id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
15,544 | Spielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is his production relationship with Kathleen Kennedy who has served as producer on all his major films from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to the recent Lincoln. For cinematography, Allen Daviau... | [
{
"answer": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial",
"question": "Which film did Kathleen Kennedy first work with Spielberg on?"
},
{
"answer": "Allen Daviau",
"question": "Which childhood friend worked on Spielberg's films?"
},
{
"answer": "Schindler's List",
"question": "Which film did Kamins... |
15,546 | Spielberg first met actress Amy Irving in 1976 at the suggestion of director Brian De Palma, who knew he was looking for an actress to play in Close Encounters. After meeting her, Spielberg told his co-producer Julia Phillips, "I met a real heartbreaker last night.":293 Although she was too young for the role, she and ... | [
{
"answer": "Amy Irving",
"question": "Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976?"
},
{
"answer": "actress",
"question": "What was Amy Irving's career?"
},
{
"answer": "Brian De Palma",
"question": "Who introduced Irving to Spielberg?"
},
{
"answer": "\"bachelor funky\"",
"q... |
15,547 | As a result, they broke up in 1979, but remained close friends. Then in 1984 they renewed their romance, and in November 1985, they married, already having had a son, Max Samuel. After three and a half years of marriage, however, many of the same competing stresses of their careers caused them to divorce in 1989. They ... | [
{
"answer": "1979",
"question": "When did Spielberg and Irving initially break up?"
},
{
"answer": "1984",
"question": "When did Spielberg and Irving get back together?"
},
{
"answer": "November 1985",
"question": "When did Spielberg and Irving marry?"
},
{
"answer": "1989",
... |
15,548 | In 2002, Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. In 2006, Premiere listed him as the most powerful and influential figure in the motion picture industry. Time listed him as one of the 100 M... | [
{
"answer": "2002 Winter Olympic Games",
"question": "In which Olympics was Spielberg a flagbearer?"
},
{
"answer": "Salt Lake City",
"question": "Where was Spielberg an Olympic flagbearer?"
},
{
"answer": "one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century",
"question": "How did Ti... |
15,549 | According to Forbes' Most Influential Celebrities 2014 list, Spielberg was listed as the most influential celebrity in America. The annual list is conducted by E-Poll Market Research and it gave more than 6,600 celebrities on 46 different personality attributes a score representing "how that person is perceived as infl... | [
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "When was Spielberg named the 'most influential celebrity in America'?"
},
{
"answer": "47%",
"question": "How much of the US believes Spielberg is influential?"
},
{
"answer": "president of E-Poll Market Research",
"question": "Who is Gerry Philpott?"... |
15,550 | A collector of film memorabilia, Spielberg purchased a balsa Rosebud sled from Citizen Kane (1941) in 1982. He bought Orson Welles's own directorial copy of the script for the radio broadcast The War of the Worlds (1938) in 1994. Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated... | [
{
"answer": "1941",
"question": "When was Citizen Kane released?"
},
{
"answer": "1938",
"question": "When was 'The War of the Worlds' radio broadcast?"
},
{
"answer": "1982",
"question": "When did Spielberg buy a sled from Citizen Kane?"
},
{
"answer": "1994",
"question"... |
15,551 | Since playing Pong while filming Jaws in 1974, Spielberg has been an avid video gamer. Spielberg played many of LucasArts adventure games, including the first Monkey Island games. He owns a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360, and enjoys playing first-person shooters such as the Medal of Honor series and Call of ... | [
{
"answer": "Pong",
"question": "What was the first video game Spielberg played?"
},
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "When did Spielberg first play a video game?"
},
{
"answer": "Jaws",
"question": "What movie was Spielberg working on when he first played Pong?"
},
{
"answer"... |
15,552 | Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting, Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography in order to help promote filmmaking as a marketable skill. The badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree, which Spielberg attended, and where he personally counseled many boys in... | [
{
"answer": "cinematography",
"question": "What Boy Scout merit badge did Spielberg help develop?"
},
{
"answer": "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade",
"question": "Which Spielberg movie showed its main character was a Boy Scout?"
},
{
"answer": "Life Scout",
"question": "What was In... |
15,553 | In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the Légion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac. On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3. The tribute to Spielberg... | [
{
"answer": "Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award",
"question": "What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006?"
},
{
"answer": "Jacques Chirac",
"question": "Who made Spielberg a knight?"
},
{
"answer": "Kennedy Center",
"question": "Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006?"
... |
15,554 | The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Spielberg in 2005, the first year it considered non-literary contributors. In November 2007, he was chosen for a Lifetime Achievement Award to be presented at the sixth annual Visual Effects Society Awards in February 2009. He was set to be honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Awa... | [
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "When was Spielberg added to the Science Fiction Hall of Fame?"
},
{
"answer": "February 2009",
"question": "When did the Visual Effects Society give Spielberg a Lifetime Achievement Award?"
},
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "When did Spielberg win th... |
15,555 | Starting in the coal mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823, two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a... | [
{
"answer": "coal mines",
"question": "For which industry were elevators first used?"
},
{
"answer": "steam power",
"question": "In the mid 1800s what were elevators fueled by?"
},
{
"answer": "moving goods in bulk in mines and factories",
"question": "What were elevators originally ... |
15,556 | The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger en... | [
{
"answer": "Sir William Armstrong",
"question": "Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?"
},
{
"answer": "Tyneside docks",
"question": "Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?"
},
{
"answer": "they provided a much greater force",
"question": "In what manner did hydraulic cran... |
15,557 | In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the "Flying Chair", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any ... | [
{
"answer": "Gaetano Genovese",
"question": "What Neapolitan architect created the \"Flying Chair\" elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "Royal Palace of Caserta",
"question": "At what location was the \"Flying Chair\" installed in 1845?"
},
{
"answer": "maple",
"question": "What type of wood w... |
15,558 | In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive s... | [
{
"answer": "Elisha Otis",
"question": "Who created the safety elevator in 1852?"
},
{
"answer": "prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke",
"question": "What feature did the safety elevator display? "
},
{
"answer": "knurled roller(s)",
"question": "What did the govenor devi... |
15,559 | The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical beca... | [
{
"answer": "first elevator shaft",
"question": "Which was built first, the first elevator shaft or the first elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "1853",
"question": "What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?"
},
{
"answer": "cylindrical",
"question": "What design did ... |
15,560 | The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany. The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automa... | [
{
"answer": "Werner von Siemens",
"question": "Who built the first electric elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany",
"question": "The first electric elevator, built in 1880, was in what Country?"
},
{
"answer": "Frank Sprague",
"question": "Who is credited with increasing the safety and ... |
15,561 | Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see Traction elevators below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cage", "carriage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclos... | [
{
"answer": "hoistway",
"question": "What is another name for an elevator shaft?"
},
{
"answer": "steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand",
"question": "Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what?"
},
{
"answer": "a counterweight",
"question": "What is the... |
15,562 | Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open, ... | [
{
"answer": "have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally",
"question": "How do most elevator doors work?"
},
{
"answer": "\"slab\" door",
"question": "What is a single panel door referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "a cascading telescopic configuration",
"question":... |
15,563 | Historically, AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine become... | [
{
"answer": "AC motors",
"question": "Throughout history, what type of engines were used for elevator machines?"
},
{
"answer": "cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue",
"question": "Why were AC motors used?"
},
{
"answer": "the need... |
15,566 | Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel have a system called compensation. This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoi... | [
{
"answer": "Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel",
"question": "\"Compensation\" is the name of the system used for what type of elevators?"
},
{
"answer": "a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab",
"question"... |
15,567 | The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators makes them ideal for low rise, low traffic installations. They are less energy efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight. The... | [
{
"answer": "low rise, low traffic installations",
"question": "What type of installations are hydraulic elevators best suited for?"
},
{
"answer": "the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight",
"question"... |
15,568 | A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. An example would be... | [
{
"answer": "a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion",
"question": "What defines a climbing elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "guyed masts or towers",
"question": "What settings are climbing elevators used in?"
},
{
"answer": "an observation tower in Glasgow, Scotland",
"question":... |
15,569 | A elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. a diaphragm or a piston is used as a "brake" if there's a sudden increase in pressure avove the cab. however, to go down, it opens the va... | [
{
"answer": "a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the \"shaft\"",
"question": "What does this type of elevator use to propel the cage?"
},
{
"answer": "a diaphragm or a piston",
"question": "For sudden surges in pressure above the cab, what is used as a \"brake\"?"
},
{
"... |
15,570 | In the first half of the twentieth century, almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop. Some of the older freight elevators were controlled by switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes. In general, most elevators before WWII were manually controlled by elevator opera... | [
{
"answer": "automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop",
"question": "Until the mid 1900s most elevators lacked what?"
},
{
"answer": "by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor",
"question": "How were most elevators built before 1939 powered? "
},
{
... |
15,571 | The elevator motor was located at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft. Pushing the handle forward would cause the cab to rise; backwards would make it sink. The harder the pressure, the faster the elevator would move. The handle also served as a dead man switch: if the operator let go of the handle, ... | [
{
"answer": "at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft",
"question": "Where is the elevator motor found?"
},
{
"answer": "to rise",
"question": "Moving the helve forward causes the cab to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "the faster the elevator would move",
"question": "The ... |
15,572 | Some skyscraper buildings and other types of installation feature a destination operating panel where a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car. The system lets them know which car to wait for, instead of everyone boarding the next car. In this way, travel time is reduced as the elevator makes few... | [
{
"answer": "a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car",
"question": "What function does a \"destination operating panel\" feature?"
},
{
"answer": "the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank",
"question": "What is another benefit of a \"destinati... |
15,573 | However, performance enhancements cannot be generalized as the benefits and limitations of the system are dependent on many factors. One problem is that the system is subject to gaming. Sometimes, one person enters the destination for a large group of people going to the same floor. The dispatching algorithm is usually... | [
{
"answer": "the system is subject to gaming",
"question": "What is one example of a limitation on the system? "
},
{
"answer": "The dispatching algorithm",
"question": "What is generally unable to support variations in the number of people for a particular destination?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
15,574 | To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are lo... | [
{
"answer": "every user gets an RFID card to identify himself",
"question": "What is one way to implement destination control?"
},
{
"answer": "the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls",
"quest... |
15,575 | During up-peak mode (also called moderate incoming traffic), elevator cars in a group are recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building, most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period. Elevators are dispatched one-by-one ... | [
{
"answer": "moderate incoming traffic",
"question": "What is another name for up-peak mode?"
},
{
"answer": "most typically in the morning",
"question": "Generally, up-peak mode takes place during what times of the day?"
},
{
"answer": "people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a l... |
15,576 | Independent service is a special service mode found on most elevators. It is activated by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby. When an elevator is placed on independent service, it will no longer respond to hall calls. (In a bank of elevators, traffic is reroute... | [
{
"answer": "by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby",
"question": "How is the special sercice mode enabled?"
},
{
"answer": "it will no longer respond to hall calls",
"question": "What is the impact on an elevator set to independant servi... |
15,577 | Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB'. When this switch is activated the e... | [
{
"answer": "qualified elevator mechanics",
"question": "Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance",
"question": "What is the purpose of the Inspection service? "
},
... |
15,578 | Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building. Once an alarm has been activated, the elevator will automatically go into phase one. The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor. Once the ele... | [
{
"answer": "a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building",
"question": "What initiates Phase one mode?"
},
{
"answer": "The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor",
"question": "What happens wh... |
15,579 | Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, t... | [
{
"answer": "Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel",
"question": "How is the Phase-two mode enabled?"
},
{
"answer": "manually pushes and holds the door close button",
"question": "What actions must a firefighter take to... |
15,580 | Once the elevator arrives at the floor, it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator. Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button. The e... | [
{
"answer": "it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator",
"question": "Upon arriving at the desinated floor, what does the elevator do?"
},
{
"answer": "Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch... |
15,581 | When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will r... | [
{
"answer": "One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down",
"question": "What sequence of events happens when the power shuts off in a traction elevator and the elevators all stop?"
},
{
"answer": "People in the remaining elevators may see an indicat... |
15,582 | In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high curre... | [
{
"answer": "emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit",
"question": "How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies?"
},
{
"answer": "The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, us... |
15,585 | Safety testing of mine shaft elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds. Each end of the segment is then secured in a large, hydraulic stretching machine. The segment is then placed under i... | [
{
"answer": "elevator rails",
"question": "What part of the mine shaft requires routine testing?"
},
{
"answer": "The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds",
"question": "What is the first step in destructive testing?"
},
{
"answer": "hydraulic stretching machin... |
15,586 | Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments.[citation needed] Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can r... | [
{
"answer": "the available floor space",
"question": "What dictates passenger elevator capacities?"
},
{
"answer": "from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments",
"question": "What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in?"
},
{
"answer": "hydraulic or elec... |
15,587 | Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station... | [
{
"answer": "funiculars",
"question": "Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other? "
},
{
"answer": "underground public elevator",
"question": "What type of public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, trans... |
15,588 | A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of... | [
{
"answer": "goods lift",
"question": "What is another name for a freight elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited",
"question": "What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators?"
},
{
"answer": "an inconspicu... |
15,589 | Stage lifts and orchestra lifts are specialized elevators, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theater stage. For example, Radio City Music Hall has four such elevators: an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of t... | [
{
"answer": "by hydraulics",
"question": "How are stage lifts powered?"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many hydraulic elevators are there at Radio City Music Hall?"
},
{
"answer": "to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to sta... |
15,590 | A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators. They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial elevators. Construction may be less rob... | [
{
"answer": "residential",
"question": "What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?"
},
{
"answer": "metal sliding",
"question": "What type of doors do commercial elevators use?"
},
{
"answer": "locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergen... |
15,591 | Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room, and elevator hoistway. This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation. The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007... | [
{
"answer": "residential",
"question": "What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "In what year were Machine-room-less elevators first allowed?"
},
{
"answer": "the ASME A17.1",
"questio... |
15,592 | Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food, books or other small freight loads rather than passengers. They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors. they usually do not have the same safety features found in passenger elevators, like various ropes for redundancy. they have a lower c... | [
{
"answer": "Dumbwaiters",
"question": "What are small freight elevators used for things such as food, called?"
},
{
"answer": "They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors",
"question": "What rooms are dumbwaiters frequently used in?"
},
{
"answer": "various ropes for redundancy... |
15,593 | Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) ... | [
{
"answer": "ensure that the material moves forward",
"question": "What do the partians do on the conveyor?"
},
{
"answer": "Material transport elevators",
"question": "An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "industrial and agricultural ap... |
15,594 | Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the ... | [
{
"answer": "social protocols",
"question": "The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?"
},
{
"answer": "Berlin",
"question": "The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in ... |
15,595 | In addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by LED) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a... | [
{
"answer": "LED",
"question": "Modern elevator position or floor indicaters often use what type of bulbs?"
},
{
"answer": "direction lanterns",
"question": "What type of lanterns are used outside elevators as well as inside most cabs?"
},
{
"answer": "successively illuminated floor indi... |
15,596 | Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going... | [
{
"answer": "to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator",
"question": "What is the main function of direction lanterns?"
},
{
"answer": "If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down",
"question": "What might chan... |
15,597 | There are several technologies aimed to provide better experience to passengers suffering from claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety. Israeli startup DigiGage uses motion sensors to scroll the pre-rendered images, building and floor-specific content on a screen embedded into the wall as the cab moves up and ... | [
{
"answer": "claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety",
"question": "New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what?"
},
{
"answer": "DigiGage",
"question": "What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embed... |
15,598 | In most US and Canadian jurisdictions, passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Standard A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. As of 2006, all states except Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have adopted some version of ASME codes, though ... | [
{
"answer": "most US and Canadian jurisdictions",
"question": "In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?"
},
{
"answer": "CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard",
"question": "What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?"
},
{
"... |
15,599 | Most elevators have a location in which the permit for the building owner to operate the elevator is displayed. While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere – such as the maintenance office – and to be ma... | [
{
"answer": "the building owner",
"question": "Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator? "
},
{
"answer": "some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere",
"questi... |
15,600 | As of January 2008, Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world, with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day, followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949. In Brazil, it is estimated th... | [
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "What country had the second most elevators installed?"
},
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "In 2008, what country had the largest number of elevators?"
},
{
"answer": "610,000",
"question": "How many elevators had China installed since 1949?"... |
15,601 | Double deck elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower. Tenants of even-numbered floors first take an escalator (or an elevator from the parking garage) to the 2nd level, where they will enter the upper deck and arrive at their floors. The lower deck is turned off during low-volume hours, and the upper deck can ... | [
{
"answer": "Double deck elevators",
"question": "What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower?"
},
{
"answer": "low-volume hours",
"question": "During what hours is the lower deck turned off?"
},
{
"answer": "a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors",
... |
15,602 | The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweigh... | [
{
"answer": "1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds",
"question": "How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?"
},
{
"answer": "world-record certified speed",
"question": "This speed holds what record?"
},
{
"answer": "help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes",
... |
15,603 | The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is the common name for a series of elevator attractions at the Disney's Hollywood Studios park in Orlando, the Disney California Adventure Park park in Anaheim, the Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris and the Tokyo DisneySea park in Tokyo. The central element of this attraction is a simu... | [
{
"answer": "The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror",
"question": "What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world?"
},
{
"answer": "a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system",
"question": "What is the main feature of this at... |
15,604 | The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism, thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs, as well as move through show scenes on various floors. The passenger cabs, which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs, move into the vertical... | [
{
"answer": "mechanically",
"question": "How are passenger cabs separated from the lift?"
},
{
"answer": "automated guided vehicles or AGVs",
"question": "What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs?"
},
{
"answer": "move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in",
"ques... |
15,605 | Guests ascending to the 67th, 69th, and 70th level observation decks (dubbed "Top of the Rock") atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator. When entering the cab, it appears to be any normal elevator ride. However, once the cab begins moving, the interior lights tur... | [
{
"answer": "\"Top of the Rock\"",
"question": "What are the 67th, 69th, and 70th floors of the GE Building at Rockerfeller Center nicknamed?"
},
{
"answer": "observation decks",
"question": "What do these floors serve as?"
},
{
"answer": "high-speed glass-top",
"question": "What typ... |
15,606 | Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The "stretching room" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator ... | [
{
"answer": "takes place on an elevator",
"question": " The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?"
},
{
"answer": "The \"stretching room\"",
"question": "What is the name of area that is really an elevator?"
},
{
"answer": "The elev... |
15,607 | Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranu... | [
{
"answer": "Uranus",
"question": "What planet is Neptune's near-twin? "
},
{
"answer": "Roman god of the sea",
"question": "What is Neptune named after?"
},
{
"answer": "17 times",
"question": "How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?"
},
{
"answer": "god Neptune's ... |
15,608 | Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was su... | [
{
"answer": "mathematical prediction",
"question": "How was Neptune found? "
},
{
"answer": "23 September 1846",
"question": "When was Neptune first observed? "
},
{
"answer": "Alexis Bouvard",
"question": "Who discovered Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "Triton",
"question": "W... |
15,609 | Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proporti... | [
{
"answer": "Uranus",
"question": "Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "hydrogen and helium",
"question": "What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? "
},
{
"answer": "ices and rock",
"question": "What is the interior of Neptune composed of? ... |
15,610 | In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driv... | [
{
"answer": "Great Dark Spot",
"question": "What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "sustained winds",
"question": "What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? "
},
{
"answer": "2,100 kilometres per hour",
"question": "What were the ... |
15,611 | Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared clo... | [
{
"answer": "Galileo",
"question": "Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? "
},
{
"answer": "a fixed star",
"question": "What was Neptune mistaken for at first? "
},
{
"answer": "Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet",
"question": "What happens when Neptune goes ... |
15,612 | In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work ... | [
{
"answer": "1821",
"question": "What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? "
},
{
"answer": "the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus",
"question": "What did Alexis Bouvard study? "
},
{
"answer": "1843",
"question": "When did John Couch Adams begin working on... |
15,613 | Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the c... | [
{
"answer": "student at the observatory",
"question": "Who was Henrich d'Arrest? "
},
{
"answer": "23 September 1846",
"question": "When did Galle discover Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "12°",
"question": "How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?"
},
{
"answer": "the displacem... |
15,614 | In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's cl... | [
{
"answer": "French and the British",
"question": "What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "Le Verrier and Adams",
"question": "Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "Dennis Rawlins",
"question": "Wh... |
15,615 | Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the obs... | [
{
"answer": "Le Verrier",
"question": "Who claimed the right to name Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "What country approved Neptune's first name? "
},
{
"answer": "Le Verrier",
"question": "What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? "
},
{
"answer": "... |
15,616 | Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Da... | [
{
"answer": "sea king star",
"question": "What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "god of the sea",
"question": "What god was Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "Dalain Van",
"question": "What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? "
},
{
"answ... |
15,617 | From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer... | [
{
"answer": "farthest known planet",
"question": "What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? "
},
{
"answer": "the Kuiper belt",
"question": "What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? "
},
{
"answer": "2006",
"question": "What year did the International A... |
15,618 | Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four ... | [
{
"answer": "1.0243×1026 kg",
"question": "What is Neptune's mass? "
},
{
"answer": "17 times",
"question": "How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? "
},
{
"answer": "11.15 m/s2",
"question": "What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? "
},
{
"answer": "24,764 km",
... |
15,619 | The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may cons... | [
{
"answer": "water, ammonia and methane",
"question": "What is Neptune's mantle rich in? "
},
{
"answer": "icy",
"question": "What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? "
},
{
"answer": "electrical",
"question": "What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of... |
15,620 | At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of ... | [
{
"answer": "80% hydrogen and 19% helium",
"question": "What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? "
},
{
"answer": "wavelengths above 600 nm",
"question": "Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane",
"question":... |
15,621 | Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide... | [
{
"answer": "altitude",
"question": "What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? "
},
{
"answer": "upper-level",
"question": "Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense? "
},
{
"answer": "ammonia and hydrogen sulfide",
"question": "What clouds form ... |
15,622 | High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the laye... | [
{
"answer": "High-altitude clouds",
"question": "On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? "
},
{
"answer": "50–150 km",
"question": "What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "50–110 km above the cloud deck.",
"question": "Where are ... |
15,623 | For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other can... | [
{
"answer": "750 K",
"question": "What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? "
},
{
"answer": "atmospheric interaction with ions",
"question": "What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?"
},
{
"answer": "in the atmosphere",
"question": "Where would gra... |
15,624 | Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the resu... | [
{
"answer": "47°",
"question": "What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? "
},
{
"answer": "0.55 radii",
"question": "Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? "
},
{
"answer": "Uranus's",
"question": "What planet besides Neptune has a sideways... |
15,625 | The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from... | [
{
"answer": "2.2 × 1017 T·m3",
"question": "What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? "
},
{
"answer": "strong quadrupole moment",
"question": "What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? "
},
{
"answer": "Earth, Jupiter and Saturn",
... |
15,626 | Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri... | [
{
"answer": "planetary ring system",
"question": "What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? "
},
{
"answer": "ice particles",
"question": "What might Neptune's rings consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "silicates or carbon-based material",
"question": "What might the ice particles of Nept... |
15,627 | Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s w... | [
{
"answer": "storm",
"question": "What dynamic weather does Neptune have?"
},
{
"answer": "600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)",
"question": "What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? "
},
{
"answer": "400 m/s",
"question": "What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?"
},
{
... |
15,628 | In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pol... | [
{
"answer": "10 K",
"question": "How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere? "
},
{
"answer": "the stratosphere near the pole.",
"question": "Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? "
},
{
"answer": "73 K (−200 °C).",
"question": "What i... |
15,629 | The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence ... | [
{
"answer": "The Scooter",
"question": "What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?"
},
{
"answer": "1989",
"question": "When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?"
},
{
"answer": "southern cyclonic storm",
"question": "What type of storm is The Scoote... |
15,630 | Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, pe... | [
{
"answer": "in the troposphere",
"question": "Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur? "
},
{
"answer": "holes",
"question": "What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks? "
},
{
"answer": "vortex structures",
"question": "Since Neptune's dark spots persist for ... |
15,632 | On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, o... | [
{
"answer": "11 July 2011",
"question": "When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?"
},
{
"answer": "365.26-day",
"question": "What is the Earth's orbit?"
},
{
"answer": "Earth was in a different location",
"question": "Why didn't Neptune appear to b... |
15,633 | Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the... | [
{
"answer": "Kuiper belt",
"question": "What is the region behind Neptune called? "
},
{
"answer": "small icy worlds",
"question": "What does the Kuiper belt consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun",
"question": "Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune... |
15,634 | There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete ha... | [
{
"answer": "2:3 resonance",
"question": "What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? "
},
{
"answer": "Pluto",
"question": "What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?"
},
{
"answer": "200",
"question": "How many known objects... |
15,635 | Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi... | [
{
"answer": "1:1",
"question": "What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?"
},
{
"answer": "alongside Neptune",
"question": "Where did most Neptune trojans form?"
},
{
"answer": "2008 LC18",
"question": "What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?"
... |
15,636 | The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypoth... | [
{
"answer": "nearby massive OB star",
"question": "What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation? "
},
{
"answer": "matter density",
"question": "What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?"
},
{
"answer": "core accretion",
"q... |
15,637 | An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of ... | [
{
"answer": "higher",
"question": "If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?"
},
{
"answer": "removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc",
"question": "If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?"
},
{
"answer": "the Nice m... |
15,638 | Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons... | [
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "How many moons does Neptune have?"
},
{
"answer": "Triton",
"question": "What is Neptune's largest moon?"
},
{
"answer": "William Lassell",
"question": "Who discovered Triton? "
},
{
"answer": "retrograde orbit",
"question": "What orbit does... |
15,639 | From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Tri... | [
{
"answer": "Voyager 2",
"question": "What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?"
},
{
"answer": "Proteus",
"question": "What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? "
},
{
"answer": "irregularly shaped",
"question": "What is notable about the moon Proteus?"
},
{
"answe... |
15,640 | Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large grou... | [
{
"answer": "2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds",
"question": "What is Neptune's angular diameter range?"
},
{
"answer": "Hubble Space Telescope",
"question": "The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?"
},
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "When was the first useful observation ... |
15,641 | Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly t... | [
{
"answer": "Voyager 2",
"question": "What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?"
},
{
"answer": "25 August 1989",
"question": "When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?"
},
{
"answer": "Triton",
"question": "What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?"
},
... |
15,642 | After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions so... | [
{
"answer": "late 2020s",
"question": "When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?"
},
{
"answer": "Neptune Orbiter with Probes",
"question": "What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their \"Vision Missions Studies\"?"
},
{
"answer": "2019",
"question": "When will Argo b... |
15,643 | A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and cap... | [
{
"answer": "maintenance",
"question": "What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?"
},
{
"answer": "can switch to different supply voltages",
"question": "How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?"
},
{
"answer": "freig... |
15,644 | Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some ele... | [
{
"answer": "electric locomotives",
"question": "What is used to haul passengers cars?"
},
{
"answer": "generating stations",
"question": "How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?"
},
{
"answer": "railway",
"question": "What entity provides distribution lines, swi... |
15,645 | In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. They have no local emissions, an important adv... | [
{
"answer": "diesel engine",
"question": "What is the principal alternative to electric railways?"
},
{
"answer": "Electric locomotives",
"question": "What locomotives are usually more reliable?"
},
{
"answer": "regenerative braking",
"question": "What do some electric traction syste... |
15,646 | Disadvantages of electric traction include high capital costs that may be uneconomic on lightly trafficked routes; a relative lack of flexibility since electric trains need electrified tracks or onboard supercapacitors and charging infrastructure at stations; and a vulnerability to power interruptions. Different region... | [
{
"answer": "voltages on contact wires",
"question": "What is a safety hazard to track workers?"
},
{
"answer": "different supply voltages and frequencies,",
"question": "What issue can complicate electric railway service?"
},
{
"answer": "Overhead wires",
"question": "What is a safe... |
15,647 | Railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, although such DC can be supplied from an AC catenary via on-board electric power conversion. Since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electr... | [
{
"answer": "variable speeds",
"question": "What is speed limit for railways?"
},
{
"answer": "conversion was not well developed",
"question": "Why is DC motor being used more than AC type?"
},
{
"answer": "rapid transit (subways) and trams",
"question": "What are two types of railwa... |
15,648 | Motors have very little room for electrical insulation so they generally have low voltage ratings. Because transformers (prior to the development of power electronics) cannot step down DC voltages, trains were supplied with a relatively low DC voltage that the motors can use directly. The most common DC voltages are li... | [
{
"answer": "low voltage ratings",
"question": "Why do motors have little space for insulation?"
},
{
"answer": "safety reasons",
"question": "Why 1kV voltage is almost always used by rail systems?"
},
{
"answer": "below 1 kV",
"question": "What is most common volatage range used by ... |
15,650 | 1,500 V DC is used in the Netherlands, Japan, Republic Of Indonesia, Hong Kong (parts), Republic of Ireland, Australia (parts), India (around the Mumbai area alone, has been converted to 25 kV AC like the rest of India), France (also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC), New Zealand (Wellington) and the United States (Chicago area on... | [
{
"answer": "1,500 V",
"question": "What is most common voltage for DC supply?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many narrow-gauge lines in Slovakia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Cascais Line",
"question": "What railway line is DC being used in Portugal?"
},
{
"answer": "Mumbai... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.