id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
3,530 | Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writ... | [
{
"answer": "Newer Orthography",
"question": " In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?"
},
{
"answer": "Eduard Ahrens",
"question": "Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?"
},
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "In what century... |
3,531 | It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g.... | [
{
"answer": "Russian",
"question": "In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?"
},
{
"answer": "Encyclopædia Britannica",
"question": "What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Esto... |
3,532 | Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | [
{
"answer": "transitional",
"question": "What is the typological form of Estonian?"
},
{
"answer": "an agglutinating language",
"question": "What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?"
},
{
"answer": "a fusional language",
"question": "What sort of form is Estonian transition... |
3,533 | In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always ... | [
{
"answer": "Estonian",
"question": "What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?"
},
{
"answer": "adjectives",
"question": "In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and cas... |
3,534 | The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity... | [
{
"answer": "Finnish",
"question": "What other language has a telicity contrast?"
},
{
"answer": "partitive",
"question": "Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?"
},
{
"answer": "total objects",
"question": "What is the accusative used for?"
}
... |
3,535 | The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal"). | [
{
"answer": "verbal system",
"question": "From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?"
},
{
"answer": "present tense",
"question": "What is used in place of the future tense?"
},
{
"answer": "special forms",
"question": "What does Estonian use to show actions performed by... |
3,536 | Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during ... | [
{
"answer": "Germanic languages",
"question": "Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?"
},
{
"answer": "Low Saxon",
"question": "What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?"
},
{
"answer": "dur... |
3,537 | Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'. | [
{
"answer": "'b' & 'p'",
"question": "What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?"
},
{
"answer": "The initial letter 's' is often dropped",
"question": "What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?"
},
{
"answer": "pagas",
"question"... |
3,538 | Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing. | [
{
"answer": "Ado Grenzstein",
"question": "Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?"
},
{
"answer": "1870s–90s",
"question": "In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "formation ex nihilo",
"question": "What is another term for ma... |
3,539 | The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which list... | [
{
"answer": "Johannes Aavik",
"question": "Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?"
},
{
"answer": "1880–1973",
"question": "What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?"
},
{
"answer": "creations ex nihilo",
"question": "What is the tech... |
3,540 | Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Con... | [
{
"answer": "Ancient Greek, Latin and French",
"question": "What languages did Aavik know?"
},
{
"answer": "1921",
"question": "When was Aavik's dictionary published?"
},
{
"answer": "Aavikisms",
"question": "What is another term for words created by Aavik?"
},
{
"answer": "f... |
3,541 | Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes. | [
{
"answer": "wood",
"question": "What is a source for the particles in paper?"
},
{
"answer": "writing",
"question": "What is a common use for paper?"
},
{
"answer": "drying",
"question": "What is the last step in paper production?"
}
] |
3,542 | The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, wi... | [
{
"answer": "2nd century AD",
"question": "When was the pulp papermaking process developed?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "What country was the process developed in?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "What country is leading in production of paper?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
3,543 | The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quant... | [
{
"answer": "Cai Lun",
"question": "Who is credited with the papermaking process?"
},
{
"answer": "silk",
"question": "What material did paper replace upon its invention?"
},
{
"answer": "Golden Age",
"question": "Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towa... |
3,544 | Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowe... | [
{
"answer": "13th",
"question": "In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "Baghdad",
"question": "Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?"
},
{
"answer": "bagdatikos",
"question": "What name did the process... |
3,545 | The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing b... | [
{
"answer": "Papyrus",
"question": "What Latin word is paper derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "What language is papyrus derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "maceration",
"question": "What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?"
},
{
"ans... |
3,546 | To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not ... | [
{
"answer": "lignin",
"question": "What is separated from the cellulose fibres?"
},
{
"answer": "wood-free",
"question": "What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?"
},
{
"answer": "5%",
"question": "What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?"
... |
3,547 | There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reactio... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many chemical pulping processes are there?"
},
{
"answer": "1840s",
"question": "What decade does the sulfite process date to?"
},
{
"answer": "The kraft process",
"question": "What process is most commonly used?"
},
{
"answer": "Soda pul... |
3,548 | There are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders w... | [
{
"answer": "groundwood pulp",
"question": "Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?"
},
{
"answer": "debarked logs",
"question": "What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?"
},
{
"answer": "weak",
"question": "What strength of paper is pro... |
3,549 | Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter. | [
{
"answer": "virgin",
"question": "Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?"
}
] |
3,550 | Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of sur... | [
{
"answer": "china clay",
"question": "What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?"
},
{
"answer": "Additives",
"question": "What is added for sizing purposes?"
},
{
"answer": "chalk",
"question": "What besides china clay is used as a filler?"
}... |
3,551 | Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. | [
{
"answer": "Pressing",
"question": "How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?"
},
{
"answer": "felt",
"question": "What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?"
},
{
"answer": "blotter sheet",
"question": "What is used to collect water when hand-making pa... |
3,552 | Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach... | [
{
"answer": "air",
"question": "What is the main component of drying the paper?"
},
{
"answer": "6",
"question": "At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?"
}
] |
3,553 | Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may ... | [
{
"answer": "china clay",
"question": "Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?"
},
{
"answer": "calendering",
"question": "What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?"
},
{
"answer": "Gloss",
"question": "What is the shiniest type of coated paper?"
},
... |
3,554 | The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. | [
{
"answer": "reels",
"question": "What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?"
},
{
"answer": "long-grain",
"question": "In what manner are sheets normally cut?"
},
{
"answer": "cut into sheets",
"question": "If the paper is not to be used in the web prin... |
3,555 | All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of ap... | [
{
"answer": "wove paper",
"question": "What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?"
},
{
"answer": "rollers",
"question": "What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?"
},
{
"answer": "density",
"question": "What is in common with the lentgh along and ac... |
3,556 | Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", o... | [
{
"answer": "Laidlines",
"question": "What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?"
},
{
"answer": "Laidlines",
"question": "What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?"
},
{
"answer": "chainlines",
"question": "What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?"
... |
3,557 | The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick. | [
{
"answer": "caliper",
"question": "What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?"
},
{
"answer": "thousandths of an inch",
"question": "In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?"
},
{
"answer": "mm",
"question": "Someo... |
3,558 | Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it ... | [
{
"answer": "weight",
"question": "What characteristic is paper usually classified by?"
},
{
"answer": "a ream",
"question": "In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?"
},
{
"answer": "card",
"question": "Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of st... |
3,559 | In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of t... | [
{
"answer": "ISO 216",
"question": "What ISO sizing system does Europe use?"
},
{
"answer": "card",
"question": "If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?"
},
{
"answer": "dimensions",
"question": "Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Eur... |
3,560 | Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper. | [
{
"answer": "length and width",
"question": "Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?"
},
{
"answer": "standard paper sizes",
"question": "Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?"
},
{
"answer": "length and width",
"question": "Standard paper sizes are usua... |
3,561 | The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189... | [
{
"answer": "ISO 216",
"question": "Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany",
"question": "What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?"
},
{
"answer": "A0",
"question": "What is the largest standard size paper?"
},
{
"answer": "2",
... |
3,562 | The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft). | [
{
"answer": "tissue paper",
"question": "What is the lightest density of paper produced?"
},
{
"answer": "800 kg/m3",
"question": "What is the common density of printing paper?"
}
] |
3,563 | Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize tha... | [
{
"answer": "Alum",
"question": "What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?"
},
{
"answer": "sizing",
"question": "Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?"
},
{
"answer": "more stable",
"question": "How was rag paper superior to the earl... |
3,564 | Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant... | [
{
"answer": "lignin",
"question": "What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?"
},
{
"answer": "lignin",
"question": "A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?"
},
{
"answer": "light and oxygen",
"question": "What does lignin r... |
3,565 | Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces for... | [
{
"answer": "Library of Congress",
"question": "Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?"
},
{
"answer": "oxalic",
"question": "Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?"
}
] |
3,566 | Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book p... | [
{
"answer": "twice",
"question": "How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?"
},
{
"answer": "Mechanical",
"question": "What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?"
},
{
"answer":... |
3,567 | Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the... | [
{
"answer": "400%",
"question": "In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?"
},
{
"answer": "35%",
"question": "What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?"
},
{
"answer": "plant trees",
"question": "What do many paper compani... |
3,568 | Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year. | [
{
"answer": "40%",
"question": "What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?"
},
{
"answer": "71.6 million",
"question": "How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?"
},
{
"answer": "16 billion",
"question": "How many paper cups are used by Americ... |
3,569 | Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organ... | [
{
"answer": "bleaching",
"question": "What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?"
},
{
"answer": "through food",
"question": "How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?"
},
{
"answer": "fatty tissue",
"question": "Where are d... |
3,570 | Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be re... | [
{
"answer": "paperfoam",
"question": "What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?"
},
{
"answer": "biodegradable",
"question": "What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?"
},
{
"answ... |
3,571 | With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags. | [
{
"answer": "corn protein",
"question": "What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?"
},
{
"answer": "corn protein",
"question": "Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?"
},
{
"answer": "synthetic",
"question": "PFOA is what type of coa... |
3,572 | The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played i... | [
{
"answer": "1987",
"question": "When was the football league established?"
},
{
"answer": "indoors",
"question": "Where is football played?"
},
{
"answer": "Arena Football League",
"question": "What does AFL sand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Jim Foster",
"question": "Who founde... |
3,573 | For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had ... | [
{
"answer": "12",
"question": "How many teams were there in the 2015 season?"
},
{
"answer": "2",
"question": "How many conferences does the AFL have?"
},
{
"answer": "American Conference and National Conference",
"question": "What are these conferences in the AFL named?"
},
{
... |
3,575 | From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both lea... | [
{
"answer": "af2",
"question": "What was the name of the AFL development league?"
},
{
"answer": "2000",
"question": "When did the AFL development league begin?"
},
{
"answer": "1987",
"question": "When was the first AFL season played?"
},
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": ... |
3,576 | Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at th... | [
{
"answer": "the National Football League",
"question": "Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?"
},
{
"answer": "an indoor soccer match",
"question": "What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?"
},
{
"answer": "Ma... |
3,577 | Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game ... | [
{
"answer": "the United States Football League",
"question": "What football league began in 1982?"
},
{
"answer": "Chicago Blitz",
"question": "What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "When did the USFL shut down?"
},
{
"answer": "Ap... |
3,578 | The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high eno... | [
{
"answer": "Rockford, Illinois",
"question": "In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Rockford MetroCentre",
"question": "At what venue did the test game occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Chicago Politicians",
"question": "Along with the Rockford M... |
3,579 | Following the successes of his trial-run games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, and Chicago Bruisers. Foster appointed legendary Darrel "Mouse" Davis, godfather of the "run and sh... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?"
},
{
"answer": "Washington Commandos",
"question": "Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?"
},
{
"answer": "ex... |
3,580 | The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Followi... | [
{
"answer": "June 19, 1987",
"question": "On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?"
},
{
"answer": "Gladiators",
"question": "Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?"
},
{
"answer": "12,117",
"question": "How many spectators watched... |
3,581 | On September 30, 1987, Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport. The patent application covered the rules of the game, specifically detailing the goalposts and rebound netting and their impact on gameplay. Foster's application was granted on March 27, 1... | [
{
"answer": "September 30, 1987",
"question": "On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?"
},
{
"answer": "March 27, 1990",
"question": "When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?"
},
{
"answer": "September 30, 2007",
"question": ... |
3,582 | From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as par... | [
{
"answer": "ESPN",
"question": "In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?"
},
{
"answer": "midnight",
"question": "In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?"
},
{
"answer": "Arena Bowl XII",
"question": "What AFL game... |
3,583 | On Saturday, July 23, 1989, much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason, when the Pittsburgh Gladiators' head coach, Joe Haering, made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers. The national media ran with the story, including a photo in USA Today. The ... | [
{
"answer": "Joe Haering",
"question": "Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?"
},
{
"answer": "Saturday",
"question": "What day of the week was July 23, 1989?"
},
{
"answer": "Jim Foster",
"question": "Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?"
},
{
"answ... |
3,584 | One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis ... | [
{
"answer": "Detroit Drive",
"question": "What team did Art Schlichter play for?"
},
{
"answer": "Joe Louis Arena",
"question": "Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?"
},
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?"
},
{
... |
3,585 | Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season, the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered "dynasties", including the Tampa Bay Storm (the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons), their arch-rival the Orlando Predators, the now-defunct San Jose SaberCa... | [
{
"answer": "Massachusetts",
"question": "Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?"
},
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?"
},
{
"answer": "Storm",
"question": "What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?"
},
{
... |
3,586 | In 1993, the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines, Iowa, the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers, as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area. The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64–40 in front of a crowd of 7,189. The second Allstar game was in Oct. 2013, with two ga... | [
{
"answer": "first All-Star Game",
"question": "What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?"
},
{
"answer": "Des Moines, Iowa",
"question": "In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Iowa Barnstormers",
"question": "What AFL team would be bas... |
3,587 | While some teams have enjoyed considerable on-field and even financial success, many teams in the history of the league have enjoyed little success either on or off of the field of play. There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups un... | [
{
"answer": "New England Sea Wolves",
"question": "What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?"
},
{
"answer": "Toronto",
"question": "What city did the Sea Wolves move to?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?"... |
3,589 | In 2003, the season expanded to 16 games. There were also several rule changes in this period. In 2005, players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds. The only way for a player to go out of bounds presently is if he is tackled into or deliberately contacts the side boards. This was also the first year the ArenaBo... | [
{
"answer": "16",
"question": "How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral loca... |
3,590 | After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL, David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25, 2008, just two days before ArenaBowl XXII; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker's replacement was found. Baker explained, "When I took over as commissioner, I thought it would be for one year. It ... | [
{
"answer": "David Baker",
"question": "Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "12",
"question": "For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL?"
},
{
"answer": "July 25, 2008",
"question": "On what date... |
3,591 | In October 2008, Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans VooDoo were ceasing operations and folding "based on circumstances currently affecting the league and the team". Shortly thereafter, an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $100 million stake in the leagu... | [
{
"answer": "New Orleans VooDoo",
"question": "What team shut down in October 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "Tom Benson",
"question": "Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down?"
},
{
"answer": "Platinum Equity",
"question": "What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?... |
3,592 | Because of the sudden loss of the New Orleans franchise, the league announced in October that the beginning of the free agency period would be delayed in order to accommodate a dispersal draft. Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency, but shortly before the d... | [
{
"answer": "December 2",
"question": "On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?"
},
{
"answer": "December 3",
"question": "To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?"
},
{
"answer": "December 9",
"question": "After the second delay, when was the dispers... |
3,593 | Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009, a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create "a long-term plan to improve its economic model". In doing so, the AFL became the se... | [
{
"answer": "tenth",
"question": "What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "December 2008",
"question": "In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?"
},
{
"answer": "2004-05",
"question": "What National Hockey League... |
3,594 | High hopes for the AFL waned when interim commissioner Ed Policy announced his resignation, citing the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league. Two weeks later, the Los Angeles Avengers announced that they were formally folding the franchise. One month later, the league missed the deadline to formally ra... | [
{
"answer": "interim commissioner",
"question": "What was the job title of Ed Policy?"
},
{
"answer": "Los Angeles Avengers",
"question": "After Ed Policy resigned, what franchise closed?"
},
{
"answer": "Two",
"question": "How many weeks after Policy's resignation did the Avengers f... |
3,595 | On July 20, 2009, Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In early August 2009, numerous media outlets began reporting that the AFL was folding permanently and would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The... | [
{
"answer": "July 20, 2009",
"question": "On what date was it reported that the AFL was considering bankruptcy?"
},
{
"answer": "Sports Business Journal",
"question": "What publication reported that the Arena Football League was thinking about filing bankruptcy?"
},
{
"answer": "$14 mill... |
3,596 | Following the suspension of the AFL's 2009 season, league officials and owners of af2 (which had played its season as scheduled) began discussing the future of arena football and the two leagues. With its 50.1 percent ownership of af2, the AFL's bankruptcy and dissolution prompted the dissolution of af2 as well. That l... | [
{
"answer": "50.1",
"question": "What percent of af2 was owned by the AFL?"
},
{
"answer": "September 8, 2009",
"question": "On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded?"
},
{
"answer": "Arena Football 1",
"question": "What legal entity was created by af2 league owners?"
},
{
... |
3,597 | All assets of the Arena Football League were put up for auction. On November 11, 2009, the new league announced its intention to purchase the entire assets of the former AFL; the assets included the team names and logos of all but one of the former AFL and af2 teams. The lone exception was that of the Dallas Desperados... | [
{
"answer": "Jerry Jones",
"question": "Who owned the Dallas Desperados?"
},
{
"answer": "November 11, 2009",
"question": "When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League's assets?"
},
{
"answer": "November 25, 2009",
"question": "When did the auction for the Arena Footba... |
3,598 | On February 17, 2010, AF1 announced it would use the "Arena Football League" name. The league announced plans for the upcoming season and details of its contract with NFL Network to broadcast AFL games in 2010. AF1 teams were given the option of restoring historical names to their teams. In addition to the historical t... | [
{
"answer": "February 17, 2010",
"question": "On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League?"
},
{
"answer": "NFL Network",
"question": "What television network was contracted to show Arena Football League games in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"quest... |
3,600 | In 2012, the AFL celebrated its silver anniversary for its 25th season of operations. The season kicked off on March 9, 2012. The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio, Texas and Jeffrey Vinik became owner of the Tampa Bay Storm. The Dallas Vigilantes were left off the schedule for the 2012 season with no announcement from... | [
{
"answer": "25th",
"question": "What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "March 9, 2012",
"question": "What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season?"
},
{
"answer": "San Antonio",
"question": "To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate?"
}... |
3,601 | It was announced on December 12, 2012, that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor, renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League. The redesigned website showed the new logo which ... | [
{
"answer": "December 12, 2012",
"question": "On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal?"
},
{
"answer": "NET10 Wireless",
"question": "What business was the title sponsor of the AFL?"
},
{
"answer": "NET10 Wireless Arena Football League",
"question": "What was the... |
3,602 | In 2013, the league expanded with the addition of two new franchises to play in 2014, the Los Angeles Kiss (owned by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of the legendary rock band Kiss) and the Portland Thunder. | [
{
"answer": "Kiss",
"question": "What was the name of the Los Angeles-based team added in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "Gene Simmons",
"question": "Along with Paul Stanley, who owned the Los Angeles Kiss?"
},
{
"answer": "Portland Thunder",
"question": "Other than the Los Angeles Kiss, what... |
3,603 | In 2014, the league announced the granting of a new franchise to former Mötley Crüe frontman Vince Neil, previously part-owner of the Jacksonville Sharks. That franchise, the Las Vegas Outlaws, were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015, but instead played their home games at the Thomas ... | [
{
"answer": "Mötley Crüe",
"question": "What band was Vince Neil a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Outlaws",
"question": "What was the name of the Las Vegas team owned by Vince Neil?"
},
{
"answer": "MGM Grand Garden Arena",
"question": "What was the original intended home field of the Las... |
3,604 | Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL's first president. Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner. | [
{
"answer": "Jerry Kurz",
"question": "Who was the first president of the AFL?"
},
{
"answer": "commissioner",
"question": "What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?"
},
{
"answer": "Scott Butera",
"question": "Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry... |
3,605 | On August 9, 2015, ESPN reported that the New Orleans VooDoo and Las Vegas Outlaws had ceased operations, effective immediately, a claim which was subsequently validated on the AFL website. On September 1, 2015, the Spokane Shock officially left the AFL and joined the IFL under the new name Spokane Empire, becoming the... | [
{
"answer": "August 9, 2015",
"question": "On what date was it reported that the Las Vegas Outlaws were shutting down?"
},
{
"answer": "ESPN",
"question": "Who first reported the closure of the New Orleans VooDoo?"
},
{
"answer": "September 1, 2015",
"question": "On what date did the... |
3,606 | Rumors began swirling with regards to bringing the AFL back to Austin and San Antonio, Texas. Both cities have hosted franchises in the past (Austin Wranglers, San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons), but an AFL spokesman, BJ Pickard, was quoted as saying, "News to me." Announcements have yet to be made on any sort o... | [
{
"answer": "Friday",
"question": "What day of the week was October 30, 2015?"
},
{
"answer": "San Antonio Spurs",
"question": "At what team's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30?"
},
{
"answer": "BJ Pickard",
"question": "Who worked as an AFL spokesm... |
3,607 | On November 12, the league announced the defending champion San Jose SaberCats would be ceasing operations due to "reasons unrelated to League operations". A statement from the league indicated that the AFL is working to secure new, long-term owners for the franchise. This leaves the AFL with eight teams for 2016. | [
{
"answer": "San Jose SaberCats",
"question": "Who were the defending champions of the Arena Football League?"
},
{
"answer": "November 12",
"question": "When was it announced that the SaberCats would be shutting down?"
},
{
"answer": "reasons unrelated to League operations",
"questi... |
3,608 | On January 6, 2016, the league took over "ownership and operational control" of the Portland Thunder from its previous owners. The AFL stated this move was made after months of trying work out an arrangement "to provide financial and operational support." On February 3, 2016, it was announced that the franchise will st... | [
{
"answer": "January 6, 2016",
"question": "On what date did the AFL take control of one of its teams?"
},
{
"answer": "Portland Thunder",
"question": "What team did the league take control of?"
},
{
"answer": "Terry Emmert",
"question": "Who owned the trademark to the Portland Thund... |
3,609 | The league's 2016 schedule, announced on the league's website on December 10, 2015, shows an eight-team league playing a 16-game regular season over 18 weeks, with two bye weeks for each team, one on a rotational basis and the other a "universal bye" for all teams during the Independence Day weekend, the first weekend ... | [
{
"answer": "December 10, 2015",
"question": "On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016?"
},
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "How many teams are active in the AFL for 2016?"
},
{
"answer": "16",
"question": "How many regular season games will each team play in 2016?... |
3,611 | The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated, and the regular season was extended from 14 games, the length that it had been since 1996, to 16 from 2001 to 2010, and since 2016. From 2011 to 2015, t... | [
{
"answer": "NBC",
"question": "A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?"
},
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "How many games was the regular season in 1996?"
},
{
"answer": "16",
"question": "How many games were played in ... |
3,612 | In August 2012, the AFL announced a new project into China, known as the China American Football League. The CAFL project is headed up by ESPN NFL analyst and Philadelphia Soul majority owner president Ron Jaworski. The plans were to establish a six-team league that would play a 10-week schedule that was slated to star... | [
{
"answer": "the China American Football League",
"question": "What league did the AFL found in China?"
},
{
"answer": "August 2012",
"question": "When was the AFL's China project announced?"
},
{
"answer": "Ron Jaworski",
"question": "Who is leading the China American Football Leagu... |
3,613 | AFL Global and Ganlan Media were created in 2012 by businessman Martin E. Judge, founder and owner of the Judge Group. The company, called AFL Global, LLC, looks to introduce and launch professional Arena Football teams and franchises in various locations throughout the world (like NFL Europe). After their successful t... | [
{
"answer": "Martin E. Judge",
"question": "Who created Ganlan Media?"
},
{
"answer": "the Judge Group",
"question": "What company is Martin Judge the founder of?"
},
{
"answer": "2012",
"question": "In what year was AFL Global created?"
},
{
"answer": "October",
"questio... |
3,614 | The 2014 scheduled beginning proved to be too ambitious for the group; its official website now cites an anticipated beginning of professional play in 2016 and shows photos from a six-team collegiate tournament staged in early November, 2015 | [
{
"answer": "2016",
"question": "When does the CAFL plan on start its first season?"
},
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many teams participated in the 2015 CAFL tournament?"... |
3,615 | Beginning with the 2003 season, the AFL made a deal with NBC to televise league games, which was renewed for another two years in 2005. In conjunction with this, the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February (the week after the NFL's Super Bowl) and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of F... | [
{
"answer": "May",
"question": "In what month did the AFL season originally begin?"
},
{
"answer": "February",
"question": "After the TV deal, when was the start of the AFL season moved to?"
},
{
"answer": "Friday or Saturday",
"question": "What days were AFL games traditionally play... |
3,616 | On December 19, 2006, ESPN announced the purchase of a minority stake in the AFL. This deal included television rights for the ESPN family of networks. ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games, most on Monday nights, and nine playoff games, including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC. The deal resulted in added expo... | [
{
"answer": "December 19, 2006",
"question": "On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL?"
},
{
"answer": "17",
"question": "At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?"
},
{
"answer": "Monday",
"question": "On what day would most of the games... |
3,617 | The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games. | [
{
"answer": "Fox Sports",
"question": "Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?"
},
{
"answer": "FSN",
"question": "What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?"
}
] |
3,618 | After its return in 2010, the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game. All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online, provided by Ustream. | [
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?"
},
{
"answer": "NFL Network",
"question": "What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "Friday",
"question": "On what day would AFL games... |
3,619 | The NFL Network ceased airing Arena Football League games partway through the 2012 season as a result of ongoing labor problems within the league. Briefly, the games were broadcast on a tape delay to prevent the embarrassment that would result should the players stage a work stoppage immediately prior to a scheduled br... | [
{
"answer": "2012",
"question": "In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network?"
},
{
"answer": "ongoing labor problems",
"question": "Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur?"
},
{
"answer": "the labor issues were resolved",
"question":... |
3,620 | For the 2013 season, the league's new national broadcast partner was the CBS Sports Network. CBSSN would air 19 regular season games and two playoff games. CBS would also air the ArenaBowl, marking the first time since 2008 that the league's finale aired on network television. Regular season CBSSN broadcast games are u... | [
{
"answer": "CBS Sports Network",
"question": "Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?"
},
{
"answer": "19",
"question": "How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broad... |
3,621 | Starting in 2014, ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners, with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN. ArenaBowl XXVII was also broadcast on ESPN. Most teams also have a local TV station broadcast their games ... | [
{
"answer": "ESPN",
"question": "Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?"
},
{
"answer": "WatchESPN",
"question": "What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?"
},
{
"answer": "CBS Sports Network",
"question": "Along with the ESPN networks, on w... |
3,622 | The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988. On May 18, 2000, Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed was released by Midway Games for the PlayStation game console. On February 7, 2006 EA Sports released Arena Football for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. EA Sports released another ... | [
{
"answer": "Arena Football",
"question": "What was the first Arena Football League video game?"
},
{
"answer": "the C-64",
"question": "For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released?"
},
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "In what year was the first Arena Foot... |
3,623 | In 2001, Jeff Foley published War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It. The book details a journalist's two preseasons (1999 and 2000) as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds. The 5-foot-6 (170 cm), self-described "unathletic writer"... | [
{
"answer": "Jeff Foley",
"question": "Who wrote War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It?"
},
{
"answer": "2001",
"question": "In what year was War on the Floor released?"
},
{
"answer": "Albany Firebirds",
"question": "What tea... |
3,624 | The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model, with the league owning the rights to the teams, players, and coaches. The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy. Prior to that, the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports lea... | [
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?"
},
{
"answer": "the league",
"question": "Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?"
},
{
"answer": "franchise model",
"question": "What model of ownershi... |
3,625 | Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000–11,000 per game in the 1990s, though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11, 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years. From the start of the 2004 season until the final season of the original league in 2... | [
{
"answer": "10,000–11,000",
"question": "What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?"
},
{
"answer": "the September 11, 2001 attacks",
"question": "Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?"
},
{
"answer": "12... |
3,626 | In 2010, the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy, the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135, with only one team (Tampa Bay) exceeding 13,000 per game. | [
{
"answer": "8,135",
"question": "What was the AFL's average per-game attendance in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?"
},
{
"answer": "Tampa Bay",
"question": "What team drew more than 13,00... |
3,627 | Adult contemporary music (AC) is a style of music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day, with varying degrees of easy listening, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock influence. Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy list... | [
{
"answer": "easy listening",
"question": "Along with pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock, what musical style influenced adult contemporary?"
},
{
"answer": "soft rock",
"question": "What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s?"
},
{
"answer": "v... |
3,628 | Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be writte... | [
{
"answer": "melody",
"question": "Along with harmonies, what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary?"
},
{
"answer": "verse–chorus structure",
"question": "What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song?"
},
{
"answer": "pop music",
"question": "With what b... |
3,629 | Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments (though bass guitar is usually used) such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched. However, recent adult contemporary music may usu... | [
{
"answer": "romantic sentimental ballads",
"question": "What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?"
},
{
"answer": "drum machines",
"question": "Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?"
},
{
"answer":... |
3,630 | AC radio stations may play mainstream music, but they will exclude hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations, which is intended for an adult audience. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has ... | [
{
"answer": "25–44",
"question": "What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on?"
},
{
"answer": "hip hop",
"question": "Along with teen pop, dance and hard rock, what form of music is typically not heard on AC radio?"
},
{
"answer": "1960s",
"question": "When did a... |
3,631 | Over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including "hot AC", "soft AC" (also known as "lite AC"), "urban AC", "rhythmic AC", and "Christian AC" (a softer type of contemporary Christian music). Some stations play only "hot AC", "soft AC", or only one of the variety of subgenres. Therefore, it is not usually considered a... | [
{
"answer": "soft AC",
"question": "What is lite AC otherwise known as?"
},
{
"answer": "contemporary Christian music",
"question": "What is Christian AC a subgenre of?"
},
{
"answer": "rhythmic AC",
"question": "Along with hot, soft, urban and Christian AC, what is another prominent... |
3,632 | Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, which adopted a 70-80% instrumental - 20-30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and e... | [
{
"answer": "1960s",
"question": "From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage?"
},
{
"answer": "70-80%",
"question": "Generally speaking, what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental?"
},
{
"answer": "July 17, 1961",
"qu... |
3,633 | Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal withou... | [
{
"answer": "Connie Francis",
"question": "Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?"
},
{
"answer": "instrumental",
"question": "What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on a... |
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