id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
4,682 | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | [
{
"answer": "its coding regions",
"question": "What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?"
},
{
"answer": "several exons",
"question": "What can coding regions be split into?"
},
{
"answer": "RNA",
"question": "What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA... |
4,683 | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | [
{
"answer": "Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)",
"question": "Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?"
},
{
"answer": "n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas",
"question": "If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n co... |
4,684 | Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ... | [
{
"answer": "one of blending inheritance",
"question": "What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Darwin",
"question": "Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?"
},
{
"answer": "hypothetical particles that would mix duri... |
4,685 | The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905. | [
{
"answer": "γένος (génos)",
"question": "What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "\"race, offspring\"",
"question": "What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "Wilhelm Johannsen",
"question": "What Danish botanist coined the word... |
4,686 | Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W... | [
{
"answer": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)",
"question": "What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?"
},
{
"answer": "Rosalind Franklin",
"question": "Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?"
},
{
"answer... |
4,687 | In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab... | [
{
"answer": "In 1972",
"question": "When was the first sequence of a gene determined?"
},
{
"answer": "the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein",
"question": "What was the first gene to be sequenced?"
},
{
"answer": "Frederick Sanger",
"question": "Who developed chain termination ... |
4,688 | The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e... | [
{
"answer": "the 1930s and 1940s",
"question": "In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?"
},
{
"answer": "the modern evolutionary synthesis",
"question": "What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolutio... |
4,689 | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | [
{
"answer": "long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)",
"question": "What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?"
},
{
"answer": "a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits",
"question": "What does DNA consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "a five-carbon sugar ... |
4,690 | Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo... | [
{
"answer": "phosphate-sugar",
"question": "What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of?"
},
{
"answer": "adenine",
"question": "What base pairs with thymine?"
},
{
"answer": "cytosine",
"question": "What base does guanine pair with?"
},
{
"answer": "adenine and thymin... |
4,691 | Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ... | [
{
"answer": "the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases",
"question": "What causes the directionality of DNA strands?"
},
{
"answer": "an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose",
"question": "What is known as the 3' end?"
},
{
"answer": "an exposed phosphate group",... |
4,692 | The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically... | [
{
"answer": "by transcribing the gene into RNA",
"question": "How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?"
},
{
"answer": "a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA",
"question": "What is RNA?"
},
{
"answer": "the base uracil",
"question": "What base does R... |
4,693 | The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo... | [
{
"answer": "its genome",
"question": "What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?"
},
{
"answer": "a single, very long DNA helix",
"question": "What does a chromosome consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "thousands of genes",
"question": "What is encoded on a chrom... |
4,694 | The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h... | [
{
"answer": "on a set of large, linear chromosomes",
"question": "Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored?"
},
{
"answer": "a nucleosome",
"question": "Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what?"
},
{
"answer": "whether a particular... |
4,695 | Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ... | [
{
"answer": "bacteria and archaea",
"question": "What are prokaryotes?"
},
{
"answer": "on a single large, circular chromosome",
"question": "How do prokaryotes store their genomes?"
},
{
"answer": "a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes",
"question": "What type o... |
4,696 | Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majo... | [
{
"answer": "prokaryotes",
"question": "What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes?"
},
{
"answer": "eukaryotes",
"question": "Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism?"
},
{
"answer": "DNA without an identified function",
... |
4,697 | The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA. | [
{
"answer": "often only a small part",
"question": "Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence?"
},
{
"answer": "the actual protein coding sequence",
"question": "What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? "
},
{
"answer": "DNA r... |
4,698 | Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than ... | [
{
"answer": "a regulatory sequence",
"question": "What do all genes contain that is required for their expression?"
},
{
"answer": "by transcription factors and RNA polymerase",
"question": "How is a promoter sequence recognized?"
},
{
"answer": "messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how ... |
4,699 | Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, e... | [
{
"answer": "by binding to transcription factors",
"question": "How do regulatory regions act?"
},
{
"answer": "the DNA to loop",
"question": "What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?"
},
{
"answer": "by binding an activator protein",
"question": "How do ... |
4,700 | The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons. In addition, most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated. The sequences at the ends of the introns, dict... | [
{
"answer": "untranslated regions",
"question": "What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA?"
},
{
"answer": "untranslated regions",
"question": "Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA?"
},
{
"answer": "untranslated... |
4,701 | Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3 | [
{
"answer": "operons",
"question": "What are most prokaryotic genes organized into?"
},
{
"answer": "a unit",
"question": "What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as?"
},
{
"answer": "related functions",
"question": "What sort of functions do the products of operon gen... |
4,702 | Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Simila... | [
{
"answer": "enhancers",
"question": "What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?"
},
{
"answer": "because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity",
"question": "Why do some regul... |
4,703 | Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing. | [
{
"answer": "the model that one gene makes one protein.",
"question": "What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?"
},
{
"answer": "the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins",
"question": "What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?"... |
4,704 | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | [
{
"answer": "A broad operational definition",
"question": "What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?"
},
{
"answer": "a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products",
"question": "What i... |
4,705 | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | [
{
"answer": "two steps are required",
"question": "How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?"
},
{
"answer": "the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA)",
"question": "What is the first step to read the information e... |
4,706 | The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. The... | [
{
"answer": "The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA",
"question": "What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?"
},
{
"answer": "codons",
"question": "What are sets of three nucleotides known as?"
},
{
"answer": "a specific amino acid",
"question": "What does each codon corr... |
4,707 | Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRN... | [
{
"answer": "a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA",
"question": "What does transcription produce?"
},
{
"answer": "complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed",
"question": "How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?"
},
{
"answer": "The gene's D... |
4,708 | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | [
{
"answer": "in the cytoplasm",
"question": "Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?"
},
{
"answer": "at the 5' end of the RNA",
"question": "If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?"
},
{
"answer": "transcription occurs in the nucleus",
"ques... |
4,709 | Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of p... | [
{
"answer": "Translation",
"question": "What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?"
},
{
"answer": "large complexes of RNA and protein",
"question": "What does a ribosome consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "carrying out the c... |
4,710 | Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabo... | [
{
"answer": "only when the product is needed",
"question": "When are genes expressed?"
},
{
"answer": "available nutrients, temperature and other stresses",
"question": "What are examples of a cell's external environment?"
},
{
"answer": "cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status... |
4,711 | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | [
{
"answer": "A typical protein-coding gene",
"question": "What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product?"
},
{
"answer": "the RNA molecules",
"question": "In some cases, what are the actual functional products?"
},
{
"answer": "the synth... |
4,712 | Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the re... | [
{
"answer": "in the form of RNA",
"question": "In what form do some viruses store their entire genome?"
},
{
"answer": "Because they use RNA to store genes",
"question": "Why do the cellular hosts of some viruses not have to wait for transcription to synthesize their proteins?"
},
{
"ans... |
4,713 | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | [
{
"answer": "from their parents",
"question": "Where do organisms inherit their genes from?"
},
{
"answer": "a complete copy",
"question": "How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents?"
},
{
"answer": "two copies of each chromosome",
"question": "How many c... |
4,714 | According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. ... | [
{
"answer": "variations in its genotype",
"question": "According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype?"
},
{
"answer": "observable physical and behavioral characteristics",
"question": "What sort of characteristics are described by an organ... |
4,715 | Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele speci... | [
{
"answer": "at a locus",
"question": "Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive?"
},
{
"answer": "their corresponding phenotypes",
"question": "When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to?"
},
{
"answer": "wh... |
4,716 | The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enz... | [
{
"answer": "cell division",
"question": "What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on?"
},
{
"answer": "identical daughter cells",
"question": "In cell division, what two cells are created? "
},
{
"answer": "DNA polymerases",
"question": "What specialized... |
4,717 | After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell me... | [
{
"answer": "physically separate the two copies of the genome",
"question": "What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete?"
},
{
"answer": "divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells",
"question": "What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete?"... |
4,718 | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes ... | [
{
"answer": "molecular inheritance",
"question": "The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what?"
},
{
"answer": "cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells",
"question": "Why do organisms inher... |
4,719 | During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reass... | [
{
"answer": "During the process of meiotic cell division",
"question": "When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur?"
},
{
"answer": "no effect",
"question": "If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? "
},
... |
4,720 | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | [
{
"answer": "mutations",
"question": "What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?"
},
{
"answer": "10−8 per nucleotide per replication",
"question": "What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?"
},
{
"answer": "10−3",
"question": "What is the highest er... |
4,721 | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | [
{
"answer": "polymorphic",
"question": "What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?"
},
{
"answer": "different phenotypic traits",
"question": "What can some alleles give rise to?"
},
{
"answer": "the wild type",
"question": "Wh... |
4,722 | Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the pr... | [
{
"answer": "silent mutations",
"question": "What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called?"
},
{
"answer": "synonymous mutations",
"question": "What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called?"
},
{
"answer": "conservative mutations",
... |
4,723 | Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as ... | [
{
"answer": "homologs",
"question": "What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called?"
},
{
"answer": "gene duplication within an organism's genome",
"question": "What is one reason for homologs to appear?"
},
{
"answer": "paralogous genes",
"question": "What are genes that ... |
4,724 | The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evol... | [
{
"answer": "The relationship between genes",
"question": "What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?"
},
{
"answer": "conserved sequence",
"question": "What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?"
},
{
"answer": "by neutral molecular... |
4,725 | The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within... | [
{
"answer": "gene duplication",
"question": "What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages?"
},
{
"answer": "gene duplication",
"question": "What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome?"
},
{
"answer": "paralogs",
"question": "What are th... |
4,726 | De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orp... | [
{
"answer": "De novo or \"orphan\" genes",
"question": "What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?"
},
{
"answer": "18 to 60",
"question": "What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?"
},
{
"answer": "typically shorter",
"q... |
4,727 | Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virule... | [
{
"answer": "Horizontal gene transfer",
"question": "What is the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as?"
},
{
"answer": "prokaryotes",
"question": "In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes?"
},
{
"answe... |
4,728 | The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses (which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes), and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein... | [
{
"answer": "genome size",
"question": "What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms?"
},
{
"answer": "viruses",
"question": "In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur?"
},
{
"answer": "2",
"question": "What is the smallest number of protein coding ge... |
4,729 | Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experim... | [
{
"answer": "the 1960s",
"question": "Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?"
},
{
"answer": "2,000,000",
"question": "What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?"
},
{
"answer": "alternative variants",
"qu... |
4,730 | Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential fo... | [
{
"answer": "Essential genes",
"question": "What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism?"
},
{
"answer": "environmental stress",
"question": "What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of?"
},
{
"answer": "250–400",
"qu... |
4,731 | Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some e... | [
{
"answer": "Housekeeping genes",
"question": "What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions?"
},
{
"answer": "constant",
"question": "At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at?"
},
{
"answer": "housekeeping genes",
"question": "When investigat... |
4,732 | Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (alth... | [
{
"answer": "HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)",
"question": "What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?"
},
{
"answer": "through a database maintained by HGNC",
"question": "How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? "
},
{
"answer": "only one",
... |
4,733 | Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in... | [
{
"answer": "Genetic engineering",
"question": "What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1970s",
"question": "When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?"
},
{
"answer": "engineered nuclease enzymes... |
4,734 | Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, in... | [
{
"answer": "Genetic engineering",
"question": "What has become a common research tool with model organisms?"
},
{
"answer": "that gene's function",
"question": "What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?"
},
{
"answer": "agriculture",
... |
4,735 | For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases. | [
{
"answer": "multicellular organisms",
"question": "For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered?"
},
{
"answer": "gene therapy techniques",
"question": "What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?"
},
{
"answer": "the e... |
4,736 | Guinea-Bissau (i/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/, GI-nee-bi-SOW), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa. It covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,704,000. | [
{
"answer": "the Republic of Guinea-Bissau",
"question": "What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "West Africa",
"question": "Where is Guinea-Bissau located?"
},
{
"answer": "13,948 sq mi",
"question": "How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answe... |
4,737 | Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared... | [
{
"answer": "Gabu",
"question": "What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Mali Empire",
"question": "What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?"
},
{
"answer": "1973",
"question": "What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?"
},
{
"answer": "Guinea... |
4,738 | Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; t... | [
{
"answer": "14%",
"question": "What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?"
},
{
"answer": "44%",
"question": "What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo?"
},
{
"answer": "African traditional religions and Islam",
"question": "What are the two main religions?"
},
... |
4,739 | Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone. | [
{
"answer": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation",
"question": "What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Community of Portuguese Language Countries",
"question": "What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Economic Communit... |
4,740 | Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire. Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for t... | [
{
"answer": "Portuguese Guinea",
"question": "What area was known as the Slave Coast?"
},
{
"answer": "Europeans",
"question": "Who exported African slaves to the western hemisphere?"
},
{
"answer": "Gabu",
"question": "What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once a part of?"
},
{
"an... |
4,741 | Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern A... | [
{
"answer": "1455",
"question": "When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?"
},
{
"answer": "1479–1480",
"question": "When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?"
},
{
"answer": "Diogo Cão",
"question": "What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?"
},
{
"answer": "Congo River",
"q... |
4,742 | Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade... | [
{
"answer": "the rivers and coast",
"question": "What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?"
},
{
"answer": "16th century",
"question": "When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When did the P... |
4,743 | For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal. | [
{
"answer": "the British",
"question": "Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1790s",
"question": "When was a rival foothold attempted at Bolama?"
},
{
"answer": "the Portuguese",
"question": "Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century?"
... |
4,744 | An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on then Portuguese Guinea. Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over ... | [
{
"answer": "African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)",
"question": "What group started an armed rebellion in Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "When did the armed rebellion begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Amílcar Cabral",
"question": "Who was the ... |
4,745 | Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime. | [
{
"answer": "24 September 1973",
"question": "When was independence declared?"
},
{
"answer": "25 April 1974",
"question": "What date was independence considered universal? "
},
{
"answer": "socialist-inspired military coup",
"question": "What event caused the recognition to be unive... |
4,746 | Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought along with the Portuguese Army against guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations. One of ... | [
{
"answer": "Luís Cabral",
"question": "Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "thousands",
"question": "How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill?"
},
{
"answer": "Bissorã",
"question": "Where did one of the massacres occur?"
},
{
"answer": "29 Nove... |
4,747 | The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president's ousting in June 1999. Elections were held again in 2000, and Kumba Ialá was elected president. | [
{
"answer": "a revolutionary council",
"question": "Who controlled the country prior to 1984?"
},
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "When were the first multi-party elections held?"
},
{
"answer": "An army uprising",
"question": "What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War?"
},
{
"... |
4,748 | In September 2003, a military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ialá on the charge of being "unable to solve the problems". After being delayed several times, legislative elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and ca... | [
{
"answer": "September 2003",
"question": "When was a military coup conducted?"
},
{
"answer": "Ialá",
"question": "Who did the military arrest?"
},
{
"answer": "March 2004",
"question": "When were legislative elections held?"
},
{
"answer": "October 2004",
"question": "W... |
4,749 | In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai San... | [
{
"answer": "June 2005",
"question": "After the coup, when were presidential elections held?"
},
{
"answer": "Ialá",
"question": "At that time, who ran claiming to be the legitimate president of the country?"
},
{
"answer": "João Bernardo Vieira",
"question": "Who won the election?"
... |
4,750 | Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and organized". | [
{
"answer": "arms",
"question": "What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election?"
},
{
"answer": "attacks on government offices",
"question": "What type of \"disturbances\" were reported during the campaign?"
},
{
"answer": "\"calm and organized\"",
"question": "H... |
4,751 | Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed. | [
{
"answer": "November 2008",
"question": "When was the parliamentary election held?"
},
{
"answer": "PAIGC",
"question": "Who won a strong majority in the election?"
},
{
"answer": "67",
"question": "How many seats did PAIGC win in the election?"
},
{
"answer": "President Vie... |
4,752 | On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai. Tagme died in an explosion on Sunday, 1 March 2009, target of an assassination. Military leaders in the country pledged... | [
{
"answer": "Vieira",
"question": "Who was assassinated on 2 March 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "General Batista Tagme Na Wai",
"question": "Who was assassinated on 1 March 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "Military leaders",
"question": "Who pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession?"... |
4,753 | On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition part... | [
{
"answer": "12 April 2012",
"question": "When was a coup d'etat staged?"
},
{
"answer": "members of the country's military",
"question": "Who staged the coup d'etat?"
},
{
"answer": "Mamadu Ture Kuruma",
"question": "Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat?"
},
... |
4,754 | Guinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president has successfully served a full five-year term. | [
{
"answer": "Guinea-Bissau",
"question": "What country is listed as a republic?"
},
{
"answer": "In the past",
"question": "When had the government been highly centralized?"
},
{
"answer": "mid-1991",
"question": "When was multi-party governance established?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
4,755 | At the legislative level, a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) is made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court), made up of nine justices appoi... | [
{
"answer": "100",
"question": "How many members compose the legislature?"
},
{
"answer": "unicameral",
"question": "Is the legislature bicameral or unicameral?"
},
{
"answer": "four-year term",
"question": "How long do members serve in the legislature?"
},
{
"answer": "Tribu... |
4,756 | João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after ... | [
{
"answer": "João Bernardo \"Nino\" Vieira",
"question": "Who was elected as President in 2005?"
},
{
"answer": "CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições)",
"question": "What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?"
},
{
"answer": "six years",
"question": "How long was it since ... |
4,757 | He was killed on 2 March 2009, possibly by soldiers in retaliation for the assassination of General Batista Tagme Na Waie, the head of the joint chiefs of staff, killed in an explosion. Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the advocacy group Sw... | [
{
"answer": "widespread violence",
"question": "What was NOT triggered by Vieira's death?"
},
{
"answer": "2 March 2009",
"question": "When was Vieira killed?"
},
{
"answer": "Sanhá",
"question": "In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PAIGC?"
},
{
"answer": "Kumb... |
4,758 | In 2012, President Rachide Sambu-balde Malam Bacai Sanhá died. He belonged to PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde), one of the two major political parties in Guinea-Bissau, along with the PRS (Party for Social Renewal). There are more than 20 minor parties. | [
{
"answer": "2012",
"question": "When did President Sanha die?"
},
{
"answer": "PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde)",
"question": "What party did Sanha belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "PRS (Party for Social Renewal)",
"question": "Besides the PAIGC, what is... |
4,759 | Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions (regiões) and one autonomous sector (sector autónomo). These, in turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors. The regions are: | [
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "How many regions does Guinea-Bissau contain?"
},
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "How many autonomous sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?"
},
{
"answer": "37",
"question": "How many subdivided Sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?"
}
] |
4,760 | Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small area is south of 11°), and longitudes 13° and 17°W. | [
{
"answer": "Senegal",
"question": "What country is on the north border of Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "Guinea",
"question": "What country is on the south border of Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "Atlantic Ocean",
"question": "What is to the west of Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"a... |
4,761 | At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium. It lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft). The terrain of is mostly low coastal plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves rising to Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east. Its monsoon-like rainy s... | [
{
"answer": "Taiwan or Belgium",
"question": "Guinea-Bissau is larger than what two countries?"
},
{
"answer": "300 metres (984 ft)",
"question": "How high is the highest point in Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "Bijagos",
"question": "What archipelago lies off the mainland?"
},
{... |
4,762 | Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation; it averages 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in) although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October. From December through Ap... | [
{
"answer": "2,024",
"question": "What is the average rainfall in Bissau, in millimetres?"
},
{
"answer": "between June and September/October",
"question": "When is the rainy season in Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "drought",
"question": "What does the country experience from Decemb... |
4,763 | Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports. | [
{
"answer": "More than two-thirds",
"question": "How much of the population lives below the poverty line?"
},
{
"answer": "fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts",
"question": "What are Guinea-Bissau's major exports?"
},
{
"answer": "GDP",
"question": "What per capita index does Guinea-Bi... |
4,764 | A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau (233 days or about 33 weeks) than in any other country in the world except Suriname. [The Ec... | [
{
"answer": "depressed",
"question": "Political instability has resulted in what type of economic activity?"
},
{
"answer": "deteriorating",
"question": "Political instability has resulted in what description of social conditions?"
},
{
"answer": "macroeconomic",
"question": "What ty... |
4,765 | Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program. The key challenges for the country in the period ahead are to achieve fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve ... | [
{
"answer": "a pact of stability",
"question": "What did the main political parties sign to help the economy?"
},
{
"answer": "IMF",
"question": "What organization backed a structural reform program?"
},
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "When did Guinea-Bissau become independent?"
}... |
4,766 | After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantia... | [
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country?"
},
{
"answer": "entered the CFA franc monetary system",
"question": "What did the government do in 1997 to increase monetary stability?"
},
{
"answer": "1998 a... |
4,767 | Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine. The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state". The government and the mili... | [
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "When did drug traffickers begin to use Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin America",
"question": "Where did the drug traffickers come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "What was the final destination of the drugs going through Guinea-Bissa... |
4,768 | According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects, Guinea-Bissau's population was 1,515,000 in 2010, compared to 518,000 in 1950. The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.3%, 55.4% were aged between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.3% were aged 65 years or older. | [
{
"answer": "518,000",
"question": "What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 1950?"
},
{
"answer": "1,515,000",
"question": "What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects",
"question": "What is the source o... |
4,769 | Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Guinea-Bissauans. After Guinea-Bissau gained independence, most of the Portuguese nationals left the country. The country has a tiny Chinese population. These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau, a former Asian Portugue... | [
{
"answer": "Portuguese",
"question": "What natives comprise a very small percentage of the population?"
},
{
"answer": "Portuguese nationals",
"question": "Who left the country after Guinea-Bissau gained independence?"
},
{
"answer": "Chinese",
"question": "What ethnic group has a t... |
4,770 | 14% of the population speaks the official language Portuguese, the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule. 44% speak Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, which is effectively a national language of communication among groups. The remainder speak a variety of native Afr... | [
{
"answer": "44%",
"question": "What percentage of the population speaks Kriol?"
},
{
"answer": "Portuguese",
"question": "What is the official language of Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "centuries",
"question": "How long was Guinea-Bissau under colonial rule?"
},
{
"answer":... |
4,771 | Most Portuguese and Mestiços speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. French is also taught in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie. | [
{
"answer": "Kriol",
"question": "What is the second language for most Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations.",
"question": "Why is French taught in school?"
},
{
"answer": "the Francophonie",
"question": "What is Guinea-... |
4,772 | Throughout the 20th century, most Bissau-Guineans practiced some form of Animism. In the early 21st century, many have adopted Islam, which is now practiced by 50% of the country's population. Most of Guinea-Bissau's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2% belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect. | [
{
"answer": "Animism.",
"question": "In the 20th century most people practiced some form of what faith?"
},
{
"answer": "Islam",
"question": "What religion was adopted by the population in the early 21st century?"
},
{
"answer": "50%",
"question": "What percentage of the population n... |
4,773 | Approximately 10% of the country's population belong to the Christian community, and 40% continue to hold Indigenous beliefs. These statistics can be misleading, however, as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs. | [
{
"answer": "Approximately 10%",
"question": "What percentage of the population is Christian?"
},
{
"answer": "40%",
"question": "What percentage of the population continues to hold indigenous beliefs?"
},
{
"answer": "syncretic",
"question": "What forms of Islamic and Christian fait... |
4,774 | The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%. Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns. | [
{
"answer": "HIV",
"question": "What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "1.8%",
"question": "What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?"
},
{
"answer": "20%",
"question": "How many HIV-infected pregnant women receive retroviral ... |
4,775 | Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs. | [
{
"answer": "Malaria",
"question": "What kills more residents than AIDS?"
},
{
"answer": "9%",
"question": "What percentage of the population has Malaria?"
},
{
"answer": "three times as many",
"question": "How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS?"
},
{
"answer": "fe... |
4,776 | Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths. A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225. | [
{
"answer": "cholera",
"question": "What type of disease was reported to be on the rise in Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "nine",
"question": "How many died from cholera in a November 2012 report?"
},
{
"answer": "225",
"question": "How many died from cholera in a 2008 epidemic?"
}... |
4,777 | The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of... | [
{
"answer": "1000",
"question": "What was the 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?"
},
{
"answer": "966",
"question": "What was the 1990 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?"
},
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "How many midwives are listed per 1,000 live births?"
},... |
4,778 | Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13. The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%) compared to females (40%). | [
{
"answer": "7 to 13",
"question": "What are the ages when education is compulsory?"
},
{
"answer": "boys",
"question": "What gender has a higher enrollment?"
},
{
"answer": "53.5%",
"question": "What was the gross primary enrollment rate in 1998?"
},
{
"answer": "67.7%",
... |
4,779 | Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools (general as well as technical) and a number of universities, to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have been added. | [
{
"answer": "general as well as technical",
"question": "What type of secondary schools does Guinea-Bissau have?"
},
{
"answer": "universities",
"question": "What institutions have added a Faculty of Law?"
},
{
"answer": "universities",
"question": "What institutions have added a Fac... |
4,780 | The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries. | [
{
"answer": "gumbe",
"question": "What music genre is usually associated with Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "the polyrhythmic gumbe genre",
"question": "What is considered the country's primary musical export?"
},
{
"answer": "civil unrest",
"question": "What major factor has kept g... |
4,781 | The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AI... | [
{
"answer": "The calabash",
"question": "What is the primary instrument of Guinea-Bissau?"
},
{
"answer": "extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music",
"question": "What type of music is the calabash used in?"
},
{
"answer": "Guinea-Bissau Creole",
"question": "What languag... |
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