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|---|---|---|
18,613 | Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas. | [
{
"answer": "The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places",
"question": "Why has the supposed size of the 'South Bronx' grown?"
},
{
"answer": "by the 2000s",
"question": "When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bro... |
18,614 | There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1. | [
{
"answer": "The Hub",
"question": "What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?"
},
{
"answer": "The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District",
"question": "What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues",... |
18,615 | The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED "Silver" designation in its design. | [
{
"answer": "17 acres",
"question": "How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?"
},
{
"answer": "$500 million",
"question": "How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many floors does the Gatewa... |
18,616 | The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside. | [
{
"answer": "northernmost part of upper Manhattan",
"question": "What part of Manhattan are the West Bronx's streets similar to?"
},
{
"answer": "132nd",
"question": "What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "the Northside",
"question": "What was the Bronx ... |
18,617 | According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). The U.S. Census considers the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 89.7 percent chance that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different race or ethnicity. | [
{
"answer": "53.5%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is Hispanic?"
},
{
"answer": "10.9%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic White?"
},
{
"answer": "30.1%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Black?"
},
{
... |
18,618 | As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English. A Garifuna-speaking community from Honduras and Guatemala also makes the Bronx its home. | [
{
"answer": "46.29%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks Spanish at home?"
},
{
"answer": "44.02%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks English at home?"
},
{
"answer": "2.48%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks African languages at home?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
18,619 | According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980. Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. 320,640 whites called the Bronx home, of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites. The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. German Americans and Polish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively. | [
{
"answer": "22.9%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "12.1%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 1980?"
},
{
"answer": "34.4%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 20... |
18,620 | At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough, of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as "Sub-Saharan African" in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population. | [
{
"answer": "35.4%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (including Hispanic)?"
},
{
"answer": "30.8%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?"
},
{
"answer": "Over 61,000",
"question": "How many Bronx residents called ... |
18,622 | Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population. | [
{
"answer": "over 41,800",
"question": "How many multiracial people live in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "0.5%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and African American heritage?"
},
{
"answer": "3.0%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx is multiracial?"
}... |
18,623 | The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision. | [
{
"answer": "1964",
"question": "When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?"
},
{
"answer": "Fourteenth",
"question": "Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?"
},
{
"answer": "1898",
"question": "When were Borough Presidents created?"
},
{
"answer": "1989",
... |
18,624 | Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line, became Borough President on May 1. | [
{
"answer": "March 1, 2009",
"question": "When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?"
},
{
"answer": "2001",
"question": "When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?"
},
{
... |
18,625 | In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them. | [
{
"answer": "61.2%",
"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?"
},
{
"answer": "37.8%",
"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?"
},
{
"answer": "54.4%",
"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vot... |
18,626 | Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2-1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2-1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidate Allan Benson's 7.3%.) | [
{
"answer": "Al Smith",
"question": "Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928?"
},
{
"answer": "42.6%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Hughes get?"
},
{
"answer": "42.6%",
"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Wilson get?"
},
{
"a... |
18,627 | The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30-32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22-23% as a Republican). The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005. The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit city-wide by 23.2% to 21.7%. | [
{
"answer": "Fiorello La Guardia",
"question": "Who was the only Republican Mayor candidate to win the Bronx since 1914?"
},
{
"answer": "Rudolph Giuliani",
"question": "Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "Michael Bloomberg",
"question": "Who did the Br... |
18,628 | Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools). There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from élite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations. | [
{
"answer": "nearly 280,000",
"question": "How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "333,100",
"question": "How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New... |
18,629 | Educational attainment: In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were [NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and [US] 80.4% & 24.4%.) | [
{
"answer": "62.3%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "14.6%",
"question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a university degree, as of 2000?"
},
{
"answer": "68.8%",
"question": "What percent of the Broo... |
18,630 | Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School. | [
{
"answer": "Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School",
"question": "Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bronx",
"question": "Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bronx",
"question": "Where... |
18,631 | In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools, also replacing them with smaller schools. | [
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools?"
},
{
"answer": "John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools",
"question": "Which Bronx... |
18,632 | The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale". Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue "an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room. | [
{
"answer": "2006",
"question": "When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?"
},
{
"answer": "\"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale\"",
"question": "What PBS documentary covered the Bronx's music history?"
},
{
"answer": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue",
"question": "... |
18,633 | Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as "The Boogie Down Bronx", or just "The Boogie Down". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz. | [
{
"answer": "Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent",
"question": "Who were the Herculoids?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bronx",
"question": "What is 'The Boogie Down'?"
},
{
"answer": "the Bronx",
"question": "Where is Big Pun from?"
},
{
"answer": "funk, disco and soul",
"questi... |
18,634 | The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera. | [
{
"answer": "1923",
"question": "When did the first Yankee Stadium open?"
},
{
"answer": "on 161st Street and River Avenue",
"question": "Where was the first Yankee Stadium?"
},
{
"answer": "27",
"question": "How many times have the Yankees won the World Series?"
},
{
"answer... |
18,635 | The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area. | [
{
"answer": "Latin America and Africa",
"question": "Where are many of the Bronx's playwrights from?"
},
{
"answer": "130",
"question": "How many seats does the Pregones' new theater have?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin American work",
"question": "What does the Pregones specialize in?"
},... |
18,636 | The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica. | [
{
"answer": "20th century and contemporary art",
"question": "What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on?"
},
{
"answer": "11,000 square feet",
"question": "How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts' galleries?"
},
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "When did the Bron... |
18,637 | The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute, in the form of the Heinrich Heine Memorial, better known as the Lorelei Fountain from one of Heine's best-known works (1838). After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet (1797–1856), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art. | [
{
"answer": "1838",
"question": "When was the Lorelei Fountain written about?"
},
{
"answer": "Düsseldorf",
"question": "Where was Heinrich Heine born?"
},
{
"answer": "1797",
"question": "When was Heine born?"
},
{
"answer": "1856",
"question": "When did Heine die?"
},... |
18,638 | In 1899, the memorial, by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter (1846–1917), finally came to rest, although subject to repeated vandalism, in the Bronx, at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park near today's Yankee Stadium. (In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.) In 2007, Christopher Gray of The New York Times described it as "a writhing composition in white Tyrolean marble depicting Lorelei, the mythical German figure, surrounded by mermaids, dolphins and seashells." | [
{
"answer": "1917",
"question": "When did Herter die?"
},
{
"answer": "1846",
"question": "When was Herter born?"
},
{
"answer": "sculptor",
"question": "What was Herter's career?"
},
{
"answer": "164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park",
"question": "W... |
18,639 | The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row" due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center. | [
{
"answer": "C. B. J. Snyder",
"question": "Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Schuyler",
"question": "Where is the NY Maritime College?"
},
{
"answer": "a former public school",
"question": "What was the City Island ... |
18,640 | The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.) | [
{
"answer": "national issues",
"question": "What does the Inner City Press now focus on?"
},
{
"answer": "Bernard Stein",
"question": "Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?"
},
{
"answer": "for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues",
"question": "Why did Stein win a Puli... |
18,641 | The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents. | [
{
"answer": "News 12 The Bronx",
"question": "What channel in the Bronx does Cablevision run?"
},
{
"answer": "Bronx Community College",
"question": "Where is the official city TV station broadcast from?"
},
{
"answer": "Herbert H. Lehman College",
"question": "What is the Bronx's on... |
18,642 | Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts. | [
{
"answer": "1946",
"question": "When was 'From This Day Forward' released?"
},
{
"answer": "Highbridge",
"question": "Where was 'From This Day Forward' set?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "When was 'The Catered Affair' released?"
},
{
"answer": "working class Bronx life... |
18,643 | Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline. A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in production in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough. | [
{
"answer": "the South Bronx",
"question": "Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "When was the phrase \"The Bronx is burning\" first widespread?"
},
{
"answer": "BBC",
"question": "Who made a documentary called \"The Bronx is burning\"?"
}... |
18,646 | Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx. | [
{
"answer": "1989",
"question": "When was 'True Love' released?"
},
{
"answer": "comedy",
"question": "What genre was 'True Love'?"
},
{
"answer": "Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard",
"question": "Who starred in 'True Love'?"
}
] |
18,647 | Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and "A Kind of Alaska", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter, were also based on Sacks' book. | [
{
"answer": "1990",
"question": "When did \"Awakenings\" come out?"
},
{
"answer": "Oliver Sacks",
"question": "Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?"
},
{
"answer": "neurologist",
"question": "What is Sacks' career?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "When was 'A K... |
18,648 | The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. Kate Simon's Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near Arthur Avenue and Tremont Avenue. In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007), a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in Avery Corman's book The Old Neighborhood (1980), an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and the Grand Concourse), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people. | [
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "When was 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' published?"
},
{
"answer": "about half",
"question": "How much of 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' is set in the Bronx?"
},
{
"answer": "Herman Wouk",
"question": "Who wrote 'City... |
18,649 | By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, the New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe." | [
{
"answer": "Tom Wolfe",
"question": "Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?"
},
{
"answer": "1987",
"question": "When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?"
},
{
"answer": "Sherman McCoy",
"question": "Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,650 | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world. | [
{
"answer": "human beings",
"question": "What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "freedom and progress",
"question": "What is a common tenant of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "intellectual movements",
"question": " What can be credited for ... |
18,652 | During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts. | [
{
"answer": "supernatural",
"question": " At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?"
},
{
"answer": "supernatural",
"question": "Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?"
},
{
"answer": "18th-century Enlightenment",
"questio... |
18,653 | In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy. | [
{
"answer": "1808",
"question": " In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?"
},
{
"answer": "Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer",
"question": "Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?"
},
{
"answer": "Georg V... |
18,655 | At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms: philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists. | [
{
"answer": "centred on humankind",
"question": "What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?"
},
{
"answer": "Karl Marx",
"question": "What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek philosophers",
"question... |
18,656 | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu. | [
{
"answer": "Gathas of Zarathustra",
"question": "Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?"
},
{
"answer": "1,000 BCE – 600 BCE",
"question": "When was this writing penned?"
},
{
"answer": "afterlife",
"question": "When was this writing penned?"
},
... |
18,657 | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translation):[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "Yellow Emperor",
"question": "Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?"
},
{
"answer": "Duke of Zhou",
"question": "What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?"
},
{
"answer": "Book of History",
"question": "What early adopt... |
18,658 | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics, e.g., as recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Ji Liang says, "People is the zhu (master, lord, dominance, owner or origin) of gods. So, to sage kings, people first, gods second"; Neishi Guo says, "Gods, clever, righteous and wholehearted, comply with human." Taoist and Confucian secularism contain elements of moral thought devoid of religious authority or deism however they only partly resembled our modern concept of secularism. | [
{
"answer": "6th century BCE",
"question": "When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?"
},
{
"answer": "Silver Rule of Confucianism",
"question": "What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?"
},
{
"answer": "Ji Liang",
"q... |
18,660 | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose. | [
{
"answer": "Middle Ages and the Early Modern period",
"question": "When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "Petrarch",
"question": "Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?"
},
{
"answer": "Cicero",
"question": "... |
18,661 | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With this end in view, Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought. One humanist, the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho (1355–1452), based in Mystras, Greece (but in contact with humanists in Florence, Venice, and Rome) taught a Christianised version of pagan polytheism. | [
{
"answer": "the Jewish Kabbalah",
"question": " What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?"
},
{
"answer": "Renaissance Church authorities",
"question": "Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?"
},
{
"answer": "era o... |
18,663 | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter. Erasmus, along with the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, began issuing new translations, laying the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Henceforth Renaissance humanism, particularly in the German North, became concerned with religion, while Italian and French humanism concentrated increasingly on scholarship and philology addressed to a narrow audience of specialists, studiously avoiding topics that might offend despotic rulers or which might be seen as corrosive of faith. After the Reformation, critical examination of the Bible did not resume until the advent of the so-called Higher criticism of the 19th-century German Tübingen school. | [
{
"answer": "1517",
"question": "When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?"
},
{
"answer": "Erasmus",
"question": "When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?"
},
{
"answer": "Lefèvre d'Étaples",
"question": " Erasmus can be said to hav... |
18,664 | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call: | [
{
"answer": "P. Terentius Afer",
"question": " What author had a great impact in Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "Terence",
"question": "Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?"
},
{
"answer": "the Greeks",
"question": "From where did this school of thought eme... |
18,665 | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism. | [
{
"answer": "A. C. Crombie",
"question": "Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?"
},
{
"answer": "technical writings",
"question": " Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?"
},
{
... |
18,666 | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities, helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism. Thus, the stage was set for the adoption of an approach to natural philosophy, based on empirical observations and experimentation of the physical universe, making possible the advent of the age of scientific inquiry that followed the Renaissance. | [
{
"answer": "Leonardo da Vinci",
"question": "Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?"
},
{
"answer": "Juan Luis Vives",
"question": "Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,667 | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth century. In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery. Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own (although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life). He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue, inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer. By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base, however, the methods of the humanists, combined with their eloquence, would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority. | [
{
"answer": "Early humanists",
"question": "Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "secular",
"question": "What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?"
},
{
"answer": "Renaissa... |
18,668 | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy. | [
{
"answer": "Harriet Martineau",
"question": "What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?"
},
{
"answer": "atheistic",
"question": "What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "religion of humanity",
"question": "What ma... |
18,669 | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann. Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published Humanism: A New Religion. Throughout the 1930s, Potter was an advocate of such liberal causes as, women’s rights, access to birth control, "civil divorce laws", and an end to capital punishment. | [
{
"answer": "F.C.S. Schiller",
"question": "What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?"
},
{
"answer": "1929",
"question": "When was the first public group for Humanist founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Francis Potter",
"question": "Who created this group?"
},
{... |
18,670 | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology. | [
{
"answer": "Abraham Maslow",
"question": "Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?"
},
{
"answer": "psychological perspective",
"question": "What is human phycology?"
},
{
"answer": "20th century",
"question": "In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?... |
18,671 | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. Potter's book and the Manifesto became the cornerstones of modern humanism, the latter declaring a new religion by saying, "any religion that can hope to be a synthesising and dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To establish such a religion is a major necessity of the present." It then presented 15 theses of humanism as foundational principles for this new religion. | [
{
"answer": "Western Unitarian Conference",
"question": "What groups thoughts did he seek to include?"
},
{
"answer": "Raymond B. Bragg,",
"question": "Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist?"
},
{
"answer": "15",
"question": "How many cornerstones of this... |
18,672 | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. There were important centres of humanism at Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino. | [
{
"answer": "cultural and educational reform",
"question": "What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>"
},
{
"answer": "late fifteenth century",
"question": "When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?"
},
{
"answer": "Naples",
"question": "Where was... |
18,673 | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. As a program to revive the cultural – and particularly the literary – legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity, Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few isolated geniuses like Rabelais or Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed. | [
{
"answer": "narrow pedantry",
"question": "What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?"
},
{
"answer": "women",
"question": "What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?"
},
{
"answer": "humanities",
"question": "... |
18,674 | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole. The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: "The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts". | [
{
"answer": "capacity of people",
"question": "What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?"
},
{
"answer": "human flourishing",
"question": "What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?"
},
{
"answer": "making life better",
"question": "What is human flourishing?"
},
{
"... |
18,678 | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning "I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein – as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling – but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes: | [
{
"answer": "Seneca",
"question": "Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?"
},
{
"answer": "ancient manuscripts",
"question": "What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint Augustine",
"question": "Who was... |
18,679 | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est ("The human being is a god to humanity" or "god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself"), Feuerbach had written. | [
{
"answer": "The Age of Reason",
"question": "What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?"
},
{
"answer": "18th-century",
"question": "Which century was the first writing from?"
},
{
"answer": "Feuerbach",
"question": "Who states imply that humans are their... |
18,680 | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans. | [
{
"answer": "molten",
"question": "The initial state of earth was what?"
},
{
"answer": "a solid crust",
"question": "What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?"
},
{
"answer": "about 10% of the Earth's mass",
"question": "How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?... |
18,681 | The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events. | [
{
"answer": "4,000 to 2,500 million years ago",
"question": "During what time period was the Archean era?"
},
{
"answer": "Archean",
"question": "During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?"
},
{
"answer": "crustal material",
"question": "It is belie... |
18,682 | In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin. In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents. | [
{
"answer": "metamorphized deep-water sediments",
"question": "What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?"
},
{
"answer": "Greenstone",
"question": "What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?"
},
{
"answer": "volcanic island arcs",
"question": "... |
18,683 | The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma. | [
{
"answer": "2,500 to 541 million years ago",
"question": "During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Archean",
"question": "What era came before the Proterozoic era?"
},
{
"answer": "shallow epicontinental seas",
"question": "In what type of sea did typi... |
18,684 | The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early Paleozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area. | [
{
"answer": "541 to 252 million years ago",
"question": "During what period was the Paleozoic era?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?"
},
{
"answer": "geologic periods",
"question": "The Permian is an example of what?"
},
... |
18,685 | The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may have been anomalously high. Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia. Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole. Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere, and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean, Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean. | [
{
"answer": "541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.",
"question": "At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?"
},
{
"answer": "Pannotia",
"question": "What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Gondwana",
"question": "What continent moved to... |
18,686 | The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move toward Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them. Also, Avalonia broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia. The Rheic Ocean was formed as a result of this. By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely glaciated. | [
{
"answer": "485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.",
"question": "How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?"
},
{
"answer": "the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction",
"question": "Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?"
},
{
"answer": "Gondwana",
"question": "What was the name of the large souther... |
18,687 | The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years. The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it. Evidence of these ice caps have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time. | [
{
"answer": "stable greenhouse conditions",
"question": "What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?"
},
{
"answer": "the Hirnantian faunal stage",
"question": "What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?"
},
{
"answer": "brachiopods",
... |
18,688 | The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice caps and glaciers contributed to a rise in sea levels, recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments, forming an unconformity. Other cratons and continent fragments drifted together near the equator, starting the formation of a second supercontinent known as Euramerica. The vast ocean of Panthalassa covered most of the northern hemisphere. Other minor oceans include Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, Rheic Ocean, a seaway of Iapetus Ocean (now in between Avalonia and Laurentia), and newly formed Ural Ocean. | [
{
"answer": "443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.",
"question": "When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?"
},
{
"answer": "less extensive",
"question": "Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?"
},
{
"answer": "a rise in sea levels",
"q... |
18,689 | The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions. Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the "universal ocean") covered the rest of the planet. Other minor oceans were Paleo-Tethys, Proto-Tethys, Rheic Ocean and Ural Ocean (which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica). | [
{
"answer": "419 to 359 Ma.",
"question": "During what time period was the Devonian era?"
},
{
"answer": "Euramerica (or Laurussia)",
"question": "Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?"
},
{
"answer": "Old Red Sandstone",
"question": "Which sedimentary... |
18,690 | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period. | [
{
"answer": "A global drop",
"question": "What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?"
},
{
"answer": "Carboniferous",
"question": "During which period were epicontinental seas created?"
},
{
"answer": "lush coal swamps",
"question": "What was on the ... |
18,691 | The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe, and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains. In the same time frame, much of present eastern Eurasian plate welded itself to Europe along the line of the Ural mountains. There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed the Rheic Ocean (closed by the assembly of South and North America), the small, shallow Ural Ocean (which was closed by the collision of Baltica, and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains) and Proto-Tethys Ocean. | [
{
"answer": "mountain building",
"question": "What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?"
},
{
"answer": "Laurussia",
"question": "What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?"
},
{
"answer": "the All... |
18,692 | During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea. | [
{
"answer": "Pangaea",
"question": "What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?"
},
{
"answer": "Panthalassa",
"question": "What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?"
},
{
"answer": "Paleo-Tethys Ocean",
"question": "There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia ... |
18,693 | The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in the period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea—which separated New Jersey from Morocco—are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Because of the limited shoreline of one super-continental mass, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare; despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates. | [
{
"answer": "Panthalassa",
"question": "Which ocean name is translated to mean \"all the sea?\""
},
{
"answer": "subduction of oceanic plates",
"question": "What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?"
},
{
"answer": "Pangaea was rifting"... |
18,695 | During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, Gondwana itself broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide. | [
{
"answer": "Pangaea",
"question": "The current continents were formerly known as what continent?"
},
{
"answer": "Sevier and Laramide",
"question": "Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?"
},
{
"answer": "Gondwana",
"question": "South America was formerly which cont... |
18,697 | The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent, which collided with the Asian plate. This impact gave rise to the Himalayas. The Tethys Sea, which had separated the northern continents from Africa and India, began to close up, forming the Mediterranean sea. | [
{
"answer": "66 million years",
"question": "How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?"
},
{
"answer": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event",
"question": "Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?"
},
{
"answer": "Cenozoic Era",
"question": "What geologic period ar... |
18,698 | In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate. The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in the American west, which ended in the succeeding epoch. South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas (they joined during the Neogene); the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwana continued to split apart, with Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia pulling away from each other. Africa was heading north toward Europe, slowly closing the Tethys Ocean, and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and the formation of the Himalayas. | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many continents did Laurasia break into?"
},
{
"answer": "North America",
"question": "In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?"
},
{
"answer": "the Rocky Mountains",
"question": "What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was ... |
18,699 | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago",
"question": "During what years did the Eocene period take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Antarctica",
"question": "Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?"
},
{
"answer": "around 45 Ma",
"quest... |
18,700 | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny. | [
{
"answer": "Eocene",
"question": "during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?"
},
{
"answer": "Tethys Sea",
"question": "In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?"
},
{
"answer": "Tethys Sea",
"question": "The Mediterranean sea is a remaining... |
18,701 | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent. | [
{
"answer": "ice cap",
"question": "What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "the Alps",
"question": "The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?"
},
{
"answer": "Oligocene",
"question": "During ... |
18,702 | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene. | [
{
"answer": "the Andes",
"question": "The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?"
},
{
"answer": "Asia",
"question": "Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?"
},
{
"answer": "The Tethys Seaway",
... |
18,703 | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years. | [
{
"answer": "the Isthmus of Panama",
"question": "What is the link between North and South America called?"
},
{
"answer": "Pliocene",
"question": "In which period did North and South America become linked?"
},
{
"answer": "Africa",
"question": "The Mediterranean was created by the c... |
18,705 | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing. | [
{
"answer": "enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder",
"question": "What does the state want a police force to do?"
},
{
"answer": "military units charged with civil policing",
"question": "What are gendarmerie?"
},
{
"answer": "military or other organizations involve... |
18,706 | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes. | [
{
"answer": "through taxes",
"question": "How are police usually paid?"
},
{
"answer": "late 18th and early 19th centuries",
"question": "When were police used to protect the class system?"
},
{
"answer": "public sector",
"question": "What kind of service are police?"
},
{
"a... |
18,707 | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan. | [
{
"answer": "Chu and Jin",
"question": "Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?"
},
{
"answer": "Spring",
"question": "What period was the Chu kingdom in?"
},
{
"answer": "Autumn",
"question": "What period was the Jin kingdom in?"
},
{
"answer": "Korea and Japan",
... |
18,708 | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835. | [
{
"answer": "War of the Castilian Succession",
"question": "What war ended in 1479?"
},
{
"answer": "Ferdinand and Isabella",
"question": "Who formed Spain's first national police force?"
},
{
"answer": "Santa Hermandad",
"question": "What was Spain's first national police force call... |
18,709 | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France. | [
{
"answer": "The Marshal of France and the Constable of France",
"question": "Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Officers of the Crown of France",
"question": "How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
18,710 | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties". | [
{
"answer": "1667",
"question": "In what year did Paris get a police force?"
},
{
"answer": "King Louis XIV",
"question": "Who created Paris's police force?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "What was the largest European city in 1667?"
},
{
"answer": "lieutenant general o... |
18,711 | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns. | [
{
"answer": "Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie",
"question": "Who was Paris's first head of police?"
},
{
"answer": "44",
"question": "How many commissioners worked under Reynie?"
},
{
"answer": "16",
"question": "How many policing districts was Paris divided into?"
},
{
"answer":... |
18,712 | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798. | [
{
"answer": "in the 18th century",
"question": "When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?"
},
{
"answer": "Britannica 1911",
"question": "Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What language did French b... |
18,713 | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation. | [
{
"answer": "Patrick Colquhoun",
"question": "Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?"
},
{
"answer": "docks",
"question": "Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?"
},
{
"answer": "1797",
"question": "When did the West Indie... |
18,714 | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney. | [
{
"answer": "50",
"question": "What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?"
},
{
"answer": "33,000",
"question": "How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?"
},
{
"answer": "11,000",
"question": "How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals... |
18,715 | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later. | [
{
"answer": "stipendiary system",
"question": "How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?"
},
{
"answer": "Henry and John Fielding",
"question": "Who started the Bow Street detectives?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Peel",
"question": "Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police... |
18,716 | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men. | [
{
"answer": "Glasgow Police Act",
"question": "Which law established Glasgow's police?"
},
{
"answer": "1800",
"question": "When was Glasgow's police force established?"
},
{
"answer": "Irish Constabulary Act",
"question": "Which law established Ireland's police?"
},
{
"answe... |
18,717 | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public. | [
{
"answer": "Peel",
"question": "Who was the 'father of modern policing'?"
},
{
"answer": "Jeremy Bentham",
"question": "Whose philosophy influenced Peel?"
},
{
"answer": "neutral",
"question": "What political position did Bentham think police should have?"
},
{
"answer": "as... |
18,718 | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state. | [
{
"answer": "1829",
"question": "When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?"
},
{
"answer": "the judicial system",
"question": "What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?"
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?... |
18,719 | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. King João VI established the "Intendência Geral de Polícia" (General Police Intendancy) for investigations. He also created a Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local "military police", with order maintenance tasks. The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852. | [
{
"answer": "1566",
"question": "When did Rio get its first police investigator?"
},
{
"answer": "most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions",
"question": "How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?"
},
{
"answer": "July 9, 1775",
"question": "When... |
18,720 | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873. The merger of these two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous Royal Canadian Mounted Police. | [
{
"answer": "1729",
"question": "When did Canada get its first police?"
},
{
"answer": "Royal Newfoundland Constabulary",
"question": "What was Canada's first police force?"
},
{
"answer": "1834",
"question": "When was the Toronto police created?"
},
{
"answer": "1838",
"... |
18,721 | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses",
"question": "What were the Old West's local police options?"
},
{
"answer": "The Army",
"question": "Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?"
},
{
"answer": "Army",
"question": "Whi... |
18,722 | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treatise on the Police"), first published in 1705. The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) first theorized by Philipp von Hörnigk a 17th-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police. Foucault cites Magdalene Humpert author of Bibliographie der Kameralwissenschaften (1937) in which the author makes note of a substantial bibliography was produced of over 4000 pieces of the practice of Polizeiwissenschaft however, this maybe a mistranslation of Foucault's own work the actual source of Magdalene Humpert states over 14,000 items were produced from the 16th century dates ranging from 1520-1850. | [
{
"answer": "German and French",
"question": "Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept?"
},
{
"answer": "1705",
"question": "When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?"
},
{
"answer": "Traité de la Police",
"question": "What was the 'Treatise on the P... |
18,723 | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to mercantilist theory, was to be the main strength of the state. Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns, urban planning (which was important because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of prices. | [
{
"answer": "mercantilist theory",
"question": "Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?"
},
{
"answer": "procuring abundance",
"question": "How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?"
},
{
"answer": "Foucault",
"question": "Who wrote about Polizeiwissen... |
18,724 | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - "crime doesn't pay". In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal object," which was the "prevention of crime." Later historians would attribute the perception of England's "appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system. | [
{
"answer": "Edwin Chadwick",
"question": "Who wrote 'Preventive Police'?"
},
{
"answer": "1829",
"question": "When was 'Preventive Police' published?"
},
{
"answer": "London Review",
"question": "Where was 'Preventive Police' published?"
},
{
"answer": "prevention",
"que... |
18,725 | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time, after which officers must transfer out or return to patrol duties.[citation needed] This is done in part based upon the perception that the most important and essential police work is accomplished on patrol in which officers become acquainted with their beats, prevent crime by their presence, respond to crimes in progress, manage crises, and practice their skills.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "patrol duties",
"question": "What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically?"
},
{
"answer": "on patrol",
"question": "Where do some think the most important police work happens?"
},
{
"answer": "prevent crime by their presence",
"question": "How... |
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