id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
18,508 | Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909. As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and miraculously ... | [
{
"answer": "1909",
"question": "In what year did Eisenhower graduate from high school?"
},
{
"answer": "Abilene",
"question": "What high school did Eisenhower go to?"
},
{
"answer": "Edgar",
"question": "What was the name of Eisenhower's brother?"
},
{
"answer": "freshman",
... |
18,509 | Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend "Swede" Hazlet was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight to apply to the school, since no tuitio... | [
{
"answer": "night supervisor",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's job title during the first year his brother went to college?"
},
{
"answer": "Belle Springs Creamery",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower work during his brother's first year of college?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph L. Bristow"... |
18,510 | The Eisenhowers had two sons. Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three; Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death. Their second son, John Eisenhower (1922–2013), was born in Denver Colorado. John served in the United States Ar... | [
{
"answer": "Icky",
"question": "What was Doud Eisenhower's nickname?"
},
{
"answer": "scarlet fever",
"question": "What killed Icky Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Denver",
"question": "In what city was John Eisenhower born?"
},
{
"answer": "brigadier general",
"question": ... |
18,511 | Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948. He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them bett... | [
{
"answer": "golf",
"question": "What sport did Eisenhower notably enjoy?"
},
{
"answer": "black",
"question": "What color were Eisenhower's winter golf balls?"
},
{
"answer": "Clifford Roberts",
"question": "Who was the Chairman of Augusta National and friend to Eisenhower?"
},
... |
18,512 | After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby. While at Columbia University, Eisenhower began the art after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life to relax, mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their ... | [
{
"answer": "oil painting",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite hobby other than golfing?"
},
{
"answer": "Tin Lizzie",
"question": "What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to?"
},
{
"answer": "landscapes",
"question": "What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eis... |
18,513 | Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport," in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded ... | [
{
"answer": "Angels in the Outfield",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite film?"
},
{
"answer": "Zane Grey",
"question": "Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?"
},
{
"answer": "Western",
"question": "What genre did Zane Grey write in?"
},
{
"answer": "Abilene",
"q... |
18,514 | When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the n... | [
{
"answer": "Ft. Leavenworth",
"question": "What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War?"
},
{
"answer": "65th Engineers",
"question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?"
},
{
"answer": "Lieutenant Colonel",
... |
18,515 | Once again his spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed, just a week before departure. Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Se... | [
{
"answer": "week",
"question": "How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?"
},
{
"answer": "Distinguished Service Medal",
"question": "What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?"
},
{
"answer": "Montgomery",
... |
18,516 | He assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Bret... | [
{
"answer": "tanks",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?"
},
{
"answer": "1922",
"question": "When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?"
},
{
"answer": "Sereno E. Brett",
"question": "Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?"
},
{
"... |
18,517 | From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals – Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and... | [
{
"answer": "executive officer",
"question": "What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?"
},
{
"answer": "Panama Canal Zone",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?"
},
{
"answer": "On War",
"question": "What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewi... |
18,518 | During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milt... | [
{
"answer": "Pershing",
"question": "Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?"
},
{
"answer": "Agriculture",
"question": "During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?"
},
{
"answer": "1928",
"question": "In what yea... |
18,519 | His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the ac... | [
{
"answer": "Great Depression",
"question": "What event made war planning difficult in this period?"
},
{
"answer": "Army Chief of Staff",
"question": "What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?"
},
{
"answer": "Bonus March",
"question": "What encampment was a... |
18,520 | Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and General Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur, and th... | [
{
"answer": "lieutenant colonel",
"question": "What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?"
},
{
"answer": "Manuel L. Quezon",
"question": "Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?"
},
{
"answer": "Quezon City",
"question": "What is the current name of the capital city that... |
18,521 | Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce. In June 19... | [
{
"answer": "15th Infantry",
"question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Lewis",
"question": "At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based?"
},
{
"answer": "Kenyon Joyce",
"question": "In the spring of 1941... |
18,522 | After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division (WPD)... | [
{
"answer": "General Staff in",
"question": "To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked?"
},
{
"answer": "Leonard T. Gerow",
"question": "Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Operations Division",
"question": "What body replaced the War Pla... |
18,523 | At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an "uneasy feeling" ... | [
{
"answer": "Henry H. Arnold",
"question": "As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "London",
"question": "To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?"
},
{
"answer": "Commanding General, European Theater of Operations",
"question": "What appointment di... |
18,524 | In November 1942, he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters (A(E)FHQ). The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. Th... | [
{
"answer": "Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations",
"question": "What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Torch",
"question": "What was the code name of the North African campaign?"
},
{
"an... |
18,525 | French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commis... | [
{
"answer": "Tunisia",
"question": "What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "François Darlan",
"question": "Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle",
"question": "Who killed Franç... |
18,526 | Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He a... | [
{
"answer": "Generalfeldmarschall",
"question": "What was Rommel's rank?"
},
{
"answer": "Lloyd Fredendall",
"question": "Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Bernard Montgomery",
"question": "Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?"
},
{
"a... |
18,527 | After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the highly successful invasion of Sicily. Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prim... | [
{
"answer": "Sicily",
"question": "What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Avalanche",
"question": "What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?"
},
{
"answer": "2 to 1",
"question": "What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied div... |
18,528 | In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual rol... | [
{
"answer": "Marshall",
"question": "Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force",
"question": "What did SHAEF stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Roosevelt",
... |
18,530 | The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. A month later, the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many prematurely considered that victory in Europe would come by summer's end—however the Germans did not ... | [
{
"answer": "June 6, 1944",
"question": "When did the Normandy invasion occur?"
},
{
"answer": "month",
"question": "How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?"
},
{
"answer": "May 8, 1945",
"question": "When did the war in Europe end?"
},
{
... |
18,531 | Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north,... | [
{
"answer": "21st Army Group",
"question": "What unit did Montgomery command?"
},
{
"answer": "Bradley",
"question": "What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?"
},
{
"answer": "south",
"question": "What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?"
}... |
18,532 | In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had ne... | [
{
"answer": "Field Marshal",
"question": "What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?"
},
{
"answer": "December 20, 1944",
"question": "On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?"
},
{
"answer": "Churchill",
"question": "Along with ... |
18,533 | The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets an... | [
{
"answer": "December 1944",
"question": "When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Berlin",
"question": "What German city did the British wish to conquer?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the... |
18,534 | Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was man... | [
{
"answer": "Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?"
},
{
"answer": "IG Farben Building",
"question": "In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?"
},
{
"answer": "Frankfurt am Mai... |
18,536 | In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that "figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office". As other... | [
{
"answer": "June 1943",
"question": "When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?"
},
{
"answer": "Grand High Supreme King of the Universe",
"question": "Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?"
},
{... |
18,537 | As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "no... | [
{
"answer": "New Hampshire",
"question": "What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?"
},
{
"answer": "66",
"question": "How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?"
},
{
"answer": "too old",
"question": "Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president... |
18,538 | In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it... | [
{
"answer": "President of Columbia University",
"question": "What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?"
},
{
"answer": "New York City",
"question": "Where is Columbia University located?"
},
{
"answer": "Crusade in Europe",
"question": "What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?"
... |
18,539 | Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where b... | [
{
"answer": "Council on Foreign Relations",
"question": "While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?"
},
{
"answer": "biographer",
"question": "What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "professional",
"question": "Along... |
18,540 | Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months ... | [
{
"answer": "Secretary of Defense",
"question": "What position was held by James Forrestal?"
},
{
"answer": "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff",
"question": "What position did Eisenhower informally hold?"
},
{
"answer": "Augusta National Golf Club",
"question": "After becoming si... |
18,541 | The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oi... | [
{
"answer": "American Assembly",
"question": "Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?"
},
{
"answer": "Leonard McCollum",
"question": "What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?"
},
{
"answer": "liberal",
"question": "What was the political... |
18,542 | The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from act... | [
{
"answer": "December 1950",
"question": "When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?"
},
{
"answer": "Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization",
"question": "What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?"
},
{
"answer": "May 31, 1952",
"ques... |
18,544 | In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruptio... | [
{
"answer": "South",
"question": "In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?"
},
{
"answer": "corruption",
"question": "Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?"
},
{
"answer": "K1C2... |
18,545 | Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on E... | [
{
"answer": "Wisconsin",
"question": "What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?"
},
{
"answer": "Korea",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?"
},
{
"answer": "a secret trust",
"question": "During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received mo... |
18,546 | Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th... | [
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "In what century was Eisenhower born?"
},
{
"answer": "James Buchanan",
"question": "Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "did not have prior elected office",
"question": "What did Eisenhower have in common wi... |
18,547 | Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. ... | [
{
"answer": "Joseph M. Dodge",
"question": "Who was Eisenhower's budget director?"
},
{
"answer": "Herbert Brownell",
"question": "Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?"
},
{
"answer": "Oveta Culp Hobby",
"question": "What woman was a member of Eisen... |
18,548 | Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower a... | [
{
"answer": "Korean",
"question": "What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?"
},
{
"answer": "pre-inaugural",
"question": "What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "Policy in regard to what country was dis... |
18,549 | Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Departm... | [
{
"answer": "progressive conservative",
"question": "How did Eisenhower describe his political views?"
},
{
"answer": "ten million",
"question": "How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "Social Security",
"question": "What New deal progr... |
18,550 | As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhow... | [
{
"answer": "right",
"question": "What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?"
},
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?"
},
{
"answer": "moderate, progressive",
"question": "What type of Republican did Ei... |
18,551 | Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; ... | [
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?"
},
{
"answer": "1955",
"question": "In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?"
},
{
"answer": "February 1956",
"question": "When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating th... |
18,552 | Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with enco... | [
{
"answer": "the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy",
"question": "What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "autobahn",
"question": "What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?"
},
{
"answer": "June 1956",
... |
18,553 | In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for... | [
{
"answer": "Yalta",
"question": "What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?"
},
{
"answer": "beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch",
"question": "Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph S... |
18,554 | The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense... | [
{
"answer": "conventional forces",
"question": "What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?"
},
{
"answer": "New Look",
"question": "What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?"
},
{
"answer": "1953",
"ques... |
18,555 | In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspe... | [
{
"answer": "refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections",
"question": "Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "London",
"question": "In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "Eisenhower",
... |
18,556 | In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to... | [
{
"answer": "Mexico",
"question": "What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?"
},
{
"answer": "Southeast Asia",
"question": "The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?"
},
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "In ... |
18,557 | With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léo... | [
{
"answer": "Dulles",
"question": "Who was the director of the CIA?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Ajax",
"question": "What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?"
},
{
"answer": "Pbsuccess",
"question": "What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?"
},
... |
18,558 | Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the p... | [
{
"answer": "Lockheed C-121 Constellation",
"question": "What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern Airlines Flight 8610",
"question": "What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?"
},
{
"answer": "Air Force One",
"question": "What c... |
18,559 | On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet launch of Sputnik",
"question": "What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?"
},
{
"answer": "illegal",
"question": "What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?"
},
{
"answer": "Project Genetrix",
"question": "Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did... |
18,560 | In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National... | [
{
"answer": "Kaesong sanctuary",
"question": "Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?"
},
{
"answer": "use nuclear force",
"question": "What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?"
},
{
"answer": "National Securi... |
18,561 | In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, a... | [
{
"answer": "1950",
"question": "The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?"
},
{
"answer": "July",
"question": "In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?"
},
{
"answer": "Syngman Rhee",
"question": "Who was the President of South Korea at the time ... |
18,562 | In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publ... | [
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?"
},
{
"answer": "Suez Crisis",
"question": "What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?"
},
{
"answer": "Gamal Abdel Nasser",
"question": "Who was the ... |
18,563 | Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the Pr... | [
{
"answer": "First Indochina War",
"question": "What war was being fought by France in 1953?"
},
{
"answer": "Iron Mike",
"question": "What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?"
},
{
"answer": "Matthew Ridgway",
"question": "Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?"
},
{... |
18,564 | Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied part... | [
{
"answer": "non-combat personnel",
"question": "Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?"
},
{
"answer": "napalm",
"question": "What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?"
},
{
"answer": "May 1954",
"question": "When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists... |
18,565 | Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participat... | [
{
"answer": "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization",
"question": "What is SEATO?"
},
{
"answer": "New Zealand and Australia",
"question": "Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?"
},
{
"answer": "defense of Vietnam against communism",
"question": "... |
18,566 | In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military ca... | [
{
"answer": "Free Vietnam",
"question": "What was South Vietnam called in 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "J. Lawton Collins",
"question": "Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?"
},
{
"answer": "February 1955",
"question": "When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vie... |
18,567 | In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten day... | [
{
"answer": "ten",
"question": "How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?"
},
{
"answer": "New York City",
"question": "Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?"
},
{
"answer": "900",
"question": "How many soldiers did Eisenhower ul... |
18,568 | On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out o... | [
{
"answer": "May 1, 1960",
"question": "When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?"
},
{
"answer": "East–West summit conference",
"question": "What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?"
},
{
"answer": "Captain",
"question": "What was the rank of the pilot of the... |
18,569 | Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which... | [
{
"answer": "weather research aircraft",
"question": "What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkey",
"question": "Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?"
},
{
"answer": "oxygen equipment",
... |
18,570 | The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenho... | [
{
"answer": "Nikita Khrushchev",
"question": "Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?"
},
{
"answer": "apologize",
"question": "What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?"
},
{
"answer": "Berlin",
"question": "Along with ... |
18,571 | While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in ... | [
{
"answer": "Truman",
"question": "Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?"
},
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?"
},
{
"answer": "February 1953",
"question": "When did Eisenhower deliver his fi... |
18,572 | Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil righ... | [
{
"answer": "school children",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?"
},
{
"answer": "Civil Rights Act of 1957",
"question": "What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?"
},
{
"answer": "1960",
"question": "In what year did Eisenh... |
18,573 | In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sen... | [
{
"answer": "Arkansas",
"question": "What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?"
},
{
"answer": "101st Airborne Division",
"question": "What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?"
},
{
"answer": "Arkansas National Guard",
"question": "Wha... |
18,574 | This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a nu... | [
{
"answer": "1953",
"question": "In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?"
},
{
"answer": "he refused",
"question": "What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?"
},
{
"answer": "facilitate relat... |
18,575 | Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigat... | [
{
"answer": "Atomic Energy Commission",
"question": "What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?"
},
{
"answer": "H-bombs",
"question": "What was the AEC working on at this time?"
},
{
"answer": "J. Robert Oppenheimer",
"question": "What AEC sc... |
18,576 | In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters... | [
{
"answer": "issue subpoenas to White House personnel",
"question": "What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "executive privilege",
"question": "What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?"
},
{
"answer": "Executive",
... |
18,577 | The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, ... | [
{
"answer": "Democrats",
"question": "Who won a Senate majority in 1954?"
},
{
"answer": "Sam Rayburn",
"question": "After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?"
},
{
"answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson",
"question": "Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 electio... |
18,578 | Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming ar... | [
{
"answer": "worked too much through subordinates",
"question": "What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?"
},
{
"answer": "reverse of what he has desired",
"question": "As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress oft... |
18,579 | Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order con... | [
{
"answer": "Republicans",
"question": "What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?"
},
{
"answer": "Democrat",
"question": "What party did Brennan belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Warren",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?"
},
{
"answer": "liberal... |
18,580 | Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 19... | [
{
"answer": "West Point",
"question": "Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?"
},
{
"answer": "two or three packs",
"question": "How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1949",
"question": "When did Eisenhower stop smoking compl... |
18,582 | The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began... | [
{
"answer": "heart attack",
"question": "What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?"
},
{
"answer": "cholecystitis",
"question": "For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?"
},
{
"answer": "gallbladder",
"question": "What did Eisenhower have re... |
18,583 | In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may hav... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Nixon",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "John F. Kennedy",
"question": "Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "70",
"question": "How old was Eisenhower in 1960?"
},
{
"answer... |
18,584 | On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose ... | [
{
"answer": "January 17, 1961",
"question": "On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?"
},
{
"answer": "military–industrial",
"question": "In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?"
},
{
"answer": "Cold",
"question": "What war did... |
18,585 | Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. ... | [
{
"answer": "Gettysburg",
"question": "What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?"
},
{
"answer": "Dauphin",
"question": "What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?"
},
{
"answer": "National Park Service",
"question": "Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1... |
18,586 | On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by ... | [
{
"answer": "78",
"question": "How old was Eisenhower when he died?"
},
{
"answer": "Walter Reed Army Medical Center",
"question": "At what facility did Eisenhower die?"
},
{
"answer": "congestive heart failure",
"question": "What was Eisenhower's cause of death?"
},
{
"answe... |
18,587 | That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. ... | [
{
"answer": "April 2",
"question": "When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?"
},
{
"answer": "$80",
"question": "What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?"
},
{
"answer": "Eisenhower Presidential Library",
"question": "At what location was Eisenhower buried?"
... |
18,588 | In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little... | [
{
"answer": "golf",
"question": "In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?"
},
{
"answer": "McCarthyism",
"question": "What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?"
},
{
"answer": "Little Rock",
"question": "Where was Central High school ... |
18,589 | Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the Un... | [
{
"answer": "United States Army",
"question": "From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?"
},
{
"answer": "Lyndon Johnson",
"question": "Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?"
},
{
"answer": "Jimmy Carter",
"question": "Along with Fo... |
18,590 | The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporat... | [
{
"answer": "9,858",
"question": "How many appreciation medals were minted?"
},
{
"answer": "Philadelphia",
"question": "In what city were the appreciation medals minted?"
},
{
"answer": "September 1958 through October 1960",
"question": "During what period were the appreciation meda... |
18,591 | The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. ... | [
{
"answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways",
"question": "What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?"
},
{
"answer": "Austria",
"question": "Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War... |
18,592 | A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the presi... | [
{
"answer": "17th",
"question": "At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?"
},
{
"answer": "192",
"question": "How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?"
},
{
"answer": "cut down",
"question": "What did Eisenhower want to be done... |
18,593 | The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south... | [
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many boroughs are in NYC?"
},
{
"answer": "northernmost",
"question": "Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?"
},
{
"answer": "1,438,159",
"question": "What is the Bronx's population?"
},
{
"answer": "42 square miles (109 km2)",... |
18,594 | The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various Europea... | [
{
"answer": "Jonas Bronck",
"question": "Who is the Bronx named for?"
},
{
"answer": "created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony",
"question": "What did Bronck do?"
},
{
"answer": "1639",
"question": "When did Bronck settle in the New York area?"
},
{
"... |
18,595 | The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx,... | [
{
"answer": "one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States",
"question": "How poor is part of the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club",
"question": "What neighborhoods of the ... |
18,596 | Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainla... | [
{
"answer": "1600",
"question": "When was Jonas Bronck born?"
},
{
"answer": "spring of 1639",
"question": "When did Bronck reach the New York area?"
},
{
"answer": "Småland, Sweden",
"question": "Where did Bronck emigrate from?"
},
{
"answer": "the Dutch West India Company",... |
18,597 | The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for... | [
{
"answer": "The County of Bronx",
"question": "What is the Bronx's county name?"
},
{
"answer": "Borough of the Bronx",
"question": "What is the Bronx's borough name?"
},
{
"answer": "1874",
"question": "When was the Bronx created?"
},
{
"answer": "1898",
"question": "Wh... |
18,598 | The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederi... | [
{
"answer": "1759",
"question": "When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?"
},
{
"answer": "tolls were resented",
"question": "Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?"
},
{
"answer": "between New England and New York",
"question": "What strategic advantage ... |
18,599 | The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, w... | [
{
"answer": "12",
"question": "How many counties did New York originally have?"
},
{
"answer": "Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham",
"question": "Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "1846",
"question": "When was West Farms created?"
},
{
"answer": "18... |
18,600 | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Is... | [
{
"answer": "1873",
"question": "When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?"
},
{
"answer": "1873",
"question": "When did New York City annex West Farms?"
},
{
"answer": "1873",
"question": "When did New York City annex Morrisania?"
},
{
"answer": "1895",
"question": "When... |
18,601 | The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to ... | [
{
"answer": "1900–29",
"question": "When was the Bronx's boom period?"
},
{
"answer": "200,000",
"question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1900?"
},
{
"answer": "1.3 million",
"question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1929?"
},
{
"answer": "1950–85",
"question... |
18,602 | The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewis... | [
{
"answer": "592,185",
"question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?"
},
{
"answer": "54,000",
"question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "Extensions of the New York City Subway",
"question": "What led to the Bronx's population growth?"
},
{
... |
18,603 | Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was ... | [
{
"answer": "a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas",
"question": "What is redlining?"
},
{
"answer": "rent control laws",
"question": "What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or... |
18,604 | In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to... | [
{
"answer": "arson",
"question": "What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?"
},
{
"answer": "it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area",
"question": "Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?"
},
{
"answe... |
18,605 | Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Ne... | [
{
"answer": "\"Ten-Year Housing Plan\"",
"question": "What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "about 1,000",
"question": "How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?"
},
{
"answer": "Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx",
"question": "Who built the Nehe... |
18,606 | In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of ... | [
{
"answer": "All America City",
"question": "What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "the National Civic League",
"question": "Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buil... |
18,607 | Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consid... | [
{
"answer": "Kingsbridge National Ice Center",
"question": "What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?"
},
{
"answer": "Kingsbridge Armory",
"question": "What was the largest armory in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "the Mott Haven waterfront",
"question": "Where is a La Quinta being ... |
18,608 | The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the south... | [
{
"answer": "Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs",
"question": "What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "Bergen County",
"question": "What county is Tenafly in?"
},
{
"answer": "New Jersey",
"question": "What state is Alpine in?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,609 | The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and w... | [
{
"answer": "in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School",
"question": "Where is the Bronx's highest point?"
},
{
"answer": "southeastern",
"question": "What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?"
},
{
"answer": "Hu... |
18,611 | East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings,... | [
{
"answer": "Castle Hill Point",
"question": "What is Screvin's Neck also called?"
},
{
"answer": "East River",
"question": "In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas?"
},
{
"answer": "Pelham Bay Park",
"question": "What is NYC's largest park?"
},
{
"answer": "along the ... |
18,612 | The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverda... | [
{
"answer": "western",
"question": "What parts of the Bronx have more hills?"
},
{
"answer": "Riverdale and Fieldston.",
"question": "What parts of West Bronx are more affluent?"
},
{
"answer": "Van Cortlandt Park",
"question": "What is NYC's 4th-largest park?"
},
{
"answer":... |
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