id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
12,245 | John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches... | [
{
"answer": "successfully argued for his innocence",
"question": "What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?"
},
{
"answer": "obedience to the Father",
"question": "Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?"
},
{
"answer": "\"pre-eternally\" determined by the Father",
"question": "... |
12,246 | Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central import... | [
{
"answer": "how salvation is granted to humanity",
"question": "What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?"
},
{
"answer": "central importance",
"question": "How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?"
},
{
"answer": "Jesus willingly sacrificed himself",
"question": "Di... |
12,247 | The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary... | [
{
"answer": "Virgin Mary",
"question": "Who was present under the cross?"
},
{
"answer": "Marian Cross",
"question": "What symbol is popular in Marian Art?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope John Paul II",
"question": "Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?"
},
{
"answe... |
12,248 | Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan ar... | [
{
"answer": "Atlantic",
"question": "On which coast of Florida is Miami located?"
},
{
"answer": "Miami-Dade County",
"question": "Miami is located in which Florida county?"
},
{
"answer": "eighth",
"question": "Where does Miami fall among the most populous urban areas in the United ... |
12,249 | Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, enter... | [
{
"answer": "Alpha−World City",
"question": "What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "33rd",
"question": "Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?"
},
{
"answer": "America's Cleanest City",
"question": "What ... |
12,250 | Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known ... | [
{
"answer": "international banks",
"question": "What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?"
},
{
"answer": "passenger",
"question": "Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?"
},
{
"answer": "Port of Miami",
"question": "What is call... |
12,251 | Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wildernes... | [
{
"answer": "Cleveland",
"question": "Where was Julia Tuttle born?"
},
{
"answer": "Biscayne Bay Country",
"question": "Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?"
},
{
"answer": "1894–95",
"question": "When did the Great Freeze occur?"
},
{
"answer"... |
12,252 | Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began... | [
{
"answer": "40",
"question": "In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?"
},
{
"answer": "Avenue J",
"question": "What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?"
},
{
"answer": "Bahamas",
"question": "Where did a portion of Miami's black population... |
12,253 | During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami p... | [
{
"answer": "H. Leslie Quigg",
"question": "Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?"
},
{
"answer": "Ku Klux Klan",
"question": "To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?"
},
{
"answer": "speaking directly to a white woman",
"question": "For what rea... |
12,254 | After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the population. The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s and 1990s, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and... | [
{
"answer": "1959",
"question": "In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?"
},
{
"answer": "Haiti",
"question": "From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?"
},
{
"answer": "Andrew",
"question": "What notable hurricane occurred between ... |
12,255 | Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft (12 m) and averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m) above mean sea level in most neighborhood... | [
{
"answer": "east",
"question": "Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "west",
"question": "To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami, in what direction would one move?"
},
{
"answer": "Lake Okeechobee",
"question": "What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay?"... |
12,257 | Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer, a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay, with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah. Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from this aquifer. As a resu... | [
{
"answer": "Hialeah",
"question": "Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?"
},
{
"answer": "Florida Bay",
"question": "The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?"
},
{
"answer": "5 to 6",
"question": "After digging how many ... |
12,258 | Miami is partitioned into many different sections, roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, and PortMiami. Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and... | [
{
"answer": "South",
"question": "Along with West, Downtown and North, what is the other notable area of Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "eastern",
"question": "By cardinal direction, what part of the city is referred to as Downtown?"
},
{
"answer": "Virginia Key",
"question": "Along with Por... |
12,259 | The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner... | [
{
"answer": "The Roads",
"question": "Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "1922",
"question": "When was Coral Way constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "Downtown",
"question": "What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?"
},
... |
12,260 | The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians, Hispanics, European Americans, bohemians, and artists. Edgewater, and Wynwood, are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high-rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for t... | [
{
"answer": "Lyric",
"question": "What notable theater is present in Overtown?"
},
{
"answer": "Adrienne Arsht",
"question": "After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?"
},
{
"answer": "northern",
"question": "In what part of Miami is Midtown?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
12,261 | Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am) with hot and humid summers and short, warm winters, with a marked drier season in the winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shapes its climate. With January ave... | [
{
"answer": "Am",
"question": "What is Miami's Köppen climate classification?"
},
{
"answer": "hot and humid",
"question": "What type of weather does Miami have in the summer?"
},
{
"answer": "19.6",
"question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the average January temperature in Miami?"
... |
12,262 | The wet season begins some time in May, ending in mid-October. During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29–35 °C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, ... | [
{
"answer": "May",
"question": "When is the beginning of Miami's wet season?"
},
{
"answer": "October",
"question": "What month sees the end of the wet season in Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "29–35",
"question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the range of temperatures during the wet season?"... |
12,263 | The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in... | [
{
"answer": "42nd",
"question": "Where does Miami rank in population among US cities?"
},
{
"answer": "Broward",
"question": "Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county is part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?"
},
{
"answer": "5.5 million",
"question": "How many people liv... |
12,264 | In 1960, non-Hispanic whites represented 80% of Miami-Dade county's population. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black. Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, primarily up unt... | [
{
"answer": "80",
"question": "What percentage of Miami-Dade's population was non-Hispanic white in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "22.7",
"question": "What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black?"
},
{
"answer": "Hispanic",
"question": "What was the largest ethnic group in 1970... |
12,266 | Miami is a major television production center, and the most important city in the U.S. for Spanish language media. Univisión, Telemundo and UniMÁS have their headquarters in Miami, along with their production studios. The Telemundo Television Studios produces much of the original programming for Telemundo, such as thei... | [
{
"answer": "Telemundo",
"question": "Along with UniMÁS and Univisión, what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "85",
"question": "As of 2011, what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "Universal Musi... |
12,267 | Since 2001, Miami has been undergoing a large building boom with more than 50 skyscrapers rising over 400 feet (122 m) built or currently under construction in the city. Miami's skyline is ranked third-most impressive in the U.S., behind New York City and Chicago, and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Archi... | [
{
"answer": "50",
"question": "How many 400+ foot skyscrapers have been built or are in the process of being built in Miami since 2001?"
},
{
"answer": "New York City and Chicago",
"question": "What US cities have more impressive skylines than Miami's?"
},
{
"answer": "19th",
"questi... |
12,268 | During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s. During this period, the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects in which 50 were actually built. In 2007, however, the housing market crashed causing lots of foreclosures on hous... | [
{
"answer": "1920s",
"question": "When did the Florida land boom occur?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?"
},
{
"answer": "8th",
"question": "Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?"
},
{
... |
12,269 | Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among the nation's busiest ports of entry, especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean. The Port of Miami is the world's busiest cruise port, and MIA is the busiest airport in Florida, and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America. Additi... | [
{
"answer": "Miami International",
"question": "What is Florida's busiest airport?"
},
{
"answer": "Port of Miami",
"question": "What is the busiest cruise port in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "In what year did Miami play host to the negotiations concerning the Free... |
12,270 | Tourism is also an important industry in Miami. Along with finance and business, the beaches, conventions, festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city, from across the country and around the world, spending $17.1 billion. The Art Deco District in South Beach, is reputed as one of the most ... | [
{
"answer": "38 million",
"question": "How many tourists come to Miami each year?"
},
{
"answer": "$17.1 billion",
"question": "How much money do tourists spend in Miami every year?"
},
{
"answer": "South Beach",
"question": "What neighborhood is home to the Art Deco District?"
},
... |
12,271 | According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States, making it the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2). Miami is also one of the very few cities where... | [
{
"answer": "Detroit",
"question": "As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "El Paso",
"question": "What was the second poorest US city in 2004?"
},
{
"answer": "Miami",
"question": "In 2004, what city ranked third poorest in America?"
},
{
... |
12,272 | In addition to such annual festivals like Calle Ocho Festival and Carnaval Miami, Miami is home to many entertainment venues, theaters, museums, parks and performing arts centers. The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, the second-largest performing arts center ... | [
{
"answer": "Lincoln Center",
"question": "What is the largest performing arts center in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "Florida Grand Opera",
"question": "What organization calls the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts home?"
},
{
"answer": "Ziff Ballet Opera House",
"question": ... |
12,273 | In the early 1970s, the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records, featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band, with such hits as "Get Down Tonight", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" and "That's the Way (I Like It)"; and the Latin-American disco group, Foxy (band), with their hit singles "Get Off" and ... | [
{
"answer": "1975",
"question": "In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "1970s",
"question": "In what decade was disco popular?"
},
{
"answer": "Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine",
"question": "What band performed the song \"Conga\"?"
},
{
"... |
12,274 | Miami is also considered a "hot spot" for dance music, Freestyle, a style of dance music popular in the 80's and 90's heavily influenced by Electro, hip-hop, and disco. Many popular Freestyle acts such as Pretty Tony, Debbie Deb, Stevie B, and Exposé, originated in Miami. Indie/folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are b... | [
{
"answer": "hip-hop",
"question": "Along with Electro and disco, what genre of music influenced Freestyle?"
},
{
"answer": "electro",
"question": "What genre of music does Uffie perform?"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Lauderdale",
"question": "Where did the band Nonpoint form?"
},
{
... |
12,275 | This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs, the warehouse party, acid house, rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music, especially house and its ever-more hypnotic, synthetic offspring techno and trance, in clubs like the inf... | [
{
"answer": "david padilla",
"question": "Who was the Warsaw Ballroom's house DJ?"
},
{
"answer": "JellyBean Benetiz",
"question": "By what other name is John Benetiz known?"
},
{
"answer": "SoBe",
"question": "In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market?"
... |
12,276 | Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window cafés, particularly... | [
{
"answer": "Versailles",
"question": "What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana?"
},
{
"answer": "Tony Roma's",
"question": "Along with Benihana and Burger King, what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "1960s",
"question": "In what decade did Cuban immig... |
12,278 | Miami's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As well as having all four major professional teams, Miami is also home to the... | [
{
"answer": "Basketball",
"question": "What sport do the Miami Heat play?"
},
{
"answer": "Dolphins",
"question": "What is the nickname of Miami's NFL team?"
},
{
"answer": "Florida Panthers",
"question": "What professional hockey team is based in Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "Sony... |
12,279 | Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 p... | [
{
"answer": "80",
"question": "How many gardens and parks are in Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "Bicentennial",
"question": "In what park is the American Airlines Arena located?"
},
{
"answer": "snorkeling and scuba diving",
"question": "Due to the presence of coral reefs, what activities ar... |
12,280 | The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers confer... | [
{
"answer": "mayor-commissioner",
"question": "Under what government system does Miami operate?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many members are on the city commission?"
},
{
"answer": "Tomás Regalado",
"question": "Who is the Mayor of Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "3500 Pa... |
12,281 | Miami has one of the largest television markets in the nation and the second largest in the state of Florida. Miami has several major newspapers, the main and largest newspaper being The Miami Herald. El Nuevo Herald is the major and largest Spanish-language newspaper. The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald are Miami's a... | [
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "When did El Nuevo Herald leave Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "Doral",
"question": "In what community is the Miami Herald currently located?"
},
{
"answer": "second",
"question": "Among television markets in Florida, where dies Miami rank?"
},
{
"answ... |
12,282 | Other major newspapers include Miami Today, headquartered in Brickell, Miami New Times, headquartered in Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Journal, Miami Times, and Biscayne Boulevard Times. An additional Spanish-language newspapers, Diario Las Americas also serve Miami. The Miami Herald is Miami's primar... | [
{
"answer": "Midtown",
"question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is Miami New Times based?"
},
{
"answer": "Brickell",
"question": "What neighborhood houses the headquarters of Miami Today?"
},
{
"answer": "million",
"question": "Approximately how many people read The Miami Herald?"... |
12,283 | Miami is also the headquarters and main production city of many of the world's largest television networks, record label companies, broadcasting companies and production facilities, such as Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisión, Mega TV, Univisión, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV I... | [
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "When did Univisión announce it was building a production studio in Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "Univisión Studios",
"question": "What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisión?"
},
{
"answer": "all of Univisión Communications' televisio... |
12,284 | Miami International Airport serves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the busiest international airports in the world, Miami International Airport caters to over 35 million passengers a year. The airport is a major hub and the single largest international gateway for American Airline... | [
{
"answer": "35 million",
"question": "How many passengers use Miami International Airport annually?"
},
{
"answer": "American Airlines",
"question": "What airline uses Miami International as its biggest international gateway?"
},
{
"answer": "John F. Kennedy International Airport",
... |
12,286 | Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via... | [
{
"answer": "Metrorail",
"question": "What is the name of Miami's heavy-rail system?"
},
{
"answer": "24.4",
"question": "How many miles long is Metrorail?"
},
{
"answer": "23",
"question": "How many stations does Metrorail have?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How ... |
12,287 | Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of ... | [
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center?"
},
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?"
},
{
"answer": "150,000",
"question": "Approximately how many people wer... |
12,288 | Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami C... | [
{
"answer": "Silver Meteor",
"question": "Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?"
},
{
"answer": "New York City",
"question": "From Miami, to where does the Silver Star run?"
},
{
"answer": "Hialeah",
"question": "In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station?"
},
... |
12,289 | Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high-speed rail system that would have connected Miami, Orlando, and Tampa. The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding, but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011. The second phase of the line was envisione... | [
{
"answer": "Tampa",
"question": "Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?"
},
{
"answer": "Rick Scott",
"question": "Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "In what year did All Aboard Florida... |
12,290 | Miami's road system is based along the numerical "Miami Grid" where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami gri... | [
{
"answer": "Burdine's",
"question": "What company was previously headquartered in the Downtown Macy's?"
},
{
"answer": "SW 8th St",
"question": "What is another name for Tamiami Trail?"
},
{
"answer": "Downtown",
"question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is the corner of Miami Aven... |
12,291 | Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downto... | [
{
"answer": "Key Biscayne",
"question": "Along with Virginia Key, what does the Rickenbacker Causeway connect to Brickell?"
},
{
"answer": "MacArthur",
"question": "What causeway connects South Beach with Downtown?"
},
{
"answer": "Broad",
"question": "Which Miami causeway has the sm... |
12,292 | In recent years the city government, under Mayor Manny Diaz, has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting. Every month, the city hosts "Bike Miami", where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles, but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists. T... | [
{
"answer": "automobiles",
"question": "What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during \"Bike Miami\"?"
},
{
"answer": "3,000",
"question": "How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "Manny Diaz",
"question": "Who was a recent mayor of Miami?... |
12,293 | However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law states do not tend to have singular highest courts. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court", for example, the High Court of Australia; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the... | [
{
"answer": "Civil law states",
"question": "What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?"
},
{
"answer": "the High Court of Australia",
"question": "What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?"
},
{
"answer": "th... |
12,294 | Some countries have multiple "supreme courts" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of th... | [
{
"answer": "different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law",
"question": "Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?"
},
{
"answer": "the Supreme Court of the United States",
"question": "What is an example of the hig... |
12,295 | In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare de... | [
{
"answer": "stare decisis",
"question": "What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?"
},
{
"answer": "civil law jurisdictions",
"question": "What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?"
},
{
"answer": "the immediate case befo... |
12,296 | In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals of decisions made by courts of appeal from the provinces and territories and appeals of ... | [
{
"answer": "1875",
"question": "When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?"
},
{
"answer": "The court's decisions are final and binding",
"question": "... |
12,297 | In Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)... | [
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong?"
},
{
"answer": "the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)",
"question": "When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which body was the highest court of appeal?"
},
{
"answer": "Lo... |
12,298 | In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authori... | [
{
"answer": "January 28, 1950",
"question": "On what date was India's Supreme Court established?"
},
{
"answer": "Article 141",
"question": "What article of India's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts?"
},
{
"answer": "the Constitution",
"quest... |
12,299 | The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constituti... | [
{
"answer": "The Supreme Court",
"question": "What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?"
},
{
"answer": "the constitution",
"question": "Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?"
},
{
"answer": "the Chief Justice",
"question": ... |
12,301 | The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Z... | [
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?"
},
{
"answer": "purely appellate",
"question": "What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?"
},
{
"answer": "Court of Appeal of New Zealand",
"question": "What court's decisions may be appeal... |
12,302 | With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally function... | [
{
"answer": "FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)",
"question": "What are some of the territories within Pakistan?"
},
{
"answer": "appeals only of a constitutional nature",
"question": "What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?"
},
{... |
12,303 | The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act ... | [
{
"answer": "England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland",
"question": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?"
},
{
"answer": "the High Court of Justiciary",
"question": "What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on c... |
12,304 | The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their i... | [
{
"answer": "titles of state supreme court vary",
"question": "What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?"
},
{
"answer": "New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia",
"question": "The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories?"
},
... |
12,305 | In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violat... | [
{
"answer": "the Austrian Constitution of 1920",
"question": "What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?"
},
{
"answer": "Constitutional Court",
"question": "What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?"
},
{... |
12,306 | In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases... | [
{
"answer": "Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)",
"question": "What is the highest court in Brazil?"
},
{
"answer": "cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases",
"question": "What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?"
},
{... |
12,307 | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth... | [
{
"answer": "the Grundgesetz",
"question": "What is Germany's constitution called?"
},
{
"answer": "Bundesverfassungsgericht",
"question": "What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?"
},
{
"answer": "Federal Constitutional Court",
"question": "The e... |
12,308 | When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for e... | [
{
"answer": "civil and criminal cases",
"question": "The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?"
},
{
"answer": "Bundessozialgericht",
"question": "What court has supremacy for matters of social security?"
},
{
"answer": "Bundesarbeitsgericht",
"question": "Wh... |
12,309 | In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against s... | [
{
"answer": "arresten",
"question": "Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?"
},
{
"answer": "legislation against the constitution",
"question": "The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?"
},
{
"answer": "legislation against some treaties",
"question":... |
12,310 | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development ... | [
{
"answer": "a civil law nation",
"question": "What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?"
},
{
"answer": "the American Supreme Court",
"question": "The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?"
},
{
"answer": "1987 Philippine Constitution",
"q... |
12,311 | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | [
{
"answer": "private and public",
"question": "The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?"
},
{
"answer": "those cases related to human rights",
"question": "What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?"
},
{
"answer": "decides about a... |
12,312 | In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court consider... | [
{
"answer": "the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court",
"question": "Sweden's two high courts are what?"
},
{
"answer": "cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs",
"question": "What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?"
},
... |
12,313 | In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. ... | [
{
"answer": "1972",
"question": "When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created?"
},
{
"answer": "all lower Courts",
"question": "The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?"
},
{
"answer": "common-law and civil-law",
"question": "Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories... |
12,314 | In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the hi... | [
{
"answer": "\"two apex\"",
"question": "South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?"
},
{
"answer": "the Constitutional Court",
"question": "What court in South Afr... |
12,315 | In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?"
},
{
"answer": "Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)",
"question": "What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?"
},
{... |
12,316 | Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the or... | [
{
"answer": "a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document",
"question": "What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze?"
},
{
"answer": "the production of a \"critical edition\" containing a scholarly curated text.",
"question": "What is the goal of the... |
12,317 | Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are... | [
{
"answer": "Qur'an",
"question": "Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?"
},
{
"answer": "biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original",
"question": "Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?"
},
... |
12,318 | In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile.... | [
{
"answer": "the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,",
"question": "What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?"
},
{
"answer": "Mesopotamia and Egypt",
"question": "Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has ... |
12,319 | Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the t... | [
{
"answer": "identification of the first exemplar",
"question": "What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?"
},
{
"answer": "split in the tradition",
"question": "Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?"
},
{
"answer": "the archetype",
"qu... |
12,320 | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | [
{
"answer": "apparatus criticus or critical apparatus",
"question": "What is included in or accompanies in \"critical edition\"?"
},
{
"answer": "presents the author's work in three parts",
"question": "What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?"
},
{
"answer": "a \"critical edition\... |
12,321 | Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not i... | [
{
"answer": "literature was copied by hand",
"question": "Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?"
},
{
"answer": "not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph",
"question": "Are printed editions immune to variation?"
},
{
"a... |
12,322 | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | [
{
"answer": "witnesses",
"question": "Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?"
},
{
"answer": "variant readings, or simply variants or readings.",
"question": "What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?"
},
{
"answer": "either by acciden... |
12,323 | The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shak... | [
{
"answer": "The collation of all known variants of a text",
"question": "What is a variorum?"
},
{
"answer": "so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication",
"question": "What is the purpose of a variorum?"
},
{
"answer": "E... |
12,324 | Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event... | [
{
"answer": "an impression of the number of witnesses",
"question": "What is often included in an eclectic reading?"
},
{
"answer": "a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions",
"question": "Why would someon... |
12,325 | External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are al... | [
{
"answer": "evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.",
"question": "What is external evidence?"
},
{
"answer": "Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.",
"question": "Why are older manuscripts preferred?... |
12,326 | Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder ... | [
{
"answer": "Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original.",
"question": "Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?"
},
{
"answer": "scribes tended to add words, for clarification or... |
12,327 | Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that ... | [
{
"answer": "They proposed nine critical rules",
"question": "How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?"
},
{
"answer": "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.",
"question": "What is Bengel's rule?... |
12,328 | Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-... | [
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?"
},
{
"answer": "The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images",
"question": "What inclusion helps readers and critics un... |
12,329 | Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata m... | [
{
"answer": "a rigorous approach to textual criticism",
"question": "What is stemmatics?"
},
{
"answer": "The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram.",
"question": "What is a cladogram?"
},
{
"answer": "it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source",... |
12,330 | The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be... | [
{
"answer": "examinatio and emendatio",
"question": "Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?"
},
{
"answer": "copy text editing",
"question": "What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?"
},
{
"answer": "eclecticism",
"question": "What process is best ... |
12,331 | The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this ou... | [
{
"answer": "critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.",
"question": "What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?"
},
{
"answer": "the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses.",
"q... |
12,332 | The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For ex... | [
{
"answer": "emendatio",
"question": "What is the last step in the stemmatic method?"
},
{
"answer": "the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process",
"question": "At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?"
},
{
"answer": ", ... |
12,333 | The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text ... | [
{
"answer": "1904",
"question": "When was the term copy-text introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine",
"question": "What was the initial definition of copy-text?"
},
{
"answer": "choose one particular text that was thought to be particularl... |
12,334 | By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." He therefore concluded that the correct p... | [
{
"answer": "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\"",
"question": "Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?"
},
{
"answer": "inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived fro... |
12,335 | Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving prefe... | [
{
"answer": "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced",
"question": "Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?"
},
{
"answer": "if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.",
"question": "What should one d... |
12,336 | Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fi... | [
{
"answer": "The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.",
"question": "Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?"
},
{
"answer": "the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text",
"question": "What will an editor do in the case where an author's work wa... |
12,337 | McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated similarly that the editor... | [
{
"answer": "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state",
"question": "What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?"
},
{
"answer": "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy",
"question": "If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of... |
12,338 | Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" ... | [
{
"answer": "Bowers and Tanselle",
"question": "Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?"
},
{
"answer": "Tanselle",
"question": "Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?"
},
{
"answer": "a later reading \"is one that the author can rea... |
12,339 | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | [
{
"answer": "remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions",
"question": "What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?"
},
{
"answer": "to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896",
"question": "What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a... |
12,340 | Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly editions have tended to us... | [
{
"answer": "appendices that are difficult to use,",
"question": "Are appendices easy to use for the average reader?"
},
{
"answer": "suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves",
"question": "Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in... |
12,341 | Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is ente... | [
{
"answer": "to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species",
"question": "What is the biological basis for Cladistics?"
},
{
"answer": "manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics",
"question": "How is evolution applied to textual criticism?"
... |
12,343 | By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Proj... | [
{
"answer": "Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies",
"question": "What is FARMS?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert F. Smith",
"question": "Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project?"
},
{
"answer": "the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in... |
12,344 | In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied t... | [
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "When was phase one completed?"
},
{
"answer": "Professor Skousen",
"question": "Who took over after the preliminary phase?"
},
{
"answer": "to obtain fine readings",
"question": "Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed?"
},... |
12,345 | Shemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly i... | [
{
"answer": "extremely rare",
"question": "How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible?"
},
{
"answer": "hardly affect any doctrine",
"question": "To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning?"
},
{
"answer": "Professo... |
12,346 | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use... | [
{
"answer": "There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible",
"question": "Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?"
},
{
"answer": "within 200 years",
"question": "What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?"
},... |
12,347 | Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting... | [
{
"answer": "if enough creativity/originality is provided",
"question": "What is the criteria for copyright?"
},
{
"answer": "The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct",
"question": "What minor things can be included and not invalidate a ... |
12,348 | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen... | [
{
"answer": "long playing",
"question": "What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity?"
},
{
"answer": "12\", 10\", 7\"",
"question": "What are common diameters found in phonograph records?"
},
{
"answer": "analogue sound storage medium",
"question": "What is a gramophone or... |
12,350 | The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted in... | [
{
"answer": "visual analysis",
"question": "What was the original intent of the phonautograph?"
},
{
"answer": "2000s",
"question": "In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?"
},
{
"answer": "1857",
"question": "What year were the earliest known recordings of soun... |
12,353 | In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a... | [
{
"answer": "Blue Amberol cylinders",
"question": "What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?"
},
{
"answer": "1919",
"question": "What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?"
},
{
"answer": "digital compact disc",
"question": "What format dominated the mark... |
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