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"present No... | context-420_7_0.mp3 | context-420_7.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. | The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. | question-420_7_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | What populations is the individual closely related to? |
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"... | context-420_7_2.mp3 | context-420_7.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out. | Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out. | question-420_7_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what? |
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"t... | context-420_8_1.mp3 | context-420_8.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Conf... | "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Conf... | question-420_8_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas? |
57312b61e6313a140071ccba | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landin... | What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from? | {
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"t... | context-420_9_1.mp3 | context-420_9.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. | Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. | question-420_9_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals? |
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"t... | context-420_9_2.mp3 | context-420_9.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. | late fifteenth-early sixteenth centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. | question-420_9_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival? |
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"te... | context-420_9_6.mp3 | context-420_9.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge. | Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge. | question-420_9_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations? |
57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them? | {
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57312cffa5e9cc1400cdbcc2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200... | What had the Aztec civilization constructed? | {
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57313386e6313a140071cd02 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with European... | What did the European colonization forever change? | {
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5731350505b4da19006bcec2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years,... | What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment? | {
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573147faa5e9cc1400cdbdf9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.... | What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations? | {
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57316ffc05b4da19006bd16c | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descend... | Where was a center of early agriculture? | {
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5731708c497a881900248edd | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a ... | When did the North American natives begin farming? | {
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5731708c497a881900248ee0 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a ... | How did Archaic Indians use fire? | {
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5731708c497a881900248ee1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a ... | What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic? | {
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5731716b05b4da19006bd192 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus bea... | What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans? | {
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57317254497a881900248eed | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a ... | What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of? | {
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5731732b497a881900248f05 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest... | When has the Olmec tablet been dated to? | {
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573173f6497a881900248f13 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the... | What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this? | {
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573173f6497a881900248f11 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the... | What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms? | {
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573174bc05b4da19006bd1c1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Alth... | When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters? | {
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573174bc05b4da19006bd1c3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Alth... | What were Spanish translations at the time made for? | {
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"... | context-420_24_2.mp3 | context-420_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. | The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. | question-420_24_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | What were Spanish translations at the time made for? |
573174bc05b4da19006bd1c4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Alth... | What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from? | {
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5731752de6313a140071cf56 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these ... | What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have? | {
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5731752de6313a140071cf57 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these ... | What did traditional Native American music center around? | {
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5731752de6313a140071cf58 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these ... | What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans? | {
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5731752de6313a140071cf59 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these ... | How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans? | {
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5731752de6313a140071cf5a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these ... | How many strings did the Apache fiddle have? | {
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57317628e6313a140071cf60 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a tru... | What feature did the music of Central America have? | {
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57317628e6313a140071cf61 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a tru... | What role did music play in the religious festivities? | {
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57317628e6313a140071cf62 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a tru... | What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans? | {
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57317628e6313a140071cf63 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a tru... | Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument? | {
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"t... | context-420_26_2.mp3 | context-420_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. | No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (six hundred-nine hundred CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. | question-420_26_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument? |
57317628e6313a140071cf64 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a tru... | What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played? | {
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"t... | context-420_26_3.mp3 | context-420_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl. | This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl. | question-420_26_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played? |
57317711497a881900248f1b | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the ca... | What comprises a major category in the world art collection? | {
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