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|---|---|---|
15,867 | The attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Balkans Campaign in ... | [
{
"answer": "western ports",
"question": "What was focused in March?"
},
{
"answer": "breaks in morale",
"question": "What did these attacks accomplish?"
},
{
"answer": "shortage of bombers",
"question": "Why was the OKL forced to improvise?"
},
{
"answer": "50",
"questio... |
15,868 | The diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In one incident on 2... | [
{
"answer": "two or three sorties",
"question": "How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly?"
},
{
"answer": "Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly",
"question": "What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?"
},
{
"answer": "woke up to discover the entir... |
15,871 | In the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electric installations we... | [
{
"answer": "Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland",
"question": "What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North?"
},
{
"answer": "9,000 incendiaries",
"question": "Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April?"
},
{
"answer": "120",
"question": "Ho... |
15,872 | The last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westminster Abbey and the ... | [
{
"answer": "10/11 May 1941",
"question": "When was the last major attack London saw?"
},
{
"answer": "800 tonnes",
"question": "How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London?"
},
{
"answer": "1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured",
"question": "How many cas... |
15,873 | German air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju 88, or Heinkel He... | [
{
"answer": "were proving highly successful.",
"question": "How was the British night fighter operations faring?"
},
{
"answer": "was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns",
"question": "How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?"
},
{
"answer":... |
15,874 | The Boulton Paul Defiant, despite its poor performance during daylight engagements, was a much better night fighter. It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943–1945 with Schräge Musik) engage the unsuspecting German bomb... | [
{
"answer": "The Boulton Paul Defiant",
"question": "What performed better during night fighting?"
},
{
"answer": "engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath",
"question": "How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret?"
},
{
"answer": "larger target, compared to at... |
15,875 | Improved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per minute. Its armame... | [
{
"answer": "320 mph (510 km/h)",
"question": "What was the max speed of a Beaufighter?"
},
{
"answer": "26,000 ft (7,900 m)",
"question": "What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter?"
},
{
"answer": "six .303 in Browning machine guns",
"question": "how many machine guns did ... |
15,876 | By April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the following month, 22 Germ... | [
{
"answer": "one- to two-percent losses",
"question": "What was the most losses the Luftwaffe suffered on any mission?"
},
{
"answer": "712",
"question": "How many bombers hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?"
},
{
"answer": "1,000 tons of bombs",
"question": "How many bombs hit Plymou... |
15,878 | The air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air ... | [
{
"answer": "had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot",
"question": "How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?"
},
{
"answer": "about tactics rather than strategy",
"question": "What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?"
},
{
"answer": "an economic-industrial ... |
15,879 | The relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explos... | [
{
"answer": "the German experience",
"question": "What helped increase the Bomber Command's offensives?"
},
{
"answer": "bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives",
"question": "What did the RAF... |
15,880 | Some writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 Western Air Plans ... | [
{
"answer": "Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful.",
"question": "What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored?"
},
{
"answer": "that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command.",
"question": "Aviation strategists disputed over what? "
},
... |
15,881 | AOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris did see German morale as a major objective. However, he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy. The primary goal of Bomber Command's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduc... | [
{
"answer": "without the destruction of the German economy.",
"question": "Without what could morale collapse occur according to Arthur Harris?"
},
{
"answer": "to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale",
"question": "What was the primary strategy fo... |
15,882 | A converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It was evoked by bot... | [
{
"answer": "people locked in national solidarity.",
"question": "What view became popular of the British people in WWII?"
},
{
"answer": "in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991).",
"question": "When did this popular view come ... |
15,884 | The brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsible for the Black Ma... | [
{
"answer": "British Union of Fascists (BUF)",
"question": "The success of the Communists helped what political group?"
},
{
"answer": "particularly in London",
"question": "Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily?"
},
{
"answer": "secured the best shelters via underhanded metho... |
15,885 | In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may ... | [
{
"answer": "industry dispersal may have been a factor",
"question": "What was another reason for populations moving?"
},
{
"answer": "Over a quarter",
"question": "How much of London's population left?"
},
{
"answer": "south Wales and Gloucester",
"question": "What locations saw an ... |
15,886 | In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz act... | [
{
"answer": "The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting",
"question": "What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings",
"question":... |
15,887 | The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Nixon",
"question": "Which president signed the Act into law?"
},
{
"answer": "December 28",
"question": "On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?"
},
{
"answer": "to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost",
"question": ... |
15,888 | One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disapp... | [
{
"answer": "central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast",
"question": "What was the historical range of the whooping crane?"
},
{
"answer": "Unregulated hunting and habitat loss",
"question": "What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?"
},
... |
15,889 | The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conser... | [
{
"answer": "Lacey Act of 1900",
"question": "What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?"
},
{
"answer": "interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws",
"question": "What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
15,890 | It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated a... | [
{
"answer": "list endangered domestic fish and wildlife",
"question": "What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?"
},
{
"answer": "$15 million per year",
"question": "The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildl... |
15,891 | This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition... | [
{
"answer": "\"Class of '67\"",
"question": "What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?"
},
{
"answer": "It included only vertebrates",
"question": "How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?"
},
{
"answer": "habitat destruction",
"ques... |
15,892 | The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to ... | [
{
"answer": "December, 1969",
"question": "When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?"
},
{
"answer": "by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States",
"question": "How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?"
},
{
... |
15,894 | A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. ... | [
{
"answer": "two ways",
"question": "How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?"
},
{
"answer": "candidate assessment program",
"question": "What federal program is used to list a species?"
},
{
"answer": "90-day screening period",
"question": "How long is... |
15,895 | During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag... | [
{
"answer": "\"solely\"",
"question": "What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?"
},
{
"answer": "the biological status of the species",
"question": "Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?"
},... |
15,896 | Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and c... | [
{
"answer": "through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area",
"question": "How is public notice given regarding a listing?"
},
{
"answer": "45 days",
"question": "How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing re... |
15,897 | The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open sp... | [
{
"answer": "Section 4",
"question": "What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?"
},
{
"answer": "habitat protection and recovery goals",
"question": "Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?"
},
{
"answer": "the identification and prot... |
15,898 | All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining ... | [
{
"answer": "require a federal permit",
"question": "How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?"
},
{
"answer": "land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves",
"question": "What are some no... |
15,899 | The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regul... | [
{
"answer": "within one year",
"question": "What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?"
},
{
"answer": "the Reagan Administration",
"question": "Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of criti... |
15,900 | Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where th... | [
{
"answer": "goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species",
"question": "What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?"
},
{
"answer": "The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed.",
"question": "What is the... |
15,901 | The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appoin... | [
{
"answer": "whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized",
"question": "What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?"
},
{
"answer": "the Endangered Species Committee",
"ques... |
15,902 | Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely... | [
{
"answer": "the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS",
"question": "Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee?"
},
{
"answer": "to determine if harm may occur",
"question": "During informal consultation, what is the goal?"
},
{
"answer": "if ... |
15,903 | There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonf... | [
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many times has the exemption process been used, as of 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn",
"question": "What were the results of those exemption petitions?"
},
{
"answer": "few con... |
15,904 | More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to cir... | [
{
"answer": "non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations",
"question": "Who owns the majority of critical habitat?"
},
{
"answer": "Habitat Conservation Plan",
"question": "What program gives incentives to private landowners to... |
15,905 | The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bru... | [
{
"answer": "an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)",
"question": "An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species?"
},
{
"answer": "allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time",
"question": "How long do ITPs last?"
},
{
"answer": "A notice of the permit application action i... |
15,906 | The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for... | [
{
"answer": "San Bruno Mountain, California",
"question": "What location held the first HCP?"
},
{
"answer": "87%",
"question": "What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP?"
},
{
"answer": "butterflies",
"question": "What type of an... |
15,907 | Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits "a major force for wildlife conservation and a majo... | [
{
"answer": "Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources",
"question": "What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert D.Thornton",
"question": "Who wrote the article \"Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conse... |
15,908 | The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is gran... | [
{
"answer": "The \"No Surprises\" rule",
"question": "What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short?"
},
{
"answer": "the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner pr... |
15,909 | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | [
{
"answer": "the private landowner and FWS",
"question": "What two groups are bound by a \"Safe Harbor\" agreement?"
},
{
"answer": "assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined level",
"question": "In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, ... |
15,910 | The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain ha... | [
{
"answer": "Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species",
"question": "How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?"
},
{
"answer": "if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be requ... |
15,911 | Two examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011. A sec... | [
{
"answer": "the Virginia northern flying squirrel",
"question": "What animal species was delisted in August 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "listed since 1985",
"question": "How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered?"
},
{
"answer": "President Obama",
"question": "Which president si... |
15,912 | As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing ... | [
{
"answer": "twenty-eight",
"question": "As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery?"
},
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed?"
},
{
"answer": "Twenty-fi... |
15,913 | Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants. Others argue that the ESA... | [
{
"answer": "increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat",
"question": "How did a land owner impact the protected red-cockaded woodpecker species?"
},
{
"answer": "1%",
"question": "What is the ... |
15,914 | According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these anim... | [
{
"answer": "exotic pet trade",
"question": "What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?"
},
{
"answer": "no provisions are made for in-state commerce",
"question": "What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?"
},
{
... |
15,915 | Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center in... | [
{
"answer": "cotton-top tamarin",
"question": "The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade?"
},
{
"answer": "over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States",
"question": "What happ... |
15,916 | Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species ... | [
{
"answer": "development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies",
"question": "Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?"
},
{
"answer": "These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or th... |
15,917 | A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, ... | [
{
"answer": "A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license",
"question": "Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?"
},
{
"answer": "The Secretary",
"question": "Given that a violato... |
15,918 | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | [
{
"answer": "vacuus",
"question": "The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective?"
},
{
"answer": "imperfect vacuum",
"question": "What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to?"
},
{
"answer": "space void of matter",
"question": "What is a vacuum?"
},
{
"... |
15,919 | The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambe... | [
{
"answer": "the ground state of matter.",
"question": "The Vacuum state is considered what?"
},
{
"answer": "reduce air pressure by around 20%",
"question": "A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?"
},
{
"answer": "how closely it approaches a perfect... |
15,920 | Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a fea... | [
{
"answer": "no void could occur naturally,",
"question": "What did Aristotle believe about a void?"
},
{
"answer": "whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist.",
"question": "What was historically disputed about vacuums?"
},
{
"answer": "cannot rightly be said to exist",
"question":... |
15,921 | In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the ... | [
{
"answer": "14th century",
"question": "In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?"
},
{
"answer": "Stoic physics",
"question": "What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?"
},
{
"answer": "13th and 14th... |
15,922 | Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may br... | [
{
"answer": "rupture of the delicate alveoli",
"question": "What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?"
},
{
"answer": "rapid decompression",
"question": "What causes barotrauma?"
},
{
"answer": "13 kPa (100 Torr),",
"question": "What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it oc... |
15,923 | Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake co... | [
{
"answer": "that a vacuum does not occur in nature",
"question": "What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?"
},
{
"answer": "Descartes",
"question": "Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?"
},
{
"answer": "Cartesian mechanical philosophy",
... |
15,924 | In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg'... | [
{
"answer": "Paul Dirac",
"question": "An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom?"
},
{
"answer": "1930",
"question": "What year was the Dirac sea modeled?"
},
{
"answer": "late 20th century",
"question": "When werer virtual particles confirmed?"... |
15,925 | In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forc... | [
{
"answer": "The black hole",
"question": "what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?"
},
{
"answer": "Einstein",
"question": "Who's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?"
},
{
"answer": "tidal forces and gravitational waves",
"question": "w... |
15,926 | But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to... | [
{
"answer": "low Earth orbit",
"question": "Where do most satellites operate?"
},
{
"answer": "solar sails",
"question": "What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?"
},
{
"answer": "atmospheric density",
"question": "why do satellites need to fire engines every few... |
15,927 | In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he s... | [
{
"answer": "handheld plungers in water.",
"question": "Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?"
},
{
"answer": "place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body",
"question": "Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstr... |
15,928 | Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a ... | [
{
"answer": "Bishop Etienne Tempier",
"question": "Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?"
},
{
"answer": "14th century",
"question": "When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?"
},
{
"answer": "God could create a vacuum if he... |
15,929 | In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further develope... | [
{
"answer": "partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).",
"question": "What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?"
},
{
"answer": "1850",
"question": "What year was the Toepler Pump invented?"
},
{
"answer": "vacuum pump",
"question": "What was first invented by Ott... |
15,930 | While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it to... | [
{
"answer": "aether",
"question": "What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?"
},
{
"answer": "\"While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris",
"question": "Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?"
},
{
"... |
15,932 | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | [
{
"answer": "\"Below atmospheric\"",
"question": "Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?"
},
{
"answer": "displacement of a millimeter of mercury",
"question": "What is a torr equal to?"
},
{
"answer": "barometric scale",
"question": "What is anoth... |
15,933 | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | [
{
"answer": "its high density and low vapour pressure",
"question": "Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?"
},
{
"answer": "Hydrostatic gauges",
"question": "What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?"
},
... |
15,934 | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | [
{
"answer": "Thermal conductivity gauges",
"question": "The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?"
},
{
"answer": "by running current through it",
"question": "How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?"
},
... |
15,935 | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | [
{
"answer": "the pressure in the gauge",
"question": "What affects the number of ions in a gauge?"
},
{
"answer": "mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge",
"question": "What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums?"
}... |
15,936 | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | [
{
"answer": "sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,",
"question": "density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "of up to 3 km",
"question": "What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness... |
15,937 | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | [
{
"answer": "after a few seconds",
"question": "When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum?"
},
{
"answer": "the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)",
"question": "A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?"
},
{
"answer": "ebullism",
... |
15,938 | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | [
{
"answer": "Some oils and greases",
"question": "What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?"
},
{
"answer": "parallel",
"question": "How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?"
},
{
"answer": "stainless steel or titanium",
"question": "What are 2 metals... |
15,939 | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | [
{
"answer": "vacuum",
"question": "The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?"
},
{
"answer": "QED",
"question": "A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons",
... |
15,940 | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | [
{
"answer": "In QED vacuum",
"question": "When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?"
},
{
"answer": "spontaneous emission",
"question": "What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?"
},
{
"answer": "virtual particles that hop... |
15,941 | Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62... | [
{
"answer": "due to space weather",
"question": "`Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?"
},
{
"answer": "the Kármán line",
"question": "What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?"
},
{
"answer": "number density",
"question": "What do Astrophysicists ... |
15,942 | Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum i... | [
{
"answer": "incandescent light bulb",
"question": "What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?"
},
{
"answer": "chemical inertness",
"question": "What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?"
},
{
"answer": "obstruction o... |
15,943 | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | [
{
"answer": "vacuum servo",
"question": "What provides power assistance for auto brakes?"
},
{
"answer": "engine and an external venturi",
"question": "What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?"
},
{
"answer": "protection against loss of all (electrically powered) in... |
15,944 | Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuu... | [
{
"answer": "outgassing",
"question": "what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?"
},
{
"answer": "obscure optical instruments",
"question": "Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?"
},
{
"answer": "vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure",
"question": "When ... |
15,945 | To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed ... | [
{
"answer": "continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth",
"question": "Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?"
},
{
"answer": "a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity",
"question": "How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?"... |
15,946 | The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some ... | [
{
"answer": "Entrapment pumps",
"question": "What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?"
},
{
"answer": "no vibration.",
"question": "Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?"
},
{
"answer": "Momentum transfer pumps",
"question": "What pum... |
15,947 | The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively,... | [
{
"answer": "stages",
"question": "When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "vacuum technique",
"question": "The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?"
},
{
... |
15,948 | The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic gro... | [
{
"answer": "Three Kingdoms",
"question": "What period followed the Han dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "Qin",
"question": "What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "Liu Bang",
"question": "Who founded the Han dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "206 BC",
"question": "When... |
15,949 | The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the... | [
{
"answer": "AD 1911",
"question": "When did the Qing dynasty fall?"
},
{
"answer": "commanderies",
"question": "What innovation was acquired from the Qin?"
},
{
"answer": "Confucianism",
"question": "What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?"
},
{
"ans... |
15,950 | The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number ... | [
{
"answer": "119 BC",
"question": "In what year did the central government issue coins?"
},
{
"answer": "iron",
"question": "What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern Han",
"question": "In what period did several government ... |
15,951 | The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced t... | [
{
"answer": "The Xiongnu",
"question": "Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?"
},
{
"answer": "military",
"question": "What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?"
},
{
"answer": "111 BC",
"question": "In what year was Nanyue annexed?"
},
{
"answer": "Xian... |
15,952 | After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which... | [
{
"answer": "Daoist",
"question": "Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?"
},
{
"answer": "military officers",
"question": "Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?"
},
{
"answer": "Xian",
"question": "Who was the last Emperor of the H... |
15,953 | China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xia... | [
{
"answer": "conquest",
"question": "With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?"
},
{
"answer": "Xiang Yu",
"question": "Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?"
},
{
"answer": "Qin Shi Huangdi",
"question": "Who was the first emperor... |
15,954 | At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed... | [
{
"answer": "thirteen",
"question": "How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?"
},
{
"answer": "imperial court",
"question": "Who could appoint staff to the kings?"
},
{
"answer": "154 BC",
"question": "When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?"
},
{
"a... |
15,955 | To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was tro... | [
{
"answer": "Modu Chanyu",
"question": "Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?"
},
{
"answer": "the Xiongnu",
"question": "What group had a trade embargo created against them?"
},
{
"answer": "200 BC",
"question": "In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?"
},
{
"answe... |
15,957 | In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The... | [
{
"answer": "soldiers",
"question": "Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?"
},
{
"answer": "the court",
"question": "Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?"
},
{
"answer": "111 BC",
"question": "In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang in... |
15,958 | Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (I... | [
{
"answer": "glasswares",
"question": "What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?"
},
{
"answer": "Zhang Qian",
"question": "Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?"
},
{
"answer": "125 BC",
"question": "When did Zhang Qian end his travels?"... |
15,959 | From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conques... | [
{
"answer": "the Xiongnu",
"question": "Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?"
},
{
"answer": "2 AD",
"question": "When was the first national census taken in China?"
},
{
"answer": "57,671,400",
"question": "What was the population of China in 2 AD?"
},
{
"answ... |
15,960 | To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only f... | [
{
"answer": "former merchants",
"question": "Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?"
},
{
"answer": "81 BC",
"question": "When was the liquor monopoly abolished?"
},
{
"answer": "Modernist",
"question": "Which faction did the Reformists oppose?"
... |
15,961 | Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wa... | [
{
"answer": "Wang Mang",
"question": "Who tried to outlaw slavery?"
},
{
"answer": "Gradual silt buildup",
"question": "What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?"
},
{
"answer": "Han engineers",
"question": "Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow Ri... |
15,962 | The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 西汉; traditional Chinese: 西漢; pinyin: Xī Hàn) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 前汉; traditional Chinese: 前漢; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this period the capital was at... | [
{
"answer": "Luoyang",
"question": "Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern Han dynasty",
"question": "What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under?"
},
{
"answer": "Later Han dynasty",
"question": "What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be ... |
15,963 | The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Trưng Sisters of... | [
{
"answer": "5 August 25",
"question": "On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?"
},
{
"answer": "The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam",
"question": "Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?"
},
{
"answer": "Goguryeo",
"question": "Which state raided Han's Korean command... |
15,965 | Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his force... | [
{
"answer": "Vima Kadphises",
"question": "Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?"
},
{
"answer": "Ban Chao",
"question": "Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?"
},
{
"answer": "Kushan",
"question": "Which empire sent armies to attac... |
15,966 | In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorde... | [
{
"answer": "Buddhist monks",
"question": "Who translated written works into Chinese?"
},
{
"answer": "Gan Ying",
"question": "Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?"
},
{
"answer": "AD 146",
"question": "When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?"
},
{
"answer"... |
15,967 | Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch ... | [
{
"answer": "Empress Dowager Dou",
"question": "Who was prevented from leaving their house?"
},
{
"answer": "Empress Deng Sui",
"question": "Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?"
},
{
"answer": "105 AD",
"question": "When did Emperor He's reign end?"
},
{
"ans... |
15,969 | Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the o... | [
{
"answer": "treason",
"question": "On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?"
},
{
"answer": "Palace eunuchs",
"question": "Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?"
},
{
"answer": "economic",
"question": "During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?"
},
... |
15,970 | Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (王甫). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (張奐) favored the eunuchs... | [
{
"answer": "the eunuchs",
"question": "Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?"
},
{
"answer": "he was forced to commit suicide",
"question": "How did Dou Wu pass away?"
},
{
"answer": "General Zhang Huan",
"question": "Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?"
},
{
"... |
15,971 | The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD, largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions. The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents bel... | [
{
"answer": "184 AD",
"question": "In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?"
},
{
"answer": "215 AD",
"question": "In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?"
},
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "How many provinces did Zhang Jue's rebellion take place in?"
},
{
"answer... |
15,973 | General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, ... | [
{
"answer": "burned",
"question": "How was Luoyang destroyed?"
},
{
"answer": "Dong Zhuo",
"question": "Who demoted Emperor Shao?"
},
{
"answer": "Emperor Xian",
"question": "What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?"
},
{
"answer": "General Dong Zhuo",... |
15,974 | After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182–252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161–223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187–226 AD) had Empero... | [
{
"answer": "Cao",
"question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?"
},
{
"answer": "Cao Pi",
"question": "Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?"
},
{
"answer": "Cao Wei",
"question": "What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?"
},
{
"an... |
15,975 | Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges. The highest rank, of full marquess, came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom. Holders of the rank immediately below, that of ordinary marquess, received a pension, but had no territorial rule. Officials who served in government belon... | [
{
"answer": "mid-to-late Eastern Han",
"question": "During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?"
},
{
"answer": "full marquess",
"question": "What rank provided its holder territorial rule?"
},
{
"answer": "commoner social",
"question": "What c... |
15,976 | The farmer, or specifically the small landowner-cultivator, was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage laborers, and in rare cases slaves. Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of o... | [
{
"answer": "The farmer",
"question": "Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?"
},
{
"answer": "white-colored",
"question": "What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?"
},
{
"answer": "State-registered merchants",
... |
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