id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
18,184 | Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ... | [
{
"answer": "diis deabusque omnibus",
"question": "What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?"
},
{
"answer": "domestic",
"question": "What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional gods",
"questi... |
18,185 | The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha... | [
{
"answer": "Julius Caesar",
"question": "What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?"
},
{
"answer": "divine monarchy",
"question": "What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?"
},
{
"answer": "Augustus",
"question": "To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cu... |
18,187 | For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe... | [
{
"answer": "treaty",
"question": "What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "63 BC",
"question": "When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "synagogues",
"question": "What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial p... |
18,188 | After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to... | [
{
"answer": "Christians",
"question": "What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?"
},
{
"answer": "Emperor Nero",
"question": "Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?"
},
{
"answer": "persecution",
"question": "What outcome did the acc... |
18,189 | In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli... | [
{
"answer": "Decius",
"question": "Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?"
},
{
"answer": "Decian oath",
"question": "What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?"
},
{
"answer": "Jews",
"question": "What religious group was exempt from sacr... |
18,191 | In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military trig... | [
{
"answer": "treason",
"question": "For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?"
},
{
"answer": "303 AD",
"question": "In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?"
},
{
"answer": "legal rights",
"question": "In 303 AD what d... |
18,192 | In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantiu... | [
{
"answer": "strictly enforced",
"question": "How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?"
},
{
"answer": "imprisoned or martyred",
"question": "In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?"
},
{
"answer": "powerful and influential",
"question": "What were some C... |
18,193 | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa... | [
{
"answer": "St. Jerome",
"question": "Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?"
},
{
"answer": "peace of God",
"question": "To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?"
},
{
"answer": "\"pagan\" emperors",
"question": "With what veneratio... |
18,194 | Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Cons... | [
{
"answer": "edict of Milan",
"question": "What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?"
},
{
"answer": "officially",
"question": "How did Constantine accept Christianity?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional religions",
"question": "Besides the acceptance of Christianity,... |
18,195 | At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this ... | [
{
"answer": "First Council of Nicaea",
"question": "What group did Constantine call to a meeting?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Empire",
"question": "From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?"
},
{
"answer": "318",
"question": "How many bishops attended the F... |
18,196 | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symm... | [
{
"answer": "Julian",
"question": "What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?"
},
{
"answer": "Nicene Christianity",
"question": "What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?"
},
{
"answer": "religious tolerance",
"question": "What pleas were rejected... |
18,197 | Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices... | [
{
"answer": "Julian",
"question": "Who rejected the Christian religion?"
},
{
"answer": "361",
"question": "When did Julian become Augustus?"
},
{
"answer": "non-Christian practices",
"question": "What did Julian try to restore to the empire?"
},
{
"answer": "Jerusalem's temp... |
18,198 | The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religi... | [
{
"answer": "pontifex maximus",
"question": "What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?"
},
{
"answer": "Vestals",
"question": "What group did Gratian seek the abolish?"
},
{
"answer": "Theodosius I",
"question": "Which emperor briefly united the empire again?"
},
{
"an... |
18,199 | YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload... | [
{
"answer": "San Bruno, California, United States",
"question": "Where is Youtube headquartered? "
},
{
"answer": "February 2005",
"question": "When was Youtube created?"
},
{
"answer": "US$1.65 billion",
"question": "How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?"
},
{
"answer... |
18,200 | According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that i... | [
{
"answer": "Hurley and Chen",
"question": "What are the first names of the men that invented youtube?"
},
{
"answer": "San Francisco",
"question": "Where did Chen live in 2005?"
},
{
"answer": "difficulty sharing videos",
"question": "What was the original stimuli for creating the w... |
18,201 | YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was ... | [
{
"answer": "May 2005",
"question": "when was the first beta test for the youtube site?"
},
{
"answer": "a Nike advertisement",
"question": "What was the first video to reach a million views?"
},
{
"answer": "$3.5 million",
"question": "How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube ... |
18,202 | In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as th... | [
{
"answer": "300",
"question": "As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every minute?"
},
{
"answer": "around three quarters",
"question": "How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?"
},
{
"answer": "800 million",
"question": "How many unique visitors a m... |
18,203 | On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter." In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was se... | [
{
"answer": "launched a new design",
"question": "What did youtube do on March 31 2010? "
},
{
"answer": "Shiva Rajaraman",
"question": "Who was the Google product manager in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "more than two billion",
"question": "How many videos was youtube serving per day as of... |
18,204 | In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platfor... | [
{
"answer": "a new app",
"question": "What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?"
},
{
"answer": "YouTube Kids",
"question": "what was the name of the new app youtube launched?"
},
{
"answer": "YouTube Gaming",
"question": "What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?"
},
{
"ans... |
18,205 | In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed support... | [
{
"answer": "HTML5",
"question": "In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?"
},
{
"answer": "allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player",
"question": "What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?"
},
{
"answer": "a page",
"... |
18,206 | All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launch... | [
{
"answer": "12 hours",
"question": "What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?"
},
{
"answer": "15 minutes",
"question": "When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?"
},
{
"answer": "March 2006",
"question": "When was the time limit on vi... |
18,207 | In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2... | [
{
"answer": "In November 2008",
"question": "When was 720p HD support added to youtube?"
},
{
"answer": "widescreen 16:9",
"question": "What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3?"
},
{
"answer": "1080p HD",
"question": "What video format support was added in 2009?"
},
... |
18,208 | In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Fla... | [
{
"answer": "software engineer",
"question": "Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?"
},
{
"answer": "3D",
"question": "What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "anaglyph",
"question": "What is the name for the common method of ... |
18,209 | YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video d... | [
{
"answer": "outside their website",
"question": "Youtube offers users the option to watch content where?"
},
{
"answer": "HTML",
"question": "What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage?"
},
{
"answer": "social networking pages and blogs",
"question": "What is the most common... |
18,210 | YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface. A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files. Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users ... | [
{
"answer": "download link",
"question": "YOutube does not often post a what for its videos?"
},
{
"answer": "through its website",
"question": "Youtube intends for users to watch videos where?"
},
{
"answer": "a Creative Commons license",
"question": "What was added to the upload op... |
18,211 | Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone. In Jul... | [
{
"answer": "June 2007",
"question": "When did youtube become available on Apple products?"
},
{
"answer": "September 2012",
"question": "When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone?"
},
{
"answer": "35%",
"question": "What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?... |
18,212 | A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii vid... | [
{
"answer": "TiVo",
"question": "What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "YouTube for TV",
"question": "What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "YouTube XL",
"question": "later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV"
... |
18,213 | YouTube Red is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music "All Access" service. YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a subscr... | [
{
"answer": "YouTube's premium subscription service",
"question": "What is youtube red?"
},
{
"answer": "November 12, 2014",
"question": "When was youtube red originally announced?"
},
{
"answer": "Music Key",
"question": "What was the original title of youtube red?"
},
{
"an... |
18,215 | Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution", TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication". Anderso... | [
{
"answer": "Chris Anderson",
"question": "Who is the TED curator?"
},
{
"answer": "face-to-face communication",
"question": "What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize? "
},
{
"answer": "Salman Khan",
"question": "Who is the founder of the Khan Ac... |
18,216 | YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Desc... | [
{
"answer": "schedule the protests",
"question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?"
},
{
"answer": "coordinate",
"question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "tell the world",
"question": "An... |
18,217 | Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage youn... | [
{
"answer": "to more easily engage with citizens",
"question": "How has youtube helped the government?"
},
{
"answer": "seventh",
"question": "the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "creators' new media savvy",
"q... |
18,218 | The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response ... | [
{
"answer": "It Gets Better Project",
"question": "What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?"
},
{
"answer": "fifteen",
"question": "How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?"
},
{
"ans... |
18,219 | Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In January 2012, it was estimated that visit... | [
{
"answer": "15 minutes",
"question": "How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?"
},
{
"answer": "four or five hours",
"question": "What is the average time an American watches TV in day?"
},
{
"answer": "3.7 billion",
"question": "What was youtube... |
18,220 | YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers ... | [
{
"answer": "June 2006",
"question": "When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC?"
},
{
"answer": "Shows",
"question": "What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes?"
},
{
"answer": "to create competition",
... |
18,221 | In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program, a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are... | [
{
"answer": "AdSense",
"question": "What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on?"
},
{
"answer": "45 percent",
"question": "What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on \"partner program\" channels?"
},
{
"answer": "over a million",
"question": "How many people are emp... |
18,222 | Much of YouTube's revenue goes to the copyright holders of the videos. In 2010 it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running... | [
{
"answer": "to the copyright holders",
"question": "Where does the majority of youtube's revenue go?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly a third",
"question": "In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent?"
},
{
"answer": "Ni... |
18,223 | At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA ... | [
{
"answer": "violate copyright laws",
"question": "What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?"
},
{
"answer": "unauthorized",
"question": "Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?"
},
{
"answer": "Three",
"questio... |
18,224 | Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on You... | [
{
"answer": "$1 billion",
"question": "How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube?"
},
{
"answer": "filed lawsuits",
"question": "Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube?"
},
{
"answer": "goes far beyond its legal obligations",
... |
18,225 | During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a setback to privacy rights". In Ju... | [
{
"answer": "12 terabytes",
"question": "How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?"
},
{
"answer": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
"question": "Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?"
},
{
"answer": "appeal",
"question": "What di... |
18,226 | In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. ... | [
{
"answer": "videos that infringe copyright",
"question": "In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?"
},
{
"answer": "Eric Schmidt",
"question": "Who was Google's CEO in 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "Content ID",
"question": "What is the name of the system that automatica... |
18,227 | An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some... | [
{
"answer": "surprisingly resilient",
"question": "What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?"
},
{
"answer": "unlimited",
"question": "As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?"
},
{
"answer": "fill in a... |
18,228 | YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with You... | [
{
"answer": "users",
"question": "Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos?"
},
{
"answer": "a YouTube employee",
"question": "Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?"
},
{
"answer": "the Culture and Media Committee",
"question": "Who of the house of common... |
18,229 | Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. ... | [
{
"answer": "leave comments",
"question": "Most videos enable users to do what"
},
{
"answer": "their form",
"question": "What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content?"
},
{
"answer": "stupidity",
"question": "Time in 2006 wrote that youtube h... |
18,231 | In some countries, YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to s... | [
{
"answer": "blocked",
"question": "youtube is completely what in some places?"
},
{
"answer": "long term standing ban",
"question": "Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country?"
},
{
"answer": "specific videos is blocked",
"question": "What might h... |
18,232 | In May 2014, prior to the launch of YouTube's subscription-based Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and that YouTube w... | [
{
"answer": "20,000",
"question": "How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?"
},
{
"answer": "90%",
"question": "What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?"
},
{
"answer": "block all music content",
"quest... |
18,233 | Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (194... | [
{
"answer": "Jefferson",
"question": "Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?"
},
{
"answer": "metaphor",
"question": "What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?"
},
{
"answer": "1879",
"question": "When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?"
},
{
"answer"... |
18,234 | Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common backg... | [
{
"answer": "to worship freely",
"question": "What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?"
},
{
"answer": "religious persecution",
"question": "What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?"
},
{
"answer": "King of England",
"question": "Who was persecuting the... |
18,235 | ^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own ... | [
{
"answer": "worshipping God",
"question": "What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?"
},
{
"answer": "1789",
"question": "When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?"
},
{
"answer": "attend any p... |
18,236 | ^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only... | [
{
"answer": "1776",
"question": "When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?"
},
{
"answer": "Protestants",
"question": "What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?"
},
{
"answer": "Christians",
"question... |
18,238 | There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending ... | [
{
"answer": "opponents",
"question": "What did an established church, even at the state level, have?"
},
{
"answer": "Baptist minister",
"question": "What was Issac Backus' profession?"
},
{
"answer": "New England",
"question": "What region did Isaac Backus come from?"
},
{
"... |
18,239 | The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description ... | [
{
"answer": "Baptist theologian",
"question": "Who was Roger Williams?"
},
{
"answer": "\"[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world\"",
"question": "What phrase did Roger Williams first use?"
},
{
"answer": "Rhode Island",
"quest... |
18,241 | Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Pro... | [
{
"answer": "destruction",
"question": "What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? "
},
{
"answer": "preachers",
"question": "What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?"
},
{
"answer": "Virginia Sta... |
18,242 | Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "C... | [
{
"answer": "1878",
"question": "When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?"
},
{
"answer": "Reynolds v. U.S.",
"question": "What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?"
},
{
"answer": "Mormon polygamy",
"question": "What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?"
},
... |
18,243 | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | [
{
"answer": "Jefferson and Madison's",
"question": "What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "a bill",
"question": "What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?"
},
{
"answer": "Patrick Henry",
"question": "Who was t... |
18,244 | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | [
{
"answer": "some church",
"question": "What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?"
},
{
"answer": "Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian",
"question": "Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?"
},
{
"an... |
18,245 | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | [
{
"answer": "Christians",
"question": "What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?"
},
{
"answer": "fervently Catholic",
"question": "What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?"
},
{
"answer": "Sco... |
18,246 | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | [
{
"answer": "\"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\"",
"question": "What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?"
},
{
"answer": "\"establishment clause\"",
"question": "What is the first part of the First Am... |
18,247 | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | [
{
"answer": "legal scholars",
"question": "What is John Baker of LSU's profession?"
},
{
"answer": "to appease the Anti-Federalists",
"question": "Why was a more general \"religion\" used in the language of the First Amendment?"
},
{
"answer": "because of the experience under the British... |
18,248 | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | [
{
"answer": "Connecticut",
"question": "Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?"
},
{
"answer": "Constitution only gave Congress stated powers",
"question": "Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? "
},
{
"answer": "establishing a national religion",
"q... |
18,249 | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | [
{
"answer": "post-Civil War",
"question": "When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?"
},
{
"answer": "secure rights for former slaves",
"question": "What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?"
},
{
"answer": "incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the stat... |
18,250 | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | [
{
"answer": "Everson v. Board of Education",
"question": "What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?"
},
{
"answer": "state law",
"question": "What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Educat... |
18,251 | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | [
{
"answer": "Establishment Clause",
"question": "What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state\" became part of what jurisprudence?"
},
{
"answer": "Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145",
"question": "What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?"
},
{
"answer": "freedom",
... |
18,252 | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | [
{
"answer": "1947",
"question": "When was the centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?"
},
{
"answer": "government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools",
"question": "What was the topic of the E... |
18,253 | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Const... | [
{
"answer": "state law",
"question": "What did the decision ultimately uphold?"
},
{
"answer": "transportation of students to religious schools",
"question": "What was the state allowed to continue to fund?"
},
{
"answer": "that the Constitution has erected a \"wall between church and st... |
18,254 | In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public sch... | [
{
"answer": "1962",
"question": "When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?"
},
{
"answer": "Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421",
"question": "What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school praye... |
18,255 | The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to ... | [
{
"answer": "governmentally composed prayers for religious services",
"question": "What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?"
},
{
"answer": "Justice Potter Stewart",
"question": "Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?"
},... |
18,256 | In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university ... | [
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?"
},
{
"answer": "an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof",
"question": "What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?"
},
{
... |
18,257 | In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never b... | [
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?"
},
{
"answer": "Pennsylvania",
"question": "What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?"
},
{
"answer": "teachers of secular subjects",
"question": "Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private... |
18,258 | Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must ... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Lemon Test\"",
"question": "What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?"
},
{
"answe... |
18,259 | In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?"
},
{
"answer": "2002",
"question": "When did the three judge panel make their ruling?"
},
{
"answer": "the Pledge of Allegiance",
... |
18,260 | On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the pu... | [
{
"answer": "December 20, 2005",
"question": "When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?"
},
{
"answer": "the Ten Commandments",
"question": "What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?"
},
{
"answer": "the cross",
"question": "What did a federal judg... |
18,261 | In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo... | [
{
"answer": "Town of Greece v. Galloway",
"question": "What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?"
},
{
"answer": "May 5, 2014",
"question": "When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?"
},
{
"answer": "5-4",
"question": ... |
18,262 | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | [
{
"answer": "separation of church and state",
"question": "What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?"
},
{
"answer": "the textual requirements of the Constitution",
"question": "What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?"
},
{
"answer": "constitutional limitation o... |
18,263 | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | [
{
"answer": "religion",
"question": "Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?"
},
{
"answer": "1868",
"question": "When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?"
},
{
"answer": "first amend... |
18,264 | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | [
{
"answer": "religious test",
"question": "What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?"
},
{
"answer": "Religious",
"question": "What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?"
},
{
"answer": "Seven",
"question": "How m... |
18,265 | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | [
{
"answer": "a Supreme Being",
"question": "What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?"
},
{
"answer": "Article IX, Section 2",
"question": "What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "so help me God",
"question": "What language do some of the same ... |
18,266 | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | [
{
"answer": "beneficial arrangements for the society",
"question": "Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?"
},
{
"answer": "ceremonial deism",
"question": "What is the national motto \"In God We Trust\" officially known as?"
},
{
... |
18,267 | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | [
{
"answer": "mid-twentieth century",
"question": "When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?"
},
{
"answer": "constitutional ban against aid to religious schools",
"question": "What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's r... |
18,268 | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | [
{
"answer": "no-aid",
"question": "What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?"
},
{
"answer": "pervasive",
"question": "What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?"
},
{
"answer": "most Protestants (and most ... |
18,269 | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | [
{
"answer": "anything in the text of the constitution",
"question": "What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?"
},
{
"answer": "professor",
"question": "What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?"
},
{
"answer": "Columbia Law school",
... |
18,270 | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | [
{
"answer": "J. Brent Walker",
"question": "Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?"
},
{
"answer": "supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent",
"question": "What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation... |
18,271 | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | [
{
"answer": "the spiritual and secular worlds",
"question": "What did evangelicals want to keep apart?"
},
{
"answer": "an alliance of unlikely partners",
"question": "What did religious freedom result from?"
},
{
"answer": "historian",
"question": "What profession does Frank Lambert... |
18,272 | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | [
{
"answer": "constitution of the United States",
"question": "What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?"
},
{
"answer": "John F. Kennedy",
"question": "Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?"
},
{
"answer": "the specific relation between pol... |
18,273 | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | [
{
"answer": "flourish",
"question": "What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert S. Wood",
"question": "Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?"
},
{
"a... |
18,274 | Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicani... | [
{
"answer": "Christian",
"question": "What type of faith is Protestantism?"
},
{
"answer": "Martin Luther",
"question": "Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?"
},
{
"answer": "Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy",
"question": "Other than Protestantism, what are th... |
18,275 | All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all... | [
{
"answer": "the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal",
"question": "What do all Protestantism denominations reject?"
},
{
"answer": "transubstantiation,",
"question": "What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?"
},
{
"answer": "sola fide",
"question": ... |
18,277 | Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and centr... | [
{
"answer": "nearly forty percent",
"question": "What percentage of Christians are Protestant?"
},
{
"answer": "all populated continents",
"question": "Which continents have some form of Protestantism?"
},
{
"answer": "Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches",
... |
18,278 | During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, a... | [
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "From what language does the term evangelical originate?"
},
{
"answer": "evangelisch",
"question": "What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?"
},
{
"answer": "evangelical",
"question": "What English word for a church began with the ... |
18,279 | The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvati... | [
{
"answer": "sola scriptura",
"question": "What is the term for teaching by only scripture?"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?"
},
{
"answer": "inerrancy",
"question": "What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?"
},
... |
18,280 | The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers ... | [
{
"answer": "necessity and inerrancy",
"question": "Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?"
},
{
"answer": "ecclesiology",
"question": "What is the term for how the church as a whole works?"
},
{
"answer": "Catholics",
"question": "What group believes that some in the ch... |
18,281 | The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bib... | [
{
"answer": "sola fide (by faith alone)",
"question": "What was Luther's main principle?"
},
{
"answer": "sola scriptura",
"question": "What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?"
},
{
"answer": "Christocentric",
"question": "What did reformers considered their belief... |
18,282 | The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial ri... | [
{
"answer": "the mid-to-late 16th century",
"question": "When did Protestantism begin to split?"
},
{
"answer": "controversy over the Eucharist",
"question": "What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?"
},
{
"answer": "transubstantiation",
"question": "What Cathol... |
18,283 | In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no writte... | [
{
"answer": "Arnold of Brescia",
"question": "Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "the early 1170s",
"question": "When were the Waldensians created?"
},
{
"answer": "1215",
"question": "In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?"... |
18,284 | Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric o... | [
{
"answer": "Jan Hus",
"question": "Who started the Hussite movement?"
},
{
"answer": "John Wycliffe",
"question": "Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?"
},
{
"answer": "the Pope",... |
18,285 | On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, part... | [
{
"answer": "31 October 1517",
"question": "When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?"
},
{
"answer": "indulgences",
"question": "What did the theses argue against selling?"
},
{
"answer": "Virgin Mary",
"question": "What Catholic devotion would Martin Lu... |
18,286 | Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful ... | [
{
"answer": "the Pope",
"question": "Who condemned the Reformation?"
},
{
"answer": "John Calvin",
"question": "Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?"
},
{
"answer": "Geneva",
"question": "What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?"
},
{
"answer": "1563",... |
18,288 | Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the G... | [
{
"answer": "Huldrych Zwingli",
"question": "Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?"
},
{
"answer": "the German states and the Swiss Confederation",
"question": "Which two areas had a long history of resentment?"
},
{
"answer": "the Colloquy of Marburg",
"question": "What ... |
18,290 | The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant ... | [
{
"answer": "the Elizabethan Age",
"question": "The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?"
},
{
"answer": "the Protestant churches of Europe",
"question": "What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?"
},
{
"answer": "the Church of England",
"question": "The ... |
18,291 | The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformati... | [
{
"answer": "1560",
"question": "When was the Scottish Reformation?"
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?"
},
{
"answer": "John Knox",
"question": "Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?"
},
{
"answer": "M... |
18,292 | In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Th... | [
{
"answer": "1524–25",
"question": "When was the German Peasants' War?"
},
{
"answer": "the Thirty Years' War",
"question": "What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?"
},
{
"answer": "between 25% and 40%",
"question": "How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' W... |
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