id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
6,411 | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most... | [
{
"answer": "fleet carrier",
"question": "What type of carrier is the largest?"
},
{
"answer": "offensive",
"question": "What capability does a fleet carrier offer?"
},
{
"answer": "to provide defense for convoys of ships",
"question": "What purpose were excort carriers developed for... |
6,413 | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on... | [
{
"answer": "2016",
"question": "When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?"
},
{
"answer": "2023",
"question": "What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian newsp... |
6,414 | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses const... | [
{
"answer": "aircraft carriers",
"question": "What are typically regarded as \"runways at sea\"?"
},
{
"answer": "flat-top flight deck",
"question": "What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?"
},
{
"answer": "The flight deck",
"ques... |
6,415 | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircra... | [
{
"answer": "early 1950s",
"question": "When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?"
},
{
"answer": "hitting aircraft parked forward",
"question": "What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?"
},
{
"answer": "o... |
6,416 | Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by ... | [
{
"answer": "the forward end of the flight deck",
"question": "Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?"
},
{
"answer": "take off at far higher weights",
"question": "What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??"
},
{
"answer":... |
6,417 | An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases fo... | [
{
"answer": "full-length",
"question": "What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?"
},
{
"answer": "carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering",
"question": "What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?"
},
{
"answer": "An aircraft carrier",
"question": ... |
6,418 | The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a... | [
{
"answer": "1903",
"question": "In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?"
},
{
"answer": "1910",
"question": "In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?"
},
{
"answer": "1911",
"question": "In what year were the first experimental la... |
6,419 | Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-la... | [
{
"answer": "the battleship",
"question": "Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?"
},
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?"
},
{
"answer": "Supercarriers",
"question": "... |
6,420 | The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked f... | [
{
"answer": "The Royal Australian Navy",
"question": "Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?"
},
{
"answer": "the largest in Australian naval history",
"question": "How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?"
},
{
"answer": "1,000 troops and their supporting vehi... |
6,421 | The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, a... | [
{
"answer": "two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class",
"question": "What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?"
},
{
"answer": "HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales",
"question": "What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ... |
6,422 | The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBA... | [
{
"answer": "they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched",
"question": "Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?"
},
{
"answer": "heavy aircraft",
"question": "What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used... |
6,423 | On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend... | [
{
"answer": "conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own",
"question": "Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?"
},
{
"answer": "to recover their aircraft",
"question": "What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?"
},
{
"ans... |
6,424 | Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching a... | [
{
"answer": "the shooters, the handler, and the air boss",
"question": "What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?"
},
{
"answer": "launching aircraft",
"question": "What are shooters responsible for?"
},
{
"answer": "the movement of aircraft before launching and after recover... |
6,425 | The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO roc... | [
{
"answer": "the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load",
"question": "What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?"
},
{
"answer": "heavily laden aircraft",
"question": "What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?"
},
{
"answer": "a catapult or ... |
6,426 | One STOBAR carrier: Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion. Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September ... | [
{
"answer": "on the pretext of use as a floating casino",
"question": "Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?"
},
{
"answer": "a training ship",
"question": "What is Liaoning classifed as?"
},
{
"answer": "carrier usage",
"question": "What is the Liaoning intende... |
6,427 | India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautica... | [
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "four gas-turbine engines",
"question": "What will power the Indian-made ship?"
},
{
"answer": "8,000 nautical miles",
"question": "What will the range of the I... |
6,428 | Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies.... | [
{
"answer": "to deploy balloons",
"question": "What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "thirty-seven",
"question": "As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?"
},
{
"answer": "supercarriers",
"question": "What is another name... |
6,429 | There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft t... | [
{
"answer": "There is no single definition",
"question": "What is the definition of an \"aircraft carrier\"?"
},
{
"answer": "according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments",
"question": "How may aircraft carriers be classified?"
},
{
"answer": "former hea... |
6,430 | The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval gun... | [
{
"answer": "The aircraft carrier",
"question": "What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?"
},
{
"answer": "the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness",
"question": "What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?"
},
{
"answer": "They had higher... |
6,431 | The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carri... | [
{
"answer": "flattop vessels",
"question": "What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?"
},
{
"answer": "HMS Argus",
"question": "What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?"
},
{
"answer": "the construction of new heavy surface combat... |
6,433 | In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the... | [
{
"answer": "Japan's largest military ship since World War II",
"question": "What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?"
},
{
"answer": "820-foot-lon... |
6,435 | If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects b... | [
{
"answer": "VTOL-capable or helicopters",
"question": "What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?"
},
{
"answer": "the launch area",
"question": "What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?"
},
{
"answer": "aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off a... |
6,436 | The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their isla... | [
{
"answer": "an island",
"question": "What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?"
},
{
"answer": "The superstructure of a carrier",
"question": "What is concentrated in the small area called an island?"
},
{
"answer": "starboard",
"question": "Other than Japanese carriers,... |
6,437 | 1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopte... | [
{
"answer": "Charles de Gaulle",
"question": "What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?"
},
{
"answer": "the French Navy",
"question": "What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?"
},
{
"answer": "Aster",
"question": "What type of missiles ... |
6,438 | With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 bi... | [
{
"answer": "one every four years",
"question": "How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?"
},
{
"answer": "America-class amphibious assault ships",
"question": "What class does the USS America belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "10",... |
6,439 | Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the s... | [
{
"answer": "to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size",
"question": "Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly four times",
"question": "How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?"
}... |
6,440 | Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to... | [
{
"answer": "landing signal officer",
"question": "What does LSO stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "a landing signal officer",
"question": "Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?"
},
{
"answer": "colored paddles",
"q... |
6,441 | Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electroma... | [
{
"answer": "using the ramp and a running start",
"question": "What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?"
},
{
"answer": "STOVL",
"question": "What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?"
},
{
"answer": "vertical",
"quest... |
6,442 | One CATOBAR carrier: São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005–2010, São Pa... | [
{
"answer": "Clemenceau",
"question": "What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?"
},
{
"answer": "the Brazilian Navy",
"question": "Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?"
},
{
"answer": "the French Navy",
"question": "Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?"
},
{... |
6,443 | 1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conven... | [
{
"answer": "STOBAR",
"question": "What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?"
},
{
"answer": "in 1985",
"question": "When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?"
},
{
"answer": "Tbilisi",
"question": "What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo S... |
6,444 | The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to ... | [
{
"answer": "Queen Elizabeth",
"question": "Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?"
},
{
"answer": "70,600 tonnes",
"question": "What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?"
},
{
"answer": "in 2017",
"question": ... |
6,446 | On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of... | [
{
"answer": "July 22, 2008",
"question": "When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?"
},
{
"answer": "House",
"question": "who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?"
},
{
"answer": "the flying public",
... |
6,447 | The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involv... | [
{
"answer": "hijacking",
"question": "What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?"
},
{
"answer": "Department of Homeland Security",
"question": "Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?"
},
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "When did the FAA become more involved ... |
6,448 | On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial a... | [
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?"
},
{
"answer": "radar",
"question": "What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?"
},
{
"answer": "1946",
"question... |
6,449 | By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. ... | [
{
"answer": "mid-1970s",
"question": "When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?"
},
{
"answer": "1978",
"question": "When was the Airline Deregulation act?"
},
{
"answer": "1981",
"question": "When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers uni... |
6,450 | The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain... | [
{
"answer": "May 20, 1926",
"question": "When was the Air Commerce Act passed?"
},
{
"answer": "Secretary of Commerce",
"question": "Who was charged with fostering air commerce?"
},
{
"answer": "Aeronautics Branch",
"question": "What new branch was created and operates under the Depa... |
6,451 | The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulati... | [
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?"
},
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": "when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?"
},
{
"answer": "Federal Aviation Agency",
"question": "What agency would now act like the CAA?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
6,452 | On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism from Nick Bilton of The New York Times, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited. Implementation will ... | [
{
"answer": "October 31, 2013",
"question": "When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?"
},
{
"answer": "airplane mode",
"question": "What mode must mobile phones be put into?"
},
{
"answer": "all phases",
"question": "... |
6,453 | In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the... | [
{
"answer": "1967",
"question": "When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?"
},
{
"answer": "Federal Aviation Administration",
"question": "What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?"
},
{
"answer": "Secretary of Transportatio... |
6,454 | The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself... | [
{
"answer": "Bureau of Air Commerce",
"question": "What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?"
},
{
"answer": "1934",
"question": "When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?"
},
{
"answer": "1936",
"question": "When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?"
},
... |
6,455 | In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before th... | [
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?"
},
{
"answer": "personality test",
"question": "What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?"
},
{
"answer": "anyone",
"question": "Wh... |
6,457 | The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border we... | [
{
"answer": "1998",
"question": "In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?"
},
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire"
},
{
"answer": "Warrington and Widnes",
"question": "Which ... |
6,458 | The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England. It has landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, operating as a property company, but also exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster. While the administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundarie... | [
{
"answer": "1970s",
"question": "When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change?"
},
{
"answer": "one of two royal duchies in England",
"question": "What is the Duchy of Lancaster?"
},
{
"answer": "a property company",
"question": "What does the Duchy of La... |
6,459 | Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?"
},
{
"answer": "77",
"question": "How many state schools are in Lancashire?"
},
{
"answer": "24",
"question": "How many independant schools are in Lancashire?"
},
{
"answer": "South Ribble",
... |
6,460 | Lancashire produced well known teams in super league such as St Helens, Wigan, and Warrington. The county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993. Rugby L... | [
{
"answer": "1895 to 1970",
"question": "What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?"
},
{
"answer": "Lancashire",
"question": "Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?"
},
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "Which year was the Lancashire ... |
6,462 | Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Manchester and Liverpool grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade and the birth of modern capitalism. The county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approx... | [
{
"answer": "Manchester and Liverpool",
"question": "What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?"
},
{
"answer": "85%",
"question": "By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?"
},
{
"answer": "Blackpool",
"question": "Where was a center for tourist for the peop... |
6,463 | The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartme... | [
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?"
},
{
"answer": "709",
"question": "How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Cumbria",
"question": "What is to the north of Lancashire today?"... |
6,464 | Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government. In 1889, the administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historical county except for the county boroughs such as Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool and Manchester. The area ser... | [
{
"answer": "1889",
"question": "When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?"
},
{
"answer": "ceremonial county",
"question": "What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?"
},
{
"answer": "the western part of Todmorden",
"question": "Where is the ancient b... |
6,465 | During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905),... | [
{
"answer": "20th century",
"question": "When did the county become more urbanised?"
},
{
"answer": "the southern part",
"question": "Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "1900",
"question": "When was Warrington added to Lancashire?"
},
{... |
6,466 | To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncu... | [
{
"answer": "dairy farming and cheesemaking",
"question": "What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?"
},
{
"answer": "sheep",
"question": "What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?"
},
{
"answer": "uncultivated moorland",
"question": "What is in the highest groun... |
6,467 | The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago – but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the... | [
{
"answer": "bona vacantia",
"question": "What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine?"
},
{
"answer": "Lancaster",
"question": "What serves as the county town of the county palatine?"
},
{
"answer": "many centuries ago",
"question": "When did the title of Duke of Lanca... |
6,468 | The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 star... | [
{
"answer": "the M6 motorway",
"question": "What does the Lancashire economy rely on?"
},
{
"answer": "north to south",
"question": "Which direction does the M6 motorway run?"
},
{
"answer": "The M55",
"question": "What road connects Preston to Blackpool?"
},
{
"answer": "M58... |
6,469 | The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lanca... | [
{
"answer": "Fylde coast",
"question": "Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located?"
},
{
"answer": "Blackpool Urban Area",
"question": "Where is the Fylde coast?"
},
{
"answer": "north",
"question": "Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated?"
... |
6,471 | Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale. The county was al... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Sheale",
"question": "Who was \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" composed by?"
},
{
"answer": "Lancashire",
"question": "Where was Richard Sheale from?"
},
{
"answer": "balladry",
"question": "What did the county share with it's national traditions?"
},
{
"ans... |
6,472 | The county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal... | [
{
"answer": "1182",
"question": "When was Lancashire established?"
},
{
"answer": "Roman times",
"question": "When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?"
},
{
"answer": "410AD",
"question": "In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged... |
6,473 | By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government... | [
{
"answer": "5,129,416",
"question": "How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?"
},
{
"answer": "Lancashire",
"question": "What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?"
},
{
"answer": "1 April 1974",
"question": "When was the administrative county abolished?"
},
{
... |
6,474 | A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention. The county produced one ... | [
{
"answer": "James Orchard Halliwell",
"question": "Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?"
},
{
"answer": "Harry Boardman",
"question": "Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?"
},
{
"answer": "The Spinners",
"question": "Who were the most influential fold... |
6,475 | The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a ... | [
{
"answer": "The Red Rose of Lancaster",
"question": "What is the county flower of Lancaster?"
},
{
"answer": "on the county's heraldic badge and flag",
"question": "Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?"
},
{
"answer": "a red rose on a white field",
"question": "What is on t... |
6,476 | More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, ... | [
{
"answer": "1932",
"question": "In what year was Hugh Wood born?"
},
{
"answer": "Salford",
"question": "Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?"
},
{
"answer": "1893",
"question": "When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?"
},
{
"answer": "1972",
"questio... |
6,477 | The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont... | [
{
"answer": "Early Triassic",
"question": "What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?"
},
{
"answer": "deserts",
"question": "What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?"
},
{
"answer": "Pangaea",
"question": "What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?... |
6,478 | The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient al... | [
{
"answer": "climatic changes",
"question": "What event produced further adaptations during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?"
},
{
"answer": "Jurassic",
"question": "When was the top of archosaur diversity?"
},
{
"answer": "Angiosperms",
"question": "What species spread towards ... |
6,479 | The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian–Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the "Great Dying" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceo... | [
{
"answer": "Permian–Triassic extinction",
"question": "What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?"
},
{
"answer": "70%",
"question": "How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Dying",
"question": "What is the largest extinction of species in... |
6,480 | The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as ne... | [
{
"answer": "100 million to 65 million years",
"question": "What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?"
},
{
"answer": "cooling",
"question": "What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?"
},
{
"answer": "tropics",
"question": "What climate was restrict... |
6,481 | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than to... | [
{
"answer": "climate",
"question": "What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?"
},
{
"answer": "carbon dioxide",
"question": "What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?"
},
{
"answer": "deserts",
"question": "During the Cretaceous what climate wa... |
6,482 | The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, a... | [
{
"answer": "237 million to 200 million years",
"question": "What was the span of the Late Triassic?"
},
{
"answer": "heat spells",
"question": "Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?"
},
{
"answer": "Triassic",
"question": "When did the f... |
6,483 | The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as h... | [
{
"answer": "145 million to 100 million years",
"question": "What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?"
},
{
"answer": "expansion of seaways",
"question": "What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?"
},
{
"answer": "Ichthyosaurs",
"question": "What s... |
6,484 | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringi... | [
{
"answer": "increase in seafloor",
"question": "What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?"
},
{
"answer": "flooded coastal areas",
"question": "Rising seas and displaced waters caused what element along the coasts?"
},
{
"answer": "Tethys Sea",
"question": "Pangaea beginning... |
6,485 | The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake the... | [
{
"answer": "200 million years to 175 million",
"question": "What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?"
},
{
"answer": "Plesiosaurs",
"question": "Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?"
},
{
"answer": "Dilophosaurus",
"question":... |
6,486 | Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan M... | [
{
"answer": "Mesozoic",
"question": "At what time was tectonic formation mild?"
},
{
"answer": "Arctic",
"question": "Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Pangaea",
"question": "What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?"
},
... |
6,487 | Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years ... | [
{
"answer": "specialized animals",
"question": "What type of animals took longer to reestablish?"
},
{
"answer": "30M years",
"question": "How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?"
},
{
"answer": "mid-Triassic",
"question": "When did reco... |
6,488 | The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The M... | [
{
"answer": "Permian–Triassic extinction",
"question": "At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction",
"question": "When did the Mesozoic end?"
},
{
"answer": "tectonic",
"question": "What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mes... |
6,489 | The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the rep... | [
{
"answer": "247 million to 237 million",
"question": "What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?"
},
{
"answer": "breakup of Pangaea",
"question": "What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?"
},
{
"answer": "the Great Dying",
"question": "From what had the ecosystem ... |
6,490 | The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creatin... | [
{
"answer": "163 million to 145 million",
"question": "How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?"
},
{
"answer": "sauropods and Ichthyosaurs",
"question": "What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?"
},
{
"answer": "Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction",
"question": "Wha... |
6,491 | The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large... | [
{
"answer": "dry",
"question": "What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?"
},
{
"answer": "Low sea levels",
"question": "What could have made temperatures more extreme?"
},
{
"answer": "desert",
"question": "Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, wha... |
6,492 | The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant ... | [
{
"answer": "gymnosperms",
"question": "What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?"
},
{
"answer": "conifers",
"question": "What is an example of a gymnosperm?"
},
{
"answer": "angiosperms",
"question": "What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?"
},
{
"answe... |
6,493 | It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many o... | [
{
"answer": "the 1980s",
"question": "In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?"
},
{
"answer": "128 kilobits/s",
"question": "What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?"
},
{
"answer": "the Media space",
"question": "What is an e... |
6,494 | The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls ... | [
{
"answer": "The MC",
"question": "What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?"
},
{
"answer": "endpoint signaling",
"question": "What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?"
},
{
"answer": "the signaling plane",
... |
6,495 | High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become af... | [
{
"answer": "High speed Internet connectivity",
"question": "What technology has become more widely available and affordable?"
},
{
"answer": "webcam",
"question": "What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?"
},
{
"answer": "The availability of freeware",
"questi... |
6,496 | Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clie... | [
{
"answer": "serve individuals, not groups",
"question": "Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?"
},
{
"answer": "Skype",
"question": "What is an example of a videophone call program?"
},
{
"answer": "videoconferencing",
"question": "What term is more used... |
6,497 | Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independ... | [
{
"answer": "the 2010s",
"question": "In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?"
},
{
"answer": "Mobile collaboration systems",
"question": "What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?"
},
... |
6,498 | Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one ... | [
{
"answer": "participating in two-way communication forums",
"question": "What can videoconferencing offer students?"
},
{
"answer": "students",
"question": "Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?"
},
{
"answer": "language",
"question": "What is a major barrier to videoco... |
6,499 | One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other... | [
{
"answer": "AT&T",
"question": "What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?"
},
{
"answer": "Picturephone",
"question": "What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?"
},
{
"answer": "1964",
"question": "In what year was AT&T... |
6,500 | In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios ... | [
{
"answer": "film",
"question": "In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?"
},
{
"answer": "Frozen",
"question": "On what film was videoconferencing widely used?"
},
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "What year was the movie Frozen released?"
},
{
"answer": "New Yor... |
6,501 | A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint co... | [
{
"answer": "videoteleconference",
"question": "What is a video-conference also known as?"
},
{
"answer": "a multipoint control unit",
"question": "What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?"
},
{
"answer": "call management system",
"question": "Wh... |
6,502 | This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostl... | [
{
"answer": "telemedicine",
"question": "What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?"
},
{
"answer": "AT&T Corporation",
"question": "Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1950s",
"question": "When was the first slow-scan vid... |
6,503 | While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop bas... | [
{
"answer": "1992",
"question": "What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?"
},
{
"answer": "IBM",
"question": "What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?"
},
{
"answer": "PCS/1",
"question": "What is the vid... |
6,504 | Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to part... | [
{
"answer": "Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)",
"question": "What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?"
},
{
"answer": "IP",
"question": "What is one type of MCU bridge?"
},
{
"answer": "the number of simultaneous calls it can handle",
"question": "In what w... |
6,505 | Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses w... | [
{
"answer": "money savings",
"question": "In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?"
},
{
"answer": "VoIP",
"question": "What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?"
},
{
"answer": "telecommuting",
"question": "What is another use of VoIP?"
},
{
"answ... |
6,506 | Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconferen... | [
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?"
},
{
"answer": "desktop",
"question": "In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?"
},
{
"answer": "1992",
"question": "In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based vid... |
6,507 | The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labe... | [
{
"answer": "a codec (coder/decoder)",
"question": "What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?"
},
{
"answer": "1:500",
"question": "How high can compression rates go?"
},
{
"answer": "IP",
"question": "What is one digital network through which a digital strea... |
6,508 | Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferenc... | [
{
"answer": "deaf Video Relay Service",
"question": "What is a common use of conferencing technology?"
},
{
"answer": "teachers",
"question": "What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?"
},
{
"answer": "personal videocalls to inmates",
"question... |
6,509 | Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professio... | [
{
"answer": "real-time telemedicine",
"question": "What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?"
},
{
"answer": "Rural",
"question": "What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? "
},
{
"answer": "Ohio",
"question": "In what US state did a rural area use videoconferenci... |
6,510 | VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, ... | [
{
"answer": "Sweden",
"question": "In what European country has VRS services become well developed?"
},
{
"answer": "financing",
"question": "What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany",
"question": "What European country ... |
6,511 | In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing syst... | [
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?"
},
{
"answer": "LifeSize Communications",
"question": "Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?"
},
{
"answer": "Las Vegas, Nevada",
"question": "Where was the f... |
6,512 | Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as "decentralized multipoint", where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central "manager" or other bott... | [
{
"answer": "a standards-based H.323 technique",
"question": "What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?"
},
{
"answer": "higher quality",
"question": "What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?"
},
{
"answer": "increased network bandwidth",
... |
6,513 | The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administ... | [
{
"answer": "U.S.",
"question": "Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?"
},
{
"answer": "Social Security Administration (SSA)",
"question": "What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?"
},
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "In wh... |
6,514 | To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether t... | [
{
"answer": "two consecutive years",
"question": "What does duel dating use to show the date?"
},
{
"answer": "Julian calendar",
"question": "What is the Old Style date mean?"
},
{
"answer": "New Style",
"question": "What is N.S. stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Gregorian",
"q... |
6,515 | The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebra... | [
{
"answer": "Pope Gregory XIII",
"question": "Who revised the Julian calendar?"
},
{
"answer": "1582",
"question": "When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "Julian calendar",
"question": "What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?"
},... |
6,516 | Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Pap... | [
{
"answer": "Philip II of Spain",
"question": "What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?"
},
{
"answer": "Spain and Portugal",
"question": "Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?"
},
{
"answer": "Friday, 15 October 1582",
"question": "What was the fir... |
6,517 | During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year ac... | [
{
"answer": "1923",
"question": "When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?"
},
{
"answer": "1582",
"question": "At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?"
},
{
"answer": "in both",
"question": "How which calendar did some countri... |
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