id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
3,844 | During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother lang... | [
{
"answer": "10,979",
"question": "How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year?"
},
{
"answer": "89",
"question": "How many kindergarten classes were there?"
},
{
"answer": "266",
"question": "How many primary classes were there?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
3,845 | Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Bibliothèque nationale suisse, the Universitätsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst a... | [
{
"answer": "8",
"question": "How many libraries are in Bern?"
}
] |
3,846 | As of 2000[update], there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality, while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality. | [
{
"answer": "9,045",
"question": "How many pupils lived in another municipality?"
},
{
"answer": "1,185",
"question": "How many pupils attended school outside of the city?"
}
] |
3,847 | A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus. The Marzilibahn funicular is, with a length of 106 m (348 ft), the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular. | [
{
"answer": "A funicular railway",
"question": "What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?"
},
{
"answer": "106 m",
"question": "How long is the Marzilibah funicular?"
},
{
"answer": "Marzilibahn",
"question": "What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
3,848 | Bern is also served by Bern Airport, located outside the city near the town of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several European cities. Additionally Zürich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg also serve as international gateways, all rea... | [
{
"answer": "Bern Airport",
"question": "What is the name of Bern's airport?"
},
{
"answer": "Bern-Belp or Belpmoos",
"question": "What is the name of the regional airport?"
}
] |
3,849 | Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust... | [
{
"answer": "summer time",
"question": "What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?"
},
{
"answer": "one hour",
"question": "What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?"
},
{
"answer": "daylight",
"question": "What do we get an extra hour of because we s... |
3,850 | New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. | [
{
"answer": "George Hudson",
"question": "Who first suggested daylight saving?"
},
{
"answer": "New Zealand",
"question": "From what country did George Hudson hail?"
},
{
"answer": "1895",
"question": "In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?"
},
{
"answer": "G... |
3,851 | The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aim... | [
{
"answer": "incandescent lighting",
"question": "What used to be the main draw on electricity?"
},
{
"answer": "retailing",
"question": "What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?"
},
{
"answer": "farming",
"question": "In addition to entertainment events that take ... |
3,852 | DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing. | [
{
"answer": "travel",
"question": "What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?"
},
{
"answer": "Computer software",
"question": "When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?"
},
{
"answer": "policy"... |
3,853 | Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian socie... | [
{
"answer": "Industrialized",
"question": "What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?"
},
{
"answer": "agrarian",
"question": "What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?"
},
{
"answer": "North and south of the tro... |
3,854 | By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an ex... | [
{
"answer": "one hour",
"question": "How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?"
},
{
"answer": "winter",
"question": "In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?"
},
{
"answer": "after",
"question": "Does setting the clocks a... |
3,855 | While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the nee... | [
{
"answer": "lighting and heating",
"question": "What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?"
},
{
"answer": "equal",
"question": "What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?"
},
{
"answer": "afte... |
3,856 | The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard worki... | [
{
"answer": "higher latitudes",
"question": "What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?"
},
{
"answer": "near the equator",
"question": "What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?"
},
{
"answer":... |
3,857 | Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water cloc... | [
{
"answer": "water clocks",
"question": "What kind of clocks did the Romans use?"
},
{
"answer": "hora tertia",
"question": "What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?"
},
{
"answer": "75",
"question": "During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia las... |
3,858 | During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire pro... | [
{
"answer": "Benjamin Franklin",
"question": "Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be \"healthy, wealthy, and wise\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Parisians",
"question": "Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?"
},
{
... |
3,860 | Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United Stat... | [
{
"answer": "1916",
"question": "What year did Germany decide to try DST?"
},
{
"answer": "Sommerzeit",
"question": "What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?"
},
{
"answer": "coal",
"question": "What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by usi... |
3,861 | Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It b... | [
{
"answer": "energy crisis",
"question": "What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?"
},
{
"answer": "Ireland",
"question": "What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?"
},
{
"answer": "Second Wor... |
3,862 | Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country. | [
{
"answer": "many",
"question": "Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?"
},
{
"answer": "repeals",
"question": "Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?"
}
] |
3,863 | In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that ho... | [
{
"answer": "02:00",
"question": "At what local time does the United States change the time?"
},
{
"answer": "23",
"question": "Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?"
},
{
"answer": "25",
"question": "In the fall, DST means one hour is r... |
3,864 | Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past. | [
{
"answer": "weekend",
"question": "During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?"
},
{
"answer": "weekday schedules",
"question": "What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?"
}
] |
3,865 | Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the sa... | [
{
"answer": "Eastern European Time",
"question": "Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?"
},
{
"answer": "two hours",
"question": "For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "Octob... |
3,866 | Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in Ma... | [
{
"answer": "1996",
"question": "What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?"
},
{
"answer": "October",
"question": "European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?"
},
{
"answer": "the Energy Policy Act of 2005",
"question": "What act in the U.S. bro... |
3,867 | Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hou... | [
{
"answer": "Beginning and ending dates",
"question": "In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?"
},
{
"answer": "24:00",
"question": "At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?"
},
{
"answer": "Saturday",
... |
3,868 | DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not obs... | [
{
"answer": "southern Brazil",
"question": "Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?"
},
{
"answer": "equatorial Brazil",
"question": "What part of Brazil does not observe DST?"
},
{
"answer": "Asia and Africa",
"question": "Which two continents that comprise a majority of... |
3,869 | Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests ha... | [
{
"answer": "Winston Churchill",
"question": "What leader said daylight saving gives people more \"opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Daylight Slaving Time",
"question": "What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?"
},
{
"answer": "agri... |
3,870 | The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the oppos... | [
{
"answer": "Edward VII",
"question": "Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?"
},
{
"answer": "Napier Shaw",
"question": "What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?"
},
{
"answer":... |
3,871 | After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and m... | [
{
"answer": "Robert Garland",
"question": "What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?"
},
{
"answer": "1917",
"question": "What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?"
},
{
"answer": "1918",
"question": "What year di... |
3,872 | The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter... | [
{
"answer": "Britain",
"question": "Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?"
},
{
"answer": "Easter",
"question": "What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?"
},
{
"answer": "1919",
"question": "After what year w... |
3,873 | The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time ... | [
{
"answer": "May 1965",
"question": "What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?"
},
{
"answer": "Idaho",
"question": "What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?"
},
{
"answer": "7-Eleven",
"question": "What company... |
3,875 | In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK. | [
{
"answer": "the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents",
"question": "What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?"
},
{
"answer": "postal workers",
"question": "Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?"
},
... |
3,876 | In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Mos... | [
{
"answer": "Ramadan",
"question": "What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?"
},
{
"answer": "the evening dinner",
"question": "What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?"
},
{
"answer": "Iran",
"question": "What Muslim country cont... |
3,877 | The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard ... | [
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?"
},
{
"answer": "Belarus",
"question": "What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "Was Russia or Belarus first in their declara... |
3,878 | Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outd... | [
{
"answer": "urban workers",
"question": "Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?"
},
{
"answer": "summer",
"question": "If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?"
},
{
"answer": "saves energy",
... |
3,879 | Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST. | [
{
"answer": "heart attack",
"question": "What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?"
},
{
"answer": "Farmers",
"question": "What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?"
},
{
"answer": "inconclusive",
"question": "What adjective... |
3,880 | Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate... | [
{
"answer": "get up earlier",
"question": "Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?"
},
{
"answer": "television",
"question": "What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close ... |
3,881 | DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire... | [
{
"answer": "3.5%",
"question": "What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?"
},
{
"answer": "morning",
"question": "DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?"
},
{
"answer": "incandescent... |
3,882 | Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST. | [
{
"answer": "increases",
"question": "Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?"
},
{
"answer": "extension of DST",
"question": "What happened re... |
3,883 | Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National... | [
{
"answer": "sporting goods",
"question": "What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?"
},
{
"answer": "the National Golf Foundation",
"question": "What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of ... |
3,884 | Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and l... | [
{
"answer": "after",
"question": "Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?"
},
{
"answer": "cows",
"question": "What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?"
},
{
"answer": "disrupts their systems",
"question": "What does earlier milk delivery do... |
3,885 | Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost op... | [
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?"
},
{
"answer": "William F. Shughart II",
"question": "Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs becaus... |
3,887 | In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT ... | [
{
"answer": "violent crime rate",
"question": "What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?"
},
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "How many... |
3,888 | In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and... | [
{
"answer": "heating",
"question": "There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?"
},
{
"answer": "carbon monoxide detectors",
"question": "In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries... |
3,889 | DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin ... | [
{
"answer": "outdoor exercise",
"question": "What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?"
},
{
"answer": "vitamin D",
"question": "What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?"
},
{
"answer": "Gor... |
3,890 | Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the rela... | [
{
"answer": "circadian rhythm",
"question": "What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?"
},
{
"answer": "Kazakhstan",
"question": "In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?"
},
{
"answer": "Dmitri Medvedev",
"question": "W... |
3,891 | An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours. | [
{
"answer": "higher",
"question": "Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?"
},
{
"answer": "before dawn",
"question": "Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?"
},
{
"answer": "air pollution",
"question": "What k... |
3,892 | DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations obs... | [
{
"answer": "twice",
"question": "During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?"
},
{
"answer": "confusion",
"question": "What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?"
},
{
"answer": "chang... |
3,893 | Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adve... | [
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?"
},
{
"answer": "one hour",
"question": "For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facili... |
3,894 | Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented. | [
{
"answer": "weekly",
"question": "Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?"
},
{
"answer": "complexity",
"question": "What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?"
},
{
"answer": "Some clock-shift problems",
"question": "What coul... |
3,895 | DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect. | [
{
"answer": "disadvantages",
"question": "What does DST inherit from standard time?"
},
{
"answer": "magnify",
"question": "Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "Usually, it's recommended that we avoid ... |
3,896 | As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, eve... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Meade",
"question": "What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an \"s\" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?"
},
{
"answer": "daylight savings time",
"question": "In 1... |
3,897 | In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in... | [
{
"answer": "daylight saving",
"question": "Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?"
},
{
"answer": "summer time",
"question": "What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?"
},
{
"answer": "zomertijd"... |
3,898 | The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English ... | [
{
"answer": "The name of local time",
"question": "What usually changes when a place observes DST?"
},
{
"answer": "standard",
"question": "What word does American English swap out for \"daylight\" when referring to time zones?"
},
{
"answer": "Pacific Daylight Time",
"question": "In... |
3,899 | The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks. | [
{
"answer": "spring forward, fall back",
"question": "What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?"
},
{
"answer": "mnemonic",
"question": "What is a language like \"spring forward, fall back\" that acts as a trigger for memory called?"
},
{
"answer": "which direct... |
3,900 | Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists. | [
{
"answer": "Changes to DST rules",
"question": "What can cause issues with installed computer systems?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year did DST rules change in North America?"
},
{
"answer": "upgrades",
"question": "What did many existing computer systems that relied o... |
3,901 | Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display. | [
{
"answer": "UTC",
"question": "What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?"
},
{
"answer": "time zone differences",
"question": "By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?"
},
{
"a... |
3,902 | However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo. | [
{
"answer": "the IANA time zone database",
"question": "Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?"
},
{
"answer": "date/time",
"question": "What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?"
},
{
"answer": "zoneinfo",
"... |
3,903 | The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST ... | [
{
"answer": "historical and predicted clock shifts",
"question": "The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?"
},
{
"answer": "system maintenance",
"question": "IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DS... |
3,904 | Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules ch... | [
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?"
},
{
"answer": "whenever DST rules change",
"question": "When must TZ values be changed on an older system?"
},
{
"answer": "time for the eastern United S... |
3,905 | As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older version... | [
{
"answer": "specifying the name of a location",
"question": "Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?"
},
{
"answer": "when DST rules change",
"question": "When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?"
},
{
... |
3,906 | These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manual... | [
{
"answer": "1995",
"question": "What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?"
},
{
"answer": "marked Israel as not having DST",
"question": "Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?"
},
{
"a... |
3,907 | Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a p... | [
{
"answer": "local time",
"question": "What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?"
},
{
"answer": "a rescue boot disk",
"question": "Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?"
},
{
"a... |
3,908 | The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its t... | [
{
"answer": "NTFS",
"question": "What file system do recent Windows versions use?"
},
{
"answer": "UTC",
"question": "Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?"
},
{
"answer": "FAT",
"question": "What file system do most removable devices use?"
},
{
"... |
3,909 | A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems ass... | [
{
"answer": "permanent daylight saving time",
"question": "What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?"
},
{
"answer": "time shifts",
"question": "Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual ... |
3,910 | Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in ... | [
{
"answer": "westward",
"question": "In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?"
},
{
"answer": "67",
"question": "About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?"
},
{
"answer... |
3,911 | Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly mor... | [
{
"answer": "an extra hour",
"question": "Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?"
},
{
"answer":... |
3,912 | The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971. | [
{
"answer": "Royal Institute of British Architects",
"question": "What does RIBA stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "the advancement of architecture",
"question": "What is the goal of RIBA?"
},
{
"answer": "1837",
"question": "When was RIBA founded?"
},
{
"answer": "1971",
"quest... |
3,913 | Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. | [
{
"answer": "Institute of British Architects in London",
"question": "What was Riba's first name?"
},
{
"answer": "1834",
"question": "In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?"
},
{
"answer": "London",
"question": "In what city was the Institute of British Archit... |
3,914 | After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary. | [
{
"answer": "the grant of the royal charter",
"question": "What caused the change of the Institute's name?"
},
{
"answer": "the reference to London",
"question": "What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?"
},
{
"answer": "1892",
"question": "When was the mention of London rem... |
3,915 | It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then. | [
{
"answer": "1837",
"question": "When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?"
},
{
"answer": "King William IV",
"question": "Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "1887, 1909 and 1925",
"question": "In what years was the Royal Instit... |
3,916 | The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…' | [
{
"answer": "the general advancement of Civil Architecture",
"question": "What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "The original Charter of 1837",
"question": "What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "promoting and facilitating",
... |
3,917 | The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval. | [
{
"answer": "the Byelaws",
"question": "What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?"
},
{
"answer": "the Byelaws",
"question": "What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?"
},
{
"answer": "the Privy Council's approval",
"question": "What ... |
3,918 | The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a boo... | [
{
"answer": "Usui civium decori urbium",
"question": "What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "Thomas Leverton Donaldson",
"question": "Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?"
},
{
"answer": "honorary secretary",
"question"... |
3,919 | In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Regist... | [
{
"answer": "the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom",
"question": "What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?"
},
{
"answer": "the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938",
"question": "Which items o... |
3,920 | Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constitu... | [
{
"answer": "1934",
"question": "When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?"
},
{
"answer": "Harry Barnes",
"question": "Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?"
},
{
"answer": "80 per cent",
"question": "In 1934, what percentage of architects were ... |
3,921 | The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any... | [
{
"answer": "1904",
"question": "When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?"
},
{
"answer": "syllabus",
"question": "What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?"
},
{
"answer": "an approved external examiner",
... |
3,922 | The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified on... | [
{
"answer": "European Union",
"question": "What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?"
},
{
"answer": "1996",
"question": "When did the name of ARCUK change?"
},
{
"answer": "the Housing Grants, Construction and ... |
3,923 | RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK. | [
{
"answer": "to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture",
"question": "What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?"
},
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?"
},
{
... |
3,924 | The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to... | [
{
"answer": "44,000",
"question": "How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "RIBA",
"question": "What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?"
},
{
"answer": "Student Members",
"question": "What type of Royal Institute ... |
3,925 | RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and... | [
{
"answer": "66 Portland Place",
"question": "What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?"
},
{
"answer": "George Grey Wornum",
"question": "Who designed RIBA's headquarters?"
},
{
"answer": "the Library",
"question": "What is one room in RIBA's headquarters th... |
3,926 | The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966. | [
{
"answer": "a dozen",
"question": "How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?"
},
{
"answer": "1966",
"question": "When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?"
},
{
"answer": "Cambridge",
"question": "In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?"
... |
3,927 | RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle. | [
{
"answer": "RIBA Enterprises",
"question": "What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?"
},
{
"answer": "15 Bonhill Street in London",
"question": "Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?"
},
{
"answer": "over 250",
"question": "How many peop... |
3,928 | Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which op... | [
{
"answer": "RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing",
"question": "What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?"
},
{
"answer": "RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal",
"question": "What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?"
},
{
"answer": "National Building ... |
3,929 | The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the coll... | [
{
"answer": "The British Architectural Library",
"question": "What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?"
},
{
"answer": "1834",
"question": "When was the RIBA library founded?"
},
{
"answer": "over four million",
"question": "How many materials are housed in the RIBA libr... |
3,930 | The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war. | [
{
"answer": "9 Conduit Street",
"question": "What was the RIBA Library's first address?"
},
{
"answer": "66 Portland Place",
"question": "Where did RIBA move its library?"
},
{
"answer": "1934",
"question": "In what year did RIBA move its library?"
},
{
"answer": "Adolf Loos"... |
3,931 | The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco int... | [
{
"answer": "66 Portland Place",
"question": "Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?"
},
{
"answer": "the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A",
"question": "Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?"
},
{
"answer": "Art Deco",
"question": "What art style was used inthe desig... |
3,932 | Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture. | [
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?"
},
{
"answer": "the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership",
"question": "What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Muse... |
3,933 | In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to archi... | [
{
"answer": "Room 128",
"question": "In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?"
},
{
"answer": "Architecture Exhibition Space",
"question": "What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?"
},
{
"answer": "Gareth Hoskins Architects",
"question": "Who d... |
3,934 | RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than £500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals fo... | [
{
"answer": "the best new building of the year",
"question": "What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?"
},
{
"answer": "1848",
"question": "What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?"
},
{
"answer": "a distinguished body o... |
3,935 | Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a d... | [
{
"answer": "Architectural design competitions",
"question": "What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?"
},
{
"answer": "Brief",
"question": "What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?"
},
... |
3,936 | In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB. | [
{
"answer": "RIBA",
"question": "Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?"
},
{
"answer": "course validation",
"question": "What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?"
},
{
"answer": "international courses",
... |
3,937 | The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part ... | [
{
"answer": "three-year first degree",
"question": "What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?"
},
{
"answer": "a two-year post graduate diploma or masters",
"question": "What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?"
},
{
... |
3,938 | In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe... | [
{
"answer": "minimum space standards",
"question": "What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?"
},
{
"answer"... |
3,939 | The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives. NARA is officially responsible for mainta... | [
{
"answer": "National Archives",
"question": "NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?"
},
{
"answer": "National Archives and Records Administration",
"question": "What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?"
}
] |
3,940 | The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the consti... | [
{
"answer": "The Archivist",
"question": "What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?"
},
{
"answer": "The Archivist",
"question": "What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?"
}
] |
3,941 | The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College. | [
{
"answer": "The Office of the Federal Register",
"question": "What office publishes the Federal Register?"
},
{
"answer": "The Office of the Federal Register",
"question": "What office administers the Electoral College?"
},
{
"answer": "The Office of the Federal Register",
"question... |
3,942 | The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,50... | [
{
"answer": "The National Historical Publications and Records Commission",
"question": "Which arm of NARA handles grants?"
},
{
"answer": "1964",
"question": "What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?"
},
{
"answer": "4,500",
"question": "... |
3,943 | The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disp... | [
{
"answer": "FOIA",
"question": "OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?"
},
{
"answer": "FOIA disputes",
"question": "What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?"
},
{
"answer": "FOIA policies",
"question": "NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of... |
3,944 | Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief admin... | [
{
"answer": "1934",
"question": "What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "In what year did NARA become an independent agency?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?"
... |
3,945 | The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate offici... | [
{
"answer": "R.D.W. Connor",
"question": "Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?"
},
{
"answer": "1934",
"question": "When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?"
},
{
"answer": "Congress",
"question": "What branch of the US government established the ... |
3,946 | In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that rese... | [
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?"
},
{
"answer": "public hearing",
"question": "How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?"
}
] |
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