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581888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous%20flux | Luminous flux | In photometry, luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of light. It differs from radiant flux, the measure of the total power of electromagnetic radiation (including infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light), in that luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity of the human... | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics |
582127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20tuner | Antenna tuner | An antenna tuner, a matchbox, transmatch, antenna tuning unit (ATU), antenna coupler, or feedline coupler is a device connected between a radio transmitter or receiver and its antenna to improve power transfer between them by matching the impedance of the radio to the antenna's feedline. Antenna tuners are particularl... | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
582180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefulness | Wakefulness | Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world.
Being awake is the opposite of being asleep, in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.
Eff... | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
582473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis | Oogenesis | Oogenesis () or ovogenesis is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. Oogenesis is initiated in the embryonic stage.
Oogenesis in non-human mammals
In mammals, the first part of oogenesis starts in the ... | Biology and health sciences | Animal reproduction | Biology |
582702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasistatic%20process | Quasistatic process | In thermodynamics, a quasi-static process, also known as a quasi-equilibrium process (from Latin quasi, meaning ‘as if’), is a thermodynamic process that happens slowly enough for the system to remain in internal physical (but not necessarily chemical) thermodynamic equilibrium. An example of this is quasi-static expan... | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
582770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20number | Particle number | In thermodynamics, the particle number (symbol ) of a thermodynamic system is the number of constituent particles in that system. The particle number is a fundamental thermodynamic property which is conjugate to the chemical potential. Unlike most physical quantities, the particle number is a dimensionless quantity, sp... | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
582780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20atmosphere%20%28unit%29 | Standard atmosphere (unit) | The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as Pa. It is sometimes used as a reference pressure or standard pressure. It is approximately equal to Earth's average atmospheric pressure at sea level.
History
The standard atmosphere was originally defined as the pressure exerted by a 760 mm colum... | Physical sciences | Energy, power, force and pressure | null |
582844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA%20connector | VGA connector | The Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a standard connector used for computer video output. Originating with the 1987 IBM PS/2 and its VGA graphics system, the 15-pin connector went on to become ubiquitous on PCs, as well as many monitors, projectors and HD television sets.
Other connectors have been used to carr... | Technology | User interface | null |
583598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20cycle | Oxygen cycle | Oxygen cycle refers to the movement of oxygen through the atmosphere (air), biosphere (plants and animals) and the lithosphere (the Earth’s crust). The oxygen cycle demonstrates how free oxygen is made available in each of these regions, as well as how it is used. The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of oxygen ... | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
583678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline | Amitriptyline | Amitriptyline, sold under the brand name Elavil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, and a variety of pain syndromes such as neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, migraine and tension headaches. Due to the frequency and prominence of side effects, amitriptyline is gen... | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
583832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20razor | Safety razor | A safety razor is a shaving implement with a protective device positioned between the edge of the blade and the skin. The initial purpose of these protective devices was to reduce the level of skill needed for injury-free shaving, thereby reducing the reliance on professional barbers.
Protective devices for razors hav... | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
583901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20cycle%20power%20plant | Combined cycle power plant | A combined cycle power plant is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy. On land, when used to make electricity the most common type is called a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, which is a kind of gas-fired power plant. The same principl... | Technology | Power generation | null |
584096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda | Myriapoda | Myriapods () are the members of subphylum Myriapoda, containing arthropods such as millipedes and centipedes. The group contains about 13,000 species, all of them terrestrial.
Although molecular evidence and similar fossils suggests a diversification in the Cambrian Period, the oldest known fossil record of myriapods ... | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | null |
584598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota | Acidobacteriota | Acidobacteriota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. Its members are physiologically diverse and ubiquitous, especially in soils, but are under-represented in culture.
Description
Members of this phylum are physiologically diverse, and can be found in a variety of environments including soil, decomposing wood, hot s... | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
584732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota | Chlamydiota | The Chlamydiota (synonym Chlamydiae) are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiota that humans have known about for many decades are obligate in... | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
584887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20coating | Optical coating | An optical coating is one or more thin layers of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens, prism or mirror, which alters the way in which the optic reflects and transmits light. These coatings have become a key technology in the field of optics. One type of optical coating is an anti-reflective coating... | Technology | Optical components | null |
584946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20subway | Toronto subway | The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). The subway system is a rail network consisting of three heavy-capacity rail lines operating predominantly underground. three new lines are under constr... | Technology | Canada | null |
584992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinosaurus | Argentinosaurus | Argentinosaurus (meaning "lizard from Argentina") is a genus of giant sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina. Although it is only known from fragmentary remains, Argentinosaurus is one of the largest known land animals of all time, perhaps the largest, measuring long an... | Biology and health sciences | Sauropods | Animals |
585373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischia | Ornithischia | Ornithischia () is an extinct clade of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds. The name Ornithischia, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek stem (), meaning "bird", and (), meaning "hip". However, birds are only distan... | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
585383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology | Pulmonology | Pulmonology (, , from Latin pulmō, -ōnis "lung" and the Greek suffix "study of"), pneumology (, built on Greek πνεύμων "lung") or pneumonology () is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is also known as respirology, respiratory medicine, or chest medicine in some countries... | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
585460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya | Cherimoya | The cherimoya (Annona cherimola), also spelled chirimoya and called chirimuya by the Quechua people, is a species of edible fruit-bearing plant in the genus Annona, from the family Annonaceae, which includes the closely related sweetsop and soursop. The plant has long been believed to be native to Ecuador and Peru, wit... | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
585468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyreophora | Thyreophora | Thyreophora ("shield bearers", often known simply as "armored dinosaurs") is a group of armored ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Early Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous.
Thyreophorans are characterized by the presence of body armor lined up in longitudinal rows along the body. Primitive forms had sim... | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
326787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost | Teleost | Teleostei (; Greek teleios "complete" + osteon "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts (), is, by far, the largest group of ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii), and contains 96% of all extant species of fish. The Teleostei, which is variously considered a division or an infraclass in different taxonomic sy... | Biology and health sciences | Actinopterygii | Animals |
326837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed%20whale | Toothed whale | The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a clade of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales with teeth, such as beaked whales and the sperm whales. 73 species of toothed whales are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being th... | Biology and health sciences | Toothed whale | Animals |
326872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco%20%28lizard%29 | Draco (lizard) | Draco is a genus of agamid lizards that are also known as flying lizards, flying dragons or gliding lizards. These lizards are capable of gliding flight via membranes that may be extended to create wings (patagia), formed by an enlarged set of ribs. They are arboreal insectivores.
While not capable of powered flight ... | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
326877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosaurus | Hydrosaurus | Hydrosaurus, commonly known as the sailfin dragons or sailfin lizards, is a genus in the family Agamidae. These relatively large lizards are named after the sail-like structure on their tails. They are native to Indonesia (4 species) and the Philippines (1 species) where they are generally found near water, such as riv... | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
326896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogona | Pogona | Pogona is a genus of reptiles containing eight lizard species, which are often known by the common name bearded dragons or informally (especially in Australia) beardies. The name "bearded dragon" refers to the underside of the throat (or "beard") of the lizard, which can turn black and become inflated for a number of r... | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
326914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromastyx | Uromastyx | Uromastyx is a genus of lizards in the family Agamidae. The genus is native to Africa and the Middle East (West Asia). Member species are commonly called spiny-tailed lizards, uromastyces, mastigures, or dabb lizards.
Lizards in the genus Uromastyx are primarily herbivorous, but occasionally eat insects and other sma... | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
326971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20ounce | Fluid ounce | A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl. oz. or oz. fl., old forms ℥, fl ℥, f℥, ƒ ℥) is a unit of volume (also called capacity) typically used for measuring liquids. The British Imperial, the United States customary, and the United States food labeling fluid ounce are the three that are still in common use, although vario... | Physical sciences | Volume | Basics and measurement |
327061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20flow | Gene flow | In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent allele frequencies and therefore can be considered a single effective population. It has bee... | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
327068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary | Topiary | Topiary is the horticultural practice of training perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, whether geometric or fanciful. The term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. As an art form it is a type of living scul... | Technology | Horticulture | null |
327393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagon | Decagon | In geometry, a decagon (from the Greek δέκα déka and γωνία gonía, "ten angles") is a ten-sided polygon or 10-gon. The total sum of the interior angles of a simple decagon is 1440°.
Regular decagon
A regular decagon has all sides of equal length and each internal angle will always be equal to 144°. Its Schläfli symbol ... | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
327893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane | Isoflurane | Isoflurane, sold under the brand name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic. It can be used to start or maintain anesthesia; however, other medications are often used to start anesthesia, due to airway irritation with isoflurane. Isoflurane is given via inhalation.
Side effects of isoflurane include a decreased... | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
328501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20blossom | Cherry blossom | The cherry blossom, or sakura, is the flower of trees in Prunus subgenus Cerasus. Sakura usually refers to flowers of ornamental cherry trees, such as cultivars of Prunus serrulata, not trees grown for their fruit (although these also have blossoms). Cherry blossoms have been described as having a vanilla-like smell, w... | Biology and health sciences | Rosales | Plants |
328579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20hormone | Steroid hormone | A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta). Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bi... | Biology and health sciences | Steroids | Biology |
328581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20shark | River shark | Glyphis is a genus in the family Carcharhinidae, commonly known as the river sharks. They live in rivers or coastal regions in and around south-east Asia, Africa and parts of Australia.
Taxonomy
This genus contains only three extant species. Further species could easily remain undiscovered,because, due to their secret... | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
328709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s%20finches | Darwin's finches | Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds. They are well known for being a classic example of adaptive radiation and for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function. They are often classified as the subfamily Geospizinae or tribe Geospizini. They... | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | Animals |
328850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous%20body | Vitreous body | The vitreous body (vitreous meaning "glass-like"; , ) is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball (the vitreous chamber) in humans and other vertebrates. It is often referred to as the vitreous humor (also spelled humour), from Latin meaning liquid, or simply "the vitreous". Vit... | Biology and health sciences | Visual system | Biology |
988372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon | Far side of the Moon | The far side of the Moon is the lunar hemisphere that always faces away from Earth, opposite to the near side, because of synchronous rotation in the Moon's orbit. Compared to the near side, the far side's terrain is rugged, with a multitude of impact craters and relatively few flat and dark lunar maria ("seas"), givin... | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
988523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoiselle%20crane | Demoiselle crane | The demoiselle crane (Grus virgo) is a species of crane found in central Eurosiberia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and Northeast China. There is also a small breeding population in Turkey. These cranes are migratory birds. Birds from western Eurasia will spend the winter in Africa while the birds from Asia, M... | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
988912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20crowned%20crane | Grey crowned crane | The grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum), also known as the African crowned crane, golden crested crane, golden crowned crane, East African crane, East African crowned crane, African crane, Eastern crowned crane, Kavirondo crane, South African crane, and crested crane, is a bird in the crane family, Gruidae. It is ... | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
989858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television | Streaming television | Streaming television is the digital distribution of television content, such as and films and television series, streamed over the Internet. Standing in contrast to dedicated terrestrial television delivered by over-the-air aerial systems, cable television, and/or satellite television systems, streaming television is p... | Technology | Broadcasting | null |
989954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20hook | Fish hook | A fish hook or fishhook, formerly also called an angle (from Old English angol and Proto-Germanic *angulaz), is a hook used to catch fish either by piercing and embedding onto the inside of the fish mouth (angling) or, more rarely, by impaling and snagging the external fish body. Fish hooks are normally attached to a l... | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
990505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20health | Mental health | Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a "state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productive... | Biology and health sciences | Health, fitness, and medicine | null |
990534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%20%28mathematics%29 | Norm (mathematics) | In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin. In particular, the Euclidean distance in a Euclidea... | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null |
990632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20systems%20theory | Dynamical systems theory | Dynamical systems theory is an area of mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex dynamical systems, usually by employing differential equations or difference equations. When differential equations are employed, the theory is called continuous dynamical systems. From a physical point of view, continuous dynam... | Mathematics | Other | null |
991054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%20%28colloid%29 | Sol (colloid) | A sol is a colloidal suspension made out of tiny solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. Sols are stable, so that they do not settle down when left undisturbed, and exhibit the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by the particles in the colloid. The size of the particles can vary from 1 nm - 100 nm.... | Physical sciences | Mixture | Chemistry |
991169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticide | Rodenticide | Rodenticides are chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing rodents. While commonly referred to as "rat poison", rodenticides are also used to kill mice, woodchucks, chipmunks, porcupines, nutria, beavers, and voles.
Some rodenticides are lethal after one exposure while others require more than one. Rodents ar... | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
991210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisibility%20rule | Divisibility rule | A divisibility rule is a shorthand and useful way of determining whether a given integer is divisible by a fixed divisor without performing the division, usually by examining its digits. Although there are divisibility tests for numbers in any radix, or base, and they are all different, this article presents rules and ... | Mathematics | Basics | null |
10851309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidity%20function | Acidity function | An acidity function is a measure of the acidity of a medium or solvent system, usually expressed in terms of its ability to donate protons to (or accept protons from) a solute (Brønsted acidity). The pH scale is by far the most commonly used acidity function, and is ideal for dilute aqueous solutions. Other acidity fun... | Physical sciences | Concepts | Chemistry |
10854684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh%20map | Karnaugh map | A Karnaugh map (KM or K-map) is a diagram that can be used to simplify a Boolean algebra expression. Maurice Karnaugh introduced it in 1953 as a refinement of Edward W. Veitch's 1952 Veitch chart, which itself was a rediscovery of Allan Marquand's 1881 logical diagram (aka. Marquand diagram). It is also useful for unde... | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null |
3010589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Huggins%20solution%20theory | Flory–Huggins solution theory | Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes in adapting the usual expression for the entropy of mixing. The result is an equation for the Gibbs free energy change for mixing a polymer with a solvent. Altho... | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Chemistry |
3011098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20method | Euler method | In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary differential equations and is t... | Mathematics | Differential equations | null |
3011436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florigen | Florigen | Florigens (or flowering hormone) are proteins capable of inducing flowering time in angiosperms. The prototypical florigen is encoded by the FT gene and its orthologs in Arabidopsis and other plants. Florigens are produced in the leaves, and act in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips.
Mechanism
For a ... | Biology and health sciences | Plant hormone | Biology |
3012322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose%20test | Glucose test | Many types of glucose tests exist and they can be used to estimate blood sugar levels at a given time or, over a longer period of time, to obtain average levels or to see how fast the body is able to normalize changed glucose levels. Eating food for example leads to elevated blood sugar levels. In healthy people, these... | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
3012682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheic%20Ocean | Rheic Ocean | The Rheic Ocean (; ) was an ocean which separated two major paleocontinents, Gondwana and Laurussia (Laurentia-Baltica-Avalonia). One of the principal oceans of the Paleozoic, its sutures today stretch from Mexico to Turkey and its closure resulted in the assembly of the supercontinent Pangaea and the formation of th... | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
5508267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleosauridae | Teleosauridae | Teleosauridae is a family of extinct typically marine crocodylomorphs similar to the modern gharial that lived during the Jurassic period. Teleosaurids were thalattosuchians closely related to the fully aquatic metriorhynchoids, but were less adapted to an open-ocean, pelagic lifestyle. The family was originally coined... | Biology and health sciences | Other prehistoric archosaurs | Animals |
5512111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygaeidae | Lygaeidae | The Lygaeidae are a family in the Hemiptera (true bugs), with more than 110 genera in four subfamilies. The family is commonly referred to as seed bugs, and less commonly, milkweed bugs, or ground bugs. Many species feed on seeds, some on sap or seed pods, others are omnivores and a few, such as the wekiu bug, are ins... | Biology and health sciences | Hemiptera (true bugs) | Animals |
5512223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%20mongoose | Egyptian mongoose | The Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), also known as ichneumon (), is a mongoose species native to the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands of Africa and around the Mediterranean Basin in North Africa, the Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula. Whether it is introduced or native to the Ib... | Biology and health sciences | Other carnivora | Animals |
5512913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron%20vernicifluum | Toxicodendron vernicifluum | Toxicodendron vernicifluum (formerly Rhus verniciflua), also known by the common name Chinese lacquer tree, is an Asian tree species of genus Toxicodendron native to China and the Indian subcontinent, and cultivated in regions of China, Japan and Korea. Other common names include Japanese lacquer tree, Japanese sumac, ... | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | Plants |
8686104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracotheriidae | Anthracotheriidae | Anthracotheriidae is a paraphyletic family of extinct, hippopotamus-like artiodactyl ungulates related to hippopotamuses and whales. The oldest genus, Elomeryx, first appeared during the middle Eocene in Asia. They thrived in Africa and Eurasia, with a few species ultimately entering North America during the Oligocene.... | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
4131678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond%27s%20postulate | Hammond's postulate | Hammond's postulate (or alternatively the Hammond–Leffler postulate), is a hypothesis in physical organic chemistry which describes the geometric structure of the transition state in an organic chemical reaction. First proposed by George Hammond in 1955, the postulate states that:
If two states, as, for example, a tra... | Physical sciences | Kinetics | Chemistry |
4136723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafast%20laser%20spectroscopy | Ultrafast laser spectroscopy | Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a category of spectroscopic techniques using ultrashort pulse lasers for the study of dynamics on extremely short time scales (attoseconds to nanoseconds). Different methods are used to examine the dynamics of charge carriers, atoms, and molecules. Many different procedures have been dev... | Physical sciences | Spectroscopy | Chemistry |
4137557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeong | Pyeong | A pyeong (abbreviationpy) is a Korean unit of area and floorspace, equal to a square kan or 36square Korean feet. The ping and tsubo are its equivalent Taiwanese and Japanese units, similarly based on a square bu (ja:步) or ken, equivalent to 36square Chinese or Japanese feet.
Current use
Korea
In Korea, the period of... | Physical sciences | Area | Basics and measurement |
1533184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20decomposition | Chemical decomposition | Chemical decomposition, or chemical breakdown, is the process or effect of simplifying a single chemical entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments. Chemical decomposition is usually regarded and defined as the exact opposite of chemical synthesis. In short, the chemical reaction i... | Physical sciences | Other reactions | Chemistry |
1533521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyse%20needle%20gun | Dreyse needle gun | The needle-gun was a 19th-century military breech-loading rifle, as well as the first breech-loading rifle to use a bolt action to open and close the chamber. It was used as the main infantry weapon of the Prussians in the Wars of German Unification. It was invented in 1836 by the German gunsmith Johann Nikolaus von D... | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
1536137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20sulfate | Ammonium sulfate | Ammonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English); (NH4)2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.
Uses
Agriculture
The primary use of ammonium sulfate is ... | Physical sciences | Salts | null |
1539785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20matter%20halo | Dark matter halo | In modern models of physical cosmology, a dark matter halo is a basic unit of cosmological structure. It is a hypothetical region that has decoupled from cosmic expansion and contains gravitationally bound matter.
A single dark matter halo may contain multiple virialized clumps of dark matter bound together by gravit... | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
9337873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madtsoiidae | Madtsoiidae | Madtsoiidae is an extinct family of mostly Gondwanan snakes with a fossil record extending from early Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) to late Pleistocene strata located in South America, Africa, India, Australia and Southern Europe. Madtsoiidae include very primitive snakes, which like extant boas and pythons would likel... | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric squamates | Animals |
9339120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20citrate | Magnesium citrate | Magnesium citrates are metal-organic compounds formed from citrate and magnesium ions. They are salts. One form is the 1:1 magnesium preparation in salt form with citric acid in a 1:1 ratio (1 magnesium atom per citrate molecule). It contains 11.33% magnesium by weight. Magnesium citrate (sensu lato) is used medicin... | Physical sciences | Citrates | Chemistry |
9348093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20engineering | Energy engineering | Energy engineering is a multidisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on optimizing energy systems, developing renewable energy technologies, and improving energy efficiency to meet the world's growing demand for energy in a sustainable manner. It encompasses areas such as energy harvesting and storage, energy co... | Technology | Disciplines | null |
47325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perch | Perch | Perch is a common name for freshwater fish from the genus Perca, which belongs to the family Percidae of the large order Perciformes. The name comes from , meaning the type species of this genus, the European perch (P. fluviatilis).
Many species of freshwater game fish more or less resemble perch, but belong to differ... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
47326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout | Trout | Trout (: trout) is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the family Salmonidae. The word trout is also used for some similar-shaped but non-salmonid fish, ... | Biology and health sciences | Salmoniformes | null |
47332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel | Mackerel | Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.
Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "tiger-like"... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
47335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish | Catfish | Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia, the wels catfish of Eurasia, and ... | Biology and health sciences | Siluriformes | null |
47337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing%20rod | Fishing rod | A fishing rod is a long, thin rod used by anglers to catch fish by manipulating a line ending in a hook (formerly known as an angle, hence the term "angling"). At its most basic form, a fishing rod is a straight rigid stick/pole with a line fastened to one end (as seen in traditional bamboo rod fishing such as Tenkara... | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
47338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing%20reel | Fishing reel | A fishing reel is a hand-cranked reel used in angling to wind and stow fishing line, typically mounted onto a fishing rod, but may also be used on compound bows or crossbows to retrieve tethered arrows when bowfishing.
Modern recreational fishing reels usually have fittings aiding in casting for distance and accuracy,... | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
47339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing%20line | Fishing line | A fishing line is any flexible, high-tensile cord used in angling to tether and pull in fish, in conjunction with at least one hook. Fishing lines are usually pulled by and stored in a reel, but can also be retrieved by hand, with a fixed attachment to the end of a rod, or via a motorized trolling outrigger.
Fishing l... | Technology | Hunting and fishing | null |
47357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hake | Hake | Hake is the common name for fish in the Merlucciidae family of the northern and southern oceans and the Phycidae family of the northern oceans. Hake is a commercially important fish in the same taxonomic order, Gadiformes, as cod and haddock.
Description
Hakes are medium-to-large fish averaging from in weight, with ... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
47402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan%20%28moon%29 | Titan (moon) | Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest in the Solar System. It is the only moon known to have an atmosphere denser than the Earth's and is the only known object in space—other than Earth—on which there is clear evidence that stable bodies of liquid exist. Titan is one of seven gravitationally rounde... | Physical sciences | Solar System | null |
47403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation | Instrumentation | Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments, used for indicating, measuring, and recording physical quantities. It is also a field of study about the art and science about making measurement instruments, involving the related areas of metrology, automation, and control theory. The term has its origin... | Technology | Measuring instruments | null |
47454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere | Stratosphere | The stratosphere () is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. The stratosphere is composed of stratified temperature zones, with the warmer layers of air located higher (closer to outer space) and the cooler layers lower (closer to the planetary surfa... | Physical sciences | Atmosphere: General | Earth science |
47460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere | Mesosphere | The mesosphere (; ) is the third layer of the atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases. This characteristic is used to define limits: it begins at the top of the stratosphere (sometimes called the stratopause), and en... | Physical sciences | Atmosphere: General | Earth science |
47463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosphere | Thermosphere | The thermosphere is the layer in the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating ions; the thermosphere thus constitutes the larger part of the ionosphere. Taking its ... | Physical sciences | Atmosphere: General | Earth science |
47474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture | Aperture | In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisted of a single lens) is a hole or an opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image of the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of ... | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics |
47481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer | Aquifer | An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing material, consisting of permeable or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Aquifers vary greatly in their characteristics. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms ... | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
47484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20pressure | Atmospheric pressure | Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as , which is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars, 760mm Hg, 29.9212inchesHg, or 14.696psi. The atm unit is roug... | Physical sciences | Atmosphere | null |
47486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll | Atoll | An atoll () is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon. There may be coral islands or cays on the rim. Atolls are located in warm tropical or subtropical parts of the oceans and seas where corals can develop. Most of the approximately 440 atolls in the world are in the Pacific Ocean.
Two di... | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | null |
47488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer | Barometer | A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, pressure systems and frontal boundaries.
Barom... | Technology | Measuring instruments | null |
47490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation | Biodegradation | Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Composting is a human-driven process in which biodegradation occurs under a specific set of circumstances.
The process of biodegrada... | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
47501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightness%20temperature | Brightness temperature | Brightness temperature or radiance temperature is a measure of the intensity of electromagnetic energy coming from a source. In particular, it is the temperature at which a black body would have to be in order to duplicate the observed intensity of a grey body object at a frequency .
This concept is used in radio astro... | Physical sciences | Radio astronomy | Astronomy |
47503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20cycle | Carbon cycle | The carbon cycle is that part of the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of Earth. Other major biogeochemical cycles include the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a maj... | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
47510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus%20cloud | Cirrus cloud | Cirrus (cloud classification symbol: Ci) is a genus of high cloud made of ice crystals. Cirrus clouds typically appear delicate and wispy with white strands. In the Earth's atmosphere, cirrus are usually formed when warm, dry air rises, causing water vapor deposition onto mineral dust and metallic particles at high alt... | Physical sciences | Clouds | null |
47512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20variability%20and%20change | Climate variability and change | Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. Climate change may refer to any time in Earth's history, but the term is no... | Physical sciences | Climatology | null |
47513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20model | Climate model | Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers are the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. Scientists use climate models to study the dynamics of the climate system and to make projections of future clim... | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
47515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud | Cloud | In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles, suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of satur... | Physical sciences | Earth science | null |
47521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation | Condensation | Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud conde... | Physical sciences | Phase transitions | null |
47526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection | Convection | Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously through the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and bu... | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
47527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryosphere | Cryosphere | The cryosphere is an umbrella term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, ice on lakes or rivers, snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). Thus, there is a overlap with the hydrosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of ... | Physical sciences | Water: General | null |
47530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus%20cloud | Cumulonimbus cloud | Cumulonimbus () is a dense, towering, vertical cloud, typically forming from water vapor condensing in the lower troposphere that builds upward carried by powerful buoyant air currents. Above the lower portions of the cumulonimbus the water vapor becomes ice crystals, such as snow and graupel, the interaction of which ... | Physical sciences | Clouds | null |
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