id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
4,048 | Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovat... | [
{
"answer": "Embezzlement",
"question": "When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "public",
"question": "It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?"
},
{
"answer": "personal",
"question": "One form of political embezzlement is when a po... |
4,049 | A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate m... | [
{
"answer": "kickback",
"question": "What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?"
},
{
"answer": "bidder",
"question": "A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?"
}
] |
4,050 | Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption. | [
{
"answer": "Kickbacks",
"question": "What is not limited to just government officials?"
}
] |
4,051 | An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patr... | [
{
"answer": "unholy alliance",
"question": "When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "patronage",
"question": "While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?"
}
] |
4,052 | An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits f... | [
{
"answer": "1920s and 1930s",
"question": "When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?"
},
{
"answer": "Du Yuesheng",
"question": "Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?"
},
{
"answer": "a gang boss",
"question": "In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also wh... |
4,053 | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | [
{
"answer": "narcokleptocracy",
"question": "What was Noriega's government accused of being?"
},
{
"answer": "Panama",
"question": "What country did Noriega rule?"
},
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?"
},
{
"answer": "go... |
4,054 | Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe." | [
{
"answer": "safe",
"question": "According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?"
}
] |
4,055 | Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corrupt... | [
{
"answer": "Brunetti and Weder",
"question": "Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?"
},
{
"answer": "Adserà, Boix, and Payne",
"question": "Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?"
},
... |
4,056 | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lowe... | [
{
"answer": "Snyder and Strömberg",
"question": "Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?"
},
{
"answer": "Cincinnati Post",
"question": "What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "incum... |
4,057 | An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding,... | [
{
"answer": "growth of the Internet",
"question": "What did the analysis show mixed results for?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional sources of funding",
"question": "What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?"
},
{
"answer": "a tiny fraction",
"question": "How much has new types ... |
4,058 | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?"
},
{
"answer": "Bribe Payers Index",
"question": "What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?"
},
{
... |
4,059 | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is define... | [
{
"answer": "over 100,000",
"question": "How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?"
},
{
"answer":... |
4,060 | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesse... | [
{
"answer": "International Budget Partnership",
"question": "A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?"
},
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "When was the Global Integrity Index first published?"
},
{
"answer": "public surveys",
... |
4,061 | Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data. | [
{
"answer": "local",
"question": "The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?"
},
{
"answer": "worldwide",
"question": "Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?"
}
] |
4,062 | Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society. | [
{
"answer": "Drivers of Change",
"question": "What is the British aid agency's research called?"
},
{
"answer": "numbers",
"question": "What does Drivers of Change skip?"
},
{
"answer": "understanding corruption",
"question": "What does Drivers of Change promote?"
}
] |
4,063 | Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideologic... | [
{
"answer": "cronyism",
"question": "Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?"
},
{
"answer": "Complicated",
"question": "What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?"
},
{
"answer": "privatization and deregulation",
"question": "The poten... |
4,064 | Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with politi... | [
{
"answer": "cronyism",
"question": "Selling government property is highly at risk for what?"
},
{
"answer": "Those with political connections",
"question": "What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?"
},
{
"answer": "non-privatized sectors",
"question": ... |
4,065 | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In cont... | [
{
"answer": "principle of subsidiarity",
"question": "Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "embezzlement",
"question": "What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?"
}... |
4,066 | If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned produc... | [
{
"answer": "kleptocracy",
"question": "What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?"
},
{
"answer": "diamonds and oil",
"question": "What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?"
},
{
"answer": "foreign aid"... |
4,067 | A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power. | [
{
"answer": "economic and social problems",
"question": "In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?"
}
] |
4,068 | The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu... | [
{
"answer": "Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko",
"question": "Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "Democratic Republic of the Congo",
"question": "What did Zaire used to be known as?"
},
{
"answer": "kleptocracy",
"question": "What term became more popular as Mobu... |
4,069 | More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has us... | [
{
"answer": "Forbes",
"question": "What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?"
},
{
"answer": "a portion",
"question": "The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?"
},
{
"answer": "General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba",
... |
4,070 | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | [
{
"answer": "Organization of American States",
"question": "What is OAS?"
},
{
"answer": "the African Union",
"question": "Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?"
},
{
"answer": "the United Nations Convention against Corruption",
"question": "What o... |
4,071 | Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as publ... | [
{
"answer": "imprecise definitions of corruption",
"question": "Why is it difficult to measure corruption?"
},
{
"answer": "1995",
"question": "When did indices on corruption first appear?"
},
{
"answer": "the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI",
"question": "What was the first index o... |
4,072 | There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a criti... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?"
},
{
"answer": "executive",
"question": "What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?"
},
{
"answer": "separation of powers",
"question": "What does executi... |
4,073 | Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared. | [
{
"answer": "Mobile telecommunications",
"question": "Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?"
},
{
"answer": "Africa",
"question": "What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?"
},
{
"answer": "the anti-corruption bureau",
"question": "Who works a... |
4,074 | In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequent... | [
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?"
},
{
"answer": "Ministers of the Council of Europe",
"question": "Who started the Programme of Action?"
},
{
"answer": "a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments",
"quest... |
4,075 | The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and p... | [
{
"answer": "Group of States Against Corruption",
"question": "What does GRECO stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption",
"question": "What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?"
},
{
"answer": "transnational",
"question": "The instruments used to poin... |
4,076 | The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos, "discourse", from διά diá, "through" and λέγω legō, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena. | [
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "What language is the word dialectus from?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "From what language does the word diálektos come?"
},
{
"answer": "discourse",
"question": "What does diálektos mean in English?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"questi... |
4,077 | One usage—the more common among linguists—refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a... | [
{
"answer": "a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers",
"question": "What is the common definition of dialect?"
},
{
"answer": "regional speech patterns",
"question": "What is the term dialect most often applied to?"
},
{
"answer":... |
4,079 | A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation (including prosody, or just prosody itself), the term accent may be preferred over dialect. Other types of speech varieties include jargons, which are c... | [
{
"answer": "vocabulary",
"question": "Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?"
},
{
"answer": "accent",
"question": "If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?"
},
{
"answer": "jargons",
"question": "What te... |
4,080 | A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbook... | [
{
"answer": "standard language",
"question": "What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?"
},
{
"answer": "institutions",
"question": "The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?"
},
{
"answer": "textbooks",
"question": "Along with grammars an... |
4,081 | A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wrigh... | [
{
"answer": "institutional support",
"question": "What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What language is Scouse a dialect of?"
},
{
"answer": "The Dialect Test",
"question": "What was created for the s... |
4,082 | There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user's frame of reference. For example, ... | [
{
"answer": "Costa Rica",
"question": "In what country is Limón Creole English spoken?"
},
{
"answer": "Caribbean",
"question": "On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken?"
},
{
"answer": "Jamaican",
"question": "Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from pe... |
4,083 | The most common, and most purely linguistic, criterion is that of mutual intelligibility: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other; otherwise, they are said to be different language... | [
{
"answer": "mutual intelligibility",
"question": "What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects?"
},
{
"answer": "dialect continua",
"question": "What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dia... |
4,084 | Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority, a more sociolinguistic notion. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding ... | [
{
"answer": "linguistic authority",
"question": "What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?"
},
{
"answer": "East Franconian German",
"question": "Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?"
},
{
... |
4,085 | By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a "dialect" of some language—"everybody speaks a dialect". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the same language or dialects of different languag... | [
{
"answer": "everybody",
"question": "According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?"
}
] |
4,086 | A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss, abstand and ausbau languages, to describe speech communities, that while unified politically and/or culturally, include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility. | [
{
"answer": "Heinz Kloss",
"question": "Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?"
},
{
"answer": "1967",
"question": "In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?"
},
{
"answer": "politically and/or culturally",
"question": "What sort of unification i... |
4,087 | The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive: There is nothing contradictory in the statement "the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German". | [
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?"
}
] |
4,088 | There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "variety"; "lect" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dial... | [
{
"answer": "languoid",
"question": "What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?"
},
{
"answer": "variety",
"question": "What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?"
},
{
"a... |
4,089 | In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the elite class, comes to be identified as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction, and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts the term "dialect" refers spec... | [
{
"answer": "the elite class",
"question": "With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?"
},
{
"answer": "low",
"question": "What social status is the term \"dialect\" sometimes associated with?"
},
{
"answer": "dialects",
"question": "What is another term for ... |
4,090 | The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the ca... | [
{
"answer": "historical and political",
"question": "What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?"
},
{
"answer": "Lombardic alpine",
"question": "What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?"
},
{
"answer": "Chinese",
"question": "What language are Mandar... |
4,091 | Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own... | [
{
"answer": "the French Revolution",
"question": "What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?"
},
{
"answer": "its own independent state",
"question": "If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement pre... |
4,092 | The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the q... | [
{
"answer": "Yiddish",
"question": "Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?"
},
{
"answer": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy",
"question": "What does \"A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot\" mean in English?"
},
{
"answer": "1945",
"question": "When did Max... |
4,093 | When talking about the German language, the term German dialects is only used for the traditional regional varieties. That allows them to be distinguished from the regional varieties of modern standard German. | [
{
"answer": "traditional regional varieties",
"question": "When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language?"
},
{
"answer": "the regional varieties of modern standard German",
"question": "What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from?"
}
] |
4,094 | The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Most of them are not mutually intelligible. German dialectology traditionally names the major dialect groups after Germanic tribes from which they were assumed to have descended.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "Germanic tribes",
"question": "After what entities are German dialects traditionally named?"
}
] |
4,095 | The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than on the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment. | [
{
"answer": "South",
"question": "In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern Germany",
"question": "In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?"
},
{
"answer": "cities",
"question": "Dialects are more frequently se... |
4,096 | The situation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is seldom spoken. Some Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language. | [
{
"answer": "Swiss German",
"question": "What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?"
},
{
"answer": "standard German",
"question": "What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?"
},
{
"answer": "Liechtenstein",
"question": "Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a... |
4,097 | The Low German varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are roofed by standard German. This is different from the situation in the Middle Ages when Low German had strong tendencies towards an ausbau language. | [
{
"answer": "an ausbau language",
"question": "What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "they are roofed by standard German",
"question": "Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?"
}
] |
4,098 | Italy is home to a vast array of native regional minority languages, most of which are Romance-based and have their own local variants. These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian "dialects," or dialetti (standard Italian for "dialects"). However, the majority of ... | [
{
"answer": "dialetti",
"question": "What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?"
},
{
"answer": "Vulgar Latin",
"question": "What language are many Italian dialects derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "dialects",
"question": "What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?"
},
{
... |
4,100 | Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors s... | [
{
"answer": "Florentine Tuscan",
"question": "What language is modern standard Italian derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?"
},
{
"answer": "12th",
"question": "During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in p... |
4,101 | During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official n... | [
{
"answer": "Alessandro Manzoni",
"question": "What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?"
},
{
"answer": "the Risorgimento",
"question": "During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?"
},
{
"answer": "1860s",
... |
4,102 | In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of standard Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a ... | [
{
"answer": "World War I",
"question": "During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?"
},
{
"answer": "television",
"question": "Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?"
},
{
... |
4,103 | Italians in different regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian, or regional Italian dialects, which, unlike the majority of languages of Italy, are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages. A regional Italian dialect is generally standard Italian that has been heav... | [
{
"answer": "standard Italian",
"question": "Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?"
}
] |
4,104 | The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This wide category includes: | [
{
"answer": "Italo-Dalmatian",
"question": "What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "What language are most languages of Italy derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "Romance",
"question": "Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is anot... |
4,105 | The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these l... | [
{
"answer": "The Sardinian language",
"question": "Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?"
},
{
"answer": "Italian Tuscan",
"question": "What language is Sassarese closely related to?"
},
{
"answer": "Italo-Dalmatian",
"question": "What language family does Gallurese be... |
4,106 | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and ... | [
{
"answer": "American English",
"question": "Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?"
},
{
"answer": "Serbian and Croatian",
"question": "What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?"
},
{
"answer": "dialects of a single language",
"questi... |
4,107 | Similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the ... | [
{
"answer": "Bulgarian",
"question": "Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?"
},
{
"answer": "South Slavic",
"question": "What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "a Bulgarian dialect",
"question": "What do Bulgarian lingu... |
4,108 | In Lebanon, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. A... | [
{
"answer": "Christian",
"question": "Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?"
},
{
"answer": "Arabic",
"question": "In what language are Lebanese laws written?"
},
{
"answer": "Lebanese Arabic",
"question": "During the Lebanese Civil W... |
4,109 | In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and r... | [
{
"answer": "Algeria",
"question": "Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?"
},
{
"answer": "Literary Arabic",
"question": "What is the liturgical language of Islam?"
},
{
"answer": "Literary Arabic",
"question": "In what language is the Qur'an written... |
4,110 | In the 19th century, the Tsarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed subst... | [
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?"
},
{
"answer": "the Tsarist Government",
"question": "What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?"
},
{
"answer": "Polish-Lithuania... |
4,111 | The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea a... | [
{
"answer": "The German Empire",
"question": "What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?"
},
{
"answer": "the Entente",
"question": "What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?"
},
{
"answer": "Bolsheviks",
"question": "What Ukrainian political group was i... |
4,112 | After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language. | [
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?"
},
{
"answer": "Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers",
"question": "Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?"
},
{
"answer": "to gain independence",
... |
4,113 | Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine. | [
{
"answer": "Ukraine",
"question": "In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian",
"question": "Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?"
}
] |
4,114 | There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Mol... | [
{
"answer": "Mircea Snegur",
"question": "Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?"
},
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?"
},
{
"answer": "Romanian expansionism",
"question": "Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to rej... |
4,115 | Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions ... | [
{
"answer": "logograms",
"question": "From what did Chinese characters derive?"
},
{
"answer": "Cantonese",
"question": "What is another name for the Yue language?"
},
{
"answer": "the south",
"question": "Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?"
},
{
"answer"... |
4,116 | Many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as diale... | [
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?"
},
{
"answer": "Ancient Greek",
"question": "What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?"
},
{
"answer": "Old Norse",
"question": "... |
4,117 | This can give rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Sp... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?"
},
{
"answer": "French having undergo... |
4,118 | For example, the Italian and French words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French "avoir" and "être". Spa... | [
{
"answer": "avere",
"question": "What Italian word is similar to the French word \"avoir\"?"
},
{
"answer": "être",
"question": "What French word is similar to the Italian word \"essere\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Italian and Spanish",
"question": "What two languages have the possibility fo... |
4,119 | One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern Western languages were actually dialects of a hidden o... | [
{
"answer": "Interlingua",
"question": "What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?"
},
{
"answer": "International Auxiliary Language Association",
"question": "Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?"
},
{
"answer": "Swedish",
"questi... |
4,121 | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | [
{
"answer": "its system of staff notation",
"question": "How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?"
},
{
"answer": "Western staff notation",
"question": "What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a ... |
4,122 | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | [
{
"answer": "the early 19th century",
"question": "When did the term \"classical music\" appear? "
},
{
"answer": "the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven",
"question": "What period is referred to as a \"golden age\"?"
},
{
"answer": "1836",
"question": "What year is the e... |
4,123 | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | [
{
"answer": "monks",
"question": "Who sang Medieval plainchant?"
},
{
"answer": "solo piano",
"question": "Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?"
},
{
"answer": "use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works",
"question": "W... |
4,124 | The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrume... | [
{
"answer": "live improvisation",
"question": "J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?"
},
{
"answer": "rhythm",
"question": "The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?"
},
{
"a... |
4,125 | That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo a... | [
{
"answer": "perform a historical work",
"question": "The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "the Baroque era",
"question": "In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? "
},
{
"answer": "the human voice",
... |
4,126 | Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord... | [
{
"answer": "improvisation",
"question": "Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?"
},
{
"answer": "organ performers",
"question": "In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?"
},
{
"answer": "instrumental performers",
"question": "Who would... |
4,127 | The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsich... | [
{
"answer": "the mid-19th century",
"question": "Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?"
},
{
"answer": "The symphony orchestra",
"question": "What is the most widely known medium for classical music?"
},
{
"answer": "brass",
"question": ... |
4,128 | Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called... | [
{
"answer": "wood",
"question": "What was the medieval flute made from?"
},
{
"answer": "vielle",
"question": "What was an early version of the fiddle called?"
},
{
"answer": "sackbut",
"question": "What was an early version of the trombone called? "
},
{
"answer": "singly",
... |
4,129 | During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the... | [
{
"answer": "liturgical",
"question": "What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?"
},
{
"answer": "Polyphonic vocal genres",
"question": "What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?"
},
{
"answer": "during the high medieval era",
"questi... |
4,130 | Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instr... | [
{
"answer": "the Renaissance",
"question": "Many instruments originated during what era?"
},
{
"answer": "authentic instruments",
"question": "What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?"
},
{
"answer": "percussion",
"question": "Modern day inst... |
4,131 | Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instru... | [
{
"answer": "the Renaissance",
"question": "Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?"
},
{
"answer": "the hurdy-gurdy",
"question": "Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instr... |
4,132 | Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt se... | [
{
"answer": "polyphonic style",
"question": "Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?"
},
{
"answer": "masses",
"question": "What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?"
},
{
"answer": "opera",
"question": "... |
4,133 | Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings ... | [
{
"answer": "Baroque",
"question": "The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?"
},
{
"answer": "fell into disuse",
"question": "What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?"
},
{
"answer": "Percussion",
"question": "T... |
4,134 | One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could ... | [
{
"answer": "the types of instruments used in ensembles",
"question": "What was less standardized during the Baroque era?"
},
{
"answer": "a classical era string quartet",
"question": "Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?"
},
{
"answer": "clavichord",
"questi... |
4,135 | The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning. | [
{
"answer": "Haydn",
"question": "From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?"
},
{
"answer": "the early 1830s",
"question": "Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?"
},
{
"answer": "the Medieval e... |
4,136 | Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use ... | [
{
"answer": "Baroque",
"question": "Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?"
},
{
"answer": "rackett",
"question": "The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?"
},
{
"answer": "the violin",
"question": "The Baroque violin became what m... |
4,137 | The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments incl... | [
{
"answer": "viola",
"question": "The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?"
},
{
"answer": "Woodwinds",
"question": "The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?"
},
{
"answer": "the harpsichord",
"question": "W... |
4,139 | In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expande... | [
{
"answer": "fortepiano",
"question": "What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?"
},
{
"answer": "the standard orchestral palette",
"question":... |
4,140 | Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as R... | [
{
"answer": "the late 19th century",
"question": "When do saxophones first appear in scores?"
},
{
"answer": "Symphonic Dances",
"question": "Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?"
},
{
"answer": "as a member of the orchestral ensemble",
"ques... |
4,141 | The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debus... | [
{
"answer": "The Wagner tuba",
"question": "What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?"
},
{
"answer": "Symphony No. 7 in E Major",
"question": "Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?"
},
{
... |
4,142 | Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniq... | [
{
"answer": "Electric",
"question": "What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?"
},
{
"answer": "popular",
"question": "What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?"
},
{
"answer": "elect... |
4,143 | Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in t... | [
{
"answer": "early classical music,",
"question": "In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?"
},
{
"answer": "the acoustic guitar",
"question": "What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "popular",
"question": "Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies ar... |
4,144 | While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament. | [
{
"answer": "equal temperament",
"question": "What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "the 18th century",
"question": "When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?"
},
{
"answer": "meantone temperament",
"qu... |
4,145 | Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual ... | [
{
"answer": "studied classical music",
"question": "What have classical trained performers done extensively?"
},
{
"answer": "individual lessons from professors",
"question": "What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?"
},
{
"answer": "postgraduate",
"question": "To what level is t... |
4,146 | Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given co... | [
{
"answer": "sight-reading",
"question": "Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?"
},
{
"answer": "harmonic",
"question": "Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?"
},
{
"answer": "classical music",
"question... |
4,147 | Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as thos... | [
{
"answer": "Van Halen brothers",
"question": "What brothers have had significant classical training?"
},
{
"answer": "classical",
"question": "Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?"
},
{
"answer": "commercial",
"question": "Rock and pop musicians may have de... |
4,148 | Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than th... | [
{
"answer": "male",
"question": "What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?"
},
{
"answer": "harpist",
"question": "Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?"
},
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "What year did... |
4,149 | In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an ex... | [
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "Anna Lelkes",
"question": "Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?"
},
{
"answer": "harp",
"question": "What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?"
},... |
4,150 | In 2013, an article in Mother Jones stated that while "[m]any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership—women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic's violin section—and several renowned ensembles, including the National Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony, and the Minnesota Symphony, are led b... | [
{
"answer": "female",
"question": "The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?"
},
{
"answer": "male",
"question": "The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?"
},
{
"answer": "'blind' auditions",
"question": "What type of aud... |
4,151 | Works of classical repertoire often exhibit complexity in their use of orchestration, counterpoint, harmony, musical development, rhythm, phrasing, texture, and form. Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms, classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms, like t... | [
{
"answer": "complexity",
"question": "Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?"
},
{
"answer": "popular styles",
"question": "What is usually written in song forms?"
},
{
"answer": "sophisticated",
"question": "The concerto, sym... |
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