id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
13,658 | Similar to the CD versus LP sound quality debates common in the audiophile community, some videophiles argue that LaserDisc maintains a "smoother", more "film-like", natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial. Early DVD demo discs often had compression or encoding problems, lending additional support ... | [
{
"answer": "LaserDisc",
"question": "Which format is considered to look most realistic, LaserDisc or DVD?"
},
{
"answer": "DVDs",
"question": "Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?"
},
{
"answer": "video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidt... |
13,659 | Another advantage, at least to some consumers, was the lack of any sort of anti-piracy technology. It was claimed that Macrovision's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc, due to the format's design. The vertical blanking interval, where the Macrovision signal would be implemented, was also used for th... | [
{
"answer": "internal timing",
"question": "What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?"
},
{
"answer": "relatively small market share",
"question": "Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?"
... |
13,660 | LaserDisc's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for "Special Edition" releases; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first "Special Edition" release to home video,[cita... | [
{
"answer": "\"Special Edition\"",
"question": "LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane",
"question": "What was the first \"Special Edition\" film to be released to home video?"
},
{
... |
13,661 | The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes (CAV) or 60 minutes (CLV) per side because of the hardware manufacturer's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime. After one side was finished playing, a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching a... | [
{
"answer": "a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching",
"question": "What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?"
},
{
"answer": "Pioneer LD-W1",
"question": "Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?"
},
{
"answer": "line co... |
13,662 | The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction. Because of this, slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions. I... | [
{
"answer": "glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions",
"question": "What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?"
},
{
"answer": "digital MPEG-2",
"question": "Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?"
},
{
"answer... |
13,663 | In addition, LaserDisc videos sometimes exhibit a problem known as "crosstalk". The issue can arise when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped, but it could also occur even with a properly functioning player and a factory-new disc, d... | [
{
"answer": "when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped",
"question": "When does \"crosstalk\" occur?"
},
{
"answer": "\"crosstalk\"",
"question": "What problem can be caused by a player becoming out of alignm... |
13,664 | Assuming the player's optical pickup is in proper working order, crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs, as the rotational speed never varies. However, if the player calibration is out of order or if the CAV disc is faulty or damaged, other problems affecting tracking accu... | [
{
"answer": "CAV",
"question": "In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?"
},
{
"answer": "the rotational speed never varies",
"question": "Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?"
},
{
"answer": "the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, ca... |
13,665 | Another significant issue unique to LaserDisc is one involving the inconsistency of playback quality between different makers and models of player. On most televisions, a given DVD player will produce a picture that is visually indistinguishable from other units. Differences in image quality between players only become... | [
{
"answer": "inconsistency",
"question": "Is LaserDisc quality consistent or inconsistent between player brands? "
},
{
"answer": "hardware quality",
"question": "What is LaserDisc playback quality dependent on?"
},
{
"answer": "$25",
"question": "How cheaply could an older LaserDisc... |
13,666 | Many early LDs were not manufactured properly; sometimes a substandard adhesive was used to sandwich together the two sides of the disc.[citation needed] The adhesive contained impurities that were able to penetrate the lacquer seal layer and chemically attack the metalized reflective aluminium layer, causing it to oxi... | [
{
"answer": "adhesive",
"question": "What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused \"laser rot\"?"
},
{
"answer": "\"color flash\"",
"question": "What was the internal name for \"laser rot\" within LD processing plants?"
},
{
"answer": "black spots that looked like mo... |
13,668 | The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD; although people rarely bought the discs (because each LD was priced around USD100), high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously. Due to integrati... | [
{
"answer": "USD100",
"question": "How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?"
},
{
"answer": "PAL standard",
"question": "Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?"
},
{
"answer": "NTSC",
"question": "In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Ho... |
13,669 | Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s, many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts (for example, Disney's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format, but was issued in Japan on LD). This is largely because there are many films that are still only avai... | [
{
"answer": "late 1990s",
"question": "By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?"
},
{
"answer": "movie enthusiasts",
"question": "Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?"
},
{
"answer": "2001",
"question": "Until the end of what year were movies... |
13,670 | In the early 1980s, Philips produced a LaserDisc player model adapted for a computer interface, dubbed "professional". In 1985, Jasmine Multimedia created LaserDisc Juke Boxes featuring music videos from Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper. When connected to a PC this combination could be used to display ima... | [
{
"answer": "early 1980s",
"question": "In what decade did Philips produce a \"professional\" LD model for computer?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "In what year were LD jukeboxes created?"
},
{
"answer": "Jasmine Multimedia",
"question": "Who created LD Jukeboxes in 1985?"
},... |
13,671 | In the mid-1980s Lucasfilm pioneered the EditDroid non-linear editing system for film and television based on computer-controlled LaserDisc players. Instead of printing dailies out on film, processed negatives from the day's shoot would be sent to a mastering plant to be assembled from their 10-minute camera elements i... | [
{
"answer": "24",
"question": "How many EditDroid systems were ever built?"
},
{
"answer": "single-sided",
"question": "Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?"
},
{
"answer": "Lucasfilm",
"question": "Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?"
}
... |
13,673 | Apple's HyperCard scripting language provided Macintosh computer users with a means to design databases of slides, animation, video and sounds from LaserDiscs and then to create interfaces for users to play specific content from the disc through software called LaserStacks. User-created "stacks" were shared and were es... | [
{
"answer": "HyperCard",
"question": "Which of Apple's programming languages allowed users to ceatively manipulate LaserDiscs?"
},
{
"answer": "play specific content from the disc",
"question": "What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do?"
},
{
"answer": "in education",
"qu... |
13,674 | Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required t... | [
{
"answer": "the U.S. Military",
"question": "A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?"
},
{
"answer": "43 lb (20 kg)",
"question": "How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?"
},
{
"answer": "removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable ... |
13,675 | The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consol... | [
{
"answer": "instant-access capability",
"question": "What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?"
},
{
"answer": "Sega's Astron Belt",
"question": "What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?"
},
{
"answer": "1983",
"question": "In what year was Sega'... |
13,676 | In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, M... | [
{
"answer": "5:3",
"question": "With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?"
},
{
"answer": "capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out",
"question": "What benefits did the MUSE narrow ... |
13,677 | In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$1... | [
{
"answer": "US$10,000",
"question": "What was the price for early HDTVs?"
},
{
"answer": "tiny",
"question": "Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of t... |
13,678 | With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was... | [
{
"answer": "enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs",
"question": "What were \"Squeeze LDs\"?"
},
{
"answer": "16:9-ratio widescreen",
"question": "With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?"
},
{
"answer": "very few people owned 16:9 displays",
"question": "Why did Squeeze L... |
13,679 | There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was di... | [
{
"answer": "Terminator 2",
"question": "Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?"
},
{
"answer": "THX certified",
"question": "What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?"
},
{
"answer": "Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy",
"qu... |
13,680 | Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also... | [
{
"answer": "Recordable LaserVision disc",
"question": "What does the acronym RLV stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)",
"question": "Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?"
},
{
"answer": "1984.",
"question": "In what year did ... |
13,681 | The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purpli... | [
{
"answer": "reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color",
"question": "What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?"
},
{
"answer": "to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs",
"question": "Why do RLV discs ha... |
13,682 | There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of ... | [
{
"answer": "12 cm (4.7 in)",
"question": "In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?"
},
{
"answer": "CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)",
"question": "What were CD size \"single\"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?"
},
{
... |
13,683 | CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs w... | [
{
"answer": "audio CD tracks",
"question": "What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?"
},
{
"answer": "only in Japan and other parts of Asia",
"question": "In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?"
},
{
"answer": "VSDs",
"question": "Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also pla... |
13,684 | The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has r... | [
{
"answer": "bilateral",
"question": "What kind of symmetry do annelids have?"
},
{
"answer": "parapodia",
"question": "What do annelids use to move?"
},
{
"answer": "polychaetes",
"question": "Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?"
},
{
"answer": "oligochaete... |
13,685 | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | [
{
"answer": "Septa",
"question": "What separates many annelids' segments?"
},
{
"answer": "Echiura and Sipuncula",
"question": "Which annelids show no segmentation?"
},
{
"answer": "front",
"question": "What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like h... |
13,686 | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | [
{
"answer": "sexual reproduction",
"question": "How do annelids normally reproduce?"
},
{
"answer": "regenerate after severe injuries",
"question": "What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?"
},
{
"answer": "trochophore",
"question": "What larvae live like plankton?"... |
13,687 | Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water... | [
{
"answer": "aeration and enriching",
"question": "How do earthworms help the soil they live in?"
},
{
"answer": "up to a third",
"question": "How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?"
},
{
"answer": "enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor",
"question": "Ho... |
13,688 | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | [
{
"answer": "annelids are soft-bodied",
"question": "Why are annelid fossils rare?"
},
{
"answer": "jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted",
"question": "What fossil signs of annelids are found?"
},
{
"answer": "518 million years ago",
"question": "How old i... |
13,689 | No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some speci... | [
{
"answer": "shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli",
"question": "What externally divides annelids' segments?"
},
{
"answer": "septa (\"partitions\")",
"question": "What divides annelids' segments internally?"
},
{
"answer": "a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system",
... |
13,690 | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | [
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "What language does the term 'chaetae' come from?"
},
{
"answer": "hair",
"question": "What does 'chaetae' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "the frontmost and rearmost sections",
"question": "Which parts of annelids are different from true segments?"
},
{
... |
13,691 | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | [
{
"answer": "spiral in alternating directions",
"question": "How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles?"
},
{
"answer": "collagen fibers",
"question": "What are annelids' cuticles made out of?"
},
{
"answer": "mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis",
"question": "What do non... |
13,692 | The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for exampl... | [
{
"answer": "limbs",
"question": "What are parapodia?"
},
{
"answer": "hair-forming",
"question": "What do chetoblast cells do?"
},
{
"answer": "microvilli",
"question": "What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?"
},
{
"answer": "bristles",
"question": "What are seta... |
13,693 | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | [
{
"answer": "fused bundles of cilia",
"question": "What are cirri?"
},
{
"answer": "ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae",
"question": "What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?"
},
{
"answer": "polychaetes",
"question": "What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia?... |
13,694 | The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while t... | [
{
"answer": "local control centers",
"question": "What are ganglia?"
},
{
"answer": "the pharynx",
"question": "What is an annelid's brain in a ring around?"
},
{
"answer": "throat",
"question": "What is a pharynx?"
},
{
"answer": "in the peristomium or sometimes the first se... |
13,695 | As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks i... | [
{
"answer": "arthropods",
"question": "What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?"
},
{
"answer": "the output signal lines of nerve cells",
"question": "What are giant axons?"
},
{
"answer": "shortening their bodies",
"question": "How do annelids withdraw from danger... |
13,696 | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | [
{
"answer": "light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact",
"question": "What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect?"
},
{
"answer": "on the neck",
"question": "What does 'nuchal' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "polychaetes",
"question": "What type of annelids have nuchal organs?"
},
... |
13,698 | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | [
{
"answer": "waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body",
"question": "How does peristalsis work?"
},
{
"answer": "the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments",
"question": "Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?"
... |
13,699 | The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segmen... | [
{
"answer": "parasites and infections",
"question": "What can coelomocyte cells defend against?"
},
{
"answer": "Respiratory",
"question": "What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood?"
},
{
"answer": "blood vessels",
"question": "What runs the length of annelids' bodies wit... |
13,700 | However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th... | [
{
"answer": "leeches and their closest relatives",
"question": "What type of annelids are very different from others?"
},
{
"answer": "connective tissue layer of the body wall",
"question": "What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": ... |
13,702 | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | [
{
"answer": "Siboglinidae",
"question": "What type of annelids are tube-dwelling?"
},
{
"answer": "a swollen lining",
"question": "What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut?"
},
{
"answer": "15%",
"question": "How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria?"
},
{
"answer"... |
13,704 | It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore ... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many sexes of annelids were there originally?"
},
{
"answer": "nephridia",
"question": "What releases sperm from annelids?"
},
{
"answer": "trochophore larvae",
"question": "What do annelid eggs become?"
},
{
"answer": "plankton",
"ques... |
13,705 | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the... | [
{
"answer": "about 25%",
"question": "How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?"
},
{
"answer": "14%",
"question": "What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?"
},
{
"answer": "reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton",
"question": "What is the... |
13,706 | Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has bee... | [
{
"answer": "change sex",
"question": "What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?"
},
{
"answer": "permanent gonads",
"question": "What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?"
},
{
"answer": "the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual",
"question": "Ho... |
13,707 | Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae ("sperm stores") and ... | [
{
"answer": "clitellates",
"question": "What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?"
},
{
"answer": "hermaphrodites",
"question": "What type of sex are most earthworms?"
},
{
"answer": "in the ovaries",
"question": "Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
13,708 | Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water ... | [
{
"answer": "Charles Darwin",
"question": "Who published a book about worms in 1881?"
},
{
"answer": "The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms",
"question": "What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?"
},
{
"answer": "generally in moist leaf litt... |
13,709 | Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from As... | [
{
"answer": "glaciated areas of North America",
"question": "Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers?"
},
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern hardwood forests",
"question": "What typ... |
13,710 | Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than ar... | [
{
"answer": "Palolo worm",
"question": "What type of annelid tunnels through coral?"
},
{
"answer": "Palolo worm",
"question": "What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?"
},
{
"answer": "spawning modules",
"question": "What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?"
},
{
... |
13,711 | Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed re... | [
{
"answer": "30 AD",
"question": "When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?"
},
{
"answer": "50 AD",
"question": "When did Rome begin using leeches?"
},
{
"answer": "200 AD"... |
13,713 | The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly fi... | [
{
"answer": "65 million years ago",
"question": "When did the Tertiary period begin?"
},
{
"answer": "early Cretaceous",
"question": "What era did oligochaetes evolve in?"
},
{
"answer": "oligochaetes",
"question": "What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician... |
13,714 | Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaet... | [
{
"answer": "polychaetes and clitellates",
"question": "What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?"
},
{
"answer": "oligochaetes",
"question": "What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?"
},
{
"answer": "hirudinomorphs",
"question": "What subtype of clitellates c... |
13,716 | In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the pa... | [
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?"
},
{
"answer": "Polychaetes",
"question": "What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?"
},
{
"answer": "echiurans and sipunculan",
"question": "What offshoots of pol... |
13,718 | The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In th... | [
{
"answer": "annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms",
"question": "Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?"
},
{
"answer": "after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern",
"question": "How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?... |
13,719 | In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness),... | [
{
"answer": "unlimited power",
"question": "What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?"
},
{
"answer": "omnipresence",
"question": "What is the feeling of God being everywhere?"
},
{
"answer": "infinite knowledge",
"question": "What is the extent of God's knowledge?"
},
{
... |
13,720 | In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed ... | [
{
"answer": "theism",
"question": "In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?"
},
{
"answer": "the creator, but not the sustainer",
"question": "What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?"
},
{
"answer": "pantheism",
"question": "Which belief is that... |
13,722 | The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant eit... | [
{
"answer": "the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan",
"question": "Where is the English word God derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "neuter—applying to both genders",
"question": "Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?"
},
{
"answer": "Christianization of the Germanic peoples",
... |
13,723 | In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term r... | [
{
"answer": "the capitalized form of God",
"question": "What differentiates God from gods?"
},
{
"answer": "polytheism",
"question": "What belief has many gods?"
},
{
"answer": "signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton",
"question": "What does it mean to read the word LO... |
13,724 | There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by r... | [
{
"answer": "trinitarian",
"question": "What type of view do Christians take on God?"
},
{
"answer": "region, sect, and caste",
"question": "How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?"
},
{
"answer": "ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic",
"question": "Does hindui... |
13,725 | Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity... | [
{
"answer": "polytheism",
"question": "What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?"
},
{
"answer": "iconodules",
"question": "Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?"
},
{
"answer": "tawhid",
"question": "What is the most basic belief of the Muslim ... |
13,727 | Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of ... | [
{
"answer": "God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it",
"question": "What is a deistic view of God?"
},
{
"answer": "no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity",
"question": "How does a deistic God feel about us?"
},
{
"ans... |
13,728 | Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopag... | [
{
"answer": "God is the universe and the universe is God",
"question": "What is Pantheism?"
},
{
"answer": "God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe",
"question": "WHat is Panentheism?"
},
{
"answer": "Jewish mysticism",
"question": "WHat is Kabbalah?"
},
{
"answer... |
13,729 | Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", bec... | [
{
"answer": "a symbol of human values and aspirations",
"question": "What do some non-theists view God as?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Bradlaugh",
"question": "Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said \"the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation\"?"
},
... |
13,730 | Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference." Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was d... | [
{
"answer": "the discovery that the universe is infinitely old",
"question": "What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?"
},
{
"answer": "\"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference.\"",
... |
13,731 | Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions... | [
{
"answer": "who created God",
"question": "What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that \"Is there a God\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow",
"question": "Who wrote The Grand Design?"
},
{
"answer": "Neuroscientist",
"... |
13,732 | Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his o... | [
{
"answer": "it makes those aspects more familiar",
"question": "Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things?"
},
{
"answer": "The construction of gods and spirits like persons",
"question": "What is one of the most common traits of religion ac... |
13,733 | Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. I... | [
{
"answer": "gossip or reputation",
"question": "What are ways that small social groups can force morality?"
},
{
"answer": "Matt Rossano",
"question": "Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?"
},
{
"... |
13,734 | St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, "that than which nothing greater can be conceived". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: "By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an ete... | [
{
"answer": "\"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\"",
"question": "How did St. Anselm define the existence of God?"
},
{
"answer": "Baruch Spinoza",
"question": "Who said that God is \"a substance consisting of infinite attributes\"?"
},
{
"answer": "a variation of the Onto... |
13,735 | Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. A single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly ... | [
{
"answer": "a lack of evidence for the material existence",
"question": "How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?"
},
{
"answer": "an imaginary entity only",
"question": "What do atheists believe of God?"
},
{
"answer": "trans-generational",
"question... |
13,736 | According to the Omnipotence paradox or 'Paradox of the Stone', can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? Either he can or he can’t. If he can’t, the argument goes, then there is something that he cannot do, namely create the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. If he can, it continues, then there i... | [
{
"answer": "can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it",
"question": "What is the Omnipotence paradox?"
},
{
"answer": "Paradox of the Stone",
"question": "What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox?"
},
{
"answer": "God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipoten... |
13,737 | Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God ... | [
{
"answer": "similarities arising from their common roots",
"question": "What do religions share across their belief structures?"
},
{
"answer": "expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature",
"question": "What are some religio... |
13,738 | The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form. Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monot... | [
{
"answer": "God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually",
"question": "How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?"
},
{
"answer": "attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually",
"question": "How d... |
13,739 | Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. Fo... | [
{
"answer": "to worship God",
"question": "What is a muslims life purpose?"
},
{
"answer": "a personal God",
"question": "What type of God is the Muslim God?"
},
{
"answer": "a \"personal god\"",
"question": "What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?"
},
... |
13,740 | Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclu... | [
{
"answer": "exclusivists",
"question": "Who believe they are the one and only chosen few?"
},
{
"answer": "exclusivists",
"question": "Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth?"
},
{
"answer": "pluralism",
"question": "What is one called that believes he has the... |
13,741 | Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agen... | [
{
"answer": "God may not be omniscient.",
"question": "What does it mean if God can't predict the future?"
},
{
"answer": "medieval philosophers",
"question": "Who posited the existence of God?"
},
{
"answer": "God's omniscience",
"question": "What philosophical debates arose in the ... |
13,742 | The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that ... | [
{
"answer": "\"properly basic\"",
"question": "How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?"
},
{
"answer": "Pascal",
"question": "Who stated \"the heart has reasons of which reason does not know\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Richard Swinburne",
"question": "Which philosopher takes the evidentiali... |
13,743 | On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said, "This crusade – this war on terrorism – is going to take a while, ... " Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to p... | [
{
"answer": "16 September 2001",
"question": "When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?"
},
{
"answer": "crusade",
"question": "Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?"
},
{
"answer": "20 September 2001",
"question": "When did George ... |
13,745 | Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Jackson",
"question": "Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?"
},
{
"answer": "John Ashcroft",
"question": "Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?"
},
{
"answer": "terrorists",
"question": "What did the B... |
13,746 | The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Repu... | [
{
"answer": "the Soviet war in Afghanistan",
"question": "Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?"
},
{
"answer": "February 1989",
"question": "When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?"
},
{
"answer": "United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China",
... |
13,747 | On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC, although othe... | [
{
"answer": "7 August 1998",
"question": "When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya?"
},
{
"answer": "224",
"question": "How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?"
},
{
"answer": "12",
"question": "How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda att... |
13,748 | On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?"
},
{
"answer": "Hamburg",
"question": "Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?"
},
{
"answer": "California",
"question": "Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?"
},
{
"answer": "19"... |
13,749 | The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or "AUMF" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, org... | [
{
"answer": "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists",
"question": "What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?"
},
{
"answer": "those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001",
"question": "Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?"
},
{
"answer": "sectio... |
13,750 | Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remai... | [
{
"answer": "October 2001",
"question": "When did the US invade Afghanistan?"
},
{
"answer": "UK and coalition allies",
"question": "Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?"
},
{
"answer": "oust the Taliban regime",
"question": "What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?"
},
... |
13,751 | The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an in... | [
{
"answer": "western Pakistan",
"question": "Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002?"
},
{
"answer": "southern and eastern",
"question": "In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Moshtarak",
"question": "What operation be... |
13,752 | In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the is... | [
{
"answer": "Philippines",
"question": "Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002?"
},
{
"answer": "combating Filipino Islamist groups",
"question": "What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment?"
},
{
"answer": "Abu Sayyaf",
"question": "What was the main Filipino Is... |
13,753 | On 14 September 2009, U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French-flagged warships, but that could not be confirmed. A Somali-based al-Qaida affiliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has c... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many people were killed by US Special Forces on Sep 14, 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "near the Somali village of Baarawe",
"question": "Where was the Sep 14, 2009 action?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "What country's ships did some witnesses say w... |
13,754 | The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic milita... | [
{
"answer": "January 2012",
"question": "When did a Mali conflict begin?"
},
{
"answer": "al-Qaeda",
"question": "What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with?"
},
{
"answer": "January 2013",
"question": "When did France provide troops in Mali?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation... |
13,755 | Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after t... | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When did the first Gulf War begin?"
},
{
"answer": "ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended)",
"question": "How did the first Gulf War end?"
},
{
"answer": "Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population",
"question": "Who d... |
13,756 | The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British, American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr. Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush ann... | [
{
"answer": "21 March 2003",
"question": "When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?"
},
{
"answer": "British, American and Polish",
"question": "Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?"
},
{
"answer": "April 2003",
"question": "When did the US... |
13,757 | In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq an... | [
{
"answer": "Syrian",
"question": "Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in?"
},
{
"answer": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)",
"question": "With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?"
},
{
"answer": "we... |
13,758 | The Obama administration began to reengage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS beginning on 10 August 2014. On 9 September 2014 President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing the 2001 Authoriza... | [
{
"answer": "10 August 2014",
"question": "When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS?"
},
{
"answer": "the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists",
"question": "What law did Obama cite on Sep 9, 2014?"
},
{
"answer": "10 September 2014",
"question": "When did ... |
13,759 | Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Sec... | [
{
"answer": "Pervez Musharraf",
"question": "Which Pakistan president supported the US attacking the Taliban?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many Pakistan airbases did Musharraf let the US use?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Enduring Freedom",
"question": "What was the name of... |
13,760 | On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organiza... | [
{
"answer": "12 January 2002",
"question": "When did Musharraf give an anti-Islamism speech?"
},
{
"answer": "Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan",
"question": "What did Musharraf say he'd combat?"
},
{
"answer": "militant organizations",
"question": "What did Musharraf... |
13,761 | In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the ... | [
{
"answer": "2002",
"question": "When did Musharraf arrest Maulana Masood Azhar?"
},
{
"answer": "Jaish-e-Mohammed",
"question": "What group did Maulana Masood Azhar lead?"
},
{
"answer": "Lashkar-e-Taiba",
"question": "What group did Hafiz Muhammad Saeed lead?"
},
{
"answer"... |
13,762 | The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through mi... | [
{
"answer": "drones",
"question": "What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan?"
},
{
"answer": "the Central Intelligence Agency",
"question": "Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan?"
},
{
"answer": "to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion",
"quest... |
13,764 | In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member, while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda... | [
{
"answer": "Ilyas Kashmiri",
"question": "Who did a US drone kill in Sep 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami",
"question": "What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead?"
},
{
"answer": "Kashmiri militants",
"question": "After 2009, who began fighting in Waziristan?"
},
{
... |
13,765 | In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "EAPC States are committed to the protection and prom... | [
{
"answer": "member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council",
"question": "Who declared the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism?"
},
{
"answer": "22 November 2002",
"question": "When was the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism announced?"
},
{
"answer": "the Mediterra... |
13,766 | Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier suppor... | [
{
"answer": "the \"coalition of the willing\"",
"question": "What were the countries who supported the US's post-9/11 invasions called?"
},
{
"answer": "Pakistan",
"question": "Which country disavowed the Taliban?"
},
{
"answer": "tens of thousands",
"question": "How many soldiers di... |
13,767 | The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Austr... | [
{
"answer": "The British 16th Air Assault Brigade",
"question": "What was the primary fighting force in southern Afghanistan?"
},
{
"answer": "Australia, Canada and the Netherlands",
"question": "Which nations besides the UK contributed significantly to the southern Afghanistan fight?"
},
{
... |
13,768 | In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Securi... | [
{
"answer": "Department of Homeland Security",
"question": "What new agency did Bush create after 9/11?"
},
{
"answer": "November 2002",
"question": "When was the DHS created?"
},
{
"answer": "the Department of Defense",
"question": "What other massive agency's creation was the DHS c... |
13,769 | The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury's authority t... | [
{
"answer": "October 2001",
"question": "When was the Patriot Act passed?"
},
{
"answer": "telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records",
"question": "What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search?"
},
{
"answer": "detaining and deportin... |
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