id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
45,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M | CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created in 1974 for Intel 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. CP/M is a disk operating system and its purpose is to organize files on a magnetic storag... | CP/M | [
"Technology"
] | 10,295 | [
"Computers",
"History of computing"
] |
45,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot | Peridot ( ), sometimes called chrysolite, is a yellow-green transparent variety of olivine. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color.
Peridot can be found in mafic and ultramafic rocks occurring in lava and peridotite xenoliths of the mantle. The gem occurs in silica-deficient rocks such as vol... | Peridot | [
"Physics"
] | 1,634 | [
"Materials",
"Gemstones",
"Matter"
] |
45,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoclase | Orthoclase, or orthoclase feldspar (endmember formula KAlSi3O8), is an important tectosilicate mineral which forms igneous rock. The name is from the Ancient Greek for "straight fracture", because its two cleavage planes are at right angles to each other. It is a type of potassium feldspar, also known as K-feldspar. Th... | Orthoclase | [
"Physics"
] | 692 | [
"Materials",
"Gemstones",
"Matter"
] |
45,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcline | Microcline (KAlSi3O8) is an important igneous rock-forming tectosilicate mineral. It is a potassium-rich alkali feldspar. Microcline typically contains minor amounts of sodium. It is common in granite and pegmatites. Microcline forms during slow cooling of orthoclase; it is more stable at lower temperatures than ortho... | Microcline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 615 | [
"Luminescence",
"Luminescent minerals"
] |
45,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20binomial%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the number of failures in a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials before a specified/constant/fixed number of successes occur. For example, we can define rolling a ... | Negative binomial distribution | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,340 | [
"Factorial and binomial topics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
45,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20%28computing%29 | In computing, a process is the instance of a computer program that is being executed by one or many threads. There are many different process models, some of which are light weight, but almost all processes (even entire virtual machines) are rooted in an operating system (OS) process which comprises the program code, a... | Process (computing) | [
"Technology"
] | 2,140 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Concurrent computing",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
45,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy | Brandy is a liquor produced by distilling wine. Brandy generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically consumed as an after-dinner digestif. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks. Others are coloured with caramel colouring to imitate the effect of ageing, and some are produced using a co... | Brandy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,221 | [
"Distillation",
"Distilled drinks"
] |
45,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp%20space | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Lp space}}
In mathematics, the spaces are function spaces defined using a natural generalization of the -norm for finite-dimensional vector spaces. They are sometimes called Lebesgue spaces, named after Henri Lebesgue , although according to the Bourbaki group they were first introduced by Frigyes Rie... | Lp space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,796 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Function spaces",
"Series (mathematics)",
"Vector spaces",
"Mathematical structures",
"Calculus",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
45,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective%20function | In mathematics, an injective function (also known as injection, or one-to-one function ) is a function that maps distinct elements of its domain to distinct elements of its codomain; that is, implies (equivalently by contraposition, implies ). In other words, every element of the function's codomain is the image o... | Injective function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,491 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Types of functions"
] |
45,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20element | In mathematics, the concept of an inverse element generalises the concepts of opposite () and reciprocal () of numbers.
Given an operation denoted here , and an identity element denoted , if , one says that is a left inverse of , and that is a right inverse of . (An identity element is an element such that and fo... | Inverse element | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,822 | [
"Algebra",
"Binary operations",
"Binary relations",
"Mathematical relations",
"Abstract algebra"
] |
45,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20algebra | Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structures.
For instance, rather than take particular groups as the object of study, in universal algebra one takes the class of groups as an object of stud... | Universal algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,556 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Universal algebra"
] |
45,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine%20communications%20cable | A submarine communications cable is a cable laid on the seabed between land-based stations to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean and sea. The first submarine communications cables were laid beginning in the 1850s and carried telegraphy traffic, establishing the first instant telecommunications li... | Submarine communications cable | [
"Engineering"
] | 11,412 | [
"Construction",
"Coastal construction"
] |
45,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications%20satellite | A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet... | Communications satellite | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,247 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Wireless communication systems",
"Satellite broadcasting"
] |
45,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalgebra | In mathematics, a subalgebra is a subset of an algebra, closed under all its operations, and carrying the induced operations.
"Algebra", when referring to a structure, often means a vector space or module equipped with an additional bilinear operation. Algebras in universal algebra are far more general: they are a com... | Subalgebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 802 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Universal algebra"
] |
45,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20%28algebra%29 | In algebra, the kernel of a homomorphism (function that preserves the structure) is generally the inverse image of 0 (except for groups whose operation is denoted multiplicatively, where the kernel is the inverse image of 1). An important special case is the kernel of a linear map. The kernel of a matrix, also called t... | Kernel (algebra) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,897 | [
"Algebra"
] |
45,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacmool | A chacmool (also spelled chac-mool or Chac Mool) is a form of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican sculpture depicting a reclining figure with its head facing 90 degrees from the front, supporting itself on its elbows and supporting a bowl or a disk upon its stomach. These figures possibly symbolised slain warriors carrying offe... | Chacmool | [
"Physics"
] | 4,162 | [
"Religious objects",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
45,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | In the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, a user interface (UI) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end, while the machine simultaneously feeds back information that ... | User interface | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 5,149 | [
"User interfaces",
"Human communication",
"Machines",
"Behavior",
"Physical systems",
"Interfaces",
"Human–machine interaction",
"Design",
"Human behavior"
] |
45,259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety | Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.
These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular reviews of biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many... | Biosafety | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,913 | [
"Bioethics",
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
45,262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity | Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction or spread of harmful organisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria, plants, animals etc.) intentionally or unintentionally outside their native range or within new environments. In agriculture, these measures are aimed at protecting food crops and livestock from p... | Biosecurity | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,802 | [
"Toxicology",
"Biosecurity"
] |
45,265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Bruijn%E2%80%93Newman%20constant | The de Bruijn–Newman constant, denoted by and named after Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Charles Michael Newman, is a mathematical constant defined via the zeros of a certain function , where is a real parameter and is a complex variable. More precisely,
,
where is the super-exponentially decaying function
and is... | De Bruijn–Newman constant | [
"Mathematics"
] | 347 | [
"Analytic number theory",
"Mathematical objects",
"nan",
"Mathematical constants",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
45,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure%20space | A measure space is a basic object of measure theory, a branch of mathematics that studies generalized notions of volumes. It contains an underlying set, the subsets of this set that are feasible for measuring (the -algebra) and the method that is used for measuring (the measure). One important example of a measure spa... | Measure space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 331 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
45,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20loop | In computer programming, an infinite loop (or endless loop) is a sequence of instructions that, as written, will continue endlessly, unless an external intervention occurs, such as turning off power via a switch or pulling a plug. It may be intentional.
There is no general algorithm to determine whether a computer pro... | Infinite loop | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 3,204 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Recursion",
"Computing comparisons",
"Programming language comparisons"
] |
45,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20entry | Atmospheric entry (sometimes listed as Vimpact or Ventry) is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. Atmospheric entry may be uncontrolled entry, as in the entry of astronomical objects, space debris, or bolides. It may be... | Atmospheric entry | [
"Engineering"
] | 13,109 | [
"Atmospheric entry",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
45,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28computing%29 | In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler, which is typically a part of the operating system. In many cases, a thread is a component of a process.
The multiple threads of a given process may be executed concurrently ... | Thread (computing) | [
"Technology"
] | 4,838 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Concurrent computing",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
45,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20algebra | In mathematics, a Clifford algebra is an algebra generated by a vector space with a quadratic form, and is a unital associative algebra with the additional structure of a distinguished subspace. As -algebras, they generalize the real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and several other hypercomplex number systems. T... | Clifford algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,506 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Quadratic forms",
"Ring theory",
"Number theory"
] |
45,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20electron%20transition | In atomic physics and chemistry, an atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom. The time scale of a quantum jump has not been measured experimentally. However, the Franck–Condon p... | Atomic electron transition | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 612 | [
"Electron",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Electron states",
" and optical physics"
] |
45,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange | A flange is a protruded ridge, lip or rim, either external or internal, that serves to increase strength (as the flange of a steel beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam); for easy attachment/transfer of contact force with another object (as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a c... | Flange | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,076 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Plumbing",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping"
] |
45,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | In game theory, the Nash equilibrium is the most commonly-used solution concept for non-cooperative games. A Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies fixed). The idea of Nash equilibrium dates back to the time of Cournot, who in 183... | Nash equilibrium | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,562 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Fixed points (mathematics)",
"Game theory",
"Topology",
"Game theory equilibrium concepts",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
45,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories%20of%20urban%20planning | Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There is no one unified planning theory but various. Whittemore identifies nine procedural theories that dominated the field between 1959 and 1983: the Rational... | Theories of urban planning | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 6,859 | [
"Urban planning",
"Environmental social science",
"Architecture"
] |
45,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer | A writer is a person who uses written words in different writing styles, genres and techniques to communicate ideas, to inspire feelings and emotions, or to entertain. Writers may develop different forms of writing such as novels, short stories, monographs, travelogues, plays, screenplays, teleplays, songs, and essays ... | Writer | [
"Engineering"
] | 8,811 | [
"Design",
"Communication design"
] |
45,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion | An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and ... | Ecoregion | [
"Biology"
] | 3,782 | [
"Biogeography"
] |
45,394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical%20realm | The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone.
Definition
In biogeography, the Neotropic or Neotropical realm is one of the eight terrestrial real... | Neotropical realm | [
"Biology"
] | 2,720 | [
"Biogeography"
] |
45,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Goodall | Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall; 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English zoologist, primatologist and anthropologist. She is considered the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, after 60 years' studying the social and family interactions of wild chimpanzee... | Jane Goodall | [
"Biology"
] | 7,362 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Ethologists"
] |
45,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20growth | Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. It also advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing ch... | Smart growth | [
"Physics"
] | 5,548 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Sustainable transport"
] |
45,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20movement | The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement) is a social movement that aims to protect the natural world from harmful environmental practices in order to create sustainable living. Environmentalists advocate the just and sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environmen... | Environmental movement | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 8,136 | [
"Environmental social science concepts",
"Environmental social science"
] |
45,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20measure | In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a σ-algebra that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity. The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume) is that a probabili... | Probability measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 696 | [
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
45,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20movement | The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to manage and protect natural resources, including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. Conservationists are concerned with leaving the environment in a bette... | Conservation movement | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 7,270 | [
"Environmental ethics"
] |
45,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20ecology | Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes. Political ecology differs from apolitical ecological studies by politicizing environmental issues and phenomena.
The academic discipline offers wide-ranging studies integrating ecol... | Political ecology | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,596 | [
"Ecology terminology",
"Environmental social science",
"Political ecology",
"Ecology"
] |
45,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar%20switch | In electronics and telecommunications, a crossbar switch (cross-point switch, matrix switch) is a collection of switches arranged in a matrix configuration. A crossbar switch has multiple input and output lines that form a crossed pattern of interconnecting lines between which a connection may be established by closing... | Crossbar switch | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,403 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Electronic circuits"
] |
45,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow | In computer science, control flow (or flow of control) is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated. The emphasis on explicit control flow distinguishes an imperative programming language from a declarative programming language.
Within a... | Control flow | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 7,549 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Recursion",
"Computing comparisons",
"Programming language comparisons"
] |
45,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto%20efficiency | In welfare economics, a Pareto improvement formalizes the idea of an outcome being "better in every possible way". A change is called a Pareto improvement if it leaves at least one person in society better-off without leaving anyone else worse off than they were before. A situation is called Pareto efficient or Pareto ... | Pareto efficiency | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,865 | [
"Mathematical optimization",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Game theory"
] |
45,473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn%20Margulis | Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution. In particular, Margulis transformed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the evolution of cells with nucl... | Lynn Margulis | [
"Biology"
] | 4,751 | [
"Biological interactions",
"Behavior",
"Symbiosis"
] |
45,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20good | In economics, a free good is a good that is not scarce, and therefore is available without limit. A free good is available in as great a quantity as desired with zero opportunity cost to society.
A good that is made available at zero price is not necessarily a free good. For example, a shop might give away its stock ... | Free good | [
"Physics"
] | 319 | [
"Materials",
"Goods (economics)",
"Matter"
] |
45,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20congruential%20generator | A linear congruential generator (LCG) is an algorithm that yields a sequence of pseudo-randomized numbers calculated with a discontinuous piecewise linear equation. The method represents one of the oldest and best-known pseudorandom number generator algorithms. The theory behind them is relatively easy to understand, a... | Linear congruential generator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,761 | [
"Arithmetic",
"Modular arithmetic",
"Number theory"
] |
45,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity%20cost | In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost of a choice is the value of the best alternative forgone where, given limited resources, a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives. Assuming the best choice is made, it is the "cost" incurred by not enjoying the benefit that would have been h... | Opportunity cost | [
"Physics"
] | 3,805 | [
"Spacetime",
"Economics and time",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
45,535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessi%20%28Italian%20company%29 | Alessi is a housewares and kitchen utensil company in Italy, manufacturing and marketing everyday items authored by a wide range of designers, architects and industrial designers — including Achille Castiglioni, Richard Sapper, Marco Zanuso, Alessandro Mendini, Ettore Sottsass, Wiel Arets, Zaha Hadid, Toyo Ito, Hani Ra... | Alessi (Italian company) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,781 | [
"Industrial design",
"Design engineering",
"Design",
"Product design"
] |
45,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena%20Protocol%20on%20Biosafety | The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement on biosafety as a supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) effective since 2003. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by genetically modifi... | Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety | [
"Biology"
] | 3,636 | [
"Convention on Biological Diversity",
"Biodiversity"
] |
45,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind%20cut | In mathematics, Dedekind cuts, named after German mathematician Richard Dedekind (but previously considered by Joseph Bertrand), are а method of construction of the real numbers from the rational numbers. A Dedekind cut is a partition of the rational numbers into two sets A and B, such that each element of A is less th... | Dedekind cut | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,801 | [
"Real numbers",
"Order theory",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
45,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20vaccine | A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is soug... | DNA vaccine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 7,138 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Gene delivery"
] |
45,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodefense | Biodefense refers to measures to counter biological threats, reduce biological risks, and prepare for, respond to, and recover from bioincidents, whether naturally occurring, accidental, or deliberate in origin and whether impacting human, animal, plant, or environmental health. Biodefense measures often aim to improve... | Biodefense | [
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 3,491 | [
"Bioethics",
"Biological warfare",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
45,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon%20error%20correction | In information theory and coding theory, Reed–Solomon codes are a group of error-correcting codes that were introduced by Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon in 1960.
They have many applications, including consumer technologies such as MiniDiscs, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, QR codes, Data Matrix, data transmission technol... | Reed–Solomon error correction | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 9,498 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory",
"Reliability engineering",
"Error detection and correction"
] |
45,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagged%20Fibonacci%20generator | A Lagged Fibonacci generator (LFG or sometimes LFib) is an example of a pseudorandom number generator. This class of random number generator is aimed at being an improvement on the 'standard' linear congruential generator. These are based on a generalisation of the Fibonacci sequence.
The Fibonacci sequence may be des... | Lagged Fibonacci generator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,097 | [
"Fibonacci numbers",
"Mathematical relations",
"Golden ratio",
"Recurrence relations"
] |
45,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopharmacology | Psychopharmacology (from Greek ; ; and ) is the scientific study of the effects drugs have on mood, sensation, thinking, behavior, judgment and evaluation, and memory. It is distinguished from neuropsychopharmacology, which emphasizes the correlation between drug-induced changes in the functioning of cells in the nervo... | Psychopharmacology | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,676 | [
"Psychopharmacology",
"Pharmacology",
"Neuropharmacology"
] |
45,634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20safety | In multi-threaded computer programming, a function is thread-safe when it can be invoked or accessed concurrently by multiple threads without causing unexpected behavior, race conditions, or data corruption. As in the multi-threaded context where a program executes several threads simultaneously in a shared address spa... | Thread safety | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,279 | [
"Software engineering",
"Programming language topics"
] |
45,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom%E2%80%93up%20and%20top%E2%80%93down%20design | Bottom–up and top–down are both strategies of information processing and ordering knowledge, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership.
A top–down appr... | Bottom–up and top–down design | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,137 | [
"Design",
"Software design"
] |
45,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undocumented%20feature | An undocumented feature is an unintended or undocumented hardware operation, for example an undocumented instruction, or software feature found in computer hardware and software that is considered beneficial or useful. Sometimes the documentation is omitted through oversight, but undocumented features are sometimes not... | Undocumented feature | [
"Technology"
] | 770 | [
"Computer errors",
"Technological failures",
"Software anomalies"
] |
45,642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography | Demography () is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration.
Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and dynamics of populations; it can cover whole s... | Demography | [
"Mathematics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 5,315 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Actuarial science",
"Demography",
"Environmental social science",
"Human geography"
] |
45,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20transform%20sampling | Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, or the Smirnov transform) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative... | Inverse transform sampling | [
"Physics"
] | 1,378 | [
"Monte Carlo methods",
"Computational physics"
] |
45,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate%20covalent%20bond | In coordination chemistry, a coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative bond, dipolar bond, or coordinate bond is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction. This type of interactio... | Coordinate covalent bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,490 | [
"Acid–base chemistry",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding"
] |
45,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20science | Forensic science, also known as criminalistics, is the application of science principles and methods to support legal decision-making in matters of criminal and civil law.
During criminal investigation in particular, it is governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure. It is a broad fie... | Forensic science | [
"Chemistry"
] | 9,571 | [
"Chromatography",
"Separation processes"
] |
45,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20vector%20space | In mathematics, a topological vector space (also called a linear topological space and commonly abbreviated TVS or t.v.s.) is one of the basic structures investigated in functional analysis.
A topological vector space is a vector space that is also a topological space with the property that the vector space operations ... | Topological vector space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,185 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Vector spaces",
"Topological vector spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
45,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%20Mathematics%20Comes%20From | Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being (hereinafter WMCF) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist. Published in 2000, WMCF seeks to found a cognitive science of mathematics, a theory of embodied mathematics based on conceptual meta... | Where Mathematics Comes From | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,191 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinity"
] |
45,756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite | The mineral pyrite ( ), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral.
Pyrite's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fool's ... | Pyrite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,860 | [
"Semiconductor materials",
"Alchemical substances"
] |
45,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype%20distinction | The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics. The "genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information. The "phenotype" is an organism's actual observed properties, such as morphology, development, or behavior. This distinction is fundamental in the study of inheritance of traits and their evolution.
Ove... | Genotype–phenotype distinction | [
"Biology"
] | 1,271 | [
"Genetics"
] |
45,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetics | Biomimetics or biomimicry is the emulation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from (bios), life, and μίμησις (mīmēsis), imitation, from μιμεῖσθαι (mīmeisthai), to imitate, from μῖμος (mimos), actor. A cl... | Biomimetics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 7,658 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Bionics",
"Industrial engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Sustainable transport",
"Bioinformatics",
"Biophysics",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering",
"Industrial ecology... |
45,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20capital | Natural capital is the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms. Some natural capital assets provide people with free goods and services, often called ecosystem services. All of these underpin our economy and society, and thus make human life possible.
It ... | Natural capital | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,715 | [
"Environmental social science concepts",
"Environmental social science"
] |
45,809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s%20algorithm | Dijkstra's algorithm ( ) is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a weighted graph, which may represent, for example, a road network. It was conceived by computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later.
Dijkstra's algorithm finds the shortest path from a given sour... | Dijkstra's algorithm | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,824 | [
"Graph distance",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
45,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subwoofer | A subwoofer (or sub) is a loudspeaker designed to reproduce low-pitched audio frequencies, known as bass and sub-bass, that are lower in frequency than those which can be (optimally) generated by a woofer. The typical frequency range that is covered by a subwoofer is about 20–200 Hz for consumer products, below 100 Hz ... | Subwoofer | [
"Engineering"
] | 14,616 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering"
] |
45,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20engineering | Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made structures. Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the stability, strength, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of b... | Structural engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,439 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Construction",
"nan"
] |
45,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus | Tetanus (), also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and characterized by muscle spasms. In the most common type, the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the body. Each spasm usually lasts for a few minutes. Spasms occur frequently for three to four weeks. Some s... | Tetanus | [
"Biology"
] | 4,807 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccine-preventable diseases"
] |
45,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrocompass | A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth (or another planetary body if used elsewhere in the universe) to find geographical direction automatically. A gyrocompass makes use of one of the seven fundamental ways to determine the heading of a vehi... | Gyrocompass | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,925 | [
"Avionics",
"Aircraft instruments",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
45,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum%20machine | A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument that creates percussion sounds, drum beats, and patterns. Drum machines may imitate drum kits or other percussion instruments, or produce unique sounds, such as synthesized electronic tones. A drum machine often has pre-programmed beats and patterns for popular genres ... | Drum machine | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,008 | [
"Music sequencers",
"Automation"
] |
45,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery | A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel, church, or temple, and may also serve as an oratory, or in th... | Monastery | [
"Biology"
] | 5,022 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Total institutions"
] |
45,857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz%20polynomial | In mathematics, a Hurwitz polynomial (named after German mathematician Adolf Hurwitz) is a polynomial whose roots (zeros) are located in the left half-plane of the complex plane or on the imaginary axis, that is, the real part of every root is zero or negative. Such a polynomial must have coefficients that are posit... | Hurwitz polynomial | [
"Mathematics"
] | 467 | [
"Polynomials",
"Algebra"
] |
45,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Center%20for%20Supercomputing%20Applications | The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) is a state-federal partnership to develop and deploy national-scale cyberinfrastructure that advances research, science and engineering based in the United States. NCSA operates as a unit of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,
and provides high-perfor... | National Center for Supercomputing Applications | [
"Technology"
] | 1,946 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"IT infrastructure",
"Cyberinfrastructure"
] |
45,871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker | A loudspeaker (commonly referred to as a speaker or, more fully, a speaker system) is a combination of one or more speaker drivers, an enclosure, and electrical connections (possibly including a crossover network). The speaker driver is an electroacoustic transducer that converts an electrical audio signal into a corre... | Loudspeaker | [
"Engineering"
] | 12,502 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering"
] |
45,906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the exponential distribution or negative exponential distribution is the probability distribution of the distance between events in a Poisson point process, i.e., a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate; the distance parameter could... | Exponential distribution | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,690 | [
"Point (geometry)",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Point processes",
"Exponentials",
"Poisson point processes"
] |
45,938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20equilibrium%20theory | In economics, general equilibrium theory attempts to explain the behavior of supply, demand, and prices in a whole economy with several or many interacting markets, by seeking to prove that the interaction of demand and supply will result in an overall general equilibrium. General equilibrium theory contrasts with the ... | General equilibrium theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,830 | [
"Game theory"
] |
45,943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika | The swastika (卐 or 卍) is a symbol used in various Eurasian religions and cultures, and it is also seen in some African and American ones. In the Western world, it is more widely recognized as a symbol of the German Nazi Party who appropriated it for their party insignia starting in the early 20th century. The appropria... | Swastika | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 14,807 | [
"Visual motifs",
"Symbols",
"Symmetry",
"Rotational symmetry"
] |
45,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual%20assured%20destruction | Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy which posits that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by an attacker on a nuclear-armed defender with second-strike capabilities would result in the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. It is based o... | Mutual assured destruction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 7,616 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear warfare"
] |
45,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20strategy | Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons.
As a sub-branch of military strategy, nuclear strategy attempts to match nuclear weapons as means to political ends. In addition to the actual use of nuclear weapons whether in the battlefield or strate... | Nuclear strategy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,250 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear warfare"
] |
45,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaking%20device | A cloaking device is a hypothetical or fictional stealth technology that can cause objects, such as spaceships or individuals, to be partially or wholly invisible to parts of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Fictional cloaking devices have been used as plot devices in various media for many years.
Developments in sc... | Cloaking device | [
"Physics"
] | 1,580 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Theoretical physics",
"Invisibility"
] |
45,995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building | A building or edifice is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls, usually standing permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for numerous factors, from building materials available, to weather condition... | Building | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,567 | [
"Construction",
"Building",
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture"
] |
46,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion%20%28company%29 | Psion PLC was a designer and manufacturer of mobile handheld computers for commercial and industrial uses. The company was headquartered in London, England, with major operations in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, and other company offices in Europe, the United States, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. It was a p... | Psion (company) | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,775 | [
"Radio-frequency identification",
"Radio electronics"
] |
46,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Robinson | Abraham Robinson (born Robinsohn; October 6, 1918 – April 11, 1974) was a mathematician who is most widely known for development of nonstandard analysis, a mathematically rigorous system whereby infinitesimal and infinite numbers were reincorporated into modern mathematics. Nearly half of Robinson's papers were in appl... | Abraham Robinson | [
"Mathematics"
] | 596 | [
"Model theorists",
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory",
"Mathematical logicians"
] |
46,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor%20Szeg%C5%91 | Gábor Szegő () (January 20, 1895 – August 7, 1985) was a Hungarian-American mathematician. He was one of the foremost mathematical analysts of his generation and made fundamental contributions to the theory of orthogonal polynomials and Toeplitz matrices building on the work of his contemporary Otto Toeplitz.
Life
Sz... | Gábor Szegő | [
"Mathematics"
] | 815 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
46,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz%20Kuratowski | Kazimierz Kuratowski (; 2 February 1896 – 18 June 1980) was a Polish mathematician and logician. He was one of the leading representatives of the Warsaw School of Mathematics. He worked as a professor at the University of Warsaw and at the Mathematical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IM PAN). Between 1946 ... | Kazimierz Kuratowski | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,337 | [
"Topologists",
"Topology"
] |
46,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s%20Comet | Halley's Comet is the only known short-period comet that is consistently visible to the naked eye from Earth, appearing every 72–80 years, though with the majority of recorded apparations (25 of 30) occurring after 75–77 years. It last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-... | Halley's Comet | [
"Astronomy"
] | 8,321 | [
"Star of Bethlehem",
"Astronomical myths"
] |
46,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s%20paradox | In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician, Bertrand Russell, in 1901. Russell's paradox shows that every set theory that contains an unrestricted comprehension principle leads to contradictions. Accordin... | Russell's paradox | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,036 | [
"Basic concepts in infinite set theory",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Paradoxes of naive set theory"
] |
46,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s%20paradox | Simpson's paradox is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social-science and medical-science statistics, and is particularly problematic when frequency data are unduly gi... | Simpson's paradox | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,624 | [
"Probability theory paradoxes",
"Mathematical problems",
"Statistical paradoxes",
"Mathematical paradoxes"
] |
46,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence | Violence is often defined as the use of physical force or power by humans to cause harm and degradation to other living beings, such as humiliation, pain, injury, disablement, damage to property and ultimately death, as well as destruction to a society's living environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines v... | Violence | [
"Biology"
] | 13,258 | [
"Behavior",
"Violence",
"Harassment and bullying",
"Aggression",
"Human behavior"
] |
46,117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes | Eratosthenes of Cyrene (; ; – ) was an Ancient Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the te... | Eratosthenes | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,046 | [
"Number theorists",
"Number theory"
] |
46,126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard%20gas | Mustard gas or sulfur mustard are names commonly used for the organosulfur chemical compound bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents are known as sulfur mustards or nitrogen mustards, respectively, where X ... | Mustard gas | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,422 | [
"Blister agents",
"World War I chemical weapons",
"Chemical weapons"
] |
46,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Tarjan | Robert Endre Tarjan (born April 30, 1948) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is the discoverer of several graph theory algorithms, including his strongly connected components algorithm, and co-inventor of both splay trees and Fibonacci heaps. Tarjan is currently the James S. McDonnell Distinguishe... | Robert Tarjan | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,340 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
46,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planner%20%28programming%20language%29 | Planner (often seen in publications as "PLANNER" although it is not an acronym) is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969. First, subsets such as Micro-Planner and Pico-Planner were implemented, and then essentially the whole language was implemented as Popler by Julian Davi... | Planner (programming language) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,736 | [
"Theorem proving software systems",
"Automated theorem proving",
"Mathematical software"
] |
46,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS | GLONASS (, ; ) is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.
Satellite navigation devices supporting bo... | GLONASS | [
"Technology"
] | 5,071 | [
"GLONASS",
"Wireless locating"
] |
46,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua%20%28programming%20language%29 | Lua is a lightweight, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language designed mainly for embedded use in applications. Lua is cross-platform software, since the interpreter of compiled bytecode is written in ANSI C, and Lua has a relatively simple C application programming interface (API) to embed it into application... | Lua (programming language) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,361 | [
"Embedded systems",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
46,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institutes%20of%20Health | The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in 1887 and is now part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Many NIH facilities are located in Bethesda, Maryland, and other nearb... | National Institutes of Health | [
"Biology"
] | 5,401 | [
"Life sciences industry"
] |
46,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic%20typhus | Epidemic typhus, also known as louse-borne typhus, is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters where civil life is disrupted. Epidemic typhus is spread to people through contact with infected body lice, in contrast to endemic typhus which is usually trans... | Epidemic typhus | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,566 | [
"Biological agents",
"Toxicology",
"Biological warfare"
] |
46,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQUID | A SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely weak magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.
SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure fields as low as 5×10−18 T with a few days of averaged measurements. Their noise l... | SQUID | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,268 | [
"Josephson effect",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Measuring instruments",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Magnetometers",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
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