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16,302
A Simple, Fast Diverse Decoding Algorithm for Neural Generation
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose a simple, fast decoding algorithm that fosters diversity in neural generation. The algorithm modifies the standard beam search algorithm by adding an inter-sibling ranking penalty, favoring choosing hypotheses from diverse parents. We evaluate the proposed model on the tasks of dialogue respon...
computer science
16,303
Attention-based Memory Selection Recurrent Network for Language Modeling
cs.CL
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have achieved great success in language modeling. However, since the RNNs have fixed size of memory, their memory cannot store all the information about the words it have seen before in the sentence, and thus the useful long-term information may be ignored when predicting the next words...
computer science
16,304
Knowledge Graph Representation with Jointly Structural and Textual Encoding
cs.CL
The objective of knowledge graph embedding is to encode both entities and relations of knowledge graphs into continuous low-dimensional vector spaces. Previously, most works focused on symbolic representation of knowledge graph with structure information, which can not handle new entities or entities with few facts wel...
computer science
16,305
Fill it up: Exploiting partial dependency annotations in a minimum spanning tree parser
cs.CL
Unsupervised models of dependency parsing typically require large amounts of clean, unlabeled data plus gold-standard part-of-speech tags. Adding indirect supervision (e.g. language universals and rules) can help, but we show that obtaining small amounts of direct supervision - here, partial dependency annotations - pr...
computer science
16,306
Semi Supervised Preposition-Sense Disambiguation using Multilingual Data
cs.CL
Prepositions are very common and very ambiguous, and understanding their sense is critical for understanding the meaning of the sentence. Supervised corpora for the preposition-sense disambiguation task are small, suggesting a semi-supervised approach to the task. We show that signals from unannotated multilingual data...
computer science
16,307
Exploiting Unlabeled Data for Neural Grammatical Error Detection
cs.CL
Identifying and correcting grammatical errors in the text written by non-native writers has received increasing attention in recent years. Although a number of annotated corpora have been established to facilitate data-driven grammatical error detection and correction approaches, they are still limited in terms of quan...
computer science
16,308
Developing a cardiovascular disease risk factor annotated corpus of Chinese electronic medical records
cs.CL
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the leading cause of death in China, and most of the cases can be prevented by controlling risk factors. The goal of this study was to build a corpus of CVD risk factor annotations based on Chinese electronic medical records (CEMRs). This corpus is intended to be used to develop ...
computer science
16,309
Learning to Compose Words into Sentences with Reinforcement Learning
cs.CL
We use reinforcement learning to learn tree-structured neural networks for computing representations of natural language sentences. In contrast with prior work on tree-structured models in which the trees are either provided as input or predicted using supervision from explicit treebank annotations, the tree structures...
computer science
16,310
An End-to-End Architecture for Keyword Spotting and Voice Activity Detection
cs.CL
We propose a single neural network architecture for two tasks: on-line keyword spotting and voice activity detection. We develop novel inference algorithms for an end-to-end Recurrent Neural Network trained with the Connectionist Temporal Classification loss function which allow our model to achieve high accuracy on bo...
computer science
16,311
Geometry of Compositionality
cs.CL
This paper proposes a simple test for compositionality (i.e., literal usage) of a word or phrase in a context-specific way. The test is computationally simple, relying on no external resources and only uses a set of trained word vectors. Experiments show that the proposed method is competitive with state of the art and...
computer science
16,312
Context-aware Natural Language Generation with Recurrent Neural Networks
cs.CL
This paper studied generating natural languages at particular contexts or situations. We proposed two novel approaches which encode the contexts into a continuous semantic representation and then decode the semantic representation into text sequences with recurrent neural networks. During decoding, the context informat...
computer science
16,313
Towards Accurate Word Segmentation for Chinese Patents
cs.CL
A patent is a property right for an invention granted by the government to the inventor. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem. So patents often have a high concentration of scientific and technical terms that are rare in everyday language. The Chinese word segmentation model trained on current...
computer science
16,314
Deep encoding of etymological information in TEI
cs.CL
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive modeling and representation of etymological data in digital dictionaries. The purpose is to integrate in one coherent framework both digital representations of legacy dictionaries, and also born-digital lexical databases that are constructed manually or semi-automatically. We ...
computer science
16,315
A POS Tagger for Code Mixed Indian Social Media Text - ICON-2016 NLP Tools Contest Entry from Surukam
cs.CL
Building Part-of-Speech (POS) taggers for code-mixed Indian languages is a particularly challenging problem in computational linguistics due to a dearth of accurately annotated training corpora. ICON, as part of its NLP tools contest has organized this challenge as a shared task for the second consecutive year to impro...
computer science
16,316
Expanding Subjective Lexicons for Social Media Mining with Embedding Subspaces
cs.CL
Recent approaches for sentiment lexicon induction have capitalized on pre-trained word embeddings that capture latent semantic properties. However, embeddings obtained by optimizing performance of a given task (e.g. predicting contextual words) are sub-optimal for other applications. In this paper, we address this prob...
computer science
16,317
Social Media Argumentation Mining: The Quest for Deliberateness in Raucousness
cs.CL
Argumentation mining from social media content has attracted increasing attention. The task is both challenging and rewarding. The informal nature of user-generated content makes the task dauntingly difficult. On the other hand, the insights that could be gained by a large-scale analysis of social media argumentation m...
computer science
16,318
Aspect-augmented Adversarial Networks for Domain Adaptation
cs.CL
We introduce a neural method for transfer learning between two (source and target) classification tasks or aspects over the same domain. Rather than training on target labels, we use a few keywords pertaining to source and target aspects indicating sentence relevance instead of document class labels. Documents are enco...
computer science
16,319
Stance detection in online discussions
cs.CL
This paper describes our system created to detect stance in online discussions. The goal is to identify whether the author of a comment is in favor of the given target or against. Our approach is based on a maximum entropy classifier, which uses surface-level, sentiment and domain-specific features. The system was orig...
computer science
16,320
Shortcut Sequence Tagging
cs.CL
Deep stacked RNNs are usually hard to train. Adding shortcut connections across different layers is a common way to ease the training of stacked networks. However, extra shortcuts make the recurrent step more complicated. To simply the stacked architecture, we propose a framework called shortcut block, which is a marri...
computer science
16,321
On (Commercial) Benefits of Automatic Text Summarization Systems in the News Domain: A Case of Media Monitoring and Media Response Analysis
cs.CL
In this work, we present the results of a systematic study to investigate the (commercial) benefits of automatic text summarization systems in a real world scenario. More specifically, we define a use case in the context of media monitoring and media response analysis and claim that even using a simple query-based extr...
computer science
16,322
Fuzzy Based Implicit Sentiment Analysis on Quantitative Sentences
cs.CL
With the rapid growth of social media on the web, emotional polarity computation has become a flourishing frontier in the text mining community. However, it is challenging to understand the latest trends and summarize the state or general opinions about products due to the big diversity and size of social media data an...
computer science
16,323
Joint Semantic Synthesis and Morphological Analysis of the Derived Word
cs.CL
Much like sentences are composed of words, words themselves are composed of smaller units. For example, the English word questionably can be analyzed as question+able+ly. However, this structural decomposition of the word does not directly give us a semantic representation of the word's meaning. Since morphology obeys ...
computer science
16,324
Textual Entailment with Structured Attentions and Composition
cs.CL
Deep learning techniques are increasingly popular in the textual entailment task, overcoming the fragility of traditional discrete models with hard alignments and logics. In particular, the recently proposed attention models (Rockt\"aschel et al., 2015; Wang and Jiang, 2015) achieves state-of-the-art accuracy by comput...
computer science
16,325
Crime Topic Modeling
cs.CL
The classification of crime into discrete categories entails a massive loss of information. Crimes emerge out of a complex mix of behaviors and situations, yet most of these details cannot be captured by singular crime type labels. This information loss impacts our ability to not only understand the causes of crime, bu...
computer science
16,326
Replication issues in syntax-based aspect extraction for opinion mining
cs.CL
Reproducing experiments is an important instrument to validate previous work and build upon existing approaches. It has been tackled numerous times in different areas of science. In this paper, we introduce an empirical replicability study of three well-known algorithms for syntactic centric aspect-based opinion mining...
computer science
16,327
Real Multi-Sense or Pseudo Multi-Sense: An Approach to Improve Word Representation
cs.CL
Previous researches have shown that learning multiple representations for polysemous words can improve the performance of word embeddings on many tasks. However, this leads to another problem. Several vectors of a word may actually point to the same meaning, namely pseudo multi-sense. In this paper, we introduce the co...
computer science
16,328
Enumeration of Extractive Oracle Summaries
cs.CL
To analyze the limitations and the future directions of the extractive summarization paradigm, this paper proposes an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation to obtain extractive oracle summaries in terms of ROUGE-N. We also propose an algorithm that enumerates all of the oracle summaries for a set of reference su...
computer science
16,329
Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing with Late Decoding for Truly Low-Resource Languages
cs.CL
In cross-lingual dependency annotation projection, information is often lost during transfer because of early decoding. We present an end-to-end graph-based neural network dependency parser that can be trained to reproduce matrices of edge scores, which can be directly projected across word alignments. We show that our...
computer science
16,330
Neural Machine Translation on Scarce-Resource Condition: A case-study on Persian-English
cs.CL
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a new approach for Machine Translation (MT), and due to its success, it has absorbed the attention of many researchers in the field. In this paper, we study NMT model on Persian-English language pairs, to analyze the model and investigate the appropriateness of the model for scarce-r...
computer science
16,331
Sentence-level dialects identification in the greater China region
cs.CL
Identifying the different varieties of the same language is more challenging than unrelated languages identification. In this paper, we propose an approach to discriminate language varieties or dialects of Mandarin Chinese for the Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macao, Malaysia and Singapore, a.k.a., the Greater Chi...
computer science
16,332
Neural Personalized Response Generation as Domain Adaptation
cs.CL
In this paper, we focus on the personalized response generation for conversational systems. Based on the sequence to sequence learning, especially the encoder-decoder framework, we propose a two-phase approach, namely initialization then adaptation, to model the responding style of human and then generate personalized ...
computer science
16,333
Task-Specific Attentive Pooling of Phrase Alignments Contributes to Sentence Matching
cs.CL
This work studies comparatively two typical sentence matching tasks: textual entailment (TE) and answer selection (AS), observing that weaker phrase alignments are more critical in TE, while stronger phrase alignments deserve more attention in AS. The key to reach this observation lies in phrase detection, phrase repre...
computer science
16,334
Bidirectional American Sign Language to English Translation
cs.CL
We outline a bidirectional translation system that converts sentences from American Sign Language (ASL) to English, and vice versa. To perform machine translation between ASL and English, we utilize a generative approach. Specifically, we employ an adjustment to the IBM word-alignment model 1 (IBM WAM1), where we defin...
computer science
16,335
Generalisation in Named Entity Recognition: A Quantitative Analysis
cs.CL
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a key NLP task, which is all the more challenging on Web and user-generated content with their diverse and continuously changing language. This paper aims to quantify how this diversity impacts state-of-the-art NER methods, by measuring named entity (NE) and context variability, featur...
computer science
16,336
A Multifaceted Evaluation of Neural versus Phrase-Based Machine Translation for 9 Language Directions
cs.CL
We aim to shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the newly introduced neural machine translation paradigm. To that end, we conduct a multifaceted evaluation in which we compare outputs produced by state-of-the-art neural machine translation and phrase-based machine translation systems for 9 language directions a...
computer science
16,337
Question Analysis for Arabic Question Answering Systems
cs.CL
The first step of processing a question in Question Answering(QA) Systems is to carry out a detailed analysis of the question for the purpose of determining what it is asking for and how to perfectly approach answering it. Our Question analysis uses several techniques to analyze any question given in natural language: ...
computer science
16,338
Cross-lingual RST Discourse Parsing
cs.CL
Discourse parsing is an integral part of understanding information flow and argumentative structure in documents. Most previous research has focused on inducing and evaluating models from the English RST Discourse Treebank. However, discourse treebanks for other languages exist, including Spanish, German, Basque, Dutch...
computer science
16,339
Distinguishing Antonyms and Synonyms in a Pattern-based Neural Network
cs.CL
Distinguishing between antonyms and synonyms is a key task to achieve high performance in NLP systems. While they are notoriously difficult to distinguish by distributional co-occurrence models, pattern-based methods have proven effective to differentiate between the relations. In this paper, we present a novel neural ...
computer science
16,340
Job Detection in Twitter
cs.CL
In this report, we propose a new application for twitter data called \textit{job detection}. We identify people's job category based on their tweets. As a preliminary work, we limited our task to identify only IT workers from other job holders. We have used and compared both simple bag of words model and a document rep...
computer science
16,341
De-identification In practice
cs.CL
We report our effort to identify the sensitive information, subset of data items listed by HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability), from medical text using the recent advances in natural language processing and machine learning techniques. We represent the words with high dimensional continuous vectors ...
computer science
16,342
Parsing Universal Dependencies without training
cs.CL
We propose UDP, the first training-free parser for Universal Dependencies (UD). Our algorithm is based on PageRank and a small set of head attachment rules. It features two-step decoding to guarantee that function words are attached as leaf nodes. The parser requires no training, and it is competitive with a delexicali...
computer science
16,343
Generating High-Quality and Informative Conversation Responses with Sequence-to-Sequence Models
cs.CL
Sequence-to-sequence models have been applied to the conversation response generation problem where the source sequence is the conversation history and the target sequence is the response. Unlike translation, conversation responding is inherently creative. The generation of long, informative, coherent, and diverse resp...
computer science
16,344
An Empirical Comparison of Simple Domain Adaptation Methods for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose a novel domain adaptation method named "mixed fine tuning" for neural machine translation (NMT). We combine two existing approaches namely fine tuning and multi domain NMT. We first train an NMT model on an out-of-domain parallel corpus, and then fine tune it on a parallel corpus which is a mi...
computer science
16,345
Single-Pass, Adaptive Natural Language Filtering: Measuring Value in User Generated Comments on Large-Scale, Social Media News Forums
cs.CL
There are large amounts of insight and social discovery potential in mining crowd-sourced comments left on popular news forums like Reddit.com, Tumblr.com, Facebook.com and Hacker News. Unfortunately, due the overwhelming amount of participation with its varying quality of commentary, extracting value out of such data ...
computer science
16,346
A Data-Oriented Model of Literary Language
cs.CL
We consider the task of predicting how literary a text is, with a gold standard from human ratings. Aside from a standard bigram baseline, we apply rich syntactic tree fragments, mined from the training set, and a series of hand-picked features. Our model is the first to distinguish degrees of highly and less literary ...
computer science
16,347
LanideNN: Multilingual Language Identification on Character Window
cs.CL
In language identification, a common first step in natural language processing, we want to automatically determine the language of some input text. Monolingual language identification assumes that the given document is written in one language. In multilingual language identification, the document is usually in two or t...
computer science
16,348
SMARTies: Sentiment Models for Arabic Target Entities
cs.CL
We consider entity-level sentiment analysis in Arabic, a morphologically rich language with increasing resources. We present a system that is applied to complex posts written in response to Arabic newspaper articles. Our goal is to identify important entity "targets" within the post along with the polarity expressed ab...
computer science
16,349
Deep Neural Networks for Czech Multi-label Document Classification
cs.CL
This paper is focused on automatic multi-label document classification of Czech text documents. The current approaches usually use some pre-processing which can have negative impact (loss of information, additional implementation work, etc). Therefore, we would like to omit it and use deep neural networks that learn fr...
computer science
16,350
QCRI Machine Translation Systems for IWSLT 16
cs.CL
This paper describes QCRI's machine translation systems for the IWSLT 2016 evaluation campaign. We participated in the Arabic->English and English->Arabic tracks. We built both Phrase-based and Neural machine translation models, in an effort to probe whether the newly emerged NMT framework surpasses the traditional phr...
computer science
16,351
Neural Models for Sequence Chunking
cs.CL
Many natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, such as shallow parsing (i.e., text chunking) and semantic slot filling, require the assignment of representative labels to the meaningful chunks in a sentence. Most of the current deep neural network (DNN) based methods consider these tasks as a sequence labeling proble...
computer science
16,352
Dialog Context Language Modeling with Recurrent Neural Networks
cs.CL
In this work, we propose contextual language models that incorporate dialog level discourse information into language modeling. Previous works on contextual language model treat preceding utterances as a sequence of inputs, without considering dialog interactions. We design recurrent neural network (RNN) based contextu...
computer science
16,353
Deep Memory Networks for Attitude Identification
cs.CL
We consider the task of identifying attitudes towards a given set of entities from text. Conventionally, this task is decomposed into two separate subtasks: target detection that identifies whether each entity is mentioned in the text, either explicitly or implicitly, and polarity classification that classifies the exa...
computer science
16,354
Machine Translation Approaches and Survey for Indian Languages
cs.CL
In this study, we present an analysis regarding the performance of the state-of-art Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) on multiple Indian languages. We report baseline systems on several language pairs. The motivation of this study is to promote the development of SMT and linguistic resources for these ...
computer science
16,355
Assessing User Expertise in Spoken Dialog System Interactions
cs.CL
Identifying the level of expertise of its users is important for a system since it can lead to a better interaction through adaptation techniques. Furthermore, this information can be used in offline processes of root cause analysis. However, not much effort has been put into automatically identifying the level of expe...
computer science
16,356
A Joint Framework for Argumentative Text Analysis Incorporating Domain Knowledge
cs.CL
For argumentation mining, there are several sub-tasks such as argumentation component type classification, relation classification. Existing research tends to solve such sub-tasks separately, but ignore the close relation between them. In this paper, we present a joint framework incorporating logical relation between s...
computer science
16,357
Harnessing Cognitive Features for Sarcasm Detection
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism for enriching the feature vector, for the task of sarcasm detection, with cognitive features extracted from eye-movement patterns of human readers. Sarcasm detection has been a challenging research problem, and its importance for NLP applications such as review summarization,...
computer science
16,358
Leveraging Cognitive Features for Sentiment Analysis
cs.CL
Sentiments expressed in user-generated short text and sentences are nuanced by subtleties at lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels. To address this, we propose to augment traditional features used for sentiment analysis and sarcasm detection, with cognitive features derived from the eye-movement patterns of...
computer science
16,359
CEVO: Comprehensive EVent Ontology Enhancing Cognitive Annotation
cs.CL
While the general analysis of named entities has received substantial research attention, the analysis of relations over named entities has not. In fact, a review of the literature on unstructured as well as structured data revealed a deficiency in research on the abstract conceptualization required to organize relatio...
computer science
16,360
Incorporating Global Visual Features into Attention-Based Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
We introduce multi-modal, attention-based neural machine translation (NMT) models which incorporate visual features into different parts of both the encoder and the decoder. We utilise global image features extracted using a pre-trained convolutional neural network and incorporate them (i) as words in the source senten...
computer science
16,361
Adversarial Learning for Neural Dialogue Generation
cs.CL
In this paper, drawing intuition from the Turing test, we propose using adversarial training for open-domain dialogue generation: the system is trained to produce sequences that are indistinguishable from human-generated dialogue utterances. We cast the task as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem where we jointly tra...
computer science
16,362
Learning to Decode for Future Success
cs.CL
We introduce a simple, general strategy to manipulate the behavior of a neural decoder that enables it to generate outputs that have specific properties of interest (e.g., sequences of a pre-specified length). The model can be thought of as a simple version of the actor-critic model that uses an interpolation of the ac...
computer science
16,363
Hierarchical Recurrent Attention Network for Response Generation
cs.CL
We study multi-turn response generation in chatbots where a response is generated according to a conversation context. Existing work has modeled the hierarchy of the context, but does not pay enough attention to the fact that words and utterances in the context are differentially important. As a result, they may lose i...
computer science
16,364
emLam -- a Hungarian Language Modeling baseline
cs.CL
This paper aims to make up for the lack of documented baselines for Hungarian language modeling. Various approaches are evaluated on three publicly available Hungarian corpora. Perplexity values comparable to models of similar-sized English corpora are reported. A new, freely downloadable Hungar- ian benchmark corpus i...
computer science
16,365
Emotion Recognition From Speech With Recurrent Neural Networks
cs.CL
In this paper the task of emotion recognition from speech is considered. Proposed approach uses deep recurrent neural network trained on a sequence of acoustic features calculated over small speech intervals. At the same time special probabilistic-nature CTC loss function allows to consider long utterances containing b...
computer science
16,366
Measuring the Reliability of Hate Speech Annotations: The Case of the European Refugee Crisis
cs.CL
Some users of social media are spreading racist, sexist, and otherwise hateful content. For the purpose of training a hate speech detection system, the reliability of the annotations is crucial, but there is no universally agreed-upon definition. We collected potentially hateful messages and asked two groups of interne...
computer science
16,367
Adversarial Evaluation of Dialogue Models
cs.CL
The recent application of RNN encoder-decoder models has resulted in substantial progress in fully data-driven dialogue systems, but evaluation remains a challenge. An adversarial loss could be a way to directly evaluate the extent to which generated dialogue responses sound like they came from a human. This could redu...
computer science
16,368
Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction from Biomedical Text Using Long Short Term Memory Network
cs.CL
Simultaneous administration of multiple drugs can have synergistic or antagonistic effects as one drug can affect activities of other drugs. Synergistic effects lead to improved therapeutic outcomes, whereas, antagonistic effects can be life-threatening, may lead to increased healthcare cost, or may even cause death. T...
computer science
16,369
Using English as Pivot to Extract Persian-Italian Parallel Sentences from Non-Parallel Corpora
cs.CL
The effectiveness of a statistical machine translation system (SMT) is very dependent upon the amount of parallel corpus used in the training phase. For low-resource language pairs there are not enough parallel corpora to build an accurate SMT. In this paper, a novel approach is presented to extract bilingual Persian-I...
computer science
16,370
Extracting Bilingual Persian Italian Lexicon from Comparable Corpora Using Different Types of Seed Dictionaries
cs.CL
Bilingual dictionaries are very important in various fields of natural language processing. In recent years, research on extracting new bilingual lexicons from non-parallel (comparable) corpora have been proposed. Almost all use a small existing dictionary or other resource to make an initial list called the "seed dict...
computer science
16,371
Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Conditional Random Fields For Spoken Language Understanding Using Unaligned Data
cs.CL
We experiment graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) of Conditional Random Fields (CRF) for the application of Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) on unaligned data. The aligned labels for examples are obtained using IBM Model. We adapt a baseline semi-supervised CRF by defining new feature set and altering the lab...
computer science
16,372
Structural Analysis of Hindi Phonetics and A Method for Extraction of Phonetically Rich Sentences from a Very Large Hindi Text Corpus
cs.CL
Automatic speech recognition (ASR) and Text to speech (TTS) are two prominent area of research in human computer interaction nowadays. A set of phonetically rich sentences is in a matter of importance in order to develop these two interactive modules of HCI. Essentially, the set of phonetically rich sentences has to co...
computer science
16,373
Bangla Word Clustering Based on Tri-gram, 4-gram and 5-gram Language Model
cs.CL
In this paper, we describe a research method that generates Bangla word clusters on the basis of relating to meaning in language and contextual similarity. The importance of word clustering is in parts of speech (POS) tagging, word sense disambiguation, text classification, recommender system, spell checker, grammar ch...
computer science
16,374
SMPOST: Parts of Speech Tagger for Code-Mixed Indic Social Media Text
cs.CL
Use of social media has grown dramatically during the last few years. Users follow informal languages in communicating through social media. The language of communication is often mixed in nature, where people transcribe their regional language with English and this technique is found to be extremely popular. Natural l...
computer science
16,375
AMR-to-text Generation with Synchronous Node Replacement Grammar
cs.CL
This paper addresses the task of AMR-to-text generation by leveraging synchronous node replacement grammar. During training, graph-to-string rules are learned using a heuristic extraction algorithm. At test time, a graph transducer is applied to collapse input AMRs and generate output sentences. Evaluated on SemEval-20...
computer science
16,376
Analysing Temporal Evolution of Interlingual Wikipedia Article Pairs
cs.CL
Wikipedia articles representing an entity or a topic in different language editions evolve independently within the scope of the language-specific user communities. This can lead to different points of views reflected in the articles, as well as complementary and inconsistent information. An analysis of how the informa...
computer science
16,377
Symbolic, Distributed and Distributional Representations for Natural Language Processing in the Era of Deep Learning: a Survey
cs.CL
Natural language and symbols are intimately correlated. Recent advances in machine learning (ML) and in natural language processing (NLP) seem to contradict the above intuition: symbols are fading away, erased by vectors or tensors called distributed and distributional representations. However, there is a strict link b...
computer science
16,378
Automatic Prediction of Discourse Connectives
cs.CL
Accurate prediction of suitable discourse connectives (however, furthermore, etc.) is a key component of any system aimed at building coherent and fluent discourses from shorter sentences and passages. As an example, a dialog system might assemble a long and informative answer by sampling passages extracted from differ...
computer science
16,379
Multilingual Multi-modal Embeddings for Natural Language Processing
cs.CL
We propose a novel discriminative model that learns embeddings from multilingual and multi-modal data, meaning that our model can take advantage of images and descriptions in multiple languages to improve embedding quality. To that end, we introduce a modification of a pairwise contrastive estimation optimisation funct...
computer science
16,380
Predicting Target Language CCG Supertags Improves Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Neural machine translation (NMT) models are able to partially learn syntactic information from sequential lexical information. Still, some complex syntactic phenomena such as prepositional phrase attachment are poorly modeled. This work aims to answer two questions: 1) Does explicitly modeling target language syntax he...
computer science
16,381
Doubly-Attentive Decoder for Multi-modal Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
We introduce a Multi-modal Neural Machine Translation model in which a doubly-attentive decoder naturally incorporates spatial visual features obtained using pre-trained convolutional neural networks, bridging the gap between image description and translation. Our decoder learns to attend to source-language words and p...
computer science
16,382
An Empirical Evaluation of Zero Resource Acoustic Unit Discovery
cs.CL
Acoustic unit discovery (AUD) is a process of automatically identifying a categorical acoustic unit inventory from speech and producing corresponding acoustic unit tokenizations. AUD provides an important avenue for unsupervised acoustic model training in a zero resource setting where expert-provided linguistic knowled...
computer science
16,383
Prepositions in Context
cs.CL
Prepositions are highly polysemous, and their variegated senses encode significant semantic information. In this paper we match each preposition's complement and attachment and their interplay crucially to the geometry of the word vectors to the left and right of the preposition. Extracting such features from the vast ...
computer science
16,384
Opinion Recommendation using Neural Memory Model
cs.CL
We present opinion recommendation, a novel task of jointly predicting a custom review with a rating score that a certain user would give to a certain product or service, given existing reviews and rating scores to the product or service by other users, and the reviews that the user has given to other products and servi...
computer science
16,385
Neural Semantic Parsing over Multiple Knowledge-bases
cs.CL
A fundamental challenge in developing semantic parsers is the paucity of strong supervision in the form of language utterances annotated with logical form. In this paper, we propose to exploit structural regularities in language in different domains, and train semantic parsers over multiple knowledge-bases (KBs), while...
computer science
16,386
A Hybrid Approach For Hindi-English Machine Translation
cs.CL
In this paper, an extended combined approach of phrase based statistical machine translation (SMT), example based MT (EBMT) and rule based MT (RBMT) is proposed to develop a novel hybrid data driven MT system capable of outperforming the baseline SMT, EBMT and RBMT systems from which it is derived. In short, the propos...
computer science
16,387
Q-WordNet PPV: Simple, Robust and (almost) Unsupervised Generation of Polarity Lexicons for Multiple Languages
cs.CL
This paper presents a simple, robust and (almost) unsupervised dictionary-based method, qwn-ppv (Q-WordNet as Personalized PageRanking Vector) to automatically generate polarity lexicons. We show that qwn-ppv outperforms other automatically generated lexicons for the four extrinsic evaluations presented here. It also s...
computer science
16,388
DNN adaptation by automatic quality estimation of ASR hypotheses
cs.CL
In this paper we propose to exploit the automatic Quality Estimation (QE) of ASR hypotheses to perform the unsupervised adaptation of a deep neural network modeling acoustic probabilities. Our hypothesis is that significant improvements can be achieved by: i)automatically transcribing the evaluation data we are current...
computer science
16,389
Multi-task memory networks for category-specific aspect and opinion terms co-extraction
cs.CL
In aspect-based sentiment analysis, most existing methods either focus on aspect/opinion terms extraction or aspect terms categorization. However, each task by itself only provides partial information to end users. To generate more detailed and structured opinion analysis, we propose a finer-grained problem, which we c...
computer science
16,390
Ensemble Distillation for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Knowledge distillation describes a method for training a student network to perform better by learning from a stronger teacher network. Translating a sentence with an Neural Machine Translation (NMT) engine is time expensive and having a smaller model speeds up this process. We demonstrate how to transfer the translati...
computer science
16,391
Beam Search Strategies for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
The basic concept in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is to train a large Neural Network that maximizes the translation performance on a given parallel corpus. NMT is then using a simple left-to-right beam-search decoder to generate new translations that approximately maximize the trained conditional probability. The c...
computer science
16,392
Living a discrete life in a continuous world: Reference with distributed representations
cs.CL
Reference is a crucial property of language that allows us to connect linguistic expressions to the world. Modeling it requires handling both continuous and discrete aspects of meaning. Data-driven models excel at the former, but struggle with the latter, and the reverse is true for symbolic models. This paper (a) in...
computer science
16,393
The Effect of Different Writing Tasks on Linguistic Style: A Case Study of the ROC Story Cloze Task
cs.CL
A writer's style depends not just on personal traits but also on her intent and mental state. In this paper, we show how variants of the same writing task can lead to measurable differences in writing style. We present a case study based on the story cloze task (Mostafazadeh et al., 2016a), where annotators were assign...
computer science
16,394
Comparative Study of CNN and RNN for Natural Language Processing
cs.CL
Deep neural networks (DNN) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing (NLP). Convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN), the two main types of DNN architectures, are widely explored to handle various NLP tasks. CNN is supposed to be good at extracting position-invariant feat...
computer science
16,395
A Knowledge-Grounded Neural Conversation Model
cs.CL
Neural network models are capable of generating extremely natural sounding conversational interactions. Nevertheless, these models have yet to demonstrate that they can incorporate content in the form of factual information or entity-grounded opinion that would enable them to serve in more task-oriented conversational ...
computer science
16,396
EliXa: A Modular and Flexible ABSA Platform
cs.CL
This paper presents a supervised Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) system. Our aim is to develop a modular platform which allows to easily conduct experiments by replacing the modules or adding new features. We obtain the best result in the Opinion Target Extraction (OTE) task (slot 2) using an off-the-shelf seque...
computer science
16,397
Fast and Accurate Entity Recognition with Iterated Dilated Convolutions
cs.CL
Today when many practitioners run basic NLP on the entire web and large-volume traffic, faster methods are paramount to saving time and energy costs. Recent advances in GPU hardware have led to the emergence of bi-directional LSTMs as a standard method for obtaining per-token vector representations serving as input to ...
computer science
16,398
How to evaluate word embeddings? On importance of data efficiency and simple supervised tasks
cs.CL
Maybe the single most important goal of representation learning is making subsequent learning faster. Surprisingly, this fact is not well reflected in the way embeddings are evaluated. In addition, recent practice in word embeddings points towards importance of learning specialized representations. We argue that focus ...
computer science
16,399
Question Answering through Transfer Learning from Large Fine-grained Supervision Data
cs.CL
We show that the task of question answering (QA) can significantly benefit from the transfer learning of models trained on a different large, fine-grained QA dataset. We achieve the state of the art in two well-studied QA datasets, WikiQA and SemEval-2016 (Task 3A), through a basic transfer learning technique from SQuA...
computer science
16,400
Fixing the Infix: Unsupervised Discovery of Root-and-Pattern Morphology
cs.CL
We present an unsupervised and language-agnostic method for learning root-and-pattern morphology in Semitic languages. This form of morphology, abundant in Semitic languages, has not been handled in prior unsupervised approaches. We harness the syntactico-semantic information in distributed word representations to solv...
computer science
16,401
MORSE: Semantic-ally Drive-n MORpheme SEgment-er
cs.CL
We present in this paper a novel framework for morpheme segmentation which uses the morpho-syntactic regularities preserved by word representations, in addition to orthographic features, to segment words into morphemes. This framework is the first to consider vocabulary-wide syntactico-semantic information for this tas...
computer science