id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
3,430 | Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the... | [
{
"answer": "Catalonia",
"question": "What place is Catalan named for?"
},
{
"answer": "Romance language",
"question": "What type of language is Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "Valencian",
"question": "What is Catalan called in Valencia?"
},
{
"answer": "Andorra",
"question": "... |
3,431 | According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories... | [
{
"answer": "Catalan",
"question": "What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "What is the most used language in Catalonia?"
},
{
"answer": "native",
"question": "What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?"
},
{
... |
3,432 | Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start ... | [
{
"answer": "Vulgar Latin",
"question": "From what language did Catalan come?"
},
{
"answer": "eastern Pyrenees",
"question": "In what area did Catalan develop?"
},
{
"answer": "9th century",
"question": "When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?"
},
{
"answer": "Low ... |
3,433 | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community. | [
{
"answer": "Spanish transition to democracy",
"question": "What happened in 1975-1982?"
},
{
"answer": "increased prestige",
"question": "What has this official language state done for Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "Where is there nothing like this non-state speech ... |
3,434 | Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are t... | [
{
"answer": "Eastern and Western",
"question": "What is the division of Catalan dialects?"
},
{
"answer": "pronunciation",
"question": "What is the basic difference between the dialects?"
},
{
"answer": "different varieties",
"question": "What is the differenctiation between Catalan ... |
3,435 | Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languag... | [
{
"answer": "many traits",
"question": "What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?"
},
{
"answer": "Iberian Peninsula",
"question": "Where is Catalonia located?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish and Portuguese",
"question": "What other Iberian Romance lang... |
3,436 | Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspe... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many genders does Catalan have?"
},
{
"answer": "singular, plural",
"question": "What numbers does Catalan have?"
},
{
"answer": "inflectional",
"question": "What style of grammar does Catalan have?"
},
{
"answer": "consonants",
"questi... |
3,437 | The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ("Land of the Goths"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothlan... | [
{
"answer": "Catalonia",
"question": "What is Catalan the derivitive of?"
},
{
"answer": "Gathia Launia",
"question": "What is the Latin for Calalunya?"
},
{
"answer": "March of Gothia",
"question": "Where did the Catalan people originate?"
},
{
"answer": "Gothia",
"ques... |
3,438 | In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/. | [
{
"answer": "mid 14th century",
"question": "When did the reference Catelaner first appear?"
},
{
"answer": "Catellain",
"question": "What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "What language is the source of the term Catellain?"
},
... |
3,439 | The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below. | [
{
"answer": "Valencian Community",
"question": "Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "the same language",
"question": "What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?"
},
{
"answer": "dialects",
"question": "What affect does different pronunciations in the two ar... |
3,440 | By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Mus... | [
{
"answer": "Vulgar Latin",
"question": "What language did Catalan descend from?"
},
{
"answer": "9th century",
"question": "When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?"
},
{
"answer": "Hispania Tarraconensis",
"question": "Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan co... |
3,441 | In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries. | [
{
"answer": "11th century",
"question": "When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "by 1080",
"question": "When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?"
},
{
"answer": "Gallo-Romance",
"question": "To what language did Catalan display similarities?... |
3,442 | During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Sp... | [
{
"answer": "11th and 12th centuries",
"question": "When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?"
},
{
"answer": "13th century",
"question": "When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "14th century",
"quest... |
3,443 | In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th c... | [
{
"answer": "Low Middle Ages",
"question": "When was the golden age of Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "city of Valencia",
"question": "Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?"
},
{
"answer": "Catalan",
"question": "What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?"
},... |
3,444 | Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. | [
{
"answer": "Martorell",
"question": "Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?"
},
{
"answer": "chivalry",
"question": "What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?"
},
{
"answer": "Renaissance values",
"question": "To what does Matorell's work show a transition?"
},
{
"answer": "Metge",
"qu... |
3,445 | With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual. | [
{
"answer": "1479",
"question": "When were Castille and Aragon united?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "After 1479, what language became more valued?"
},
{
"answer": "16th century",
"question": "When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?"
},
{
"answer": "Spani... |
3,446 | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | [
{
"answer": "1659",
"question": "When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?"
},
{
"answer": "northern part",
"question": "What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?"
},
{
"answer": "Treaty of the Pyrenees",
"question": "Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?"
},
{
"a... |
3,447 | Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | [
{
"answer": "1789",
"question": "When did France outlaw Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "French Revolution",
"question": "What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?"
},
{
"answer": "Occitan, Flemish, and Basque",
"question": "Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and B... |
3,448 | Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers wa... | [
{
"answer": "1833",
"question": "When did the French obtain Algeria?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern Catalonia and Minorca",
"question": "Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?"
},
{
"answer": "patuet",
"question": "What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?"
},
{
"answer... |
3,449 | Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | [
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "What is the official language of France?"
},
{
"answer": "in public life and education",
"question": "Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales",
"question": "Who recognized C... |
3,450 | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | [
{
"answer": "Catalan",
"question": "What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?"
},
{
"answer": "War of Spanish Succession",
"question": "Where did Catalan experience defeat?"
},
{
"answer": "1714",
"question": "When was the war of Spanish Succession?"
},
{
"answer": "Spani... |
3,451 | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Gu... | [
{
"answer": "revival",
"question": "What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?"
},
{
"answer": "Catalan literary revival",
"question": "What is Renaixenca?"
},
{
"answer": "1833",
"question": "When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?"
},
{
"answer": "1833",
... |
3,452 | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community.... | [
{
"answer": "Catalan",
"question": "Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?"
},
{
"answer": "in all schools",
"question": "Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?"
},
{
"answer": "Catalan",
"question": "Since the transition, what is the offici... |
3,453 | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | [
{
"answer": "Andorra",
"question": "Where has Catalan always been the only language?"
},
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "When was the Andorran constitution produced?"
},
{
"answer": "Andorranization policies",
"question": "What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?"
},
{
"an... |
3,454 | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary educ... | [
{
"answer": "language shift processes",
"question": "What kind of shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?"
},
{
"answer": "60 or older",
"question": "How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?"
},
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "When was it d... |
3,455 | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | [
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?"
},
{
"answer": "Italian",
"question": "What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?"
},
{
"answer": "ingrained diglossic attitudes",
"question": "What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and... |
3,456 | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | [
{
"answer": "Occitano-Romance",
"question": "To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?"
},
{
"answer": "linguists",
"question": "Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish ones",
"question": "What kind of linguis... |
3,457 | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance langua... | [
{
"answer": "Occitan language",
"question": "What is Catalan a variety of?"
},
{
"answer": "varying degrees",
"question": "What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?"
},
{
"answer": "differences",
"question": "What are there besides degrees of simila... |
3,458 | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially voc... | [
{
"answer": "many traits",
"question": "What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?"
},
{
"answer": "Iberian Peninsula",
"question": "Where is the Catalan language mostly located?"
},
{
"answer": "Ibero-Romance group",
"question": "In pronunciation what is Catalan differen... |
3,459 | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | [
{
"answer": "87%",
"question": "What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?"
},
{
"answer": "85%",
"question": "Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?"
},
{
"answer": "80%",
"question": "What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?"
},
{
"answer": "76%",
... |
3,460 | During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound sys... | [
{
"answer": "dialect of Spanish",
"question": "What has Catalan often been considered?"
},
{
"answer": "Francoist",
"question": "During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?"
}
] |
3,461 | There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese f... | [
{
"answer": "rest of Roman Hispania",
"question": "What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?"
},
{
"answer": "Occitan",
"question": "What language branch did Catalan share a history with?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Romance",
"question": "What is Occitan a branch of?"
... |
3,462 | The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, o... | [
{
"answer": "Germanic",
"question": "What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin origin",
"question": "What is the origin of some Spanish words?"
},
{
"answer": "Germanic superstrate",
"question": "What has different results in ... |
3,463 | The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spani... | [
{
"answer": "Arabic element",
"question": "What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "Arabic loanwords",
"question": "What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "In which language is the Arabi... |
3,464 | Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | [
{
"answer": "Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance",
"question": "What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?"
},
{
"answer": "unique",
"question": "What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?"
},
{
"answer": "lexical",
"question": "What type of unique choices does Catalan ... |
3,465 | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. | [
{
"answer": "Catalan Countries",
"question": "What are the Paisos Catalans"
},
{
"answer": "cultural affinity and common heritage",
"question": "What is that determination based on?"
},
{
"answer": "no official status",
"question": "What status does Catalan Countries have?"
},
{
... |
3,466 | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | [
{
"answer": "many monosyllabic words",
"question": "How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?"
},
{
"answer": "consonant clusters",
"question": "What other type of endings do Catalan words have?"
},
{
"answer": "obstruent",
"question": "What kind of final devoicing does ... |
3,467 | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | [
{
"answer": "Central Catalan",
"question": "What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "standard pronunciation",
"question": "What is Central Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "standard pronunciation",
"question": "What are the descriptions for?"
},
{
"answer": "se... |
3,468 | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | [
{
"answer": "Vulgar Latin",
"question": "Where does Catalan get its vowel system?"
},
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "How many stressed phenoms are there?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Romance",
"question": "Where is this a common feature?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"questio... |
3,469 | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "/i/",
"question": "What vowel stays distinct?"
},
{
"answer": "different",
"question": "What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?"
},
{
"answer"... |
3,470 | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including ... | [
{
"answer": "Catalan sociolinguistics",
"question": "What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "Catalan sociolinguistics",
"question": "What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "Catalan philology",
"question": "What is ... |
3,471 | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated ... | [
{
"answer": "uniformity",
"question": "What do the dialects of Catalan feature?"
},
{
"answer": "other Romance languages",
"question": "In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?"
},
{
"answer": "intelligibility",
"question": "What is high among dialects?"
},
{
"answer":... |
3,472 | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal mo... | [
{
"answer": "treatment of unstressed a and e",
"question": "What is the major difference between the two blocks?"
},
{
"answer": "distinct",
"question": "How are a and e in western dialects?"
},
{
"answer": "merged",
"question": "What have a and e done in eastern dialects?"
}
] |
3,473 | Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | [
{
"answer": "Northwestern Catalan and Valencian",
"question": "What two dialects does Western Catalan include?"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many dialects are in the eastern group?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern block",
"question": "To what division does Central Catalan belong?"... |
3,474 | Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | [
{
"answer": "Central Catalan",
"question": "What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "Central Catalan",
"question": "Where are the most speakers found?"
},
{
"answer": "Barcelona province",
"question": "In what densely populated area is it spoken?"
},
... |
3,475 | In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a]. | [
{
"answer": "Eastern Catalan",
"question": "Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?"
},
{
"answer": "Majorcan",
"question": "What is the exception to this reduction?"
},
{
"answer": "/i/",
"question": "Which vowel remains distinct?"
}
] |
3,476 | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | [
{
"answer": "Majorcan",
"question": "In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern Catalan",
"question": "What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Catalan",
"question": "What other pattern do other vowels follow?"
},
... |
3,477 | In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | [
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "/a u i/",
"question": "Which letters remain distinct?"
},
{
"answer": "Proto-Romance",
"question": "Where did this pattern come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Italian and Portugu... |
3,478 | Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a... | [
{
"answer": "Balearic",
"question": "What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?"
},
{
"answer": "/e/",
"question": "What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?"
},
{
"answer": "higher incidence",
"question": "What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central, West... |
3,479 | In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern),... | [
{
"answer": "Valencian",
"question": "What language is parle or tem ?"
},
{
"answer": "Northwestern",
"question": "What language is parlo or temo ?"
},
{
"answer": "Balearic",
"question": "What language is parl?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern",
"question": "What language form... |
3,480 | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | [
{
"answer": "nouns and adjectives",
"question": "Where do you find medieval plurals?"
},
{
"answer": "/n/",
"question": "What letter is lost in some words?"
},
{
"answer": "homes",
"question": "When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?"
},
{
"answer": "joves",
"questio... |
3,481 | Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | [
{
"answer": "word choices",
"question": "What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?"
},
{
"answer": "as an archaism",
"question": "How can you explain differences in the language groups?"
},
{
"answer": "Central Catalan",
"question": "What form is innovative?"
},
{... |
3,482 | Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. | [
{
"answer": "Eastern Catalan",
"question": "What is Standard based on?"
},
{
"answer": "Standard Catalan",
"question": "What form is excepted by most speakers?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional ones",
"question": "What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?"
}
] |
3,483 | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use o... | [
{
"answer": "jo compre",
"question": "What is jo compro changed to ?"
},
{
"answer": "many verbal forms",
"question": "What common Valencian forms are used?"
},
{
"answer": "verbal forms",
"question": "What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?"
}
] |
3,484 | In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands mus... | [
{
"answer": "the Balearic Islands",
"question": "Where is IEC's standard used?"
},
{
"answer": "adapted for the Balearic dialect",
"question": "How is the standard used there?"
},
{
"answer": "non-ending",
"question": "What is a first person singular feature of the Balearic standard... |
3,485 | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperf... | [
{
"answer": "Alghero",
"question": "Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?"
},
{
"answer": "lo",
"question": "What definite article is found rather than el?"
},
{
"answer": "imperfect tense",
"question": "What is -v- used for?"
},
{
"answer": "Alguer... |
3,486 | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan l... | [
{
"answer": "La Franja",
"question": "Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?"
},
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "When did the government of Aragon degree the establishment of a language regulator?"
},
{
"answer": "Catalan",
"question": "What language is the regulator meant t... |
3,487 | Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | [
{
"answer": "Western dialect",
"question": "How is Valencian classified?"
},
{
"answer": "northwestern varieties",
"question": "What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Catalonia",
"question": "Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?"
... |
3,488 | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | [
{
"answer": "as the same language",
"question": "How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?"
},
{
"answer": "as the same language",
"question": "How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?"
},
{
"answer": "the Valencian Academy of Language",
"question": "What is the offic... |
3,489 | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de C... | [
{
"answer": "Valencian parliament",
"question": "Who established the AVL?"
},
{
"answer": "use of Valencian",
"question": "Over what does the AVL make rules governing?"
},
{
"answer": "Norms of Castelló",
"question": "What is the AVL standard based on?"
},
{
"answer": "every... |
3,490 | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generatio... | [
{
"answer": "different",
"question": "What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "between 2001 and 2004",
"question": "When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?"
},
{
"answer": "younger generations",
"question": "Who is less like... |
3,491 | This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. | [
{
"answer": "clash of opinions",
"question": "What has produced a great deal of controversy?"
},
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "When did the EU create the European Constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish government",
"question": "Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitu... |
3,492 | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | [
{
"answer": "Literary Catalan",
"question": "What can use words from different dialects?"
},
{
"answer": "restricted use",
"question": "What kind of words are excepted from literary use?"
},
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When did the preference of use of words from norther... |
3,493 | Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be ... | [
{
"answer": "Greek and Latin",
"question": "Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?"
},
{
"answer": "very early",
"question": "When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Ramon Llull",
"question": "In whose work can you find example... |
3,494 | The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktri... | [
{
"answer": "agglutination",
"question": "What is common in Romance languages?"
},
{
"answer": "morphological",
"question": "What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?"
},
{
"answer": "Prefixes",
"question": "What word additive is usually added to verbs?"
},
... |
3,495 | In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations ... | [
{
"answer": "-o",
"question": "What is the usual masculine suffix?"
}
] |
3,496 | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | [
{
"answer": "suppletive couplets",
"question": "What kind of words does Catalan have few of?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "What languages have more couplets than Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "Italian and Spanish",
"question": "What languages are similar to Catalan in numbers of... |
3,497 | There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent. | [
{
"answer": "Occitan and French",
"question": "What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?"
},
{
"answer": "bullent/bullenta",
"question": "What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?"
},
{
"answer": "bullent/bullenta",
"question": "What would be the tra... |
3,498 | As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affec... | [
{
"answer": "suffix -s",
"question": "What is the usual way to make a plural?"
},
{
"answer": "morphological alternations",
"question": "What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?"
},
{
"answer": "gender inflection",
"question": "To what are these morphological changes similar?"... |
3,499 | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | [
{
"answer": "complex",
"question": "What does the large number of omissions make the determinatives?"
},
{
"answer": "inflection of determinatives",
"question": "What is much like the neighboring languages?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "What language does Catalan have more... |
3,500 | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | [
{
"answer": "unstressed possessives",
"question": "What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?"
},
{
"answer": "Italian",
"question": "What other language shares this type of construction?"
},
{
"answer": "el meu",
"question": "What is an example of an article +stressed forms?"
},
... |
3,501 | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | [
{
"answer": "13 distinct forms",
"question": "How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "11",
"question": "How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?"
},
{
"answer": "9",
"question": "What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?"
},
{
... |
3,502 | Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality. | [
{
"answer": "all other Romance languages",
"question": "What is this distinction similar to?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?"
},
{
"answer": "formality",
"question": "What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns... |
3,503 | This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as... | [
{
"answer": "French or Spanish",
"question": "What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? "
},
{
"answer": "passive voice",
"question": "What do you not need to use in Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "French or English",
"question": "What languages use the passive vo... |
3,504 | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restric... | [
{
"answer": "more complex",
"question": "What is Catalan verbal inflection ?"
},
{
"answer": "Suffixation",
"question": "What plays a primary part in Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "morphological alternations",
"question": "What plays a secondary part in Catalan?"
},
{
"answer": "a... |
3,505 | The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive. | [
{
"answer": "Catalan verbal system",
"question": "What system is common to Western Romance?"
},
{
"answer": "synthetic indicative perfect",
"question": "What have many dialects replaced?"
},
{
"answer": "all Western Romance",
"question": "What is the Catalan verbal system common to?"... |
3,506 | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with abo... | [
{
"answer": "into three conjugations",
"question": "How are Catalan verbs grouped?"
},
{
"answer": "first conjugation",
"question": "Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?"
},
{
"answer": "700",
"question": "How many verbs are in the third conjugation?"
},
{
"answer": "secon... |
3,507 | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?"
},
{
"answer": "first",
"question": "Which one of one's father's surnames is used?"
},
{
"answer": "joining both surnames",
"question": "What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?"
},
{
... |
3,508 | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | [
{
"answer": "Estonian",
"question": "What is the official language of Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "about 1.1 million",
"question": "How many people in Estonia speak Estonian?"
},
{
"answer": "tens of thousands",
"question": "How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonia... |
3,509 | One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying ph... | [
{
"answer": "linguists",
"question": "Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?"
},
{
"answer": "short, long, and \"overlong\"",
"question": "What are the phonemic length's three degrees?"
},
{
"answer": "the underlying phonological mechanism",
"question": "What is a matte... |
3,510 | Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. | [
{
"answer": "Finnic",
"question": "What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?"
},
{
"answer": "Finnish, Karelian",
"question": "What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?"
},
{
"answer": "Indo-European languages",
"question": "What language group is Estonian not a part of... |
3,511 | Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russia... | [
{
"answer": "Baltic Germans",
"question": "Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Middle Low German",
"question": "Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?"
}
] |
3,512 | Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive a... | [
{
"answer": "vowel",
"question": "What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?"
},
{
"answer": "agglutinative",
"question": "What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? "
},
{
"answer": "subject–verb–object",
"question": "In what order are words put in sentences in th... |
3,513 | The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standar... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "North and South Estonian languages",
"question": "What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?"
}
] |
3,514 | The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "13th century to 1918",
"question": "When did the Northern Crusades happen?"
},
{
"answer": "Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia",
"question": "Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonia",
"question": "Following the crusades which countr... |
3,515 | The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. | [
{
"answer": "13th century",
"question": "How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?"
},
{
"answer": "Originates Livoniae",
"question": "Where can records of Estonian place names be found?"
},
{
"answer": "Chronicle of Henry of Livonia",
"question": "W... |
3,516 | The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. | [
{
"answer": "a Lutheran manuscript",
"question": "What was the first Estonian language book to be published?"
},
{
"answer": "1524 and 1528",
"question": "When were the Kallamaa prayers written?"
},
{
"answer": "destroyed",
"question": "What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript pr... |
3,517 | The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian i... | [
{
"answer": "S. Wanradt and J. Koell",
"question": "What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?"
},
{
"answer": "1535",
"question": "In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?"
},
{
"answer": "bilingual German-Estonian tra... |
3,518 | The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national ... | [
{
"answer": "Kristjan Jaak Peterson",
"question": "Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?"
},
{
"answer": "patriotic and philosophical",
"question": "What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?"
},
{
"answer": "March 14",
"question": "When was Peterson bo... |
3,519 | From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "23,868",
"question": "In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?"
},
{
"answer": "14,503",
"question": "In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonian",
"quest... |
3,520 | Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ... | [
{
"answer": "Age of Enlightenment",
"question": "What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?"
},
{
"answer": "Baltic Germans",
"question": "Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?"
},
{
"answer": "Estophile educated class",
"question": "Who had ad... |
3,521 | After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language. | [
{
"answer": "1919",
"question": "What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonian",
"question": "After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?"
},
{
"answer": "97.3%",
"question": "What percentage of Estonians thought of them... |
3,522 | When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingu... | [
{
"answer": "invaded and occupied",
"question": "What happened to Estonia during WWII?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "Who invaded Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian",
"question": "After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?... |
3,523 | During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted ... | [
{
"answer": "collapse of the Soviet Union",
"question": "What historical event once again freed Estonia?"
},
{
"answer": "Estonian",
"question": "Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian",
"question": "What language was n... |
3,524 | The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census. | [
{
"answer": "above 70%",
"question": "Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?"
}
] |
3,525 | The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia. | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?"
},
{
"answer": "the northern and southern dialects",
"question": "What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?"
},
{
"answer": "Tallinn",
"question": "What is the northern city to which the norther... |
3,526 | The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore o... | [
{
"answer": "the keskmurre",
"question": "What dialect is also known as the central dialect?"
},
{
"answer": "the idamurre or eastern dialect",
"question": "What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?"
},
{
"answer": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa",
"question": "What dialects of the northern group ... |
3,527 | The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their cu... | [
{
"answer": "the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects",
"question": "What dialects comprise the southern group?"
},
{
"answer": "their culture",
"question": "More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?"
},
... |
3,528 | Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and ü are pronounced simila... | [
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet?"
},
{
"answer": "Finnish",
"question": "What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?"
},
{
"answer": "[æ], as in English mat",
"question": "In the Estonian language how is th... |
3,529 | Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and ... | [
{
"answer": "phonemic principles",
"question": "What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?"
},
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?"
},
{
"answer": "some historical and morphological deviations",
"question": "What type of ... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.