id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
17,968 | By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, M... | [
{
"answer": "Nile Valley",
"question": "During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?"
},
{
"answer": "Badarian culture",
"question": "What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?"
},
{
"answer": "3200 BC",
"question": "When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?"
}... |
17,969 | The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disuni... | [
{
"answer": "150 years",
"question": "How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?"
},
{
"answer": "Hyksos",
"question": "In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?"
},
{
"answer": "Avaris",
"question": "What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?"
},... |
17,970 | The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, in... | [
{
"answer": "1550–1070 BC",
"question": "What year were the New Kingdom in control?"
},
{
"answer": "Eighteenth Dynasty",
"question": "What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?"
},
{
"answer": "Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and... |
17,971 | In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of ... | [
{
"answer": "Achaemenid Persians",
"question": "Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?"
},
{
"answer": "Psamtik III",
"question": "What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?"
},
{
"answer": "Susa in Persia",
"question": "From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?"
},
{
... |
17,972 | The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the su... | [
{
"answer": "Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia",
"question": "What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?"
},
{
"answer": "Pharaohs",
"question": "What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexandria",
"ques... |
17,973 | The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often ca... | [
{
"answer": "Cleopatra VII",
"question": "Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?"
},
{
"answer": "Octavian",
"question": "Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?"
},
{
"answer": "suicide",
"question": "How did Mark Anthony's love die?"
},
{
"answer": "Rome",
"qu... |
17,974 | The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by th... | [
{
"answer": "Byzantines",
"question": "Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?"
},
{
"answer": "Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628",
"question": "What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "ten years",
"question": "How long were Sasanin Persians rul... |
17,975 | Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of t... | [
{
"answer": "Muhammad Ali Pasha",
"question": "Who modernized Egyptian army?"
},
{
"answer": "strengthening it with numbers and in skill",
"question": "In what 2 ways was Army improved?"
},
{
"answer": "to avoid distraction of their growth",
"question": "Why did military use barracks... |
17,976 | The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this... | [
{
"answer": "1869",
"question": "When was Suez canal completed?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?"
},
{
"answer": "1875",
"question": "In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?"
},
{
"answer": "Ismail",
"ques... |
17,977 | The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the... | [
{
"answer": "1923",
"question": "When was new constitution drafted?"
},
{
"answer": "parliamentary system",
"question": "What system of government was constitution based on?"
},
{
"answer": "Saad Zaghlul",
"question": "Who was elected in 1924?"
},
{
"answer": "his son Fuad",
... |
17,978 | In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), kno... | [
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": "In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?"
},
{
"answer": "United Arab Republic",
"question": "What was the sovereign union with Syria known?"
},
{
"answer": "1961",
"question": "How long did the union with Syria last?"
}
] |
17,979 | In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on... | [
{
"answer": "Mohamed Fawzi",
"question": "Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?"
},
{
"answer": "three successive steps",
"question": "How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviet Union i",
"question": "Who warned of impending Israeli atta... |
17,980 | At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies chan... | [
{
"answer": "less than half a million",
"question": "How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?"
},
{
"answer": "four million",
"question": "How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s"
},
{
"answer": "17 million",
"question": "How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s"
... |
17,981 | In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with S... | [
{
"answer": "1970",
"question": "When did Nasser die?"
},
{
"answer": "Anwar Sadat",
"question": "Who succeeded Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "United States,",
"question": "Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?"
},
{
"answer": "surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory ... |
17,982 | In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at ... | [
{
"answer": "foreign investment",
"question": "What was encouraged through Infitah?"
},
{
"answer": "reduced taxes and import tariffs",
"question": "What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?"
},
{
"answer": "elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs",
"question": "What was... |
17,983 | During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian pen... | [
{
"answer": "National Democratic Party,",
"question": "What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?"
},
{
"answer": "1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law",
"question": "What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?"
},
{
"an... |
17,984 | Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. I... | [
{
"answer": "parties from using religion as a basis for political activity",
"question": "What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?"
},
{
"answer": "Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party",
"question": "What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?"
},
{
"answer":... |
17,985 | On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participating although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure. On 26 March 2014 Abdel... | [
{
"answer": "18 January 2014",
"question": "When was interim government instituted?"
},
{
"answer": "98.1%",
"question": "What was the support by voters for referendum?"
},
{
"answer": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi",
"question": "Who was elected President in 2014?"
},
{
"answer": "Mu... |
17,986 | Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains ... | [
{
"answer": "winter months",
"question": "When does most of Egypts rain fall?"
},
{
"answer": "Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities",
"question": "Where does snow fall in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "13 December 2013,",
"question": "When was the last snow fall in Cairo?"... |
17,987 | The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups... | [
{
"answer": "2426",
"question": "How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "627",
"question": "How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "1483",
"question": "How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "15... |
17,988 | The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Ori... | [
{
"answer": "legislation",
"question": "What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?"
},
{
"answer": "96.91%",
"question": "What percent of votes did el-Sisi get? "
},
{
"answer": "five-year terms",
"question": "What tems do House of Representatives serve?"
... |
17,989 | In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent ... | [
{
"answer": "Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials",
"question": "Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?"
},
{
"answer": "Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya",
"question": "What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?"
},
{
"answer": "touri... |
17,990 | On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The milita... | [
{
"answer": "18 January 2014",
"question": "When was new constitution institutionalised?"
},
{
"answer": "four-year term",
"question": "How long are presidential terms?"
},
{
"answer": "2 terms",
"question": "How many terms may a president serve?"
},
{
"answer": "parliament",... |
17,991 | The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to t... | [
{
"answer": "fifth worst",
"question": "Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?"
},
{
"answer": "84%",
"question": "What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?"
},
{
"answer": "adultery",
"question": "What violation c... |
17,992 | As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 ye... | [
{
"answer": "great strides forward",
"question": "What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?"
},
{
"answer": "98%",
"question": "How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?"
},
{
"answer": "44.8 years",
"question": "What was life expectancy in 1960s?"
},
... |
17,993 | Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams Uni... | [
{
"answer": "551-600",
"question": "According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?"
},
{
"answer": "360",
"question": "According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?"
},
{
"answer": "701+ range",
"question": "Acco... |
17,994 | Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches. Intolerance of Bahá'ís and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis, also remains a problem. ... | [
{
"answer": "discrimination at multiple levels of the government,",
"question": "What do Coptic Christians face?"
},
{
"answer": "religious minorities",
"question": "When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "When did Egypt... |
17,995 | Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenc... | [
{
"answer": "capital punishment",
"question": "what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?"
},
{
"answer": "terrorist organisation",
"question": "What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?"
},
{
"answer": "529",
"question": "In March 2014 what numbe... |
17,996 | After Morsi was ousted by the military, the judiciary system aligned itself with the new government, actively suopporting the repression of Muslim Brotherhood members. This resulted in a sharp increase in mass death sentences that arose criticism from the US president Barack Obama and the General Secretary of the UN, B... | [
{
"answer": "US president Barack Obama",
"question": "What US president was critical of Egypt's repression of Muslim Brotherhood?"
},
{
"answer": "1,212",
"question": "How many individuals did one judge in Minya governatorate court sentence to death in April 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "lack o... |
17,997 | The United States provides Egypt with annual military assistance, which in 2015 amounted to US$1.3 billion. In 1989, Egypt was designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Nevertheless, ties between the two countries have partially soured since the July 2013 military coup that deposed Islamist president Mo... | [
{
"answer": "US$1.3 billion",
"question": "How much military assistance di US give Egypt in 2015?"
},
{
"answer": "Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters",
"question": "What event soured relations of US and Egypt in 2013?"
}
] |
17,998 | The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods. The Armed Forces' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world. Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US, French, and British equipment, a significant ... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "Equipment from what country is being replaced?"
},
{
"answer": "dozens",
"question": "How many factories does Egyptian military have?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "After Morsi removal, what country has Egypt improved relations with?"
... |
17,999 | The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later... | [
{
"answer": "Cairo",
"question": "Where is the Arab League headquarters?"
},
{
"answer": "Nabil el-Araby",
"question": "Who is the leader of Arab League?"
},
{
"answer": "United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia",
"question": "What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to h... |
18,000 | Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the... | [
{
"answer": "Israel",
"question": "What country has Egypt famously had peace with since 1973 treaty?"
},
{
"answer": "still widely considered as a hostile",
"question": "Is Israel considered a safe state for egyptians?"
},
{
"answer": "mediator",
"question": "What rope has Egypt play... |
18,001 | Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honore... | [
{
"answer": "agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism",
"question": "What areas of economy is Egypt dependent on?"
},
{
"answer": "Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe",
"question": "Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly?"
},
{
"answer": "Lake Nasser",... |
18,003 | Economic conditions have started to improve considerably, after a period of stagnation, due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. In its annual report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has rated Egypt as one of the... | [
{
"answer": "improve considerably",
"question": "What has been the trend lately in the Egypt economy?"
},
{
"answer": "stock market",
"question": "What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%",
"question": "... |
18,004 | Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak, exceeding $6 billion in 2006, due to economic liberalisation and privatisation measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin.[citation needed] Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt has experienced ... | [
{
"answer": "$6 billion",
"question": "How much had FDI increased to in 2006?"
},
{
"answer": "drastic fall",
"question": "Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone?"
},
{
"answer": "60% drop",
"question": "What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011?... |
18,005 | Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Corruption is often cited by E... | [
{
"answer": "limited trickle down",
"question": "To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population?"
},
{
"answer": "government",
"question": "Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices, while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate?"
},
{
"answer": "ne... |
18,006 | Egypt's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center. The information technology (IT) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years, with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other majo... | [
{
"answer": "Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center",
"question": "What are Egypt's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies?"
},
{
"answer": "information technology (IT)",
"question": "What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe?"
},
{
"an... |
18,007 | Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful l... | [
{
"answer": "Mediterranean and the Red Sea",
"question": "Where are Egyptian beaches situated?"
},
{
"answer": "3,000 km",
"question": "How far do Egyptian beaches extend?"
},
{
"answer": "Red Sea",
"question": "What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?"
},
{
... |
18,008 | Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natur... | [
{
"answer": "691,000 bbl/d",
"question": "How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?"
},
{
"answer": "2,141.05 Tcf",
"question": "How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?"
},
{
"answer": "largest consumer",
"question": "Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumer... |
18,009 | The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigatio... | [
{
"answer": "The Suez Canal",
"question": "What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east?"
},
{
"answer": "artificial sea-level waterway",
"question": "Is the Suez Canal natural?"
},
{
"answer": "Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea",
"question": "What... |
18,010 | The canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100.82 mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (5.6 mi). The canal is a single lane with passing places in the "Ballah By-Pa... | [
{
"answer": "193.30 km (120.11 mi)",
"question": "How long is Suez canal?"
},
{
"answer": "24 m (79 ft)",
"question": "How deep is Suez canal?"
},
{
"answer": "205 metres (673 ft)",
"question": "How wide is Suez canal?"
},
{
"answer": "no locks",
"question": "How many loc... |
18,011 | Drinking water supply and sanitation in Egypt is characterised by both achievements and challenges. Among the achievements are an increase of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 from 89% to 100% in urban areas and from 39% to 93% in rural areas despite rapid population growth, the elimination of open defecation in... | [
{
"answer": "Drinking water supply and sanitation",
"question": "What basic part of civilization has been characterized by achievement and challenges?"
},
{
"answer": "89% to 100%",
"question": "From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to urban areas?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
18,012 | Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of diarrhoea. Another challenge is low cost recovery due to water tariffs that are among the lowest in the world. This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs, a situation that has been aggravated by salary incr... | [
{
"answer": "diarrhoea",
"question": "Because of low sanitation coverage 17,000 Egyptian children to die each year from what condition?"
},
{
"answer": "among the lowest in the world",
"question": "Relative to other countries of world how do Egypts's water tariffs compare?"
},
{
"answer"... |
18,013 | Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 91% of the total population. Ethnic minorities include the Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula, the Berber-speaking Siwis (Amazigh) of the Siwa Oasis, and the Nubian communities... | [
{
"answer": "Ethnic Egyptians",
"question": "What is the largest ethnic group in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes",
"question": "What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Nile Delta and Faiyum",
"question": "Wher... |
18,014 | Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers, estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million. There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees, and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees, but the number of the largest group, the Sudanese, is contested.[nb 1] The once-vibrant and ancient Greek and J... | [
{
"answer": "between 500,000 and 3 million",
"question": "Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Cairo, Alexandria and other cities",
"question": "What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?"
},
{
"answer": "70,000",
"que... |
18,015 | The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and ... | [
{
"answer": "Modern Standard Arabic",
"question": "What is official language of Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek, Armenian and Italian",
"question": "What are main laguages of immigrants?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexandria",
"question": "In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large comm... |
18,016 | Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main sourc... | [
{
"answer": "Christian",
"question": "Prior to 7th century, what was primary religion of Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Sharia",
"question": "What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Anwar Sadat",
"question": "Under what leader did Isla... |
18,017 | Of the Christian minority in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian com... | [
{
"answer": "Coptic Orthodox Church",
"question": "What church do 90% of Christian minority in Egypt belong?"
},
{
"answer": "urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria",
"question": "Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and ... |
18,018 | Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians, such as the small Bahá'í and Ahmadi community, are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt's national security.... | [
{
"answer": "Islam, Christianity, and Judaism",
"question": "What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?"
},
{
"answer": "are not recognised by the state",
"question": "What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "Until ... |
18,019 | The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture. Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaoh... | [
{
"answer": "Egyptian blue",
"question": "What color was frequently used in Egyptian designs?"
},
{
"answer": "wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs",
"question": "What art required adherence to rigid code?"
},
{
"answer": "The Cairo Opera House",
"question": "What is th... |
18,020 | Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the book. It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first ... | [
{
"answer": "Egyptians",
"question": "Who was the first to develop literature?"
},
{
"answer": "modern styles",
"question": "What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first?"
},
{
"answer": "Zaynab",
"question": "What was the first modern Egyptian novel?"
},
{
... |
18,021 | Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab pro... | [
{
"answer": "Talaat Harb",
"question": "Who financed Studio Misr?"
},
{
"answer": "4000 films",
"question": "In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "1936",
"question": "In what year was Studio Misr founded?"
},
{
"answer": "three qu... |
18,022 | Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egypt... | [
{
"answer": "indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western",
"question": "What elements mix for Egyptian music?"
},
{
"answer": "Hathor",
"question": "Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?"
},
{
"answer": "Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced ... |
18,023 | Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide var... | [
{
"answer": "prehistoric",
"question": "What is the oldest era in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "at least 60",
"question": "How many museums are found in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic",
"question": "What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?"
}
] |
18,024 | Some consider koshari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as "ta'meyya"), which may have originated in Egypt and... | [
{
"answer": "mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni",
"question": "What is koshari?"
},
{
"answer": "Fried onions",
"question": "What can be added to koshari?"
},
{
"answer": "mulukhiyya",
"question": "What is a polular green soup of Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Fava bean",
"q... |
18,025 | Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world. Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek... | [
{
"answer": "Football",
"question": "What is the most popular sport in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "The Cairo Derby",
"question": "What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Al Ahly",
"question": "In terms of international trophies, whos is the most s... |
18,026 | Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009. On Friday 19 September of the year 2014, Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba ... | [
{
"answer": "2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup",
"question": "What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?"
},
{
"answer": "Ahmed Gabr",
"question": "Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?"
},
{
"answer": "1,066 feet down",
"question": "How deep did Gabr dive... |
18,027 | Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with... | [
{
"answer": "the 3rd millennium BC",
"question": "What millennium did Mosaic start?"
},
{
"answer": "Pebble mosaics",
"question": "What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?"
},
{
"answer": "Byzantine",
"question": "Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?"
},
... |
18,028 | Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. ... | [
{
"answer": "Bronze age",
"question": "The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?"
},
{
"answer": "Albania",
"question": "The Beauty of Durres is in what country?"
},
{
"answer": "Pergamon",
"question": "The famous artists Sosus was from what area?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
18,029 | Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings, a far more prestigious artform, and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos. Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers ... | [
{
"answer": "paintings",
"question": "What common artform is far more prestigious than mosaic?"
},
{
"answer": "the Romans",
"question": "Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "Most names of Roman mos... |
18,030 | There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach t... | [
{
"answer": "opus vermiculatum",
"question": "What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?"
},
{
"answer": "emblemata",
"question": "What were small panel mosaics known as?"
},
{
"answer": "opus tessellatum",
"question": "What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tessera... |
18,031 | In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. Th... | [
{
"answer": "Nero",
"question": "Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?"
},
{
"answer": "the Christian era",
"question": "When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?"
},
{
"answer": "Rome",
"question": "The church of Santa Costanza ... |
18,032 | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | [
{
"answer": "Sicily",
"question": "In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "Emperor Maximian",
"question": "Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?"
},
{
"answer": "a landslide",
"question": "What caused the mosaics at the vi... |
18,033 | In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The ... | [
{
"answer": "gladiatorial contests",
"question": "What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?"
},
{
"answer": "1913",
"question": "When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?"
},
{
"answer": "30 ft",
"question": "How long was the mural discovered in Libya?"
},
{
"answer": "1st ... |
18,036 | In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif abo... | [
{
"answer": "Ravenna",
"question": "In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "425–430",
"question": "What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?"
},
{
"answer": "the church of San Giovanni Evangelista",
"question"... |
18,037 | After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosai... | [
{
"answer": "After 539",
"question": "When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "the second half of the 6th century",
"question": "When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?"
},
{
"answer": "the Byzantine conquest",
"question": "Wh... |
18,038 | The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, ... | [
{
"answer": "almost a generation",
"question": "The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?"
},
{
"answer": "Albania",
"question": "In what country is Butrint?"
},
{
"answer": "prayer",
"question": "What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint... |
18,039 | The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection... | [
{
"answer": "natural life",
"question": "What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?"
},
{
"answer": "the eucharist",
"question": "What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?"
},
{
"answer": "paradise and resurrection",
"question": "What do peacocks represent in Christian... |
18,041 | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | [
{
"answer": "the 7th–9th centuries",
"question": "During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?"
},
{
"answer": "mosaics",
"question": "The lateran Palace was decorated with what?"
},
{
"answer": "They were all destroyed later",
"question": "What do most ... |
18,042 | Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered... | [
{
"answer": "during Justinian's reign",
"question": "When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?"
},
{
"answer": "The portrait of a moustached man",
"question": "What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?"
},
{
"answer": "sm... |
18,043 | Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels i... | [
{
"answer": "Very few",
"question": "How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)",
"question": "The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?"
},
{
"answer": "between 634 and 730",
"question": "When we... |
18,044 | In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in... | [
{
"answer": "gold mosaics with only one great cross",
"question": "What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?"
},
{
"answer": "condemned as idolatry",
"question": "Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?"
},
{
"answer": "787–797",
"question": "When did the... |
18,045 | The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and... | [
{
"answer": "Chios",
"question": "Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located?"
},
{
"answer": "Constantine Monomachos",
"question": "Who established the Nea Moni Monastery?"
},
{
"answer": "1043–1056",
"question": "When was the Nea Moni Monastery established?"
},
{
"answer": "18... |
18,046 | Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively... | [
{
"answer": "Constantine Monomachos",
"question": "Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?"
},
{
"answer": "the Russian abbot Daniel",
"question": "Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?"
},
{
"answer": "Nothing",
"quest... |
18,047 | The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or ... | [
{
"answer": "The 9th- and 10th-century",
"question": "When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?"
},
{
"answer": "prophets, saints and patriarchs",
"question": "The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?"
},
{
"answer": "a bulging money sack",
"questio... |
18,048 | There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The e... | [
{
"answer": "accidents of survival",
"question": "Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?"
},
{
"answer": "Hagia Sophia",
"question": "Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?"
},
{
"answer": "red",
"question": "The empress Eirene ha... |
18,049 | A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Tran... | [
{
"answer": "1 mm or less",
"question": "How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?"
},
{
"answer": "wax or resin",
"question": "What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?"
},
{
"answer": "in the 12th century",
"question": "The mo... |
18,050 | The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is ... | [
{
"answer": "1310–14",
"question": "When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? "
},
{
"answer": "some vandal",
"question": "Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles?"
},
{
"answer": "Arta",
"question": "Where is the Theotok... |
18,051 | The greatest mosaic work of the Palaeologan renaissance in art is the decoration of the Chora Church in Constantinople. Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels, the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople afte... | [
{
"answer": "the Chora Church in Constantinople",
"question": "where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many mosaic panels from naos have survived?"
},
{
"answer": "the Hagia Sophia",
"question": "The panels of naos are only capp... |
18,053 | The great Navicella mosaic (1305–1313) in the atrium of the Old St. Peter's is attributed to Giotto di Bondone. The giant mosaic, commissioned by Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi, was originally situated on the eastern porch of the old basilica and occupied the whole wall above the entrance arcade facing the courtyard. It d... | [
{
"answer": "Giotto di Bondone",
"question": "Who created the Navicella mosaic in the Old St. Peter's church?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi",
"question": "Who commissioned the Navicella mosaic?"
},
{
"answer": "St. Peter",
"question": "Who did the navicella mosaic depi... |
18,054 | The heyday of mosaic making in Sicily was the age of the independent Norman kingdom in the 12th century. The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule. Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style, that shows the influence of We... | [
{
"answer": "enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule",
"question": "Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style?"
},
{
"answer": "the 12th century",
"question": "when was the height of mosaic art in sicily?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek masters working in Sicily",
"question"... |
18,055 | The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished. The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina, with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed, elongated angels. The Greek inscriptions, decorative patterns, and evangelis... | [
{
"answer": "around 1143",
"question": "When was the Martorana church decorated?"
},
{
"answer": "Christ",
"question": "Who is featured in the mosaic at the Martorana church?"
},
{
"answer": "the Cappella Palatina",
"question": "The Martorana church was likely decorated by the same g... |
18,056 | The Monreale mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy, covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae. This huge work was executed between 1176 and 1186 by the order of King William II of Sicily. The iconography of the mosaics in the presbytery is similar to Cefalu whil... | [
{
"answer": "The Monreale mosaics",
"question": "What is the name of the largest mosaics in Italy?"
},
{
"answer": "100 million",
"question": "At least how many tesserae are used in the the Monreale mosaics?"
},
{
"answer": "King William II of Sicily",
"question": "Who commissioned t... |
18,057 | Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166, with mosaics tied into a tree of life, mostly still preserved. The scenes depict biblical characters, warrior kings, medieval beasts, allegories of the mo... | [
{
"answer": "Southern",
"question": "What region of italy was part of the Norman empire?"
},
{
"answer": "pavement of the Otranto Cathedral",
"question": "The only surviving mosaic from Norman held souther Italy is what?"
},
{
"answer": "mosaic art was widespread",
"question": "The m... |
18,058 | In parts of Italy, which were under eastern artistic influences, like Sicily and Venice, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century bu... | [
{
"answer": "Venice",
"question": "Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?"
},
{
"answer": "St Mark's Basilica",
"question": "Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?"
},
{
"answer": "the late 11th century",
... |
18,059 | Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello from the 12th century, and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in Murano with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement (1140). The apse of the San Cipriano Church in Murano was deco... | [
{
"answer": "Torcello",
"question": "Where is the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta?"
},
{
"answer": "the 12th century",
"question": "When were the mosaics in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta built?"
},
{
"answer": "Murano",
"question": "Where is the Basilica of Santi Maria e Dona... |
18,060 | The Abbot of Monte Cassino, Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler Leo of Ostia the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by c... | [
{
"answer": "The Abbot of Monte Cassino",
"question": "Who hired Byzantine experts to decorate a rebuilt abbey church?"
},
{
"answer": "1066",
"question": "After what time did the Abbot of Monte Cassino send for Byzantine mosaicists?"
},
{
"answer": "greyhounds",
"question": "What an... |
18,061 | Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice (mainly from the 17th–19th centuries, but the oldest one from 1270–75, "The burial of St Mark in the first basilica"), the Cathedral of Orvieto (golden Gothic mosaics from the 1... | [
{
"answer": "façades were also decorated",
"question": "What was special about St Mark's Basilica in Venice?"
},
{
"answer": "from 1270–75",
"question": "When was the latest addition to the facade at St Mark's Basilica in Venice?"
},
{
"answer": "the 14th",
"question": "the Cathedral... |
18,062 | Only scant remains prove that mosaics were still used in the Early Middle Ages. The Abbey of Saint-Martial in Limoges, originally an important place of pilgrimage, was totally demolished during the French Revolution except its crypt which was rediscovered in the 1960s. A mosaic panel was unearthed which was dated to th... | [
{
"answer": "scant remains",
"question": "What proves mosaics were used in the early middle ages?"
},
{
"answer": "Limoges",
"question": "Where is the Abbey of Saint-Martial?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1960s",
"question": "When was the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Martial re-discovered?"
... |
18,063 | Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Székesfehérvár (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese c... | [
{
"answer": "fresco",
"question": "What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic?"
},
{
"answer": "the 17th century",
"question": "When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?"
},
{
"answer": "Venetian craftsmen",
"question": "Who created t... |
18,064 | The Crusaders in the Holy Land also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence. During their 12th-century reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones. Almost nothing of them survived except the "Ascension of Christ" in the... | [
{
"answer": "Jerusalem",
"question": "Where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre located?"
},
{
"answer": "in the Latin Chapel",
"question": "Where is the mosaic \"Ascension of Christ\" located?"
},
{
"answer": "Byzantine",
"question": "What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styl... |
18,065 | In 2003, the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the Bizere Monastery near the River Mureş in present-day Romania. The panels depict real or fantastic animal, floral, solar and geometric representations. Some archeologists supposed that it was the floor of an Orthodox church, built some time... | [
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery?"
},
{
"answer": "Romania",
"question": "Where would the Bizere Monastery be located today?"
},
{
"answer": "between the 10th and 11th century",
"question": "When were the mosaics at Bizere ... |
18,066 | The mosaics of St. Peter's often show lively Baroque compositions based on designs or canvases from like Ciro Ferri, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Carlo Maratta, and many others. Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting, the Transfiguration. Many different artists contributed to the 17th- and 18th-ce... | [
{
"answer": "by a mosaic replica of this last painting",
"question": "How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter's?"
},
{
"answer": "1743",
"question": "What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die?"
},
{
"answer": "papal gifts",
"question": "What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for... |
18,067 | The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map, made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba, Jordan. It was rediscovered in 1894. The Madaba Map is the oldest surviving cartographic depiction of the Holy Land. It depicts an area from Leb... | [
{
"answer": "the Madaba Map",
"question": "What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?"
},
{
"answer": "between 542 and 570",
"question": "When was the the Madaba Map made?"
},
{
"answer": "Madaba, Jordan",
"question": "Where is the church of Saint George?"... |
18,068 | Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In... | [
{
"answer": "Justinian",
"question": "What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?"
},
{
"answer": "Mount Sinai in Egypt",
"question": "Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?"
},
{
"answer": "the destruction of buildings",
"question": "Why have wall mosa... |
18,069 | Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called "Armenian Mosaic" which was discovered... | [
{
"answer": "Jerusalem",
"question": "Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?"
},
{
"answer": "near Damascus Gate",
"question": "Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?"
},
{
"answer": "a vine with many branches",
"question": "What type of plant is... |
18,070 | An exceptionally well preserved, carpet-like mosaic floor was uncovered in 1949 in Bethany, the early Byzantine church of the Lazarium which was built between 333 and 390. Because of its purely geometrical pattern, the church floor is to be grouped with other mosaics of the time in Palestine and neighboring areas, espe... | [
{
"answer": "Bethany",
"question": "Where would the Byzantine church of the Lazarium be located today?"
},
{
"answer": "between 333 and 390",
"question": "When was the Byzantine church of the Lazarium constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "Palestine",
"question": "The mosaic at the Byzantine ... |
18,071 | The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely dam... | [
{
"answer": "the Judean",
"question": "The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics?"
},
{
"answer": "the end of the 5th century",
"question": "When was the Monastery of Martyrius created?"
},
{
"answer": "in 1982–85",
"question": "When was the Monastery of M... |
18,072 | Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this fir... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?"
},
{
"answer": "in 1990",
"question": "When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered?"
},
{
"answer": "only the floor panels",
"question": "What type of mosaics were pr... |
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