id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
13,770 | Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge aga... | [
{
"answer": "30 July 2003",
"question": "When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?"
},
{
"answer": "First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process",
"question": "What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?"
},
{
"answer": "a person's busines... |
13,771 | In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States an... | [
{
"answer": "Resolution 1624",
"question": "What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005?"
},
{
"answer": "the United States and Israel",
"question": "Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?"
},
{
"answer": "Nation... |
13,772 | Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by ... | [
{
"answer": "War on Terror",
"question": "What phrase has been called a misnomer?"
},
{
"answer": "to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights",
"question": "What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?"
},
{
"ans... |
13,773 | Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a "war on terror", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen. With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage Shirle... | [
{
"answer": "\"terrorism\" is not an enemy, but a tactic",
"question": "What flaw in the 'war on terror' name did Francis Fukuyama point out?"
},
{
"answer": "differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen",
"question": "What does the 'war on terror... |
13,774 | Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northe... | [
{
"answer": "Carwyn Jones",
"question": "Who runs the Welsh Assembly?"
},
{
"answer": "The Labour Party",
"question": "What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?"
},
{
"answer": "twenty",
"question": "How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?"
},
... |
13,775 | The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement bec... | [
{
"answer": "late 19th century",
"question": "About when did the Labour Parry start?"
},
{
"answer": "1870",
"question": "when was george odger elected?"
}
] |
13,776 | In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was pa... | [
{
"answer": "1899",
"question": "What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?"
},
{
"answer": "Doncaster",
"question": "Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?"
},
{
"answer": "Memorial Hall",
"question": "WHere was the proposed conference held?"
}
] |
13,777 | After a debate, the 129 delegates passed Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests o... | [
{
"answer": "129",
"question": "How many delegates passed the motion?"
},
{
"answer": "Ramsay MacDonald",
"question": "Who was elected Secretary?"
},
{
"answer": "15",
"question": "How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?"
}
] |
13,778 | Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent ac... | [
{
"answer": "Taff Vale Case",
"question": "What boosted support in 1901?"
},
{
"answer": "a dispute between strikers and a railway company",
"question": "What was the Taft Vale Case?"
},
{
"answer": "made strikes illegal",
"question": "From this case, what happened?"
},
{
"an... |
13,779 | In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although on... | [
{
"answer": "Liberal Government",
"question": "Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?"
},
{
"answer": "Keir Hardie",
"question": "Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?"
},
{
"answer": "one vote",
"question": "How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?"
},
{
... |
13,780 | The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The govern... | [
{
"answer": "42",
"question": "How many MP were elected in the 1910 election?"
},
{
"answer": "Trade Disputes Act",
"question": "Who passed the Osborne judgment?"
},
{
"answer": "1913",
"question": "When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?"
}
] |
13,781 | The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142... | [
{
"answer": "between 1921 and 1923",
"question": "WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation?"
},
{
"answer": "142",
"question": "HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922?"
},
{
"answer": "Ramsay MacDonald",
"question": "Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?"
}
] |
13,782 | The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay Ma... | [
{
"answer": "1924",
"question": "In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?"
},
{
"answer": "191",
"question": "How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?"
}
] |
13,783 | The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talk... | [
{
"answer": "1924",
"question": "When was the Zinoviev letter published?"
},
{
"answer": "nine months",
"question": "After how long did the government collapse?"
}
] |
13,784 | As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This cau... | [
{
"answer": "1931",
"question": "When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?"
},
{
"answer": "he and his supporters were promptly expelled",
"question": "What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?"
},
{
"answer": "National Government",
"question": "Who won the 19... |
13,785 | The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in fav... | [
{
"answer": "1979",
"question": "In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?"
},
{
"answer": "a single vote",
"question": "How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?"
}
] |
13,786 | Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–7... | [
{
"answer": "1978",
"question": "In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?"
},
{
"answer": "lorry drivers",
"question": "Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?"
},
{
"answer": "higher pay",
"question": "Why were they striking?"
},
{
"answer": "Winter of... |
13,787 | After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leavin... | [
{
"answer": "1979",
"question": "When was the Labout party defeated?"
},
{
"answer": "1980",
"question": "What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?"
},
{
"answer": "Social Democratic Party",
"question": "What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?"
},
{
"ans... |
13,788 | Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984–85 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the... | [
{
"answer": "Neil Kinnock",
"question": "Who was Foot replaced by?"
},
{
"answer": "Roy Hattersley",
"question": "Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?"
},
{
"answer": "1984–85",
"question": "What years were the miners strike?"
},
{
"answer": "Arthur Scargill",
"question": "What w... |
13,789 | In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258). The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coa... | [
{
"answer": "258",
"question": "How many seats did Labour win in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "307",
"question": "How many seats did the Conservatives win?"
},
{
"answer": "10 May 2010",
"question": "WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?"
}
] |
13,790 | Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blai... | [
{
"answer": "£3 million",
"question": "How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "£17 million",
"question": "How far was the party in debt for the same time period?"
},
{
"answer": "£12 million",
"question": "How far was the Conse... |
13,791 | Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal D... | [
{
"answer": "20",
"question": "How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?"
},
{
"answer": "Liberal Democrats",
"question": "What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?"
},
{
"answer": "activists and the two MPs who supported the group.",
"question": "Who did the NEC expel "
... |
13,792 | The "yo yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government aft... | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "What year did Kinnock call for a general election?"
},
{
"answer": "\"It's Time for a Change\"",
"question": "What was Kinnocks party theme?"
},
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "What was the original Tory lead percentage?"
},
{
"answer": "8%",
... |
13,793 | Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Smith's leadership once again saw the re-emergence of tension between those on the party's left and those identified as "modernisers", both of whom advocated radical revisions of the party's stance albeit in different ways. At the 1993 conference, Smith su... | [
{
"answer": "John Smith",
"question": "Who replaced Kinnock?"
},
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "When did Smith change the party's rules?"
},
{
"answer": "one member, one vote",
"question": "What does OMOV stand for?"
}
] |
13,794 | The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sust... | [
{
"answer": "September 1992",
"question": "WHen was Black Wednesday?"
},
{
"answer": "economic disaster",
"question": "What was Black Wednesday?"
},
{
"answer": "April 1993",
"question": "When was the recession declared over?"
},
{
"answer": "May 1994",
"question": "When ... |
13,795 | "New Labour" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun unde... | [
{
"answer": "\"New Labour\"",
"question": "What was the other name for the Labout Party?"
},
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "When was this branding first used?"
},
{
"answer": "1996",
"question": "When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?"
},
{
"answer": "New Labour, Ne... |
13,796 | A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with... | [
{
"answer": "President George W. Bush",
"question": "Who did Tony Blair side with?"
},
{
"answer": "the Iraq War",
"question": "Why did Blair side with Bush?"
},
{
"answer": "Sir John Chilcot",
"question": "Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?"
},
{
"answer": "deeply unpopular... |
13,798 | Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Ru... | [
{
"answer": "the Republic of Estonia",
"question": "What is the official name for Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Baltic region",
"question": "Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "the Gulf of Finland",
"question": "What borders the north of Estonia?"
},
{
... |
13,799 | After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, ... | [
{
"answer": "the period of national awakening",
"question": "When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?"
},
{
"answer": "the Russian Empire",
"question": "Who was in control during the national awakening?"
},
{
"answer": "Danish, Swedish and German rule",
"question": "Who was in cont... |
13,800 | A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing... | [
{
"answer": "high-income economy and high living standards",
"question": "What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?"
},
{
"answer": "the Human Development Index",
"question": "What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonia",
"question": "What ... |
13,801 | In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other hig... | [
{
"answer": "first centuries AD",
"question": "When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "kihelkond",
"question": "What subdivision was associated with the province?"
},
{
"answer": "maakond",
"question": "What subdivision was associated with the land?"... |
13,802 | The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were ... | [
{
"answer": "The Oeselians",
"question": "Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?"
},
{
"answer": "the Baltic Sea",
"question": "Where is Saaremaa located?"
},
{
"answer": "Ptolemy's Geography III",
"question": "Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?"
},
{
... |
13,803 | Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerc... | [
{
"answer": "1187",
"question": "What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?"
},
{
"answer": "the Swedish town of Sigtuna",
"question": "Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?"
},
{
"answer": "Swedish archbishop Johannes",
"question": "What important figure was killed in... |
13,804 | The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!"/"Thor, help... | [
{
"answer": "Tharapita",
"question": "What god did the Oeselians worship?"
},
{
"answer": "Henry of Latvia",
"question": "Who described Tharapita?"
},
{
"answer": "on a forested mountain in Virumaa",
"question": "Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
13,805 | The capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital "Tallinn", which according to legend derives from Taani linna (meaning Dani... | [
{
"answer": "Reval",
"question": "What was the capital of Danish Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "the invasion of 1219",
"question": "What event preceded the founding of the capital?"
},
{
"answer": "the fortress of Castrum Danorum",
"question": "What structure was built at Toompea Hill?"
... |
13,806 | On St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in t... | [
{
"answer": "23 April 1343",
"question": "What is the date of St. George's Night?"
},
{
"answer": "St. George's Night",
"question": "When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?"
},
{
"answer": "the non-indigenous Christian religion",
"question":... |
13,807 | From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the S... | [
{
"answer": "2 February 1207",
"question": "When was Terra Mariana established?"
},
{
"answer": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword",
"question": "Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "1237",
"question": "What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?"
... |
13,808 | After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–... | [
{
"answer": "1410",
"question": "When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?"
},
{
"answer": "the Battle of Grunwald",
"question": "What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?"
},
{
"answer": "the Livonian Order",
"question": "Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of ... |
13,809 | The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were... | [
{
"answer": "1517",
"question": "When did the The Reformation in Europe start?"
},
{
"answer": "Martin Luther",
"question": "Who led the The Reformation in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "1546",
"question": "What was the year of Martin Luther's death?"
},
{
"answer": "Language, educ... |
13,810 | As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professi... | [
{
"answer": "serfdom",
"question": "What form of servitude was eliminated?"
},
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?"
},
{
"answer": "the Age of Awakening",
"question": "The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied... |
13,811 | On 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations i... | [
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?"
},
{
"answer": "14 June",
"question": "When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Kaleva",
"question": "What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by th... |
13,812 | Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia "People's Self-Defence" units in front of the XX... | [
{
"answer": "the Estonian government",
"question": "Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?"
},
{
"answer": "the Red Army",
"question": "Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion",
"question": "What was the nam... |
13,813 | On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month... | [
{
"answer": "6 August 1940",
"question": "What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?"
},
{
"answer": "the Soviet Union",
"question": "Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?"
},
{
"answer": "the Estonian constitution",
"question": "The rules of joining a super power were ignored ... |
13,814 | After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German ... | [
{
"answer": "22 June 1941",
"question": "What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?"
},
{
"answer": "7 July",
"question": "When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Pärnu River",
"question": "What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?"... |
13,815 | Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for th... | [
{
"answer": "liberators",
"question": "What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?"
},
{
"answer": "the USSR",
"question": "Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?"
},
{
"answer": "the country's independence",
"question": "What did Estonia hope to restore after ... |
13,816 | Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed... | [
{
"answer": "the Finnish Army",
"question": "Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?"
},
{
"answer": "the Nazis",
"question": "Who was the Finnish Army allied with?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonian volunteers in Finland",
"question": "Who composed the The Finnish Infan... |
13,817 | In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries, often by ref... | [
{
"answer": "tens of thousands",
"question": "How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?"
},
{
"answer": "Finland or Sweden",
"question": "Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?"
},
{
"answer": "the SS Walnut",
"questio... |
13,818 | Half the deported perished, and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death).[citation needed] The activities of Soviet forces in 1940–41 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers, who consisted mostly of E... | [
{
"answer": "Half the deported perished",
"question": "What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?"
},
{
"answer": "the early 1960s",
"question": "When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin's death",
"question": "What event led to the return o... |
13,819 | Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared "border zones". People not actually residing there were restricted from tr... | [
{
"answer": "Militarization",
"question": "What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?"
},
{
"answer": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa",
"question": "What sea islands were declared border zones?"
},
{
"answer": "permit",
"question": "What docum... |
13,820 | The U.S., UK, France, Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognised Estonia a... | [
{
"answer": "the annexation of Estonia",
"question": "What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?"
},
{
"answer": "diplomatic relations",
"question": "What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Estonian SSR",
"questio... |
13,821 | In 1989, during the "Singing Revolution", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independen... | [
{
"answer": "1989",
"question": "What year did the Singing Revolution occur?"
},
{
"answer": "independence",
"question": "What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?"
},
{
"answer": "more than two million people",
"question": "How many people created a c... |
13,822 | Estonia's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers. From 1920 to 1945, Estonia's border with Russia, set by the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty, extended beyond the Narva River in the northeast and beyond the town of Pechory (Petseri) in the southeast. This territory, amounting to som... | [
{
"answer": "267 kilometers",
"question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?"
},
{
"answer": "290 kilometers",
"question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty",
"question": "Wh... |
13,823 | Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Muna... | [
{
"answer": "the Baltic Sea",
"question": "What body of water borders Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "50 metres (164 ft)",
"question": "What is the average elevation of Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Suur Munamägi",
"question": "What is Estonia's highest mountain point?"
},
{
"answe... |
13,824 | Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) inland in July, the warmest month, and f... | [
{
"answer": "northern part",
"question": "What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?"
},
{
"answer": "near-equal length",
"question": "What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?"
},
{
"answer": "16.3 °C (61.3 °F)",
"question": "What is the average tempe... |
13,825 | A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Several changes were made ... | [
{
"answer": "A maakond",
"question": "What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Maavalitsus",
"question": "What is the county government in Estonia called?"
},
{
"answer": "county governor",
"question": "A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?"
... |
13,826 | Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation... | [
{
"answer": "the Prime Minister of Estonia",
"question": "Who is the leader of Estonia's government?"
},
{
"answer": "a multi-party system",
"question": "What political structure aids the Prime Minister?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern Europe",
"question": "The political scene of Estonia i... |
13,827 | The Parliament of Estonia (Estonian: Riigikogu) or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing ... | [
{
"answer": "The Parliament of Estonia",
"question": "What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?"
},
{
"answer": "1992",
"question": "What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?"
},
{
"answer": "101 members",
... |
13,828 | The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. In addition to that, the Riigikogu appoints, on the proposal of the President of Estonia, the Chairman of the National Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal C... | [
{
"answer": "The Riigikogu",
"question": "Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Riigikogu",
"question": "Who does the government have to explain their actions to?"
},
{
"answer": "activities of the executive power",
"question": "What can the Riigikogu moni... |
13,829 | The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of... | [
{
"answer": "the Prime Minister of Estonia",
"question": "Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "parliament",
"question": "Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?"
},
{
"answer": "twelve",
"question": "How many m... |
13,830 | The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?"
},
{
"answer": "the cabinet",
"question": "What is another name for the governing body of ministers?"
},
{
"answer": "domestic and foreign policy",
"question": "What strategy doe... |
13,831 | Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia. The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet.... | [
{
"answer": "Internet voting",
"question": "What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year did the first internet vote occur... |
13,832 | According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigiko... | [
{
"answer": "the Constitution of Estonia",
"question": "What document declares supreme power for the people?"
},
{
"answer": "the Supreme Court or Riigikohus",
"question": "Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "nineteen",
"question": "How many judges are on Es... |
13,833 | Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation... | [
{
"answer": "22 September 1921",
"question": "What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?"
},
{
"answer": "17 September 1991",
"question": "What date did Estonia join the United Nations?"
},
{
"answer": "29 March 2004",
"question": "What date did Estonia join NATO?"
},
{
... |
13,834 | Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment towa... | [
{
"answer": "close co-operation",
"question": "What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?"
},
{
"answer": "accession into NATO and the European Union",
"question": "What were the most important foreign policy priorities?"
},
{
"answer": "deterioratio... |
13,835 | Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM)... | [
{
"answer": "Latvia and Lithuania",
"question": "Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?"
},
{
"answer": "The Baltic Council",
"question": "What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Minister... |
13,836 | An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then E... | [
{
"answer": "closer ties with the Nordic countries",
"question": "What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?"
},
{
"answer": "December 1999",
"question": "When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?"
},
{
"answer": "Toomas Hendrik I... |
13,837 | In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council. Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade, today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three quarters of ... | [
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?"
},
{
"answer": "the Nordic Council",
"question": "What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?"
},
{
"answer": "92%",
"question": "What percentage of Eston... |
13,838 | The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsevägi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Poli... | [
{
"answer": "Maavägi",
"question": "What is the name of Estonia's Army?"
},
{
"answer": "Merevägi",
"question": "What is the name of Estonia's Navy?"
},
{
"answer": "Õhuvägi",
"question": "What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?"
},
{
"answer": "the Estonian Defence Forces",... |
13,839 | Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co... | [
{
"answer": "Latvia and Lithuania",
"question": "Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?"
},
{
"answer": "the Baltic Defence College",
"question": "What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Tartu",
"questi... |
13,840 | The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital... | [
{
"answer": "The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces",
"question": "Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "massive cyberattacks",
"question": ... |
13,841 | As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Sp... | [
{
"answer": "the World Bank",
"question": "What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?"
},
{
"answer": "$28,781",
"question": "What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?"
},
{
"answer": "Slovak Republic and Lithuania",
"question": "What countries share similar levels of G... |
13,842 | Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports p... | [
{
"answer": "75%",
"question": "How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?"
},
{
"answer": "about 85%",
"question": "What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "wood, peat, and biomass",
"question": "What alternativ... |
13,843 | Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget... | [
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "When did the global economic recession start?"
},
{
"answer": "global economic recession",
"question": "What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?"
},
{
"answer": "Riigikogu",
"question": "Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted b... |
13,845 | In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia c... | [
{
"answer": "1999",
"question": "What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?"
},
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1998 Russian financial crisis",
"question": "What event played a major... |
13,846 | Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources.[citation needed] The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wi... | [
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?"
},
{
"answer": "renewable energy sources",
"question": "What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?"
},
{
"answer": "wind power",
"question": "Wh... |
13,847 | Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian markets, its location between the East and West, competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages i... | [
{
"answer": "Eastern",
"question": "In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?"
},
{
"answer": "Scandinavian markets",
"question": "Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?"
},
{
"answer": "highly skilled",
"questio... |
13,848 | In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and ch... | [
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?"
},
{
"answer": "export-generating industries",
"question": "What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?"
},
{
"answer": "200 million kilowatt hours",
"question":... |
13,849 | Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, ent... | [
{
"answer": "53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)",
"question": "How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?"
},
{
"... |
13,850 | Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Josep... | [
{
"answer": "Between 1945 and 1989",
"question": "What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?"
},
{
"answer": "mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus",
"question": "What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?"
},
{
"answer": "Jo... |
13,851 | At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation o... | [
{
"answer": "a national catastrophe",
"question": "How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian military bases",
"question": "What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?"
},
{
"answe... |
13,852 | Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians acc... | [
{
"answer": "Thirteen",
"question": "What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?"
},
{
"answer": "15",
"question": "How many counties are in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Hiiumaa",
"question": "Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?"
},
{
"answer": "98.4... |
13,853 | The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural... | [
{
"answer": "1925",
"question": "What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?"
},
{
"answer": "The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law",
"question": "In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 3,000 people",
"question": "Ho... |
13,854 | The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called "extremely credible" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity – m... | [
{
"answer": "The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report",
"question": "What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as \"discriminatory\"? "
},
{
"answer": "5%",
"question": "What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?"
}... |
13,855 | Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The ... | [
{
"answer": "Estonia's constitution",
"question": "What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?"
},
{
"answer": "separation of church and state",
"question": "Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?"
},
{
"answer": "belief and religion",
"... |
13,856 | Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 m... | [
{
"answer": "Russian minority",
"question": "What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?"
},
{
"answer": "the Russian Orthodox Church",
"question": "Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin Apostolic Administrati... |
13,857 | Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during t... | [
{
"answer": "Germanic",
"question": "What language does Estonian share similar words with?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly one third",
"question": "What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "High German",
"question": "What standard language did Estonia ad... |
13,858 | Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian pub... | [
{
"answer": "bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies",
"question": "What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry",
"question": "What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one u... |
13,859 | The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in ... | [
{
"answer": "The Estonian Academy of Sciences",
"question": "What is the main science institution in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics",
"question": "What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?"
},
{
... |
13,860 | Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in th... | [
{
"answer": "liberty and liberalism",
"question": "What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?"
},
{
"answer": "limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption",
"question": "What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "free education... |
13,861 | The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native bla... | [
{
"answer": "The Estonian Academy of Arts",
"question": "What institute provides education in art, design, and media?"
},
{
"answer": "Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu",
"question": "What institute promotes awareness of native culture?"
},
{
"answer": "native construction,... |
13,862 | The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) have hos... | [
{
"answer": "Laulupidu",
"question": "What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?"
},
{
"answer": "1869",
"question": "What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?"
},
{
"answer": "about 100,000 people",
"question": "How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?"
},
{
... |
13,863 | Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovisi... | [
{
"answer": "2001",
"question": "What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?"
},
{
"answer": "2002",
"question": "What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?"
},
{
"answer": "Tanel Padar and Dave Benton",
"question": "Who performed the song \"Everybody\"?"
},... |
13,864 | The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written... | [
{
"answer": "the Northern Crusades",
"question": "What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany, Sweden, and Russia",
"question": "Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?"
},
{
"answer": "the 13th century",
"question"... |
13,865 | Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant commu... | [
{
"answer": "Oskar Luts",
"question": "Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?"
},
{
"answer": "Kevade",
"question": "What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?"
},
{
"answer": "Truth and Justice",
"question": "What is the name of the book writte... |
13,866 | The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved... | [
{
"answer": "Tallinn",
"question": "Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?"
},
{
"answer": "pre-Christian times",
"question": "When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?"
},
{
"answer": "castles and churches",
"question": "What institutional structures st... |
13,867 | Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in s... | [
{
"answer": "seasons and simple peasant food",
"question": "What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?"
},
{
"answer": "black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.",
"question": "What are the most common foods in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "berries, herbs, v... |
13,868 | Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Sovi... | [
{
"answer": "Sport",
"question": "What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?"
},
{
"answer": "1918",
"question": "What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1920 Summer Olympics",
"question": "What event did Estonia compete in as ... |
13,869 | Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Ko... | [
{
"answer": "1936",
"question": "What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?"
},
{
"answer": "BC Kalev/Cramo",
"question": "Which Estonian footb... |
13,870 | South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards i... | [
{
"answer": "expansion of the Ottoman Empire",
"question": "What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history?"
},
{
"answer": "population migrations",
"question": "What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian?"
},
{
"answer": "western Balkans",
"question": "In which geo... |
13,871 | Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtoka... | [
{
"answer": "mid-19th-century",
"question": "In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?"
},
{
"answer": "Vienna Literary Agreement",
"question": "What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern Herzegovinian",
"question": "What ... |
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