id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
16,743 | Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritricho... | [
{
"answer": "single flagellum",
"question": "What is monotrichous?"
},
{
"answer": "20 proteins",
"question": "How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?"
},
{
"answer": "peritrichous",
"question": "When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?"
},
{
... |
16,745 | The term "bacteria" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancient common anc... | [
{
"answer": "all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes",
"question": "What would original term \"bacteria\" determine?"
},
{
"answer": "Eubacteria and Archaebacteria",
"question": "What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?"
},
{
"answer": "archaea and eukaryotes"... |
16,746 | The Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the "Gram-positive" cell wall stain purple, while the thin "Gram-negative" cell wall appears pink. By combining morphology and Gram-staining,... | [
{
"answer": "The Gram stain",
"question": "What was developed by Hans Christian Gram?"
},
{
"answer": "1884",
"question": "What year was the Grahm stain was developed?"
},
{
"answer": "purple",
"question": "What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained?... |
16,747 | As with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detection and identific... | [
{
"answer": "molecular methods",
"question": "What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "polymerase chain reaction",
"question": "What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?"
},
{
"answer": "identification of \"viable but nonculturable\" cells"... |
16,748 | Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to digest the... | [
{
"answer": "bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms",
"question": "Why are certain bacteria called predatory?"
},
{
"answer": "attach to their prey in order to digest them",
"question": "Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?"
},
{
"answer": "in... |
16,749 | Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archae... | [
{
"answer": "close spatial associations",
"question": "What helps bacteria to survive?"
},
{
"answer": "anaerobic bacteria",
"question": "What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?"
},
{
"answer": "butyric acid or propionic acid",
"question": "What do anaerobic ba... |
16,750 | In soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many plants, which can... | [
{
"answer": "rhizosphere",
"question": "Where do bacteria stay in soil?"
},
{
"answer": "converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds",
"question": "What do bacteria do in soil?"
},
{
"answer": "provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen",
"question": "How does the conversion ... |
16,751 | If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known m... | [
{
"answer": "bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms",
"question": "What are the pathogenes?"
},
{
"answer": "may only be discovered many years after",
"question": "Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?"
},
{
"answer": "human death and disease",
"qu... |
16,752 | Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death. Yet these... | [
{
"answer": "pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions",
"question": "How pathogenes interact with it's human host?"
},
{
"answer": "exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease",
"question": "Can all bacteria in human body be harmful?"
},
{
"answer": "speci... |
16,753 | Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. An example of h... | [
{
"answer": "if they kill bacteria",
"question": "What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?"
},
{
"answer": "bacteriostatic",
"question": "What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth"
},
{
"answer": "rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pop... |
16,754 | The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attempt t... | [
{
"answer": "ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds",
"question": "What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?"
},
{
"answer": "Bacteria",
"question": "What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?"
},
{
"answer": "used for the bioremediation",
"qu... |
16,755 | Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the function of genes, enzy... | [
{
"answer": "molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry",
"question": "What sciences use bacteria?"
}
] |
16,756 | Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the lim... | [
{
"answer": "1676",
"question": "When was the first time bacteria were observed?"
},
{
"answer": "Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek",
"question": "Who discovered bacteria?"
},
{
"answer": "using a single-lens microscope of his own design",
"question": "How was he able to see... |
16,757 | Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compounds tha... | [
{
"answer": "In 1910",
"question": "When was the first antibiotic discovered?"
},
{
"answer": "Paul Ehrlich",
"question": "Who was the creator of antibiotic?"
},
{
"answer": "Treponema pallidum",
"question": "What bacteria did he treat first?"
},
{
"answer": "Gram stain and t... |
16,758 | When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly ... | [
{
"answer": "PWB",
"question": "What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?"
},
{
"answer": "IPC",
"question": "What organization likes the term \"circuit card assembly\" for boards that have already been assembled?"
},
{
"answer": "printed circuit assembly",
"question": "Wha... |
16,759 | Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints inc... | [
{
"answer": "traces",
"question": "In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?"
},
{
"answer": "photomask",
"question": "What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?"
},
{
"answer": "self-adhesive tape",
"question": "What were traces original... |
16,760 | Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing ... | [
{
"answer": "Panelization",
"question": "What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?"
},
{
"answer": "a single design",
"question": "Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?"
},
{
"answer": "assembly panels",
"question": "What type of panels can ... |
16,761 | The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes less space, is to cut V-shaped gr... | [
{
"answer": "depaneling",
"question": "What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?"
},
{
"answer": "individual circuits",
"question": "What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?"
},
{
"answer": "lasers",
"question": "What technology has ma... |
16,762 | Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full ad... | [
{
"answer": "additive",
"question": "Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?"
},
{
"answer": "mask",
"question": "What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?"
},
{
"answer": "palladium",
"question": "What chemical element is of... |
16,763 | Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unm... | [
{
"answer": "traces",
"question": "In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?"
},
{
"answer": "copper",
"question": "What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?"
},
{
"answer": "etching",
"questi... |
16,764 | The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rat... | [
{
"answer": "hobbyists",
"question": "What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?"
},
{
"answer": "Heat",
"question": "If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?"
},
{
"answer": "long",... |
16,765 | Multi-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by starting from a two-sided copper-... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?"
},
{
"answer": "trace layers",
"question": "What makes up the ... |
16,766 | Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear... | [
{
"answer": "high-speed-steel",
"question": "What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?"
},
{
"answer": "abrasive",
"question": "What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?"
},
{
"answer": "coated tungsten carbid... |
16,767 | The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes. These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperatu... | [
{
"answer": "conductive",
"question": "What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered \"multi-layer\"?"
},
{
"answer": "de-smear",
"questio... |
16,768 | Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readil... | [
{
"answer": "oxidizes",
"question": "What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?"
},
{
"answer": "benzimidazolethiol",
"question": "What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?"
},
{
"answer": "hot air solder levelling",
"question": "What's... |
16,769 | Other platings used are OSP (organic surface protectant), immersion silver (IAg), immersion tin, electroless nickel with immersion gold coating (ENIG), electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG) and direct gold plating (over nickel). Edge connectors, placed along one edge of some boards, are often... | [
{
"answer": "organic surface protectant",
"question": "What does OSP stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "nickel",
"question": "What metal is often under the gold plating on edge connectors?"
},
{
"answer": "IAg",
"question": "What's the abbreviation for immersion silver plating?"
},
{
... |
16,770 | Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board (PCB) under the influence of a DC voltage bias. Silver, zinc, and aluminum are known to grow whiskers under the influence of an electric field. Silver also grows conducting surface paths in the presence of halid... | [
{
"answer": "Electrochemical migration",
"question": "What's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage?"
},
{
"answer": "zinc",
"question": "Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?"
},
{
"answer... |
16,771 | Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist (solder mask). One of the most common solder resists used today is called "LPI" (liquid photoimageable solder mask). A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB, then exposed to light through the solder mask image film, and finally ... | [
{
"answer": "solder resist",
"question": "If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead?"
},
{
"answer": "solder mask",
"question": "What's another term used for \"solder resist\"?"
},
{
"answer": "liquid photoimageable solder mask",
"question": "What solder resist with... |
16,772 | Unpopulated boards are usually bare-board tested for "shorts" and "opens". A short is a connection between two points that should not be connected. An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected. For high-volume production a fixture or a rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper ... | [
{
"answer": "\"shorts\"",
"question": "What are bare-board tests looking for besides \"opens\"?"
},
{
"answer": "copper",
"question": "What conductive metal are the lands on a circuit board made out of?"
},
{
"answer": "An open",
"question": "What's an absent connection that needs to... |
16,773 | Often, through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a single assembly because some required components are available only in surface-mount packages, while others are available only in through-hole packages. Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength f... | [
{
"answer": "through-hole",
"question": "Surface-mount is one type of construction used in PCB assembly; what's the other one?"
},
{
"answer": "through-hole",
"question": "Which type of construction makes components that use more space?"
},
{
"answer": "surface-mount",
"question": "W... |
16,774 | In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Tes... | [
{
"answer": "Joint Test Action Group",
"question": "What's the most frequently used test configuration procedure for ICs?"
},
{
"answer": "temporary",
"question": "Do test circuits create permanent or temporary connections between traces?"
},
{
"answer": "ICs",
"question": "What comp... |
16,775 | PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilu... | [
{
"answer": "conformal coating",
"question": "If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions, what would probably be applied?"
},
{
"answer": "corrosion",
"question": "The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?"
},
{
"an... |
16,776 | Many assembled PCBs are static sensitive, and therefore must be placed in antistatic bags during transport. When handling these boards, the user must be grounded (earthed). Improper handling techniques might transmit an accumulated static charge through the board, damaging or destroying components. Even bare boards are... | [
{
"answer": "antistatic bags",
"question": "What special protection are most PCBs shipped in?"
},
{
"answer": "static charge",
"question": "What force can easily change or even completely destroy an etch on a PCB?"
},
{
"answer": "earthed",
"question": "What's another term for \"grou... |
16,777 | The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplated component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides... | [
{
"answer": "wave soldering machine",
"question": "If a lead wasn't soldered manually, what device was used?"
},
{
"answer": "through-hole",
"question": "Which type of PCB construction technique was used first?"
},
{
"answer": "copper traces",
"question": "In through-hole constructio... |
16,778 | Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately, and limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side. Once surface-mounting came into use, sm... | [
{
"answer": "Through-hole",
"question": "Which type of construction is more expensive?"
},
{
"answer": "multi-layer",
"question": "What type of boards end up with limited routing space in through-hole manufacture?"
},
{
"answer": "mechanical stress",
"question": "What force might dam... |
16,779 | Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid-1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface, instead of wire leads to pass through holes. Components became muc... | [
{
"answer": "mid-1990s",
"question": "When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process?"
},
{
"answer": "wire leads",
"question": "What did the new components with end tabs replace?"
},
{
"answer": "automation",
"question": "What improvement is possible with surfac... |
16,780 | Each trace consists of a flat, narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching. The resistance, determined by width and thickness, of the traces must be sufficiently low for the current the conductor will carry. Power and ground traces may need to be wider than signal traces. In a multi-layer board one entire... | [
{
"answer": "etching",
"question": "What process is a trace left over from?"
},
{
"answer": "width",
"question": "Along with thickness, what determines the resistance of a trace?"
},
{
"answer": "signal",
"question": "What type of trace is often narrower than a ground trace?"
},
... |
16,781 | The cloth or fiber material used, resin material, and the cloth to resin ratio determine the laminate's type designation (FR-4, CEM-1, G-10, etc.) and therefore the characteristics of the laminate produced. Important characteristics are the level to which the laminate is fire retardant, the dielectric constant (er), th... | [
{
"answer": "type designation",
"question": "What element of a laminate is designated by the cloth to resin ratio, among other things?"
},
{
"answer": "Z-axis expansion coefficient",
"question": "What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes?"... |
16,782 | There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (phenolic cotton... | [
{
"answer": "Teflon",
"question": "What's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene?"
},
{
"answer": "phenolic cotton paper",
"question": "What pre-preg material is designated by \"FR-2\"?"
},
{
"answer": "ball grid array",
"question": "To what type of packaging is thermal expansion... |
16,783 | The reinforcement type defines two major classes of materials - woven and non-woven. Woven reinforcements are cheaper, but the high dielectric constant of glass may not be favorable for many higher-frequency applications. The spatially nonhomogeneous structure also introduces local variations in electrical parameters, ... | [
{
"answer": "woven",
"question": "Along with the non-woven class, what makes up the reinforcement type materials?"
},
{
"answer": "non-woven",
"question": "Which is the more expensive reinforcement type?"
},
{
"answer": "spatially nonhomogeneous",
"question": "What type of structure ... |
16,784 | At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias. Below Tg the thermal expansion of the resin roughly matches copper and glass, above it gets significa... | [
{
"answer": "glass transition temperature",
"question": "What's the temperature at which resin softens and expands called?"
},
{
"answer": "joints",
"question": "Along with vias, what makes up the components of a board?"
},
{
"answer": "mechanical overload",
"question": "What will ha... |
16,785 | Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only... | [
{
"answer": "Moisture absorption",
"question": "What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?"
},
{
"answer": "cracking",
"question": "If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other t... |
16,786 | The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper, or approximately 0.0042 inches (4.2 mils, 105 μm) thick. PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resista... | [
{
"answer": "three ounces",
"question": "What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered \"heavy copper\"?"
},
{
"answer": "0.0042 inches",
"question": "About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?"
},
{
"answer": "current",
... |
16,787 | Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one locat... | [
{
"answer": "routing of wires",
"question": "What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?"
},
{
"answer": "a connection",
"question": "What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?"
},
{
"answer": "crosstalk",
"questio... |
16,788 | Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted betw... | [
{
"answer": "Cordwood",
"question": "What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?"
},
{
"answer": "axial-leaded components",
"question": "What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?"
},
{
"answer": "nickel... |
16,789 | Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1... | [
{
"answer": "Albert Hanson",
"question": "Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?"
},
{
"answer": "linen paper",
"question": "What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?"
},
{
... |
16,790 | The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed... | [
{
"answer": "a radio set",
"question": "What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?"
},
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?"
},
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "... |
16,791 | During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metal... | [
{
"answer": "Globe Union",
"question": "What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?"
},
{
"answer": "Harry W. Rubinstein",
"question": "Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used ... |
16,792 | Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the ... | [
{
"answer": "through-hole",
"question": "What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "What year was the patent for the Auto-Semb... |
16,793 | The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season. Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday eve... | [
{
"answer": "The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders",
"question": "How many club members are there?"
},
{
"answer": "Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season.",
"question":... |
16,794 | The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestica... | [
{
"answer": "The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992",
"question": "What date was the Premier League formed?"
},
{
"answer": "BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively.",
"question": "Who secured the domestic rights to ... |
16,795 | The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bund... | [
{
"answer": "The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world,",
"question": "Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "broadcast in 212 territories",
"question": "How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?"
},
{
... |
16,796 | Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaste... | [
{
"answer": "the late '80s had marked a low point for English football",
"question": "When was the low point for English football?"
},
{
"answer": "Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife",
"question": "Why was there a low point for English football?"
... |
16,797 | However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lif... | [
{
"answer": "by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse",
"question": "When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around?"
},
{
"answer": "England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals.",
"question": "Was England ... |
16,798 | Television money had also become much more important; the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986, but when that deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years. The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league; ten clubs threatened to leave and for... | [
{
"answer": "the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986",
"question": "How much money did the Football League receive in revenues from television money for a two year agreement in 1986?"
},
{
"answer": "deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four... |
16,799 | At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed to... | [
{
"answer": "At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled",
"question": "In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?"
},
{
"answer": "established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League.",
"question": "What did this agreement establish?"
},
{
"answer":... |
16,800 | The managing director of London Weekend Television (LWT), Greg Dyke, met with the representatives of the "big five" football clubs in England in 1990. The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League. Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country ... | [
{
"answer": "The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League.",
"question": "Why did Greg Dyke of London Weekend Television meet with representatives of the biggest five English football clubs in 1990?"
},
{
"answer": "Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT i... |
16,801 | In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate. This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated un... | [
{
"answer": "In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse",
"question": "When did the First Division clubs resign from the Football League?"
},
{
"answer": "on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football A... |
16,802 | The league held its first season in 1992–93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs. The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry ... | [
{
"answer": "The league held its first season in 1992–93",
"question": "When did the Premier League hold its first season?"
},
{
"answer": "was originally composed of 22 clubs.",
"question": "Originally, how many clubs did the Premier League have?"
},
{
"answer": "The first ever Premier ... |
16,803 | One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called "Big Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking al... | [
{
"answer": "the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United",
"question": "What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s?"
},
{
"answer": "Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04",... |
16,804 | The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the "Big Four" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "s... | [
{
"answer": "In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005",
"question": "Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season?"
},
{
"answer": "due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs.",
... |
16,805 | Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 Ju... | [
{
"answer": "the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995",
"question": "What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995."
},
{
"answer": "Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football",
"question": "In 1995, who r... |
16,806 | The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the lea... | [
{
"answer": "Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts.",
"question": "How many votes does each Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) club have on issues?"
},
{
"answer": "The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April... |
16,807 | The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA's European Club Association, the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients. For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Liverpool, Manchester Cit... | [
{
"answer": "the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients.",
"question": "Who decides on how many Premeir League representatives there are for the European Club Association?"
},
{
"answer": "For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the... |
16,808 | There are 20 clubs in the Premier League. During the course of a season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points a... | [
{
"answer": "During the course of a season (from August to May)",
"question": "When does the Premier League have its playing season?"
},
{
"answer": "each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 game... |
16,809 | The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winne... | [
{
"answer": "The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League",
"question": "What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?"
},
{
"answer": "Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament;",
"question": "What place... |
16,810 | An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England f... | [
{
"answer": "UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League",
"question": "Which team did not qualifty for Champions League in 2005 but was able to particpate?"
},
{
"answer": "in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Cham... |
16,811 | Between the 1992–93 season and the 2012–13 season, Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times (as well as supplying five of the runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with six wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins, and ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins (see table here).... | [
{
"answer": "Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times",
"question": "How many times have Premier League teams have won the Champions League since 1992-2013?"
},
{
"answer": "won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008)",
"question": "How many times has th... |
16,812 | The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10. In 2013–14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier ... | [
{
"answer": "the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues",
"question": "What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14?"
},
{
"answer": "total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10.",
"question": "What are the Premier... |
16,813 | In 2011, a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion. The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011. In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League ... | [
{
"answer": "In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League",
"question": "Did Swansea qualify for the Europa Leaque in 2012-13?"
},
{
"answer": "Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011.",
"question": "When was Swansea City's home match play... |
16,814 | Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result. The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland. Additionally, t... | [
{
"answer": "in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland,",
"question": "Which team received permission to move to Dublin, Ireland in 1998?"
},
{
"answer": "Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, b... |
16,815 | Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League. The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off. At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market, as was charging fans to watch live ... | [
{
"answer": "The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992",
"question": "Who received broadcasting rights to the Premier League in 1992?"
},
{
"answer": "pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market,",
"question": "Why was this a unique decision?"
... |
16,816 | The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis. This is in contrast to some other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually, leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs. The money is divided into three parts: half is div... | [
{
"answer": "other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually",
"question": "Do European Leagues sell their television rights per a collective level?"
},
{
"answer": "a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs",
"question": "What... |
16,818 | The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel, and a number of court cases have arisen as a result. An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds f... | [
{
"answer": "The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel",
"question": "Why has there been a several court cases against Sky and Premier League?"
},
{
"answer": "Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports ... |
16,820 | The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme. In Australia, Fox Sports broadcasts almost all of the season's 380 matches live, and Foxtel gives subscribers the option of selecting which Saturday 3pm match to watch. In India, the matches are broadcast live ... | [
{
"answer": "The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme",
"question": "What country is the Premier League the most distributed televised sports broadcast?"
},
{
"answer": "In India, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports. In Ch... |
16,821 | The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports. Premier League viewership has increased rapidly, with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014–15 season, up 118% from 2012–13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 (220,000 viewers), and NBC Sports has been wi... | [
{
"answer": "The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports.",
"question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014–15 season",
"question": "What was the average vi... |
16,822 | There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League. Since its split with the Football League, many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues. Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television right... | [
{
"answer": "in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues,",
"question": "Why has their been distance between the Premier League and the Football League?"
},
{
"answer": "many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first seas... |
16,823 | The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of "parachute payments". Starting with the 2013–14 season, these payments are in excess of £60 million over four seasons. Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues (th... | [
{
"answer": "The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of \"parachute payments\".",
"question": "If a team is relegated in the Premier League what type of tv payment do they receive?"
},
{
"answer": "critics maintain th... |
16,824 | As of the 2015–16 season, Premier League football has been played in 53 stadiums since the formation of the Premier League in 1992. The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-s... | [
{
"answer": "as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater",
"question": "What was the result of their recommendation?"
},
{
"answer": "a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished",
"question": "What did the Taylor Report recommend at the the Hillsborough disaster... |
16,825 | Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs. For the 2009–10 season, average attendances across the league clubs were 34,215 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,001,616. This represents an increase of 13,089 from the average attendance of... | [
{
"answer": "Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs.",
"question": "Are attendance remittances that important to the Premier League?"
},
{
"answer": "The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007–08 season.",
"qu... |
16,826 | Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition. Their influence varies from club-to-club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans. Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro ... | [
{
"answer": "Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition.",
"question": "What are some of the every day tasks that a manager of a team has to deal with?"
},
{
"answer": "Managers are required to hav... |
16,827 | At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland. By 2000–01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total. In the 2004–05 season the... | [
{
"answer": "On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,",
"question": "Which team in 1999 had a line-up for starting that was consisted of all foreign players?"
},
{
"answer": "At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, ju... |
16,828 | In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players, in 1999, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union. A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country i... | [
{
"answer": "In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players",
"question": "Why did the Home Office change it rules regardin work permits in 1999?"
},
{
"answer": "A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his co... |
16,829 | Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association. The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January. Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usuall... | [
{
"answer": "The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January.",
"question": "When are the transfer windows?"
},
{
"answer": "Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually ... |
16,830 | The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition. Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £3 million. The record rose steadily in the Premier League's first few se... | [
{
"answer": "The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition.",
"question": "Have transfer fees been increasing over the past years?"
},
{
"answer": "Alan Shearer made a record breaking £15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996.",
"q... |
16,831 | The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 diffe... | [
{
"answer": "The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season.",
"question": "Who is the Golden Boot award given to each season?"
},
{
"answer": "Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260",
"question": "Who ... |
16,832 | Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design ... | [
{
"answer": "The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football.",
"question": "What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?"
},
{
"answer": "Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy",
"question":... |
16,834 | Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, Rome's land-holding ari... | [
{
"answer": "citizens",
"question": "Who elected consuls in the Roman government?"
},
{
"answer": "leading plebeian families",
"question": "Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?"
},
{
"answer": "the Justinian Code",
"question": "What were Rome's legislative structure... |
16,836 | This growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While there were exceptions t... | [
{
"answer": "Second Punic War",
"question": "After what war did the alliances start to solidify?"
},
{
"answer": "This growing coalition",
"question": "What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area?"
},
{
"answer": "southern Italian",
"qu... |
16,837 | In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace ho... | [
{
"answer": "destabilisation",
"question": "What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?"
},
{
"answer": "Polybius",
"question": "Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?"
},
{
"answer": "alliance-seeking",
"question": "Why was Rome invol... |
16,838 | Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions o... | [
{
"answer": "crisis management",
"question": "What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?"
},
{
"answer": "the time of the Roman Empire",
"question": "At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?"
},
{
"answer": "intentional empire-buildi... |
16,839 | The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. ... | [
{
"answer": "the Battle of Lake Regillus",
"question": "In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?"
},
{
"answer": "496 BC",
"question": "What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?"
},
{
"answer": "477 BC",
"question": "In what year did Rome claim ... |
16,840 | By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and ferocity, called on Rome ... | [
{
"answer": "387 BC",
"question": "When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?"
},
{
"answer": "15,000 troops",
"question": "How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?"
},
{
"answer": "Rome",
"question": "Where did the Romans attempt to escap... |
16,841 | After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revol... | [
{
"answer": "Italy",
"question": "What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked?"
},
{
"answer": "two battles",
"question": "How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War?"
},
{
"answer": "revolt of several of t... |
16,842 | Despite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term "Pyrrhic victory"). In 275 BC, P... | [
{
"answer": "Pyrrhus",
"question": "Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army?"
},
{
"answer": "negotiate",
"question": "What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus?"
},
{
"answer": "Pyrrhus",
"question": "What military leader does the term Pyrrhic ... |
16,843 | The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise a... | [
{
"answer": "naval battles",
"question": "What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "grappling engine",
"question": "What type of engine was invented by the Romans?"
},
{
"answer": "Xanthippus",
"question": "Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their ... |
16,844 | The Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively on the... | [
{
"answer": "Hasdrubal Barca",
"question": "What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle?"
},
{
"answer": "Metaurus River",
"question": "At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at?"
},
{
"answer": "the Battle of Zama",
"question": "In which ... |
16,845 | Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies, and defense ag... | [
{
"answer": "Treaties",
"question": "What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?"
},
{
"answer": "punic colonies",
"question": "What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?"
},
{
"answer": "punic cities",
"question": "What cities flourished af... |
16,846 | Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome d... | [
{
"answer": "Macedonia",
"question": "What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "westward",
"question": "Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek peninsula",
"question": "What peninsula was... |
16,848 | With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now... | [
{
"answer": "Hannibal",
"question": "Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?"
},
{
"answer": "an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself",
"question": "What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?"
},
{
"an... |
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