id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
16,531 | On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination wa... | [
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "In what year was directive 10/2 issued?"
},
{
"answer": "Frank Wisner",
"question": "Who was the head of the OPC?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?"
},
{
"answer": "the USSR",
"question": "Directive... |
16,532 | The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,00... | [
{
"answer": "300,000",
"question": "How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?"
},
{
"answer": "Kim Philby",
"question": "Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?"
},
{
"answer": "Bill Weisband",
"question": "Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?"
}
] |
16,533 | Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely us... | [
{
"answer": "intense or damaging",
"question": "What type of stimuli causes pain?"
},
{
"answer": "distressing",
"question": "What type of feeling is pain?"
},
{
"answer": "complex, subjective phenomenon",
"question": "Why has defining pain been a challenge?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
16,534 | Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significan... | [
{
"answer": "Pain",
"question": "What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?"
},
{
"answer": "interfere",
"question": "How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?"
},
{
"answer": "Psychological",
"question": "Excitement... |
16,535 | In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g.,... | [
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?"
},
{
"answer": "5",
"question": "How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?"
},
{
"answer": "Clifford J. Woolf and others",
"question": "Who has c... |
16,536 | Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persisten... | [
{
"answer": "Pain",
"question": "What is usually temporary?"
},
{
"answer": "only until the noxious stimulus is removed",
"question": "How long does pain tend to last?"
},
{
"answer": "acute",
"question": "What is pain which resolves quickly called?"
},
{
"answer": "interval ... |
16,537 | Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, s... | [
{
"answer": "Nociceptive",
"question": "Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?"
},
{
"answer": "according to the mode of noxious stimulation",
"question": "How is nociceptive pain classified?"
},
{
"answer": "heat or cold",
"question": "The thermal category of pain d... |
16,538 | Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is dif... | [
{
"answer": "Nociceptive",
"question": "What type of of pain is visceral a division of?"
},
{
"answer": "Visceral",
"question": "What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?"
},
{
"answer": "Deep somatic",
"question": "Which type of pain... |
16,539 | The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quali... | [
{
"answer": "nearly 82%",
"question": "What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?"
},
{
"answer": "54%",
"question": "What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?"
},
{
"answer": "phantom limb pain",
"question": "What may a... |
16,540 | Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom l... | [
{
"answer": "may relieve pain",
"question": "What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?"
},
{
"answer": "permanently",
"question": "How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?"
},
{
"answer": "hypertoni... |
16,541 | Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. T... | [
{
"answer": "loss of sensation and voluntary motor control",
"question": "What is paraplegia?"
},
{
"answer": "burning or tingling",
"question": "What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?"
},
{
"answer": "serious spinal cord damage,",
... |
16,542 | People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, b... | [
{
"answer": "neurotic",
"question": "What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?"
},
{
"answer": "psychological disturbance",
"question": "When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?"
},
{
"answer": "chronic pain",
... |
16,543 | Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time ... | [
{
"answer": "Breakthrough",
"question": "What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?"
},
{
"answer": "medications",
"question": "How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?"
},
{
"answer": "cancer patients",
"question": "W... |
16,544 | Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation o... | [
{
"answer": "morphine",
"question": "Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?"
},
{
"answer": "little, or not at all",
"question": "How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?"
},
{
"answe... |
16,545 | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | [
{
"answer": "pain",
"question": "An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?"
},
{
"answer": "congenital insensitivity to pain",
"question": "What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system... |
16,546 | In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicen... | [
{
"answer": "1644",
"question": "When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?"
},
{
"answer": "a disturbance",
"question": "What did Descartes think pain was?"
},
{
"answer": "emotional",
"question": "What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?... |
16,547 | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theo... | [
{
"answer": "1955",
"question": "What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? "
},
{
"answer": "John Paul Nafe",
"question": "Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?"
},
{
"answer": "nerve fibers",
"question": "What does the gate control theory s... |
16,549 | Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At... | [
{
"answer": "pain",
"question": "What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?"
},
{
"answer": "noxious and non-noxious",
"question": "What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?"
},
{
"answer": "noxious, high inten... |
16,550 | The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the ... | [
{
"answer": "along an A-delta or C fiber",
"question": "How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?"
},
{
"answer": "A-delta",
"question": "Which fiber is thicker?"
},
{
"answer": "myelin",
"question": "What is the electrically insulting material that sheat... |
16,551 | Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-b... | [
{
"answer": "A-delta",
"question": "What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?"
},
{
"answer": "thalamus",
"question": "Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?"
},
{
"answer": "spinal cord fibers",
"question": "What are dynamic range neurons?"
},
{
"answer"... |
16,552 | In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must c... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Dawkins",
"question": "Who wrote \"The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution\"?"
},
{
"answer": "drives",
"question": "What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?"
},
{
"answer": "one whose pains are well balanced",
"ques... |
16,553 | Differences in pain perception and tolerance thresholds are associated with, among other factors, ethnicity, genetics, and sex. People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful. And Italian women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewis... | [
{
"answer": "sex",
"question": "Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?"
},
{
"answer": "Europeans",
"question": "What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?"
},
... |
16,554 | A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain, with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by Margo McCaffery in 1968: "Pain is whatever ... | [
{
"answer": "person's self-report",
"question": "What is the most reliable measure of pain?"
},
{
"answer": "severity",
"question": "What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate? "
},
{
"answer": "definition of pain",
"question": "What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968... |
16,555 | The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial state of a person with chronic pain. Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy (1988) found three classes of chronic pain patient: "(a) dysfunctional, people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high, reported that... | [
{
"answer": "Multidimensional Pain Inventory",
"question": "What is MPI an abbreviation for?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?"
},
{
"answer": "their pain problems",
"question": "What do interpersonally distressed people feel t... |
16,556 | When a person is non-verbal and cannot self-report pain, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status ch... | [
{
"answer": "observation",
"question": "What become critical when a person is non-verbal? "
},
{
"answer": "specific behaviors",
"question": "What can be monitored as pain indicators?"
},
{
"answer": "withdrawn",
"question": "What type of social behavior might patients experiencing p... |
16,557 | The experience of pain has many cultural dimensions. For instance, the way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the way that a younger person would. Their ability to recognize pain may be ... | [
{
"answer": "because it hurts too much",
"question": "Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?"
},
{
"answer": "dimensions",
"question": "What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?"
},
{
"answer": "pain",
"question": "What might an aging adult not respond ... |
16,558 | Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain. Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help. They may feel certain pain treatment is against their religion. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addic... | [
{
"answer": "Cultural",
"question": "What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?"
},
{
"answer": "prevent the individual from seeking help",
"question": "How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?"
},
{
"answer": "death",
... |
16,559 | The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. E... | [
{
"answer": "a human right",
"question": "What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?"
},
{
"answer": "a disease",
"question": "What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?"
},
{
"answer": "China and Australia",
"question": "What two count... |
16,560 | Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel). It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activit... | [
{
"answer": "Sugar",
"question": "What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?"
},
{
"answer": "heart rate",
"question": "What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?"
},
{
"answer": "pain-related",
"question": "Sugar also doe... |
16,561 | A number of meta-analyses have found clinical hypnosis to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of ch... | [
{
"answer": "controlling",
"question": "Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?"
},
{
"answer": "13",
"question": "How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?... |
16,562 | Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found bene... | [
{
"answer": "Pain",
"question": "What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?"
},
{
"answer": "little difference in the effect",
"question": "What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?"
},
... |
16,563 | Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or ... | [
{
"answer": "political",
"question": "What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?"
},
{
"answer": "deliberate infliction",
"question": "Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?"
},
{
"answer": "deter",
"question": "How does pain inform attitud... |
16,565 | The presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, their ability t... | [
{
"answer": "presence",
"question": "What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?"
},
{
"answer": "pain",
"question": "An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?"
},
{
"answer": "vertebrates",
"question": "Who... |
16,566 | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include ... | [
{
"answer": "database management system",
"question": "What does DBMS stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases",
"question": "What is the purpose of a DBMS?"
},
{
"answer": "SQL language",
"question": "What is th... |
16,567 | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data conta... | [
{
"answer": "by a \"database management system\" (DBMS)",
"question": "How is data accessed?"
},
{
"answer": "large quantities",
"question": "How much data can a DBMS store?"
},
{
"answer": "an integrated set of computer software",
"question": "A DBMS consists of what?"
}
] |
16,568 | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware d... | [
{
"answer": "DBMSs",
"question": "What do most database applications contain?"
},
{
"answer": "RAID",
"question": "What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?"
},
{
"answer": "Hardware database accelerators",
"question": "How can large quantities of data be accessed?"
}... |
16,569 | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as poss... | [
{
"answer": "thousands of human years",
"question": "How long can it take to create a DBMS?"
},
{
"answer": "Adabas, Oracle and DB2",
"question": "Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s."
},
{
"answer": "spread over a large number of users",
"question": "How is the cost... |
16,570 | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact w... | [
{
"answer": "application software",
"question": "How are many databases accessed?"
},
{
"answer": "through dedicated interfaces",
"question": "How do administrators work with the DBMS?"
},
{
"answer": "wire protocol",
"question": "What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?"
}
] |
16,571 | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did comp... | [
{
"answer": "Edgar F. Codd",
"question": "Who created the relational model of DBMS?"
},
{
"answer": "by content",
"question": "Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?"
},
{
"answer": "1980s",
"question": "In what decade did computer hardware become ab... |
16,572 | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Grou... | [
{
"answer": "Interest in a standard",
"question": "Why was COBOL created?"
},
{
"answer": "mid-1960s",
"question": "When were DBMSs first used commercially?"
},
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "When was the standard protocol completed?"
},
{
"answer": "Database Task Group",
... |
16,573 | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both co... | [
{
"answer": "Information Management System (IMS)",
"question": "What was the DBMS created by IBM called?"
},
{
"answer": "the Apollo program",
"question": "What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?"
},
{
"answer": "hierarchical database",
"question": "What is the classification of IMS?"
... |
16,574 | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would... | [
{
"answer": "Codd",
"question": "Who proposed using a table to store data?"
},
{
"answer": "A linked-list system",
"question": "How is data accessed in a table?"
},
{
"answer": "relational",
"question": "What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?"
},
... |
16,575 | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigati... | [
{
"answer": "without constant rewriting of links and pointers",
"question": "How was the relational model able to improve over time?"
},
{
"answer": "one-to-many",
"question": "What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?"
},
{
"answer": "many-to-many",
"question": "What ... |
16,576 | For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approa... | [
{
"answer": "in a single record",
"question": "How is information stored in a navigational system?"
},
{
"answer": "to track information about users",
"question": "How is a database system frequently used?"
},
{
"answer": "normalized into a user table",
"question": "How is informatio... |
16,577 | Linking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a "key", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for this key. For instanc... | [
{
"answer": "uniquely defining a particular record",
"question": "What is a key used for?"
},
{
"answer": "re-linking",
"question": "What technique is used to collect into one place?"
},
{
"answer": "a \"key\"",
"question": "How is information accessed in a relational model?"
},
... |
16,578 | Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a bra... | [
{
"answer": "require programs to loop",
"question": "How does a program collect information using a navigational system?"
},
{
"answer": "a set-oriented language",
"question": "What is used to solve the problem of looping?"
},
{
"answer": "SQL",
"question": "What computer language ca... |
16,579 | Codd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test products which w... | [
{
"answer": "Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker",
"question": "Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database?"
},
{
"answer": "INGRES",
"question": "What was the name of the project to create a geographical database?"
},
{
"answer": "1973",
"question": "When w... |
16,580 | Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of gene... | [
{
"answer": "a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities",
"question": "What is a CAFS accelerator?"
},
{
"answer": "efforts were generally unsuccessful",
"question": "Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned?"
},
{
"answer": "general-purpose hardware",
"question... |
16,581 | IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have to be stored in a ... | [
{
"answer": "System R",
"question": "What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?"
},
{
"answer": "1974/5",
"question": "When was IBM's system released?"
},
{
"answer": "multi-table systems",
"question": "What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?"
},
{... |
16,582 | The 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: "dBASE was differen... | [
{
"answer": "C. Wayne Ratliff",
"question": "Who created dBASE?"
},
{
"answer": "data manipulation is done by dBASE",
"question": "Why was dBASE unique?"
},
{
"answer": "lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box",
"question": "Why was dBASE successful?"
... |
16,583 | The 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone numb... | [
{
"answer": "object-oriented",
"question": "In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases?"
},
{
"answer": "object-relational impedance mismatch",
"question": "What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation?"
},
{
"answ... |
16,584 |
XML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems include commercial ... | [
{
"answer": "structured document-oriented database",
"question": "What kind of database is XML?"
},
{
"answer": "enterprise database management",
"question": "Where are XML databases frequently used?"
},
{
"answer": "ACID-compliant transaction processing",
"question": "What type of p... |
16,585 | In recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency, availability and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy any two of these g... | [
{
"answer": "eventual consistency",
"question": "What is used to offer a balance in guarantees?"
},
{
"answer": "the CAP theorem",
"question": "What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability, consistency, and partition tolerance guarantees?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"q... |
16,586 | The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A s... | [
{
"answer": "reflects the structure of the information to be held",
"question": "What should a conceptual data model do?"
},
{
"answer": "accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled",
"question": "What makes a successful data model?"
},
{
"answer": "definiti... |
16,587 | Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas t... | [
{
"answer": "database technology",
"question": "A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what?"
},
{
"answer": "schema",
"question": "In what form is the output of a logical database design?"
},
{
"answer": "logical",
"question": "Which data model is displayed as a spec... |
16,588 | The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible ... | [
{
"answer": "performance, scalability, recovery, security",
"question": "What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?"
},
{
"answer": "data independence",
"question": "What is an important goal in in this final stage?"
},
{
"answer": "Physical design",
"question"... |
16,589 | While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department... | [
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?"
},
{
"answer": "any number",
"question": "How many different external views of data are there?"
},
{
"answer": "see database information in a more business-related way",
"question": "What is the... |
16,590 | The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, a... | [
{
"answer": "a level of indirection between internal and external",
"question": "What does the conceptual view offer?"
},
{
"answer": "abstracts away details",
"question": "How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?"
},
{
"answer": "common",
"question": "What type of vi... |
16,592 | Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types,... | [
{
"answer": "who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information",
"question": "What does database access limit?"
},
{
"answer": "record types, specific records, data structures",
"question": "What are examples of database objects?"
},
{
"answer": "special ... |
16,593 | This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the datab... | [
{
"answer": "unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database",
"question": "What does data security avoid?"
},
{
"answer": "subschemas",
"question": "What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?"
},
{
"answer": "managing personal databases",
... |
16,594 | Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported... | [
{
"answer": "transaction",
"question": "What is a unit of work called in a database?"
},
{
"answer": "Each transaction has well defined boundaries",
"question": "Are transactions limited?"
},
{
"answer": "fault tolerance",
"question": "How can database transactions ensure accuracy af... |
16,595 | A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, a... | [
{
"answer": "primarily economical",
"question": "Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?"
},
{
"answer": "database related application",
"question": "In order to merge, what must the database maintain?"
},
{
"answer": "conceptual and external architectural levels",
... |
16,596 | Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.... | [
{
"answer": "database is found corrupted",
"question": "Name a reason to take a database backward in time?"
},
{
"answer": "dedicated backup files",
"question": "Is each database backup kept in the same file?"
},
{
"answer": "database administrator",
"question": "Who can restore a da... |
16,597 | Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languag... | [
{
"answer": "software verification",
"question": "How can static analysis be useful with query languages?"
},
{
"answer": "sound approximation techniques",
"question": "What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?"
},
{
"answer": "watermarking",
"question": ... |
16,598 | Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA ... | [
{
"answer": "Phoenix",
"question": "What is the largest populated city in Arizona?"
},
{
"answer": "60",
"question": "How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?"
},
{
"answer": "Optics Valley",
"question": "What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies in... |
16,599 | Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early ... | [
{
"answer": "southern Arizona",
"question": "What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?"
},
{
"answer": "Hohokam",
"question": "What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?"
},
{
"answer": "Santa Cruz River",
"question": "Near what river was a village ... |
16,600 | Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "... | [
{
"answer": "1821",
"question": "What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?"
},
{
"answer": "Hugo O'Conor",
"question": "Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?"
},
{
"answer": "Eusebio Francisco Kino",
"question": "Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?"
},
... |
16,601 | Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line ... | [
{
"answer": "June 8, 1854",
"question": "What was the date when Arizona was bought?"
},
{
"answer": "1861",
"question": "What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?"
},
{
"answer": "Gila River",
"question": "Arizona is south of which river?"
},
{
"answer": "Ga... |
16,603 | By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson aft... | [
{
"answer": "Pima County",
"question": "What county is Tuscon located in?"
},
{
"answer": "535,000",
"question": "What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?"
},
{
"answer": "respiratory therapy",
"question": "what were veterans in need of after World War I?"
},
{
"answer": "V... |
16,604 | The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the ... | [
{
"answer": "Mount Wrightson",
"question": "Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?"
},
{
"answer": "Sonoran",
"question": "Which desert is Tuscon in?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?"
},
{
"answer": "4,68... |
16,605 | Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in t... | [
{
"answer": "118",
"question": "How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?"
},
{
"answer": "60",
"question": "How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?"
},
{
"answer": "Tucson",
"question": "What is the second largest city in Arizona?"
},
{
"answer": "32nd",
"ques... |
16,606 | Interstate 10, which runs southeast to northwest through town, connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California, and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and... | [
{
"answer": "I-19",
"question": "Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?"
},
{
"answer": "miles",
"question": "Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?"
},
{
"answer": "U.S.-Mexico border",
"question": "What border does I-19... |
16,607 | At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, downtown Tucson underwent a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area ... | [
{
"answer": "Southern Pacific",
"question": "What was the Union Pacific once known as?"
},
{
"answer": "1900",
"question": "What year was Locomotive #1673 made in?"
},
{
"answer": "Rio Nuevo",
"question": "What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a d... |
16,608 | As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtow... | [
{
"answer": "Josias Joesler",
"question": "Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center?"
},
{
"answer": "Central",
"question": "Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in?"
},
{
"answer": "El Con Mall",
"question": "What mall is located in m... |
16,609 | Tucson's largest park, Reid Park, is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett. Despite this, Speedway Boulev... | [
{
"answer": "Reid Park",
"question": "What is Tuscon's largest Park?"
},
{
"answer": "Speedway Boulevard",
"question": "What was once named the \"ugliest street in America\" by Life magazine?"
},
{
"answer": "James Corbett",
"question": "What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boul... |
16,610 | Central Tucson is bicycle-friendly. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, N. Mountain Avenue has a full... | [
{
"answer": "Fourth Avenue Shopping District",
"question": "Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?"
},
{
"answer": "Sam Hughes neighborhood",
"question": "What neighborhood has historic homes?"
},
{
"answer": "bicycle",
"question": "What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tus... |
16,611 | South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83... | [
{
"answer": "10%",
"question": "What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?"
},
{
"answer": "Mexican",
"question": "What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon?"
},
{
"answer": "outdoor murals",
"question": "What are painted do to city policy? "
},
{... |
16,612 | A combination of urban and suburban development, the West Side is generally defined as the area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains, and includes the International Wildlife Museum, Sentinel Peak, and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa, l... | [
{
"answer": "I-10",
"question": "What interstate is the West side west of? "
},
{
"answer": "Old Tucson Studios",
"question": "What is the name of the movie set in Old West Tuscon?"
},
{
"answer": "Saguaro National Park West",
"question": "What is the name of the national park in Old... |
16,613 | On Sentinel Peak (also known as "'A' Mountain"), just west of downtown, there is a giant "A" in honor of the University of Arizona. Starting in about 1916, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the "A", which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted i... | [
{
"answer": "'A' Mountain",
"question": "What else is Sentinel Peak also known as?"
},
{
"answer": "University of Arizona",
"question": "What is the giant letter downtown in honor of?"
},
{
"answer": "1916",
"question": "What year did the tradition of freshmen whitewashing the \"A\" ... |
16,614 | Also on the north side is the suburban community of Catalina Foothills, located in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of the city limits. This community includes among the area's most expensive homes, sometimes multimillion-dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River ... | [
{
"answer": "Sabino Creek",
"question": "What is the Foothills west of?"
},
{
"answer": "Catalina Foothills",
"question": "Where are some of the major resorts of Tuscon?"
},
{
"answer": "upscale outdoor shopping mall",
"question": "What is La Encantada?"
},
{
"answer": "Oracl... |
16,615 | The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of ... | [
{
"answer": "thousands",
"question": "How many residents live in the master-planned communities?"
},
{
"answer": "Oro Valley",
"question": "Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?"
},
{
"answer": "Santa Catalina Mountains",
"question": "What mountains is Oro Valley next to?"
},
{
... |
16,616 | The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North O... | [
{
"answer": "Casas Adobes",
"question": "What is considered Tuscon's first suburb?"
},
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?"
},
{
"answer": "Gabrielle Giffords",
"question": "What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Villag... |
16,619 | Southeast Tucson continues to experience rapid residential development. The area includes Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road. It is the home of Santa Rita High School, Chuck Ford Park (Lakeside Park), Lakeside Lake, Lincoln Park (upper and lower), The Lakecrest Neighborh... | [
{
"answer": "The Atterbury Wash",
"question": "Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon?"
},
{
"answer": "Rita Ranch",
"question": "Where do a lot of the families from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base live at?"
},
{
"answer": "Civano",
"question": "Rita Ranch also has a p... |
16,620 | Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles (40 km) and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson's most popular vacation spots for cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing. Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven. In Summerhaven, visitors will find log houses and ... | [
{
"answer": "25",
"question": "How many miles is Catalina Highway?"
},
{
"answer": "Summerhaven",
"question": "What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?"
},
{
"answer": "Ski Valley",
"question": "What area has a ski lift?"
},
{
"answer": "snowboarding and skiing",
"questio... |
16,621 | Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; ... | [
{
"answer": "desert",
"question": "What kind of climate is Tuscon?"
},
{
"answer": "Alice Springs",
"question": "What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?"
},
{
"answer": "11.8",
"question": "What is the average amount of yearly precipitation in Tuscon in in... |
16,623 | Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C), with overnight lows between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C). Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °... | [
{
"answer": "between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C)",
"question": "What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?"
},
{
"answer": "between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C)",
"question": "What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?"
},
{
"answer": "the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C)",
... |
16,626 | As of the census of 2010, there were 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,500.1 inhabitants per square mile (965.3/km²). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 1,076.7 per square mile (415.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was... | [
{
"answer": "229,762",
"question": "How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "112,455",
"question": "How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "520,116",
"question": "How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?"
},
{
"... |
16,627 | Much of Tucson's economic development has been centered on the development of the University of Arizona, which is currently the second largest employer in the city. Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, located on the southeastern edge of the city, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the pres... | [
{
"answer": "University of Arizona",
"question": "What is the second-largest employer in Tucson?"
},
{
"answer": "Sierra Vista",
"question": "Where is the US Army Intelligence Center?"
},
{
"answer": "Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route",
"question": "What railroad route passes thr... |
16,628 | The City of Tucson, Pima County, the State of Arizona, and the private sector have all made commitments to create a growing, healthy economy[citation needed] with advanced technology industry sectors as its foundation. Raytheon Missile Systems (formerly Hughes Aircraft Co.), Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit Inc., Univers... | [
{
"answer": "Hughes Aircraft Co.",
"question": "What was Raytheon previously called?"
},
{
"answer": "Sanofi-Aventis",
"question": "What drug company has a major presence in Tucson?"
},
{
"answer": "150",
"question": "How many optics-related companies are in Tucson?"
},
{
"an... |
16,629 | Since 2009, the Tucson Festival of Books has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the University of Arizona. By 2010 it had become the fourth largest book festival in the United States, with 450 authors and 80,000 attendees. In addition to readings and lectures, it features a science fair, varied entert... | [
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "When did the Tucson Festival of Books begin?"
},
{
"answer": "a two-day period in March",
"question": "When is the Tucson Festival of Books held?"
},
{
"answer": "80,000",
"question": "How many people came to the Tucson Festival of Books in 2010?"
}... |
16,630 | For the past 25 years, the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages is one of the largest free festivals in the... | [
{
"answer": "the first Saturday and Sunday of May",
"question": "When is the Tucson Folk Festival held?"
},
{
"answer": "El Presidio Park",
"question": "Where is the Tucson Folk Festival held?"
},
{
"answer": "over 100",
"question": "How many performers are in the Tucson Folk Festiva... |
16,631 | Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or rodeo week, founded by winter visitor, Leighton Kramer. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as "the world's largest non-mechanized parade". The Rodeo Parade is a popular e... | [
{
"answer": "spring",
"question": "What season is February in Tucson?"
},
{
"answer": "rodeo week",
"question": "What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?"
},
{
"answer": "February",
"question": "What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in?"
},
{
"answer": "Leighton Kramer",
... |
16,632 | The Procession, held at sundown, consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats, sculptures, and memorials, in which the community is encouraged to participate. The parade is followed by performances on an outdoor stage, culminating in the burning of an urn in which written prayers hav... | [
{
"answer": "sundown",
"question": "What time of day is The Procession?"
},
{
"answer": "an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators",
"question": "What is burned at The Procession?"
},
{
"answer": "Many Mouths One Stomach",
"question": "What ... |
16,633 | The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home... | [
{
"answer": "Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace",
"question": "What famous writers have lived in Tucson?"
},
{
"answer": "a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions",
"question": "What is the Chax Press?"
},
{
"answer": "a sizable... |
16,634 | Tucson is commonly known as "The Old Pueblo". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood. When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the Preside... | [
{
"answer": "Mayor R. N. \"Bob\" Leatherwood",
"question": "Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?"
},
{
"answer": "March 20, 1880",
"question": "When did Tucson get a railroad?"
},
{
"answer": "\"ancient and honorable pueblo\"",
"question": "What did Leatherw... |
16,635 | The University of Arizona Wildcats sports teams, most notably the men's basketball and women's softball teams have strong local interest. The men's basketball team, formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach Lute Olson and currently coached by Sean Miller, has made 25 straight NCAA Tournaments and won the 1997 Nationa... | [
{
"answer": "25",
"question": "How many times has the University of Arizona men's basketball team won NCAA tournaments?"
},
{
"answer": "12",
"question": "How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team gone to NCAA National Championships?"
},
{
"answer": "8",
"que... |
16,636 | The Tucson Padres played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium from 2011 to 2013. They served as the AAA affiliate of the San Diego Padres. The team, formerly known as the Portland Beavers, was temporarily relocated to Tucson from Portland while awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido. Legal issues derailed the... | [
{
"answer": "Reno, Nevada",
"question": "Where did the Tucson Sidewinders move to?"
},
{
"answer": "Tucson Padres",
"question": "What team played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011-2013?"
},
{
"answer": "awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido",
"question": "Why we... |
16,637 | Tracks include Tucson Raceway Park and Rillito Downs. Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona. Rillito Downs is an in-town destination on weekends in January and February each year. This historic track held the first organized quarter horse r... | [
{
"answer": "Tucson Raceway Park",
"question": "Where does Tucson hold NASCAR races?"
},
{
"answer": "quarter horse races",
"question": "What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold?"
},
{
"answer": "Moltacqua racetrack",
"question": "What former Tucson horse racetrack no longer exists... |
16,638 | The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimete... | [
{
"answer": "The League of American Bicyclists",
"question": "Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving",
"question": "When does El Tour de Tucson happen?"
},
{
"answer": "Perimeter Bicycling",
"question": "Who runs... |
16,639 | In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (... | [
{
"answer": "Democratic",
"question": "Which political party does Tucson usually support?"
},
{
"answer": "Republican",
"question": "Which political party does Phoenix usually support?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split int... |
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