id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
12,019 | After 1800, cotton and tobacco became important export crops. The eastern half of the state, especially the Tidewater region, developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor. Many free people of color migrated to the frontier along with their European-American neighbors, where the social system w... | [
{
"answer": "After 1800",
"question": "After what year did cotton and tobacco become important crops in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "eastern",
"question": "The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "the Tidewater region",
"question": "What region of... |
12,020 | With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white... | [
{
"answer": "1865",
"question": "What year was the confederacy defeated?"
},
{
"answer": "Reconstruction Era",
"question": "What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?"
},
{
"answer": "compensation",
"question": "The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owner... |
12,021 | Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor's office, but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them. In 1896 a biracial, Populist-Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor's office. The Democrats regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segr... | [
{
"answer": "Democrats",
"question": "What political party was elected to the legislature and Governors office?"
},
{
"answer": "Populists",
"question": "What political group attracted voters displeased with Democrats?"
},
{
"answer": "1896",
"question": "What year did a biracial Pop... |
12,022 | In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution, with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state. Exclusion from voting had wide effects: it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office. After a decad... | [
{
"answer": "a new constitution",
"question": "What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?"
},
{
"answer": "poll taxes",
"question": "What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "literacy tests",
"question": "What did the new constitution require ... |
12,023 | As in the rest of the former Confederacy, North Carolina had become a one-party state, dominated by the Democratic Party. Impoverished by the Civil War, the state continued with an economy based on tobacco, cotton and agriculture. Towns and cities remained few in the east. A major industrial base emerged in the late 19... | [
{
"answer": "Democratic",
"question": "What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?"
},
{
"answer": "tobacco, cotton and agriculture",
"question": "What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy?"
},
{
"answer": "late 19th century",
"question": "Whe... |
12,024 | North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression, but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers. After World War II, the state's economy grew rapidly, highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte, Raleigh, and Durham in the Piedmont. Raleigh, Durh... | [
{
"answer": "New Deal programs",
"question": "What programs created by FDR helped North Carolina during the Great Depression?"
},
{
"answer": "farmers",
"question": "Who did the new deal programs benefit?"
},
{
"answer": "cotton and tobacco",
"question": "What crops was the New Deal ... |
12,025 | North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cultures. Before 200 AD, they were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD in the... | [
{
"answer": "prehistoric indigenous cultures",
"question": "What inhibited North Carolina for thousands of years?"
},
{
"answer": "earthwork",
"question": "Before 200 AD, people built what kind of mounds for religious purposes?"
},
{
"answer": "Succeeding peoples",
"question": "Who c... |
12,026 | Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish ... | [
{
"answer": "Joara",
"question": "In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?"
},
{
"answer": "a regional chiefdom",
"question": "What is Joara?"
},
{
"answer": "near present-day Morganton",
"question": "Where would present day Joara be?"
},... |
12,027 | In 1584, Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land in present-day North Carolina (then part of the territory of Virginia). It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize. Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580... | [
{
"answer": "Sir Walter Raleigh",
"question": "Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?"
},
{
"answer": "Elizabeth I",
"question": "Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "1584",
"question": "What year did Eli... |
12,028 | As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a se... | [
{
"answer": "Virginia",
"question": "In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound?"
},
{
"answer": "1663",
"question": "What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America?"
},
{
"answer": "North Carolina's borders",
"question": "What did King Charles II'... |
12,029 | After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available. Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan... | [
{
"answer": "English colonists",
"question": "After the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "Virginia",
"question": "Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from?"
},
{
"answer": "less available",
"question": "The En... |
12,030 | Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish... | [
{
"answer": "Low Country",
"question": "Eastern North Carolina is also known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "uplands",
"question": "Western North carolina is also known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "eastern North Carolina",
"question": "Where was The Tidewater located?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
12,031 | Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage. In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a life... | [
{
"answer": "indentured servants",
"question": "Most English colonists arrived as what?"
},
{
"answer": "laborers",
"question": "Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what?"
},
{
"answer": "passage",
"question": "What did the English settlers get in return for their labor?"
... |
12,032 | On April 12, 1776, the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown, through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress. The dates of both of these events are memorialized on the state flag and state seal. Throug... | [
{
"answer": "1776",
"question": "What year did North Carolina instruct its delegates to vote for independence?"
},
{
"answer": "the British Crown",
"question": "Who was north carolina seeking independence from in 1776?"
},
{
"answer": "1780",
"question": "What year was Americas Victo... |
12,033 | The road to Yorktown and America's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina. As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory over th... | [
{
"answer": "the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia",
"question": "Who met the British army as they moved north?"
},
{
"answer": "the British Cavalry",
"question": "Who lost the battle of Cowpens?"
},
{
"answer": "Commander Banastre Tarleton",
"question": "Wh... |
12,034 | In the Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General Morgan's forces during a tactical withdrawal. Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene's newly recruited forces. Gen... | [
{
"answer": "Catawba",
"question": "The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?"
},
{
"answer": "1781",
"question": "What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?"
},
{
"answer": "Greensboro",
"question": "What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of G... |
12,035 | On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. In 1840, it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standing today. Most of North Carolina's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state. Although North Carolina's plantation ... | [
{
"answer": "the Constitution",
"question": "North Carolina was the twelth state to ratify what document?"
},
{
"answer": "November 21, 1789",
"question": "What date did North Carolina ratify the constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "1840",
"question": "What year was the state capitol build... |
12,036 | Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of color in the state. Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women, indentured servants or free, and ... | [
{
"answer": "Virginia",
"question": "Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "free their slaves",
"question": "After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "rose",
"question"... |
12,037 | On October 25, 1836, construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh. In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro, High Point, and Charlotte. During the Civil War, ... | [
{
"answer": "Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad",
"question": "What was the name of the railroad that began construction in 1836?"
},
{
"answer": "Raleigh",
"question": "The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was going to connect Wilmington to what city?"
},
{
"answer": "North Carolina Railroa... |
12,038 | While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color li... | [
{
"answer": "33",
"question": "In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?"
},
{
"answer": "eastern Tidewater",
"question": "Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?"
},
{
"answer": "plantations",
"question": "What type of land did the slaves l... |
12,039 | In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state, South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to... | [
{
"answer": "one-third",
"question": "What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?"
},
{
"answer": "South Carolina",
"question": "North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?"
},
{
"answer": "May 20",
"qu... |
12,040 | After secession, some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy. Some of the yeoman farmers in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict. Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North C... | [
{
"answer": "the Confederacy",
"question": "Some North Carolinians still refused to support what after secession?"
},
{
"answer": "yeoman",
"question": "Some of what farmers remained neutral during the civil war?"
},
{
"answer": "in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region",
... |
12,041 | Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most famous army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General Will... | [
{
"answer": "Army of Northern Virginia",
"question": "What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army?"
},
{
"answer": "virtually all",
"question": "How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?"
},
{
"answer": "Bentonville"... |
12,042 | The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of an... | [
{
"answer": "Private Henry Wyatt",
"question": "Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?"
},
{
"answer": "North Carolina",
"question": "Where was henry Wyatt from?"
},
{
"answer": "in the Battle of Big Bethel",
"question": "What battle did Private Henry Wy... |
12,043 | While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the ... | [
{
"answer": "Bible Belt",
"question": "What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?"
},
{
"answer": "Baptists",
"question": "What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt?"
},
{
"answer": "Southern Baptist",
"question": "What was the l... |
12,044 | Currently, the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity: the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased, as well as general religious diversity. The second-largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist tradit... | [
{
"answer": "ethnic and religious diversity",
"question": "Immigrants from latin America coming to North Carolina is increasing what?"
},
{
"answer": "increased",
"question": "What has happened to the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "increased",
... |
12,045 | According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the "Old North State" has gained many different industry sectors. See the following article summary: science, technology, energy and math, or STEM, industries in the area surrounding North Carolina's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001, placing Raleigh-... | [
{
"answer": "Old North State",
"question": "What is the Nickname given to North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "17.9",
"question": "Science, Technology, energy, and math industries have risen what percent since 2001?"
},
{
"answer": "5",
"question": "What is raleigh-Cary ranked among the ... |
12,047 | In 2012, the state elected a Republican Governor (Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipp... | [
{
"answer": "Pat McCrory",
"question": "Who was elected Governor of North Carolina in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "Republican",
"question": "What political party does Pat McCrory belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Dan Forest",
"question": "Who ws elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 2... |
12,048 | Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education, but the board, rather than the superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for makin... | [
{
"answer": "North Carolina Department of Public Instruction",
"question": "What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "the board",
"question": "Who holds most legal authority for making education policy?"
},
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "What year did ... |
12,049 | In 1795, North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States—the University of North Carolina (now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). More than 200 years later, the University of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University, N... | [
{
"answer": "North Carolina",
"question": "What state opened the first public university in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "1795",
"question": "What year was the first public university opened in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "University of North Carolina",
"question": "What... |
12,050 | North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities, including Duke University, Wake Forest University, Pfeiffer University, Lees-McRae College, Davidson College, Barton College, North Carolina Wesleyan College, Elon University, Guilford College, Livingstone College, Salem College, Shaw Uni... | [
{
"answer": "private",
"question": "Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "Shaw University",
"question": "What was the first black college in the south?"
},
{
"answer": "Belmont Abbey College",
"question"... |
12,051 | North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are t... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many major league sports franchises make North carolina home?"
},
{
"answer": "The Hurricanes",
"question": "What is the only professional team from North carolina to have won a league championship?"
},
{
"answer": "National Hockey League",
"ques... |
12,052 | In addition to professional team sports, North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock-car racing, with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Sprint Cup Series races every year. Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame, while Concord is the home of several top-flight racing teams, includin... | [
{
"answer": "Charlotte Motor Speedway",
"question": "What Speedway in North Carolina hosts two Sprint cupseries races each year?"
},
{
"answer": "Concord",
"question": "Where is Charlotte motor Speedway located?"
},
{
"answer": "Charlotte",
"question": "What North Carolina city hosts... |
12,053 | College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered in Greensboro, and both the ACC Football Championship Game (Charlotte) and the ACC Men's Basketball Tournament (Greensboro) were most recently held in North Carolina... | [
{
"answer": "18",
"question": "How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "Greensboro",
"question": "Where is the ACC headquarters?"
},
{
"answer": "North Carolina",
"question": "Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recent... |
12,054 | Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013... | [
{
"answer": "several million",
"question": "How many people go to see the Appalachian Mountains each year?"
},
{
"answer": "Western",
"question": "What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in?"
},
{
"answer": "Appalachian",
"question": "Great Smoky mountain and Blue Ridge ... |
12,055 | In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African American Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh, Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU, Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum, North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Car... | [
{
"answer": "Carolina Hurricanes",
"question": "What Hockey team is located in Raleigh?"
},
{
"answer": "NHL",
"question": "What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame",
"question": "What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?"
... |
12,056 | The Piedmont Triad, or center of the state, is home to Krispy Kreme, Mayberry, Texas Pete, the Lexington Barbecue Festival, and Moravian cookies. The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals, plants, and a 57-piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in th... | [
{
"answer": "The Piedmont Triad",
"question": "What is the center of North Carolina called?"
},
{
"answer": "The Piedmont Triad",
"question": "Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters located?"
},
{
"answer": "Asheboro",
"question": "What city is the North Carolina Zoo in?"
},
{
... |
12,057 | North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities, from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains. North Carolina offers fall colors, freshwater and saltwater fishing, hunting, birdwatching, agritourism, ATV trails, ballooning, rock climbing, biking, hiking, skiing, boating and sailing, camping, c... | [
{
"answer": "recreational",
"question": "Fishing, hunting, and birdwatching are what kind of activities that are provided in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "fall colors",
"question": "In the Fall, people go to North Carolina to see what?"
},
{
"answer": "spelunking",
"question": "Wh... |
12,058 | North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths, 34 state parks, and 14 national parks. National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic ... | [
{
"answer": "34",
"question": "Howmany state parks are in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "How many national parks are in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "central North Carolina",
"question": "Where is the Uwharrie national Forest located?"
},
{
"answer": "E... |
12,059 | North Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cuisine. The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina, supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina.... | [
{
"answer": "nonprofit arts and culture",
"question": "What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "43,600",
"question": "How many full time jobs are held by those in the non profit arts and culture industry?"
},
{
"answer": "$11... |
12,060 | North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices. SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas, with almost 2.0 million square feet. Other major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Carolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville. Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mal... | [
{
"answer": "Charlotte",
"question": "Where is SouthPark Mall located?"
},
{
"answer": "SouthPark Mall",
"question": "What is the largest mall in the carolinas?"
},
{
"answer": "2.0 million square feet",
"question": "How big is SouthPark Mall?"
},
{
"answer": "Winston-Salem",... |
12,061 | A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue. There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and o... | [
{
"answer": "pork barbecue",
"question": "What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "Boston butt",
"question": "What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?"
},
{
"answer": "Lexington barbecue",
"question": "What is another name for Western N... |
12,063 | Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationally prized cheeses (Ashe County), "L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, January 15, 2010" international hub for truffles ... | [
{
"answer": "Noni Bacca Winery",
"question": "What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "Ashe County",
"question": "What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "grape",
"question": "Much tobacco land has been transformed... |
12,064 | Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies ... | [
{
"answer": "R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company",
"question": "Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?"
},
{
"answer": "Tobacco",
"question": "The invention of cigarettes made what popular?"
},
{
"answer": "1874",
"question": "What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company ... |
12,065 | Located in Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, Camp Geiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay, makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world. MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd Marine A... | [
{
"answer": "Jacksonville",
"question": "Where is Camp Lejeune located?"
},
{
"answer": "Marine Corps Base Camp",
"question": "What is Camp Lejeune?"
},
{
"answer": "Jacksonville",
"question": "Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in... |
12,066 | The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is ... | [
{
"answer": "Heian",
"question": "What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?"
},
{
"answer": "Heian-kyō",
"question": "The Heian period is named after what city?"
},
{
"answer": "peace",
"question": "What does heian mean in Japanese?"
},
{
"answer": "F... |
12,067 | The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (present day Kyōto京都), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-kyō, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the ... | [
{
"answer": "Nara",
"question": "What was the name of the period before the Heian era?"
},
{
"answer": "794 A.D",
"question": "The Heian period began in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "samurai",
"question": "What warrior class rose during the Heian era?"
},
{
"answer": "Kyōto",
... |
12,068 | Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A... | [
{
"answer": "Fujiwara",
"question": "What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?"
},
{
"answer": "Taira no Masakado",
"question": "Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?"
},
{
"answer": "Hitachi",
"question": "Masakado led an uprising in what provinc... |
12,070 | Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced Jōmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. After making temporary gains in 794, in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, under the ... | [
{
"answer": "Emishi",
"question": "What was the name of the possible descendants of Jōmon?"
},
{
"answer": "Sakanoue no Tamuramaro",
"question": "What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?"
},
{
"answer": "Sei-i Taishōgun",
"question": "What was Tamuramar... |
12,071 | Following Kammu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taihō administrative structure. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. The n... | [
{
"answer": "806",
"question": "In what year did Emperor Kanmu die?"
},
{
"answer": "Metropolitan Police Board",
"question": "What office replaced the imperial guards?"
},
{
"answer": "Emperor's Private Office",
"question": "What new office allowed government to issue administrative ... |
12,072 | As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another ... | [
{
"answer": "sixth",
"question": "In what century did the Soga family take the throne?"
},
{
"answer": "Fujiwara",
"question": "A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?"
},
{
"answer": "Daigo",
"question": "Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's pow... |
12,073 | Nevertheless, the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign. Central control of Japan had continued to decline, and the Fujiwara, along with other great families and religious foundations, acquired ever larger shōen and greater wealth during the early tenth century. By the early H... | [
{
"answer": "shōen",
"question": "What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?"
},
{
"answer": "a share of the harvest",
"question": "Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?"
},
{
"answer": "early tenth century",
"question": "T... |
12,075 | As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial "house governments," as in the old clan ... | [
{
"answer": "Land management",
"question": "What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?"
},
{
"answer": "\"house governments,\"",
"question": "What grew during the second phase of shoen development?"
},
{
"answer": "Taihō Code",
"question": "What governmental reorganization lap... |
12,076 | Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient militar... | [
{
"answer": "792",
"question": "The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?"
},
{
"answer": "oryoshi",
"question": "Warriors appointed to a province were called what?"
},
{
"answer": "tsuibushi",
"question": "Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called ... |
12,077 | Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and reli... | [
{
"answer": "Shōen holders",
"question": "Who had increased access to better military technology?"
},
{
"answer": "civil and religious",
"question": "Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?"
},
{
"answer": "provincial upper class",
"question": "Which class became... |
12,078 | Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court ... | [
{
"answer": "tenth",
"question": "Bushi formed new associations in what century?"
},
{
"answer": "connections to the imperial court",
"question": "How did military families gain prestige?"
},
{
"answer": "Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan",
"question": "Who were the thre... |
12,079 | The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to com... | [
{
"answer": "Go-Sanjō",
"question": "Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?"
},
{
"answer": "Go-Sanjō",
"question": "Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?"
},
{
"answer": "insei",
"question": "What term was used for behind ... |
12,080 | The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Min... | [
{
"answer": "In-no-cho",
"question": "The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?"
},
{
"answer": "Minamoto",
"question": "The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?"
},
{
"answer": "insei system",
"question": "What allowed the paternal line o... |
12,081 | A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were dest... | [
{
"answer": "Fujiwara no Yorinaga",
"question": "What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?"
},
{
"answer": "Hōgen Rebellion",
"question": "What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?"
},
{
"answer": "Taira and Minamoto",
"question": "What... |
12,082 | Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than... | [
{
"answer": "Taira Kiyomori",
"question": "What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?"
},
{
"answer": "19",
"question": "How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?"
},
{
"answer": "Antoku",
"question": "What was the name of Takakura's successor?"
},
... |
12,083 | With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powe... | [
{
"answer": "daimyos",
"question": "What was the term used to describe military governors?"
},
{
"answer": "jito",
"question": "What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?"
},
{
"answer": "Go-Toba",
"question": "What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed fr... |
12,085 | Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A wel... | [
{
"answer": "poetry",
"question": "What artform became a mark of status in the courts?"
},
{
"answer": "handwriting",
"question": "During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?"
},
{
"answer": "poor or hasty writing",
"question": "What was said to sho... |
12,086 | The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were reco... | [
{
"answer": "Kimi ga Yo",
"question": "What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?"
},
{
"answer": "Iroha",
"question": "What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?"
},
{
"answer": "Sei Shōnagon",
"question": "The Pillow Book was a collection of... |
12,087 | While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental ba... | [
{
"answer": "rice",
"question": "What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?"
},
{
"answer": "Ryōmin",
"question": "What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?"
},
{
"answer": "1000",
"question": "Currency gradually disappeared around what year?"
... |
12,088 | The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be... | [
{
"answer": "Heian-kyō and Nara",
"question": "Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?"
},
{
"answer": "The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces",
"question": "Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?"
},
{
"answer": "organizati... |
12,089 | The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara;... | [
{
"answer": "Shogun 2",
"question": "Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?"
},
{
"answer": "Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara",
"question": "What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?"
},
{
"answer": "Gempei War",
"question": "The Rise of the... |
12,090 | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | [
{
"answer": "24 November 1859",
"question": "When was the Origin of Species published?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Darwin",
"question": "Who wrote The Origin of Species?"
},
{
"answer": "evolutionary biology",
"question": "What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?"
... |
12,091 | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | [
{
"answer": "dissident anatomists",
"question": "Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?"
},
{
"answer": "the Church of England",
"question": "Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Ideas about ... |
12,092 | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | [
{
"answer": "non-specialist readers",
"question": "What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?"
},
{
"answer": "T. H. Huxley",
"question": "Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?"
},
{
"answer": "scientific naturalism",
"question":... |
12,093 | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | [
{
"answer": "Aristotle",
"question": "To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek philosopher Empedocles",
"question": "Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?"
},
{
"answer": "allegorically",
"quest... |
12,095 | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | [
{
"answer": "Erasmus Darwin",
"question": "What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?"
},
{
"answer": "hypothesis of transmutation of species",
"question": "What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?"
},
{
"answer": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck",
"question": "What was the... |
12,096 | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | [
{
"answer": "William Paley's",
"question": "Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?"
},
{
"answer": "Natural Theology",
"question": "What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? "
},
{
"answer": "Church of England",
"question":... |
12,097 | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | [
{
"answer": "1825",
"question": "When did Darwin begin attending university?"
},
{
"answer": "Edinburgh University",
"question": "What university did Darwin attend?"
},
{
"answer": "medicine",
"question": "What was Darwin originally studying at university?"
},
{
"answer": "Ro... |
12,098 | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | [
{
"answer": "Beagle expedition",
"question": "What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Lyell",
"question": "Who wrote The Principles of Geology?"
},
{
"answer": "St. Jago",
"question": "Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?"
},
{
"answer"... |
12,099 | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Owen",
"question": "Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?"
},
{
"answer": "Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea",
"question": "What did John Gould announce in 1837?"
},
{
"answer": "three sep... |
12,100 | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | [
{
"answer": "An Essay on the Principle of Population",
"question": "Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?"
},
{
"answer": "breed beyond their means and struggle to survive",
"question": "What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?"
... |
12,101 | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | [
{
"answer": "Lyell",
"question": "Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Pencil Sketch\"",
"question": "What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph Dalton Hooker",
"question": "Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspon... |
12,102 | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | [
{
"answer": "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation",
"question": "What was the name of the anonymously published science book?"
},
{
"answer": "a linear progression",
"question": "What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?"
},
{
"answer": "Rob... |
12,103 | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | [
{
"answer": "barnacle",
"question": "What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?"
},
{
"answer": "1854",
"question": "In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?"
},
{
"answer": "1856",
"question": "By which year had ... |
12,104 | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | [
{
"answer": "1855",
"question": "When was the \"Introduction of Species\" paper written?"
},
{
"answer": "Alfred Russel Wallace",
"question": "Who wrote the \"Introduction of Species\" paper?"
},
{
"answer": "if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, close... |
12,106 | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | [
{
"answer": "\"an abstract of my whole work\".",
"question": "What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?"
},
{
"answer": "John Murray III",
"question": "Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?"
},
{
"answer": "2⁄3 of the profits",
"question": "... |
12,107 | Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of... | [
{
"answer": "On the Origin of Species",
"question": "What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?"
},
{
"answer": "An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection",
"question": "What had Darwin wanted to name his book?"
},
{
"answer": "Murray",
... |
12,108 | Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons s... | [
{
"answer": "1838",
"question": "By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?"
},
{
"answer": "fear of religious persecution or social disgrace",
"question": "Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?"
},
{
"... |
12,109 | A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people ab... | [
{
"answer": "Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable",
"question": "What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?"
},
{
"answer": "Darwin always finished one book before starting another",
"question": "What was Darwin's process on writing hi... |
12,111 | In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been ... | [
{
"answer": "claimed it included false metaphysics",
"question": "What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?"
},
{
"answer": "George Jackson Mivart",
"question": "Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?"
},
{
"answer": "the sixth edition",
"question": "When did ... |
12,112 | In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the... | [
{
"answer": "two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin",
"question": "Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?"
},
{
"answer": "a 5% royalty",
"question": "How muc... |
12,114 | Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could ... | [
{
"answer": "a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos",
"question": "What was Isaac Newton's belief about God on the theory of natural law?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph Butler",
"question": "Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracle... |
12,115 | Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy... | [
{
"answer": "ancient Egypt",
"question": "How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?"
},
{
"answer": "fancy pigeon breeding",
"question": "What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?"
},
{
"answer"... |
12,116 | In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent v... | [
{
"answer": "is arbitrary",
"question": "What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?"
},
{
"answer": "\"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\"",
"question": "What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?"
},
{
... |
12,117 | He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling a... | [
{
"answer": "doctrine of Malthus",
"question": "What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?"
},
{
"answer": "\"a large and metaphorical sense",
"question": "Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase \"Struggle for Existence?\""
},
{
"answer": "... |
12,118 | Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where s... | [
{
"answer": "sharp divergence in character between breeds,",
"question": "What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?"
},
{
"answer": "extinction of some species",
"question": "What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?"
},... |
12,119 | Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ... | [
{
"answer": "sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates",
"question": "What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?"
},
{
"answer": "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex",
"question": "Whi... |
12,120 | In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effect... | [
{
"answer": "Lamarckism",
"question": "What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?"
},
{
"answer": "use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them",
"question": "What did Darwin learn about about the characteristi... |
12,121 | More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would... | [
{
"answer": "1868",
"question": "When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?"
},
{
"answer": "hypothesis of pangenesis.",
"question": "What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?"
},
{
"answer": "Darwin's concept of select... |
12,122 | Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other spe... | [
{
"answer": "often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found",
"question": "What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?"
},
{
"answer": "why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerab... |
12,123 | His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve... | [
{
"answer": "flying squirrels, and flying lemurs",
"question": "What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?"
},
{
"answer": "simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment",
"question": "What example did D... |
12,124 | Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed t... | [
{
"answer": "He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps.",
"question": "How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?"
},
{
"answer": "He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in step... |
12,125 | Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied gr... | [
{
"answer": "in order to preserve separately created species",
"question": "Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?"
},
{
"answer": "the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants",
"question": "What are Darwin's thoughts on ... |
12,126 | In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-produc... | [
{
"answer": "to respond to criticisms of earlier editions",
"question": "Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?"
},
{
"answer": "that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection",
"question":... |
12,128 | Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since th... | [
{
"answer": "slowly, but not at the same rate",
"question": "How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?"
},
{
"answer": "variability and change in the environment",
"question": "What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
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