id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
17,625 | Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the d... | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?"
},
{
"answer": "every ten years",
"question": "How often does Namibia conduct a census?"
},
{
"answer": "de facto method",
"question": "What is it called when the census counts every person... |
17,626 | Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages o... | [
{
"answer": "1990",
"question": "German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?"
},
{
"answer": "monolingual",
"question": "SWAPO thought Namibia s... |
17,627 | Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. The most famous athlete from Nam... | [
{
"answer": "Namibian ultra marathon",
"question": "What is the toughest footrace around the world?"
},
{
"answer": "Women's inline hockey National Team",
"question": "Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?"
},
{
"answer": "Inline hockey",
"question": "What popu... |
17,628 | The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During So... | [
{
"answer": "Windhoeker Anzeiger",
"question": "What was the first Namibian newspaper?"
},
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?"
},
{
"answer": "1898",
"question": "When was the first Namibian newspaper founded... |
17,629 | Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as ... | [
{
"answer": "Windhoek Observer",
"question": "What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia?"
},
{
"answer": "Namibia Economist",
"question": "What is the economical magazine in Namibia?"
},
{
"answer": "Namib Times",
"question": "What is the regional magazine in Namibia?"
},
{
... |
17,630 | Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom. Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country. The African Media... | [
{
"answer": "media",
"question": "Compared to neighbouring countries, what freedom does Namibia have?"
},
{
"answer": "Canada",
"question": "Namibia is on par with what country in terms of media and reporting?"
},
{
"answer": "36",
"question": "Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freed... |
17,631 | Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 52.2 years in 2012 – among the lowest in the world. The AIDS epidemic is a large problem in Namibia. Though its rate of infection is substantially lower than that of its eastern neighbour, Botswana, approximately 13.1% of the adult population is[update] infected with HIV. In ... | [
{
"answer": "52.2",
"question": "What is the life expectancy in Namibia?"
},
{
"answer": "AIDS",
"question": "What epidemic is a large problem in Namibia?"
},
{
"answer": "13.1%",
"question": "How much of the Namibian population is infected with HIV?"
},
{
"answer": "210,000"... |
17,632 | The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic. Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14.5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV. The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent HIV infection. Given infection rates this large... | [
{
"answer": "malaria",
"question": "What health issue is compounded by the AIDS epidemic in Namibia?"
},
{
"answer": "14.5% greater",
"question": "What is the risk of contracting malaria if an individual is already infected with HIV?"
},
{
"answer": "50%",
"question": "The risk of de... |
17,633 | Russian (ру́сский язы́к, russkiy yazyk, pronounced [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] ( listen)) is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. It is an unofficial but widely-spoken language in Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, and to a lesser extent, t... | [
{
"answer": "East Slavic",
"question": "What language sub-family is Russian in?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories",
"question": "Where is Russian an official language?"
},
{
"answer": "Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia",
"quest... |
17,634 | Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstre... | [
{
"answer": "consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation",
"question": "What kind of phonemes are soft sounds?"
},
{
"answer": "optional acute accent",
"question": "What kind of accent can mark stress?"
},
{
"answer": "homographic words",
"question": "What kind of words ca... |
17,635 | Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family. It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in eastern and southern U... | [
{
"answer": "the language used in Kievan Rus'",
"question": "What language does Russian descend from?"
},
{
"answer": "Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn",
"question": "What are Russian's closest relatives?"
},
{
"answer": "eastern Ukraine",
"question": "Where is Surzhyk used?"
},
... |
17,636 | The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. How... | [
{
"answer": "South Slavic Old Church Slavonic",
"question": "What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?"
},
{
"answer": "mainly abstract and literary words",
"question": "What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?"
},
{
"answer": "East Slavic and the ... |
17,637 | Until the 20th century, the language's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population, as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system tha... | [
{
"answer": "the 20th century",
"question": "When did Russian language spread to the peasants?"
},
{
"answer": "the upper noble classes and urban population",
"question": "Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "the mid-20th century",
"question": "When did the Sov... |
17,638 | Ethnic Russians constitute 25.5% of the country's current population and 58.6% of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian. In all, 67.8% of Estonia's population can speak Russian. Command of Russian language, however, is rapidly decreasing among younger Estonians (primarily being replaced by the co... | [
{
"answer": "25.5%",
"question": "How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians?"
},
{
"answer": "67.8%",
"question": "How much of Estonia speaks Russian?"
},
{
"answer": "about one-third",
"question": "What is the ratio of young Estonians who speak Russian relative to those who speak Engli... |
17,639 | As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918, a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland. There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns, amounting to 0.6% of the population. Five thousand (0.1%) of them are late 19th century and 20th century immigrants or their descendants, and th... | [
{
"answer": "1809",
"question": "When did Finland join the Russian Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "1918",
"question": "When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "0.6%",
"question": "What percent of Finns speak Russian?"
},
{
"answer": "33,400",
"question": "How ... |
17,640 | In Ukraine, Russian is seen as a language of inter-ethnic communication, and a minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent... | [
{
"answer": "14,400,000",
"question": "How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?"
},
{
"answer": "29 million",
"question": "How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?"
},
{
"answer": "65%",
"question": "What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?... |
17,641 | In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger ... | [
{
"answer": "Warsaw Pact",
"question": "What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba",
"question": "Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?"
},
{
"an... |
17,642 | Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-sp... | [
{
"answer": "The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria",
"question": "In which European countries do many Russian immigrants live?"
},
{
"answer": "13%",
"question": "How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Russian citizens?"
},
{
... |
17,643 | In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the popu... | [
{
"answer": "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities",
"question": "What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "15,000",
"question": "How many Armenians speak Russian natively?"
},
{
"answer": "1 million",
"question": "How many Armenians spe... |
17,644 | In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the p... | [
{
"answer": "1.7 million",
"question": "How many Georgians speak Russian actively?"
},
{
"answer": "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities",
"question": "What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?"
},
{
"answer": "130,000",
"question": "How many Georgians ... |
17,645 | In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country,... | [
{
"answer": "according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration",
"question": "What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan?"
},
{
"answer": "63%",
"question": "What percent of people in Kaz... |
17,647 | Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunica... | [
{
"answer": "1975",
"question": "When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?"
},
{
"answer": "Apollo-Soyuz",
"question": "For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?"
},
{
"answer": "International Mathematical Olympiad",
"question": "What math competition has Russian as an official lan... |
17,648 | In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov... | [
{
"answer": "Russian",
"question": "What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "54.7%",
"question": "What percent of all websites are in English?"
},
{
"answer": "5.9%",
"question": "What percent of all websites are in Russian?"
},
{
"answer":... |
17,649 | Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag... | [
{
"answer": "\"Northern\" and \"Southern\"",
"question": "What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern",
"question": "What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into?"
},
{
"answer": "non-standard features of... |
17,650 | The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk... | [
{
"answer": "pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly",
"question": "What is okanye?"
},
{
"answer": "post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te",
"question": "What articles are similar to Bulgarian?"
},
{
"answer": "absence of vowel reduction",
"question": "What do some Russian dialects do a... |
17,652 | Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Langua... | [
{
"answer": "Vladimir Dal",
"question": "Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?"
},
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?"
},
{
"answer": "18th century",
"question": "When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?... |
17,653 | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically... | [
{
"answer": "⟨е⟩",
"question": "What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become?"
},
{
"answer": "⟨и⟩",
"question": "What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become?"
},
{
"answer": "⟨ф⟩",
"question": "What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become?"
},
{
"answer": "⟨у⟩",
"question": "What did the ol... |
17,654 | Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou... | [
{
"answer": "мороз",
"question": "What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?"
},
{
"answer": "мышь",
"question": "What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?"
},
{
"answer": "frost",
"question": "What does 'moroz' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "Unicode character encoding,",
"question": "What... |
17,655 | The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88... | [
{
"answer": "the Soviet government",
"question": "Who created KOI8-R encoding?"
},
{
"answer": "Microsoft Windows",
"question": "What system used CP1251 encoding?"
},
{
"answer": "MS-DOS and OS/2",
"question": "What systems used IBM866 encoding?"
},
{
"answer": "ISO/IEC 8859-... |
17,657 | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co... | [
{
"answer": "St. Petersburg Phonological School",
"question": "Who says Russian has 6 vowels?"
},
{
"answer": "depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized",
"question": "When are Russian vowels written differently?"
},
{
"answer": "Moscow dialect",
"question": ... |
17,658 | Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a s... | [
{
"answer": "a phoneme",
"question": "What might /kʲ/ be considered?"
},
{
"answer": "the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant",
"question": "What is palatalization?"
},
{
"answer": "with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than aga... |
17,659 | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R... | [
{
"answer": "approximately 1000 AD",
"question": "When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?"
},
{
"answer": "about 880",
"question": "When was Kievan Rus' formed?"
},
{
"answer": "modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus",
"question": "What countries did Kiev... |
17,660 | The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc... | [
{
"answer": "the languages of Western Europe",
"question": "Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?"
},
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "What third language was common am... |
17,661 | The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ... | [
{
"answer": "Alexander Pushkin",
"question": "Who revolutionized modern Russian?"
},
{
"answer": "archaic grammar and vocabulary",
"question": "What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?"
},
{
"answer": "archaic grammar and vocabulary",
"question": "What was 'high style'?"
},
{
... |
17,662 | During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow... | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When did the USSR dissolve?"
},
{
"answer": "1990",
"question": "When did the USSR make Russian the official language?"
},
{
"answer": "the unifying role and superior status",
"question": "What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 199... |
17,663 | According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20... | [
{
"answer": "Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)",
"question": "What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?"
},
{
"answer": "A. L. Arefyev",
"question": "Who wrote \"Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries\"?"
},
{
"answer": "2012",
... |
17,664 | The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ... | [
{
"answer": "the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces",
"question": "What is the USAF?"
},
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "How many uniformed services are there in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "18 September 1947",
"question": "When did the USAF spli... |
17,665 | The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confir... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?"
},
{
"answer": "Secretary of Defense",
"question": "Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? "
},
{
"answer": "Senate",
"question": "What branch of the government must ... |
17,666 | Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipm... | [
{
"answer": "twelve",
"question": "How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? "
},
{
"answer": "contribute to national security",
"question": "What do these core functions of the Air Force express? "
},
{
"answer": "core functions",
"question": "Wha... |
17,667 | Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to ... | [
{
"answer": "Assure/Dissuade/Deter",
"question": "What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? "
},
{
"answer": "Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD",
"question": "How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? "
},
{
... |
17,668 | Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of ac... | [
{
"answer": "the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets",
"question": "What is the definition of a nuclear strike? "
},
{
"answer": "deployment of nuclear strike capabilities",
"question": "What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Se... |
17,669 | Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against r... | [
{
"answer": "Nuclear surety",
"question": "What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? "
},
{
"answer": "precise and reliable nuclear operations",
"question": "What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? "
},
{
"answer": "unauthorized or accidental use",
"questi... |
17,670 | Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and m... | [
{
"answer": "Offensive Counterair",
"question": "What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? "
},
{
"answer": "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms",
"question": "What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?"
},... |
17,671 | Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as "all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces... | [
{
"answer": "Defensive Counterair",
"question": "What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? "
},
{
"answer": "friendly",
"question": "What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?"
},
{
"answer": "employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks",
"question": "What is... |
17,672 | Space superiority is "the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force" (JP 1-02). Space superiority may be... | [
{
"answer": "Space superiority",
"question": "What is the dominance in space of one force over another? "
},
{
"answer": "localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring",
"question": "What does Space Superiority encompass? "
},
{
"answer": "friendly forces",
"question":... |
17,673 | Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive ... | [
{
"answer": "operations to ensure freedom of action in space",
"question": "What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? "
},
{
"answer": "operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack",
"question": "What is one of the areas of operation t... |
17,674 | This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, comput... | [
{
"answer": "Air Force",
"question": "Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?"
},
{
"answer": "computer network defense",
"question": "What is the definition of CND?"
},
{
"answer": "CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques",
"question... |
17,675 | Cyberspace Support is foundational, continuous, or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in, through, and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space. Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish, extend, secure, ... | [
{
"answer": "Cyberspace Support",
"question": "What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability? "
},
{
"answer": "sustain assigned networks and missions",
"question": "What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?"
},
{
"answer": "C2 networks/co... |
17,676 | Command and control is "the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a ... | [
{
"answer": "exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces",
"question": "What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations? "
},
{
"answer": "commander in planning",
"question": "Who is in charge of the Command a... |
17,677 | Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These acti... | [
{
"answer": "Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations",
"question": "What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? "
},
{
"answer": "development of appropriate intelligence architecture",
"question": "What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Dir... |
17,678 | Special Operations are "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, ... | [
{
"answer": "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments",
"question": "What are Special Operations? "
},
{
"answer": "achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives",
"question": "What are the goals of Special Operations? "
},
{
... |
17,679 | Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a va... | [
{
"answer": "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air",
"question": "What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations? "
},
{
"answer": "strategic, operational, or tactical",
"question": "What objectives does Airlift support? "
},
{
... |
17,680 | Aeromedical Evacuation is "the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation" (JP 1-02). JP 4-02, Health Service Support, further defines it as "the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities, using organic a... | [
{
"answer": "Health Service Support",
"question": "Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation? "
},
{
"answer": "Aeromedical Evacuation",
"question": "What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?"
},
{
"answer": "to and between medical treatment ... |
17,681 | Personnel Recovery (PR) is defined as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel" (JP 1-02). It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and ret... | [
{
"answer": "Personnel Recovery",
"question": "What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?"
},
{
"answer": "military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel",
"question": "What is the definition of a ... |
17,682 | Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian as... | [
{
"answer": "Humanitarian Assistance Operations",
"question": "What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? "
},
{
"answer": "limited",
"question": "What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "human pain, disease, h... |
17,683 | Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security. Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking. ... | [
{
"answer": "airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors",
"question": "What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force? "
},
{
"answer": "develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security",
"question": "What are the goals of the Buil... |
17,684 | The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlis... | [
{
"answer": "U.S. War Department",
"question": "Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?"
},
{
"answer": "40 years later",
"question": "When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? "
},
{
"answer": "68,000",
"question": "How many causalities did the U... |
17,685 | The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military avia... | [
{
"answer": "Department of Defense",
"question": "What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?"
},
{
"answer": "sea-based operations from aircraft carrie... |
17,686 | During the early 2000s, the USAF fumbled several high profile aircraft procurement projects, such as the missteps on the KC-X program. Winslow Wheeler has written that this pattern represents "failures of intellect and – much more importantly – ethics." As a result, the USAF fleet is setting new records for average air... | [
{
"answer": "early 2000s",
"question": "When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects? "
},
{
"answer": "Winslow Wheeler",
"question": "Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"quest... |
17,687 | Since 2005, the USAF has placed a strong focus on the improvement of Basic Military Training (BMT) for enlisted personnel. While the intense training has become longer, it also has shifted to include a deployment phase. This deployment phase, now called the BEAST, places the trainees in a surreal environment that they ... | [
{
"answer": "Basic Military Training",
"question": "What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005?"
},
{
"answer": "BEAST",
"question": "What is the deployment phase of BMT called? "
},
{
"answer": "directing search and recovery",
"question": "What other training do the US Air force... |
17,688 | In 2007, the USAF undertook a Reduction-in-Force (RIF). Because of budget constraints, the USAF planned to reduce the service's size from 360,000 active duty personnel to 316,000. The size of the active duty force in 2007 was roughly 64% of that of what the USAF was at the end of the first Gulf War in 1991. However, th... | [
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force?"
},
{
"answer": "budget constraints",
"question": "Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force?"
},
{
"answer": "330,000",
"question": "How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 20... |
17,689 | On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for "systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission f... | [
{
"answer": "Secretary of Defense",
"question": "Who was Robert Gates? "
},
{
"answer": "Michael Wynne",
"question": "What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "Taiwan",
"question": "Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons? ... |
17,690 | Due to the Budget sequestration in 2013, the USAF was forced to ground many of its squadrons. The Commander of Air Combat Command, General Mike Hostage indicated that the USAF must reduce its F-15 and F-16 fleets and eliminate platforms like the A-10 in order to focus on a fifth-generation jet fighter future. In respon... | [
{
"answer": "Budget sequestration",
"question": "Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "General Mike Hostage",
"question": "Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "squadron groundings and flight time reductions",
... |
17,691 | Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress re... | [
{
"answer": "replace its aging fleet",
"question": "What is one of the concerns of the Air Force? "
},
{
"answer": "cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets",
"question": "How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet?... |
17,692 | The Department of the Air Force is one of three military departments within the Department of Defense, and is managed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense. The senior officials in the Office of the Secretary are the Under Secretary of the Ai... | [
{
"answer": "Secretary of the Air Force",
"question": "Who is the Department of the Air Force managed by?"
},
{
"answer": "Secretary of Defense",
"question": "Who does the Secretary of the Air Force report to?"
},
{
"answer": "President",
"question": "Who appoints the top positions i... |
17,693 | The organizational structure as shown above is responsible for the peacetime organization, equipping, and training of aerospace units for operational missions. When required to support operational missions, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directs the Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) to execute a Change in Operation... | [
{
"answer": "Secretary of Defense",
"question": "Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? "
},
{
"answer": "Change in Operational Control",
"question": "What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? "
},
{
"answer": "USTRANSCOM",
"question": "Who does the ... |
17,694 | "Chopped" units are referred to as forces. The top-level structure of these forces is the Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF). The AETF is the Air Force presentation of forces to a CCDR for the employment of Air Power. Each CCDR is supported by a standing Component Numbered Air Force (C-NAF) to provide planni... | [
{
"answer": "forces",
"question": "What are \"Chopped\" units called in the USAF?"
},
{
"answer": "Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force",
"question": "What is the top level structure of these Chopped forces in the USAF? "
},
{
"answer": "planning and execution of aerospace forces",
... |
17,695 | AFSCs range from officer specialties such as pilot, combat systems officer, missile launch officer, intelligence officer, aircraft maintenance officer, judge advocate general (JAG), medical doctor, nurse or other fields, to various enlisted specialties. The latter range from flight combat operations such as a gunner, t... | [
{
"answer": "judge advocate general",
"question": "What kind of AFSC is a JAG?"
},
{
"answer": "missile launch officer",
"question": "What is one of the many types of AFSC employed by the USAF? "
},
{
"answer": "computer specialties",
"question": "What is an example of an occupationa... |
17,696 | Beyond combat flight crew personnel, perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Combat rescue officer, Pararescue, Security Forces, Combat Control, Combat Weather, Tactical Air Control Party, and AFOSI agents, who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs, rescu... | [
{
"answer": "Explosive Ordnance Disposal",
"question": "What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF?"
},
{
"answer": "Tactical Air Control Party",
"question": "What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?"
},
{
"answer": "rescue downed or isolated personnel",
"... |
17,697 | Training programs vary in length; for example, 3M0X1 (Services) has 31 days of tech school training, while 3E8X1 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions, sometimes taking students close to two years to complete. Officer t... | [
{
"answer": "one year of training with a preliminary school",
"question": "How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?"
},
{
"answer": "3M0X1 (Services)",
"question": "What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?"
},
{
"answer": "Second Air Force",
"questi... |
17,698 | USAF rank is divided between enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers, and ranges from the enlisted Airman Basic (E-1) to the commissioned officer rank of General (O-10). Enlisted promotions are granted based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval... | [
{
"answer": "enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers",
"question": "What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung? "
},
{
"answer": "based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval",
"question": "How are Enlisted promotions in ... |
17,699 | Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA) for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. DOPMA also establishes limits on the number of officers that can serve at any given time ... | [
{
"answer": "Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act",
"question": "Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF? "
},
{
"answer": "Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980",
"question": "What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?"
},
{
"answer": "virtually guaranteed after two ... |
17,700 | During the board process an officer's record is reviewed by a selection board at the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. At the 10 to 11 year mark, captains will take part in a selection board to major. If not selected, they will meet a follow-on board to determine if they will ... | [
{
"answer": "Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base",
"question": "Where is an officer's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion?"
},
{
"answer": "Texas",
"question": "What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in? "
},
{
"answer": "thirteen year",
"question... |
17,701 | Although provision is made in Title 10 of the United States Code for the Secretary of the Air Force to appoint warrant officers, the Air Force does not currently use warrant officer grades, and is the only one of the U.S. Armed Services not to do so. The Air Force inherited warrant officer ranks from the Army at its in... | [
{
"answer": "Title 10",
"question": "What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers?"
},
{
"answer": "1947",
"question": "When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army?"
},
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": ... |
17,702 | Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted). While all USAF military personnel are referred to as Airmen, the term also refers to the pay grades of E-1 through E-4, which are below the level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grade... | [
{
"answer": "E-1 (entry level)",
"question": "What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?"
},
{
"answer": "E-9 (senior enlisted)",
"question": "What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?"
},
{
"answer": "pay grades E-7 through E-9",
"question": "What pay grades are included in the USAF... |
17,703 | The USAF is the only branch of the U.S. military where NCO status is achieved when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5. In all other branches, NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 (e.g., a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps, Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard). The ... | [
{
"answer": "pay grade of E-4",
"question": "When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?"
},
{
"answer": "when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5",
"question": "When does NCO status occur in the USAF?"
},
{
"answer": "completed Airman Leadership Sch... |
17,705 | In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment. Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards. Over time, various badges have been discontinued and are no longer distributed. Authorized badges incl... | [
{
"answer": "various badges",
"question": "What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment? "
},
{
"answer": "merit-based or service-based awards",
"question": "What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF? "
},
{
"answer": "Shields of USAF Fire Protection",
"qu... |
17,706 | Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy, upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) program, or through the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS). OTS, previously located at Lackland AFB, Texas until 19... | [
{
"answer": "United States Air Force Academy",
"question": "USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? "
},
{
"answer": "Air Force Officer Training School",
"question": "What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?"
},
{
"answ... |
17,707 | The Air Force also provides Commissioned Officer Training (COT) for officers of all three components who are direct-commissioned to non-line positions due to their credentials in medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration. Originally viewed as a "knife and fork school" that covered littl... | [
{
"answer": "Commissioned Officer Training",
"question": "What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?"
},
{
"answer": "medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration",
"question": "What fields of study in the COT are included in this ... |
17,709 | The ground-attack aircraft of the USAF are designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for, and in proximity to, U.S. ground forces. The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below. They are t... | [
{
"answer": "U.S. ground forces",
"question": "What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for? "
},
{
"answer": "precision strikes",
"question": "What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?"
},
{
"answer": "front of ... |
17,710 | In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, ar... | [
{
"answer": "drop bombs",
"question": "What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do? "
},
{
"answer": "bomber",
"question": "What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks? "
},
{
"answer": "fighter bombers and attack aircraft",
"question"... |
17,711 | The service's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s, its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s. The B-52 Stratofortress airframe design is over 60 years old and the B-52H aircraft currently in the active inventory were all built between 1960 and 1962. The B-52H is scheduled t... | [
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force? "
},
{
"answer": "1980s",
"question": "When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft? "
},
{
"answer": "B-52H",
"question": "What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?"
... |
17,712 | Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world, usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace. The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Her... | [
{
"answer": "Cargo and transport",
"question": "What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? "
},
{
"answer": "C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy",
"question": "What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?"
},
{
... |
17,713 | The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called ... | [
{
"answer": "deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS",
"question": "What is the purpose of electronic warfare?"
},
{
"answer": "The Eye in the Sky",
"question": "What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?"
},
{
"answer": "to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical inform... |
17,714 | The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term "fighter" is also sometimes used colloquially... | [
{
"answer": "air-to-air combat",
"question": "What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?"
},
{
"answer": "F-16 Fighting Falcon",
"question": "What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?"
},
{
"answer": "F-16",
"question... |
17,715 | The USAF's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets. The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom, and can be equipped with "probe and drogue" refueling systems. Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also ... | [
{
"answer": "aerial refueling aircraft",
"question": "What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?"
},
{
"answer": "tail-mounted refueling boom",
"question": "How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?"
},
{
"answer": "large-scale operations",
"question": "When ... |
17,716 | In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tac... | [
{
"answer": "Robert Gates",
"question": "What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "Michael Wynne",
"question": "What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?"
},
{
"answer": "Gene... |
17,717 | Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their se... | [
{
"answer": "Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.",
"question": "What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?"
},
{
"answer": "an organization in which mostly its officers fought",
"question": "How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?"
},
{
"... |
17,718 | Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them unt... | [
{
"answer": "Cultural and career issues",
"question": "What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?"
},
{
"answer": "Iraq War",
"question": "During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?"
},
{
"answer": "large aircraf... |
17,719 | Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range f... | [
{
"answer": "Royal Air Force",
"question": "Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? "
},
{
"answer": "\"Friday Name Tags\" in flying units",
"question": "What traditions does the US Air Force have? "
},
{
"answer": "U.S. Army",
"question": "What organization did the ... |
17,720 | The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including "No One Comes Close" and Uno Ab Alto ("One From On High"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used "Aim High" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used "Cross into the Blue", "We've been waiting for you" and "Do Something Amazing", ... | [
{
"answer": "\"No One Comes Close\"",
"question": "What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan? "
},
{
"answer": "\"One From On High\"",
"question": "What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean? "
},
{
"answer": "\"Aim high\" followed with the response, \"Fly-Fight-Win\"",
"quest... |
17,721 | Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as di... | [
{
"answer": "environmental",
"question": "What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used?"
},
{
"answer": "longer lifetime",
"question": "What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources?"
},
{
"answer": "Light-emitting diodes",
"question": "What does LED st... |
17,722 | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | [
{
"answer": "British",
"question": "What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?"
},
{
"answer": "Electroluminescence",
"question": "LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?"
},
{
"answer": "1907",
"question": "When was Electroluminescence discove... |
17,723 | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | [
{
"answer": "1957",
"question": "What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?"
},
{
"answer": "Kroemer Braunstein",
"question": "Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?"
},
{
"answer": "a GaAs diode",
"question": "The ... |
17,725 | The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improve... | [
{
"answer": "General Electric Company",
"question": "At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed?"
},
{
"answer": "Nick Holonyak, Jr.",
"question": "What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?"
},
{
"answer": "red",
"question": "What color is associat... |
17,727 | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | [
{
"answer": "blue",
"question": "What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?"
},
{
"answer": "Shuji Nakamura",
"question": "Who demonstrated the first blue LED?"
},
{
"answer": "2014 Nobel prize in physics",
"question": "What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?"
}... |
17,728 | The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y
3Al
5O
12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining ... | [
{
"answer": "white",
"question": "What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?"
},
{
"answer": "yellow light",
"question": "What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?"
}
] |
17,729 | A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conduct... | [
{
"answer": "P-N junction",
"question": "What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current?"
},
{
"answer": "electroluminescence",
"question": "What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?"
},
{
"answer": "the conduction ... |
17,730 | In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents.... | [
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "In what year was a new type of blue LED produced?"
},
{
"answer": "Cree",
"question": "Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED?"
},
{
"answer": "four times",
"question": "How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED co... |
17,731 | The most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can also occur. Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life. With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperat... | [
{
"answer": "loss of efficiency",
"question": "What is a symptom of LED failure?"
},
{
"answer": "Sudden failures",
"question": "What is rare in LED lighting?"
},
{
"answer": "their short service life",
"question": "What was notable in early red LEDs?"
},
{
"answer": "higher ... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.