id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
18,508 | Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909. As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and miraculously recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year. He and brother Edgar both wanted to attend college, though they lacked the funds. They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked to earn the tuitions. | [
{
"answer": "1909",
"question": "In what year did Eisenhower graduate from high school?"
},
{
"answer": "Abilene",
"question": "What high school did Eisenhower go to?"
},
{
"answer": "Edgar",
"question": "What was the name of Eisenhower's brother?"
},
{
"answer": "freshman",
... |
18,509 | Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend "Swede" Hazlet was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight to apply to the school, since no tuition was required. Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy. He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911. | [
{
"answer": "night supervisor",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's job title during the first year his brother went to college?"
},
{
"answer": "Belle Springs Creamery",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower work during his brother's first year of college?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph L. Bristow"... |
18,510 | The Eisenhowers had two sons. Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three; Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death. Their second son, John Eisenhower (1922–2013), was born in Denver Colorado. John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. Coincidentally, John graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944. He married Barbara Jean Thompson on June 10, 1947. John and Barbara had four children: David, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean. David, after whom Camp David is named, married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968. John died on December 21, 2013. | [
{
"answer": "Icky",
"question": "What was Doud Eisenhower's nickname?"
},
{
"answer": "scarlet fever",
"question": "What killed Icky Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Denver",
"question": "In what city was John Eisenhower born?"
},
{
"answer": "brigadier general",
"question": ... |
18,511 | Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948. He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow on the ground. He had a small, basic golf facility installed at Camp David, and became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman Clifford Roberts, inviting Roberts to stay at the White House on several occasions. Roberts, an investment broker, also handled the Eisenhower family's investments. Roberts also advised Eisenhower on tax aspects of publishing his memoirs, which proved financially lucrative. | [
{
"answer": "golf",
"question": "What sport did Eisenhower notably enjoy?"
},
{
"answer": "black",
"question": "What color were Eisenhower's winter golf balls?"
},
{
"answer": "Clifford Roberts",
"question": "Who was the Chairman of Augusta National and friend to Eisenhower?"
},
... |
18,512 | After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby. While at Columbia University, Eisenhower began the art after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life to relax, mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their grandchildren, General Montgomery, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. Wendy Beckett stated that Eisenhower's work, "simple and earnest, rather cause us to wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president". A conservative in both art and politics, he in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as "a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie, loaded with paint, has been driven over it." | [
{
"answer": "oil painting",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite hobby other than golfing?"
},
{
"answer": "Tin Lizzie",
"question": "What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to?"
},
{
"answer": "landscapes",
"question": "What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eis... |
18,513 | Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport," in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation, and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him. A classmate reported that after learning to play contract bridge at West Point, Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months. | [
{
"answer": "Angels in the Outfield",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite film?"
},
{
"answer": "Zane Grey",
"question": "Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?"
},
{
"answer": "Western",
"question": "What genre did Zane Grey write in?"
},
{
"answer": "Abilene",
"q... |
18,514 | When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the new tank corps, where he was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt – his first command – at the site of "Pickett's Charge" on the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Civil War battleground. Though Eisenhower and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills, as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel. | [
{
"answer": "Ft. Leavenworth",
"question": "What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War?"
},
{
"answer": "65th Engineers",
"question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?"
},
{
"answer": "Lieutenant Colonel",
... |
18,515 | Once again his spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed, just a week before departure. Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[citation needed] In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the first great war (led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp, completely equipped, for thousands of troops, and developing a full combat training schedule. | [
{
"answer": "week",
"question": "How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?"
},
{
"answer": "Distinguished Service Medal",
"question": "What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?"
},
{
"answer": "Montgomery",
... |
18,516 | He assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Brett, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with court martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented. | [
{
"answer": "tanks",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?"
},
{
"answer": "1922",
"question": "When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?"
},
{
"answer": "Sereno E. Brett",
"question": "Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?"
},
{
"... |
18,517 | From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals – Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that "Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew." Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, "[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met." On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927. | [
{
"answer": "executive officer",
"question": "What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?"
},
{
"answer": "Panama Canal Zone",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?"
},
{
"answer": "On War",
"question": "What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewi... |
18,518 | During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe. He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to February 1933. Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy). | [
{
"answer": "Pershing",
"question": "Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?"
},
{
"answer": "Agriculture",
"question": "During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?"
},
{
"answer": "1928",
"question": "In what yea... |
18,519 | His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct. | [
{
"answer": "Great Depression",
"question": "What event made war planning difficult in this period?"
},
{
"answer": "Army Chief of Staff",
"question": "What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?"
},
{
"answer": "Bonus March",
"question": "What encampment was a... |
18,520 | Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and General Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur, and that a positive relationship endured. While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937 and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis. Also around this time, he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named Quezon City, but he declined the offer. | [
{
"answer": "lieutenant colonel",
"question": "What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?"
},
{
"answer": "Manuel L. Quezon",
"question": "Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?"
},
{
"answer": "Quezon City",
"question": "What is the current name of the capital city that... |
18,521 | Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. After successfully participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers, he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command above a battalion and was far from being considered by many as a potential commander of major operations. | [
{
"answer": "15th Infantry",
"question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Lewis",
"question": "At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based?"
},
{
"answer": "Kenyon Joyce",
"question": "In the spring of 1941... |
18,522 | After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division (WPD), General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Next, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division (which replaced WPD) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly. | [
{
"answer": "General Staff in",
"question": "To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked?"
},
{
"answer": "Leonard T. Gerow",
"question": "Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Operations Division",
"question": "What body replaced the War Pla... |
18,523 | At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an "uneasy feeling" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on Coombe, Kingston upon Thames, and replaced Chaney. He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7. | [
{
"answer": "Henry H. Arnold",
"question": "As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "London",
"question": "To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?"
},
{
"answer": "Commanding General, European Theater of Operations",
"question": "What appointment di... |
18,524 | In November 1942, he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters (A(E)FHQ). The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned underground within the Rock of Gibraltar. Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years. | [
{
"answer": "Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations",
"question": "What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Torch",
"question": "What was the code name of the North African campaign?"
},
{
"an... |
18,525 | French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint, though none of them had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle. Eisenhower did not take action to prevent the arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of Darlan acting without authority from either Vichy or the Allies, considering it a criminal rather than a military matter. Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief, and who had refused to postpone the execution. | [
{
"answer": "Tunisia",
"question": "What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "François Darlan",
"question": "Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle",
"question": "Who killed Franç... |
18,526 | Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding U.S. II Corps. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA. | [
{
"answer": "Generalfeldmarschall",
"question": "What was Rommel's rank?"
},
{
"answer": "Lloyd Fredendall",
"question": "Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Bernard Montgomery",
"question": "Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?"
},
{
"a... |
18,527 | After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the highly successful invasion of Sicily. Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians, the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country – making the job more difficult, by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1; nevertheless, the invasion of Italy was highly successful. | [
{
"answer": "Sicily",
"question": "What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Avalanche",
"question": "What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?"
},
{
"answer": "2 to 1",
"question": "What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied div... |
18,528 | In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany. | [
{
"answer": "Marshall",
"question": "Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force",
"question": "What did SHAEF stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Roosevelt",
... |
18,530 | The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. A month later, the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many prematurely considered that victory in Europe would come by summer's end—however the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year. From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps. He was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced on an individual level by the troops under his command and their families. This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion. Eisenhower's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed. It has been called one of the great speeches of history: | [
{
"answer": "June 6, 1944",
"question": "When did the Normandy invasion occur?"
},
{
"answer": "month",
"question": "How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?"
},
{
"answer": "May 8, 1945",
"question": "When did the war in Europe end?"
},
{
... |
18,531 | Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical, though sometimes ineffective, latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully, albeit belatedly, opened in late 1944, and victory became a more distinct probability. | [
{
"answer": "21st Army Group",
"question": "What unit did Montgomery command?"
},
{
"answer": "Bradley",
"question": "What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?"
},
{
"answer": "south",
"question": "What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?"
}... |
18,532 | In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends. | [
{
"answer": "Field Marshal",
"question": "What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?"
},
{
"answer": "December 20, 1944",
"question": "On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?"
},
{
"answer": "Churchill",
"question": "Along with ... |
18,533 | The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets and the western front with the Allies. The British wanted Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down, but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945. | [
{
"answer": "December 1944",
"question": "When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Berlin",
"question": "What German city did the British wish to conquer?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the... |
18,534 | Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence of the atrocities in them for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis. | [
{
"answer": "Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?"
},
{
"answer": "IG Farben Building",
"question": "In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?"
},
{
"answer": "Frankfurt am Mai... |
18,536 | In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that "figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination. | [
{
"answer": "June 1943",
"question": "When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?"
},
{
"answer": "Grand High Supreme King of the Universe",
"question": "Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?"
},
{... |
18,537 | As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office"; "life-long professional soldiers", he wrote, "in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner, would presumably serve two terms, and Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would then be too old. | [
{
"answer": "New Hampshire",
"question": "What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?"
},
{
"answer": "66",
"question": "How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?"
},
{
"answer": "too old",
"question": "Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president... |
18,538 | In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000. | [
{
"answer": "President of Columbia University",
"question": "What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?"
},
{
"answer": "New York City",
"question": "Where is Columbia University located?"
},
{
"answer": "Crusade in Europe",
"question": "What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?"
... |
18,539 | Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as "the political education of General Eisenhower", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed. | [
{
"answer": "Council on Foreign Relations",
"question": "While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?"
},
{
"answer": "biographer",
"question": "What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "professional",
"question": "Along... |
18,540 | Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association. | [
{
"answer": "Secretary of Defense",
"question": "What position was held by James Forrestal?"
},
{
"answer": "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff",
"question": "What position did Eisenhower informally hold?"
},
{
"answer": "Augusta National Golf Club",
"question": "After becoming si... |
18,541 | The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods. | [
{
"answer": "American Assembly",
"question": "Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?"
},
{
"answer": "Leonard McCollum",
"question": "What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?"
},
{
"answer": "liberal",
"question": "What was the political... |
18,542 | The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States. | [
{
"answer": "December 1950",
"question": "When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?"
},
{
"answer": "Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization",
"question": "What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?"
},
{
"answer": "May 31, 1952",
"ques... |
18,544 | In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman. | [
{
"answer": "South",
"question": "In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?"
},
{
"answer": "corruption",
"question": "Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?"
},
{
"answer": "K1C2... |
18,545 | Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home. | [
{
"answer": "Wisconsin",
"question": "What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?"
},
{
"answer": "Korea",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?"
},
{
"answer": "a secret trust",
"question": "During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received mo... |
18,546 | Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover). | [
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "In what century was Eisenhower born?"
},
{
"answer": "James Buchanan",
"question": "Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "did not have prior elected office",
"question": "What did Eisenhower have in common wi... |
18,547 | Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War. | [
{
"answer": "Joseph M. Dodge",
"question": "Who was Eisenhower's budget director?"
},
{
"answer": "Herbert Brownell",
"question": "Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?"
},
{
"answer": "Oveta Culp Hobby",
"question": "What woman was a member of Eisen... |
18,548 | Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations. | [
{
"answer": "Korean",
"question": "What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?"
},
{
"answer": "pre-inaugural",
"question": "What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "Policy in regard to what country was dis... |
18,549 | Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman. | [
{
"answer": "progressive conservative",
"question": "How did Eisenhower describe his political views?"
},
{
"answer": "ten million",
"question": "How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Social Security",
"question": "What New deal progr... |
18,550 | As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore." | [
{
"answer": "right",
"question": "What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?"
},
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?"
},
{
"answer": "moderate, progressive",
"question": "What type of Republican did Ei... |
18,551 | Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations. | [
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?"
},
{
"answer": "1955",
"question": "In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?"
},
{
"answer": "February 1956",
"question": "When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating th... |
18,552 | Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956. | [
{
"answer": "the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy",
"question": "What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "autobahn",
"question": "What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?"
},
{
"answer": "June 1956",
... |
18,553 | In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency. | [
{
"answer": "Yalta",
"question": "What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?"
},
{
"answer": "beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch",
"question": "Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph S... |
18,554 | The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the "New Look", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953. | [
{
"answer": "conventional forces",
"question": "What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?"
},
{
"answer": "New Look",
"question": "What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?"
},
{
"answer": "1953",
"ques... |
18,555 | In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand. | [
{
"answer": "refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections",
"question": "Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "London",
"question": "In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "Eisenhower",
... |
18,556 | In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner. | [
{
"answer": "Mexico",
"question": "What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?"
},
{
"answer": "Southeast Asia",
"question": "The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?"
},
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "In ... |
18,557 | With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out." | [
{
"answer": "Dulles",
"question": "Who was the director of the CIA?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Ajax",
"question": "What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?"
},
{
"answer": "Pbsuccess",
"question": "What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?"
},
... |
18,558 | Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display. | [
{
"answer": "Lockheed C-121 Constellation",
"question": "What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern Airlines Flight 8610",
"question": "What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?"
},
{
"answer": "Air Force One",
"question": "What c... |
18,559 | On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists. | [
{
"answer": "Soviet launch of Sputnik",
"question": "What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?"
},
{
"answer": "illegal",
"question": "What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?"
},
{
"answer": "Project Genetrix",
"question": "Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did... |
18,560 | In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue. | [
{
"answer": "Kaesong sanctuary",
"question": "Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?"
},
{
"answer": "use nuclear force",
"question": "What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?"
},
{
"answer": "National Securi... |
18,561 | In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable. | [
{
"answer": "1950",
"question": "The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?"
},
{
"answer": "July",
"question": "In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?"
},
{
"answer": "Syngman Rhee",
"question": "Who was the President of South Korea at the time ... |
18,562 | In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965. | [
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?"
},
{
"answer": "Suez Crisis",
"question": "What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?"
},
{
"answer": "Gamal Abdel Nasser",
"question": "Who was the ... |
18,563 | Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions." | [
{
"answer": "First Indochina War",
"question": "What war was being fought by France in 1953?"
},
{
"answer": "Iron Mike",
"question": "What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?"
},
{
"answer": "Matthew Ridgway",
"question": "Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?"
},
{... |
18,564 | Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS. | [
{
"answer": "non-combat personnel",
"question": "Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?"
},
{
"answer": "napalm",
"question": "What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?"
},
{
"answer": "May 1954",
"question": "When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists... |
18,565 | Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict. | [
{
"answer": "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization",
"question": "What is SEATO?"
},
{
"answer": "New Zealand and Australia",
"question": "Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?"
},
{
"answer": "defense of Vietnam against communism",
"question": "... |
18,566 | In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance. | [
{
"answer": "Free Vietnam",
"question": "What was South Vietnam called in 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "J. Lawton Collins",
"question": "Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?"
},
{
"answer": "February 1955",
"question": "When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vie... |
18,567 | In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives. | [
{
"answer": "ten",
"question": "How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?"
},
{
"answer": "New York City",
"question": "Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?"
},
{
"answer": "900",
"question": "How many soldiers did Eisenhower ul... |
18,568 | On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties." | [
{
"answer": "May 1, 1960",
"question": "When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?"
},
{
"answer": "East–West summit conference",
"question": "What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?"
},
{
"answer": "Captain",
"question": "What was the rank of the pilot of the... |
18,569 | Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact. | [
{
"answer": "weather research aircraft",
"question": "What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkey",
"question": "Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?"
},
{
"answer": "oxygen equipment",
... |
18,570 | The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business". | [
{
"answer": "Nikita Khrushchev",
"question": "Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?"
},
{
"answer": "apologize",
"question": "What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?"
},
{
"answer": "Berlin",
"question": "Along with ... |
18,571 | While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds". | [
{
"answer": "Truman",
"question": "Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?"
},
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?"
},
{
"answer": "February 1953",
"question": "When did Eisenhower deliver his fi... |
18,572 | Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875. | [
{
"answer": "school children",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?"
},
{
"answer": "Civil Rights Act of 1957",
"question": "What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "1960",
"question": "In what year did Eisenh... |
18,573 | In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock". | [
{
"answer": "Arkansas",
"question": "What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?"
},
{
"answer": "101st Airborne Division",
"question": "What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?"
},
{
"answer": "Arkansas National Guard",
"question": "Wha... |
18,574 | This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused. | [
{
"answer": "1953",
"question": "In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?"
},
{
"answer": "he refused",
"question": "What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?"
},
{
"answer": "facilitate relat... |
18,575 | Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy. | [
{
"answer": "Atomic Energy Commission",
"question": "What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?"
},
{
"answer": "H-bombs",
"question": "What was the AEC working on at this time?"
},
{
"answer": "J. Robert Oppenheimer",
"question": "What AEC sc... |
18,576 | In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall. | [
{
"answer": "issue subpoenas to White House personnel",
"question": "What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "executive privilege",
"question": "What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?"
},
{
"answer": "Executive",
... |
18,577 | The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance." | [
{
"answer": "Democrats",
"question": "Who won a Senate majority in 1954?"
},
{
"answer": "Sam Rayburn",
"question": "After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?"
},
{
"answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson",
"question": "Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 electio... |
18,578 | Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking." | [
{
"answer": "worked too much through subordinates",
"question": "What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?"
},
{
"answer": "reverse of what he has desired",
"question": "As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress oft... |
18,579 | Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court. | [
{
"answer": "Republicans",
"question": "What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?"
},
{
"answer": "Democrat",
"question": "What party did Brennan belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Warren",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?"
},
{
"answer": "liberal... |
18,580 | Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack that required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the President. He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress. Instead of eliminating him as a candidate for a second term as President, his physician recommended a second term as essential to his recovery. | [
{
"answer": "West Point",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?"
},
{
"answer": "two or three packs",
"question": "How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1949",
"question": "When did Eisenhower stop smoking compl... |
18,582 | The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death. | [
{
"answer": "heart attack",
"question": "What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?"
},
{
"answer": "cholecystitis",
"question": "For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?"
},
{
"answer": "gallbladder",
"question": "What did Eisenhower have re... |
18,583 | In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43. | [
{
"answer": "Richard Nixon",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "John F. Kennedy",
"question": "Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "70",
"question": "How old was Eisenhower in 1960?"
},
{
"answer... |
18,584 | On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex." | [
{
"answer": "January 17, 1961",
"question": "On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?"
},
{
"answer": "military–industrial",
"question": "In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?"
},
{
"answer": "Cold",
"question": "What war did... |
18,585 | Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. In retirement, the former president did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. However, his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as "a dime-store New Dealer". | [
{
"answer": "Gettysburg",
"question": "What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?"
},
{
"answer": "Dauphin",
"question": "What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?"
},
{
"answer": "National Park Service",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1... |
18,586 | On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service. | [
{
"answer": "78",
"question": "How old was Eisenhower when he died?"
},
{
"answer": "Walter Reed Army Medical Center",
"question": "At what facility did Eisenhower die?"
},
{
"answer": "congestive heart failure",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's cause of death?"
},
{
"answe... |
18,587 | That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979. | [
{
"answer": "April 2",
"question": "When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?"
},
{
"answer": "$80",
"question": "What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?"
},
{
"answer": "Eisenhower Presidential Library",
"question": "At what location was Eisenhower buried?"
... |
18,588 | In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism. | [
{
"answer": "golf",
"question": "In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?"
},
{
"answer": "McCarthyism",
"question": "What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?"
},
{
"answer": "Little Rock",
"question": "Where was Central High school ... |
18,589 | Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one. | [
{
"answer": "United States Army",
"question": "From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?"
},
{
"answer": "Lyndon Johnson",
"question": "Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?"
},
{
"answer": "Jimmy Carter",
"question": "Along with Fo... |
18,590 | The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series. | [
{
"answer": "9,858",
"question": "How many appreciation medals were minted?"
},
{
"answer": "Philadelphia",
"question": "In what city were the appreciation medals minted?"
},
{
"answer": "September 1958 through October 1960",
"question": "During what period were the appreciation meda... |
18,591 | The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver. | [
{
"answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways",
"question": "What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?"
},
{
"answer": "Austria",
"question": "Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War... |
18,592 | A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage. | [
{
"answer": "17th",
"question": "At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?"
},
{
"answer": "192",
"question": "How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?"
},
{
"answer": "cut down",
"question": "What did Eisenhower want to be done... |
18,593 | The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density. | [
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many boroughs are in NYC?"
},
{
"answer": "northernmost",
"question": "Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?"
},
{
"answer": "1,438,159",
"question": "What is the Bronx's population?"
},
{
"answer": "42 square miles (109 km2)",... |
18,594 | The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. | [
{
"answer": "Jonas Bronck",
"question": "Who is the Bronx named for?"
},
{
"answer": "created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony",
"question": "What did Bronck do?"
},
{
"answer": "1639",
"question": "When did Bronck settle in the New York area?"
},
{
"... |
18,595 | The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today. | [
{
"answer": "one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States",
"question": "How poor is part of the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club",
"question": "What neighborhoods of the ... |
18,596 | Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother. | [
{
"answer": "1600",
"question": "When was Jonas Bronck born?"
},
{
"answer": "spring of 1639",
"question": "When did Bronck reach the New York area?"
},
{
"answer": "Småland, Sweden",
"question": "Where did Bronck emigrate from?"
},
{
"answer": "the Dutch West India Company",... |
18,597 | The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'. | [
{
"answer": "The County of Bronx",
"question": "What is the Bronx's county name?"
},
{
"answer": "Borough of the Bronx",
"question": "What is the Bronx's borough name?"
},
{
"answer": "1874",
"question": "When was the Bronx created?"
},
{
"answer": "1898",
"question": "Wh... |
18,598 | The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether. | [
{
"answer": "1759",
"question": "When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?"
},
{
"answer": "tolls were resented",
"question": "Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?"
},
{
"answer": "between New England and New York",
"question": "What strategic advantage ... |
18,599 | The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers. | [
{
"answer": "12",
"question": "How many counties did New York originally have?"
},
{
"answer": "Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham",
"question": "Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "1846",
"question": "When was West Farms created?"
},
{
"answer": "18... |
18,600 | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896. | [
{
"answer": "1873",
"question": "When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?"
},
{
"answer": "1873",
"question": "When did New York City annex West Farms?"
},
{
"answer": "1873",
"question": "When did New York City annex Morrisania?"
},
{
"answer": "1895",
"question": "When... |
18,601 | The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today. | [
{
"answer": "1900–29",
"question": "When was the Bronx's boom period?"
},
{
"answer": "200,000",
"question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1900?"
},
{
"answer": "1.3 million",
"question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1929?"
},
{
"answer": "1950–85",
"question... |
18,602 | The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. | [
{
"answer": "592,185",
"question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?"
},
{
"answer": "54,000",
"question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "Extensions of the New York City Subway",
"question": "What led to the Bronx's population growth?"
},
{
... |
18,603 | Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings. | [
{
"answer": "a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas",
"question": "What is redlining?"
},
{
"answer": "rent control laws",
"question": "What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or... |
18,604 | In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx. | [
{
"answer": "arson",
"question": "What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?"
},
{
"answer": "it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area",
"question": "Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?"
},
{
"answe... |
18,605 | Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs. | [
{
"answer": "\"Ten-Year Housing Plan\"",
"question": "What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "about 1,000",
"question": "How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?"
},
{
"answer": "Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx",
"question": "Who built the Nehe... |
18,606 | In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx. | [
{
"answer": "All America City",
"question": "What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "the National Civic League",
"question": "Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buil... |
18,607 | Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million. | [
{
"answer": "Kingsbridge National Ice Center",
"question": "What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?"
},
{
"answer": "Kingsbridge Armory",
"question": "What was the largest armory in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "the Mott Haven waterfront",
"question": "Where is a La Quinta being ... |
18,608 | The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.) | [
{
"answer": "Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs",
"question": "What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "Bergen County",
"question": "What county is Tenafly in?"
},
{
"answer": "New Jersey",
"question": "What state is Alpine in?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,609 | The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2). | [
{
"answer": "in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School",
"question": "Where is the Bronx's highest point?"
},
{
"answer": "southeastern",
"question": "What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?"
},
{
"answer": "Hu... |
18,611 | East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. | [
{
"answer": "Castle Hill Point",
"question": "What is Screvin's Neck also called?"
},
{
"answer": "East River",
"question": "In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas?"
},
{
"answer": "Pelham Bay Park",
"question": "What is NYC's largest park?"
},
{
"answer": "along the ... |
18,612 | The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston. It includes New York City's fourth largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south. | [
{
"answer": "western",
"question": "What parts of the Bronx have more hills?"
},
{
"answer": "Riverdale and Fieldston.",
"question": "What parts of West Bronx are more affluent?"
},
{
"answer": "Van Cortlandt Park",
"question": "What is NYC's 4th-largest park?"
},
{
"answer":... |
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