id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
12,130 | Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and s... | [
{
"answer": "morphology",
"question": "What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?"
},
{
"answer": "the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat",
"que... |
12,131 | The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ven... | [
{
"answer": "that his theory might produce revolutionary changes",
"question": "What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?"
},
{
"answer": "so as not to prejudice readers against his theory",
"question": "Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in m... |
12,132 | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | [
{
"answer": "to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change",
"question": "What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?"
},
{
"answer": "the concept of transmutation of species",
"question": "What did heknow h... |
12,133 | Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of nat... | [
{
"answer": "Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines",
"question": "What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?"
},
{
"answer": "John Herschel",
"question": "Whose scientific philosophy ... |
12,135 | The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy t... | [
{
"answer": "no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications",
"question": "Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?"
},
{
"answer": "Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science",
"ques... |
12,137 | Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned i... | [
{
"answer": "Thomas Henry Huxley",
"question": "Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?"
},
{
"answer": "scientific naturalism over natural theology",
"question": "What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?"
},
... |
12,139 | Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but ent... | [
{
"answer": "natural selection",
"question": "While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?"
},
{
"answer": "Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives",
"question": "What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists w... |
12,140 | French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenome... | [
{
"answer": "Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism",
"question": "What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?"
},
{
"answer": "The intelligentsia in Russia",
"question": "What people in what... |
12,141 | There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His... | [
{
"answer": "insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection",
"question": "What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?"
},
{
"answer": "Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adapti... |
12,142 | By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps... | [
{
"answer": "they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.",
"question": "Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?"
},
{
"answer": "new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual ada... |
12,143 | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could impr... | [
{
"answer": "Alfred Russel Wallace",
"question": "Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?"
},
{
"answer": "Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)",
"question": "Which political ... |
12,144 | Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, wit... | [
{
"answer": "strongly opposed to the ideas in the book",
"question": "What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?"
},
{
"answer": "interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design",
"question": "What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the the... |
12,145 | Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natura... | [
{
"answer": "Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\"",
"question": "What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?"
},
{
"answer": "defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection i... |
12,147 | Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of ... | [
{
"answer": "Darwin's theory of evolution",
"question": "What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?"
},
{
"answer": "The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment.",
"question": "What does the theory... |
12,148 | Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaus... | [
{
"answer": "scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work.",
"question": "What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?"
},
{
"answer": "a variorum",
"question": "What has been created in 1959 and filled with informa... |
12,149 | The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent State... | [
{
"answer": "December 26, 1991",
"question": "On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?"
},
{
"answer": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"question": "What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?"
},
{
"answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev,",
"question": "Who was president of t... |
12,150 | Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so wo... | [
{
"answer": "Konstantin Chernenko",
"question": "Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?"
},
{
"answer": "death",
"question": "What caused Chernenko to leave office?"
},
{
"answer": "54",
"question": "How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? "... |
12,151 | This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce... | [
{
"answer": "Communist Party",
"question": "What party did Gorbachev belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Congress of People's Deputies",
"question": "What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?"
},
{
"answer": "1990",
"question": "When were opposition p... |
12,153 | On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for ... | [
{
"answer": "July 1, 1985",
"question": "When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo?"
},
{
"answer": "Gorbachev",
"question": "Who was responsible for Shevardnadze's membership?"
},
{
"answer": "Andrei Gromyko",
"question": "Who was minister of foreign affairs... |
12,154 | In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairma... | [
{
"answer": "Nikolai Ryzhkov",
"question": "Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?"
},
{
"answer": "Nikolai Tikhonov",
"question": "Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?"
},
{
"answer": "79-year-old",
"question": "How old was Tikhonov when h... |
12,155 | The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the... | [
{
"answer": "Communist",
"question": "What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?"
},
{
"answer": "Helsinki-86",
"question": "What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?"
},
{
"answer": "Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss.",
"question... |
12,156 | The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in t... | [
{
"answer": "December",
"question": "What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?"
},
{
"answer": "Dinmukhamed Konayev",
"question": "Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?"
},
{
"answer": "First Secretary of the Communist Party",
"question": "What position did Konayev h... |
12,158 | Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed ov... | [
{
"answer": "the people's",
"question": "Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?"
},
{
"answer": "Communist",
"question": "What party was Gorbachev in charge of?"
},
{
"answer": "\"conservatives.\"",
"question": "What group wanted to stop reforms?"
}
] |
12,159 | On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's "thaw" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demo... | [
{
"answer": "February 7, 1987,",
"question": "When were the prisoners set free?"
},
{
"answer": "Khrushchev's",
"question": "Who released the prisoners in the 1950s?"
},
{
"answer": "political",
"question": "What sort of prisoners were released?"
},
{
"answer": "Crimean Tatar... |
12,160 | On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned – no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Po... | [
{
"answer": "Yegor Ligachev",
"question": "Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted?"
},
{
"answer": "Boris Yeltsin",
"question": "Who resigned in September of 1987?"
},
{
"answer": "stunned",
"question": "What was Gorbachev's reaction to Yeltsin's resignation?"... |
12,161 | On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history... | [
{
"answer": "Freedom Monument",
"question": "Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987?"
},
{
"answer": "Riga",
"question": "Where is Freedom Monument?"
},
{
"answer": "laid flowers",
"question": "What did the protesters do?"
},
{
"answer": "Baltic States",
"questi... |
12,163 | On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstrati... | [
{
"answer": "October 17, 1987",
"question": "When was the Yerevan demonstration?"
},
{
"answer": "about 3,000",
"question": "How many people demonstrated?"
},
{
"answer": "Armenians",
"question": "What was the demonstrators' nationality?"
},
{
"answer": "Lake Sevan",
"que... |
12,164 | On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitu... | [
{
"answer": "July 1, 1988",
"question": "What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?"
},
{
"answer": "new supreme legislative body",
"question": "What did Gorbachev hope to create?"
},
{
"answer": "party and state",
"question": "What was Gorbachev trying to separate?"
},
... |
12,165 | On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. Väljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian... | [
{
"answer": "Estonian",
"question": "Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonia's parliament",
"question": "Who claimed Estonia's national resources?"
},
{
"answer": "the Popular Front",
"question": "What was the na... |
12,166 | In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small,... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many Azerbaijanis died in the Askeran clash?"
},
{
"answer": "February 22, 1988",
"question": "When was the Askeran clash?"
},
{
"answer": "Karabakh police.",
"question": "Who killed the two Azerbaijanis?"
},
{
"answer": "Sumgait Pogrom",
... |
12,168 | The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a ... | [
{
"answer": "Yerevan",
"question": "Where were the first demonstrations in Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "Yerevan",
"question": "What is the capitol of Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "300,000,",
"question": "How many people protested on February 23?"
},
{
"answer": "transport",
"que... |
12,170 | Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harborin... | [
{
"answer": "February 1988",
"question": "When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating?"
},
{
"answer": "Stephen the Great Monument",
"question": "Which monument was a popular meeting place?"
},
{
"answer": "Chişinău",
"question": "Where was the Stephen the Great Monum... |
12,171 | On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like "Openness and Democracy to the End." Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in w... | [
{
"answer": "Ukrainian Cultural Club",
"question": "What group was responsible for the April 25, 1988 protest?"
},
{
"answer": "Kiev's Khreschatyk Street",
"question": "Where did the march happen?"
},
{
"answer": "Chernobyl nuclear disaster,",
"question": "What did the marchers wish ... |
12,173 | On November 13, 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna, the Kyiv University student club Hromada, and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit ("Green World") and Noosfera, to focus on ecological issues. From November 14–18, 15... | [
{
"answer": "Green World",
"question": "What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit?"
},
{
"answer": "ecological",
"question": "What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with?"
},
{
"answer": "cultural heritage",
"question": "What sort of organization is Spads... |
12,174 | The Partyja BPF (Belarusian Popular Front) was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence, à la the Baltic republics’ popular fronts. The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak, the Belarusian Popular Front’s first leader, gave a... | [
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "When did The Partyja BDF start?"
},
{
"answer": "Zianon Pazniak",
"question": "Who found mass graves?"
},
{
"answer": "historian",
"question": "What is Pazniak's occupation?"
},
{
"answer": "Kurapaty",
"question": "Where were the graves fo... |
12,175 | Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice, albeit limited, for the first time since 1917, when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies. Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature's deliberations, where people witnessed the previously feared Co... | [
{
"answer": "new Congress of People's Deputies",
"question": "What was elected in 1989?"
},
{
"answer": "Communist leadership",
"question": "Who was questioned on live TV?"
},
{
"answer": "Warsaw",
"question": "Where was the Communist government overthrown first?"
},
{
"answe... |
12,176 | In the March 26 general elections, voter participation was an impressive 89.8%, and 1,958 (including 1,225 district seats) of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled. In district races, run-off elections were held in 76 constituencies on April 2 and 9 and fresh elections were organized on April 20 and 14 to May 23, in the 199 ... | [
{
"answer": "89.8%",
"question": "What percentage of people voted on March 26?"
},
{
"answer": "76",
"question": "How many constituencies had run-off elections?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 300",
"question": "How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents?"
}
] |
12,177 | In the first session of the new Congress of People's Deputies, from May 25 to June 9, hardliners retained control but reformers used the legislature as a platform for debate and criticism – which was broadcast live and uncensored. This transfixed the population; nothing like this freewheeling debate had ever been witne... | [
{
"answer": "reformers",
"question": "Who used the legislative session to debate and criticize?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian nationalists and liberals.",
"question": "Who made up the Inter-Regional Deputies Group?"
},
{
"answer": "May 29",
"question": "When did Yeltsin acquire a seat on ... |
12,178 | On October 25, 1989, the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in national and local elections, responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic. After vigorous debate, the 542-member Supreme Soviet passed the measure 254... | [
{
"answer": "special seats",
"question": "What did the Communist Party lose on October 25, 1989 with regards to elections?"
},
{
"answer": "the Supreme Soviet",
"question": "Who voted to get rid of the special seats?"
},
{
"answer": "December 12–25",
"question": "When did congress me... |
12,179 | The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in eith... | [
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "What year did the Prague Spring take place?"
},
{
"answer": "suppressed by military force",
"question": "What happened to Prague and Hungary's attempts at independence?"
},
{
"answer": "Brezhnev Doctrine",
"question": "Under what doctrine was the Sovi... |
12,180 | The Baltic Way or Baltic Chain (also Chain of Freedom Estonian: Balti kett, Latvian: Baltijas ceļš, Lithuanian: Baltijos kelias, Russian: Балтийский путь) was a peaceful political demonstration on August 23, 1989. An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres (370 mi) across ... | [
{
"answer": "estimated 2 million",
"question": "How many people were involved in the Baltic Chain?"
},
{
"answer": "600 kilometres",
"question": "How long was the chain?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania",
"question": "What states did the chain extend over?"
},
{
... |
12,181 | On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional "leading role" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevičius, ... | [
{
"answer": "Algirdas Brazauskas",
"question": "Who was in charge of Lithuania's Communist Party in 1989"
},
{
"answer": "Communist Party of the Soviet Union",
"question": "What party did Lithuania's Communist Party break apart from?"
},
{
"answer": "Mykolas Burokevičius,",
"questio... |
12,182 | On July 16, 1989, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan held its first congress and elected Abulfaz Elchibey, who would become President, as its Chairman. On August 19, 600,000 protesters jammed Baku’s Lenin Square (now Azadliq Square) to demand the release of political prisoners. In the second half of 1989, weapons were han... | [
{
"answer": "July 16, 1989",
"question": "When was Abulfaz Elchibey elected to Chairman of the Popular Front?"
},
{
"answer": "600,000",
"question": "How many protesters filled Lenin Square on August 19th?"
},
{
"answer": "release of political prisoners",
"question": "What did the pr... |
12,183 | In a new and effective tactic, the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia, which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia's freight came from Azerbaijan. Under pressure from the Popular Front the Communist authorities in Azerbaijan started making concessions. On September 25, they passe... | [
{
"answer": "blockade",
"question": "What did the Popular Front do to Armenian railways?"
},
{
"answer": "petrol and food",
"question": "What shortages were caused by the blockade?"
},
{
"answer": "85 percent",
"question": "How much freight into Armenia originated in Azerbaijan? "
... |
12,184 | On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked t... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "What did the protesters want Georgia to leave?"
},
{
"answer": "Abkhazia",
"question": "What did the protesters hope to see become a part of Georgia?"
},
{
"answer": "troops",
"question": "Who attacked the protest?"
},
{
"answer": "20"... |
12,185 | In Ukraine, Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22, 1989. Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben (religious service) in front of St. George's Cathedral. In Kiev, 60 activists met in a Kiev apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918. On... | [
{
"answer": "Ukrainian Independence Day",
"question": "What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine?"
},
{
"answer": "religious service",
"question": "What is a moleben?"
},
{
"answer": "in front of St. George's Cathedral.",
"question": "Where was the moleben held?"
}
] |
12,186 | In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as "the mastodon of stagnatio... | [
{
"answer": "election laws",
"question": "What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February?"
},
{
"answer": "Volodymyr Scherbytsky",
"question": "Who did the protesters want to resign? "
},
{
"answer": "the mastodon of stagnation",
"question": "What was Scherbytsk... |
12,187 | On March 4, 1989, the Memorial Society, committed to honoring the victims of Stalinism and cleansing society of Soviet practices, was founded in Kiev. A public rally was held the next day. On March 12, A pre-election meeting organized in Lviv by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and the Marian Society Myloserdia (Compassion... | [
{
"answer": "Stalinism",
"question": "What ideology's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly 300",
"question": "How many people from the pre-election meeting in Lviv were detained?"
},
{
"answer": "conservatives",
"question": "Members of what ideo... |
12,188 | From April 20–23, 1989, pre-election meetings were held in Lviv for four consecutive days, drawing crowds of up to 25,000. The action included an one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions. It was the first labor strike in Lviv since 1944. On May 3, a pre-election rally attracted 30,000 in Lviv. ... | [
{
"answer": "25,000",
"question": "How many people attended the Lviv pre-election meetings?"
},
{
"answer": "one-hour",
"question": "How long did the warning strike last?"
},
{
"answer": "eight local factories and institutions",
"question": "Where did the strike take place?"
},
{... |
12,189 | From mid-May to September 1989, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church. They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow. The protest ended with the arrests of the group on September 18... | [
{
"answer": "plight of their Church.",
"question": "What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to?"
},
{
"answer": "May 27, 1989",
"question": "When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference?"
},
{
"answer": "an estimated 100,000",
"question": "How ... |
12,191 | On October 1, 1989, a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium, where a concert celebrating the Soviet "reunification" of Ukrainian lands was being held. On October 10, Ivano-Frankivsk was the site of a pre-election protest attended by 3... | [
{
"answer": "10,000 to 15,000",
"question": "How many people demonstrated on October 1?"
},
{
"answer": "militia",
"question": "Who attacked the protest?"
},
{
"answer": "in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium",
"question": "Where did the attack occur?"
},
{
"answer": "concert",
... |
12,192 | On October 24, the union Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating special seats for Communist Party and other official organizations' representatives. On October 26, twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities' unwillingness to prosecute those respo... | [
{
"answer": "Lviv",
"question": "Where were the strikes?"
},
{
"answer": "police brutality",
"question": "What were the strikes in protest against?"
},
{
"answer": "twenty",
"question": "How many factories had strikes on October 26?"
}
] |
12,193 | On October 28, 1989, the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1, 1990, Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine, while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups. On the same day The Congregation of the Church of the Transfiguration in Lviv left the Russian Orthodox Chur... | [
{
"answer": "Ukrainian",
"question": "What was made Ukraine's official language in 1990?"
},
{
"answer": "Ukrainian Supreme Soviet",
"question": "Who decided Ukraine's official language?"
},
{
"answer": "communication between ethnic groups",
"question": "For what reason would the Rus... |
12,194 | In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Va... | [
{
"answer": "mid-November",
"question": "When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?"
},
{
"answer": "Gulag Camp No. 36",
"question": "The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?"
},
{
"answer": "Perm in the Ural Mountains",
"qu... |
12,195 | On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed thro... | [
{
"answer": "Chernobyl disaster site",
"question": "What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up?"
},
{
"answer": "Ukraine",
"question": "Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur?"
},
{
"answer": "1986",
"question": "When did the Chernobyl disaster happen?"
},
{
"answer": "r... |
12,196 | Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4–11, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev remo... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet troops",
"question": "Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?"
},
{
"answer": "southeast of the Uzbek capital",
"question": "Where is the Fergana Valley located?"
},
{
"answer": "members of the Meskhetian minority",
"question": "Who were targeted by the l... |
12,197 | In Kazakhstan on June 19, 1989, young men carrying guns, firebombs, iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By June 25, the riotin... | [
{
"answer": "Zhanaozen",
"question": "Where was the fatal June 19th riots?"
},
{
"answer": "young men",
"question": "Who were the rioters?"
},
{
"answer": "police station and a water-supply station",
"question": "What did the rioters try to take over?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
... |
12,198 | Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radic... | [
{
"answer": "Armenians and Azerbaijanis",
"question": "Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?"
},
{
"answer": "four Soviet soldiers",
"question": "Who was killed in the January 9 riots?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 130",
"question": "How many people died in the Sovie... |
12,199 | Following the hardliners' takeover, the September 30, 1990 elections (runoffs on October 14) were characterized by intimidation; several Popular Front candidates were jailed, two were murdered, and unabashed ballot stuffing took place even in the presence of Western observers. The election results reflected the threate... | [
{
"answer": "Popular Front",
"question": "What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?"
},
{
"answer": "45",
"question": "How many members were from opposition parties?"
},
{
"answer": "350",
"question": "How many total members were there?"
},
{
"answe... |
12,202 | On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy gene... | [
{
"answer": "a week",
"question": "How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?"
},
{
"answer": "Volodymyr Ivashko",
"question": "Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"que... |
12,203 | On July 23, 1990, Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On July 30, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers "in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmi... | [
{
"answer": "Leonid Kravchuk",
"question": "Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?"
},
{
"answer": "Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant",
"question": "What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?"
},
{
"answer": "St. George Cathedral.",
"question": "Where was the Augu... |
12,204 | On October 25–28, 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the "renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine". On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia’s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metrop... | [
{
"answer": "near St. Sophia’s Cathedral",
"question": "Where was the UAOC protest held?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret",
"question": "Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?"
},
{
"answer": "liturgy",
"question": "Wh... |
12,205 | On January 13, 1991, Soviet troops, along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group, stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement. Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured. On the night of July 31, 1991, Russian OMON from Riga, the Soviet military headquarters in the B... | [
{
"answer": "Vilnius TV Tower",
"question": "What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?"
},
{
"answer": "Lithuania",
"question": "Where was the TV Tower located?"
},
{
"answer": "independence movement",
"question": "What were the Soviets hoping to stop?"
},
{
"answer":... |
12,206 | Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and m... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize? "
},
{
"answer": "New Union Treaty",
"question": "What was supposed to be signed on August 20?"
},
{
"answer": "Central Asian republics,",
"question": "Who supported the treaty?"
},
{
"ans... |
12,207 | More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the Russian Federation, as well as th... | [
{
"answer": "market economy",
"question": "What did radicals want to change the economy to?"
},
{
"answer": "disintegration",
"question": "What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?"
},
{
"answer": "the Russian Federation,",
"question... |
12,208 | Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces... | [
{
"answer": "Muscovites",
"question": "Who arrived to protect the White House?"
},
{
"answer": "Yeltsin",
"question": "Who did the organizers want to arrest?"
},
{
"answer": "atop a tank",
"question": "Where was Yeltsin during the coup?"
},
{
"answer": "speech-making",
"q... |
12,209 | On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place.... | [
{
"answer": "Belarus",
"question": "Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?"
},
{
"answer": "Belavezha Accords",
"question": "What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?"
},
{
"answer": "December 8",
"question": "When was the meeting held?"
},
{
"answer": "the Comm... |
12,210 | On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty. The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this action was questionable, since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall ... | [
{
"answer": "December 12",
"question": "When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?"
},
{
"answer": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR",
"question": "Who ratified the Accords?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian deputies",
"question": "Who was recalled?"
},
{
"answer": "Gorbachev",
... |
12,211 | Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics – all except Georgia – signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and f... | [
{
"answer": "Georgia",
"question": "Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?"
},
{
"answer": "11",
"question": "How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?"
},
{
"answer": "CIS",
"question": "What did the Protocol establish?"
},
{
"answer... |
12,212 | In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of ... | [
{
"answer": "December 25, 1991",
"question": "When did Gorbachev resign?"
},
{
"answer": "Yeltsin",
"question": "Who was given control after Gorbachev left?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian Federation",
"question": "What was Russia's new legal name?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian Soviet Fe... |
12,213 | On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber o... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet flag",
"question": "What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian tricolor",
"question": "What replaced the Soviet flag?"
},
{
"answer": "December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time",
"question": "When did Gorbachev make his fi... |
12,214 | The Alma-Ata Protocol also addressed other issues, including UN membership. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the Security Council. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General ... | [
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?"
},
{
"answer": "Alma-Ata Protocol",
"question": "What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?"
},
{
"answer": "Yeltsin",
"question": "Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general in... |
12,215 | On November 18, 1990, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Also on November 18, Canada announced that its consul-general to Kiev would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky. On November 19, the United States an... | [
{
"answer": "Mstyslav",
"question": "Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November?"
},
{
"answer": "Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church",
"question": "Who gave Mstyslav this title?"
},
{
"answer": "Nestor Gayowsky",
"question": "Who was the Canadian... |
12,216 | According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being cr... | [
{
"answer": "Pontius Pilate",
"question": "Who was the person that tried Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "six hours",
"question": "How long was Jesus hung for?"
},
{
"answer": "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews",
"question": "What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?"
},
{
"answ... |
12,217 | The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the startin... | [
{
"answer": "baptism of Jesus",
"question": "What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be",
"question": "Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?"
},
{
"answer": "the exact rea... |
12,218 | Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which t... | [
{
"answer": "almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary",
"question": "Are all sources of the crucification literary?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1968 archeological discovery",
"question": "What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?"
},
{
"answer": "ben Hagkol",
... |
12,219 | The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, ... | [
{
"answer": "four canonical gospels",
"question": "What holds the records of the death of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "New Testament epistles",
"question": "What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many times did Jesus predict his own... |
12,220 | Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed... | [
{
"answer": "Gethsemane",
"question": "Where was Jesus arrested?"
},
{
"answer": "the Last Supper",
"question": "What did Jesus do before he was arrested?"
},
{
"answer": "Twelve Apostles",
"question": "How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?"
},
{
"answer": "flogged... |
12,222 | There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour... | [
{
"answer": "an earthquake",
"question": "What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?"
},
{
"answer": "Mark",
"question": "Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?"
},
{
"answer": "words to the women who were mourning",
"question": "Who did Jesus t... |
12,223 | According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles... | [
{
"answer": "First Epistle to the Corinthians",
"question": "Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "canonical Gospels",
"question": "Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?"
},
{
"answer": "forty days",
"question": "How long did Jesus stay wit... |
12,224 | In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as co... | [
{
"answer": "two rebels",
"question": "Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?"
},
{
"answer": "Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies",
"question": "How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?"
},
{
"answer": "an earthquake",
"question": "what natural disaster is mention when Je... |
12,225 | An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust... | [
{
"answer": "Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son",
"question": "Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?"
},
{
"answer": "pagan",
"question": "What is the author of the letter assumed to be?"
},
{
"answer": "retributions that followed the unjust treatment... |
12,226 | The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to ... | [
{
"answer": "Friday",
"question": "What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?"
},
{
"answer": "a \"double sabbath\" caused by an extra Passover sabbath",
"question": "Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?"
},
{
"answer": "on the grounds of the mention of \"three days a... |
12,227 | In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman tim... | [
{
"answer": "9 a.m.",
"question": "What time was the crucifiction per Mark?"
},
{
"answer": "3 p.m.",
"question": "What time did Jesus die per Mark?"
},
{
"answer": "based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark",
"question": "Why do scholars say the times are differe... |
12,228 | Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs... | [
{
"answer": "Luke's gospel",
"question": "Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?"
},
{
"answer": "do not weep for me",
"question": "What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?"
},
{
"answer": "Lk. 23:28-31",
"question": "Where are the words found in the Gosp... |
12,229 | Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why i... | [
{
"answer": "Calvary",
"question": "Where was Jesus Crucified?"
},
{
"answer": "all four Gospels",
"question": "Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?"
},
{
"answer": "a place of public execution",
"question": "What was one reason Calvary was chosen?"
},
{
"answe... |
12,230 | The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion, some of whom are named in the Gospels. Apart from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: "the chief priests, with the scribes and elders"; two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left, whom the Gospel of L... | [
{
"answer": "many women",
"question": "Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?"
},
{
"answer": "the chief priests",
"question": "The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?"
},
{
"answer": "two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left",
... |
12,231 | Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are st... | [
{
"answer": "traditional two-beamed cross",
"question": "What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?"
},
{
"answer": "single upright stake",
"question": "What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?"
},
{
"answer": "The Greek and Latin words use... |
12,233 | The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also presen... | [
{
"answer": "three nails",
"question": "How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?"
},
{
"answer": "14 nails",
"question": "According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?"
},
{
"answer": "artistic depictions of the crucifixion",
"question... |
12,234 | The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory... | [
{
"answer": "the hands, or the wrists",
"question": "Where were the nails placed?"
},
{
"answer": "the Greek",
"question": "Who claims the hands were pierced?"
},
{
"answer": "without fracturing any bones",
"question": "The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?"
},
{
"answe... |
12,235 | Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe perform... | [
{
"answer": "a hypopodium",
"question": "What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?"
},
{
"answer": "the hands may not have been able to support the weight",
"question": "Why was a platform used?"
},
{
"answer": "Rasmus Bartholin",
"question": "Who considered this topic ... |
12,236 | The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than ... | [
{
"answer": "Psalm 22",
"question": "What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?"
},
{
"answer": "verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew",
"question": "What contradiction is found in this Psalm?"
},
{
"answer": "a proverbial saying in common usage",
"question": "What ... |
12,237 | Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian... | [
{
"answer": "a solar eclipse",
"question": "As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?"
},
{
"answer": "the full moon",
"question": "Why was a solar eclipse impossible?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek historian Phlegon",
"question": "Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurre... |
12,238 | Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the ... | [
{
"answer": "Thallus",
"question": "Which historian was referenced for the reports?"
},
{
"answer": "an eclipse of the sun",
"question": "What event did Thallus describe?"
},
{
"answer": "the 14th day",
"question": "What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?"
},
{
"answer": "the... |
12,239 | Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a ... | [
{
"answer": "lunar",
"question": "What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?"
},
{
"answer": "thirty minutes",
"question": "How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?"
},
{
"answer": "a scribe wrongly amending a text",
"question": "What person possibly made a mist... |
12,240 | Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkn... | [
{
"answer": "author of the Mark Gospel",
"question": "Who created the account of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "Luke",
"question": "Who amended the account at a later date?"
},
{
"answer": "the death of kings and other major figures",
"question": "What prompts darkness over the land in old ... |
12,241 | In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in whic... | [
{
"answer": "Frederick Zugibe",
"question": "Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus",
"question": "What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?"
},
{
"answer": "carried out a number of experiments over several years... |
12,242 | Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the bod... | [
{
"answer": "instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God",
"question": "What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?"
},
{
"answer": "through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death",
"question": "How are people united with God?"
},
{
"answer": "eternal life in heave... |
12,243 | In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the ... | [
{
"answer": "agent Christology",
"question": "What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?"
},
{
"answer": "sake of eventual victory",
"question": "Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion."
},
{
"answer": "salvific theme",
"question": "What theme is central is the Gospel of... |
12,244 | Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not... | [
{
"answer": "Paul's Christology",
"question": "Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?"
},
{
"answer": "directly related",
"question": "How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?"
},
{
"answer": "the cross of Christ",
"question": "What term does Pau... |
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