id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
16,640 | Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole... | [
{
"answer": "September",
"question": "When is Tucson's city council primary?"
},
{
"answer": "four-year",
"question": "How long are Tucson's city council terms?"
},
{
"answer": "November",
"question": "When is Tucson's city council general election?"
},
{
"answer": "1, 2, and... |
16,641 | Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Can... | [
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?"
},
{
"answer": "33¢ for every registered Tucson voter",
"question": "What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?"
},
{
"answer": "64¢ per regi... |
16,642 | Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial, while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly (an "alternative" publication), Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com is a nonprofit in... | [
{
"answer": "Arizona Daily Star",
"question": "What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?"
},
{
"answer": "The Daily Territorial",
"question": "What is Tucson's daily legal paper?"
},
{
"answer": "10/13 Communications",
"question": "Who publishes Tucson Weekly?"
},
{
"answer":... |
16,643 | The Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 68th largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,310 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.). It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona (Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise) The major television networks serving Tucson are: K... | [
{
"answer": "KVOA 4",
"question": "What is Tucson's NBC station?"
},
{
"answer": "KGUN 9",
"question": "What is Tucson's ABC station?"
},
{
"answer": "KMSB-TV 11",
"question": "What is Tucson's Fox station?"
},
{
"answer": "KOLD-TV 13",
"question": "What is Tucson's CBS s... |
16,644 | Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating sta... | [
{
"answer": "Tucson Electric Power",
"question": "Who runs Tucson's main power plant?"
},
{
"answer": "Interstate-10",
"question": "What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?"
},
{
"answer": "coal and natural gas",
"question": "What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?"
... |
16,645 | Perhaps the biggest sustainability problem in Tucson, with its high desert climate, is potable water supply. The state manages all water in Arizona through its Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR). The primary consumer of water is Agriculture (including golf courses), which consumes about 69% of all water. Muni... | [
{
"answer": "Agriculture (including golf courses)",
"question": "How is most of Tucson's water used?"
},
{
"answer": "69%",
"question": "How much of Tucson's water is used on agriculture?"
},
{
"answer": "25%",
"question": "How much of Tucson's water is used on residential/city use?"... |
16,646 | In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer. Additional study is scheduled to determine the amount of water that is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially durin... | [
{
"answer": "running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer",
"question": "How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater?"
},
{
"answer": "irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses",
"question": "What does Tucson use reclaimed water ... |
16,647 | To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainabl... | [
{
"answer": "Central Arizona Project Aqueduct",
"question": "What is the CAP?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 300 mi (480 km)",
"question": "How long is the CAP?"
},
{
"answer": "Colorado River",
"question": "What water source feeds the CAP?"
},
{
"answer": "Avra Valley aquifer",
... |
16,648 | Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of ... | [
{
"answer": "3.9-mile",
"question": "How long is the Sun Link?"
},
{
"answer": "Sun Tran",
"question": "What is Tucson's bus system called?"
},
{
"answer": "the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service",
"question": "What transit systems d... |
16,649 | Cycling is popular in Tucson due to its flat terrain and dry climate. Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths. The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi (160 km) of... | [
{
"answer": "its flat terrain and dry climate",
"question": "Why is cycling popular in Tucson?"
},
{
"answer": "a network of seven linear parks",
"question": "What is The Loop?"
},
{
"answer": "over 100",
"question": "How many miles of trails are in The Loop?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
16,650 | Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in ... | [
{
"answer": "democratic",
"question": "What kind of government does Armenia have?"
},
{
"answer": "Christianity",
"question": "What religion did Armenia support?"
},
{
"answer": "Tigranes the Great",
"question": "Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC?"
},
{
"an... |
16,651 | Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian... | [
{
"answer": "Ottoman and successive Iranian empires",
"question": "Which two empires ruled Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian Empire",
"question": "Who took over Eastern Armenia in the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "World War I",
"question": "When did t... |
16,652 | The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina ( ). The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, desc... | [
{
"answer": "Aram",
"question": "What name did Armenia gain it's name from?"
},
{
"answer": "401 BC",
"question": "When did Xenophon visit Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "Hecataeus of Miletus",
"question": "Who first referenced the Armenians?"
},
{
"answer": "Persians",
"questi... |
16,653 | Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their s... | [
{
"answer": "782 BC",
"question": "When was the capital of Armenia established?"
},
{
"answer": "Yerevan",
"question": "What is the capital of Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "Yerevan",
"question": "The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?"
},
{
"answer": "King ... |
16,654 | During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC u... | [
{
"answer": "King Artaxias I",
"question": "Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?"
},
{
"answer": "Achaemenid Empire",
"question": "What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "between 95 and 66 BC",
"question": "When did Armenia reach it's peak?"
},
{... |
16,655 | In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and pe... | [
{
"answer": "Tiridates I",
"question": "Who established the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "strategic location between two continents",
"question": "What made Armenia so easily invadable?"
},
{
"answer": "Ashurbanipal",
"question": "Who ruled the Assyrians between 669-62... |
16,656 | After the Marzpanate period (428–636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. I... | [
{
"answer": "428–636",
"question": "When was the Marzpanate era?"
},
{
"answer": "884",
"question": "When did the Principality of Armenia end?"
},
{
"answer": "King Ashot I Bagratuni",
"question": "Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?"
},
{
... |
16,657 | In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitu... | [
{
"answer": "the Byzantine Empire",
"question": "Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "1071",
"question": "When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?"
},
{
"answer": "6 January 1198",
"question": "When was Cilicia founded?"
},
{
"answer": "conquered Armenia",
... |
16,658 | The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The... | [
{
"answer": "the Zakarid",
"question": "Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?"
},
{
"answer": "Zakarid Armenia",
"question": "What principality did the Zakarid family form?"
},
{
"answer": "Syunik and Vayots Dzor",
"question": "What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command toge... |
16,659 | In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequentl... | [
{
"answer": "Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire",
"question": "Which empires seperated Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "Ottoman",
"question": "Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?"
},
{
"answer": "Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires",
"question": "Who contr... |
16,660 | While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimina... | [
{
"answer": "80,000 to 300,000",
"question": "How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896"
},
{
"answer": "pushing for more rights",
"question": "What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Red Sultan\" or \"Bloody Sultan.\"",
"question": "W... |
16,661 | During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-p... | [
{
"answer": "Dashnaktsutyun",
"question": "What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?"
},
{
"answer": "creating a \"free, independent and unified\" Armenia",
"question": "What was the Dashnaks objective?"
},
{
"answer": "fedayi",
"question": "Which Dashnak groups... |
16,662 | The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Co... | [
{
"answer": "April 1909",
"question": "When did the Adana massacre take place?"
},
{
"answer": "20,000–30,000",
"question": "How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?"
},
{
"answer": "1908",
"question": "When was Sultan Hamid unseated?"
},
{
"answer": "Young Turk Revolut... |
16,663 | When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers... | [
{
"answer": "World War I",
"question": "What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "29 May 1915",
"question": "When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian Army",
"question": "Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fi... |
16,664 | The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escor... | [
{
"answer": "state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide",
"question": "What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?"
},
{
"answer": "two phases",
"question": "How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?"
},
{
"answer": "killing of the able-bodied male population",
"... |
16,665 | Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely th... | [
{
"answer": "600,000",
"question": "How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??"
},
{
"answer": "Turkish authorities",
"question": "Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?"
},
{
"answer": "between 1 and 1.5 million",
"ques... |
16,666 | Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation ... | [
{
"answer": "Nikolai Yudenich",
"question": "Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?"
},
{
"answer": "Andranik Ozanian",
"question": "Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?"
},
{
"answer": "1917",
"question": "When was the Bolshevik Revolution? "
},
... |
16,667 | At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to... | [
{
"answer": "10 August 1920",
"question": "When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?"
},
{
"answer": "Wilsonian Armenia",
"question": "What is another name for Ottoman Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "President Woodrow Wilson",
"question": "Which US president specified the new Armenian borders?... |
16,668 | In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The vio... | [
{
"answer": "2 December 1920",
"question": "When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexandropol",
"question": "What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?"
},
{
"answer": "4 December",
"question": "When did the Armenian republic breakdown?"
},
{
... |
16,669 | Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the... | [
{
"answer": "4 March 1922",
"question": "When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?"
},
{
"answer": "Batumi",
"question": "The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?"
},
{
"answer": "sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır",
"question"... |
16,670 | The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm i... | [
{
"answer": "Moscow",
"question": "Who provided the Armenians with supplies?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph Stalin",
"question": "Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?"
},
{
"answer": "Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR",
"question": "Which three parts make up the TSFSR?"
},
{
"... |
16,671 | Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the ... | [
{
"answer": "Nikita Khruschev",
"question": "Who succeeded Stalin?"
},
{
"answer": "1967",
"question": "When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "1955",
"question": "When did Vazgen acquire his position?"
},
{
"answer": "1953",
"question": "Whe... |
16,672 | During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a maj... | [
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?"
},
{
"answer": "484,000",
"question": "How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?"
},
{
"answer": "1923",
"question": "When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?"
},
{
... |
16,673 | Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet In... | [
{
"answer": "New Armenian Army",
"question": "What does NAA stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "May 1990",
"question": "When was the NAA formed?"
},
{
"answer": "the MVD",
"question": "Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?"
},
{
"answer": "five Armenians",
"q... |
16,674 | Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 M... | [
{
"answer": "Sovetashen",
"question": "Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?"
},
{
"answer": "Armenia",
"question": "Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?"
},
{
"answer": "17 March 1991",
"question"... |
16,675 | Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaija... | [
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "rail traffic",
"question": "How does Armenia get most of it's commodities?"
},
{
"answer": "Azerbaijan",
"question": "Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh... |
16,676 | The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediate... | [
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "When did the Karabakh War end?"
},
{
"answer": "Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe",
"question": "What does OSCE stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkey and Azerbaijan",
"question": "Armenia has closed borders with which two countries?"
... |
16,677 | International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and p... | [
{
"answer": "7",
"question": "What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?"
},
{
"answer": "5.21",
"question": "What Democracy Score does Armenia have?"
},
{
"answer": "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime",
"question": "What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?"
... |
16,678 | Armenia presently maintains good relations with almost every country in the world, with two major exceptions being its immediate neighbours, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh War dominated the region's po... | [
{
"answer": "Turkey and Azerbaijan",
"question": "With who does Armenia have bad relations?"
},
{
"answer": "closed",
"question": "Is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan open or closed?"
},
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "When was the Nagorno-Karabakh War?"
}
] |
16,679 | Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st centu... | [
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkey",
"question": "Which country claims the Armenian Genocide didn't occur?"
},
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR?"
},
{
"an... |
16,680 | On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on normalisation of relationships, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border. The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia it passed through the required by legislation approval of the ... | [
{
"answer": "10 October 2009",
"question": "When did Armenia and Turkey initiate an attempt to reopen their border?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkey",
"question": "Who made it difficult to ratify the protocols to reopen the Armenian/Turkey border?"
},
{
"answer": "national parliaments",
"ques... |
16,681 | Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey.[citation needed] Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward E... | [
{
"answer": "Gyumri",
"question": "Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "427,822",
"question": "How many Armenians reside in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "as a deterrent against Turkey",
"question": "Why does Russia have a miltary base In Gyumri?... |
16,682 | Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe, maintaining friendly relations with the European Union, especially with its member states such as France and Greece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenia's population would be in favor of joining the EU. Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desire f... | [
{
"answer": "64%",
"question": "How many of Armenias inhabitants approve of becoming part of the EU?"
},
{
"answer": "a NATO-led international force in Kosovo",
"question": "What is KFOR?"
},
{
"answer": "France and Greece",
"question": "What are some states join Armenia in the Counc... |
16,683 | The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is ... | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When was the Armenian military created?"
},
{
"answer": "1992",
"question": "When was the Ministry of Defence founded?"
},
{
"answer": "The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard",
"question": "What are the four branches of the Armeni... |
16,684 | Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) along with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has engaged in a peaceke... | [
{
"answer": "Collective Security Treaty Organisation",
"question": "What does CSTO stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council",
"question": "What does EAPC stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan",
"question": ... |
16,685 | Within each province are communities (hamaynkner, singular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). As of 2007[update], Armenia incl... | [
{
"answer": "915",
"question": "How many hamaynkner does Armenia have?"
},
{
"answer": "twelve",
"question": "How many districts does Yerevan have?"
},
{
"answer": "rural",
"question": "Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker?"
},
{
"answer": "bnakavayr",
"question... |
16,686 | The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sec... | [
{
"answer": "Intel Corporation",
"question": "What group is opening a research center in Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "technology industry",
"question": "As opposed to an industry-based economy, what industry is Armenia moving to?"
},
{
"answer": "investment and support from Armenians abroad... |
16,687 | Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total e... | [
{
"answer": "After",
"question": "Was agriculture more important before or after Armenia left the Soviet Union?"
},
{
"answer": "food security needs",
"question": "Why did agriculture become so significant for Armenia's economy?"
},
{
"answer": "40%",
"question": "How much of total e... |
16,688 | Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 ... | [
{
"answer": "more than 25,000",
"question": "How many people died because of the Spitak earthquake?"
},
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "When was the Spitak earthquake?"
},
{
"answer": "60%",
"question": "How much did the Armenian GDP decrease from 1989-1993"
},
{
"answer": "... |
16,689 | Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the prev... | [
{
"answer": "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict",
"question": "What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994?"
},
{
"answer": "1995",
"question": "Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy?"
},
{
"answer": "economic reforms",
"question": "What helped Armenia dec... |
16,690 | This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants a... | [
{
"answer": "International Monetary Fund",
"question": "What does IMF stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development",
"question": "What dos EBRD stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "international financial institutions",
"question": "What does IFI stand for?"
... |
16,691 | A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving... | [
{
"answer": "15%",
"question": "What is the unemployment rate in Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "refugees from the Karabakh conflict",
"question": "To what does Armenia attribute it's high unemployment rate?"
},
{
"answer": "June 1994",
"question": "When did Armenia establish a foreign inv... |
16,692 | In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 population were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average. In 1989 some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education. In the 1990–91 school year, the estim... | [
{
"answer": "35%",
"question": "What percent of Armenian children go to preschool?"
},
{
"answer": "Yerevan State University",
"question": "What is Armenia's biggest University?"
},
{
"answer": "1933",
"question": "When did the National Polytechnic University of Armenia open?"
},
... |
16,693 | On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of th... | [
{
"answer": "1980",
"question": "When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?"
},
{
"answer": "1930",
"question": "When was the Medical Institute formed?"
},
{
"answer": "1995",
"question": "When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerev... |
16,694 | Foreign students' department for Armenian diaspora established in 1957 later was enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began. Nowadays the YSMU is a Medical Institution corresponding to international requirements, trains medical staff for not only Armenia and neighbor countries, i.e. Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Geo... | [
{
"answer": "WHO",
"question": "Who is in charge of releasing the World Directory of Medical Schools?"
},
{
"answer": "1957",
"question": "When was the foreign student department for Armenian diaspora created?"
},
{
"answer": "India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation",
... |
16,695 | Other educational institutions in Armenia include the American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan. The American University of Armenia has graduate programs in Business and Law, among others. The institution owes its existence to the combined efforts of the Government of Armenia, the Armen... | [
{
"answer": "One Laptopschool Per child",
"question": "What does OLPC stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan",
"question": "What are the names of some of the other higher education organizations in Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
16,696 | Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious mus... | [
{
"answer": "the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun",
"question": "What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint Mesrop Mashtots",
"question": "Who created the Armenian alphabet?"
},
{
"answer": "Aram Khatchaturian",
"question": "Who compose... |
16,697 | The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance mu... | [
{
"answer": "Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments",
"question": "What is kef?"
},
{
"answer": "preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia",
"question": "What did kef help do?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries",
... |
16,698 | Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and in... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Hagopian",
"question": "Who is the most well know kef artist?"
},
{
"answer": "American Big Band Jazz",
"question": "What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1960s and 1970s",
"question": "When did Armenian ... |
16,699 | Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing ... | [
{
"answer": "pianist",
"question": "What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni?"
},
{
"answer": "heavy metal",
"question": "What type of band was System of a Down?"
},
{
"answer": "Armenian revolutionary songs",
"question": "What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?"
},
{
"ans... |
16,700 | Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Cauc... | [
{
"answer": "jewellery and ornamental objects",
"question": "What is Obsidian used for?"
},
{
"answer": "nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes",
"question": "What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage?"
},
{
"answer": "woodcarving, antiques, fine lace... |
16,701 | The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of th... | [
{
"answer": "more than 16,000",
"question": "How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery?"
},
{
"answer": "The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum",
"question": "Where other than the National Art Gallery can one find art on displ... |
16,702 | A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be pr... | [
{
"answer": "Lake Sevan",
"question": "Which lake is most popular for water sports in Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "chess, weightlifting and wrestling",
"question": "What international sports has Armenia done well at?"
},
{
"answer": "Ice Hockey Federation",
"question": "What does IIHF s... |
16,703 | Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hra... | [
{
"answer": "gymnastics",
"question": "What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?"
},
{
"answer": "two golds and two silvers",
"question": "What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?"
},
{
"answer": "Helsinki",
"question": "Where were the 1952 Summer Oly... |
16,704 | Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggrega... | [
{
"answer": "FC Ararat Yerevan team",
"question": "What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?"
},
{
"answer": "FC Bayern Munich",
"question": "Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup?"
},
{
"answer": "44th",
"question": "What FIFA ranking did Armenia hol... |
16,705 | Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the re... | [
{
"answer": "the Armenian government",
"question": "Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?"
},
{
"answer": "$700,000",
"question": "What prize do Armenians receive from the go... |
16,706 | Armenian cuisine is as ancient as the history of Armenia, a combination of different tastes and aromas. The food often has quite a distinct aroma. Closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine, various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cui... | [
{
"answer": "eastern and Mediterranean cuisine",
"question": "What type of food is Armenian food most similair to?"
},
{
"answer": "quality of the ingredients",
"question": "What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on?"
},
{
"answer": "various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits",
... |
16,707 | Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. ... | [
{
"answer": "Bacteria",
"question": "What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?"
},
{
"answer": "spheres to rods and spirals",
"question": "What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?"
},
{
"answer": "few micrometres",
"question": "When is the typical lenght for b... |
16,708 | There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient ... | [
{
"answer": "40 million bacterial cells",
"question": "What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?"
},
{
"answer": "million bacterial cells",
"question": "How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?"
},
{
"answer": "by converting dissolved compounds",
"q... |
16,709 | There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immun... | [
{
"answer": "ten times as many bacterial cells",
"question": "What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?"
},
{
"answer": "the immune system",
"question": "What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?"
},
{
"answer": "pathogenic",
"question": "What type of bacteria can cau... |
16,710 | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | [
{
"answer": "prokaryotes",
"question": "What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as?"
},
{
"answer": "nucleus",
"question": "What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?"
},
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "When did the scientific classification change?"
},
{
... |
16,712 | Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and... | [
{
"answer": "one-tenth the size",
"question": "Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?"
},
{
"answer": "morphologies",
"question": "What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "0.7 mm",
"question": "How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?"
},
{
... |
16,713 | Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be s... | [
{
"answer": "spherical",
"question": "What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?"
},
{
"answer": "bacilli",
"question": "What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?"
},
{
"answer": "tightly coiled",
"question": "What shape Spirochaetes are?"
},
{
"answer"... |
16,714 | Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bac... | [
{
"answer": "diploids (pairs)",
"question": "What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "Filamentous bacteria",
"question": "What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?"
},
{
"answer": "Streptococcus",
"question": "What well known bacteria structure chains?"... |
16,715 | Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or bacterial mats. These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cell... | [
{
"answer": "biofilms",
"question": "What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?"
},
{
"answer": "up to half a meter in depth",
"question": "How extent can biofilm be?"
},
{
"answer": "microcolonies,",
"question": "What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bac... |
16,716 | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | [
{
"answer": "amino acids",
"question": "What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "aggregate to form fruiting bodies",
"question": "Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?"
},
{
"answer": "more resistant",
"question": "How hard to treat bacteria c... |
16,717 | The bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (also known as a lipid, cytoplasmic or plasma membrane). This membrane encloses the contents of the cell and acts as a barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components of the cytoplasm within the cell. As they are prokaryotes, bacteria do not usually... | [
{
"answer": "lipid",
"question": "What is a cell membrane?"
},
{
"answer": "barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components",
"question": "What does membrane accomplish?"
},
{
"answer": "do not",
"question": "Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cyto... |
16,718 | Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bac... | [
{
"answer": "concentration gradients across membranes",
"question": "What is crucial for biochemical reactions?"
},
{
"answer": "light-gathering membrane",
"question": "What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?"
},
{
"answer": "between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic spa... |
16,719 | Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Po... | [
{
"answer": "a single circular DNA chromosome",
"question": "What is genetic make of bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "in the cytoplasm",
"question": "Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?"
},
{
"answer": "irregularly shaped body",
"question": "How does nucleoid look?"
},
{
"... |
16,721 | In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called "murein" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids.... | [
{
"answer": "cell membrane and cell wall",
"question": "What composes the cell envelope?"
},
{
"answer": "peptidoglycan",
"question": "What is most common cell wall material?"
},
{
"answer": "Bacterial cell walls are different",
"question": "Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell... |
16,723 | Acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria is t... | [
{
"answer": "Ziehl-Neelsen stain",
"question": "What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention.",
"question": "What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria?"
},
{
... |
16,724 | Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment... | [
{
"answer": "fine filaments of protein",
"question": "What are fimbriae?"
},
{
"answer": "involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells",
"question": "What are fimbriae liable for?"
},
{
"answer": "2–10 nanometres",
"question": "What is the diameter of fimbriae?"
},
... |
16,725 | Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can make up to seven end... | [
{
"answer": "endospores",
"question": "What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?"
},
{
"answer": "is not a reproductive process",
"question": "Is creating endospore a reproductive process?"
},
{
"answer": "cortex layer",
"question": "What ... |
16,726 | Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and endospores even all... | [
{
"answer": "show no detectable metabolism",
"question": "Is there a metabolism in endospores?"
},
{
"answer": "UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure",
"question": "What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?"
},
{
"answer":... |
16,727 | Bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on... | [
{
"answer": "The distribution of metabolic traits",
"question": "What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "nutritional groups",
"question": "How is bacterial metabolism determined?"
},
{
"answer": "aerobic or anaerobic respiration",
"question": "What a... |
16,728 | Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteria, green sulfur-b... | [
{
"answer": "organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources",
"question": "How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?"
},
{
"answer": "cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide",
"question": "When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?"
},
{
"answer": "Heterotrophi... |
16,729 | Bacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reactions (e.g., carbon d... | [
{
"answer": "inorganic electron donors",
"question": "What do lithotrophs use ?"
},
{
"answer": "organic compounds",
"question": "What type of electron donors organotrophs use?"
},
{
"answer": "anaerobic organisms",
"question": "In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?... |
16,730 | These processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing pow... | [
{
"answer": "the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury",
"question": "What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?"
},
{
"answer": "ethanol",
"question": "What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?"
},
{
"answer": "can switch between fermentation and different te... |
16,731 | Lithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be used by methanotr... | [
{
"answer": "Common inorganic electron donors",
"question": "What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism",
"question": "How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotro... |
16,732 | Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes... | [
{
"answer": "diffusion",
"question": "What chemical process helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?"
},
{
"answer": "in the form of relatively small molecules",
"question": "How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?"
},
{
"answer": "endocytosis",
"question": "What ... |
16,733 | Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely... | [
{
"answer": "Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce",
"question": "How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "through binary fission",
"question": "How does bacteria reproduce?"
},
{
"answer": "divide extremely rapidly",
"question": "If the condition... |
16,734 | In the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid media occurs as a... | [
{
"answer": "solid or liquid media",
"question": "In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?"
},
{
"answer": "agar plates",
"question": "What is typical solid setting?"
},
{
"answer": "The use of selective media",
"question": "What can help to indentify specific bacte... |
16,735 | Most laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This nutrient limitation has led the evolution of different growth... | [
{
"answer": "high levels of nutrients",
"question": "What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells?"
},
{
"answer": "nutrients are limited",
"question": "What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "biofilms",
"question":... |
16,736 | Bacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment and preparing... | [
{
"answer": "lag phase",
"question": "What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?"
},
{
"answer": "rapid exponential growth",
"question": "What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?"
},
{
"answer": "nutrients",
"question": "The absence of what causes the last stage of... |
16,737 | Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, wit... | [
{
"answer": "circular chromosome",
"question": "What shape is chromosome of bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia",
"question": "What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?"
},
{
"answer": "Borrelia burgdorferi",
"question": "What bacteri... |
16,738 | Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to... | [
{
"answer": "inherit identical copies of their parent's genes",
"question": "What makes bacteria an asexual organism?"
},
{
"answer": "changes to their genetic material DNA",
"question": "What can cause mutation in bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "random mutation during replication or \"stress... |
16,739 | Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plas... | [
{
"answer": "Transduction of bacterial genes",
"question": "What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?"
},
{
"answer": "Conjugation",
"question": "What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?... |
16,740 | Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosom... | [
{
"answer": "numerous bacterial gene products",
"question": "What does transformation of bacteria depends on?"
},
{
"answer": "this complex process",
"question": "How simple is the process of transformation?"
},
{
"answer": "enter a special physiological state termed competence",
"qu... |
16,741 | In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistan... | [
{
"answer": "the same species",
"question": "Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?"
},
{
"answer": "transfer of antibiotic resistance",
"question": "What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?"
},
{
"answ... |
16,742 | Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and... | [
{
"answer": "viruses that infect bacteria",
"question": "What are Bacteriophages?"
},
{
"answer": "infect and lyse their host bacteria",
"question": "What can viruses do to bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "lethal pathogen",
"question": "What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of hos... |
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