jupiter and with an orbital period of . This was later rejected by the Gaia team as a false positive caused by a software error. Radial velocity observations also show no evidence for this planet.
References
Cassiopeia (constellation)
Hipparcos objects
Henry Draper Catalogue objects
F-type main-sequence stars
Flamsteed objects | 54 Cassiopeiae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 180 | [
"Cassiopeia (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,465,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylselegiline | Desmethylselegiline (DMS), also known as norselegiline or as N-propargyl-L-amphetamine, is an active metabolite of selegiline, a medication used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and depression.
Like selegiline, DMS is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI); specifically, it is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). In addition, it is a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) similarly to selegiline. The drug also produces levoamphetamine as an active metabolite, which is a norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent with sympathomimetic and psychostimulant effects.
DMS has been studied much less extensively than selegiline and has not been developed or approved for medical use.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
DMS is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), similarly to selegiline. It is specifically a selective and irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). The compound is also a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) like selegiline. The potency of DMS as a CAE appears to be similar to that of selegiline.
Aside from being an active metabolite of selegiline, DMS itself has been studied clinically. A single 10mg oral dose of DMS inhibited platelet MAO-B activity by 68 ± 16%, relative to 94 ± 9% with a single 10mg dose of selegiline. Subsequently, platelet MAO-B activity returned to baseline after 2weeks. Hence, although less potent than selegiline, DMS is also an effective MAO-B inhibitor.
DMS has been found to be 60-fold less potent than selegiline as an MAO-B inhibitor in vitro. However, it was only 3-fold less potent than selegiline orally in vivo in rats with repeated administration. In other research, DMS was 6-fold less potent than selegiline in inhibition of platelet MAO-B activity.
Selegiline produces levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine as active metabolites, whereas DMS produces only levoamphetamine as a metabolite. Unlike DMS and selegiline, levoamphetamine and levomethamphetamine are not active as MAO-B inhibitors at concentrations up to 100μM in vitro. However, levoamphetamine is a releaser of norepinephrine and dopamine and has sympathomimetic and psychostimulant effects. Similarly to selegiline, but unlike levoamphetamine and levomethamphetamine, DMS itself is not a monoamine releasing agent.
DMS shows neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic activity similarly to selegiline. DMS is more potent in some of these effects than selegiline. The neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of DMS and selegiline appear to be independent of MAO-B inhibition. Both selegiline and DMS have been found to bind to and inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which may be involved in their neuroprotective effects.
Pharmacokinetics
Selegiline and DMS were compared in a clinical study in which 10mg of each drug was administered orally. DMS showed 27-fold higher peak levels and 33-fold higher area-under-the-curve levels than selegiline in this study, suggesting that it has much greater oral bioavailability than selegiline.
Levoamphetamine is an active metabolite of DMS. Conversely, in contrast to selegiline, which metabolizes into both levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine, levomethamphetamine is not a metabolite of DMS.
Selegiline is metabolized into DMS in the liver. With use of oral selegiline in humans, 86% of a dose is excreted in urine, with 1.1% of this being DMS, 59.2% being levomethamphetamine, and 26.3% being levoamphetamine. Levoamphetamine is formed with selegiline from both DMS and levomethamphetamine. However, levoamphetamine is only a minor metabolite of levomethamphetamine (2–3%). As a metabolite of selegiline, DMS has an elimination half-life ranging from 2.6 to 11hours. The half-lives of both selegiline and DMS increase with continuous use of selegiline.
Chemistry
Prodrugs
Prodrugs of DMS have been synthesized and studied.
Notes
References
Antiparkinsonian agents
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
Enantiopure drugs
Human drug metabolites
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Monoaminergic activity enhancers
Neuroprotective agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
Phenethylamines
Prodrugs
Propargyl compounds
Stimulants
Substituted amphetamines
TAAR1 agonists
Selegiline | Desmethylselegiline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,177 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Prodrugs",
"Human drug metabolites",
"Enantiopure drugs",
"Chemicals in medicine"
] |
77,465,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203443 | NGC 3443 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1468 ± 24 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 21.66 ± 1.56 Mpc (∼70.6 million light-years). It was discovered by American astronomer Lewis Swift on April 24, 1887.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3443: SN 2024ehs (type II, mag. 18.1) was discovered by ATLAS on March 15, 2024.
NGC 3370 Group
According to A.M. Garcia, the galaxy NGC 3443 is a member of the NGC 3370 group (also known as LGG 219) that includes NGC 3370, NGC 3454, NGC 3455, and UGC 5945.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
3443
032671
06000
Leo (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1887
Discoveries by Lewis Swift
+03-28-025
Spiral galaxies | NGC 3443 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 212 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,466,163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2030856 | HD 30856 (proper name Mouhoun) is a binary system between HD 30856 A (often simply HD 30856), a K-type giant star, and HD 30856 B, a red dwarf companion, located in the constellation of Eridanus about 430 light-years distant. A super-Jupiter exoplanet, HD 30856 b (proper name Nakanbé), is known to orbit the primary star.
Stellar characteristics
HD 30856 A is an evolved star in the red-giant branch, with a spectral type of K0 III, a radius of 4.4 , and a mass of 1.17 . The surface temperature of HD 30856 is estimated to be about 4,895 K, which gives it an orange color. The star is roughly 10 times as bright as the Sun, which, combined with a distance of 429 light-years, places its apparent magnitude at 7.91, too dim to be visible from Earth by the naked eye. The star is aged approximately 3.8 billion years, making it younger than the Sun (4.6 billion years old).
Companion star
Through the use of adaptive optics, observations at the Keck II telescope in Hawaii revealed the existence of another star, designated HD 30856 B, about 0.8 arcseconds east-southeast of HD 30856. HD 30856 B has a mass of 0.54 and a temperature of 3700–4150 K, typical for an M0V–M1V red dwarf.
Since the star shares a very similar proper motion with HD 30856 A, the two stars are believed to be in a binary system. HD 30856 B revolves around the primary star (A) in a wide orbit, with a semi-major axis of 93 ± 8 AU.
Nomenclature
In 2019, the People's Republic of Burkina Faso was assigned to giving the HD 30856 A system a proper name as part of the IAU100 NameExoWorlds Project, planned to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which grants the right to name an exoplanetary system to every state and territory in the world. Names were submitted and selected within Burkina Faso, which were then presented to the IAU to be officially recognized. On 17 December 2019, the IAU announced that HD 30856 A and its planet, b, were named Mouhoun and Nakanbé, respectively.
Mouhoun is named after the Black Volta (locally called Mouhoun), Burkina Faso's largest river that serves a crucial societal role in the western part of the country. Nakanbé is the native name for the White Volta, the second largest river in the nation with its source located in the Sahel region.
Planetary system
In 2011, radial-velocity observations made at the W. M. Keck Observatory revealed the existence of one exoplanet around HD 30856 A. The planet, HD 30856 Ab, is thought to be a gas giant at least 1.5 times the mass of Jupiter, which orbits its host star at a distance of 1.85 AU once every . Its orbit is nearly circular (i.e., with a low eccentricity), similar to planets in the Solar System.
References
Footnotes
See also
List of proper names of stars
List of proper names of exoplanets
List of stars in Eridanus
List of exoplanets discovered in 2011
External links
Mouhoun
Eridanus (constellation)
030856
022491
Durchmusterung objects
K-type giants
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
J04501787-2422077
Planetary systems
Stars | HD 30856 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 752 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,466,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%20attribution | In the area of computer security, cyber attribution is an attribution of cybercrime, i.e., finding who perpetrated a cyberattack. Uncovering a perpetrator may give insights into various security issues, such as infiltration methods, communication channels, etc., and may help in enacting specific countermeasures. Cyber attribution is a costly endeavor requiring considerable resources and expertise in cyber forensic analysis.
Nissim Ben Saadon argues that the task of cyber attribution makes sense for major organizations: government agencies and major businesses in sensitive domains, such as healthcare and state infrastructures. However most small and medium businesses (SMB) gain little in "postmortem" identification of perpetrators. In BEn Saadon's opinion, it is unlikely that a particular SMB was specifically targeted; rather the incident was a crime of opportunity, exploiting a detected vulnerability, and with limited resources it is wiser to spend it on identifying the vulnerability in question and eliminating it.
For governments and other major players dealing with cybercrime would require not only technical solutions, but legal and political ones as well, and for the latter ones cyber attribution is crucial.
Attributing a cyberattack is difficult, and of limited interest to companies that are targeted by cyberattacks. In contrast, secret services often have a compelling interest in finding out whether a state is behind the attack. A further challenge in attribution of cyberattacks is the possibility of a false flag attack, where the actual perpetrator makes it appear that someone else caused the attack. Every stage of the attack may leave artifacts, such as entries in log files, that can be used to help determine the attacker's goals and identity. In the aftermath of an attack, investigators often begin by saving as many artifacts as they can find, and then try to determine the attacker.
See also
Cyber forensics
References
Further reading
Eric Nunes, Paulo Shakarian, Gerardo I. Simari, Artificial Intelligence Tools for Cyber Attribution, 2018,
Computer security
Cyberwarfare | Cyber attribution | [
"Technology"
] | 435 | [
"Computer security stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
77,466,546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204774 | NGC 4774, also known as the Kidney Bean Galaxy, is a ring galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 8581 ± 24 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 126.56 ± 8.87 Mpc (∼413 million light-years). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 17 March 1787.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 4774:
SN 2013he (type II-P, mag. 16.5) was discovered by the Italian Supernovae Search Project on 9 December 2013.
SN 2021cjd (type II-P, mag. 20.2) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 7 February 2021.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4774
43759
12507+3705
+06-28-037
Canes Venatici
17870317
Discoveries by William Herschel
Ring galaxies | NGC 4774 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 218 | [
"Canes Venatici",
"Constellations"
] |
77,467,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%20%26%20Louis%20Mee%C3%B9s | Bal & Louis Meeùs (a.k.a. Distillerie Bal & L. Meeus) was a distillery in Antwerp formed after the 1959 merger of two earlier companies. The distillery operated until 2016.
History
In 1957 Frans Hol and his wife took over Bal & Co. This company was formerly De Kroon distillery, which produced liqueurs and jenevers based on chemical infusions. Two years later Bal & Co. merged with the company Louis Meeùs and its associated distillery De Sleutel, whose liqueurs were based on herbs. The resulting company was named Bal & Louis Meeùs and it was originally located in Lamornièrestraat in Antwerp. Frans Hol stayed true to the traditions, recipes and methods of the distilleries he took over. His company's emblem was a fitting combination of the crown (Dutch: kroon) and key (Dutch: sleutel) of the acquired companies.
The growing success of the company over the next twenty years forced it to look for larger premises. In 1981, a suitable location was found on Autolei in Wommelgem.
Bal & Louis Meeùs operated until 2016, when Vinoherck took over the stocks, brands, trademarks and distilled beverage recipes in Bal & Louis Meeùs's portfolio. In 2024 Vinoherck is still active.
Products
The company produced a varied assortment of Antwerp jenevers, among them:
De Oude Beste: a fine jenever, made from top quality grains. Distilled since 1894, it had been awarded the highest distinction at the Antwerp International Exhibition.
De Witte Bitter: a fine, bitter gin that had its origins in a formula that W. Grube devised in Borgerhout in 1835.
De Zuivere Oude: a grain jenever acquired from the company Bal & Co.
Although jenevers were their primary product, Bal & Louis Meeùs also produced a variety of other alcoholic beverages. Liqueurs, such as different types of curacao and cherry brandy, for instance. The company also had a selection of cognacs, rum and a varied assortment of wines.
References
Distilleries
Antwerp | Bal & Louis Meeùs | [
"Chemistry"
] | 456 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,467,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruggeman%20%28distillery%29 | Bruggeman is a distillery company located in Ghent. It produces Hertekamp jenever.
History
Source:
In 1884 Pieter Bruggeman started trading in wines and liqueurs in the De Muide district of Ghent. He named his business De Noordpool (The North Pole). In 1924 his daughter Anaïs Bruggeman married Louis De Schepper, the son of the brewer at Brouwerij De Schepper (Ghent). Louis brought his experience with him to De Noordpool and the company started to produce its own spirits via distillation. To facilitate this, the company moved to the buildings of the former Van Goethem Brewery, also called ‘Het Sleutelken’, which were located in Grauwpoort, a street name after Ghent’s former north-west gate.
Subsequent increases in production meant that alcohol suppliers could no longer meet Bruggeman's needs. Moreover, the installation was outdated. In 1941 a new grain distillery, designed by architect J. Lippens, was therefore built at Langerbrugge, in Ghent’s Canal Zone. In 1946 an extension was added and from then on the company also produced its own brewing yeast and regular baker's yeast. An industrial molasses distillery was added in 1952.
When Louis De Schepper died in 1956, the company was continued by his widow and the couple’s two sons Joseph and André De Schepper. Anaïs Bruggeman died in 1987. In that same year, the new production unit on Wiedauwkaai began to distil.
In 1988 Bruggeman took over the Hasselt distillery Fryns, but sold it again in 2018. Since 2011 Bruggeman has been the owner of the other Hasselt jenever brand Smeets. This acquisition made it the Belgian market leader of grain jenevers. Other jenever brands were also acquired. Bruggeman now owns the jenevers Peterman, Smeets, Hertekamp, Olifant and Goblet, plus a diverse range of other alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. It acquired Ainslie's Whisky (Scotland) in 1998 for instance, and La Martiniquaise (Poliakov, Label 5, Canadou) (France) in 2009.
Since 2009, Bruggeman has been part of the French group La Martiniquaise.
References
Distilleries
Ghent | Bruggeman (distillery) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 506 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,467,684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Moor%20%28distillery%29 | De Moor is a family-owned distillery located in Aalst, Belgium, producing gins and liqueurs. It is one of the last warm grain distilleries in Belgium.
History
In 1910 Frans De Moor and his wife Anna Lafon founded a distillery in Drie Sleutelstraat in Aalst. The couple occupied 3 adjoining houses in that street. One housed the distillery. The house next door was converted into a shop, where they sold the jenevers and liqueurs they produced as well as other spirits and wines. The third house was the couple’s residence.
At the beginning of World War I, in September 1914, Frans was killed as part of a reprisal by the invading German troops near Aalst’s Zwarte Hoek Bridge. The killing of Frans and other hostages was an act of bloody revenge for the stubborn resistance of the Belgian army in Aalst and along the river Dender. 'The Germans advanced along Drie Sleutelstraat from their positions at Mijlbeek and encountered heavy resistance from the Belgian Army. In anger, they forced entry into the houses and drove the residents out into the street, where they used them as a human shield. Frans and other residents were hiding in the cellar. When the Germans found them, Frans protested and was hit on the head with a rifle butt. Out in the street he was again beaten with rifle butts and then bayoneted.’ After the death of Frans the distillery was continued by his widow, his son Albert and his daughter-in-law Maria.
In the late 1950s the distillery passed into the hands of Albert's son Gilbert and his wife Eliane. It was during this period that the basis of the current range was laid.
In 1985 Albert and Eliane’s daughter Greet and her husband Patrick Van Scandevijl – the fourth generation – took over and expanded the distillery. In 1992 the shop was moved to a new location on the Gentsesteenweg. A few years later, in 1999, the distillery was renovated. Greet and Patrick’s daughter Carolien joined the family business in 2012.
Products
The distillery produces jenevers such as Diep 9 Genever and liqueurs such as Gin 20-3. It also endeavours to offer a complete range of wines, as well as hard-to-find spirits and products. It also organises tastings and provides advice and personalised service. During the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, tastings were replaced by 'wine tasting at home', with a selection of wine samples delivered to customers.
References
Distilleries
Aalst, Belgium | De Moor (distillery) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 555 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,467,873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycladon%20exile | Pachycladon exile is a species of plant in family Brassicaceae that is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Commonly known as limestone cress, it is a perennial herb with hairy leaves that is only found on one specific limestone outcrop site. It has been used to analyse principles behind adaptive radiation, together with other species of Pachycladon. Its conservation status is Threatened - Nationally Critical.
Taxonomy
Pachycladon exile is a species of plant that is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand in the family Brassicaceae. P. exile was originally described in 1999 as Ischnocarpus exilis by Peter Heenan. It was later transferred to the genus Pachycladon in 2002.
P. exile is morphologically similar to P. novae-zelandiae. It can be distinguished from that species by its slender growth habit, terete ovary, slender siliques, smaller flowers, leaves and inflorescences, and a style that is small but distinct. It is also similar to P. cheesemanii, as both species are polycarpic and have woody caudices, short branches, slender inflorescences, terete siliques, heterophyllous leaves, and seeds that are uniseriate and without wings.
Description
P. exile is a perennial, polycarpic, heterophyllous rosette plant that has slender inflorescences, a woody caudex, short branches, and hairy, heterophyllous leaves. Its fruit is a terete silique, and its seeds do not have wings, and are uniseriate.
Distribution and habitat
Pachycladon exile is only found on a specific limestone outcrop site in the Waitaki Valley. It is found in habitats that have a high fertility rock substrate, such as limestone, schist, and volcanics, from 10 to 1600 m above sea level.
Phylogeny
P. exile is closely related to P. cheesemanii. Alongside other Pachycladon species it has been used to analyse principles behind adaptive radiation.
Conservation status
Pachycladon exile is listed as Threatened - Nationally Critical, with the qualifiers CD (Conservation Dependent), DPT (Data Poor Trend), EF (Extreme Fluctuations), OL (One Location) in the most recent assessment (2023) of the New Zealand Threatened Classification for plants.
It is the sixth most endangered species in New Zealand.
It was featured as Critter of the Week on 12 May 2019 on Radio New Zealand.
References
Endangered species
Flora of New Zealand
Brassicaceae
Plants described in 1999
Endemic flora of New Zealand
Endangered flora of New Zealand | Pachycladon exile | [
"Biology"
] | 556 | [
"Biota by conservation status",
"Endangered species"
] |
77,468,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCFH | TCFH (N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylchloroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate) is an electrophilic amidine reagent used to activate a number of functional groups for reaction with nucleophilies. TCFH is most commonly used to activate carboxylic acids for reaction with amines in the context of amide bond formation and peptide synthesis.
Preparation
TCFH is commercially available. It may be prepared from tetramethylurea using a chlorinating agent such as oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride or phosphorus oxychloride followed by salt exchange.
Uses
TCFH itself is a common reagent used in the preparation of uronium and guanidinium salts used for amide bond formation and peptide synthesis, such as HATU.
Amide bond formation with TCFH can be performed in a wide range of organic solvents, most commonly acetonitrile, but also water and in the solid state. Reactions typically require an added Brønsted base, and a wide range can be employed including N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA). In reactions of carboxylic acids with TCFH and a weakly Lewis basic amine like DIPEA, formation of an acid chloride or anhydride as the active acylating agent occurs. Use of N-methylimidazole (NMI) as a base, with both Brønsted and Lewis basic properties, provides some unique advantages. Reactions of carboxylic acids with TCFH and a strongly Lewis basic amine like NMI lead to in situ formation of an N-acyl imidazolium ion (NAI) as the active acylating agent.
These strongly electrophilic NAIs allow for reactions with a wide range of nitrogen nucleophiles, including hindered and electron-deficient amines. An added benefit of the use of NMI as the base, due to its low pKa(H2O) of 7, is that the epimerization of labile stereogenic centers is minimized. The reaction by-products have high water solubility, facilitating reaction workup and isolation.
TCFH can also be used in other reactions involving activation of carboxylic acids from reactions with oxygen-, sulfur- and carbon-nucleophiles for the preparation of esters, thioesters and ketones. Extending beyond reactions with carboxylic acids, TCFH has been shown to be an activator for other oxygen centered nucleophiles, including heterocyclic alcohols, ketooximes, and even alcohols. Reactivity with sulfur centered nucleophiles like thioureas has also been demonstrated.
Safety
TCFH does not exhibit dermal corrosion or irritation but irritates eyes. The sensitization potential of TCFH was shown to be low compared to other common amide bond forming agents (non-sensitizing at 1% in LLNA testing according to OECD 429). The by-product of the reactions of TCFH is tetramethylurea, which has demonstrated embryotoxic and teratogenic activity in several animal species.
References
Reagents for organic chemistry
Amidines
Hexafluorophosphates | TCFH | [
"Chemistry"
] | 706 | [
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Amidines",
"Functional groups",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
77,468,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2048948 | HD 48948 is a K-type main-sequence star located in the constellation Lynx, approximately 55 light years away, based on a parallax of 59.393 mas. At an apparent magnitude of 8.58, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye.
It has a stellar classification of K3V, which classifies it as a main sequence star (like our Sun) fusing atoms of hydrogen into helium at its core. Estimated to be 11.5 billion years old, HD 48948 has 0.68 times the mass and radius of the Sun. Its surface has an effective temperature of 4,593 K, giving it the orange glow of a K-type star.
Planetary system
In 2024, three planets were discovered orbiting HD 48948 via radial velocity using the HARPS-N spectrograph, with orbital periods of 7.3, 38 and 151 days, respectively, derived from 189 measurements over a 9.5-year period from 6 October 2013 to 16 April 2023. Of the three planets, the outermost planet, HD 48948 d, a super-Earth weighing Earth masses, is located within the habitable zone. It is the nearest known super-Earth orbiting within the habitable zone of an F-, G- or K-type star, with the only other nearby examples being HIP 38594 b and HD 216520 c.
References
Henry Draper Catalogue objects
Lynx (constellation)
Planetary systems with three confirmed planets
Durchmusterung objects
K-type main-sequence stars
2MASS objects
Hipparcos objects | HD 48948 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 327 | [
"Lynx (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,468,467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillerie%20de%20l%27Etoile | Distillerie de l’Etoile – a.k.a. Villers – was a distillery located on Guffenslaan, in Hasselt, Belgium. It was founded in 1834.
History
Louis Vanvinckenroy
Distillerie de l’Etoile was founded in 1834 by Louis Vanvinckenroy as an agricultural distillery. It produced jenever from surplus grain and also provided sheds for fattening cattle. In 1871 Vanvinckenroy sold the distillery to Florent Villers.
Florent Villers (1844-1911)
Florent Villers from Sprimont, a municipality in the Belgian province Liège, settled in Hasselt in 1868. By 1872 he already owned a distillery with warehouses. In 1875, he bought Distillerie de l’Etoile from Louis Vanvinckenroy for the sum of 65,000 Belgian francs.
Like all distillers of that time, Florent Villers was as interested in cattle fattening as he was in jenever production. In 1878 his distillery had a stand at the 1878 Paris Exposition and in that same year he applied to have a 30 hp steam engine installed. In 1880, Florent Villers took part in the Exposition Nationale de Bruxelles, at which he received a commemorative medal. For his cattle breeding Villers was awarded medals of honour on 20 April, 1904 and 22 August, 1906 for the improvement of the breed in Belgium. In 1894 he registered the six-pointed star logo, a reference to the six-pointed stars in the badge of Hasselt’s chamber of rhetoric 'De Roode Roos'.
Florent Villers was a wealthy trader with an extensive network of contacts and interests in other Hasselt companies.
He and Dr Willems both corresponded with the great French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur. Shortly before Florent Villers's death those letters were entrusted to a friend of his and they were never returned to the Villers family.
Florent Villers was one of the initiators of the bank 'Crédit commercial et agricole limbourgeoise', which in 1890 established a new limited company, a porcelain factory named 'Manufactures de porcelaine du Limbourg. Of the thousands of shares, 110 were owned by Florent Villers and he was elected Chairman and Managing Director. When this company went bankrupt, a new one was founded in 1895: the Manufacture de Céramiques Décoratives de Hasselt. Florent Villers was a major financial backer. Notable is that part of this factory’s production was directly related to distilling: it produced, among other things, ceramic jenever bottles.
In 1903 Florent Villers was appointed Director of Manufacture de Céramiques Décoratives de Hasselt and Chairman of the Board of Directors, a position he held until his death in 1911.
When he died, Florent Villers was Chairman of Limburg’s Provincial Agricultural Commission and Chairman of the Limburg Chamber of Commerce, which he had founded in 1905. He was also Chairman of the Taxandria Society (Horse Breeding), Limburgia (cattle breed) and the Hasselt Agricultural Committee, which probably reflects the links between distilleries, industry and agriculture at that time.
Fernand Villers (1879-1919)
On 1 February, 1908 Florent’s son Fernand Villers took over the agricultural distillery. By this time the company was no longer involved in livestock breeding. Fernand Villers focussed on jenever distilling and started up liqueur production.
Under Fernand Villers the company became more successful and more profitable. A surviving inventory from 1908 lists 1,704 barrels: 597 of less than 100 litres, 1,074 of 100 to 400 litres and 33 of more than 400 litres.
In Augustus 1914 World War I brought an abrupt end to the company’s prosperity and a halt to its activities. All copper vessels were requisitioned by the German occupiers. In August, as a member of the Civic Guard, Fernand Villers was transported to Germany. He was held captive for several months in very harsh conditions and this had serious consequences for his health. As a consequence of his captivity, Fernand Villers died on 7 December, 1919 at the age of forty.
Like his father, Fernand was Chairman of the Limburg Chamber of Commerce.
Interbellum
In the interbellum period the distillery was confronted with various dilemmas. The first was whether or not it should invest in a new distilling installation to replace the material requisitioned by the Germans. The second was whether it should simultaneously embark on a new commercial path towards retail.
Lacking investment opportunities and relying on its previous good reputation, the company moved into retail, but without adequate commercial organisation and without advertising support. The results of this – and of the switch from distilling to liqueur production – were mediocre. This lacklustre performance was made even worse by the passing of the Vandervelde Act in 1919, which prohibited the stocking and the consumption of spirits in cafés.
By 1930, ten years after the death of Fernand Villers, the company had become marginal in all respects.
Jean Villers (1906-?)
After the death of Fernand Villers, his son Jean Villers took over the company. Under his leadership, two initiatives were taken between 1930 and 1935.
The first was to start was exporting to the Belgian Congo. Because exports were not liable for excise duty, this significantly lowered the cost of the end product. In those days, the bottle, stopper, capsule and label cost more than the contents of the bottle. After a few trial shipments, this initiative was abandoned because of high transport costs and overly complicated red tape.
A second initiative was to add sparkling water to whisky until the alcohol content was lower than 18%. This whisky could then be sold everywhere. At first this initiative was a great success, but unfortunately its success was short-lived, because the administration immediately intervened and amended the law, so that only wine-based products of such high strength could be sold in drinking establishments.
Moreover, at that time the sector was plagued by a number of dubious practices. When preparing liqueurs, for example, unscrupulous manufacturers used illicit alcohol that they either purchased or made themselves by distilling high-strength wine in Greece.
In 1933 Jean Villers and his mother Louise Baar registered the labels Elixir Langeman (Hasselt no. 541, 05-07-1933), Extra Spécial, Excelsior Triple Sec, Bitter 1930 and Beste Oude Kô (Hasselt nos. 544 to 547, 07- 07-1933) under the name ‘Louise Baar, veuve Fernand Villers et Jean Villers, avocat, faisant le commerce sous la dénomination Distillerie de l'Étoile de Hasselt’. In 1938, Louise, as Mrs Villers-Baar, declared that she operated a liqueur factory at 2, 4 and 10 Welvaartstraat.
After failed attempts to make the company profitable, Jean Villers and his mother decided to leave the more than a century-old ‘Distillerie de l'Etoile’. They sold the company in 1939, in Antwerp, to Jacques Neefs.
The building
The distillery was located on Guffenslaan, opposite the gendarmerie barracks, on the western section of the land between the house of notary Gruyters (now Gilissen) and the corner of Toekomststraat (now Welvaartstraat). It has meanwhile been demolished. The new ‘AG’ building has been built on its foundations.
The malt house was located on the other side of what is now Welvaartstraat, but in those days was still Oude Luikerbaan. The distillery’s livestock sheds housed more than two hundred beef cows. These cows were fattened with the spent grain left over after brewing and distilling.
The distillery had a number of livestock sheds. The first was located on Luikersteenweg and the second on Guffenslaan. An ‘isolation shed’ was located on the Begijnenpoel – Stadsomvaart, near to the current Virga Jesse Hospital. When cattle arrived, usually from Argentina, they were quarantined in this ‘isolation shed’.
References
Distilleries
Hasselt | Distillerie de l'Etoile | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,763 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,468,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont%20Fr%C3%A8res%20%26%20Cie | Dumont Frères & Cie, a.k.a. Etablissements de Chassart, was a Belgian jenever distillery. It was founded by Auguste Dumont (1794-1876) and took its second name from Chassart, a hamlet of the village of Saint-Amand, where it was founded in 1836. This rural location in Hainaut Province (in the Wallonia region of Belgium) was where the company developed its agro-industrial activities.
‘Chassart’ was also the name of the registered brand of jenever produced at this location. It featured prominently on its bottle labels.
The company was also known for the cultivation of beets, its sugar refinery, its malting plant and the production of vinegar, yeast and fertilisers. It was a prime example of a large farm that developed into a sizeable agro-industrial enterprise in less than a century.
The company ceased operating in 1968 and filed for bankruptcy.
History
In 1826 Auguste Dumont acquired an agricultural estate of about 100 hectares to grow sugar beet (this was the Chassart farm domain, managed by the Villers Abbey until 1797, but then confiscated during the French Revolution and subsequently sold to retired lawyer Antoine Léonard Jackmart, who in turn resold it). Auguste Dumont built a first distillery here in 1833 and a sugar refinery in 1836. He established himself as an industrial distiller when he founded his company in 1836. The name Guillaume Dumont (Auguste’s brother, a Belgian politician and ironmaster) appears in Établissements de Chassart’s list of directors.
In 1852 Léopold Dumont succeeded his father as managing director of the company. He transformed it into a modern agro-industrial complex, devoted to the integrated processing of a variety of products. He expanded the domain by acquiring 400 hectares of land and merging farms. In 1857 he built a grain distillery and in 1878 modernised the sugar refinery by installing electric motors. A private railway line was also laid in the area. During the 1880s, a malt house and a yeast factory were put into operation. New chemical processes, controlled by laboratories, were also introduced, which allowed the company to diversify its activities. In those days, these laboratories were in contact with the newly founded agronomic institute in Gembloux and with foreign organic chemistry institutes (where French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut were consulted). In 1890 Etablissements de Chassart acquired a vast estate in Tunisia (then a French protectorate) called Chassart-Tefaha. An agricultural school was opened there for the improvement of the cultivation of cereals and the planting of vines.
When Léopold died in 1902, his nephew Gabriël Dumont (1870-1925) took over the management of the company. In 1896, with a view to simplifying its management, the company became a limited partnership under the name Dumont Frères & Cie. New investments were made: a vinegar factory was opened in 1903, an alcohol plant was added in Chassart and it was decided to set up a yeast factory in Prouvy, in the north of France (in 1912).
In 1906 the Dumont family were ennobled and given permission to add the designation ‘de Chassart’ to the name Dumont.
World War I severely disrupted production at Établissements Dumont de Chassart. In 1925 the founder's great-grandsons, Léopold Dumont de Chassart (1894-1976) and Emmanuel Dumont de Chassart (1901-1944), took over management of the company, whereupon output improved and eventually reached its peak. In those days the company was producing crystallised sugar, grain alcohol, yeast, vinegar, potash, acetic acid and lucerne meal (alfalfa meal). The company decided to expand its market by launching three jenevers: Vieille Cuvée, Cuvée Spéciale and Chassart 34° despite the decline in alcohol consumption as a result of the Vandervelde Act of 1919 and the general increase in living standards.
World War II once again severely disrupted industrial activities. By the end of the war the company had lost its competitiveness, despite replenishing its funds after resuming yeast production to provide for the US army. A delay in modernising production units and a problematic transition to new markets jeopardised new growth. The utilisation of external capital proved complicated and self-financing was discouraged, as it had been during the 1929 world economic crisis, which further aggravated the situation. Unable to withstand global competition, the sugar refinery further declined and in 1957 was sold off to the Tienen Sugar Refinery. The distillery did not survive much longer. Competitive new products appeared on the market, especially the whisky imported by the Americans after the war. The Dumont de Chassart family sold the patent for Chassart Vieille Cuvée to Martini & Rossi in 1968. The nationalisation of production plants in Tunisia also had serious financial consequences. After a period of yeast production, the Chassart factory was converted into a bottling plant. This was closed down in 1977.
Archives
Since 1985 the Etablissements de Chassart archives have been entrusted to the Free University of Brussels, VUB/ULB, by members of the family. An inventory has been drawn up and published.
Distillery
The first distillery was founded around 1836 together with the first sugar refinery. The Genièvre de Chassart brand was officially registered at the Clerk’s Office of the Commercial Court in 1930. Chassart’s storage, distribution and marketing were done from a satellite site, located in the Brussels region. The logo printed on bottle labels depicts the gateway to the Chassart factory site. This is the only logo that was used. The distillery’s best-known product was Vieille Cuvée. There were two other variants: Cuvée Spéciale and Chassart 34°. All three were based on grain alcohol. Chassart jenever was Etablissements Chassart’s signature brand, used to promote the company's name and visibility, but it only represented a small part of the company’s production range. When the company filed for bankruptcy in 1968, its jenever producing arm survived. The Martini Rossi company acquired the patent and took over production and marketing. In 1989 the company Bruggeman took over production and distribution. Bruggeman switched from distilling jenever to distilling gin, a derivative product. They called it ‘Chassart Gin’.
Production units
The products developed by the company embrace a wide range of agri-food expertise, from engineering and operations, to sales and distribution.
● Cultivation of grains and sugar beet
● Vinegar, acetic acid production
● Distilling
● Malting
● Lucerne meal production
● Potash, yeast and fertiliser production
References
Distilleries
Wallonia | Dumont Frères & Cie | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,416 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,468,726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovel | Fovel is the last remaining distillery in the Brussels Region. It was founded in 1864.
History
Joseph Fovel, the founder, moved to Brussels in 1864. In 1869 he settled in its municipality Schaarbeek, at 69 Tiéfrystraat, where he founded a distillery. Over the years, its buildings have been adapted to meet changing needs and necessities. An additional floor was added, for instance, to accommodate a taller boiler and heating system. Adjacent buildings were also purchased.
Including ‘Hasselt’ alongside the company name – which was also his family name –was a commercial decision designed to link the brand with the quality that designation implied. By the outbreak of World War I the company had three boilers. Two of these were requisitioned by the occupying Germans. The third was buried in the garden before the Germans saw it and this enabled the company to start up again after the war.
Fovel Distillery is still a family business. This has sometimes proved problematic. In 1935, Joseph was succeeded by three of his grandchildren. By the next generation the company had eight owners running it. Their disputes made the company unmanageable and resulted in reduced production. In 1975 one of the eight heirs, Yves Fovel, bought out the others and put the company back on course. In 1979 Brussels celebrated its 1000th anniversary. In honour of this Fovel launched two celebratory new brands: 'Grand-Place', an orange-based liqueur, and 'Manneken Pis', a jenever. Both were a great success and did much to restore the company’s fortunes. Fovel Distillery is now run by Yves’ son Thierry Fovel, together with his own son Diederik, as the fifth and sixth generation.
Fovel still uses its original installations and authentic recipes. Among other things, it distils jenever from the 'Griotte de Schaerbeek', a sour cherry that used to be grown across the municipality. After becoming very rare, that tree is now being reintroduced.
The distillery has a collection of old oak barrels, bottles, paintings and promotional material. Its archives include a collection of family and company photos and the company records. The collection is occasionally opened to visitors.
References
Distilleries
Schaerbeek | Fovel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 479 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,468,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryns%20%28distillery%29 | Fryns is a Hasselt distillery, founded by the Fryns family in around 1885. The distillery is currently (anno 2023) run by the fourth and fifth generations of the family. Over the years, the distillery has moved between various locations in Hasselt.
History
In 1880, 26-year-old Wilhelmus (Guillaume) Joannes Fryns moved to Hasselt from Mesch, a village in the Dutch province of Limburg, accompanied by his wife Eugénie Mariette, who hailed from Cheratte, a sub-municipality of Visé in the province of Liège. Initially, Guillaume worked in Hasselt as a railway employee. However, by 1885, the archives listed him as a jenever dealer.
In 1890, Guillaume, along with 21-year-old accountant Pierre Léon Leynen, founded the company G. Fryns et Cie. They established their business in the building known as ‘Huis 't Claverblat’ (Cloverleaf House) on Lombaardstraat in Hasselt.
Interbellum
After the death of Guillaume Fryns Sr in 1909, his widow and eldest son Guillaume Jr carried on the company. In 1913 son Jules also joined the business. After World War I, Guillaume Jr focussed on developing the alcohol and yeast factory in the Canal Basin area of Hasselt, while Jules focussed on the liqueur distillery, which was initially located on Runkstersteenweg and later on Martelarenlaan, in Hasselt. In 1926 the company was renamed Les Anciens Etablissements J. Fryns et Cie. When Guillaume Fryns Jr died in 1932, Jules took over the entire company.
After World War II
In the 1950s the sons of Jules Fryns joined the business. In 1968 the company name was changed to NV Fryns. From 1979, Fryns was part of the Yoko group, a cheese production company based in Genk. Yoko was taken over by the Irish Dairy Board in 1988. Fryns was sold to Ghent-based beverage group Bruggeman a year later. In 2017 Michel Fryns – part of the fourth generation of Fryns – bought the Fryns brand from Bruggeman and re-established the company on the Ekkelgaarden industrial estate in Hasselt. In 2021 his daughter Céleste also joined this family business.
Buildings
Huis 't Claverblat
From 1886 to 1908, the Fryns family ran a liqueur factory and fine distillery in Lombaardstraat. The building in which the distillery was located had been known as Huis 't Claverblat (Cloverleaf House) since the 16th century. This building was demolished in 1972. The Fryns Distillery logo, a three-leaf clover, is a reference to this building.
Grain distillery and rectifier
In 1902 Guillaume Sr Fryns bought livestock sheds on the corner of Paardsdemerstraat and Bonnefantenstraat in Hasselt. In early 1905 he was granted permission to install a steam boiler and equipment for the rectifying (further refining) of alcohol there.
In 1903 Guillaume Fryns Sr took over Maria Leynen’s grain distillery in Meldertstraat in Hasselt. The ‘raw’ distillate from this distillery was taken to the fine distillery in Lombaardstraat for the production of liqueurs, or to the rectifying plant in Bonnefantenstraat where it was distilled into high-grade neutral alcohol.
In around 1914 activities in Bonnefantenstraat and Meldertstraat came to an end. These activities were moved to the distillery in the Canal Basin area of Hasselt.
Liqueur distillery on Runkstersteenweg
Because the buildings on Bonnefantenstraat and Melderstraat had become too small, Fryns Sr bought a piece of land on Runstersteenweg. In 1908 he started a liqueur distillery there, which moved to new premises on Hasselt’s Martelarenlaan in around 1923.
Alcohol distillery in the Canal Basin area
In September 1913 Eugenie Fryns-Mariette bought the Vinckenbosch distillery and malt house in Hasselt’s Canal Basin area. Guillaume Fryns Jr built a large alcohol distillery there in 1916 and added an ice factory in 1923 and a yeast factory in 1924. The alcohol distillery remained in operation there until 1935. From 1936 onwards the distillery was replaced by a malt house, ‘Malterij Het Klaverblad’. In the 1970s this was completely absorbed into the Alken Brewery. The buildings have meanwhile completely disappeared.
Fryns on Martelarenlaan
In 1920 brothers Guillaume Jr and Jules Fryns purchased a large site on Martelarenlaan in Hasselt. Jules Fryns built a liqueur factory and a wine business there. When the building on Martelarenlaan became too small, the company moved to a new building on Crutzenstraat in Hasselt in 1980. The building on Martelarenlaan was demolished in 1985.
Advertising
To advertise its jenevers and liqueurs, Fryns had various promotional dishes made by the Hasselt ceramic factory Manufacture de Céramiques décoratives de Hasselt in the period from 1895 to around 1910. These promotional dishes were distributed to cafés by the company’s sales representatives.
References
Distilleries
Hasselt | Fryns (distillery) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,128 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,469,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Lion%20d%27Or | Le Lion d’Or was a large company whose activities included the distilling of jenever in Aalst, Belgium. That activity dates back to 1731. It was the largest distillery that ever operated in Aalst.
History
The distillery was founded in 1731. At first it was known as Popperode Farm, but then from 1775 onwards as Het Verbrand Hof. People also called it Hof Van Assche or Distillery Van Assche, after founder and distiller Karel Lodewijk van Assche.
In 1895 the distillery was taken over by the aristocrats Jacques de La Kethulle de Ryhove and Eugène de Hemptinne. They renamed the company Le Lion d'Or. As well as distilling jenever, this company fattened cattle and ran a malt house and a yeast factory.
In 1905 Le Lion D'or took part in the Liège International Exposition.
After a major expansion the previous year, the annual production in 1906 is recorded as being ‘1.1 million litres of 52° jenever’.
During World War I, Le Lion d’Or remained in operation and supplied the German army with jenever. In the resulting postwar scandal, the activities of ‘jenever merchant’ Eugène de Hemptinne were condemned, especially because he also deprived the local population of much needed foodstuffs – such as potatoes – in favour of the German occupier.
During World War II, the distillery came to a standstill. It was restarted after the war, but disagreements between the two families culminated in the permanent cessation of jenever distilling, yeast production and cattle fattening in 1948. From then on the company focussed on malt production and the production of animal feed. In 1964 the production of animal feed was also halted. Only the malt house remained in operation.
Things went from bad to worse with the company and in 1977 it closed down permanently.
Anno 2024, distillery, liqueur producer and wine merchant De Moor still produces grain jenever with the old Lion d’Or label in commemoration of the former distillery.
Buildings
Over the years, the buildings underwent numerous changes.
In 1974 the factory chimney was demolished with dynamite.
In 1988 the City of Aalst bought the buildings. With the exception of the office buildings on the street side, these were all demolished to make way for the Le Lion d'Or industrial estate. These last remaining buildings were sold off in 2020.
References
Further reading
Jos Depryck, Geschiedenis van de Aalsterse brouwerijen, Jos Depryck, 2013
Distilleries
Aalst, Belgium | Le Lion d'Or | [
"Chemistry"
] | 549 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,469,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Meeus | Meeus Distillery, in the Belgian municipality of Wijnegem, was founded in 1863. In the early 20th century it grew to become Europe’s largest distillery.
Origins of Distillery Meeus
In the 18th century, the Meeus family was already a wealthy entrepreneurial family active in the distilling industry. As a Kempen family, they worked in Antwerp, among other places.
In 1820, Paul Jacques van Reeth founded the distillery De Sleutel (La Clef) in the Lange Winkelstraat in Antwerp. His son-in-law Louis Jean Meeus later took the reins.
When Louis Jean’s son, Louis Meeus (1816 – 1903), went looking for a suitable location to grow the company into an industrial distillery, he found one in Wijnegem. The location on the Kempen Canal, with direct access for the supply of raw materials and the transport of the finished jenever, was an important factor in his choice. After the plans had been approved, work started in 1869. By the beginning of the 19th century, the distillery had become one of the largest distilleries in Europe.
1870-1914: Growth of the company brings prosperity to the village
When he founded the distillery, Louis Meeus could count on the help of his three brothers Théophile, Hippolyte and Prosper.
A malt house, office buildings, workers' houses, warehouses and livestock sheds were built alongside the distillery. In 1879 part of the distillery was destroyed by a fire, but this did not stop its growth: in 1884, the first distillery, De Sleutel (La Clef), was joined by a second one, distillery De Pijl (La Flèche). The company meanwhile had twelve grain mills and nineteen fourteen-story grain silos at its disposal. In 1885 the distillery produced 101,359 litres of jenever and employed 200 to 250 people. It was paying one of the highest excise duties applied in Belgium. At the Antwerp International Exhibition (1885), its stand was described as 'l'Arc de Triomphe de la distillerie'. The distillery had an internal rail network (track gauge 600 millimetres), a connection to the local railway line to Turnhout and a connection to the wider rail network via line 205.
When Louis and Théophile died, Prosper withdrew from the distillery (1895). From then on, it was managed by Hippolyte Meeus. Prosper took care of distribution, from the Lange Winkelstraat. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Hippolyte designated his sons Louis and Robert as his right-hand men.
Many of the distillery’s workers lived in the surrounding workers' houses. To cater for them and for itself, the distillery not only had its own fire brigade, but also a school, a chapel and a steamboat for sailing on the canal. The distillery gave many of the villagers – and also residents of neighbouring communities – job security. For a long time it also paid the village’s municipal taxes. Via political channels, the Meeus brothers also tried to apply their expertise from the distillery to areas of benefit to the municipality, such as traffic infrastructure and fire safety. In recognition of their services, the Meeus brothers were dubbed Knights of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) by the Belgian government.
When Hippolyte Meeus became mayor of Wijnegem (1892-1914) the distillery’s economic ties with the municipality of Wijnegem became even stronger. During his mayoralty, he spent a lot of the money he earned from the distillery’s prosperity on construction projects in the municipality, such as the building of the community centre ‘t Gasthuis and the town hall.
World War I: beginning of an end
During World War I, the German occupiers removed all the distillery’s copper, thus halting production. Moreover, the Meeus family had fled to England, so the business remained closed until 1918 when it was started up again under Louis and Robert Meeus, the sons of Hippolyte. Alcohol consumption was, however, reduced thanks to increasingly high excise duties and the Vandervelde Act of 1919, which prohibited the drinking of spirits in public places. In 1930, the distillery stopped producing alcohol, but the malt house remained active.
After 1930: from industrial site to housing project
When the distillery closed, the company management looked for other options. Liqueur production was transferred to Lange Winkelstraat, in Antwerp. After Robert's death, Frans Hol took over liqueur production (1957), distilling liqueurs in Limburg under the name Bal & Louis Meeùs. The malting plant passed into the hands of Dutch brewery Albert Heineken. In 1980 the Albert Malt House moved to Ruisbroek on the Sea Canal.
On 8 August 1930, 'Semina' ('Société Immobilière et Industrielle Anversoise') was set up in some of the buildings of the former distillery. The other buildings were sold to various companies. Some of the buildings were listed in Wijnegem's cultural heritage inventory.
In 1998 the non-listed buildings on the distillery site were purchased by art dealer Axel Vervoordt. Since 2012 he has owned the entire site and has developed the prestigious 'Kanaal' construction project, with residential, office and arts units. Apartments have been built in the former silos.
References
Distilleries
Wijnegem | Louis Meeus | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,129 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,469,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse%20%28distillery%29 | The Noblesse company was a distillery in Hasselt. It was founded at the end of the 19th century and was active until 1950.
History
In 1882 Michel Noblesse founded the Distillerie de l’Aigle Couronné on the Koningin Astridlaan in Hasselt.
On 17 October, 1905 the company registered the brand name A L’Aigle Couronné along with its trademark, a crowned eagle with spread wings. In 1909 the Royal Netherlands Yeast and Spirits Factory, which also used an eagle with spread wings as its trademark, sued Noblesse for trademark infringement. On 30 June, 1909 it was agreed that the Noblesse distillery could retain the name but could no longer use its trademark image. Consequently, on 4 February, 1910 the Noblesse Distillery registered a new trademark, featuring an eagle with folded wings.
When Michel Noblesse died in 1912, his son Joseph took over the company renaming it Noblesse.
In 1934 Joseph Noblesse passed the company to his sons, Michel and Guillaume,
Following the disruptions of World War II, Michel resumed operations on a limited scale in 1947 at a new location, 4 Hemelrijk, in Hasselt. The distillery ultimately closed in 1950.
Production and brands
Noblesse's best-known product was Oude Karel / Vieux Carlo, which was registered in 1942. The company also produced the brand Vieux Système Spécial 1830 and an advocaat called Sussex.
Around the turn of the century, like many other jenever and liqueur distillers, Noblesse diversified its product line to include vinegar.
Promotion and advertising
The company had a promotional stand at several World Fairs, including the Liège International Exposition of 1905. In 1910, under the leadership of Michel Noblesse, the distillery was present at the Brussels International Exposition.
Among other things, the company issued playing cards to promote its products.
References
Distilleries
Hasselt | Noblesse (distillery) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 392 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,469,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notermans%20%28distillery%29 | Notermans, a.k.a. La Campinoise, was a jenever distillery founded on the Kuringersteenweg, in Hasselt, in 1874 by Joseph Notermans. In its early days it was one of Hasselt’s largest distilleries.
History
In 1874 Joseph Notermans (1852-1909) founded a company called Liqueur Distillery La Campinoise on Kuringersteenweg (Diestesteenweg) in Hasselt. It purchased alcohol elsewhere and turned it into Hasselt jenever and liqueurs. The distillery’s focus was on liqueurs and these often won prizes. Between 1885 and 1907, the company was awarded more than 22 honorary diplomas and gold medals at international exhibitions in Europe, the United States and Australia. In 1896 the company also had a branch in Brussels. In 1899 the distillery moved to Koningin Astridlaan.
Lambert Looienga, who founded the Oranjeboom Distillery in 1897, had previously worked for a time at Notermans Distillery.
In 1949 Notermans Distillery became a private limited company, in which the Hasselt distilling family Fryns were also involved. Fryns took care of production, while Notermans took care of sales and administration. Besides liqueurs, the company now also started to produce aperitifs, sparkling wines, fruit juices, lemonades and spring waters. In 1952, the office and warehouse moved for a second time, from Koningin Astridlaan to the former Fryns buildings on Runkstersteenweg. Production moved to Martelarenlaan, near to Fryns’ main buildings. In 1964 Fryns took over production entirely, but retained the Notermans name.
The Notermans Distillery company archives are currently stored in Hasselt’s City Archives.
References
Distilleries
Hasselt | Notermans (distillery) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 399 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
77,472,797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20shaming | Food shaming is the action or inaction of subjecting someone to humiliation and criticism for their food. This can include their choice of food, the quality of the food, the source of the food, the caloric/fat/carbohydrate count of the food, or the portion size. Food shaming can be a form of food policing and weight shaming.
Food shaming can be an expression of racism.
See also
Lunch shaming
References
Social stigma
Harassment and bullying
Psychological abuse
Shame | Food shaming | [
"Biology"
] | 103 | [
"Harassment and bullying",
"Behavior",
"Aggression"
] |
75,855,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%20r1 | The Rabbit r1 is an Android-powered, ChatGPT-based personal assistant device developed by tech startup Rabbit Inc and co-designed by Teenage Engineering. It is designed to perform various functions, including web searches and media control, using voice commands and touch interaction, allowing AI to be used to provide services commonly associated with smartphones, such as ordering food delivery.
Rabbit Inc was started by Jesse Lyu Cheng.
Hardware
Display: A 2.88-inch touchscreen for interactive user input.
Input: push-to-talk button to activate voice commands; scroll wheel; Gyroscope; Magnetometer; Accelerometer; GPS.
Camera: 8 MP single camera, with a resolution of 3264x2448, allowing for the connected external AI to use computer vision
Audio: Equipped with a speaker and dual microphones for audio interaction.
Connectivity: Supports Wi-Fi and cellular connections via a SIM card slot to access internet services.
Processor: Runs on a 2.3GHz MediaTek Helio P35 processor.
Memory: Contains 4GB of RAM for operational tasks.
Storage: Offers 128GB of internal storage for data.
Ports: Utilizes a USB-C port for charging and data connections.
Software
The Rabbit r1 runs on Rabbit OS, based on the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), specifically version 13. Lyu has claimed that Rabbit OS runs with a "very bespoke AOSP."
The device employs a large action model (LAM) designed to perform actions and assist with tasks like web searches, streaming music, and transportation services. Perplexity.ai, an AI search engine, is one of the Large Language Models (LLM) used to respond to user queries and execute commands. The personal assistant is also capable of various actions such as ordering a cab or playing music from Spotify. This is through the "connections" system on the account management site, which the assistant calls "rabbits".
Rabbit issued 15 software updates within the first four months after releasing r1. On July 11, 2024, Rabbit launched the "beta rabbit" advanced search and conversation assistant to "give more thoughtful responses to complex questions that require multiple steps of research and deeper reasoning".
Reception
Funding
Rabbit raised $20 million in funding from Khosla Ventures, Synergis Capital and Kakao Investment in October 2023. The company announced an additional $10 million in funding in December 2023.
Sales
Following its announcement at the 2024 Consumer Electronics Show, 130,000 units were sold. On August 13, 2024, Rabbit announced that sales of r1 had expanded to the entire European Union (except Malta) and United Kingdom. On August 21, 2024, sales of r1 expanded to Singapore.
Reviews
The r1 was met with strong criticism immediately after Rabbit began shipping the device. Some reviews questioned what the device was able to do that a smartphone could not, while comparing it to the similar Humane Ai Pin. YouTuber Marques Brownlee called the device "barely reviewable". Android Authority'''s Mishaal Rahman managed to install Rabbit r1's software on a Pixel 6a smartphone, after a tipster shared an APK file. The Verge echoed the claims made by Rahman. In response, Lyu published statements confirming its use of Android, but denying that the r1 is an Android app. Mashable called its Vision features impressive, but said that "these praise-worthy features are overshadowed by buggy performance". Ars Technica'' wrote a blog post claiming "the company is blocking access from bootleg APKs". TechCrunch gave a slightly more positive review, calling the device a "fun peep at a possible future", but could not "advise anyone to buy one now."
Shortly after the launch of r1, Rabbit began a weekly cadence of software updates to address much of the criticism from the early reviews, including "battery and GPS performance, time zone selection, and more". Digital Trends said the Magic Camera feature "takes the most mundane, ordinary, and badly composed photos and makes something fun and eye-catching from them. Mashable said the "beta rabbit" feature "makes Rabbit R1 more conversational and intelligent".
Controversies
GAMA project
Rabbit Inc has garnered attention due to allegations surrounding its funding and the company's past projects. The company came under scrutiny when Stephen Findeisen, known as Coffeezilla on YouTube, published a video in May 2024, alleging that Rabbit Incorporation was "built on a scam". Rabbit Incorporation, initially named Cyber Manufacturing Co, rebranded just two months before launching the Rabbit R1. The company, under its former name, raised $6 million in November 2021 for a project called GAMA, described as a "Next Generation NFT Project." Jesse Lyu, the CEO of Rabbit Incorporation, referred to GAMA as a "fun little project."
Coffeezilla, who investigates influencer scams, highlighted old Clubhouse recordings of Jesse Lyu discussing the GAMA project. In these recordings, Lyu emphasized the substantial funding behind GAMA and its potential to be a revolutionary, carbon-negative cryptocurrency. Coffeezilla questioned the whereabouts of the funds raised for GAMA, estimating that approximately $1 million in refunds to investors remained unresolved. He suggested that the rebranding to Rabbit Incorporation and the shift to developing the Rabbit R1 were attempts to divert from the GAMA project's issues.
In response to Coffeezilla's inquiries, Rabbit Incorporation stated that the $6 million raised was indeed used for the GAMA project. The company said that NFTs cannot be refunded unless the owner agrees to "burn" them on the blockchain. Rabbit Incorporation also said that the GAMA project was open-sourced and returned to the community, aligning with community feedback. They also mentioned that efforts to buy back NFTs were made to counteract malicious trading and maintain market stability.
Security
In June 2024, Engadget reported that the Rabbitude team, a community reverse engineering project, had gained access to the r1's codebase revealing that r1's software contained several hardcoded API keys in its code for ElevenLabs, Microsoft Azure, Yelp, and Google Maps, potentially allowing unauthorized access to r1 responses, including those containing the users' personal information. For a short time, Rabbit immediately began revoking and rotating those secrets and confirmed that the code was leaked by an employee who had "been terminated and remains under investigation".
In July 2024, the company revealed that all user chats and device pairing data were logged on the r1 with no ability to delete them. This meant that lost or stolen devices could be used to extract user data. The company stated that it addressed the issue by introducing a factory reset option and limited the data stored on the r1, as well as preventing paired devices from reading data.
References
Consumer electronics
Machine learning
Applications of artificial intelligence
Android (operating system) devices | Rabbit r1 | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,438 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
75,856,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenetics | Prenetics (NASDAQ:PRE) is a health sciences company headquartered in Hong Kong with a significant presence in the United States. It is best known for its innovations in consumer and clinical health, focusing on early detection, prevention, and treatment of diseases, particularly cancer.
Prenetics' consumer initiatives are spearheaded by IM8, a health and wellness brand. Another key offering is CircleDNA, which utilizes next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to provide comprehensive DNA testing for consumers, offering insights into health, wellness, and genetic predispositions.
The company's clinical arm includes Insighta, a joint venture focused on developing multi-cancer early detection technologies. Additionally, ACT Genomics develops and provides a variety of genomic profiling panels, including ACTOnco, ACT HRD, ACTFusion, and ACTDrug tests, tailored to meet specific clinical needs. ACTLiquid Pro, a sequencing-based liquid biopsy assay, and ACTMonitor, which tracks drug resistance, treatment response, and cancer recurrence in real-time, are among its notable products. ACT Risk offers management solutions for assessing and mitigating cancer risks.
One of its major investors was Alibaba founder Jack Ma.
Since listing, it has not been able to turn a profit. In October 2023 it announced a 1 for 15 reverse stock split so it could regain the stock exchange's required US$1 per share stock price.
Danny Yeung is CEO of Prenetics.
Prenetics has become the first Hong Kong–based unicorn to list on Nasdaq following a merger with a Special-purpose acquisition company Artisan Acquisition Corp.
Products
Its subsidiary CircleDNA focuses on disease prevention rather than genealogy. For example, in 2016 it launched a rapid DNA-based colon cancer screening product.
In 2019 it launched a line of at-home tests to be sold through retailers in Asia.
Insighta
In 2023 it announced $200 million joint venture with the Chinese University of Hong Kong and molecular biologist Dennis Lo to launch DNA testing for several major diseases and cancers. Lo and Prenetics are working together to create a new company, Insighta, that will focus on their cancer detection work. The early detection cancer test, Presight, will begin clinical trials in 2024. The company claims that by 2027 patients will be able to test for more than 10 types of cancer with a single blood test. Danny Yeung will be CEO of Insighta and Lo will be chairman.
Covid testing contracts
Prenetics was aggressive in marketing Covid testing capacity. It was one of three companies, and the only one from Hong Kong, selected to provide COVID-19 testing support to the Hong Kong government. It also had plans to participate in a Covid passporting scheme.
Its UK arm provided COVID-19 testing to the Premier League to help them restart football amid the pandemic. As part of so-called "project restart" the company hired former FIFA player Rio Ferdinand to reassure players about the safety of the plan. Around the same time, the company also launched pop-up testing sites for a flexible workspace provider.
References
<reflist>
Biotechnology companies
Applied genetics
Genetic epidemiology | Prenetics | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 654 | [
"Biotechnology organizations",
"Biotechnology companies"
] |
75,858,386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumudu%20transform | The Sumudu transform is an integral transform introduced in 1990 by G K Watagala. It is defined as the set as
where
and the Sumudu transform is defined as
Relationship with other transforms
Sumudu transform is 1/u Laplace transform
And with u2 Elzaki transform
References
Integral transforms
Fractional calculus | Sumudu transform | [
"Mathematics"
] | 65 | [
"Fractional calculus",
"Calculus"
] |
75,858,491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20metrology%20and%20measurement | The following is a topical outline of the English language Wikipedia articles on the topic of metrology and measurement. Metrology is the science of measurement and its application.
Main articles
Metrology
Measurement
Metrology overviews
Dimensional metrology
Forensic metrology
Historical metrology
Smart Metrology
Time metrology
Quantum metrology
History
History of measurement
History of the metre
Concepts
Quantification (science)
Standard (metrology)
Weights and measures
Unit of measurement
Geodesy
Geodesy - the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D.
List of geodesists
History of geodesy
Physical geodesy
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
International Association of Geodesy
Systems and units
Unit of measurement
System of measurement
Systems of measurement
System of measurement
Metric system
Unit prefixes
Metric prefixes
Orders of magnitude
Systems of units
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Scales
Scale of temperature
Conversion of scales of temperature
Celsius
Delisle scale
Fahrenheit
Gas mark
Kelvin
Leiden scale
Newton scale
Rankine scale
Réaumur scale
Rømer scale
Wedgwood scale
Units
Unit of measurement
Base unit of measurement
Natural units
Dimensionless quantity
General Lists
Dimensionless units
Lists of units of measurement
Units of measurement by country
Units of measurement by region
Customary units of measurement
Obsolete units of measurement
Equivalent units
Metricated units
Lists by type
Acceleration
Amount of substance
Amount
Angle
Area
Astronomical
Catalytic
Chemical measurement
Density
Dynamic Viscosity
Electric current
Electric charge
Electromagnetism
Energy
Flow
Force
Angular velocity
Frequency
Illuminance
Information
Length
Level
Luminance
Photometry
Luminous energy
Luminous exposure
Luminous flux
Luminous intensity
Mass
Meteorology measurement
Navigation
Non-SI metric units
Optics
Power
Pressure
Purity
Quality
Radiation dose
Radiation
Rate
Sound
Surveying
Temperature
Time
Torque
Velocity
Volume
Organizations
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
International Organization of Legal Metrology
National Institute of Standards and Technology
National Institute of Metrology Standardization and Industrial Quality
National Physical Laboratory
NCSL International
Norwegian Metrology Service
Instruments and devices
Coordinate-measuring machine
Cylindrical coordinate measuring machine
Universal measuring machine
Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems
Standards
ISO 16610
ISO 25178
Josephson voltage standard
Metre Convention
Unified Code for Units of Measure
International prototype metre
International Prototype of the Kilogram
Lists
List of humorous units of measurement
List of unusual units of measurement
List of obsolete units of measurement
List of measuring instruments
List of nautical units of measurement
List of scientific units named after people
List of international units
List of SI electromagnetism units
Timelines
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
Timeline of time measurement technology
Journals
Measurement
Metrologia
See also
Outline of the metric system
References
Bibliography
Books
Articles
Notes
Citations
External links
Accuracy and precision
Metrology | Outline of metrology and measurement | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 525 | [
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Measurement",
"Size"
] |
75,858,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium%28III%29%20phosphate | Dysprosium(III) phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula DyPO4.
Preparation
Dysprosium(III) phosphate can be obtained by reacting dysprosium(III) oxide and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate at high temperature:
Properties
Dysprosium(III) phosphate decomposes into dysprosium oxyphosphate and phosphorus pentoxide above 1200 °C. It reacts with sodium fluoride to obtain NaDyFPO4:
It reacts with sodium molybdate at high temperature to generate Na2Dy(MoO4)(PO4):
References
Dysprosium compounds
Phosphates | Dysprosium(III) phosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 142 | [
"Phosphates",
"Salts"
] |
75,859,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20Z%20Fold%206 | The Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Z Fold6, sold as Samsung Galaxy Fold 6 in certain territories) is an Android-based foldable smartphone that was announced by Samsung Electronics on July 10, 2024, at Galaxy Unpacked and was released on July 24, 2024.
References
Samsung Galaxy
Foldable smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2024
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with 8K video recording | Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 | [
"Technology"
] | 96 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Foldable smartphones"
] |
75,859,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20Z%20Flip%206 | The Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 6 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Z Flip6, sold as Samsung Galaxy Flip 6 in certain territories) is an Android-based foldable smartphone by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on 10 July 2024 by Samsung Electronics and was released on July 24, 2024.
References
Samsung Galaxy
Foldable smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2024
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with 8K video recording
Flagship smartphones | Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 6 | [
"Technology"
] | 96 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Foldable smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
75,863,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Gravitational%20Wave%20Astronomy%20and%20Astrophysics | The Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and Astrophysics (CGWAA) is a research center at Syracuse University. Research at the CGWAA includes the study of gravitational wave astronomy, designing of Cosmic Explorer next-generation observatory, development new quantum optics technologies and precision measurement to build new detectors. The center was established in 2023 and has hosted seminar series and several conferences.
Founding
The center was established on October 13, 2023, to combine the various groups working on the LIGO Scientific project.
The LIGO research at Syracuse began with theoretical contributions from Peter Bergmann, Joshua N. Goldberg, and Roger Penrose, and Syracuse had a comparatively large number of collaborators on the team that made the first observation of gravitational waves in 2015. The department of physics has had collaborations with CERN, LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and Fermilab, among other institutes.
Funding
In October 2023, the center received over $1.5M in funding from the National Science Foundation to study gravitational waves and design next-generation observatories. The center hosts proposal-writing workshops at Syracuse University's Minnowbrook Conference Center. Its collaboration with researchers from MIT, Penn State, California State Fullerton, and the University of Florida resulted in over $9 million in NSF funding.
People
The center is directed by Stefan Ballmer and hosts research groups of Peter Saulson, Duncan Brown, Alexander Nitz, Collin Capano, Craig Cahillane, and Georgia Mansell.
References
External links
2023 establishments in New York (state)
Astronomy institutes and departments
Astrophysics research institutes
Research institutes in New York (state)
Syracuse University research institutes
Institutes associated with CERN | Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and Astrophysics | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 337 | [
"Astronomy organizations",
"Astrophysics research institutes",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomy institutes and departments"
] |
75,864,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable%20zone%20for%20complex%20life | A Habitable Zone for Complex Life (HZCL) is a range of distances from a star suitable for complex aerobic life. Different types of limitations preventing complex life give rise to different zones. Conventional habitable zones are based on compatibility with water. Most zones start at a distance from the host star and then end at a distance farther from the star. A planet would need to orbit inside the boundaries of this zone. With multiple zonal constraints, the zones would need to overlap for the planet to support complex life. The requirements for bacterial life produce much larger zones than those for complex life, which requires a very narrow zone.
Exoplanets
The first confirmed exoplanets was discovered in 1992, several planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12. Since then the list of exoplanets has grown to the thousands. Most exoplanets are hot Jupiter planets, that orbit very close the star. Many exoplanets are super-Earths, that could be a gas dwarf or large rocky planet, like Kepler-442b at a mass 2.36 times Earths.
Star
Unstable stars are young and old stars, or very large or small stars. Unstable stars have changing solar luminosity that changes the size of the life habitable zones. Unstable stars also produce extreme solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections can strip away a planet's atmosphere that is not replaceable. Thus life habitable zones require and very stable star like the Sun, at ±0.1% solar luminosity change. Finding a stable star, like the Sun, is the search for a solar twin, with solar analogs that have been found. Proper star metallicity, size, mass, age, color, and temperature are also very important to having low luminosity variations. The Sun is unique as it is metal rich for its age and type, a G2V star. The Sun is currently in its most stable stage and has the correct metallicity to make it very stable. Dwarf stars (red dwarf/orange dwarf/brown dwarf/subdwarf) are not only unstable, but also emit low energy, so the habitable zone is very close to the star and planets become tidally locked on the timescales needed for the development of life. Giant stars (subgiant/giant star/red giant/red supergiant) are unstable and emit high energy, so the habitable zone is very far from the star. Multiple-star systems are also very common and are not suitable for complex life, as the planet orbit would be unstable due to multiple gravitational forces and solar radiation. Liquid water is possible in Multiple-star systems.
Named habitable zones
A conventional habitable zone is defined by liquid water.
Habitable zone (HZ) (also called the circumstellar habitable zone), the orbit around a star that would allow liquid water to remain for a short period of time (a given period of time) on at least a small part of the planet's surface. Thus within the HZ, water, (H2O) is between and temperature. This zone is a temperature zone, set by the star's radiation and distance from the star. In the Solar System the planet Mars is just at the outer boundary of the habitable zone. The planet Venus is at the inner edge of the habitable zone, but due to its thick atmosphere it has no water. The HZ includes planets with elliptic orbits; such planets might orbit into and out of the HZ. When a planet moves out of the HZ, all its water would freeze to ice on the outside of the HZ, and/or all water would become steam on the inner side. The HZ could be defined as the region where bacteria, a form of life, could possibly survive for a short period of time. The HZ is also sometimes called the "Goldilocks" zone.
Optimistic habitable zone (OHZ): a zone where liquid surface water could have been on a planet at some time in its past history. This zone would be larger than the HZ. Mars is an example of a planet in the OHZ.: it is just beyond the HZ today, but had liquid water for a short time span before the Mars carbonate catastrophe, some 4 billion years ago.
Continuously habitable zone (CHZ): a zone where liquid water persists on the surface of a planet for years. This requires a near-circular planetary orbit and a stable star. The zone may be much smaller than the habitable zone.
Conservative habitable zone: a zone where liquid surface water remains on a planet over a long time span, as on Earth. This might also need a greenhouse effect provided by gases such as CO2 and water vapor to maintain the correct temperature. Rayleigh scattering would also be needed.
Named habitable zones for complex life
Over time and with more research, astronomers, cosmologists and astrobiologist have discovered more parameters needed for life. Each parameter could have a corresponding zone. Some of the named zones include:
Ultraviolet habitable zone: a zone where the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from a star is neither too weak nor too strong for life to exist. Life needs the correct amount of ultraviolet for synthesis of biochemicals. The extent of the zone depends on the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the star, the range of UV wavelengths, the age of the star, and the atmosphere of the planet. In humans UV is used to produce vitamin D. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) can cause atmospheric loss.
Photosynthetic habitable zone: a zone where both long-term liquid water and oxygenic photosynthesis can occur.
Tropospheric habitable zone, or ozone habitable zone: a zone where the planet would have the correct amount of ozone needed for life. Inhaling too much ozone causes inflammation and irritation, whereas too little troposphere ozone would produce biochemical smog. On Earth, the troposphere ozone is part of the ground-level ozone protection. Tropospheric ozone is formed by the interaction of ultraviolet light with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
Planet rotation rate habitable zone: the zone where a planet's rotation rate is best for life. If rotation is too slow, the day/night temperature difference is too great. The rotation rate also changes the planet's reflectivity and thus temperature. A fast rotation rate increases wind speed on the planet. The rotation rate affects the planet's clouds and their reflectivity. Slowing the rotation rate changes cloud distributions, cloud altitudes, and cloud opacities. These changes in the clouds changes the temperature of the planet. A high rotation rate also can cause continuous, very fast winds on the surface.
Planet rotation axis tilt habitable zone, or obliquity habitable zone: the region where a stable axial tilt for a planet's rotation is maintained. Earth's axis is tilted 23.5°; this gives seasons, providing snow and ice that can melt to provide water run off in the summer. Obliquity has a major impact on a planet's temperature, thus its habitable zone.
Tidal habitable zone. Planets too close to the star become tidally locked. The mass of the star and the distance from the star set the tidal habitable zone. A planet tidally locked has one side of the planet facing the star, this side would be very hot. The face away from the star would be well below freezing. A planet too close to the star will also have tidal heating from the star. Tidal heating can vary the planet's orbital eccentricity. Too far from the star and the planet will not receive enough solar heat.
Astrosphere habitable zone: the zone in which a planet's astrosphere will be strong enough to protect the planet from the solar wind and cosmic rays. The astrosphere must be long lasting to protect the planet. Mars lost its water and most of its atmosphere after the losing its magnetic field and Mars carbonate catastrophe event. Star-Sun's solar wind is made of charged particles, including plasma, electrons, protons and alpha particles. The solar wind is different for each star. Earth's magnetic field is very large and has protected Earth since its formation.
Atmosphere electric field habitable zone: the place in which the ambipolar electric field is correct for the planet's electric field to help ions overcome gravity. The planet's ionosphere must be correct to protect against the loss of the atmosphere. This is addition to a strong magnetic field to protect against the solar wind stripping away the atmosphere and water into outer space.
Orbital eccentricity habitable zone: the zone in which planets maintain a nearly circular orbit. As orbits with eccentricity have the planets move in and out of the habitable zones. In the solar system, the grand tack hypothesis proposes the theory of the unique placement of the gas giants, the solar system belts and the planets near circular orbits.
Coupled planet-moon - Magnetosphere habitable zone: the zone that planet's moon and the planet's core produce a strong magnetosphere, magnetic field to protect against the solar wind stripping away the planet's atmosphere and water into outer space. Just as Mars had a magnetic field for a short time. Earth's Moon had a large magnetosphere for several hundred million years after its formation, as proposed in a 2020 study by Saied Mighani. The Moon's magnetosphere would have given added protection of Earth's atmosphere as the early Sun was not as stable as it today. In 2020, James Green modeled the coupled planet-moon-magnetosphere habitable zone. The modeling showed a coupled planet–moon magnetosphere that would give planet the protection from stellar wind in the early Solar System. In the case of Earth, the Moon was closer to Earth in the early formation of the solar system, giving added protection. This protection was needed then as the Sun was less stable.
Pressure-dependent habitable zone: the zone in which planets may have the correct atmospheric pressure to have liquid surface water. With a low atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which water boils is much lower, and at pressures below that of the triple point, liquid water cannot exist. The average surface pressure on Mars today is close to that of the triple point of water; thus, liquid water cannot exist there. Planets with high-pressure atmospheres may have liquid surface water, but life forms would have difficulty with respiratory systems at high-pressure atmospheres.
Galactic habitable zone (GHZ): The GHZ, also called the Galactic Goldilocks zone, is the place in a galaxy in which heavy elements needed for a rocky planet and life are present, but also a place where strong cosmic rays will not kill life and strip the atmosphere off the planet. The term Goldilocks zone is used, as it is a fine balance between the two sites (heavy element and strong cosmic rays). Galactic habitable zone is the place a planet will have the needed parameters to support life. Not all galaxies are able to support life. In many galaxies, life-killing events such as gamma-ray bursts can occur. About 90% of galaxies have long and frequent gamma ray bursts, thus no life. Cosmic rays pose a threat to life. Galaxies with many stars too close together or without any dust protection also are not hospitable for life. Irregular galaxies and other small galaxies do not have enough heavy elements. Elliptical galaxies are full of lethal radiation and lack heavy elements. Large spiral galaxies, like the Milky Way, have the heavy element needs for life at its center and out to about half distance from center bar. Not all large spiral galaxies are the same, spiral galaxies with too much active star formation can kill the galaxy and life. Too little star formation and the spiral arms will collapse. Not all spiral galaxies have the correct galactic ram pressure stripping parameters; too much ram pressure can deplete the galaxy of gas and thus end star formation. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, the bar is important to star formation and metallicity of the galaxy's stars and planets. Barred spiral galaxy, must have stable arms with the just right star formation. Bars galaxies are in about 65% of spiral galaxies, but most have too much star formation. Peculiar galaxies lack stable spiral arms, while irregular galaxies contain too many new stars and lack heavy elements. Unbarred spiral galaxy, do not correct star formation and metallicity for a galactic goldilocks zone. For long term life on a planet, the spiral arms must be stable for a long period of time, as in the Milky Way. The spiral arms must not be too close to each other, or there will be too much ultraviolet radiation. If the planet moves into or across a spiral arm the orbits of the planets could change, from gravitational disturbances. Movement across a spiral arms also would cause deadly asteroid impacts and high radiation. The planet must be in the correct place in the spiral galaxy: near the galactic center, radiation and gravitational forces are too great for life, whereas the outskirts of a spiral galaxy are metal-poor. The Sun in 28,000 light years from the center bar, in the galactic Goldilocks zone. At this distance, the Sun revolves in the galaxy at the same rate as the spiral-arm rotation, thus minimizing arm crossings.
Supergalactic habitable zone: a place in a supercluster of galaxies that can provide for habitability of planets. The supergalactic habitable zone takes into account events in galaxies that can end habitability not only in a galaxy, but all galaxies nearby, such as galaxies merging, active galactic nucleus, starburst galaxy, supermassive black holes and merging black holes, all which output intense radiation. The supergalactic habitable zone also takes into account the abundance of various chemical elements in the galaxy, as not all galaxies or regions within have all the needed elements for life.
Habitable zone for complex life (HZCL): the place that all the life habitable zones overlap for a long period of time, as in the Solar System. The list of habitable zones for complex life has grown longer with increasing understanding of the Universe, galaxies, and the Solar System. Complex life is normally defined as eukaryote life forms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and most unicellular organisms. Simple life forms are normally defined as prokaryotes.
Other orbital-distance related factors
Some factors that depend on planetary distance and may limit complex aerobic life have not been given zone names. These include:
Milankovitch cycle The Milankovitch cycle and ice age have been key is shaping Earth. Life on Earth today is using water melting from the last ice age. The ice ages cannot be too long or too cold for life to survive. Milankovitch cycle has an impact on the planet's obliquity also.
Life
Life on Earth is carbon-based. However, some theories suggest that life could be based on other elements in the periodic table. Other elements proposed have been silicon, boron, arsenic, ammonia, methane and others. As more research has been done on life on Earth, it has been found that only carbon's organic molecules have the complexity and stability to form life. Carbon properties allows for complex chemical bonding that produces covalent bonds needed for organic chemistry. Carbon molecules are lightweight and relatively small in size. Carbon's ability to bond to oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (called CHNOPS) is key to life.
Gallery
See also
Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
Habitability of natural satellites – liquid water on a moon
Habitability of yellow dwarf systems – liquid water on yellow dwarf star
Habitability of red dwarf systems – liquid water on red dwarf star
Planetary habitability in the Solar System – liquid water in our Solar System
Habitability of binary star systems – liquid water on binary stars
Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems – liquid water on planets orbiting F-type stars
Superhabitable planet – a hypothetical exoplanet
References
Planetary habitability
Astronomical hypotheses
Extraterrestrial life
Extraterrestrial water | Habitable zone for complex life | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 3,307 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Hypothetical life forms",
"Extraterrestrial life",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
75,864,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingyin%20Li | Lingyin Li (born 1981) is a Chinese American chemical biologist who is an associate professor of biochemistry at Stanford University. Her research studies the chemical biology of innate immunity to design better therapeutics. She was named one of Chemical & Engineering News Talented 12 in 2020.
Early life and education
Li was born in Xi'an. She was awarded a position on the competitive University of Science and Technology of China undergraduate program. She was a doctoral researcher at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she worked with Laura L. Kiessling. She moved to Harvard Medical School as a postdoctoral researcher in the laboratory of Tim Mitchison.
Research and career
Li uses chemical biology to understand the mechanisms that underpin immunity, which she will use to develop new therapeutic pathways and targets. The activation of immunity can provide new therapeutic strategies for vaccines, cancer and viral infection.
At Harvard, she studied the drug Vadimezan (DMXAA), an activator of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, and uncovered that DMXAA binds mouse but not human STING. STING responds to inflammation and activates inflammatory proteins that trigger the adaptive immune system. The combination of the innate and adaptive immune system eliminates pathogens and is predicted to fight cancer. Li also discovered ENPP1 as the first known hydrolase of cGAMP, the natural ligand and activator of STING. ENPP1 is an extracellular enzyme, which led her to propose that cGAMP is exported for degradation and thus must play an extracellular role in cancer.
In 2015, Li set up her own lab at Stanford University where she pioneered the study of the paracrine role of extracellular cGAMP in innate immunity and identified several transporters of cGAMP. These transporters include SLC19A1, SLC46A2, LRRC8A:C, and SLC7A1. While many in the field have pursued STING agonists as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy, Li proposed an alternative strategy to sustain extracellular cancer signaling through the inhibition of the cGAMP hydrolases ENPP1 and ENPP3. She founded Angarus Therapeutics to develop ENPP1 inhibitors, which are now being tested in clinical trials.
In 2022, Li became one of the first core investigators at the Arc Institute, a nonprofit research organization founded by Silvana Konermann that operates in partnership with Stanford University, UCSF, and UC Berkeley.
Awards and honors
2017 National Institutes of Health New Innovator Award
2017 Ono Pharma Foundation Awardee
2020 C&EN's Talented Twelve
2022 Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry
Selected publications
Carozza, J. A., Böhnert, V., Nguyen, K. C., Skariah, G., Shaw, K. E., Brown, J. A., Rafat, M., von Eyben, R., Graves, E. E., Glenn, J. S., Smith, M., & Li, L. (2020). Extracellular cGAMP is a cancer cell-produced immunotransmitter involved in radiation-induced anti-cancer immunity Nature cancer, 1(2), 184–196.
Mardjuki, R., Wang, S., Carozza, J., Zirak, B., Subramanyam, V., Abhiraman, G., Lyu, X., Goodarzi, H., & Li, L. (2024). Identification of the extracellular membrane protein ENPP3 as a major cGAMP hydrolase and innate immune checkpoint Cell reports, 43(5), 114209.
Merad, M., Posey, A. D., Jr, Olivero, O., Singh, P. K., Mouneimne, G., Li, L., Wallace, L. M., & Hayes, T. K. (2020). Diversity Is a Strength of Cancer Research in the U.S. Cancer cell, 38(3), 297–300.
Cao, X., Cordova, A. F., & Li, L. (2022). Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Innate Immune Receptors: A Balancing Act Chemical reviews, 122(3), 3414–3458.
References
1980 births
Living people
People from Xi'an
Chinese emigrants to the United States
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Chemical biologists
American women biologists
20th-century American biologists
21st-century American biologists
Stanford University faculty | Lingyin Li | [
"Chemistry"
] | 953 | [
"Chemical biologists"
] |
75,864,768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier%20Garbet | Xavier Garbet (b. 1961) is an theoretical plasma physicist and a professor at Nanyang Technological University (NTU). He is currently appointed as the Temasek Chair in Clean Energy, as his professorship was established by a $6 million endowment from Singapore's state investment firm, Temasek Holdings. This appointment aims to support a magnetic confinement fusion research and manpower training program at NTU for clean energy development in Singapore.
Early life and career
In 1982, Garbet received a Bachelor's degree in Physics from Paris-Sorbonne University. He then earned a Master's degree in plasma physics from Paris-Saclay University. Subsequently, he earned a PhD degree in theoretical and high-energy physics in 1988 and a Habilitation à diriger des recherches (French habilitation) in 2001 from Aix-Marseille University.
Garbet was hired by the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in 1988. He was a visiting scientist at General Atomics from 1994 to 1995 and led a plasma transport modelling task force at the Joint European Torus from 2001 to 2004. In 2008, he became a research director at CEA. In 2022, he joined NTU as a professor of theoretical and computational plasma physics and was appointed as the Temasek Chair in Clean Energy.
Honours and awards
Garbet was awarded the CNRS Silver Medal by the French National Centre for Scientific Research for his work on plasma confinement fusion in 2010.
In 2019, he was awarded the Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize by the Société Française de Physique.
In 2022, Garbet was awarded the Hannes Alfvén Prize for his theoretical contributions to the dynamics of magnetically confined fusion plasmas.
References
Living people
1961 births
20th-century physicists
21st-century physicists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Plasma physicists
Paris-Sorbonne University alumni
Paris-Saclay University alumni
Aix-Marseille University alumni
Academic staff of Nanyang Technological University | Xavier Garbet | [
"Physics"
] | 405 | [
"Plasma physicists",
"Plasma physics"
] |
75,864,891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TZ%20Fornacis | TZ Fornacis is an eclipsing binary star system in the southern constellation of Fornax. It has the designation HD 20301 from the Henry Draper Catalogue; TZ Fornacis is the variable star designation, abbreviated TZ For. This target is a challenge to view with the naked eye, having a peak apparent visual magnitude of 6.88. During an eclipse, the magnitude drops to 7.05. This system is located at a distance of approximately 596 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of roughly 18 km/s.
In 1977, J. Andersen and B. Nordström identified HD 20301 as a double-lined spectroscopic binary star system. The same year, E. H. Olsen determined this to be an eclipsing binary system that included an aging giant star. This made it of interest to astronomers because the orbital elements could be used to more precisely determine the mass and radius of an evolved star. The two stars are of similar mass and both have evolved away from the main sequence, giving them an enlarged radius.
The orbital plane for this system is nearly aligned with the line of sight to the Earth, so with each orbit the components are seen to eclipse each other over an orbital period of 75.67 days. However, these eclipses are shallow so there is not a complete occultation. The orbit has been circularized by tidal forces between the stars, but only the more massive component has had its rotation tidally synchronized with the orbit. The system is fully detached with neither component overrunning its Roche lobe.
The primary component, designated TZ Fornacis 1, has a spectrum that matches an aging G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is estimated to be 1.2 billion years old and is spinning in synchronicity with the orbital rotation. Based on the abundance of iron, the metallicity of this star is essentially the same as in the Sun. It has double the mass of the Sun and has expanded to over 8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 37 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,930 K.
The secondary star, designated TZ Fornacis 2, is an F-type subgiant star with a class of F7 III. Models suggest it has just left the main sequence. The star is still small enough that its rotation rate hasn't been significantly impacted by tidal interaction. It has a relatively high projected rotational velocity of 46 km/s. The star has nearly double the mass of the Sun and four times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 23 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of 6,650 K, making it the hotter star in this system.
References
Further reading
G-type giants
F-type subgiants
Eclipsing binaries
Spectroscopic binaries
Fornax
CD-36 1218
020301
015092 | TZ Fornacis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 621 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
75,865,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Edward%20Augustin%20Aikin | William Edward Augustin Aikin (6 February 1807 – 31 May 1888), known professionally as William E. A. Aikin, was an American analytical chemist and natural scientist. He was chair of the chemistry department at the University of Maryland from 1837 to 1883. While most of his work focused on chemistry, he held accomplishments in other fields in the natural sciences.
Early years, education, and personal life
Aikin was born in Rensselaer County, New York on February 6, 1807. He graduated from the Rensselaer Institute in 1829 and shortly thereafter earned a license from the New York State Medical Society. Aikin married twice and had 28 children. He outlived both wives and all but three of his children.
Academic career
Despite completing his training and earning an honorary M.D. degree from the Vermont Academy of Medicine, Aikin turned away from the medical profession and took a position in 1833 teaching natural sciences at the Western Female Collegiate Institute in Pittsburgh. In Baltimore, he became an associate professor teaching chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Maryland for one year until he was elected chair of the chemistry department in October 1837. He filled that role until his withdrawal as Emeritus Professor in 1883.
He was Dean of the School of Medicine at the university from 1840–1841 and from 1844 to 1855. Other positions he held included Professor of Natural Philosophy in the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Maryland, Lecturer at the Maryland Institute, and Professor of Physics, Chemistry, and Natural Philosophy at Mount Saint Mary's College in Emmitsburg.
Other accomplishments
Aikin held an interest in a broad range of sciences. A colleague said of him: If you want a pretty good practical mathematician, one of the best botanists in America, an experimental chemist, of the first order, a very superior Geologist, Mineralogist, and Zoologist, you have him in Dr. William Aikin.
In 1837, Aikin published a catalog of botanical specimens he studied in the Baltimore area.
Aikin was appointed assistant geologist on The Geological Survey of Virginia from June 1, 1837, to April 13, 1839.
In 1839, Aikin was appointed Governor of the Baltimore Infirmary.
Aikin experimented with photography and published some of his findings in 1840.
Aikin served as an expert witness in the murder trials of Nancy W. Hufford in 1851, Dr. Paul Schoeppe in 1872, and Elizabeth G. Wharton in 1873.
From about 1868 until 1888, Aikin served as Baltimore's Inspector of Gas and Illuminating Oils.
After Aikin's death, a steam-powered automobile was discovered in his office at The University of Maryland. The car was built in 1882 and credited to Aikin; he may have built it with his son, Albert, a civil engineer who wrote a thesis on steam machinery and, at the time, lived with his father in Baltimore.
Publications
References
1807 births
1888 deaths
Analytical chemists
19th-century American geologists
19th-century American photographers | William Edward Augustin Aikin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 597 | [
"Analytical chemists"
] |
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