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2,166,803	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-D%20amplifier	A class-D amplifier or switching amplifier is an electronic amplifier in which the amplifying devices (transistors, usually MOSFETs) operate as electronic switches, and not as linear gain devices as in other amplifiers. They operate by rapidly switching back and forth between the supply rails, using pulse-width modulat...	Class-D amplifier	[ "Technology" ]	2,317	[ "Electronic amplifiers", "Amplifiers" ]
2,166,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%20resonance	In physics, a Fano resonance is a type of resonant scattering phenomenon that gives rise to an asymmetric line-shape. Interference between a background and a resonant scattering process produces the asymmetric line-shape. It is named after Italian-American physicist Ugo Fano, who in 1961 gave a theoretical explanation ...	Fano resonance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	741	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Scattering", "Particle physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Nuclear physics" ]
2,166,952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication%2C%20authorization%2C%20and%20accounting	Authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) is a framework used to control and track access within a computer network. Authentication is concerned with proving identity, authorization with granting permissions, accounting with maintaining a continuous and robust audit trail via logging. Common network protoco...	Authentication, authorization, and accounting	[ "Engineering" ]	623	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer security procedures" ]
2,167,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Eco-marathon	Shell Eco-marathon is a world-wide energy efficiency competition sponsored by Shell. Participants build automotive vehicles to achieve the highest possible fuel efficiency. There are two vehicle classes within Shell Eco-marathon: Prototype and UrbanConcept. There are three energy categories within Shell Eco-marathon: b...	Shell Eco-marathon	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	1,067	[ "Science competitions", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Sustainable transport", "Science and technology awards" ]
2,167,172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20FOCUS	The Hewlett-Packard FOCUS microprocessor, launched in 1982, was the first commercial, single chip, fully 32-bit microprocessor available on the market. At this time, all 32-bit competitors (DEC, IBM, Prime Computer, etc.) used multi-chip bit-slice-CPU designs, while single-chip designs like the Motorola 68000 were a mi...	HP FOCUS	[ "Technology" ]	382	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
2,167,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warning%20system	A warning system is any system of biological or technical nature deployed by an individual or group to inform of a future danger. Its purpose is to enable the deployer of the warning system to prepare for the danger and act accordingly to mitigate or avoid it. Warnings cannot be effective unless people react to them. ...	Warning system	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	590	[ "Warning systems", "Safety engineering", "Measuring instruments" ]
2,167,227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feshbach%E2%80%93Fano%20partitioning	In quantum mechanics, and in particular in scattering theory, the Feshbach–Fano method, named after Herman Feshbach and Ugo Fano, separates (partitions) the resonant and the background components of the wave function and therefore of the associated quantities like cross sections or phase shift. This approach allows us...	Feshbach–Fano partitioning	[ "Chemistry" ]	567	[ "Scattering", "Scattering theory" ]
2,167,401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest%20common%20substring	In computer science, a longest common substring of two or more strings is a longest string that is a substring of all of them. There may be more than one longest common substring. Applications include data deduplication and plagiarism detection. Examples The picture shows two strings where the problem has multiple so...	Longest common substring	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,134	[ "Problems on strings", "Mathematical problems", "Computational problems" ]
2,167,447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentode	A pentode is an electronic device having five electrodes. The term most commonly applies to a three-grid amplifying vacuum tube or thermionic valve that was invented by Gilles Holst and Bernhard D.H. Tellegen in 1926. The pentode (called a triple-grid amplifier in some literature) was developed from the screen-grid tub...	Pentode	[ "Physics" ]	2,083	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
2,167,518	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamptulicon	Kamptulicon, whose name was derived from the Greek kamptos ("flexible") + oulos ("thick"), was a floor covering made from powdered cork and natural rubber. Patented by Elijah Galloway in 1843, kamptulicon was first launched in public at the 1862 International Exhibition in London, where it caused a sensation. Its prom...	Kamptulicon	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	302	[ "Structural engineering", "Floors", "Composite materials", "Materials", "Matter" ]
2,167,598	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon%20JamMan	The JamMan is an audio looping device manufactured by Lexicon in the mid-1990s. The idea for the JamMan began with modifications Gary Hall had devised for the Lexicon PCM-42 that allowed him to play into a long, looping delay whose clock could be synchronized to an external source. (Hall, who worked for Lexicon in two ...	Lexicon JamMan	[ "Technology" ]	437	[ "Recording devices", "Sound recording technology" ]
2,167,630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Till	James Edgar Till (born August 25, 1931) is a University of Toronto biophysicist, best known for demonstrating – in a partnership with Ernest McCulloch – the existence of stem cells. Early work Till was born in Lloydminster, which is located on the border between Saskatchewan and Alberta. The family farm was located n...	James Till	[ "Biology" ]	815	[ "Stem cell researchers", "Stem cell research" ]
2,168,393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide%20contraction	The lanthanide contraction is the greater-than-expected decrease in atomic radii and ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series, from left to right. It is caused by the poor shielding effect of nuclear charge by the 4f electrons along with the expected periodic trend of increasing electronegativity and nuclea...	Lanthanide contraction	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,545	[ "Atomic radius", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical bonding", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
2,168,513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital%20rates	Vital rates refer to how fast vital statistics change in a population (usually measured per 1000 individuals). There are 2 categories within vital rates: crude rates and refined rates. Crude rates measure vital statistics in a general population (overall change in births and deaths per 1000). Refined rates measure th...	Vital rates	[ "Biology" ]	147	[ "Ecology" ]
2,168,700	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-algebra	In mathematics, specifically in category theory, F-algebras generalize the notion of algebraic structure. Rewriting the algebraic laws in terms of morphisms eliminates all references to quantified elements from the axioms, and these algebraic laws may then be glued together in terms of a single functor F, the signature...	F-algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,771	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematical relations", "Category theory" ]
2,168,731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropora	Acropora is a genus of small polyp stony coral in the phylum Cnidaria. Some of its species are known as table coral, elkhorn coral, and staghorn coral. Over 149 species are described. Acropora species are some of the major reef corals responsible for building the immense calcium carbonate substructure that supports the...	Acropora	[ "Biology" ]	2,502	[ "Biogeomorphology", "Coral reefs" ]
2,168,763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn	In fluid dynamics, the reyn is a British unit of dynamic viscosity, named in honour of Osbourne Reynolds, for whom the Reynolds number is also named. Conversions By definition, 1 reyn = 1 lbf s in−2. It follows that the relation between the reyn and the poise is approximately 1 reyn = 6.89476 × 104 P. In SI units, vi...	Reyn	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	139	[ "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Chemical engineering", "Quantity", "Units of dynamic viscosity", "Piping", "Units of measurement", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,168,837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password-based%20cryptography	Password-based cryptography is the study of password-based key encryption, decryption, and authorization. It generally refers two distinct classes of methods: Single-party methods Multi-party methods Single party methods Some systems attempt to derive a cryptographic key directly from a password. However, such practi...	Password-based cryptography	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	274	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
2,168,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset%20allocation	Asset allocation is the implementation of an investment strategy that attempts to balance risk versus reward by adjusting the percentage of each asset in an investment portfolio according to the investor's risk tolerance, goals and investment time frame. The focus is on the characteristics of the overall portfolio. Su...	Asset allocation	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,046	[ "Applied mathematics", "Actuarial science" ]
2,168,924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20cadmium%20telluride	Hg1−xCdxTe or mercury cadmium telluride (also cadmium mercury telluride, MCT, MerCad Telluride, MerCadTel, MerCaT or CMT) is a chemical compound of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and mercury telluride (HgTe) with a tunable bandgap spanning the shortwave infrared to the very long wave infrared regions. The amount of cadmium (...	Mercury cadmium telluride	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,396	[ "Semiconductor materials", "II-VI semiconductors", "Inorganic compounds" ]
2,169,038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homochirality	Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness. Objects are chiral when they cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, the left and right hands of a human are approximately mirror images of each other but are not their own mirror images, so they are chiral. In biology, 19 of the 20 natural am...	Homochirality	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,714	[ "Pharmacology", "Origin of life", "Biochemistry", "Stereochemistry", "Chirality", "Space", "Medicinal chemistry", "Asymmetry", "nan", "Spacetime", "Symmetry", "Biological hypotheses" ]
2,169,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20M.%20Elsasser	Walter Maurice Elsasser (March 20, 1904 – October 14, 1991) was a German-born American physicist, a developer of the presently accepted dynamo theory as an explanation of the Earth's magnetism. He proposed that this magnetic field resulted from electric currents induced in the fluid outer core of the Earth. He reveal...	Walter M. Elsasser	[ "Biology" ]	1,136	[ "Bioinformatics", "Theoretical biologists" ]
2,169,754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20pump	A charge pump is a kind of DC-to-DC converter that uses capacitors for energetic charge storage to raise or lower voltage. Charge-pump circuits are capable of high efficiencies, sometimes as high as 90–95%, while being electrically simple circuits. Description Charge pumps use some form of switching device to control ...	Charge pump	[ "Physics" ]	1,280	[ "Voltage", "Physical quantities", "Voltage regulation" ]
2,169,841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Plant%20Communities	British Plant Communities is a five-volume work, edited by John S. Rodwell and published by Cambridge University Press, which describes the plant communities which comprise the British National Vegetation Classification. Its coverage includes all native vegetation communities and some artificial ones of Great Britain,...	British Plant Communities	[ "Biology" ]	641	[ "Flora", "British National Vegetation Classification communities", "Florae (publication)", "British National Vegetation Classification" ]
2,169,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20dioxide%20%28data%20page%29	This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its direction...	Carbon dioxide (data page)	[ "Chemistry" ]	482	[ "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon dioxide", "Chemical data pages", "nan" ]
2,170,017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Policy%20Act%20of%202005	The Energy Policy Act of 2005 () is a federal law signed by President George W. Bush on August 8, 2005, at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The act, described by proponents as an attempt to combat growing energy problems, changed US energy policy by providing tax incentives and loan guarantees ...	Energy Policy Act of 2005	[ "Environmental_science" ]	3,139	[ "Environmental social science", "Energy policy" ]
2,170,476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Wetherill	George Wetherill (August 12, 1925 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – July 19, 2006 Washington, D.C.) was a physicist and geologist and the director emeritus of the department of terrestrial magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC, US. In 2000, Wetherill received the J. Lawrence Smith Medal from the National...	George Wetherill	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,311	[ "Geochemists", "Presidents of the Geochemical Society" ]
4,107,511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum%20Nebula	The Gum Nebula (Gum 12) is an emission nebula that extends across 36° in the southern constellations Vela and Puppis. It lies approximately 450 parsecs from the Earth. Hard to distinguish, it was widely believed to be the greatly expanded (and still expanding) remains of a supernova that took place about a million year...	Gum Nebula	[ "Astronomy" ]	449	[ "Vela (constellation)", "Puppis", "Constellations" ]
4,107,858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20fabrication%20plant	In the microelectronics industry, a semiconductor fabrication plant, also called a fab or a foundry, is a factory where integrated circuits (ICs) are manufactured. The cleanroom is where all fabrication takes place and contains the machinery for integrated circuit production such as steppers and/or scanners for photol...	Semiconductor fabrication plant	[ "Materials_science" ]	1,252	[ "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
4,108,991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20Bruce%20Archer	Leonard Bruce Archer CBE (22 November 1922 – 16 May 2005) was a British chartered mechanical engineer and Professor of Design Research at the Royal College of Art (RCA) who championed research in design, and helped to establish design as an academic discipline. Archer spent most of his working life in schools of art a...	L. Bruce Archer	[ "Engineering" ]	2,334	[ "Design", "Design studies" ]
4,109,042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20signaling	In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, th...	Cell signaling	[ "Biology" ]	6,575	[ "Cell communication", "Cell biology", "Cellular processes", "Systems biology" ]
4,109,196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical%20matrix	A logical matrix, binary matrix, relation matrix, Boolean matrix, or (0, 1)-matrix is a matrix with entries from the Boolean domain Such a matrix can be used to represent a binary relation between a pair of finite sets. It is an important tool in combinatorial mathematics and theoretical computer science. Matrix repr...	Logical matrix	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,654	[ "Boolean algebra", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical objects", "Matrices (mathematics)", "Fields of abstract algebra" ]
4,109,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20forest	An urban forest is a forest, or a collection of trees, that grow within a city, town or a suburb. In a wider sense, it may include any kind of woody plant vegetation growing in and around human settlements. As opposed to a forest park, whose ecosystems are also inherited from wilderness leftovers, urban forests often l...	Urban forest	[ "Engineering" ]	3,561	[ "Environmental design", "Design" ]
4,109,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice%20Cyclists	The Solstice Cyclists (also known as The Painted [Naked] Cyclists of the Solstice Parade, or The Painted Cyclists) is an artistic, non-political, clothing-optional bike ride celebrating the summer solstice. It is the unofficial start of the Summer Solstice Parade & Pageant, an event produced by the Fremont Arts Counci...	Solstice Cyclists	[ "Astronomy" ]	5,333	[ "Time in astronomy", "Summer solstice" ]
4,109,541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-board%20data%20handling	The on-board data handling (OBDH) subsystem of a spacecraft is the subsystem which carries and stores data between the various electronics units and the ground segment, via the telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C) subsystem. In the earlier decades of the space industry, the OBDH function was usually considered a par...	On-board data handling	[ "Technology" ]	870	[ "Avionics", "Aircraft instruments" ]
4,109,643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffeneau%E2%80%93Demjanov%20rearrangement	The Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement is the chemical reaction of a 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone. The Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, or TDR, provides an easy way to increase amino-substituted cycloalkanes and cycloalkanols in size by ...	Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,398	[ "Name reactions", "Ring expansion reactions", "Rearrangement reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
4,109,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacrite	Nacrite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 is a clay mineral that is polymorphous (or polytypic) with kaolinite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system. X-ray diffraction analysis is required for positive identification. Nacrite was first described in 1807 for an occurrence in Saxony, Germany. The name is from nacre in reference to the...	Nacrite	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	139	[ "Materials science stubs", "Polymorphism (materials science)", "Materials science" ]
4,110,341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%20model	In mathematics, the Cartan model is a differential graded algebra that computes the equivariant cohomology of a space. References Stefan Cordes, Gregory Moore, Sanjaye Ramgoolam, Lectures on 2D Yang-Mills Theory, Equivariant Cohomology and Topological Field Theories, , 1994. Algebraic topology	Cartan model	[ "Mathematics" ]	71	[ "Topology stubs", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Algebraic topology" ]
4,110,552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann%E2%80%93Schwinger%20equation	The Lippmann–Schwinger equation (named after Bernard Lippmann and Julian Schwinger) is one of the most used equations to describe particle collisions – or, more precisely, scattering – in quantum mechanics. It may be used in scattering of molecules, atoms, neutrons, photons or any other particles and is important mainl...	Lippmann–Schwinger equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,434	[ "Nuclear physics", "Scattering", "Condensed matter physics", "Particle physics" ]
4,110,803	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%20distribution%20function	The Wigner distribution function (WDF) is used in signal processing as a transform in time-frequency analysis. The WDF was first proposed in physics to account for quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics in 1932 by Eugene Wigner, and it is of importance in quantum mechanics in phase space (see, by way o...	Wigner distribution function	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,677	[ "Functions and mappings", "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Transforms" ]
4,110,937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20interpretation	The Penrose interpretation is a speculation by Roger Penrose about the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Penrose proposes that a quantum state remains in superposition until the difference of space-time curvature attains a significant level. Overview Penrose's idea is inspired by quantum...	Penrose interpretation	[ "Physics" ]	1,012	[ "Interpretations of quantum mechanics", "Quantum measurement", "Quantum mechanics" ]
4,111,503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20simulator	A mining simulator is a type of simulation used for entertainment as well as in training purposes for mining companies. These simulators replicate elements of real-world mining operations on surrounding screens displaying three-dimensional imagery, motion platforms, and scale models of typical and atypical mining envir...	Mining simulator	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	671	[ "Mining equipment", "Real-time simulation" ]
4,112,321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics%20of%20care	The ethics of care (alternatively care ethics or EoC) is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action centers on interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue. EoC is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by some feminists and environmentalists since the 1980s. ...	Ethics of care	[ "Biology" ]	1,998	[ "Behavior", "Altruism" ]
4,112,456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefradine	Cefradine (INN) or cephradine (BAN) is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Indications Respiratory tract infections (such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and lobar pneumonia) caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. pneumoniae (formerly D. pneumonia). Otitis media caused by group A beta-hemolytic...	Cefradine	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,053	[ "Stereochemistry", "Enantiopure drugs" ]
4,112,457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20shadow	A head shadow (or acoustic shadow) is a region of reduced amplitude of a sound because it is obstructed by the head. It is an example of diffraction. Sound may have to travel through and around the head in order to reach an ear. The obstruction caused by the head can account for attenuation (reduced amplitude) of ove...	Head shadow	[ "Physics" ]	237	[ "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics" ]
4,113,494	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%20genes	In evolutionary developmental biology, Paired box (Pax) genes are a family of genes coding for tissue specific transcription factors containing an N-terminal paired domain and usually a partial, or in the case of four family members (PAX3, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX7), a complete homeodomain to the C-terminus. An octapeptide a...	Pax genes	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	890	[ "Transcription factors", "Gene expression", "Signal transduction", "Developmental genes and proteins", "Induced stem cells" ]
4,113,714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.75	X.75 is an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (formerly CCITT) standard specifying the interface for interconnecting two X.25 networks. Description X.75 is almost identical to X.25. The significant difference is that while X.25 specifies the interface between a subscriber (Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)) and ...	X.75	[ "Technology" ]	328	[ "History of computer networks", "History of computing" ]
4,114,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames%20window	The Ames trapezoid or Ames window is an image on, for example, a flat piece of cardboard that seems to be a rectangular window but is, in fact, a trapezoid. Both sides of the piece of cardboard have the same image. The cardboard is hung vertically from a wire so it can rotate around continuously, or is attached to a ve...	Ames window	[ "Physics" ]	590	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Optical illusions" ]
4,115,260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20marketing	Mobile marketing is a multi-channel online marketing technique focused at reaching a specific audience on their smartphones, feature phones, tablets, or any other related devices through websites, e-mail, SMS and MMS, social media, or mobile applications. Mobile marketing can provide customers with time and location s...	Mobile marketing	[ "Technology" ]	6,327	[ "Mobile content", "Mobile marketing" ]
4,115,757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context%20management	Context management is a dynamic computer process that uses 'subjects' of data in one application, to point to data resident in a separate application also containing the same subject. Context management allows users to choose a subject once in one application, and have all other applications containing information on ...	Context management	[ "Technology" ]	424	[ "Computer standards", "XML-based standards" ]
5,481,447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B11	C++11 is a version of a joint technical standard, ISO/IEC 14882, by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), for the C++ programming language. C++11 replaced the prior version of the C++ standard, named C++03, and was later replaced by C++14. The name...	C++11	[ "Technology" ]	19,309	[ "Computer standards", "Programming language standards", "IEC standards" ]
5,481,576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Z%20Supernova%20Search%20Team	The High-Z Supernova Search Team was an international cosmology collaboration which used Type Ia supernovae to chart the expansion of the universe. The team was formed in 1994 by Brian P. Schmidt, then a post-doctoral research associate at Harvard University, and Nicholas B. Suntzeff, a staff astronomer at the Cerro To...	High-Z Supernova Search Team	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	819	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Theoretical physics", "Physical cosmology", "Astrophysics" ]
5,481,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20pit	A bear pit was historically used to display bears, typically for entertainment and especially bear-baiting. The pit area was normally surrounded by a high fence, above which the spectators would look down on the bears. The most traditional form of maintaining bears in captivity is keeping them in pits, although many z...	Bear pit	[ "Engineering" ]	462	[]
5,481,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%20baryon	The Xi baryons or cascade particles are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have the symbol and may have an electric charge () of +2 , +1 , 0, or −1 , where is the elementary charge. Like all conventional baryons, particles contain three quarks. baryons, in particular, contain either one up or one down qu...	Xi baryon	[ "Physics" ]	714	[ "Nuclear physics" ]
5,481,991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR%20J0537%E2%88%926910	\|- style="vertical-align: top;" \| Distance \| 170,000 ly PSR J0537-6910 is a pulsar that is 4,000 years old (not including the light travel time to Earth). It is located about 170,000 light-years away, in the southern constellation of Dorado, and is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It rotates at 62 hertz. A te...	PSR J0537−6910	[ "Astronomy" ]	224	[ "Dorado", "Constellations" ]
5,482,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole%20test	The indole test is a biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to convert tryptophan into indole. This division is performed by a chain of a number of different intracellular enzymes, a system generally referred to as "tryptophanase." Biochemistry Indole is generated by r...	Indole test	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,022	[ "Microbiology techniques", "Bacteriology terminology" ]
5,482,472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMMXCS%202215-1738	XMMXCS 2215-1738 is a galaxy cluster that lies 10 billion light-years away and has a redshift value of z=1.45. It was discovered by the XMM Cluster Survey in 2006. Discovered in 2006, XMMXCS 2215-1738 is one of the most distant galaxy clusters known. It is embedded in intergalactic gas that has a temperature of 10 mi...	XMMXCS 2215-1738	[ "Astronomy" ]	426	[ "Galaxy clusters", "Astronomical objects", "Constellations", "Aquarius (constellation)" ]
5,482,655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable%20number	A refactorable number or tau number is an integer n that is divisible by the count of its divisors, or to put it algebraically, n is such that . The first few refactorable numbers are listed in as 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 40, 56, 60, 72, 80, 84, 88, 96, 104, 108, 128, 132, 136, 152, 156, 180, 184, 204, 225, 228, 23...	Refactorable number	[ "Mathematics" ]	487	[ "Sequences and series", "Integer sequences", "Mathematical structures", "Recreational mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]
5,482,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony%20tribromide	Antimony tribromide (SbBr3) is a chemical compound containing antimony in its +3 oxidation state. Production Antimony tribromide may be made by the reaction of antimony with elemental bromine, or by the reaction of antimony trioxide with hydrobromic acid. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the action of bromine on...	Antimony tribromide	[ "Chemistry" ]	254	[ "Bromides", "Inorganic compounds", "Metal halides", "Salts" ]
5,482,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony%20triiodide	Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the formula SbI3. This ruby-red solid is the only characterized "binary" iodide of antimony, i.e. the sole compound isolated with the formula SbxIy. It contains antimony in its +3 oxidation state. Like many iodides of the heavier main group elements, its structure depen...	Antimony triiodide	[ "Chemistry" ]	252	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Metal halides", "Salts" ]
5,482,977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardasil	Gardasil is an HPV vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). It was developed by Merck & Co. High-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. The HPV strains that Gardasil protects against are sexually tra...	Gardasil	[ "Biology" ]	4,078	[ "Viruses", "Papillomavirus", "Life sciences industry" ]
5,482,989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony%20triselenide	Antimony triselenide is the chemical compound with the formula . The material exists as the sulfosalt mineral antimonselite (IMA symbol: Atm), which crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group. In this compound, antimony has a formal oxidation state +3 and selenium −2. The bonding in this compound has covalent characte...	Antimony triselenide	[ "Chemistry" ]	211	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
5,482,995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium%20graveolens	Pelargonium graveolens is a Pelargonium species native to the Cape Provinces and the Northern Provinces of South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Common names include rose geranium, sweet scented geranium, old-fashioned rose geranium, and rose-scent geranium. Etymology Pelargonium comes from the Greek πελαργός pelargo...	Pelargonium graveolens	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,586	[ "Essential oils", "Natural products" ]
5,483,077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium%28III%29%20sulfide	Scandium(III) sulfide is a chemical compound of scandium and sulfur with the chemical formula Sc2S3. It is a yellow solid. Structure The crystal structure of Sc2S3 is closely related to that of sodium chloride, in that it is based on a cubic close packed array of anions. Whereas NaCl has all the octahedral interstice...	Scandium(III) sulfide	[ "Chemistry" ]	334	[ "Inorganic compounds" ]
5,483,115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium%20hexasulfide	Selenium hexasulfide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . Its molecular structure is an 8-membered ring, consisting of two selenium and six sulfur atoms (diselenacyclooctasulfane), analogous to the ring, an allotrope of sulfur (cyclooctasulfur or cyclooctasulfane), and other 8-membered rings of selenium ...	Selenium hexasulfide	[ "Chemistry" ]	300	[ "Redox", "Inorganic compounds", "Oxidizing agents", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
5,483,173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium%20trioxide	Selenium trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula SeO3. It is white, hygroscopic solid. It is also an oxidizing agent and a Lewis acid. It is of academic interest as a precursor to Se(VI) compounds. Preparation Selenium trioxide is difficult to prepare because it is unstable with respect to the dioxide: 2...	Selenium trioxide	[ "Chemistry" ]	605	[ "Oxides", "Redox", "Oxidizing agents", "Salts" ]
5,483,302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium%20oxybromide	Selenium oxybromide (SeOBr2) is a selenium oxohalide chemical compound. Preparation Selenium oxybromide can be prepared through the reaction of selenium dioxide and selenium tetrabromide. Selenium and selenium dioxide are reacted with bromine to form selenium monobromide and selenium tetrabromide. Dissolving the selen...	Selenium oxybromide	[ "Chemistry" ]	369	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
5,483,392	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium%28II%29%20chloride	Samarium(II) chloride (SmCl2) is a chemical compound, used as a radical generating agent in the ketone-mediated intraannulation reaction. Preparation Reduction of samarium(III) chloride with samarium metal in a vacuum at a temperature of 800 °C to 900 °C, or with hydrogen gas at 350 °C yields samarium(II) chloride: 2 ...	Samarium(II) chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	190	[ "Chlorides", "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs", "Salts" ]
5,483,516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computon	A computon is a combined unit of computing power, including processor cycles, memory, disk storage and bandwidth, proposed in 2005 by researchers at Hewlett-Packard, with the word being a cross between "computation" and "photon", the name for a packet of electromagnetic energy. HP hoped that the computon would become ...	Computon	[ "Technology" ]	152	[ "Computer performance" ]
5,483,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%28II%29%20bromide	Tin(II) bromide is a chemical compound of tin and bromine with a chemical formula of SnBr2. Tin is in the +2 oxidation state. The stability of tin compounds in this oxidation state is attributed to the inert pair effect. Structure and bonding In the gas phase SnBr2 is non-linear with a bent configuration similar to Sn...	Tin(II) bromide	[ "Chemistry" ]	559	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Redox", "Reducing agents", "Salts", "Bromides", "Metal halides" ]
5,484,271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockshoot	In fowl hunting, a cockshoot, also called cockshut or cock-road, was a broad glade, an opening in a forest, through which woodcock might shoot. During the day, woodcocks remain out of sight, unless disturbed; but at night, they take flight in search of water. Flying generally low, they will follow along any openings in...	Cockshoot	[ "Biology" ]	352	[ "Forests", "Ecosystems" ]
5,485,216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Martell	Edward Ambrose Martell (February 23, 1918 – July 12, 1995) was an American radiochemist for the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. He fought fervently throughout his life against the medical establishment and the National Institute of Health for what he perceived to be insufficient...	Edward Martell	[ "Chemistry" ]	648	[ "Nuclear chemists" ]
5,485,600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular%20dwarfism	Insular dwarfism, a form of phyletic dwarfism, is the process and condition of large animals evolving or having a reduced body size when their population's range is limited to a small environment, primarily islands. This natural process is distinct from the intentional creation of dwarf breeds, called dwarfing. This pr...	Insular dwarfism	[ "Biology" ]	1,323	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Animal size", "Organism size" ]
5,485,738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon%20of%20Horus	The Aeon of Horus, which began in the early 20th century, is considered the current era in Thelemic philosophy. This Aeon is marked by a significant shift in spiritual and societal paradigms, emphasizing self-realization, individualism, and the pursuit of one's True Will. The child god Horus symbolizes this era, repres...	Aeon of Horus	[ "Physics" ]	1,484	[ "Spacetime", "Timekeeping", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
5,485,741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20modifications	Home modifications are defined as environmental interventions aiming to support activity performance in the home. More specifically, home modifications often are changes made to the home environment to help people with functional disability or impairment to be more independent and safe in their own homes and reduce an...	Home modifications	[ "Engineering" ]	300	[ "Accessible building", "Design", "Architectural design", "Architecture" ]
5,487,863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarded%20position	Einstein's equations admit gravity wave-like solutions. In the case of a moving point-like mass and in the linearized limit of a weak-gravity approximation these solutions of the Einstein equations are known as the Liénard–Wiechert gravitational potentials. Wave-like solutions (variations) in gravitational field at any...	Retarded position	[ "Physics" ]	644	[ "General relativity", "Theory of relativity" ]
5,488,222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20divisor	In mathematics, a natural number a is a unitary divisor (or Hall divisor) of a number b if a is a divisor of b and if a and are coprime, having no common factor other than 1. Equivalently, a divisor a of b is a unitary divisor if and only if every prime factor of a has the same multiplicity in a as it has in b. The c...	Unitary divisor	[ "Mathematics" ]	822	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Number theory" ]
5,488,499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20function	In mathematics, the continuum function is , i.e. raising 2 to the power of κ using cardinal exponentiation. Given a cardinal number, it is the cardinality of the power set of a set of the given cardinality. See also Continuum hypothesis Cardinality of the continuum Beth number Easton's theorem Gimel function Cardinal...	Continuum function	[ "Mathematics" ]	71	[ "Cardinal numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Numbers", "Infinity" ]
5,488,986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetic%20principle	According to the alphabetic principle, letters and combinations of letters are the symbols used to represent the speech sounds of a language based on systematic and predictable relationships between written letters, symbols, and spoken words. The alphabetic principle is the foundation of any alphabetic writing system (...	Alphabetic principle	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,206	[ "Symbols" ]
5,489,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coated%20paper	Coated paper (also known as enamel paper, gloss paper, and thin paper) is paper that has been coated by a mixture of materials or a polymer to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface gloss, smoothness, or reduced ink absorbency. Various materials, including kaolinite, calcium carbonate, bentoni...	Coated paper	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,216	[ "Composite materials", "Chemical processes", "Materials", "nan", "Chemical process engineering", "Matter" ]
5,489,476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket%20M	Socket M (mPGA478MT) is a CPU interface introduced by Intel in 2006 for the Intel Core line of mobile processors. Technical specifications Socket M is used in all Intel Core products, as well as the Core-derived Dual-Core Xeon codenamed Sossaman. It was also used in the first generation of the mobile version of Intel'...	Socket M	[ "Technology" ]	339	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
5,489,569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold%20energy	In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy that must be imparted to one of a pair of particles in order for their collision to produce a given result. If the desired result is to produce a third particle then the threshold energy is greater than or equal to the ...	Threshold energy	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	575	[ "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Energy (physics)", "Particle physics", "Particle physics stubs", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
5,489,639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available%20energy%20%28particle%20collision%29	In particle physics, the available energy is the energy in a particle collision available to produce new particles from the energy of the colliding particles. In early accelerators both colliding particles usually survived after the collision, so the available energy was the total kinetic energy of the colliding parti...	Available energy (particle collision)	[ "Physics" ]	132	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics" ]
5,489,731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex%20hammer	A reflex hammer is a medical instrument used by practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes, the best known possibly being the patellar reflex. Testing for reflexes is an important part of the neurological physical examination in order to detect abnormalities in the central or peripheral nervous system. Reflex hammers...	Reflex hammer	[ "Biology" ]	812	[ "Medical equipment", "Medical technology" ]
5,490,772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octadecyltrichlorosilane	Octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS or n-octadecyltrichlorosilane) is an organosilicon compound with the formula . A colorless liquid, it is used as a silanization agent to prepare hydrophobic stationary phase, for reversed-phase chromatography. It is also evaluated for forming self-assembled monolayers on silicon dioxide ...	Octadecyltrichlorosilane	[ "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	169	[ "Nanotechnology", "Planes (geometry)", "Thin films", "Materials science" ]
5,490,892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos	18D/Perrine–Mrkos is a periodic comet in the Solar System, originally discovered by the American-Argentine astronomer Charles Dillon Perrine (Lick Observatory, California, United States) on December 9, 1896. For some time it was thought to be a fragment of Biela's Comet. It was considered lost after the 1909 appearan...	18D/Perrine–Mrkos	[ "Astronomy" ]	343	[ "Recovered astronomical objects", "Astronomical objects", "Astronomy stubs", "Comet stubs" ]
5,490,978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20toys	Art toys, also called designer toys, are toys and collectibles created by artists and designers that are either self-produced or made by small, independent toy companies, typically in very limited editions. Artists use a variety of materials, such as ABS plastic, vinyl, wood, metal, latex, plush, and resin. Creators of...	Art toys	[ "Engineering" ]	1,831	[ "Design" ]
5,491,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20%28association%20football%29	A football or soccer ball is the ball used in the sport of association football. The ball's spherical shape, as well as its size, weight, mass, and material composition, are specified by Law 2 of the Laws of the Game maintained by the International Football Association Board. Additional, more stringent standards are sp...	Ball (association football)	[ "Physics" ]	2,040	[ "Spherical objects", "Physical objects", "Matter" ]
5,491,283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealant	Sealant is a substance used to block the passage of fluids through openings in materials, a type of mechanical seal. In building construction sealant is sometimes synonymous with caulk (especially if acrylic latex or polyurethane based) and also serve the purposes of blocking dust, sound and heat transmission. Sealants...	Sealant	[ "Physics" ]	1,266	[ "Seals (mechanical)", "Materials", "Matter" ]
5,491,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-scale%20approaches	The scale space representation of a signal obtained by Gaussian smoothing satisfies a number of special properties, scale-space axioms, which make it into a special form of multi-scale representation. There are, however, also other types of "multi-scale approaches" in the areas of computer vision, image processing and ...	Multi-scale approaches	[ "Engineering" ]	543	[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Packaging machinery", "Computer vision" ]
44,958	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20tower	A water tower is an elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed at a height sufficient to pressurize a distribution system for potable water, and to provide emergency storage for fire protection. Water towers often operate in conjunction with underground or surface service reservoirs, which store treated wat...	Water tower	[ "Engineering" ]	3,094	[ "Structural engineering", "Towers" ]
44,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20National%20Ice%20Center	The U.S. National Ice Center (USNIC) is a tri-agency operational center and echelon V command of the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), whose mission is to provide worldwide navigational ice analyses for the armed forces of the United States, allied nations, and U.S. government agencies. It is represented by the ...	U.S. National Ice Center	[ "Physics" ]	289	[ "Physical systems", "Transport", "Ice in transportation" ]
44,987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%E2%80%93Cantelli%20lemma	In probability theory, the Borel–Cantelli lemma is a theorem about sequences of events. In general, it is a result in measure theory. It is named after Émile Borel and Francesco Paolo Cantelli, who gave statement to the lemma in the first decades of the 20th century. A related result, sometimes called the second Bore...	Borel–Cantelli lemma	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,163	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in measure theory", "Covering lemmas", "Theorems in probability theory", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems", "Lemmas" ]
45,022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20transformation	In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a natural transformation provides a way of transforming one functor into another while respecting the internal structure (i.e., the composition of morphisms) of the categories involved. Hence, a natural transformation can be considered to be a "morphism of functors". Informa...	Natural transformation	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,062	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Functors", "Category theory" ]
45,053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Perec	Georges Perec (; 7 March 1936 – 3 March 1982) was a French novelist, filmmaker, documentalist, and essayist. He was a member of the Oulipo group. His father died as a soldier early in the Second World War and his mother was killed in the Holocaust. Many of his works deal with absence, loss, and identity, often through...	Georges Perec	[ "Physics" ]	2,368	[ "Palindromists", "Symmetry", "Palindromes" ]
45,059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%20of%20speech	In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech (abbreviated as POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar syntactic beha...	Part of speech	[ "Technology" ]	3,676	[ "Parts of speech", "Components" ]
45,063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20category	In mathematics, an abelian category is a category in which morphisms and objects can be added and in which kernels and cokernels exist and have desirable properties. The motivating prototypical example of an abelian category is the category of abelian groups, . Abelian categories are very stable categories; for examp...	Abelian category	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,959	[ "Mathematical structures", "Additive categories", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Category theory", "Homological algebra" ]
45,086	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity	Biodiversity is the variability of life on Earth. It can be measured on various levels. There is for example genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary...	Biodiversity	[ "Biology" ]	9,980	[ "Biogeography", "Biodiversity" ]
45,132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth%20condition	In semantics and pragmatics, a truth condition is the condition under which a sentence is true. For example, "It is snowing in Nebraska" is true precisely when it is snowing in Nebraska. Truth conditions of a sentence do not necessarily reflect current reality. They are merely the conditions under which the statement w...	Truth condition	[ "Mathematics" ]	492	[ "Mathematical logic", "Logical truth" ]
45,145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%20sequence	The Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for galaxies published by Edwin Hubble in 1926. It is often colloquially known as the Hubble tuning-fork diagram because the shape in which it is traditionally represented resembles a tuning fork. It was invented by John Henry Reynolds and Sir James Jeans. T...	Hubble sequence	[ "Astronomy" ]	2,294	[ "Extragalactic astronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astronomical classification systems" ]

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