id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
16,094 | According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books... | [
{
"answer": "Moses",
"question": "Which Biblical character is the most often mentioned person in the Quran?"
},
{
"answer": "Sahih al-Bukhari",
"question": "Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form?"
},
{
"a... |
16,095 | According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in questio... | [
{
"answer": "acceptable and unacceptable",
"question": "What are the two type of ta'wil?"
},
{
"answer": "Unacceptable",
"question": "Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning?"
},
{
"answer": "Acceptable",
"question": "The implicit meani... |
16,096 | The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early de... | [
{
"answer": "his companions",
"question": "Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?"
},
{
"answer": "standardized",
"question": "What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?"
},
{
"answer": "University of Chicago"... |
16,098 | Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But thi... | [
{
"answer": "\"to return\" or \"the returning place\"",
"question": "What was the original meaning of ta'wil?"
},
{
"answer": "a spiritual reality",
"question": "What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story?"
},
{
"answer": "hermene... |
16,099 | According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except God" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the kno... | [
{
"answer": "imams",
"question": "Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad?"
},
{
"answer": "God",
"question": "According to Shia Muslims, who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation?"
},
{
"answer": "purified",
"questio... |
16,100 | A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'... | [
{
"answer": "A great power",
"question": "What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?"
},
{
"answer": "military and economic strength",
"question": "What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?"
},
{
"answer": "United Nations Security Council",
... |
16,101 | The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a... | [
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "The term \"great power\" was first used on which continent?"
},
{
"answer": "Treaty of Chaumont",
"question": "Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?"
},
{
"answer": "1814",
"question": "What year was thi... |
16,102 | Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit... | [
{
"answer": "strength for war",
"question": "What one criteria was used in early times to judge a great power's status?"
},
{
"answer": "economic, and political",
"question": "Besides military, what two other capacities were used to describe great powers in later times?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
16,103 | All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho... | [
{
"answer": "interests, actions, or projected power",
"question": "What three things do all states have in their geographic scope?"
},
{
"answer": "Western",
"question": "Which societal values had become world-wide by 1914?"
},
{
"answer": "its region",
"question": "What is the scope... |
16,104 | Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day, and have influence on the final outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to ... | [
{
"answer": "political and diplomatic questions of the day",
"question": "What discussion should great powers be included on?"
},
{
"answer": "when major political questions were addressed",
"question": "Historically, when would great powers meet?"
},
{
"answer": "political resolution of... |
16,105 | Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, in a letter sent on February 13, 1814: "It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a... | [
{
"answer": "in a letter sent on February 13, 1814",
"question": "When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?"
},
{
"answer": "British Foreign Secretary",
"question": "What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?"
},
{
"answer": "if necessary the general arms against the Power... |
16,106 | Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna, only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day, although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II. After the Congress of Vienna, the British Empire emerged as th... | [
{
"answer": "only France and the United Kingdom",
"question": "What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status?"
},
{
"answer": "British Empire",
"question": "What country emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of ... |
16,107 | Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Ot... | [
{
"answer": "relative power of these five nations fluctuated",
"question": "Was the power of the 5 countries constant?"
},
{
"answer": "United Kingdom and Prussia",
"question": "What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia and Austria-Hungary"... |
16,108 | Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In th... | [
{
"answer": "treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres",
"question": "What marked the conclusion of The Great War?"
},
{
"answer": "United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States",
"question": "Who were the chief arbiters of the new world order?"
},
{
"... |
16,109 | The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members—the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan... | [
{
"answer": "United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan",
"question": "Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?"
},
{
"answer": "League of Nations Council",
"question": "What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?"
},
{
"answer": "again... |
16,110 | When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United S... | [
{
"answer": "1939",
"question": "When did World War II start?"
},
{
"answer": "two alliances",
"question": "How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?"
},
{
"answer": "Allies",
"question": "Who were the winners of World War II?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany, Italy ... |
16,111 | Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and ac... | [
{
"answer": "nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world",
"question": "What is a superpower?"
},
{
"answer": "William T.R. Fox",
"question": "Who first used the term superpower?"
},
{
"answer": "British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union",
"qu... |
16,112 | During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Col... | [
{
"answer": "United Kingdom, France, and West Germany",
"question": "During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government?"
},
{
"answer": "1971",
"quest... |
16,113 | According to Joshua Baron – a "researcher, lecturer, and consultant on international conflict" – since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have "receded into the background" with regards to relations among the great powers. Baron argues several reasons why this is the case, citing the unp... | [
{
"answer": "1960s",
"question": "Since what time has military conflicts receded?"
},
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "What country has risen above other superpowers?"
},
{
"answer": "modern era (the 16th century)",
"question": "Since what century has there always been parit... |
16,114 | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | [
{
"answer": "military force",
"question": "What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers?"
},
{
"answer": "France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States",
"question": "What great powers have maintained peace?"
},
{
"an... |
16,115 | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | [
{
"answer": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States",
"question": "What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council?"
},
{
"answer": "China, France, Rus... |
16,116 | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | [
{
"answer": "Japan and Germany",
"question": "What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons?"
},
{
"answer": "UN Security Council",
"question": "Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?"
},
{
"answer": "middle powers",
"question": ... |
16,117 | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | [
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too?"
},
{
"answer": "no collective agreement",
"question": "Is there agreement on the status of all powers?"
},
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "Many academics debate the... |
16,118 | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | [
{
"answer": "Germany, Italy and Japan",
"question": "Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?"
},
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "What emerging power is considered a great power?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany, Japan and Italy",
"question": "What G7 members are ... |
16,119 | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | [
{
"answer": "European Union",
"question": "What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?"
},
{
"answer": "trade and diplomacy",
"question": "What other tools are used as alternative to military force?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many g... |
16,120 | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | [
{
"answer": "64",
"question": "How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?"
},
{
"answer": "450",
"question": "For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?"
},
{
"answer": "UK",
"question": "What country had the most conflicts from 1500s thr... |
16,122 | By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive... | [
{
"answer": "third or fourth largest country",
"question": "Compared to other countries, how large is the US?"
},
{
"answer": "Canada",
"question": "Which country is the worlds fourth largest?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "Who may also be the third largest country?"
}
] |
16,123 | The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by th... | [
{
"answer": "Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south),",
"question": "Who does the US share land borders with?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "Who does the US share water borders with in the northwest?"
},
{
"answer": "forty-eight",
"question": "How many contiguous stat... |
16,124 | The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia, is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia had also donated land, but it was returned in 1849.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization: in the Caribbean the territorie... | [
{
"answer": "Washington, District of Columbia",
"question": "What is the capital city of the US?"
},
{
"answer": "Maryland",
"question": "Which US state donated Washington, D.C.?"
},
{
"answer": "Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands",
"question": "What are the US te... |
16,125 | The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part of the border with Canada, only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States. The southeast United States contain subtropical forests and, near the gulf coast, mangrove wetlands, especially in Florida. West o... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many Great Lakes form a border with Canada?"
},
{
"answer": "Lake Michigan",
"question": "Which of the Great Lakes is entirely located in US territory?"
},
{
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"question": "Which major river is located west of the Appa... |
16,126 | The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. A large portion of the country's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains. Before their general conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands, from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains ... | [
{
"answer": "The Great Plains",
"question": "What area is located in between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains?"
},
{
"answer": "the Great Plains",
"question": "In which area are a large number of the country's agricultural products grown?"
},
{
"answer": "a mile high",
"... |
16,127 | The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S., entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico. The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation. The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild ... | [
{
"answer": "Canada",
"question": "Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains begin at?"
},
{
"answer": "Mexico",
"question": "Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains terminate at?"
},
{
"answer": "The Rocky Mountain",
"question": "In the US, which region is the highest by e... |
16,128 | West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus (also known as the Intermountain West), a large, arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges. The large southern portion, known as the Great Basin, consists of salt flats, drainage basins, and many small north-south mountain ... | [
{
"answer": "Intermontane Plateaus",
"question": "What is the name of the plateau that lies west of the Rocky Mountains?"
},
{
"answer": "the Great Basin",
"question": "What is the name of the large southern portion of the Intermontane Plateaus?"
},
{
"answer": "salt flats",
"questio... |
16,129 | The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. The Cascades consist of largely intermittent, volcanic mountains, many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape. The Sierra Nevada, further south, is a high, rugged, and dense mountain range. It contains the highest point in t... | [
{
"answer": "Cascade Range",
"question": "What is the name of the range where the Intermontane plateaus end?"
},
{
"answer": "Sierra Nevada",
"question": "Which mountain range contains Mount Whitney?"
},
{
"answer": "volcanic mountains",
"question": "What type of mountains compose th... |
16,130 | These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier. West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known a... | [
{
"answer": "Yosemite and Mount Rainier",
"question": "What are two national parks located in the mountainous regions?"
},
{
"answer": "Central Valley",
"question": "What is the name of the famous valley located in California?"
},
{
"answer": "Willamette Valley",
"question": "What is... |
16,131 | The Atlantic coast of the United States is low, with minor exceptions. The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast-southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system. This system had its climax of deformation so l... | [
{
"answer": "crustal deformations",
"question": "Why does the Appalachian Highland have the terrain it does?"
},
{
"answer": "Permian time",
"question": "During what geological period did the Appalachian mountains reach their highest formation point?"
},
{
"answer": "The Appalachian High... |
16,132 | The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain. The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific ... | [
{
"answer": "forest",
"question": "What originally covered the east coast of the Appalachians?"
},
{
"answer": "Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System",
"question": "What are the two branches of the Cordilleran system?"
},
{
"answer": "Columbia River and Colorado River",
... |
16,133 | The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It ... | [
{
"answer": "Laurentian Highlands",
"question": "What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?"
},
{
"answer": "Arctic Ocean",
"question": "How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?"
},
{
"answer": "Canadian and a United States",
... |
16,134 | Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate. The climate is temperate in most areas, subtropical in the Southern United States, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th mer... | [
{
"answer": "subtropical",
"question": "What is the climate like in the Southern United States?"
},
{
"answer": "tropical",
"question": "Hawaii has what type of climate?"
},
{
"answer": "California",
"question": "Which state is known for its Mediterranean climate?"
},
{
"answ... |
16,135 | The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. Precipitation averages less than 15 inches (38 cm). The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding 100 °F (37.8 °C) for several weeks at a time in summ... | [
{
"answer": "The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau",
"question": "Which areas have arid regions?"
},
{
"answer": "15 inches",
"question": "What is the precipitation average in the Intermontane plateaus?"
},
{
"answer": "100 °F (37.8 °C)",
"question": "In the southwest, how high do tem... |
16,136 | Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate, with sometimes excessive rainfall from October–April and nearly no rain the rest of the year. In the Pacific Northwest rain falls year-round, but is much heavier during winter and spring. The mountains of the west receive abundant precipitation and very heavy snow... | [
{
"answer": "Mediterranean",
"question": "What is the most prevalent type of climate nCalifornia?"
},
{
"answer": "October–April",
"question": "During what time of the year does California receive the most rainfall?"
},
{
"answer": "Pacific Northwest",
"question": "Which region of th... |
16,137 | On average, the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth. The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington, at 692 inches (1,758 cm); the record there was 1,122 inches (2,850 cm) in the winter of 1971–72. This record was broken by the Mt. Baker Ski Area in nort... | [
{
"answer": "mountains of the western states",
"question": "Which mountainous region receives the highest snowfall on Earth?"
},
{
"answer": "Mount Rainier",
"question": "Which mountain in Washington receives the most amount of snowfall?"
},
{
"answer": "1,122 inches",
"question": "W... |
16,138 | In the east, while snowfall does not approach western levels, the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most. Along the northwestern Pacific coast, rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S., with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches ... | [
{
"answer": "northwestern Pacific coast",
"question": "Which region of the US receives the most amount of rainfall?"
},
{
"answer": "137 inches",
"question": "What is the average amount of rainfall that the Quinault rainforest in Washington receives?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Lakes and the ... |
16,139 | In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, ... | [
{
"answer": "central portions of the U.S.",
"question": "Where are tornadoes most common on Earth?"
},
{
"answer": "spring and summer",
"question": "During which seasons are tornados most common?"
},
{
"answer": "Appalachian region and the Midwest",
"question": "Which regions experie... |
16,140 | Occasional severe flooding is experienced. There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the Great Flood of 1993, and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982-1983 El Niño event in the western United States. Localized flooding can, however, occur anywhere, and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems i... | [
{
"answer": "1927",
"question": "The Great Mississippi occurred during what year?"
},
{
"answer": "desert shrub",
"question": "What fuels wildfires and causes them to spread in the west?"
},
{
"answer": "Nor'Easter snowstorms",
"question": "What type of storms can cause most activity... |
16,141 | The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands, the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes.[citation needed] The Amer... | [
{
"answer": "Pacific Ring of Fire",
"question": "What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity?"
},
{
"answer": "Kilauea",
"question": "Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983?"
},
{
"answer": "90%",
"question": "The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what p... |
16,142 | Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD... | [
{
"answer": "1982",
"question": "When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?"
},
{
"answer": "Compact Disc",
"question": "What does CD stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Super Video Compact Disc",
"question": "What does SVCD stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "sound recordings",
"... |
16,143 | In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak;... | [
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?"
},
{
"answer": "200 billion",
"question": "How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?"
... |
16,144 | The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of en... | [
{
"answer": "Philips and Sony",
"question": "Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?"
},
{
"answer": "a year",
"question": "How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?"
},
{
"answer": "the cooperation between Philips and Sony",
"question": "To what does the c... |
16,145 | In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers... | [
{
"answer": "1977",
"question": "In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?"
},
{
"answer": "11.5 cm",
"question": "What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?"
},
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "What year did Philips propse the... |
16,147 | As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book... | [
{
"answer": "1979",
"question": "In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?"
},
{
"answer": "1980",
"question": "What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?"
},
{
"answer": "1987",
"question": "When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book C... |
16,148 | The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopti... | [
{
"answer": "Dire Straits",
"question": "Who first sold a million copies on CD?"
},
{
"answer": "David Bowie",
"question": "Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in A... |
16,149 | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | [
{
"answer": "read-only memory",
"question": "What does ROM stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "1990",
"question": "What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?"
},
{
"answer": "musical format",
"question": "What was the original intended format for CDs?"
},
{
"answer": "1983... |
16,150 | Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall... | [
{
"answer": "the 2000s",
"question": "When did CD sales experience their original decline?"
},
{
"answer": "34 percent",
"question": "What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "Japan",
"question": "Which country attribut... |
16,151 | Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once... | [
{
"answer": "hydraulic press",
"question": "How are CDs mass produced?"
},
{
"answer": "raw polycarbonate plastic",
"question": "What type of material is used to make CDs?"
},
{
"answer": "15 mm",
"question": "What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?"
},
{
"answe... |
16,152 | This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, usi... | [
{
"answer": "usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal",
"question": "What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?"
},
{
"answer": "UV",
"question": "What type of light is used to cure CDs?"
},
{
"answer": "positive image of the desired CD surface",
"qu... |
16,153 | The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ri... | [
{
"answer": "die",
"question": "What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?"
},
{
"answer": "lacquer",
"question": "How is the positive image on a CD protected? "
},
{
"answer": "rapid spinning",
"question": "How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?"
}
] |
16,154 | The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 perc... | [
{
"answer": "jewel case",
"question": "What is the priciest component of a CD?"
},
{
"answer": "value increased",
"question": "Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?"
},
{
"answer": "$16.98",
"question": "What did CDs retail for in 1995?"
},
... |
16,155 | CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive... | [
{
"answer": "20 to 100 years",
"question": "How long are CDs expected to last?"
},
{
"answer": "disc rot",
"question": "What can cause sudden disc degradation?"
},
{
"answer": "permanent",
"question": "Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?"
}
] |
16,156 | The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home... | [
{
"answer": "Serial Copy Management System",
"question": "What does SCMS stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "digital rights management",
"question": "What does DRM stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Audio Home Recording Act",
"question": "What does AHRA stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "ReWritabl... |
16,157 | Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both... | [
{
"answer": "4x speed",
"question": "How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?"
},
{
"answer": "High Speed ReWritable CD",
"question": "Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?"
},
{
"answer": "32x",
"question": "How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?"
},
{
"answ... |
16,158 | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the dat... | [
{
"answer": "on a swing arm",
"question": "Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?"
},
{
"answer": "780 nm",
"question": "What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?"
},
{
"answer": "photodiode",
"question": "What is used to discern the change of intensity in light... |
16,159 | The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one... | [
{
"answer": "change from pit to land or land to pit",
"question": "What type of result from a CD will return a one?"
},
{
"answer": "Red Book",
"question": "Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?"
},
{
"answer": "non-return-to-zero",
"question": "What type of encoding do... |
16,160 | CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clea... | [
{
"answer": "label side of the disc",
"question": "Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?"
},
{
"answer": "refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing",
"question": "How are scratches on a CD fixed?"
},
{
"answer": "fungus Geotrichum candidum",
"que... |
16,162 | The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44... | [
{
"answer": "the colour of its cover",
"question": "Where does the Red Book get it's name from?"
},
{
"answer": "Compact Disc Digital Audio",
"question": "What is the formal name for a CD? "
},
{
"answer": "two-channel",
"question": "Do CDs have a two or four channel format?"
},
... |
16,163 | Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a ... | [
{
"answer": "television set or a computer monitor",
"question": "How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?"
},
{
"answer": "to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke",
"question": "What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?"
},
{
"answer": "channels R through... |
16,164 | SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very... | [
{
"answer": "60 minutes",
"question": "How much video can a CD-R contain?"
},
{
"answer": "SVCD",
"question": "Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?"
},
{
"answer": "lower the video bit rate",
"question": "How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?"
},
{
"answer": "100 minu... |
16,165 | Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifica... | [
{
"answer": "100",
"question": "How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?"
},
{
"answer": "1992",
"question": "When were Photo CDs initially released?"
},
{
"answer": "Kodak",
"question": "Who created Photo CDs?"
},
{
"answer": "photographic paper",
"question": "... |
16,166 | The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or ... | [
{
"answer": "2001",
"question": "When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?"
},
{
"answer": "Philips",
"question": "Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?"
},
{
"answer": "in the subcode",
"question": "Where does the Red Bo... |
16,167 | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | [
{
"answer": "to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power",
"question": "What is the use of a transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "semiconductor material",
"question": "What is a transistor made of?"
},
{
"answer": "the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling... |
16,168 | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | [
{
"answer": "1926",
"question": "When was the first transistor created?"
},
{
"answer": "Julius Lilienfeld",
"question": "Who invented the first transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "1947",
"question": "When was the first transistor implemented for practical use?"
},
{
"answer": "1956... |
16,169 | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | [
{
"answer": "1907",
"question": "When was the thermionic triode invented?"
},
{
"answer": "amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony",
"question": "What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?"
},
{
"answer": "Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld",
"question": "Who filed ... |
16,171 | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | [
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?"
},
{
"answer": "Compagnie des Freins et Signaux",
"question": "Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker",... |
16,172 | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | [
{
"answer": "up to about twenty transistors",
"question": "How many transistors make up a logic gate?"
},
{
"answer": "as many as 3 billion transistors",
"question": "How many transistors make up a microprocessor?"
},
{
"answer": "60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man... |
16,173 | The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker inp... | [
{
"answer": "gain",
"question": "Why is a transistor so useful?"
},
{
"answer": "it can act as an amplifier",
"question": "What is gain?"
},
{
"answer": "turn current on or off in a circuit",
"question": "What is an additional use of the transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "other cir... |
16,174 | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the c... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many types of transistors are there?"
},
{
"answer": "A small current at the base terminal",
"question": "What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?"
},
{
"answer": "gate, source, and drain",
"question": "What are the compon... |
16,175 | In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (... | [
{
"answer": "reduced resistance from collector to emitter",
"question": "Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits?"
},
{
"answer": "the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage",
"question": "What would ... |
16,176 | Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of ... | [
{
"answer": "Providing sufficient base drive current",
"question": "What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?"
},
{
"answer": "current gain",
"question": "What does the transistor provide?"
},
{
"answer": "the type of transistor",
"question": "What determine... |
16,177 | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | [
{
"answer": "the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry",
"question": "How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?"
},
{
"answer": "short circuit",
"question": "What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?"
},
{
"answer": "o... |
16,178 | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | [
{
"answer": "they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers",
"question": "What gives bipolar transistors their name?"
},
{
"answer": "bipolar junction transistor",
"question": "What was the first mass-produced transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "two junction diodes",
"question":... |
16,179 | BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base ... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many terminals do BJTs have?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?"
},
{
"answer": "an emitter, a base, and a collector",
"question": "What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?"
},
{
"an... |
16,180 | In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlle... | [
{
"answer": "electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals",
"question": "What determines the conductivity in a FET?"
},
{
"answer": "the voltage applied between the gate and source",
"question": "What controls the current between the drain and s... |
16,181 | FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n ... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many groups are FETs split into?"
},
{
"answer": "the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel",
"question": "How is a JFET different from an IGFET?"
},
{
"answer": "junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)",
"question": "What are the... |
16,182 | FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias... | [
{
"answer": "depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types",
"question": "How are FET's separated?"
},
{
"answer": "at zero bias",
"question": "At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode?"
},
{
"answer": "at zero bias",
"question": "At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode... |
16,183 | The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desi... | [
{
"answer": "bipolar junction transistor",
"question": "What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?"
},
{
"answer": "their greater linearity and ease of manufacture",
"question": "Why were BJTs so popular?"
},
{
"answer": "transistor applications, including analog ... |
16,184 | The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose tr... | [
{
"answer": "European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme",
"question": "What is the Pro Electron standard?"
},
{
"answer": "two letters",
"question": "How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with?"
},
{
"answer": "the semiconductor type",
... |
16,185 | The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to ... | [
{
"answer": "2N",
"question": "What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?"
},
{
"answer": "a three-terminal device",
"question": "what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?"
},
{
"answer": "a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties",
... |
16,186 | Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts o... | [
{
"answer": "a manufacturer's prefix",
"question": "What was once an indicator of the devices creator?"
},
{
"answer": "devices are second-sourced",
"question": "What makes a manufacturer's prefix less reliable?"
},
{
"answer": "PN2222A",
"question": "What is the marking for a 2N2222... |
16,187 | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | [
{
"answer": "the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT",
"question": "What is the junction forward voltage?"
},
{
"answer": "to make the base conduct a specified current",
"question": "What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?"
},
{
"answer": "lower",
"questi... |
16,188 | Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applicat... | [
{
"answer": "GaAs",
"question": "What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility?"
},
{
"answer": "a given bipolar n–p–n transistor",
"question": "What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "high-frequency applications",
"question": "What ... |
16,189 | Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently o... | [
{
"answer": "individually packaged transistors",
"question": "What is a discrete transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount",
"question": "What are the two most common types of transistor?"
},
{
"answer": "ball grid array (BGA)",
"question": "What is the... |
16,190 | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | [
{
"answer": "via a faith in some form of deity",
"question": "What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?"
},
{
"answer": "spiritual intermediaries",
"question": "What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?"
},
{
"answer": "Religious offi... |
16,191 | The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part b... | [
{
"answer": "modern",
"question": "What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?"
},
{
"answer": "modo",
"question": "The term \"modern\" was derived from what Latin adverb?"
},
{
"answer": "The European Renaissance",
"question": "What caused the transition betwe... |
16,192 | The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European his... | [
{
"answer": "Early Modern",
"question": "What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?"
},
{
"answer": "time of the late Enlightenment",
"question": "The 1800\"s are referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "European history",
"question": "What do the terms ... |
16,193 | In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends. Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life. The development of Eastern powers was of note, with China and India becoming m... | [
{
"answer": "Contemporary era",
"question": "In what era were there many socio-technological trends?"
},
{
"answer": "the Information age",
"question": "The 21st century is refereed to as what?"
},
{
"answer": "computers",
"question": "What device was used most during the The Informa... |
16,194 | In Asia, various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere. In Japan, the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. And in Korea, from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period. In the Americas... | [
{
"answer": "Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates",
"question": "Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868?"
},
{
"answer": "the Edo period",
"question": "What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "the early modern period",
"q... |
16,195 | In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For... | [
{
"answer": "population grew",
"question": "Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China."
},
{
"answer": "growth of private industry",
"question": "What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?"
},
{
"answer": "Large urban centers",
"question": "What are Nanjing and Beijing?"
... |
16,196 | The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied w... | [
{
"answer": "The Qing dynasty",
"question": "What was founded after the fall of the Ming?"
},
{
"answer": "1644–1911",
"question": "The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?"
},
{
"answer": "the Jurchens",
"question": "What were the Manchus originally known as?"
},
{
... |
16,197 | Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some ... | [
{
"answer": "strict class hierarchy",
"question": "What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?"
},
{
"answer": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi",
"question": "Strict class hierarchy was established by who?"
},
{
"answer": "The daimyo, or lords",
"question": "What group were considered t... |
16,198 | On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The "classic period" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly c... | [
{
"answer": "Mughal Empire",
"question": "Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707",
"question": "How did the \"Classic Period\" end?"
},
{
"answer": "Hindu Maratha Empire",
"question": "Who was behind the d... |
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