id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
13,553 | No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he... | [
{
"answer": "\"Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica\"",
"question": "What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?"
},
{
"answer": "a law permitting abortion on demand",
"question": "What other controversial bill did the king... |
13,554 | If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred... | [
{
"answer": "the next person of age in the line of succession",
"question": "If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?"
},
{
"answer": "not be possible under the current constitution",
"question": "Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action... |
13,555 | Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly. In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this doe... | [
{
"answer": "41 and 68",
"question": "Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?"
},
{
"answer": "he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers",
"question": "What statement by King George ... |
13,556 | In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar exampl... | [
{
"answer": "a group",
"question": "What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?"
},
{
"answer": "group axioms",
"question": "What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associa... |
13,557 | Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry. For example, a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object: the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other. Lie... | [
{
"answer": "symmetry",
"question": "What shares an essential relationship to groups?"
},
{
"answer": "Lie groups",
"question": "What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?"
},
{
"answer": "Point groups",
"question": "What groups are are ut... |
13,558 | The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theory—an active mathematical discipline—studies gr... | [
{
"answer": "the study of polynomial equations,",
"question": "Where did the idea of a group come from?"
},
{
"answer": "1870",
"question": "When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?"
},
{
"answer": "subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.",
"question": "What are... |
13,559 | The set G is called the underlying set of the group (G, •). Often the group's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group (G, •). Along the same lines, shorthand expressions such as "a subset of the group G" or "an element of group G" are used when what is actually meant is "a subset of the underlying set G ... | [
{
"answer": "The set",
"question": "What is known as underlying set of the group?"
},
{
"answer": "the group's underlying set",
"question": "What is often utilized as a short name for the group?"
},
{
"answer": "shorthand expressions",
"question": "What expressions are utilized when ... |
13,560 | These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90° clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Compo... | [
{
"answer": "functions",
"question": "What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? "
},
{
"answer": "Composing two of these symmetry functions",
"question": " What gives another symmetry function?"
},
{
"answer": "the dihedral group",
"question": "What g... |
13,561 | The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagr... | [
{
"answer": "Évariste Galois",
"question": " Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?"
},
{
"answer": "group theory",
"question": "The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what t... |
13,562 | The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definit... | [
{
"answer": "1870",
"question": "When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? "
},
{
"answer": "Walther von Dyck",
"question": "Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?"
},
{
"answer": "The theory of Lie groups",
"qu... |
13,563 | The University of Chicago's 1960–61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson and Walter Feit, laying the foundation of a collaboration that, with input from numerous other mathematicians, classified all finite simple groups in 1982. This project exceeded previous ma... | [
{
"answer": "The University of Chicago",
"question": "Where did the group of theorists first meet?"
},
{
"answer": "1960–61",
"question": "What university class year belonged to the group of theorists?"
},
{
"answer": "all finite simple groups",
"question": "What did the group of the... |
13,564 | To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above, more structural concepts have to be employed.c[›] There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions: to take advantage of the structure offered by groups (which sets, being "structureless", do not have), constructions r... | [
{
"answer": "structural concepts",
"question": "What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?"
},
{
"answer": "constructions related to groups",
"question": "What has to be compatible with the group operation?"
},
{
"answer": "group homomorphisms",
"question": "What concep... |
13,565 | Two groups G and H are called isomorphic if there exist group homomorphisms a: G → H and b: H → G, such that applying the two functions one after another in each of the two possible orders gives the identity functions of G and H. That is, a(b(h)) = h and b(a(g)) = g for any g in G and h in H. From an abstract point of ... | [
{
"answer": "isomorphic",
"question": "What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms?"
},
{
"answer": "isomorphic groups",
"question": "What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?"
},
{
"answer": "applying a to the first equality yields the second",
"question": "How c... |
13,566 | In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270° for 90°, 180° for 180°, and 90° for 270° (n... | [
{
"answer": "a rotation",
"question": "What is composed of two rotations?"
},
{
"answer": "inverse",
"question": "What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?"
},
{
"answer": "The subgroup test",
"question": "What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgro... |
13,567 | In many situations it is desirable to consider two group elements the same if they differ by an element of a given subgroup. For example, in D4 above, once a reflection is performed, the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations (and no further reflections), i.e. the rotati... | [
{
"answer": "irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed",
"question": "When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?"
},
{
"answer": "rotation operations",
"question": "What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?"
... |
13,568 | This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) • (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to ... | [
{
"answer": "coset addition",
"question": "What is another term for coset multiplication?"
},
{
"answer": "coset multiplication",
"question": "What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?"
},
{
"answer": "quotient group",
"question": "What group does the inverse ... |
13,569 | Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the r... | [
{
"answer": "is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group",
"question": "What groups can be combined to describe every group?"
},
{
"answer": "any group",
"question": "What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?"
},
{
"answer":... |
13,570 | Sub- and quotient groups are related in the following way: a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H → G, i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it. The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps (every element of the target is mapped onto), such as the canonical map G → G / ... | [
{
"answer": "injective map",
"question": "What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups?"
},
{
"answer": "surjective maps",
"question": "What are the opposites of injective maps?"
},
{
"answer": "canonical map",
"question": "What is an example of a surjective map?"
},... |
13,571 | Groups are also applied in many other mathematical areas. Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups. For example, Henri Poincaré founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group. By means of this connec... | [
{
"answer": "Mathematical objects",
"question": "What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups?"
},
{
"answer": "Henri Poincaré",
"question": "Who founded algebraic topology?"
},
{
"answer": "the fundamental group",
"que... |
13,572 | In modular arithmetic, two integers are added and then the sum is divided by a positive integer called the modulus. The result of modular addition is the remainder of that division. For any modulus, n, the set of integers from 0 to n − 1 forms a group under modular addition: the inverse of any element a is n − a, and 0... | [
{
"answer": "the modulus",
"question": "What positive integer is used to divide the sum of two positive integers in modular mathematics?"
},
{
"answer": "the remainder of that division",
"question": "What results from modular addition?"
},
{
"answer": "a clock",
"question": "What typ... |
13,573 | For any prime number p, there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p. Its elements are the integers 1 to p − 1. The group operation is multiplication modulo p. That is, the usual product is divided by p and the remainder of this division is the result of modular multiplication. For example, if p = 5, the... | [
{
"answer": "modulo p",
"question": "What term describes the group of integers related to a prime number?"
},
{
"answer": "1 to p − 1",
"question": "What integers are included in modulo p?"
},
{
"answer": "four group elements",
"question": "How many group elements exist if p=5?"
}
... |
13,574 | In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group. A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity, given by compl... | [
{
"answer": "cyclic",
"question": "What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?"
},
{
"answer": "Any cyclic group with n elements",
"question": "What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?"
},
{
"answer": "the group of n-th complex roots of unity",
"question": "What exampl... |
13,575 | Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[›] Symme... | [
{
"answer": "Symmetry groups",
"question": "What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?"
},
{
"answer": "geometric nature",
"question": "What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?"
},
{
"answer": "group theory",
"question": "What can... |
13,576 | Likewise, group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition, for example, from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form. An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperatu... | [
{
"answer": "group theory",
"question": "What aids in predicting changes of physical traits?"
},
{
"answer": "phase transition",
"question": "What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction?"
},
{
"answer": "Curie temperature",
"question": "What te... |
13,577 | Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria ... | [
{
"answer": "Mathieu groups",
"question": "What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?"
},
{
"answer": "coding theory",
"question": "What is used for error correction of transferred data?"
},
{
"answer": "differential Galois theory",
"question": "What describes... |
13,578 | Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group.... | [
{
"answer": "Matrix groups",
"question": "What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?"
},
{
"answer": "The general linear group",
"question": "What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?"
},
{
"answer": "matrix groups",
"question": "What term describe... |
13,579 | Exchanging "+" and "−" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (... | [
{
"answer": "degree 5 and higher",
"question": "What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?"
},
{
"answer": "Abstract properties of Galois groups",
"question": "What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?"
},
{
"answer": "radicals",
... |
13,580 | A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three... | [
{
"answer": "a finite number of elements",
"question": "What does a finite group include?"
},
{
"answer": "the order of the group",
"question": "What is the number of elements in a group named?"
},
{
"answer": "fundamental",
"question": "What type of class has a finite group that can... |
13,582 | Some topological spaces may be endowed with a group law. In order for the group law and the topology to interweave well, the group operations must be continuous functions, that is, g • h, and g−1 must not vary wildly if g and h vary only little. Such groups are called topological groups, and they are the group objects ... | [
{
"answer": "continuous functions",
"question": "What group operations must occur for group law and topology to integrate well?"
},
{
"answer": "reals R under addition, (R ∖ {0}, ·),",
"question": "What is the most simple example of topological groups?"
},
{
"answer": "Haar measures",
... |
13,583 | for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is c... | [
{
"answer": "adele rings and adelic algebraic groups",
"question": "What concepts are fundamental to number theory?"
},
{
"answer": "the absolute Galois group",
"question": "What group uses infinite field extensions with topology?"
},
{
"answer": "Krull topology",
"question": "What i... |
13,584 | Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics: Noether's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities. Rotation, as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics. They can, for instance, be used to construct simple models—imposing, say, axial symmetry o... | [
{
"answer": "Lie groups",
"question": "What concept is of basic importance in modern physics?"
},
{
"answer": "Noether's theorem",
"question": "What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities?"
},
{
"answer": "Rotation",
"question": "What term describes the basic symmetri... |
13,585 | In abstract algebra, more general structures are defined by relaxing some of the axioms defining a group. For example, if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated, the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid. The natural numbers N (including 0) under addition form a monoid, as do the non... | [
{
"answer": "monoid",
"question": "What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?"
},
{
"answer": "natural numbers N (including 0)",
"question": "What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?"
},
{
"answer": "the Grothendieck group",
... |
13,586 | The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka; French: République centrafricaine pronounced: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn], or Centrafrique [sɑ̃tʀafʁik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic... | [
{
"answer": "Central Africa",
"question": "Where is the Central African Republic located?"
},
{
"answer": "Chad",
"question": "What country borders CAR in the North?"
},
{
"answer": "the Republic of the Congo",
"question": "What Country borders CAR in the South?"
},
{
"answer... |
13,587 | What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia; however, the country's current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of aut... | [
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "Who established CAR's borders?"
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "What country ruled CAR as a colony?"
},
{
"answer": "in 1960",
"question": "When did CAR become independent?"
},
{
"answer": "Ange-Félix Patassé",
"question": "Who was... |
13,588 | Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled and began farming as part of the Neolithic Revolution. Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BC the domestication... | [
{
"answer": "Approximately 10,000 years ago",
"question": "How long ago did people start living in the area?"
},
{
"answer": "farming",
"question": "What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform?"
},
{
"answer": "African oil palm",
"question": "What vegetation helped ... |
13,589 | During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or... | [
{
"answer": "16th and 17th centuries",
"question": "When did the slave trade hit the CAR region?"
},
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "What is one area where captive slaves were sent?"
},
{
"answer": "Bobangi people",
"question": "Which people were major slave traders in the 19th ce... |
13,590 | In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville. During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation, a network of roads was built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness and Protestant missions were established to spread ... | [
{
"answer": "1920",
"question": "When was Equatorial Africa established?"
},
{
"answer": "Brazzaville",
"question": "Where was Equatorial African ran from?"
},
{
"answer": "cotton",
"question": "What plant was mandated to be grown by the French?"
},
{
"answer": "a network of ... |
13,591 | In September 1940, during the Second World War, pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free French Forces in Bangui. In 1946 Barthélémy Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly, becoming the first representative for ... | [
{
"answer": "Second World War",
"question": "During what war did French officers setup headquarters in CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "Barthélémy Boganda",
"question": "Who was elected in 1946 as the first representative?"
},
{
"answer": "9,000 votes",
"question": "How many votes did Boganda g... |
13,592 | In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legislative seat, which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. Within a year, he dec... | [
{
"answer": "347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes",
"question": "What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured?"
},
{
"answer": "every legislative seat",
"question": "How many seats did MESAN win?"
},
{
"answer": "Boganda",
"question": "Who was elected president of the G... |
13,593 | In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa's decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa himself may have been personally involved in some of the killings.... | [
{
"answer": "young students protested against Bokassa's decree",
"question": "What caused a violent uprising?"
},
{
"answer": "100 children and teenagers",
"question": "How many were killed in the April 1979 protests?"
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "Who overthrew Bokassa after... |
13,594 | By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to h... | [
{
"answer": "a pro-democracy movement",
"question": "What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?"
},
{
"answer": "the United States",
"question": "What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?"
},
{
"answer": "October 1992",
"question": "When were free elections held?"
... |
13,595 | When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patassé's party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Mov... | [
{
"answer": "in 1993",
"question": "When was a second democratic election held?"
},
{
"answer": "Ange-Félix Patassé",
"question": "Who became the first democratically elected president?"
},
{
"answer": "53% of the vote",
"question": "What percentage did Patasse win with?"
},
{
... |
13,596 | Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé's government of conducting a "witch hunt" against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country's politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public ... | [
{
"answer": "28 December 1994",
"question": "When was the new constitution for CAR approved?"
},
{
"answer": "In 1996–1997",
"question": "When did a mutiny form against Patasse?"
},
{
"answer": "widespread destruction of property",
"question": "The mutinies caused what effects on the... |
13,597 | In the aftermath of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patassé sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents. Eventually, Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led B... | [
{
"answer": "murder of many political opponents",
"question": "The failed coup caused what effects?"
},
{
"answer": "General François Bozizé",
"question": "Which General was involved in another coup?"
},
{
"answer": "Chad",
"question": "Where did General Bozize flee to escape?"
},
... |
13,598 | In 2004 the Central African Republic Bush War began as forces opposed to Bozizé took up arms against his government. In May 2005 Bozizé won a presidential election that excluded Patassé and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels. In November 2006, Bozizé's government requested French military ... | [
{
"answer": "Bush War",
"question": "What war started in 2004?"
},
{
"answer": "Bozizé won a presidential election",
"question": "In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate?"
},
{
"answer": "November 2006",
"question": "When did CAR ask for assistance from the French against reb... |
13,599 | The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, an... | [
{
"answer": "Syrte Agreement",
"question": "What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities?"
},
{
"answer": "the liberation of political prisoners",
"question": "What did the Birao Peace Agreement call for?"
},
{
"answer": "CPJP",
"question": "What major group did not sign the pea... |
13,600 | Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide. The security situation did not impro... | [
{
"answer": "Michel Djotodia",
"question": "Who became president in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "crimes against humanity",
"question": "What was Bozize indicted for?"
},
{
"answer": "genocide",
"question": "What mass murder did Bozize commit?"
},
{
"answer": "200,000",
"questio... |
13,601 | In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetahs and rhinos, and the B... | [
{
"answer": "Dzanga-Sangha National Park",
"question": "What national part is located in the South West?"
},
{
"answer": "forest elephants",
"question": "What large animals reside in the national park?"
},
{
"answer": "lowland gorillas",
"question": "Which Primate can be found in the... |
13,602 | There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah's Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African c... | [
{
"answer": "missionary groups",
"question": "What religious groups operate in CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "Where do most of the missionaries come from?"
},
{
"answer": "when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces",
"question": "What caused most ... |
13,603 | In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.[citation needed] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistanc... | [
{
"answer": "risk of starvation",
"question": "Due to fighting, what threatened people in the NorthWest?"
},
{
"answer": "United Nations",
"question": "Who assisted in saving the people from starvation?"
},
{
"answer": "Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon",
"question": "Who headed the UN e... |
13,604 | A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of Séléka and representatives of the opposition to Bozizé, one pro-Bozizé individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leader... | [
{
"answer": "31 March 2013",
"question": "When was the new Government seated in CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "boycott the government",
"question": "What did the former opposition parties declare?"
},
{
"answer": "Djotodia",
"question": "Who was refused as new president?"
},
{
"answer... |
13,605 | The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medi... | [
{
"answer": "$400 a year",
"question": "What is the per capita income in CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "one of the lowest",
"question": "How is the per capita income compared to the world?"
},
{
"answer": "diamonds",
"question": "What gemstone comes from the CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "ivor... |
13,606 | Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple foo... | [
{
"answer": "food crops",
"question": "What type of agriculture is popular in the CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "3%",
"question": "The economy grows at what rate in the last few years?"
},
{
"answer": "200,000 and 300,000",
"question": "How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year?"
},
... |
13,607 | Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Minist... | [
{
"answer": "Socatel",
"question": "What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies",
"question": "Which body regulated communications?"
},
{
"answer": "internet service",
"question": "Wh... |
13,608 | The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspe... | [
{
"answer": "poor",
"question": "How are the human rights in the CAR?"
},
{
"answer": "government abuses",
"question": "What concerns are there regarding to human rights?"
},
{
"answer": "extrajudicial executions",
"question": "What punishment is a human rights violation per the US s... |
13,609 | Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over tim... | [
{
"answer": "genetic and environmental factors",
"question": "What two factors cause asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "exposure to air pollution and allergens",
"question": "What are two enviromental factors?"
},
{
"answer": "aspirin and beta blockers",
"question": "What medications can also ... |
13,610 | There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapi... | [
{
"answer": "There is no cure for asthma",
"question": "Is there a cure for asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids",
"question": "How can symptoms be prevented?"
},
{
"answer": "an inhaled short-acting bet... |
13,611 | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | [
{
"answer": "recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing",
"question": "What are the characteristics of asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air",
"question": "When are symptoms of asthma normally wor... |
13,612 | A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is no... | [
{
"answer": "more frequently",
"question": "Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea",
"question": "What are three of the other health conditions that occu... |
13,613 | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | [
{
"answer": "allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals",
"question": "What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery",
"question": "What two things are associated with a greater risk of ast... |
13,614 | The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreas... | [
{
"answer": "The hygiene hypothesis",
"question": "What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?"
},
{
"answer": "a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses",
"question": "How does the hygiene hypothe... |
13,615 | Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4... | [
{
"answer": "Family history",
"question": "What else is a risk factor for asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "approximately 25%",
"question": "If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "25 genes",
"question": "How many genes were associ... |
13,616 | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | [
{
"answer": "chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways",
"question": "What is asthma the result of?"
},
{
"answer": "the bronchi and bronchioles",
"question": "What two airways are most effected by asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the... |
13,617 | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiven... | [
{
"answer": "there is not one universal agreed upon definition",
"question": "Is there a universal definition of astham?"
},
{
"answer": "many cells and cellular elements play a role",
"question": "What main components play a role in asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "airway hyper-responsiveness",... |
13,618 | There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infection... | [
{
"answer": "There is currently no precise test",
"question": "Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?"
},
{
"answer": "pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time",
"question": "What is diagnosis based on typically?"
},
{
"answer": "if there is a history of: recu... |
13,619 | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | [
{
"answer": "Spirometry",
"question": "What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "It is the single best test for asthma",
"question": "Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves mor... |
13,620 | Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. ... | [
{
"answer": "≥20%",
"question": "What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?"
},
{
"answer": ". Testing peak expiratory flow",
"question": "What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?"
}
] |
13,621 | Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While... | [
{
"answer": "according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate",
"question": "How is asthma clinically classified?"
},
{
"answer": "as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)",
"question": "How else is asthma classified?"
... |
13,622 | Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma... | [
{
"answer": "a chronic obstructive condition",
"question": "What kind of condition is asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema",
"question": "What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?"
},
{
"answer": "asthma is usually reversible",
... |
13,623 | Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. Whil... | [
{
"answer": "professional athletes",
"question": "Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?"
},
{
"answer": "cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers",
"question": "What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?"
},
{
... |
13,624 | Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocy... | [
{
"answer": "occupational disease",
"question": "Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?"
},
{
"answer": "It is estimated that 5–25%",
"question": "What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?"
},
{
"answer": "isocyanates, grain a... |
13,625 | Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarge... | [
{
"answer": "allergic rhinitis and sinusitis",
"question": "What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?"
},
{
"answer": "foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses",
"question": "What are some ot... |
13,626 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, an... | [
{
"answer": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
"question": "What is a complication of chronic asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "asthma and COPD",
"question": "If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
13,627 | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | [
{
"answer": "The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent",
"question": "What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication",
"question": "What preventative measures always work to... |
13,628 | Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m... | [
{
"answer": "Avoidance of triggers",
"question": "What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?"
},
{
"answer": "allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods",
"question": "What are some of the more common trig... |
13,629 | For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appear... | [
{
"answer": "For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs",
"question": "What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?"
},
{
"answer": "It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bron... |
13,630 | The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income... | [
{
"answer": "generally good",
"question": "What is the prognosis for asthma? "
},
{
"answer": "due to better recognition and improvement in care",
"question": "What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?"
},
{
"answer": "19.4 million people as of 2004",
"question": "Worldwide, ho... |
13,631 | As of 2011, 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000–345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Af... | [
{
"answer": "235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma",
"question": "By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "250,000–345,000 people",
"question": "How many people die per year from asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "It is more common in developed than deve... |
13,632 | From 2000 to 2010, the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600, whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600. In 2010, Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children an... | [
{
"answer": "about $3,600",
"question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??"
},
{
"answer": "from $5,200 to $6,600",
"question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?"
},
{
"answer": "M... |
13,633 | In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 188... | [
{
"answer": "In 1873",
"question": "When was the first paper written about asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment",
"question": "What was first used as a cure for asthma?"
},
{
"answer": "pilocarpin",
"question": "In 1880 what was used intraveniously f... |
13,634 | Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals, the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems, LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America, largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programmin... | [
{
"answer": "higher-quality",
"question": "Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?"
},
{
"answer": "high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming",
"question": "Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North Amer... |
13,635 | LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply "DiscoVisio... | [
{
"answer": "Atlanta, Georgia",
"question": "Where was LaserDisc first available?"
},
{
"answer": "two years",
"question": "How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?"
},
{
"answer": "MCA DiscoVision",
"question": "Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?"
},
{
... |
13,636 | Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation ... | [
{
"answer": "Pioneer Electronics",
"question": "Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?"
},
{
"answer": "unofficially",
"question": "Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as \"Laser Videodisc\"?"
},
{
"answer": "discs",
"question": "Did MC... |
13,637 | By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater de... | [
{
"answer": "DVD",
"question": "What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?"
},
{
"answer": "British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)",
"question": "Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?"
},
{
"answer": "a school-based project to commemor... |
13,638 | The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-T... | [
{
"answer": "30 cm (12 in) in diameter",
"question": "How large was a standard LaserDisc?"
},
{
"answer": "1s and 0s",
"question": "What numbers are used in Binary information coding?"
},
{
"answer": "analog",
"question": "Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally forma... |
13,641 | In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator ci... | [
{
"answer": "DVD's growing popularity",
"question": "What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?"
},
{
"answer": "higher-end",
"question": "Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?"
},
{
"answer": "6-channel analog aud... |
13,642 | At least where the digital audio tracks were concerned, the sound quality was unsurpassed at the time compared to consumer videotape, but the quality of the analog soundtracks varied greatly depending on the disc and, sometimes, the player. Many early and lower-end LD players had poor analog audio components, and many ... | [
{
"answer": "varied greatly",
"question": "Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?"
},
{
"answer": "digital",
"question": "Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?"
},
{
"answer": "improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio... |
13,643 | Both AC-3 and DTS surround audio were clumsily implemented on LaserDiscs, leading to some interesting player- and disc-dependent issues. A disc that included AC-3 audio forfeited the right analog audio channel to the modulated AC-3 RF stream. If the player did not have an AC-3 output available, the next most attractive... | [
{
"answer": "right analog audio channel",
"question": "Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?"
},
{
"answer": "digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks",
"question": "What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
13,644 | Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc (either Dolby Digital or DTS), so if surround sound is desired, the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment (LD Player and Receiver/Decoder) by the purchaser. A fully capable LaserDisc playback system includes a newer LaserDisc pl... | [
{
"answer": "rare",
"question": "Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?"
},
{
"answer": "Only one",
"question": "How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?"
},
{
"answer": "DTS",
"question": "What type of decoder logic is common in ... |
13,645 | PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog a... | [
{
"answer": "PAL LaserDiscs",
"question": "Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?"
},
{
"answer": "two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs"... |
13,646 | In March 1984, Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser, the LD-700. It was also the first LD player to load from the front and not the top. One year earlier Hitachi introduced an expensive industrial player with a laser diode, but the player, which had poor picture quality due to an inadeq... | [
{
"answer": "LD-700",
"question": "What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?"
},
{
"answer": "first LD player to load from the front and not the top",
"question": "Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?"
},
{
"answer": "March... |
13,647 | During its development, MCA, which co-owned the technology, referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System, "Reflective Optical Videodisc" or "Laser Optical Videodisc", depending on the document; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision (without the hyphen), which became the ... | [
{
"answer": "Optical Videodisc System, \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\" or \"Laser Optical Videodisc\"",
"question": "Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development?"
},
{
"answer": "Disco-Vision",
"question": "To what did MCA change the name to in 1969?"
},
{
... |
13,648 | Philips' preferred name for the format was "VLP", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat ("Video long-play disc"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play. The first consumer player, the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player. For a while in the early and mid-1970s, Philips also... | [
{
"answer": "Video Long-Play",
"question": "What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Magnavox VH-8000",
"question": "What was the first consumer VLP player?"
},
{
"answer": "The LaserVision Association",
"question": "Which group officially chose the name... |
13,651 | LaserDisc had a number of advantages over VHS. It featured a far sharper picture with a horizontal resolution of 425 TVL lines for NTSC and 440 TVL lines for PAL discs, while VHS featured only 240 TVL lines with NTSC. It could handle analog and digital audio where VHS was mostly analog only (VHS can have PCM audio in p... | [
{
"answer": "425",
"question": "How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?"
},
{
"answer": "LaserDisc",
"question": "Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?"
},
{
"answer": "LaserDisc",
"question": "Which medium allowed for ... |
13,652 | LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five... | [
{
"answer": "cheaper",
"question": "Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?"
},
{
"answer": "at least 14",
"question": "How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?"
},
{
"answer": "$5.00 per two-sided disc",
"questio... |
13,653 | LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would ... | [
{
"answer": "LaserDiscs",
"question": "Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?"
},
{
"answer": "progressive wear with each use",
"question": "Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?"
},
{
"answer": "magnetic coating",
"question": "... |
13,654 | LaserDisc was a composite video format: the luminance (black and white) and chrominance (color) information were transmitted in one signal, separated by the receiver. While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated. On DVDs, data is stored in the form of digital blocks whi... | [
{
"answer": "digital blocks which make up each independent frame",
"question": "How is data stored on DVDs?"
},
{
"answer": "the receiver",
"question": "What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?"
},
{
"answer": "low-contrast details like skin tones",
... |
13,655 | In contrast to the entirely digital DVD, LaserDiscs use only analog video. As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques, it is immune to video macroblocking (most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences) or contrast banding (subtle visible lines in gradient... | [
{
"answer": "LaserDiscs",
"question": "Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?"
},
{
"answer": "entirely",
"question": "Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?"
},
{
"answer": "subtle visible lines in gradient areas",
"question": "What is contrast banding?"
},
{
"answer": "MPE... |
13,656 | LaserDisc players can provide a great degree of control over the playback process. Unlike many DVD players, the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user: pause, fast-forward, and fast-reverse commands are always accepted (barring, of course, malfunctions). There were no "User Prohibited Options" where co... | [
{
"answer": "the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user",
"question": "How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?"
},
{
"answer": "where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part",
"question": "What are \"User Protected Options\" on... |
13,657 | Damaged spots on a LaserDisc can be played through or skipped over, while a DVD will often become unplayable past the damage. Some newer DVD players feature a repair+skip algorithm, which alleviates this problem by continuing to play the disc, filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen fram... | [
{
"answer": "filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound",
"question": "What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?"
},
{
"answer": "DVD",
"question": "Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with... |
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