id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
18,613 | Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern bound... | [
{
"answer": "The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places",
"question": "Why has the supposed size of the 'South Bronx' grown?"
},
{
"answer": "by the 2000s",
"question": "When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bro... |
18,614 | There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily... | [
{
"answer": "The Hub",
"question": "What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?"
},
{
"answer": "The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District",
"question": "What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues",... |
18,615 | The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, so... | [
{
"answer": "17 acres",
"question": "How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?"
},
{
"answer": "$500 million",
"question": "How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many floors does the Gatewa... |
18,616 | The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the... | [
{
"answer": "northernmost part of upper Manhattan",
"question": "What part of Manhattan are the West Bronx's streets similar to?"
},
{
"answer": "132nd",
"question": "What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "the Northside",
"question": "What was the Bronx ... |
18,617 | According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (n... | [
{
"answer": "53.5%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is Hispanic?"
},
{
"answer": "10.9%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic White?"
},
{
"answer": "30.1%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Black?"
},
{
... |
18,618 | As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at... | [
{
"answer": "46.29%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks Spanish at home?"
},
{
"answer": "44.02%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks English at home?"
},
{
"answer": "2.48%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks African languages at home?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
18,619 | According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980. Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the low... | [
{
"answer": "22.9%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "12.1%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 1980?"
},
{
"answer": "34.4%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 20... |
18,620 | At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks ... | [
{
"answer": "35.4%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (including Hispanic)?"
},
{
"answer": "30.8%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?"
},
{
"answer": "Over 61,000",
"question": "How many Bronx residents called ... |
18,622 | Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native Amer... | [
{
"answer": "over 41,800",
"question": "How many multiracial people live in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "0.5%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and African American heritage?"
},
{
"answer": "3.0%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx is multiracial?"
}... |
18,623 | The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and pro... | [
{
"answer": "1964",
"question": "When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?"
},
{
"answer": "Fourteenth",
"question": "Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?"
},
{
"answer": "1898",
"question": "When were Borough Presidents created?"
},
{
"answer": "1989",
... |
18,624 | Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by... | [
{
"answer": "March 1, 2009",
"question": "When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?"
},
{
"answer": "2001",
"question": "When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?"
},
{
... |
18,625 | In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's... | [
{
"answer": "61.2%",
"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?"
},
{
"answer": "37.8%",
"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?"
},
{
"answer": "54.4%",
"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vot... |
18,626 | Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2-1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2-1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% o... | [
{
"answer": "Al Smith",
"question": "Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928?"
},
{
"answer": "42.6%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Hughes get?"
},
{
"answer": "42.6%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Wilson get?"
},
{
"a... |
18,627 | The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30-32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22-23% as a Republican)... | [
{
"answer": "Fiorello La Guardia",
"question": "Who was the only Republican Mayor candidate to win the Bronx since 1914?"
},
{
"answer": "Rudolph Giuliani",
"question": "Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "Michael Bloomberg",
"question": "Who did the Br... |
18,628 | Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 year... | [
{
"answer": "nearly 280,000",
"question": "How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "333,100",
"question": "How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New... |
18,629 | Educational attainment: In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged... | [
{
"answer": "62.3%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "14.6%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a university degree, as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "68.8%",
"question": "What percent of the Broo... |
18,630 | Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collab... | [
{
"answer": "Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School",
"question": "Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bronx",
"question": "Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bronx",
"question": "Where... |
18,631 | In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Th... | [
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools?"
},
{
"answer": "John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools",
"question": "Which Bronx... |
18,632 | The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale". Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1... | [
{
"answer": "2006",
"question": "When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?"
},
{
"answer": "\"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale\"",
"question": "What PBS documentary covered the Bronx's music history?"
},
{
"answer": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue",
"question": "... |
18,633 | Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity g... | [
{
"answer": "Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent",
"question": "Who were the Herculoids?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bronx",
"question": "What is 'The Boogie Down'?"
},
{
"answer": "the Bronx",
"question": "Where is Big Pun from?"
},
{
"answer": "funk, disco and soul",
"questi... |
18,634 | The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium ... | [
{
"answer": "1923",
"question": "When did the first Yankee Stadium open?"
},
{
"answer": "on 161st Street and River Avenue",
"question": "Where was the first Yankee Stadium?"
},
{
"answer": "27",
"question": "How many times have the Yankees won the World Series?"
},
{
"answer... |
18,635 | The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have be... | [
{
"answer": "Latin America and Africa",
"question": "Where are many of the Bronx's playwrights from?"
},
{
"answer": "130",
"question": "How many seats does the Pregones' new theater have?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin American work",
"question": "What does the Pregones specialize in?"
},... |
18,636 | The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by ar... | [
{
"answer": "20th century and contemporary art",
"question": "What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on?"
},
{
"answer": "11,000 square feet",
"question": "How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts' galleries?"
},
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "When did the Bron... |
18,637 | The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute, in the form of the Heinrich Heine Memorial, better known as the Lorelei Fountain from one of Heine's best-known works (1838). After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical ... | [
{
"answer": "1838",
"question": "When was the Lorelei Fountain written about?"
},
{
"answer": "Düsseldorf",
"question": "Where was Heinrich Heine born?"
},
{
"answer": "1797",
"question": "When was Heine born?"
},
{
"answer": "1856",
"question": "When did Heine die?"
},... |
18,638 | In 1899, the memorial, by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter (1846–1917), finally came to rest, although subject to repeated vandalism, in the Bronx, at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park near today's Yankee Stadium. (In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.) In 2007, Christ... | [
{
"answer": "1917",
"question": "When did Herter die?"
},
{
"answer": "1846",
"question": "When was Herter born?"
},
{
"answer": "sculptor",
"question": "What was Herter's career?"
},
{
"answer": "164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park",
"question": "W... |
18,639 | The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the... | [
{
"answer": "C. B. J. Snyder",
"question": "Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Schuyler",
"question": "Where is the NY Maritime College?"
},
{
"answer": "a former public school",
"question": "What was the City Island ... |
18,640 | The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott ... | [
{
"answer": "national issues",
"question": "What does the Inner City Press now focus on?"
},
{
"answer": "Bernard Stein",
"question": "Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?"
},
{
"answer": "for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues",
"question": "Why did Stein win a Puli... |
18,641 | The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to h... | [
{
"answer": "News 12 The Bronx",
"question": "What channel in the Bronx does Cablevision run?"
},
{
"answer": "Bronx Community College",
"question": "Where is the official city TV station broadcast from?"
},
{
"answer": "Herbert H. Lehman College",
"question": "What is the Bronx's on... |
18,642 | Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was a... | [
{
"answer": "1946",
"question": "When was 'From This Day Forward' released?"
},
{
"answer": "Highbridge",
"question": "Where was 'From This Day Forward' set?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "When was 'The Catered Affair' released?"
},
{
"answer": "working class Bronx life... |
18,643 | Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousn... | [
{
"answer": "the South Bronx",
"question": "Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "When was the phrase \"The Bronx is burning\" first widespread?"
},
{
"answer": "BBC",
"question": "Who made a documentary called \"The Bronx is burning\"?"
}... |
18,646 | Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2... | [
{
"answer": "1989",
"question": "When was 'True Love' released?"
},
{
"answer": "comedy",
"question": "What genre was 'True Love'?"
},
{
"answer": "Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard",
"question": "Who starred in 'True Love'?"
}
] |
18,647 | Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; ... | [
{
"answer": "1990",
"question": "When did \"Awakenings\" come out?"
},
{
"answer": "Oliver Sacks",
"question": "Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?"
},
{
"answer": "neurologist",
"question": "What is Sacks' career?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "When was 'A K... |
18,648 | The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. Kate Simon's Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood is directly autobiographical, a warm account o... | [
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "When was 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' published?"
},
{
"answer": "about half",
"question": "How much of 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' is set in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "Herman Wouk",
"question": "Who wrote 'City... |
18,649 | By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County ... | [
{
"answer": "Tom Wolfe",
"question": "Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?"
},
{
"answer": "1987",
"question": "When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?"
},
{
"answer": "Sherman McCoy",
"question": "Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,650 | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the su... | [
{
"answer": "human beings",
"question": "What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "freedom and progress",
"question": "What is a common tenant of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "intellectual movements",
"question": " What can be credited for ... |
18,652 | During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and ear... | [
{
"answer": "supernatural",
"question": " At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?"
},
{
"answer": "supernatural",
"question": "Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?"
},
{
"answer": "18th-century Enlightenment",
"questio... |
18,653 | In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance ... | [
{
"answer": "1808",
"question": " In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?"
},
{
"answer": "Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer",
"question": "Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?"
},
{
"answer": "Georg V... |
18,655 | At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ... | [
{
"answer": "centred on humankind",
"question": "What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?"
},
{
"answer": "Karl Marx",
"question": "What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek philosophers",
"question... |
18,656 | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | [
{
"answer": "Gathas of Zarathustra",
"question": "Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?"
},
{
"answer": "1,000 BCE – 600 BCE",
"question": "When was this writing penned?"
},
{
"answer": "afterlife",
"question": "When was this writing penned?"
},
... |
18,657 | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | [
{
"answer": "Yellow Emperor",
"question": "Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?"
},
{
"answer": "Duke of Zhou",
"question": "What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?"
},
{
"answer": "Book of History",
"question": "What early adopt... |
18,658 | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | [
{
"answer": "6th century BCE",
"question": "When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?"
},
{
"answer": "Silver Rule of Confucianism",
"question": "What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?"
},
{
"answer": "Ji Liang",
"q... |
18,660 | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | [
{
"answer": "Middle Ages and the Early Modern period",
"question": "When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "Petrarch",
"question": "Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?"
},
{
"answer": "Cicero",
"question": "... |
18,661 | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | [
{
"answer": "the Jewish Kabbalah",
"question": " What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?"
},
{
"answer": "Renaissance Church authorities",
"question": "Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?"
},
{
"answer": "era o... |
18,663 | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | [
{
"answer": "1517",
"question": "When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?"
},
{
"answer": "Erasmus",
"question": "When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?"
},
{
"answer": "Lefèvre d'Étaples",
"question": " Erasmus can be said to hav... |
18,664 | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | [
{
"answer": "P. Terentius Afer",
"question": " What author had a great impact in Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "Terence",
"question": "Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?"
},
{
"answer": "the Greeks",
"question": "From where did this school of thought eme... |
18,665 | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | [
{
"answer": "A. C. Crombie",
"question": "Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?"
},
{
"answer": "technical writings",
"question": " Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?"
},
{
... |
18,666 | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | [
{
"answer": "Leonardo da Vinci",
"question": "Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?"
},
{
"answer": "Juan Luis Vives",
"question": "Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,667 | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | [
{
"answer": "Early humanists",
"question": "Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "secular",
"question": "What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?"
},
{
"answer": "Renaissa... |
18,668 | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | [
{
"answer": "Harriet Martineau",
"question": "What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?"
},
{
"answer": "atheistic",
"question": "What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "religion of humanity",
"question": "What ma... |
18,669 | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | [
{
"answer": "F.C.S. Schiller",
"question": "What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "1929",
"question": "When was the first public group for Humanist founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Francis Potter",
"question": "Who created this group?"
},
{... |
18,670 | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | [
{
"answer": "Abraham Maslow",
"question": "Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?"
},
{
"answer": "psychological perspective",
"question": "What is human phycology?"
},
{
"answer": "20th century",
"question": "In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?... |
18,671 | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | [
{
"answer": "Western Unitarian Conference",
"question": "What groups thoughts did he seek to include?"
},
{
"answer": "Raymond B. Bragg,",
"question": "Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist?"
},
{
"answer": "15",
"question": "How many cornerstones of this... |
18,672 | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | [
{
"answer": "cultural and educational reform",
"question": "What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>"
},
{
"answer": "late fifteenth century",
"question": "When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?"
},
{
"answer": "Naples",
"question": "Where was... |
18,673 | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | [
{
"answer": "narrow pedantry",
"question": "What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?"
},
{
"answer": "women",
"question": "What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?"
},
{
"answer": "humanities",
"question": "... |
18,674 | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | [
{
"answer": "capacity of people",
"question": "What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?"
},
{
"answer": "human flourishing",
"question": "What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?"
},
{
"answer": "making life better",
"question": "What is human flourishing?"
},
{
"... |
18,678 | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | [
{
"answer": "Seneca",
"question": "Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?"
},
{
"answer": "ancient manuscripts",
"question": "What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint Augustine",
"question": "Who was... |
18,679 | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | [
{
"answer": "The Age of Reason",
"question": "What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?"
},
{
"answer": "18th-century",
"question": "Which century was the first writing from?"
},
{
"answer": "Feuerbach",
"question": "Who states imply that humans are their... |
18,680 | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | [
{
"answer": "molten",
"question": "The initial state of earth was what?"
},
{
"answer": "a solid crust",
"question": "What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?"
},
{
"answer": "about 10% of the Earth's mass",
"question": "How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?... |
18,681 | The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is toda... | [
{
"answer": "4,000 to 2,500 million years ago",
"question": "During what time period was the Archean era?"
},
{
"answer": "Archean",
"question": "During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?"
},
{
"answer": "crustal material",
"question": "It is belie... |
18,682 | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were de... | [
{
"answer": "metamorphized deep-water sediments",
"question": "What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?"
},
{
"answer": "Greenstone",
"question": "What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?"
},
{
"answer": "volcanic island arcs",
"question": "... |
18,683 | The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are les... | [
{
"answer": "2,500 to 541 million years ago",
"question": "During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Archean",
"question": "What era came before the Proterozoic era?"
},
{
"answer": "shallow epicontinental seas",
"question": "In what type of sea did typi... |
18,684 | The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and... | [
{
"answer": "541 to 252 million years ago",
"question": "During what period was the Paleozoic era?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?"
},
{
"answer": "geologic periods",
"question": "The Permian is an example of what?"
},
... |
18,685 | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may hav... | [
{
"answer": "541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.",
"question": "At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?"
},
{
"answer": "Pannotia",
"question": "What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Gondwana",
"question": "What continent moved to... |
18,686 | The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period prog... | [
{
"answer": "485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.",
"question": "How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?"
},
{
"answer": "the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction",
"question": "Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?"
},
{
"answer": "Gondwana",
"question": "What was the name of the large souther... |
18,687 | The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows... | [
{
"answer": "stable greenhouse conditions",
"question": "What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?"
},
{
"answer": "the Hirnantian faunal stage",
"question": "What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?"
},
{
"answer": "brachiopods",
... |
18,688 | The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice c... | [
{
"answer": "443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.",
"question": "When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?"
},
{
"answer": "less extensive",
"question": "Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?"
},
{
"answer": "a rise in sea levels",
"q... |
18,689 | The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic ... | [
{
"answer": "419 to 359 Ma.",
"question": "During what time period was the Devonian era?"
},
{
"answer": "Euramerica (or Laurussia)",
"question": "Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?"
},
{
"answer": "Old Red Sandstone",
"question": "Which sedimentary... |
18,690 | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if th... | [
{
"answer": "A global drop",
"question": "What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?"
},
{
"answer": "Carboniferous",
"question": "During which period were epicontinental seas created?"
},
{
"answer": "lush coal swamps",
"question": "What was on the ... |
18,691 | The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted i... | [
{
"answer": "mountain building",
"question": "What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?"
},
{
"answer": "Laurussia",
"question": "What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?"
},
{
"answer": "the All... |
18,692 | During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the... | [
{
"answer": "Pangaea",
"question": "What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?"
},
{
"answer": "Panthalassa",
"question": "What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?"
},
{
"answer": "Paleo-Tethys Ocean",
"question": "There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia ... |
18,693 | The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in t... | [
{
"answer": "Panthalassa",
"question": "Which ocean name is translated to mean \"all the sea?\""
},
{
"answer": "subduction of oceanic plates",
"question": "What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?"
},
{
"answer": "Pangaea was rifting"... |
18,695 | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort... | [
{
"answer": "Pangaea",
"question": "The current continents were formerly known as what continent?"
},
{
"answer": "Sevier and Laramide",
"question": "Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?"
},
{
"answer": "Gondwana",
"question": "South America was formerly which cont... |
18,697 | The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australi... | [
{
"answer": "66 million years",
"question": "How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?"
},
{
"answer": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event",
"question": "Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?"
},
{
"answer": "Cenozoic Era",
"question": "What geologic period ar... |
18,698 | In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many continents did Laurasia break into?"
},
{
"answer": "North America",
"question": "In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?"
},
{
"answer": "the Rocky Mountains",
"question": "What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was ... |
18,699 | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | [
{
"answer": "56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago",
"question": "During what years did the Eocene period take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Antarctica",
"question": "Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?"
},
{
"answer": "around 45 Ma",
"quest... |
18,700 | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | [
{
"answer": "Eocene",
"question": "during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?"
},
{
"answer": "Tethys Sea",
"question": "In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?"
},
{
"answer": "Tethys Sea",
"question": "The Mediterranean sea is a remaining... |
18,701 | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | [
{
"answer": "ice cap",
"question": "What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "the Alps",
"question": "The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?"
},
{
"answer": "Oligocene",
"question": "During ... |
18,702 | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | [
{
"answer": "the Andes",
"question": "The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?"
},
{
"answer": "Asia",
"question": "Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?"
},
{
"answer": "The Tethys Seaway",
... |
18,703 | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | [
{
"answer": "the Isthmus of Panama",
"question": "What is the link between North and South America called?"
},
{
"answer": "Pliocene",
"question": "In which period did North and South America become linked?"
},
{
"answer": "Africa",
"question": "The Mediterranean was created by the c... |
18,705 | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of tha... | [
{
"answer": "enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder",
"question": "What does the state want a police force to do?"
},
{
"answer": "military units charged with civil policing",
"question": "What are gendarmerie?"
},
{
"answer": "military or other organizations involve... |
18,706 | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | [
{
"answer": "through taxes",
"question": "How are police usually paid?"
},
{
"answer": "late 18th and early 19th centuries",
"question": "When were police used to protect the class system?"
},
{
"answer": "public sector",
"question": "What kind of service are police?"
},
{
"a... |
18,707 | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | [
{
"answer": "Chu and Jin",
"question": "Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?"
},
{
"answer": "Spring",
"question": "What period was the Chu kingdom in?"
},
{
"answer": "Autumn",
"question": "What period was the Jin kingdom in?"
},
{
"answer": "Korea and Japan",
... |
18,708 | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | [
{
"answer": "War of the Castilian Succession",
"question": "What war ended in 1479?"
},
{
"answer": "Ferdinand and Isabella",
"question": "Who formed Spain's first national police force?"
},
{
"answer": "Santa Hermandad",
"question": "What was Spain's first national police force call... |
18,709 | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | [
{
"answer": "The Marshal of France and the Constable of France",
"question": "Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Officers of the Crown of France",
"question": "How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
18,710 | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | [
{
"answer": "1667",
"question": "In what year did Paris get a police force?"
},
{
"answer": "King Louis XIV",
"question": "Who created Paris's police force?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "What was the largest European city in 1667?"
},
{
"answer": "lieutenant general o... |
18,711 | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | [
{
"answer": "Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie",
"question": "Who was Paris's first head of police?"
},
{
"answer": "44",
"question": "How many commissioners worked under Reynie?"
},
{
"answer": "16",
"question": "How many policing districts was Paris divided into?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,712 | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | [
{
"answer": "in the 18th century",
"question": "When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?"
},
{
"answer": "Britannica 1911",
"question": "Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What language did French b... |
18,713 | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | [
{
"answer": "Patrick Colquhoun",
"question": "Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?"
},
{
"answer": "docks",
"question": "Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?"
},
{
"answer": "1797",
"question": "When did the West Indie... |
18,714 | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | [
{
"answer": "50",
"question": "What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?"
},
{
"answer": "33,000",
"question": "How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?"
},
{
"answer": "11,000",
"question": "How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals... |
18,715 | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | [
{
"answer": "stipendiary system",
"question": "How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?"
},
{
"answer": "Henry and John Fielding",
"question": "Who started the Bow Street detectives?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Peel",
"question": "Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police... |
18,716 | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | [
{
"answer": "Glasgow Police Act",
"question": "Which law established Glasgow's police?"
},
{
"answer": "1800",
"question": "When was Glasgow's police force established?"
},
{
"answer": "Irish Constabulary Act",
"question": "Which law established Ireland's police?"
},
{
"answe... |
18,717 | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | [
{
"answer": "Peel",
"question": "Who was the 'father of modern policing'?"
},
{
"answer": "Jeremy Bentham",
"question": "Whose philosophy influenced Peel?"
},
{
"answer": "neutral",
"question": "What political position did Bentham think police should have?"
},
{
"answer": "as... |
18,718 | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | [
{
"answer": "1829",
"question": "When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?"
},
{
"answer": "the judicial system",
"question": "What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?"
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?... |
18,719 | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | [
{
"answer": "1566",
"question": "When did Rio get its first police investigator?"
},
{
"answer": "most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions",
"question": "How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?"
},
{
"answer": "July 9, 1775",
"question": "When... |
18,720 | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | [
{
"answer": "1729",
"question": "When did Canada get its first police?"
},
{
"answer": "Royal Newfoundland Constabulary",
"question": "What was Canada's first police force?"
},
{
"answer": "1834",
"question": "When was the Toronto police created?"
},
{
"answer": "1838",
"... |
18,721 | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | [
{
"answer": "poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses",
"question": "What were the Old West's local police options?"
},
{
"answer": "The Army",
"question": "Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?"
},
{
"answer": "Army",
"question": "Whi... |
18,722 | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | [
{
"answer": "German and French",
"question": "Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept?"
},
{
"answer": "1705",
"question": "When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?"
},
{
"answer": "Traité de la Police",
"question": "What was the 'Treatise on the P... |
18,723 | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | [
{
"answer": "mercantilist theory",
"question": "Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?"
},
{
"answer": "procuring abundance",
"question": "How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?"
},
{
"answer": "Foucault",
"question": "Who wrote about Polizeiwissen... |
18,724 | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | [
{
"answer": "Edwin Chadwick",
"question": "Who wrote 'Preventive Police'?"
},
{
"answer": "1829",
"question": "When was 'Preventive Police' published?"
},
{
"answer": "London Review",
"question": "Where was 'Preventive Police' published?"
},
{
"answer": "prevention",
"que... |
18,725 | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | [
{
"answer": "patrol duties",
"question": "What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically?"
},
{
"answer": "on patrol",
"question": "Where do some think the most important police work happens?"
},
{
"answer": "prevent crime by their presence",
"question": "How... |
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