id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
17,852 | The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with usin... | [
{
"answer": "1673-1674",
"question": "When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?"
},
{
"answer": "900,000",
"question": "How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?"
},
{
"answer": "crushed by the Green Standard Army",
"question": "What happened to Wu's army?"
}
] |
17,856 | In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianl... | [
{
"answer": "Zhu Zhiliang",
"question": "Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?"
},
{
"answer": "1725",
"question": "When did Yongzheng give this title?"
},
{
"answer": "perform rituals",
"question": "What was Zhu's job?"
}
] |
17,857 | Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then t... | [
{
"answer": "1727",
"question": "When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta?"
},
{
"answer": "territory and trading rights",
"question": "What did the treaty give to the Russians?"
},
{
"answer":... |
17,858 | Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history.... | [
{
"answer": "3,400 books",
"question": "How many books were in the Siku Quanshu?"
},
{
"answer": "36,304 volumes",
"question": "How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu?"
},
{
"answer": "Qianlong",
"question": "Who created the Siku Quanshu?"
},
{
"answer": "53",
"questio... |
17,860 | However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall a... | [
{
"answer": "Manchuria",
"question": "Where did Hans go to to find land?"
},
{
"answer": "500,000 hectares",
"question": "How much land did the Han cultivate?"
},
{
"answer": "80%",
"question": "What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han?"
}
] |
17,862 | However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial contr... | [
{
"answer": "European states",
"question": "Which empires grew during the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "What country near China did the Europeans first control?"
},
{
"answer": "Canton",
"question": "What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into ... |
17,863 | Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chines... | [
{
"answer": "silk, tea, and ceramics",
"question": "What products from China did Europeans want?"
},
{
"answer": "silver",
"question": "What did the Chinese want in return?"
},
{
"answer": "imbalance of trade and the drain of silver",
"question": "What were the British and French con... |
17,864 | The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces... | [
{
"answer": "British",
"question": "Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War?"
},
{
"answer": "1842",
"question": "When did the Qing surrender to the British?"
},
{
"answer": "Treaty of Nanjing,",
"question": "What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War?"
},
{
"answer... |
17,866 | The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fig... | [
{
"answer": "unsatisfied",
"question": "Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing?"
},
{
"answer": "Qing government",
"question": "Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions?"
},
{
"answer": "1854",
"question": "When did the British try to r... |
17,867 | Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in an act of revenge for... | [
{
"answer": "1860",
"question": "Whed did the British and French invade Beijing?"
},
{
"answer": "Rehe",
"question": "Where did the emperor go?"
},
{
"answer": "burnt it to the ground",
"question": "What happened to the Old Summer Palace?"
},
{
"answer": "Convention of Beijin... |
17,868 | Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in... | [
{
"answer": "Zuo Zongtang",
"question": "Who put down the rebellions?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?"
},
{
"answer": "1861",
"question": "What year did Tongzhi take power?"
},
{
"answer": "western military technology",
"que... |
17,869 | The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 187... | [
{
"answer": "Russian",
"question": "Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?"
},
{
"answer": "1870",
"question": "When was the Tientsin Massacre?"
},
{
"answer": "1858",
"question": "When was the Cochinchina Campaign?"
},
{
"answer": "Indochina",
"quest... |
17,870 | Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly... | [
{
"answer": "naval weakness",
"question": "What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "(1856–60)",
"question": "When was the Arrow War?"
},
{
"answer": "Gulf of Zhili",
"question": "Where did the French and English land in 1860?"
},
... |
17,871 | In 1884, pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup. Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising. Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin, an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the First Sino-Japanese War of 1... | [
{
"answer": "Gapsin Coup",
"question": "What coup happened in 1884?"
},
{
"answer": "pro-Japanese Koreans",
"question": "Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?"
},
{
"answer": "Tensions",
"question": "What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?"
},
{
"answer"... |
17,873 | From 1889, when Guangxu began to rule in his own right, to 1898, the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement, spending the majority of the year at the Summer Palace. On November 1, 1897, two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province (the Juye Incident). In response, Ger... | [
{
"answer": "Summer Palace",
"question": "Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?"
},
{
"answer": "November 1, 1897,",
"question": "When were two missionaries killed?"
},
{
"answer": "Shandong Province",
"question": "Where were the missionaries killed?"
},
{
"an... |
17,874 | In the wake of these external defeats, the Guangxu Emperor initiated the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898. Newer, more radical advisers such as Kang Youwei were given positions of influence. The emperor issued a series of edicts and plans were made to reorganize the bureaucracy, restructure the school system, and appoint n... | [
{
"answer": "Hundred Days' Reform of 1898",
"question": "What did the emperor do in response to so many defeats by the Europeans?"
},
{
"answer": "Kang Youwei",
"question": "Name an advisor to Guangxu?"
},
{
"answer": "empress dowager",
"question": "Who took over the policy of China?... |
17,875 | Widespread drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or "Boxers." In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered forei... | [
{
"answer": "North China",
"question": "Where was there a drought?"
},
{
"answer": "Righteous and Harmonious Fists",
"question": "What was another name for the Boxers?"
},
{
"answer": "1900",
"question": "When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians?"
},
... |
17,876 | By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as ... | [
{
"answer": "issued an imperial edict",
"question": "What did Cixi do in 1901?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Late Qing Reform\"",
"question": "What were the governments New Policies also called?"
},
{
"answer": "1905",
"question": "When were imperial examinations halted?"
}
] |
17,878 | With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional re... | [
{
"answer": "Yuan Shikai",
"question": "Who led the Qing?"
},
{
"answer": "Sun Yat-sen",
"question": "Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war?"
},
{
"answer": "Sun Yat-sen,",
"question": "Who led the Republic of China?"
},
{
"answer": "Yuan",
"question": "Who becam... |
17,879 | On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combin... | [
{
"answer": "1912",
"question": "What year did the end of Imperial China occur?"
},
{
"answer": "2,000 years",
"question": "How long did Imperial China last for?"
},
{
"answer": "1932",
"question": "When was Manchukuo created?"
}
] |
17,880 | The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolishe... | [
{
"answer": "Han Chinese and Manchus",
"question": "Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "imperial examination system",
"question": "Where did the Qing find their officials?"
},
{
"answer": "nine",
"question": "How many ranks were there in civil service... |
17,881 | The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Man... | [
{
"answer": "Emperor",
"question": "Who was the main leader of the Qing?"
},
{
"answer": "Manchu noblemen and Han officials",
"question": "Which ethnicities made up the Qing government?"
},
{
"answer": "evolved into an imperial chancery",
"question": "What happened to the Grand Secre... |
17,882 | In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institut... | [
{
"answer": "imperial family and Manchu nobility",
"question": "Who controlled the \"Inner Court\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Forbidden City",
"question": "Where was the Inner Court?"
},
{
"answer": "core institution of the inner court",
"question": "What was the Grand Council?"
}
] |
17,883 | From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule. The distinct... | [
{
"answer": "square emblem",
"question": "What shape of emblem signified a Han official?"
},
{
"answer": "circular",
"question": "What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family?"
},
{
"answer": "Manchu and a Han Chinese",
"question": "Which two ethnicities made up each po... |
17,884 | In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including... | [
{
"answer": "Lifan Yuan",
"question": "Who governed the areas of Tibet and Mongolia?"
},
{
"answer": "Lifan Yuan",
"question": "Who administered the minority groups?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many boards were there in the Qing government?"
}
] |
17,885 | Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a pr... | [
{
"answer": "Zongli Yamen",
"question": "What was the foreign service called?"
},
{
"answer": "Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan",
"question": "Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created?"
},
{
"answer": "Second Opium War",
"question": "What was the war called foug... |
17,886 | There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor. The department's ori... | [
{
"answer": "Kangxi",
"question": "Which emperor followed Shunzhi?"
},
{
"answer": "Jiangnan region",
"question": "Where were textile factories located?"
},
{
"answer": "jade, ginseng, salt, furs",
"question": "What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia?"
}
] |
17,887 | Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China prope... | [
{
"answer": "18th century",
"question": "What century did Qing China stretch to its largest?"
},
{
"answer": "13 million km2",
"question": "How many kilometers was Qing China at its height?"
},
{
"answer": "22",
"question": "How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China?"... |
17,888 | The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and ... | [
{
"answer": "Hubei and Hunan",
"question": "What two provinces were formed from Huguang?"
},
{
"answer": "governor",
"question": "What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?"
},
{
"answer": "prefectures",
"question": "What were provinces broken up into?"
},
{... |
17,891 | The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct comman... | [
{
"answer": "Nurhaci",
"question": "Who created the Eight Banners?"
},
{
"answer": "color",
"question": "How were the 8 banners recognized?"
},
{
"answer": "Upper Three Banners",
"question": "What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?"
},
{
... |
17,893 | Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ord... | [
{
"answer": "Taiping Rebellion",
"question": "What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?"
},
{
"answer": "Nanjing",
"question": "What city did the Qing lose in 1853?"
},
{
"answer": "Xiang Army",
"question": "What was Zeng Guofan?"
},
{
"answer": "Zeng Guofan",
"qu... |
17,894 | Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience. Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own "private" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century. Qi Ji... | [
{
"answer": "Qi Jiguang",
"question": "Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army?"
},
{
"answer": "repel raiding Japanese pirates",
"question": "What did Qi Jiguang's private army do?"
},
{
"answer": "eradicate the Taiping rebels",
"question": "What was the original plan for the ... |
17,895 | First, the Yongying system signaled the end of Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment. Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources, henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government's de facto first-line troops. Second, the Yongying corps were financed through prov... | [
{
"answer": "Yongying corps",
"question": "What entity became the main Qing troops?"
},
{
"answer": "provincial coffers",
"question": "Who paid for the Yongying?"
},
{
"answer": "regional commanders",
"question": "Who led the Yongying?"
}
] |
17,896 | By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern w... | [
{
"answer": "1860",
"question": "When was the Second Opium War?"
},
{
"answer": "25,000",
"question": "How big was the French-British army?"
},
{
"answer": "Self-Strengthening Movement",
"question": "What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?"
},
{
... |
17,897 | Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three dec... | [
{
"answer": "Japan",
"question": "Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War?"
},
{
"answer": "Beiyang Fleet",
"question": "Which fleet did the Japanese destroy?"
},
{
"answer": "1894",
"question": "When did the Qing decide to modernize their military?"
},
{
"answer"... |
17,898 | The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term o... | [
{
"answer": "population growth",
"question": "What happened in early and middle Qing history?"
},
{
"answer": "doubled",
"question": "How much did the population grow during the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in... |
17,899 | According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners a... | [
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many estates were there in Qing society?"
},
{
"answer": "the good \"commoner\" people, the other \"mean\" people",
"question": "What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into?"
},
{
"answer": "liangmin",
"question": "What was the legal term for co... |
17,900 | By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater depe... | [
{
"answer": "tea, silk and manufactures",
"question": "What did China export?"
},
{
"answer": "silver",
"question": "What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?"
},
{
"answer": "end of the 17th century",
"question": "When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with... |
17,901 | The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with ... | [
{
"answer": "reduced the tax burden",
"question": "What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?"
},
{
"answer": "rise slowly and smoothly",
"question": "What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Western world overtook China economically",
"questio... |
17,902 | By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the America... | [
{
"answer": "300 million",
"question": "What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops",
"question": "What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?"
},
{
"answe... |
17,903 | The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme ... | [
{
"answer": "poetry and often skilled in painting",
"question": "What arts were the Qing emperors good at?"
},
{
"answer": "Peiwen Yunfu",
"question": "What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?"
},
{
"answer": "1716",
"question": "When was the Kangxi Dictiona... |
17,904 | Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included s... | [
{
"answer": "Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707)",
"question": "Name three painters?"
},
{
"answer": "Shanghai School and the Lingnan School",
"question": "What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Calligraphy... |
17,906 | Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detail... | [
{
"answer": "Yuan Mei",
"question": "Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan?"
},
{
"answer": "recipes",
"question": "What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?"
},
{
"answer": "appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs",
"question": "What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?"
}
] |
17,907 | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-spea... | [
{
"answer": "pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas",
"question": "Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?"
},
{
"answer": "Pueblos indígenas",
"question": "What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?"
},
{
"answer": "Amerindia... |
17,908 | According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern hum... | [
{
"answer": "Asia",
"question": "Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?"
},
{
"answer": "a land bridge which connected the two continents",
"question": "What was Beringia?"
},
{
"answer": "Beringia",
"question": "How did humans cros... |
17,909 | Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which impli... | [
{
"answer": "Indian",
"question": "What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus? "
},
{
"answer": "East Indies",
"question": "Where did Columbus believe he had arrived?"
},
{
"answer": "West Indies",
"question": "Because of Columbus' mistake,... |
17,910 | Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigen... | [
{
"answer": "hunter-gatherers",
"question": "What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?"
},
{
"answer": "agricultural endowment",
"question": "What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?"
},
{... |
17,911 | Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, ... | [
{
"answer": "indigenous",
"question": "Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples?"
},
{
"answer": "Many parts of the Americas",
"question": "Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?"
},
{
"answer": "At least a thousand",
... |
17,912 | The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the... | [
{
"answer": "ongoing",
"question": "How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?"
},
{
"answer": "last",
"question": "When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?"
},
{
"answer": "falling sea levels",
"question": "What allow... |
17,913 | Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing peop... | [
{
"answer": "single",
"question": "What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?"
},
{
"answer": "in isolation",
"question": "Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?"
... |
17,914 | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central A... | [
{
"answer": "directly ancestral",
"question": "What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?"
},
{
"answer": "present North American Native American",
"question": "What populations is the individual closely related to?"
},
{
"answer": "early",
"question": ... |
17,915 | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | [
{
"answer": "before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492",
"question": "The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?"
},
{
"answer": "1492",
"question": "When was Columbus' first voyage?"
},
{
"answer": "conquered or significantly influenced",
"question": "In practice, Pr... |
17,916 | Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. l... | [
{
"answer": "pre-Columbian",
"question": "Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations?"
},
{
"answer": "Some of these civilizations",
"question": "What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?"
},
... |
17,917 | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | [
{
"answer": "many accomplishments",
"question": "What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?"
},
{
"answer": "one of the largest cities in the world",
"question": "What had the Aztec civilization constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "200,000",
... |
17,918 | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | [
{
"answer": "lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents",
"question": "What did the European colonization forever change?"
},
{
"answer": "between 80 and 90%",
"question": "How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?"
},
{
"answer... |
17,919 | The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their popul... | [
{
"answer": "the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola",
"question": "Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?"
},
{
"answer": "dominant culture",
"question": "What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?"
},
{
"answer": "70%",
"question": "What... |
17,920 | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | [
{
"answer": "suicidal",
"question": "What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment?"
},
{
"answer": "aborting or killing",
"question": "What did Taínos women start doing to their infants?"
},
{
"answer": "violent poison",
"question": "Why would ingesting un... |
17,921 | Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.... | [
{
"answer": "epidemic disease",
"question": "What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations?"
},
{
"answer": "90 to 95%",
"question": "Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
17,922 | Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In ... | [
{
"answer": "between 50 and 67 per cent",
"question": "What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?"
},
{
"answer": "90 per cent",
"question": "How much of the native population near Massachusetts wa... |
17,923 | The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North Ame... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "What Empire brought horses to the Americas?"
},
{
"answer": "profound",
"question": "What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?"
},
{
"answer": "7500 years",
"question": "How long had horses been extin... |
17,924 | Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection... | [
{
"answer": "a large array of plant species",
"question": "What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?"
},
{
"answer": "50–60%",
"question": "What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?... |
17,925 | The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descend... | [
{
"answer": "South American highlands",
"question": "Where was a center of early agriculture?"
},
{
"answer": "single",
"question": "Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?"
},
{
"answer": "area of southern Peru",
"question": "Where did the p... |
17,926 | Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a ... | [
{
"answer": "approximately 4,000 years ago",
"question": "When did the North American natives begin farming?"
},
{
"answer": "common",
"question": "What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas?"
},
{
"answer": "small-scale felling",
"question": "What did technology make fe... |
17,927 | Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus bea... | [
{
"answer": "Many crops",
"question": "What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?"
},
{
"answer": "corn",
"question": "What is arguably the most important crop in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "significant",
"question": "Squash, beans, a... |
17,928 | Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a ... | [
{
"answer": "Cultural practices",
"question": "What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of?"
},
{
"answer": "similar technologies and social organizations",
"question": "What did people in the same reason adopt?"
},
{
"answer": "Mesoamerica",
"question": "Where did millennia... |
17,929 | The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest... | [
{
"answer": "development of writing",
"question": "What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?"
},
{
"answer": "the Mesoamerican region",
"question": "What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?"
},
{
"answer": "extensive text... |
17,930 | The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the... | [
{
"answer": "spoken language of its community",
"question": "What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?"
},
{
"answer": "Maya",
"question": "What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?"
},
{
"answer": "syllabic",
"... |
17,931 | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Alth... | [
{
"answer": "the sixteenth century",
"question": "When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?"
},
{
"answer": "lawsuits and other legal matters",
"question": "What were a lar... |
17,932 | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these ... | [
{
"answer": "monophonic",
"question": "What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?"
},
{
"answer": "drumming",
"question": "What did traditional Native American music center around?"
},
{
"answer": "Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps",
"question": "What are exa... |
17,933 | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a tru... | [
{
"answer": "pentatonic",
"question": "What feature did the music of Central America have?"
},
{
"answer": "inseparable from",
"question": "What role did music play in the religious festivities? "
},
{
"answer": "large variety of percussion and wind",
"question": "What instruments we... |
17,934 | Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the ca... | [
{
"answer": "Visual arts by indigenous peoples",
"question": "What comprises a major category in the world art collection?"
},
{
"answer": "indigenous",
"question": "Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? "
},
{
"answer": "too many arti... |
17,937 | Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques"... | [
{
"answer": "Bolivian highland peasants",
"question": "Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?"
},
{
"answer": "ethnic and class militancy",
"question": "What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?"
},
{
"answer": "dissolution of communal ... |
17,938 | Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a hi... | [
{
"answer": "Morales",
"question": "Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?"
},
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?"
},
{
"answer": "affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves",
"question": "What was ... |
17,939 | Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of t... | [
{
"answer": "0.4%",
"question": "How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?"
},
{
"answer": "Indian reservations",
"question": "Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?"
},
{
"answer": "millions",
"question": "How many Brazillians have s... |
17,940 | Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundred... | [
{
"answer": "\"eater of raw meat.\"",
"question": "What is the term Eskimo said to mean?"
},
{
"answer": "Aboriginal",
"question": "First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?"
},
{
"answer": "Hundreds",
"question": "How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as we... |
17,941 | Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indige... | [
{
"answer": "relatively peaceful",
"question": "What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?"
},
{
"answer": "national culture",
"question": "What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?"
},
{
"answer": "late 18th century",
"... |
17,942 | According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought of... | [
{
"answer": "the Rapanui",
"question": "What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?"
},
{
"answer": "4.6%",
"question": "What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?"
},
{
"answer": "the Mapuche",
"question": "Who are ma... |
17,943 | Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris nea... | [
{
"answer": "many indigenous cultures",
"question": "What was Ecuador the site of?"
},
{
"answer": "coastal region",
"question": "Where did the Valdivia culture develop?"
},
{
"answer": "the Caras and the Quitus",
"question": "What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilizatio... |
17,944 | Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua... | [
{
"answer": "96.4%",
"question": "What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?"
},
{
"answer": "Inca",
"question": "Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?"
},
{
"answer": "valleys of the Sierra region",
"question": "Where do the Highland ... |
17,946 | About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rur... | [
{
"answer": "About five percent",
"question": "How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?"
},
{
"answer": "about ten percent",
"question": "What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?"
},
{
"answer": "rural ... |
17,947 | The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and ... | [
{
"answer": "indigenous civilizations",
"question": "What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?"
},
{
"answer": "from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE",
"question": "When did the Olmecs flourish?"
},
{
"answer": "the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs",
"question": "Who he... |
17,948 | The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their na... | [
{
"answer": "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples",
"question": "What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? "
},
{
"answer": "some public services and documents in their native languages",
"question": "What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?"
... |
17,949 | About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama a... | [
{
"answer": "About 5%",
"question": "What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?"
},
{
"answer": "frequent contact with the British",
"question": "How did Creole English come about?"
},
{
"answer": "Miskito",
"question": "What is the largest indigenous group in Nicar... |
17,950 | Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well de... | [
{
"answer": "45%",
"question": "What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?"
},
{
"answer": "Native Peruvian traditions",
"question": "What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?"
},
{
"answer": "Cultural citizenship",
"question": "What is not very well d... |
17,951 | Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñ... | [
{
"answer": "the contiguous United States",
"question": "Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as \"American Indians\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Alaska Natives",
"question": "Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?"
},
{
"answer": "11",
"question": "... |
17,953 | Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most ... | [
{
"answer": "some indigenous heritage",
"question": "What do most Venezuelans have?"
},
{
"answer": "around 29",
"question": "How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?"
},
{
"answer": "groups are very small",
"question": "Why are the languages of... |
17,954 | The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on share... | [
{
"answer": "The Native American name",
"question": "What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?"
},
{
"answer": "shared language, region, or historical relationship",
"question": "How may subsets of peoples be named?"
},
{
"answer": "Engl... |
17,955 | However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the U... | [
{
"answer": "the ways they wish to be referred to",
"question": "What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.",
"question": "What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?"
},
{
"answer": "U... |
17,956 | In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Org... | [
{
"answer": "the Americas (mainly South America)",
"question": "Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?"
},
{
"answer": "preservation of their culture",
"question": "What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?"
},
{
"answer": "Indian Council ... |
17,957 | Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum als... | [
{
"answer": "Representatives",
"question": "Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?"
},
{
"answer": "destabilize the country",
"question": "What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?"
},
{
"answer": "solidarity",
"question": "What did the f... |
17,958 | Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither... | [
{
"answer": "Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups",
"question": "What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?"
},
{
"answer": "patrilineal line",
"question": "How is Y-DNA passed along?"
},
{
"answer": "chance mutation",
"question": "What is t... |
17,959 | Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Am... | [
{
"answer": "Amerindians",
"question": "Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?"
},
{
"answer": "Asian population",
"question": "What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?"
},
{
"answer": "Middle Paleolithi... |
17,960 | Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Am... | [
{
"answer": "stages",
"question": "What did human settlement of the New World occur in?"
},
{
"answer": "15,000 to 20,000-year",
"question": "How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?"
},
{
"answer": "isolated since the initial colonization of the region",
"questio... |
17,961 | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 ... | [
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?"
},
{
"answer": "24,000-year-old",
"question": "How old was the young boy's remains?"
},
{
"answer": "Mal'ta-Buret'",
"question": "What culture was the boy from?"
},
{
"answer"... |
17,962 | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deepl... | [
{
"answer": "route through Beringia",
"question": "What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?"
},
{
"answer": "similarities in ages and geographical distributions",
"question": "What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?"
},
{
"answer": "the mtDNA phylogeny",
... |
17,963 | Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasi... | [
{
"answer": "Africa and southwest corner of Asia",
"question": "What 2 continents meet at Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Sinai Peninsula",
"question": "What land bridge between Asian and Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "1,010,408 square kilometres",
"question": "How larger is Egypt?"
},
{
"... |
17,964 | Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. I... | [
{
"answer": "tenth millennium BC",
"question": "How far back does Egypt's history date back?"
},
{
"answer": "earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government",
"question": "Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?"
},
{
"ans... |
17,965 | With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square ki... | [
{
"answer": "over 90 million",
"question": "How many inhabitants does Egypt have?"
},
{
"answer": "third-most populous in Africa",
"question": "What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?"
},
{
"answer": "Nile River",
"question": "Majority of Egypt people live near wh... |
17,966 | Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at... | [
{
"answer": "President Hosni Mubarak",
"question": "What leader stepped down in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslim Brotherhood",
"question": "What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?"
},
{
"answer": "tourism, agriculture, industry and services",
"question": "What e... |
17,967 | Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Eg... | [
{
"answer": "Miṣr",
"question": "What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "מִצְרַיִם",
"question": "What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Akkadian",
"question": "What is the oldest term for Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "\"border\" or \"frontier\".",... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.