id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
4,886 | Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausib... | [
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?"
},
{
"answer": "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor",
"question": "BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?"
},
{
"answer": "Santiago Ramón y Cajal",
"question": "Lea... |
4,887 | The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studie... | [
{
"answer": "neuroscience",
"question": "What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?"
},
{
"answer": "Psychology",
"question": "What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?"
},
{
"answer": "neurology",
"question": "What field of science... |
4,888 | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | [
{
"answer": "anatomical,",
"question": "The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?"
},
{
"answer": "the large-scale structure of the brain",
"question": "What do neuroanatomists study?"
},
{
"answer": "neuroanatomy",
"question": "What type of study uses medical imaging te... |
4,889 | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | [
{
"answer": "the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain",
"question": "What do neurophysiologists study?"
},
{
"answer": "drugs and recording devices",
"question": "The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?"
},
{
"answer": "pain receptors",
... |
4,890 | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | [
{
"answer": "cerebrospinal fluid",
"question": "The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?"
},
{
"answer": "the blood–brain barrier",
"question": "The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?"
},
{
"answer": "the skull and meninges",
"question": "The two main stru... |
4,891 | Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches: first, the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation. On one hand, it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their el... | [
{
"answer": "the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.",
"question": "Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?"
}
] |
4,892 | Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease ... | [
{
"answer": "mice",
"question": "What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?"
}
] |
4,893 | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | [
{
"answer": "Armenia",
"question": "Where was the oldest brain that was found?"
},
{
"answer": "over 5,000 years old",
"question": "How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?"
},
{
"answer": "12 to 14-year-old",
"question": "The oldest known brain discovered was found in ... |
4,894 | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | [
{
"answer": "brain or heart.",
"question": "The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?"
},
{
"answer": "the heart",
"question": "Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?"
},
{
"answer": "Democritus,",
"question": "Who invented the atomic theory of m... |
4,895 | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | [
{
"answer": "Roman",
"question": "The physician Galen was from which country in history?"
},
{
"answer": "the Renaissance",
"question": "What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased?"
},
{
"answer": "The Roman physician Galen",
"question": "Who coined th... |
4,896 | The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followe... | [
{
"answer": "Luigi Galvani",
"question": "Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?"
},
{
"answer": "the Golgi stain",
"question": "The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?"
},
{
"answer... |
4,897 | In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. Thes... | [
{
"answer": "Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley",
"question": "Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?"
}
] |
4,898 | In the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function. In the United States, the 1990s were officially designated as the "Decade of the Brain" to co... | [
{
"answer": "the 1990s",
"question": "Which decade in history was officially called the \"Decade of the Brain\"?"
}
] |
4,899 | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | [
{
"answer": "the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;",
"question": "Multielectrode recording allows what?"
},
{
"answer": "molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;",
"question": "Genetic engineering allows what?"
},
{
"answer": "variat... |
4,900 | Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term... | [
{
"answer": "Near East (French: Proche-Orient)",
"question": "What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?"
},
{
"answer": "Ottoman Empire",
"question": "The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"... |
4,901 | The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (... | [
{
"answer": "The Encyclopædia Britannica",
"question": "Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Ye... |
4,902 | At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principali... | [
{
"answer": "the Ottoman Empire",
"question": "What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "1914",
"question": "When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople a... |
4,903 | The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and... | [
{
"answer": "as the sick man of Europe",
"question": "How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?"
},
{
"answer": "Christian",
"question": "The Balkan states were primarily what religion? "
},
{
"answer": "1894",
"question": "When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?"
}... |
4,904 | It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near E... | [
{
"answer": "middle of the 19th century",
"question": "When did \"Near East\" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "the East Indies",
"question": "In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area"
},
{
"answer": "the Levant",
"questi... |
4,905 | Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman... | [
{
"answer": "North Africa west of Egypt",
"question": "What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?"
},
{
"answer": "Barbary Coast",
"question": "Where were the piratical kingdoms from? "
},
{
"answer": "because it could not easily be reached except through the O... |
4,906 | The geographical terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They ap... | [
{
"answer": "the opposites of far and near",
"question": "The terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what? "
},
{
"answer": "the mid-19th century",
"question":... |
4,907 | There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. U... | [
{
"answer": "The Romans",
"question": "Who used the terms near Gaul?"
},
{
"answer": "the Greeks",
"question": "The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?"
},
{
"answer": "a geographic feature",
"question": "Usually the terms were given when referencing what?... |
4,908 | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | [
{
"answer": "Ptolemy's Geography",
"question": "What divided Asia on a similar basis? "
},
{
"answer": "In the north",
"question": "\"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" is located where? "
},
{
"answer": "To the south",
"question": "\"India on this side of the Ganges\" is located w... |
4,909 | By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English ... | [
{
"answer": "1670",
"question": "When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?"
},
{
"answer": "the East Indies",
"question": "What had \"India Beyond the Ganges\" become? "
},
{
"answer": "\"the East Indies\"",
"question": "China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were i... |
4,910 | Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened t... | [
{
"answer": "England",
"question": "Where was Elizabeth I from?"
},
{
"answer": "trade with the east",
"question": "What was Elizabeth primarily interested in? "
},
{
"answer": "English merchants",
"question": "Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?"
},
{
"answer": "obtain tra... |
4,911 | It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the form... | [
{
"answer": "to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire",
"question": "What has pleased western historians?"
},
{
"answer": "The borders",
"question": "What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? "
},
{
"answer": "the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire",
... |
4,912 | The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek... | [
{
"answer": "Turkish rule",
"question": "The populations did not accept what?"
},
{
"answer": "1688",
"question": "The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? "
},
{
"answer": "the Serbian Revolution",
"question": "What created Serbia?"
},
{
"answer": "1815–1833"... |
4,913 | In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually,... | [
{
"answer": "1853",
"question": "When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "1853–1856",
"question": "When was the Crimean War?"
},
{
"answer": "the Ottoman Empire",
"question": "During the Crimean War who did the British and Fr... |
4,914 | Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indi... | [
{
"answer": "1855",
"question": "Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? "
},
{
"answer": "The Crimean War",
"question": "What brought a change in vocabulary?"
},
{
"answer": "the Ottoman Empire",
"question": "The Russian Empire became... |
4,915 | In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resou... | [
{
"answer": "1855",
"question": "When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?"
},
{
"answer": "Thomas Taylor Meadows",
"question": "Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?"
},
{
"answer": "the suggestion by another interpreter",
"questio... |
4,916 | Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general publi... | [
{
"answer": "the letter to the Times",
"question": "What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?"
},
{
"answer": "Meadows' terminology",
"question": "What was said must represent usage by that administration?"
},
{
"answer": "Duke of Wellington",
"question": "Who ha... |
4,917 | "Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separat... | [
{
"answer": "\"Near East\"",
"question": "What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?"
},
{
"answer": "\"the Nearer East,\"",
"question": "What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?"
},
{
"answer": "the Biblica... |
4,918 | For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making: | [
{
"answer": "1861",
"question": "When was the London Review?"
},
{
"answer": "The London Review of 1861",
"question": "Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?"
},
{
"answer": "(Telford and Barber",
"question": "Who wrote The London Review of 1861?"
}
] |
4,919 | The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans. | [
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "What region was explicitly excluded?"
},
{
"answer": "the Balkans",
"question": "What region has no mention?"
},
{
"answer": "regions in their inventory",
"question": "Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, E... |
4,920 | Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for th... | [
{
"answer": "where and why",
"question": "What does Hogarth say in detail?"
},
{
"answer": "the classics",
"question": "Hogarth makes no mention of what?"
},
{
"answer": "geopolitical",
"question": "How is Hogarth's analysis?"
}
] |
4,921 | In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the... | [
{
"answer": "the 19th century",
"question": "When did the term \"Near East\" acquire considerable disrepute?"
},
{
"answer": "English-speaking public",
"question": "The term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?"
},
{
"answer": "the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians"... |
4,922 | The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, ... | [
{
"answer": "influential British travellers",
"question": "Reports from who made the change evident?"
},
{
"answer": "the Far East",
"question": "Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894"
},
{
"answer": "The Peoples and Politics of the Far East",
"question": "What book did Sir Henry... |
4,923 | The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbaria... | [
{
"answer": "New York",
"question": "Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?"
},
{
"answer": "June, 1896",
"question": "When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?"
},
{
"answer": "Scribner's Magazine",
"question": "What magazine did Norman publi... |
4,924 | Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, R... | [
{
"answer": "the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied",
"question": "What does Norman mean in the article when saying \"Near East\"?"
},
{
"answer": "just \"the east.\"",
"question": "What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?"
},
{
"answer": "The rest of the Ottoman ... |
4,925 | If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the oth... | [
{
"answer": "1864–1945",
"question": "What was William Miller's life span?"
},
{
"answer": "the Near East",
"question": "What was William Miller an expert on?"
},
{
"answer": "signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires",
"question": "So to speak, what did William Mi... |
4,926 | These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances... | [
{
"answer": "fighting words",
"question": "Miller's words were considered what?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkey",
"question": "It was considered Europe needed what country?"
},
{
"answer": "the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe",
"question": "What was Miller citing?"
}
] |
4,927 | If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), wh... | [
{
"answer": "Austro-Hungarian Empire",
"question": "The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?"
},
{
"answer": "the German Empire",
"question": "Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "the Russian Empire",
"question": "Wh... |
4,928 | By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question," Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the... | [
{
"answer": "1916",
"question": "What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?"
},
{
"answer": "Arnold J. Toynbee",
"question": "Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?"
},
{
"answer": "Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms",
... |
4,929 | From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other change... | [
{
"answer": "new nations",
"question": "What was able to rise from the death of the Near East?"
},
{
"answer": "the Republic of Turkey",
"question": "What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?"
},
{
"answer": "with the west",
"question": "How did the Republ... |
4,930 | The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of... | [
{
"answer": "the 19th century",
"question": "When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?"
},
{
"answer": "archaeology",
"question": "The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?"
},
{
"answer": "Ptolemy's \"India Beyond the Ganges.\"",
"questi... |
4,931 | The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of ... | [
{
"answer": "in British and American diplomatic circles",
"question": "Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Persia",
"question": "What was Iran known as to the west?"
},
{
"answer": "1900",
"question": "When did Thomas... |
4,932 | The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on. | [
{
"answer": "resumption of work on a railway",
"question": "What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?"
},
{
"answer": "Gordon",
"question": "Who was a diplomat and military officer?"
},
{
"answer": "Gordon",
"question": "Who had not used the term middle east previously in pub... |
4,933 | A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902: | [
{
"answer": "Alfred Thayer Mahan",
"question": "Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?"
},
{
"answer": "the naval vulnerability of the trade routes",
"question": "What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?"
},
{
"answer": "1902",
"question": "When did Alfred... |
4,934 | Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen. | [
{
"answer": "the sailor",
"question": "Who did not connect with the soldier?"
},
{
"answer": "the term Middle East",
"question": "What did Mahan believe he was innovating?"
},
{
"answer": "the term Middle East",
"question": "What had already been there to be seen?"
}
] |
4,935 | Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region cons... | [
{
"answer": "the period following World War I",
"question": "The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?"
},
{
"answer": "Bertram Lenox Simpson",
"question": "Who was the colonial officer killed in China?"
},
{
"answer": "Bertram Lenox Simpson",
"question": "Who wr... |
4,936 | The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whit... | [
{
"answer": "color and colonial subjection",
"question": "What is the basis of Simpson's unity?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1920s",
"question": "The great whites were appearing as late as what time?"
},
{
"answer": "James Henry Breasted",
"question": "In whose works were the great whites ap... |
4,937 | These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire. | [
{
"answer": "the brown men",
"question": "These regions were occupied by who?"
},
{
"answer": "the Far East",
"question": "Where where the yellow?"
},
{
"answer": "Africa",
"question": "Where were the black?"
},
{
"answer": "1963",
"question": "When did Kenya become indep... |
4,938 | This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf ... | [
{
"answer": "the slavers",
"question": "The Ottomans were portrayed as what?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles George Gordon",
"question": "Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?"
},
{
"answer": "assignments living among the poor and donating his salary",
"question": "Wha... |
4,939 | The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. T... | [
{
"answer": "a few years before World War I",
"question": "When did the term \"Near and Middle East\" hold stage?"
},
{
"answer": "The term \"Near and Middle East,\"",
"question": "What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?"
},
{
"answer": "1916",
"question": "Whe... |
4,940 | Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition. | [
{
"answer": "\"Middle East\"",
"question": "What prevailed with the disgrace of \"Near East\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Near East",
"question": "What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?"
},
{
"answer": "Near East",
"question": "What term... |
4,941 | Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but litt... | [
{
"answer": "sentiment of unity",
"question": "What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?"
},
{
"answer": "racial and colonial definitions",
"question": "What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically... |
4,942 | In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although v... | [
{
"answer": "the 20th century",
"question": "When were terms such as \"Near East\", \"Far East\", and \"Middle East\" relegated to the experts?"
},
{
"answer": "the new field of political science",
"question": "Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?"
},
{
"answer": "the sha... |
4,943 | The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned t... | [
{
"answer": "The United States",
"question": "What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?"
},
{
"answer": "the Near Eastern regional system",
"question": "What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?"
},
{
... |
4,944 | The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is... | [
{
"answer": "the United States Department of State",
"question": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs",
"question": "What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?"
},
{
"answer": "sta... |
4,945 | Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and mi... | [
{
"answer": "the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)",
"question": "Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?"
},
{
"answer": "an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense",
"question": "What is NESA?"
},
{
"answer": "It teaches... |
4,946 | The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are i... | [
{
"answer": "The Washington Institute for Near East Policy",
"question": "What is WINEP?"
},
{
"answer": "the Middle East",
"question": "What is WINEPS target countries as?"
},
{
"answer": "under \"North Africa.\"",
"question": "How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa... |
4,947 | The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separa... | [
{
"answer": "The Library of Congress",
"question": "What does LoC stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government",
"question": "What is the Library of Congress?"
},
{
"answer": "the United States Congress Joint Committe... |
4,948 | The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNE... | [
{
"answer": "The United Nations",
"question": "Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?"
},
{
"answer": "UNICEF",
"question": "Who recognizes the \"Middle East and North Africa\" region?"
},
{
"answer": "the countries included elsewhere in t... |
4,950 | Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "suppor... | [
{
"answer": "The World Factbook",
"question": "The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?"
},
{
"answer": "Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis",
"question": "What does NESA stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "(NESA)",
"question": "Whose duties are defined as \... |
4,951 | The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, wh... | [
{
"answer": "U.S. Agency for International Development",
"question": "What does USAID stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "USAID",
"question": "What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?"
},
{
"answer": "the ter... |
4,952 | The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic. | [
{
"answer": "a Middle East and North Africa region",
"question": "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?"
},
{
"answer": "Near East",
"question": "What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?"
},
{
"answer": "Their ... |
4,953 | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Midd... | [
{
"answer": "\"bilateral relationships\"",
"question": "What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?"
},
{
"answer": "Near East",
"question": "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?"
},
{
"answer": "Republic of Tu... |
4,954 | The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Cr... | [
{
"answer": "The Ancient Near East",
"question": "What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?"
},
{
"answer": "the Ancient Near East",
"question": "The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Cresce... |
4,955 | Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edit... | [
{
"answer": "Texts relating to the Old Testament",
"question": "James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?"
},
{
"answer": "1950",
"question": "When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?"
},
{
"answer": "Leonard Woolley",
"question": "Who was a British archaeologist?"
},
{
... |
4,956 | Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are ... | [
{
"answer": "library and museum collections",
"question": "What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? "
},
{
"answer": "the collection of resources",
"question": "What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "for scholarship and research",
"question... |
4,957 | One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Ne... | [
{
"answer": "Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents",
"question": "What does CSAD stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Oxford University",
"question": "Who founded the CSAD?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Britain",
"question": "Where is Oxford University?"
}
] |
4,958 | A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Midd... | [
{
"answer": "university departments named for the Near East",
"question": "Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?"
},
{
"answer": "Middle East",
"question": "What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?"
},
{
... |
4,959 | Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond whic... | [
{
"answer": "Chekiang",
"question": "What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?"
},
{
"answer": "Anhui",
"question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?"
},
{
"answer": "Jiangxi",
"question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?"
},
{
"answ... |
4,960 | The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵... | [
{
"answer": "Zhe River",
"question": "What is the former name of the Qiantang River?"
},
{
"answer": "Hangzhou Bay",
"question": "What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?"
},
{
"answer": "Crooked",
"question": "What does Zhe mean in Chinese?"
},
{
"answer": "Zhe River"... |
4,961 | Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai people... | [
{
"answer": "Neolithic",
"question": "What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?"
},
{
"answer": "Zhejiang",
"question": "Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from hu... |
4,963 | Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hint... | [
{
"answer": "Kuaiji Commandery",
"question": "What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?"
},
{
"answer": "the Han",
"question": "Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?"
},
{
"answer": "Kuaiji",
"question": "In Later Han, which Mount did control ... |
4,964 | At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the... | [
{
"answer": "220–280 CE",
"question": "When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?"
},
{
"answer": "Zhejiang",
"question": "What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?"
},
{
"answer": "the Kingdom of Wu",
"question": "What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?"
},... |
4,965 | Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story ... | [
{
"answer": "during the Three Kingdoms",
"question": "When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?"
},
{
"answer": "Sun Wu",
"question": "What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?"
},
{
"answer": "Wu",
"question": "What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?"
},
{
"answ... |
4,966 | Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and ... | [
{
"answer": "Jiankang",
"question": "What was Nanjing formerly known as?"
},
{
"answer": "Qiantang",
"question": "What was the former name of Hangzhou?"
},
{
"answer": "Chengdu",
"question": "Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?"
... |
4,969 | The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its pros... | [
{
"answer": "960",
"question": "When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?"
},
{
"answer": "1127",
"question": "When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "Lin'an",
"question": "What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?"
},... |
4,970 | Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-... | [
{
"answer": "celadon",
"question": "What were greenware ceramics made from?"
},
{
"answer": "bluish-green",
"question": "What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?"
},
{
"answer": "the Ming",
"question": "What period did Longquan ceramics decline?"
},
{
"answer":... |
4,971 | "In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their soci... | [
{
"answer": "idle people",
"question": "What do 'to-min' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "music people",
"question": "What does 'yoh-hu' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "small people",
"question": "What does 'si-min' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "egg-people",
"question": "What does Tanka mean? "
... |
4,972 | During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly K... | [
{
"answer": "the First Opium War",
"question": "During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?"
},
{
"answer": "1843",
"question": "When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?"
},
{
"answer": "Ningbo",
"question": "What became one of the five Chin... |
4,973 | During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made ... | [
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?"
},
{
"answer": "Japan",
"question": "Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?"
},
{
"answer": "250,000",
"question": "How many estimated civilians were killed by t... |
4,974 | After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province toda... | [
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?"
},
{
"answer": "1955",
"question": "When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?"
},
{
"answer": "1966–76",
"question": "When was the Cultural Revolution?"
... |
4,975 | Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the ... | [
{
"answer": "natural",
"question": "What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?"
},
{
"answer": "flooding",
"question": "What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?"
},
{
"answer": "capitalist",
"question": "What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter... |
4,976 | Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, w... | [
{
"answer": "hills",
"question": "What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?"
},
{
"answer": "70%",
"question": "What percent of Zhejiang is hills?"
},
{
"answer": "Huangmaojian Peak",
"question": "What is the highest peak of the province?"
},
{
"answer": "1,929",
"question": ... |
4,977 | Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found... | [
{
"answer": "the Yangtze Delta",
"question": "What does the north of the province lie just south of?"
},
{
"answer": "Hangzhou",
"question": "Where does the Grand Canal of China end?"
},
{
"answer": "Ou Rivers",
"question": "What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qi... |
4,978 | There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest. Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring s... | [
{
"answer": "over three thousand",
"question": "How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?"
},
{
"answer": "Zhoushan Island",
"question": "What is the largest island near Zhejiang?"
},
{
"answer": "Hangzhou Bay",
"question": "What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?"
... |
4,979 | The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian be... | [
{
"answer": "eleven",
"question": "How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?"
},
{
"answer": "90",
"question": "How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?"
},
{
"answer": "1,570",
"question": "How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?"
},... |
4,980 | The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinat... | [
{
"answer": "a dual party-government system",
"question": "How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?"
},
{
"answer": "The Governor of Zhejiang",
"question": "Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?"
},
{
"answer": "the Zhejiang Communist Party of Ch... |
4,981 | Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Counterc... | [
{
"answer": "1949-1952",
"question": "When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?"
},
{
"answer": "Tan Zhenlin",
"question": "Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?"
},
{
"answer": "1967",
"question": "When was the so-called February C... |
4,982 | The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also lead... | [
{
"answer": "Land of Fish and Rice",
"question": "What is the province traditionally known as?"
},
{
"answer": "rice",
"question": "What is the main crop of the province?"
},
{
"answer": "wheat",
"question": "What is the second main crop of the province?"
},
{
"answer": "nort... |
4,983 | Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world. | [
{
"answer": "Zhoushan",
"question": "What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?"
},
{
"answer": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge",
"question": "What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?"
},
{
"answer": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge",
"question": "What is the... |
4,985 | On Thursday, September 15, 2011, more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river. Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound, overturned eight company vehicles, and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd. P... | [
{
"answer": "Thursday",
"question": "What day of the week was September 15, 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "Hongxiao",
"question": "What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15, 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "How many company vehicle... |
4,986 | Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population, and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese. There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities, including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese[citation needed]. Jingning She Autonomous County in Lish... | [
{
"answer": "Han",
"question": "What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population?"
},
{
"answer": "Wu",
"question": "What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak?"
},
{
"answer": "400,000",
"question": "How many members of ethnic minorities are there?"
... |
4,987 | The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004. The re... | [
{
"answer": "Chinese Buddhism",
"question": "What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?"
},
{
"answer": "23.02%",
"question": "According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?"
},
... |
4,988 | In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as "civil religion" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago. | [
{
"answer": "2015",
"question": "What year did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?"
},
{
"answer": "1,800 years ago",
"question": "When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang?"
},
{
"answer": "Buddhism",
"question": "What has an important presence in Zhej... |
4,989 | Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago. Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou. In 1999 Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage... | [
{
"answer": "400",
"question": "How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?"
},
{
"answer": "150",
"question": "How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?"
},
{
"answer": "Wenzhou",
"question": "Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?"
... |
4,990 | The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named "Three Rectifications and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activ... | [
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?"
},
{
"answer": "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities",... |
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