id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
6,196 | Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued ... | [
{
"answer": "cotton fiber paper",
"question": "What are dollar notes made from now adays?"
},
{
"answer": "wood fiber",
"question": "What is most common paper made of?"
},
{
"answer": "Federal Reserve",
"question": "Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?"
},
{
"answer":... |
6,197 | From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to C... | [
{
"answer": "1792",
"question": "When was the Mint Act passed?"
},
{
"answer": "371.25",
"question": "How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexander Hamilton",
"question": "Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?"
... |
6,198 | Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and... | [
{
"answer": "their precious metal value",
"question": "What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?"
},
{
"answer": "their numismatic value",
"question": "What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?"
},
{
"answer": "Kennedy half dollar",
"question": "What was... |
6,200 | The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, a... | [
{
"answer": "The monetary base",
"question": "What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?"
},
{
"answer": "400 billion dollars",
"question": "What was the monetary base value in 1994?"
},
{
"answer": "over 3000 billion",
"question": "Ho... |
6,201 | The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United ... | [
{
"answer": "price inflation",
"question": "What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?"
},
{
"answer": "price inflation",
"question": "The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?"
},
{
"answer": "consumer price index",
"question": "What does CPI... |
6,202 | The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement ear... | [
{
"answer": "1845",
"question": "When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?"
},
{
"answer": "Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel",
"question": "Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?"
},
{
"answer": "August Wilhelm von Hofm... |
6,203 | City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London... | [
{
"answer": "1876",
"question": "When was the City and Guilds College founded?"
},
{
"answer": "improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers",
"question": "What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?"
},
{
"answer": "to create a Ce... |
6,204 | In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the Col... | [
{
"answer": "December 2005",
"question": "When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?"
},
{
"answer": "September 2006",
"question": "When did Imperial abandon their science park program?"
},
{
"answer": "September 2009",
"question": "When was the Wye Coll... |
6,205 | The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and development... | [
{
"answer": "£512.4 million",
"question": "What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?"
},
{
"answer": "a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term",
"question": ... |
6,206 | Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Educatio... | [
{
"answer": "1,257",
"question": "How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?"
},
{
"answer": "2nd",
"question": "In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?"
},
{
"answer": "14",
"question"... |
6,207 | In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that h... | [
{
"answer": "September 2014",
"question": "When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?"
},
{
"answer": "4 December 2014",
"question": "When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 100,000",
"question": "How many time... |
6,208 | Imperial College Boat Club
The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly suc... | [
{
"answer": "12 December 1919",
"question": "Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?"
},
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?"
},
{
"answer": "Martin McElroy",
"question": "What was the name of the coa... |
6,209 | The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince A... | [
{
"answer": "The Royal School of Mines",
"question": "What school was established in 1851?"
},
{
"answer": "Sir Henry de la Beche",
"question": "Who established the Royal School of Mines?"
},
{
"answer": "the Museum of Economic Geology",
"question": "A collection of miners, maps and ... |
6,210 | In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main ... | [
{
"answer": "Privy Council",
"question": "Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?"
},
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?"
},
{
"answer": "Imperial College London",
"question": "The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology... |
6,211 | Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Ro... | [
{
"answer": "South Kensington",
"question": "In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?"
},
{
"answer": "Albertopolis",
"question": "What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?"
},
{
"answer": "1950s",
"question": "In which decade d... |
6,212 | The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies provides elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments. Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory. Courses exist in a wide ... | [
{
"answer": "Centre For Co-Curricular Studies",
"question": "Which centre provides electives outside of science for students?"
},
{
"answer": "credit",
"question": "Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?"
},
{
"an... |
6,213 | Furthermore, in terms of job prospects, as of 2014 the average starting salary of an Imperial graduate was the highest of any UK university. In terms of specific course salaries, the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation, o... | [
{
"answer": "average starting salary",
"question": "What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?"
},
{
"answer": "Computing graduates",
"question": "Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?"
},
... |
6,214 | Imperial College TV
ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an oc... | [
{
"answer": "Student Television of Imperial College",
"question": "What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Imperial College TV",
"question": "What is STOIC's modern name?"
},
{
"answer": "1969",
"question": "When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?"
... |
6,215 | Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapor... | [
{
"answer": "Nicholas Tombazis",
"question": "Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?"
},
{
"answer": "H. G. Wells",
"question": "Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?"
},
{
"answer": "Singapore Airlines",
"question": "Which airline... |
6,216 | The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, ... | [
{
"answer": "Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce",
"question": "Which society organized The Great Exhibition?"
},
{
"answer": "£186,000",
"question": "How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise?"
},
{
"answer": "Albert",
"question": "Who in... |
6,217 | In 1907, the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed, creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a co... | [
{
"answer": "Board of Education",
"question": "Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907?"
},
{
"answer": "greater capacity for higher technical education was needed",
"question": "What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges?"
},
{
"answer": "The Imperial Colle... |
6,218 | In the financial year ended 31 July 2013, Imperial had a total net income of £822.0 million (2011/12 – £765.2 million) and total expenditure of £754.9 million (2011/12 – £702.0 million). Key sources of income included £329.5 million from research grants and contracts (2011/12 – £313.9 million), £186.3 million from acad... | [
{
"answer": "£822.0 million",
"question": "What was Imperial's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "£754.9 million",
"question": "What was Imperial's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "£329.5... |
6,219 | In 1988 Imperial merged with St Mary's Hospital Medical School, becoming The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. In 1995 Imperial launched its own academic publishing house, Imperial College Press, in partnership with World Scientific. Imperial merged with the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995... | [
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "In which year did Imperial merge with St Mary's Hospital Medical School?"
},
{
"answer": "The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine",
"question": "Which school resulted from Imperial's merger with St Mary's?"
},
{
"answer": "World Scientifi... |
6,220 | The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*). The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise also showed five subjects – Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineerin... | [
{
"answer": "26%",
"question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was classified as world leading in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "47%",
"question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "Research Assessment Exercise",
"qu... |
6,221 | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Med... | [
{
"answer": "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust",
"question": "What was formed on the 1st October 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many hospitals does it manage?"
},
{
"answer": "an academic health science centre",
"question": "What is it considered to be?"
},
{
... |
6,222 | In 2003, it was reported that one third of female academics "believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers". It was said then that "A spokesman for Imperial said the college was acting on the recommendations and had already made changes". Nevertheless, allegations of bullying have cont... | [
{
"answer": "one third",
"question": "What portion of females reported that they were held back by managers?"
},
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "In which year were these allegations raised?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in... |
6,223 | Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 club... | [
{
"answer": "Imperial College Union",
"question": "What is the official name of the student's union?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many full time officers run the union?"
},
{
"answer": "one year",
"question": "How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?"
},
... |
6,224 | Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wif... | [
{
"answer": "public research university",
"question": "What kind of University is Imperial College London?"
},
{
"answer": "Prince Albert",
"question": "Who founded the Imperial College London?"
},
{
"answer": "Queen Victoria",
"question": "Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?"... |
6,225 | William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the s... | [
{
"answer": "William Henry Perkin",
"question": "Who discovered the first synthetic dye?"
},
{
"answer": "resigned his position",
"question": "What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?"
},
{
"answer": "mauveine",
"question": "What is the name of the first... |
6,226 | Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand ... | [
{
"answer": "Silwood Park",
"question": "What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?"
},
{
"answer": "Felix",
"question": "What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?"
},
{
"answer": "£350,000",
"question": "How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?"
},
{
... |
6,227 | Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while "punching" (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a ... | [
{
"answer": "25 meters",
"question": "What is the maximum length of the runway gymnasts sprint down before hurdling onto a spring board?"
},
{
"answer": "punching",
"question": "What is blocking using only a shoulder movement called?"
},
{
"answer": "the length of the hurdle",
"quest... |
6,228 | According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much gr... | [
{
"answer": "FIG",
"question": "Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules?"
},
{
"answer": "rhythmic gymnastics",
"question": "What combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation?"
},
{
"answer": "ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope",
"... |
6,229 | Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are... | [
{
"answer": "Aesthetic Group Gymnastics",
"question": "What does AGG stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'",
"question": "Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? "
},
{
"answer": "do not use apparatus in international AGG competiti... |
6,230 | This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope whil... | [
{
"answer": "hemp or a synthetic material",
"question": "What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?"
},
{
"answer": "Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast",
"question": "How long is the rope?"
},
{
"answer": "One or two knots at each end are fo... |
6,231 | The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a cha... | [
{
"answer": "Liege",
"question": "Where was the FIG founded?"
},
{
"answer": "1881",
"question": "What year was FIG founded?"
},
{
"answer": "1896",
"question": "When was gymnastics included in the Olympics?"
},
{
"answer": "1928",
"question": "When were the first women's... |
6,232 | In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves fo... | [
{
"answer": "25 metres (82 ft)",
"question": "How long is the run way in vaulting?"
},
{
"answer": "a two footed landing",
"question": "How man feet do vaulters land on?"
},
{
"answer": "their height and strength",
"question": "What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?"
... |
6,233 | A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D scor... | [
{
"answer": "from deductions taken from their start value",
"question": "How are gymnasts scored?"
},
{
"answer": "e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements",
"question": "How is the st... |
6,234 | The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are a... | [
{
"answer": "1970s",
"question": "When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?"
},
{
"answer": "only four types",
"question": "How many apparatuses are used?"
},
{
"answer": "the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs",
"questi... |
6,235 | The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and compet... | [
{
"answer": "γυμνός (gymnos) meaning \"naked\"",
"question": "What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?"
},
{
"answer": "to train naked\", \"train in gymnastic exercise\", generally \"to train, to exercise\"",
"question": "What does the verb gymnazo mean?"
},
{
"answer": "because athl... |
6,236 | By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a preceden... | [
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?"
},
{
"answer": "a point system from 1 to 15",
"question": "What is the grading structure?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviet gymnasts",
"question": "Who set the first precedent that continues th... |
6,237 | A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise d... | [
{
"answer": "both single leg and double leg work",
"question": "What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels",
"question": "Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally?"
},
{
"answer": "Double l... |
6,238 | In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during ... | [
{
"answer": "landing",
"question": "What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?"
},
{
"answer": "the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures",
"question": "Where do most injuries happen?"
},
{
"answer": "proper technique must... |
6,239 | Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no... | [
{
"answer": "build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height",
"question": "Individual routines start with what phases?"
},
{
"answer": "a sequence of aerial skills",
"question": "What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces."
},
{
"answer": "10 points",
... |
6,240 | On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies.... | [
{
"answer": "two horizontal bars set at different heights",
"question": "What are the uneven bars?"
},
{
"answer": "fiberglass covered in wood laminate",
"question": "What are these bars made out of?"
},
{
"answer": "the bars were prone to breaking,",
"question": "Why are the bars no... |
6,241 | A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentu... | [
{
"answer": "a higher vertical ground reaction force",
"question": "What does a higher flight phase result in?"
},
{
"answer": "s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum",
"question": "What is vertic... |
6,242 | Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12–14 and 15-17... | [
{
"answer": "Sport Aerobics",
"question": "What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally?"
},
{
"answer": "the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness",
"question": "What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve... |
6,243 | General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial W... | [
{
"answer": "synchronized, choreographed routines",
"question": "What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?"
},
{
"answer": "of both genders and are not separated into age divisions",
"question": "What do the troupes consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "1939",
"question": "Wh... |
6,244 | Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control. Internationally, all events are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is ... | [
{
"answer": "Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control",
"question": "What is gymnastics?"
},
{
"answer": "Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)",
"question": "Who governs all events in gymnastics?"
},
{
"an... |
6,245 | In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francis... | [
{
"answer": "Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852)",
"question": "What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?"
},
{
"answer": "to what is considered modern gymnastics",
"question": "What did the exercises lead to?"
},
{
"answer... |
6,248 | In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it wa... | [
{
"answer": "an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track",
"question": "What do athletes perform for tumbling?"
},
{
"answer": "1932",
"question": "When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?"
},
{
"answer": "only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymn... |
6,249 | Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities ... | [
{
"answer": "both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts",
"question": "What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?"
},
{
"answer": "stick gymnastics",
"question": "Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?"
},
{
"answer": "improving physical strength and health",
... |
6,251 | As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (Stöcken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) ... | [
{
"answer": "production center",
"question": "Other than for railroads and road junction, what did Hanover have that made it a major target?"
},
{
"answer": "Oil Campaign",
"question": "Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II?"
},
{
"answer": "United light me... |
6,252 | The Hanover Zoo is one of the most spectacular and best zoos in Europe. The zoo received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany. The zoo consists of several theme areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller are... | [
{
"answer": "Hanover Zoo",
"question": "Which zoo is one of the best in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "Park Scout Award",
"question": "What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?"
},
{
"answer": "seabirds",
"question": "Which animal does the so-called swimming area have?"
... |
6,253 | Hanover's leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. the theatre Die Hinterbühne, the Rampenlich Variety and the revue-stage TAK. The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten ... | [
{
"answer": "GOP Variety theatre",
"question": "What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?"
},
{
"answer": "Kleines Fest im Großen Garten",
"question": "What is the most important Cabaret-Event?"
},
{
"answer": "around the world",
"question": "Where do artists who feature in th... |
6,254 | "Hanover" is the traditional English spelling. The German spelling (with a double n) is becoming more popular in English; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The English pronunciation /ˈhænəvər/, with stress on the first syl... | [
{
"answer": "a double n",
"question": "What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not?"
},
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites?"
},
{
"answer": "first",
"question": "Which s... |
6,255 | After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them ... | [
{
"answer": "Nazi party",
"question": "What does the NSDAP stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "1937",
"question": "After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?"
},
{
"answer": "484",
"question": "How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?"
},
{
"answer": "Herschel Grynszp... |
6,256 | The Great Garden is an important European baroque garden. The palace itself, however, was largely destroyed by Allied bombing but is currently under reconstruction.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Grotto (the interior was designed by the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle), the Gallery Building, the Or... | [
{
"answer": "European baroque garden",
"question": "What kind of garden is The Great Garden?"
},
{
"answer": "Allied bombing",
"question": "What destroyed the palace?"
},
{
"answer": "Remy de la Fosse",
"question": "Who constructed the two pavilions in the palace?"
},
{
"answ... |
6,257 | Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenheim Palace, the Lower Saxony State Archives, the Hanover Playhouse, the Kröpcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Fina... | [
{
"answer": "Frank O. Gehry",
"question": "Who designed the Gehry Tower?"
},
{
"answer": "one of the largest of its kind in Europe",
"question": "What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede?"
},
{
"answer": "American",
"question": "What nationality was the architect of the Gehry... |
6,258 | But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen. The Schützenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year (late June to early July) (2014 - July 4th to the 13th). It consists of more than 26... | [
{
"answer": "marksmen",
"question": "What is Hanover a German capital for?"
},
{
"answer": "Schützenfest Hannover",
"question": "What is the name of the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 260",
"question": "How many rides and inns does the fair have?... |
6,259 | The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, b... | [
{
"answer": "expressway",
"question": "What is a Schnellweg?"
},
{
"answer": "a large ring road",
"question": "What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?"
},
{
"answer": "Seelhorster Kreuz",
"question": "When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?"
}... |
6,260 | In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia... | [
{
"answer": "the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover",
"question": "What ended in the year 1837?"
},
{
"answer": "Queen Victoria",
"question": "What was the name of William IV's heir?"
},
{
"answer": "Ernest Augustus",
"question": "Who did the throne of Hanover pass to i... |
6,261 | In September 1941, through the "Action Lauterbacher" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the Wannsee Conference, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven con... | [
{
"answer": "Action Lauterbacher",
"question": "What plan was implemented in September 1941?"
},
{
"answer": "Hanoverian Jewish families",
"question": "Which portion of the population underwent ghettoisation?"
},
{
"answer": "Wannsee Conference",
"question": "What occured on the 15th... |
6,262 | Hanover was founded in medieval times on the east bank of the River Leine. Its original name Honovere may mean "high (river)bank", though this is debated (cf. das Hohe Ufer). Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural... | [
{
"answer": "east bank of the River Leine",
"question": "Where was Hanover originally founded?"
},
{
"answer": "\"high (river)bank\"",
"question": "What did Hanover possibly originally mean?"
},
{
"answer": "13th century",
"question": "When did Hanover become a comparitvely large tow... |
6,263 | After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The Convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Han... | [
{
"answer": "Napoleon",
"question": "Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg?"
},
{
"answer": "30,000",
"question": "How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Britain",
"question": "Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?"
},
{
"answer": "Ki... |
6,264 | The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Tropical House, the Cactus House, the Canary House and the Orchid House, which hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is ... | [
{
"answer": "European botanical garden",
"question": "What is the Berggarten?"
},
{
"answer": "Orchid House",
"question": "What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?"
},
{
"answer": "Library Pavillon",
"question": "... |
6,265 | Various industrial businesses are located in Hannover. The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter (VWN) factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2. Jointly with a factory of German tire and au... | [
{
"answer": "Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter",
"question": "What does VWN stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "northern edge of town",
"question": "What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?"
},
{
"answer": "Continental AG",
"question": "Which company was founded in Ha... |
6,266 | Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) ... | [
{
"answer": "40",
"question": "How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover?"
},
{
"answer": "Play House",
"question": "What is the Schauspielhaus in English?"
},
{
"answer": "Lower Saxony State Theatre",
"question": "Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to?"
},
{... |
6,267 | Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were pla... | [
{
"answer": "Hannover 96",
"question": "Who does the nicname \"Die Roten\" belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Bundesliga",
"question": "What is another name for the top football division?"
},
{
"answer": "HDI-Arena",
"question": "What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football tea... |
6,268 | With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest... | [
{
"answer": "518,000",
"question": "What is Hanover's population?"
},
{
"answer": "thirteenth largest",
"question": "What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "Oktoberfest of Blumenau",
"question": "What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?"
},
{
... |
6,270 | A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hannover". Carpets and objects from t... | [
{
"answer": "A cabinet of coins",
"question": "What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG?"
},
{
"answer": "Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen",
"question": "What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "Oriental Carpet Museum",
"question": "Where can ... |
6,271 | Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emot... | [
{
"answer": "nervous",
"question": "What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?"
},
{
"answer": "Extroverted",
"question": "What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?"
},
{
"answer": "introverted",
"question": "What type of people hide their em... |
6,272 | Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form... | [
{
"answer": "wheel of emotions",
"question": "What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?"
},
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?"
},
{
"answer": "surprise",
"question": "In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of antic... |
6,273 | Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emo... | [
{
"answer": "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals",
"question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?"
},
{
"answer": "communication",
"question": "Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?"
},
{
"answer": "natural se... |
6,274 | An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state... | [
{
"answer": "stimulus",
"question": "In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "physiological",
"question": "What sort of response does the stimulus cause?"
},
{
"answer": "as a particular emotion",
"question": "How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?"
},
... |
6,275 | With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitiv... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Lazarus",
"question": "Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?"
},
{
"answer": "judgments",
"question": "Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "unconscious"... |
6,276 | Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meani... | [
{
"answer": "Gut Reactions",
"question": "What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?"
},
{
"answer": "Feelings",
"question": "What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?"
},
{
"answer": "psychologist",
"question": "What is Laird's job title?"
},
{
"... |
6,277 | Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual ... | [
{
"answer": "sociology",
"question": "What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?"
},
{
"answer": "anthropology",
"question": "What discipline makes use of ethnography?"
},
{
"answer": "communication sciences",
"question": "What field of study studies the organization... |
6,279 | In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and ... | [
{
"answer": "Carl Lange",
"question": "Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?"
},
{
"answer": "American",
"question": "What was William James' nationality?"
},
{
"answer": "Danish",
"question": "What was the nationality of Carl Lange?"
},
{
"a... |
6,280 | Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions... | [
{
"answer": "computer science",
"question": "Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "GABA",
"question": "Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotr... |
6,281 | A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or qui... | [
{
"answer": "emotional dispositions",
"question": "What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?"
},
{
"answer": "character traits",
"question": "What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?"
},
{
"answer": "affective states",
"question": "What category is defined t... |
6,282 | The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set ... | [
{
"answer": "psychological construction",
"question": "What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?"
},
{
"answer": "at the moment of its occurrence",
"question": "At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?"
... |
6,283 | Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively ... | [
{
"answer": "Walter Bradford Cannon",
"question": "Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?"
},
{
"answer": "a conscious experience of an emotion",
"question": "Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an e... |
6,284 | A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories... | [
{
"answer": "Paul E. Griffiths",
"question": "Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?"
},
{
"answer": "external",
"question": "What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?"
},
{
"answer": "situationism",
"question": "Th... |
6,285 | Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the cent... | [
{
"answer": "1878",
"question": "When did Broca publish his pioneering work?"
},
{
"answer": "Papez",
"question": "Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?"
},
{
"answer": "hypothalamus",
"question": "Along with the cingulate cortex and ... |
6,286 | In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activ... | [
{
"answer": "ethics",
"question": "Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?"
},
{
"answer": "romance",
"question": "Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?"
},
{
"answer": "zoology",
... |
6,287 | Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals tr... | [
{
"answer": "Emilé Durkheim",
"question": "Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?"
},
{
"answer": "Australian aborigine society",
"question": "What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?"
},
{
"answer": "totemic rituals",
"question": "D... |
6,289 | The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of language. The modern ... | [
{
"answer": "1579",
"question": "When did the word emotion enter the English language?"
},
{
"answer": "émouvoir",
"question": "From what French word is emotion derived?"
},
{
"answer": "to stir up",
"question": "What does émouvoir mean in English?"
},
{
"answer": "passion",
... |
6,290 | Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for s... | [
{
"answer": "the diencephalon",
"question": "What is the thalamus a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Cannon",
"question": "Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?"
},
{
"answer": "animals",
"question": "What crea... |
6,291 | There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions... | [
{
"answer": "Robert C. Solomon",
"question": "Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?"
},
{
"answer": "1993",
"question": "In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?"
},
{
"answer": "judgments",
"question": "What does Solomon believe ... |
6,293 | Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality,... | [
{
"answer": "personality",
"question": "Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?"
},
{
"answer": "cognition",
"question": "What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "rapid heartbeat and breathing",
"ques... |
6,294 | Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechani... | [
{
"answer": "Michael C. Graham",
"question": "Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?"
},
{
"answer": "Psychotherapist",
"question": "What is Michael Graham's profession?"
},
{
"answer": "terror",
"question": "What is an example of an extreme form of fear?"
},
{
... |
6,295 | For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associa... | [
{
"answer": "Paul Ekman",
"question": "Who has argued that emotions are discrete?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?"
},
{
"answer": "surprise",
"question": "Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's b... |
6,296 | Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During... | [
{
"answer": "stoic",
"question": "What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?"
},
{
"answer": "Aristotle",
"question": "What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?"
},
{
"answer": "passions",
"question": "What did the Aristotelians call emotions?... |
6,297 | In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, Jam... | [
{
"answer": "William James",
"question": "Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?"
},
{
"answer": "the autonomic nervous system",
"question": "What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "the perception of bodily changes",
"question": "What ... |
6,298 | The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both di... | [
{
"answer": "constructivist",
"question": "What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?"
},
{
"answer": "Schadenfreude",
"question": "According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "Sweden",
"question... |
6,300 | In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "loo... | [
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "pride and shame",
"question": "What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?"
},
{
"answer": "Retzinger",
"question": "Who studied rage an... |
6,301 | Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the... | [
{
"answer": "Emotion regulation",
"question": "What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?"
},
{
"answer": "behavioral",
"question": "What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?"
},
{
"... |
6,302 | Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian e... | [
{
"answer": "limbic",
"question": "What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?"
},
{
"answer": "neurochemicals",
"question": "What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "pheromones",
"... |
6,303 | Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its appr... | [
{
"answer": "Human sciences",
"question": "What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?"
},
{
"answer": "psychiatry",
"question": "What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?"
},
{
"answer": "Nursing",
"question": "What p... |
6,304 | Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotion... | [
{
"answer": "Randall Collins",
"question": "Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?"
},
{
"answer": "totemic rituals",
"question": "From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?"
},
{
"answer": "Goffman",
"question": "In addition to Durkheim, whose work ... |
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