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16,502
Nematus: a Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
We present Nematus, a toolkit for Neural Machine Translation. The toolkit prioritizes high translation accuracy, usability, and extensibility. Nematus has been used to build top-performing submissions to shared translation tasks at WMT and IWSLT, and has been used to train systems for production environments.
computer science
16,503
DRAGNN: A Transition-based Framework for Dynamically Connected Neural Networks
cs.CL
In this work, we present a compact, modular framework for constructing novel recurrent neural architectures. Our basic module is a new generic unit, the Transition Based Recurrent Unit (TBRU). In addition to hidden layer activations, TBRUs have discrete state dynamics that allow network connections to be built dynamica...
computer science
16,504
Geometrical morphology
cs.CL
We explore inflectional morphology as an example of the relationship of the discrete and the continuous in linguistics. The grammar requests a form of a lexeme by specifying a set of feature values, which corresponds to a corner M of a hypercube in feature value space. The morphology responds to that request by providi...
computer science
16,505
Exploring Question Understanding and Adaptation in Neural-Network-Based Question Answering
cs.CL
The last several years have seen intensive interest in exploring neural-network-based models for machine comprehension (MC) and question answering (QA). In this paper, we approach the problems by closely modelling questions in a neural network framework. We first introduce syntactic information to help encode questions...
computer science
16,506
Joint Learning of Correlated Sequence Labelling Tasks Using Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks
cs.CL
The stream of words produced by Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems is typically devoid of punctuations and formatting. Most natural language processing applications expect segmented and well-formatted texts as input, which is not available in ASR output. This paper proposes a novel technique of jointly modeling...
computer science
16,507
Extending Automatic Discourse Segmentation for Texts in Spanish to Catalan
cs.CL
At present, automatic discourse analysis is a relevant research topic in the field of NLP. However, discourse is one of the phenomena most difficult to process. Although discourse parsers have been already developed for several languages, this tool does not exist for Catalan. In order to implement this kind of parser, ...
computer science
16,508
Sparse Named Entity Classification using Factorization Machines
cs.CL
Named entity classification is the task of classifying text-based elements into various categories, including places, names, dates, times, and monetary values. A bottleneck in named entity classification, however, is the data problem of sparseness, because new named entities continually emerge, making it rather difficu...
computer science
16,509
Improving Neural Machine Translation with Conditional Sequence Generative Adversarial Nets
cs.CL
This paper proposes an approach for applying GANs to NMT. We build a conditional sequence generative adversarial net which comprises of two adversarial sub models, a generator and a discriminator. The generator aims to generate sentences which are hard to be discriminated from human-translated sentences ( i.e., the gol...
computer science
16,510
SyntaxNet Models for the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task
cs.CL
We describe a baseline dependency parsing system for the CoNLL2017 Shared Task. This system, which we call "ParseySaurus," uses the DRAGNN framework [Kong et al, 2017] to combine transition-based recurrent parsing and tagging with character-based word representations. On the v1.3 Universal Dependencies Treebanks, the n...
computer science
16,511
Is this word borrowed? An automatic approach to quantify the likeliness of borrowing in social media
cs.CL
Code-mixing or code-switching are the effortless phenomena of natural switching between two or more languages in a single conversation. Use of a foreign word in a language; however, does not necessarily mean that the speaker is code-switching because often languages borrow lexical items from other languages. If a word ...
computer science
16,512
End-to-end optimization of goal-driven and visually grounded dialogue systems
cs.CL
End-to-end design of dialogue systems has recently become a popular research topic thanks to powerful tools such as encoder-decoder architectures for sequence-to-sequence learning. Yet, most current approaches cast human-machine dialogue management as a supervised learning problem, aiming at predicting the next utteran...
computer science
16,513
Neobility at SemEval-2017 Task 1: An Attention-based Sentence Similarity Model
cs.CL
This paper describes a neural-network model which performed competitively (top 6) at the SemEval 2017 cross-lingual Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) task. Our system employs an attention-based recurrent neural network model that optimizes the sentence similarity. In this paper, we describe our participation in the mul...
computer science
16,514
Construction of a Japanese Word Similarity Dataset
cs.CL
An evaluation of distributed word representation is generally conducted using a word similarity task and/or a word analogy task. There are many datasets readily available for these tasks in English. However, evaluating distributed representation in languages that do not have such resources (e.g., Japanese) is difficult...
computer science
16,515
Métodos de Otimização Combinatória Aplicados ao Problema de Compressão MultiFrases
cs.CL
The Internet has led to a dramatic increase in the amount of available information. In this context, reading and understanding this flow of information have become costly tasks. In the last years, to assist people to understand textual data, various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications based on Combinatorial ...
computer science
16,516
Native Language Identification using Stacked Generalization
cs.CL
Ensemble methods using multiple classifiers have proven to be the most successful approach for the task of Native Language Identification (NLI), achieving the current state of the art. However, a systematic examination of ensemble methods for NLI has yet to be conducted. Additionally, deeper ensemble architectures such...
computer science
16,517
Deep LSTM for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition
cs.CL
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), especially long short-term memory (LSTM) RNNs, are effective network for sequential task like speech recognition. Deeper LSTM models perform well on large vocabulary continuous speech recognition, because of their impressive learning ability. However, it is more difficult to train a de...
computer science
16,518
The NLTK FrameNet API: Designing for Discoverability with a Rich Linguistic Resource
cs.CL
A new Python API, integrated within the NLTK suite, offers access to the FrameNet 1.7 lexical database. The lexicon (structured in terms of frames) as well as annotated sentences can be processed programatically, or browsed with human-readable displays via the interactive Python prompt.
computer science
16,519
Topic Identification for Speech without ASR
cs.CL
Modern topic identification (topic ID) systems for speech use automatic speech recognition (ASR) to produce speech transcripts, and perform supervised classification on such ASR outputs. However, under resource-limited conditions, the manually transcribed speech required to develop standard ASR systems can be severely ...
computer science
16,520
Hierarchical RNN with Static Sentence-Level Attention for Text-Based Speaker Change Detection
cs.CL
Traditional speaker change detection in dialogues is typically based on audio input. In some scenarios, however, researchers can only obtain text, and do not have access to raw audio signals. Moreover, with the increasing need of deep semantic processing, text-based dialogue understanding is attracting more attention i...
computer science
16,521
Sequential Recurrent Neural Networks for Language Modeling
cs.CL
Feedforward Neural Network (FNN)-based language models estimate the probability of the next word based on the history of the last N words, whereas Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) perform the same task based only on the last word and some context information that cycles in the network. This paper presents a novel approa...
computer science
16,522
Multimodal Compact Bilinear Pooling for Multimodal Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In state-of-the-art Neural Machine Translation, an attention mechanism is used during decoding to enhance the translation. At every step, the decoder uses this mechanism to focus on different parts of the source sentence to gather the most useful information before outputting its target word. Recently, the effectivenes...
computer science
16,523
Rapid-Rate: A Framework for Semi-supervised Real-time Sentiment Trend Detection in Unstructured Big Data
cs.CL
Commercial establishments like restaurants, service centres and retailers have several sources of customer feedback about products and services, most of which need not be as structured as rated reviews provided by services like Yelp, or Amazon, in terms of sentiment conveyed. For instance, Amazon provides a fine-graine...
computer science
16,524
TokTrack: A Complete Token Provenance and Change Tracking Dataset for the English Wikipedia
cs.CL
We present a dataset that contains every instance of all tokens (~ words) ever written in undeleted, non-redirect English Wikipedia articles until October 2016, in total 13,545,349,787 instances. Each token is annotated with (i) the article revision it was originally created in, and (ii) lists with all the revisions in...
computer science
16,525
Crowdsourcing Universal Part-Of-Speech Tags for Code-Switching
cs.CL
Code-switching is the phenomenon by which bilingual speakers switch between multiple languages during communication. The importance of developing language technologies for codeswitching data is immense, given the large populations that routinely code-switch. High-quality linguistic annotations are extremely valuable fo...
computer science
16,526
Simplifying the Bible and Wikipedia Using Statistical Machine Translation
cs.CL
I started this work with the hope of generating a text synthesizer (like a musical synthesizer) that can imitate certain linguistic styles. Most of the report focuses on text simplification using statistical machine translation (SMT) techniques. I applied MOSES to a parallel corpus of the Bible (King James Version and ...
computer science
16,527
Morphological Analysis for the Maltese Language: The Challenges of a Hybrid System
cs.CL
Maltese is a morphologically rich language with a hybrid morphological system which features both concatenative and non-concatenative processes. This paper analyses the impact of this hybridity on the performance of machine learning techniques for morphological labelling and clustering. In particular, we analyse a data...
computer science
16,528
LEPOR: An Augmented Machine Translation Evaluation Metric
cs.CL
Machine translation (MT) was developed as one of the hottest research topics in the natural language processing (NLP) literature. One important issue in MT is that how to evaluate the MT system reasonably and tell us whether the translation system makes an improvement or not. The traditional manual judgment methods are...
computer science
16,529
Learning Simpler Language Models with the Differential State Framework
cs.CL
Learning useful information across long time lags is a critical and difficult problem for temporal neural models in tasks such as language modeling. Existing architectures that address the issue are often complex and costly to train. The Differential State Framework (DSF) is a simple and high-performing design that uni...
computer science
16,530
Question Answering from Unstructured Text by Retrieval and Comprehension
cs.CL
Open domain Question Answering (QA) systems must interact with external knowledge sources, such as web pages, to find relevant information. Information sources like Wikipedia, however, are not well structured and difficult to utilize in comparison with Knowledge Bases (KBs). In this work we present a two-step approach ...
computer science
16,531
A Sentence Simplification System for Improving Relation Extraction
cs.CL
In this demo paper, we present a text simplification approach that is directed at improving the performance of state-of-the-art Open Relation Extraction (RE) systems. As syntactically complex sentences often pose a challenge for current Open RE approaches, we have developed a simplification framework that performs a pr...
computer science
16,532
Learning Similarity Functions for Pronunciation Variations
cs.CL
A significant source of errors in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems is due to pronunciation variations which occur in spontaneous and conversational speech. Usually ASR systems use a finite lexicon that provides one or more pronunciations for each word. In this paper, we focus on learning a similarity function...
computer science
16,533
Semi-Supervised Affective Meaning Lexicon Expansion Using Semantic and Distributed Word Representations
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose an extension to graph-based sentiment lexicon induction methods by incorporating distributed and semantic word representations in building the similarity graph to expand a three-dimensional sentiment lexicon. We also implemented and evaluated the label propagation using four different word rep...
computer science
16,534
Hierarchical Classification for Spoken Arabic Dialect Identification using Prosody: Case of Algerian Dialects
cs.CL
In daily communications, Arabs use local dialects which are hard to identify automatically using conventional classification methods. The dialect identification challenging task becomes more complicated when dealing with an under-resourced dialects belonging to a same county/region. In this paper, we start by analyzing...
computer science
16,535
Automatic Argumentative-Zoning Using Word2vec
cs.CL
In comparison with document summarization on the articles from social media and newswire, argumentative zoning (AZ) is an important task in scientific paper analysis. Traditional methodology to carry on this task relies on feature engineering from different levels. In this paper, three models of generating sentence vec...
computer science
16,536
Colors in Context: A Pragmatic Neural Model for Grounded Language Understanding
cs.CL
We present a model of pragmatic referring expression interpretation in a grounded communication task (identifying colors from descriptions) that draws upon predictions from two recurrent neural network classifiers, a speaker and a listener, unified by a recursive pragmatic reasoning framework. Experiments show that thi...
computer science
16,537
BanglaLekha-Isolated: A Comprehensive Bangla Handwritten Character Dataset
cs.CL
Bangla handwriting recognition is becoming a very important issue nowadays. It is potentially a very important task specially for Bangla speaking population of Bangladesh and West Bengal. By keeping that in our mind we are introducing a comprehensive Bangla handwritten character dataset named BanglaLekha-Isolated. This...
computer science
16,538
N-gram Language Modeling using Recurrent Neural Network Estimation
cs.CL
We investigate the effective memory depth of RNN models by using them for $n$-gram language model (LM) smoothing. Experiments on a small corpus (UPenn Treebank, one million words of training data and 10k vocabulary) have found the LSTM cell with dropout to be the best model for encoding the $n$-gram state when compar...
computer science
16,539
Joining Hands: Exploiting Monolingual Treebanks for Parsing of Code-mixing Data
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose efficient and less resource-intensive strategies for parsing of code-mixed data. These strategies are not constrained by in-domain annotations, rather they leverage pre-existing monolingual annotated resources for training. We show that these methods can produce significantly better results as...
computer science
16,540
Reading Wikipedia to Answer Open-Domain Questions
cs.CL
This paper proposes to tackle open- domain question answering using Wikipedia as the unique knowledge source: the answer to any factoid question is a text span in a Wikipedia article. This task of machine reading at scale combines the challenges of document retrieval (finding the relevant articles) with that of machine...
computer science
16,541
One-Shot Neural Cross-Lingual Transfer for Paradigm Completion
cs.CL
We present a novel cross-lingual transfer method for paradigm completion, the task of mapping a lemma to its inflected forms, using a neural encoder-decoder model, the state of the art for the monolingual task. We use labeled data from a high-resource language to increase performance on a low-resource language. In expe...
computer science
16,542
Frames: A Corpus for Adding Memory to Goal-Oriented Dialogue Systems
cs.CL
This paper presents the Frames dataset (Frames is available at http://datasets.maluuba.com/Frames), a corpus of 1369 human-human dialogues with an average of 15 turns per dialogue. We developed this dataset to study the role of memory in goal-oriented dialogue systems. Based on Frames, we introduce a task called frame ...
computer science
16,543
Sentiment Analysis of Citations Using Word2vec
cs.CL
Citation sentiment analysis is an important task in scientific paper analysis. Existing machine learning techniques for citation sentiment analysis are focusing on labor-intensive feature engineering, which requires large annotated corpus. As an automatic feature extraction tool, word2vec has been successfully applied ...
computer science
16,544
Towards Building Large Scale Multimodal Domain-Aware Conversation Systems
cs.CL
While multimodal conversation agents are gaining importance in several domains such as retail, travel etc., deep learning research in this area has been limited primarily due to the lack of availability of large-scale, open chatlogs. To overcome this bottleneck, in this paper we introduce the task of multimodal, domain...
computer science
16,545
Building a Neural Machine Translation System Using Only Synthetic Parallel Data
cs.CL
Recent works have shown that synthetic parallel data automatically generated by translation models can be effective for various neural machine translation (NMT) issues. In this study, we build NMT systems using only synthetic parallel data. As an efficient alternative to real parallel data, we also present a new type o...
computer science
16,546
Word-Alignment-Based Segment-Level Machine Translation Evaluation using Word Embeddings
cs.CL
One of the most important problems in machine translation (MT) evaluation is to evaluate the similarity between translation hypotheses with different surface forms from the reference, especially at the segment level. We propose to use word embeddings to perform word alignment for segment-level MT evaluation. We perform...
computer science
16,547
Syntax Aware LSTM Model for Chinese Semantic Role Labeling
cs.CL
As for semantic role labeling (SRL) task, when it comes to utilizing parsing information, both traditional methods and recent recurrent neural network (RNN) based methods use the feature engineering way. In this paper, we propose Syntax Aware Long Short Time Memory(SA-LSTM). The structure of SA-LSTM modifies according ...
computer science
16,548
Combining Lexical and Syntactic Features for Detecting Content-dense Texts in News
cs.CL
Content-dense news report important factual information about an event in direct, succinct manner. Information seeking applications such as information extraction, question answering and summarization normally assume all text they deal with is content-dense. Here we empirically test this assumption on news articles fro...
computer science
16,549
A Transition-Based Directed Acyclic Graph Parser for UCCA
cs.CL
We present the first parser for UCCA, a cross-linguistically applicable framework for semantic representation, which builds on extensive typological work and supports rapid annotation. UCCA poses a challenge for existing parsing techniques, as it exhibits reentrancy (resulting in DAG structures), discontinuous structur...
computer science
16,550
Neural Lattice-to-Sequence Models for Uncertain Inputs
cs.CL
The input to a neural sequence-to-sequence model is often determined by an up-stream system, e.g. a word segmenter, part of speech tagger, or speech recognizer. These up-stream models are potentially error-prone. Representing inputs through word lattices allows making this uncertainty explicit by capturing alternative ...
computer science
16,551
Restricted Recurrent Neural Tensor Networks: Exploiting Word Frequency and Compositionality for Increased Model Capacity and Performance With No Computational Overhead
cs.CL
Increasing the capacity of recurrent neural networks (RNN) usually involves augmenting the size of the hidden layer, resulting in a significant increase of computational cost. An alternative is the recurrent neural tensor network (RNTN), which increases capacity by employing distinct hidden layer weights for each vocab...
computer science
16,552
Voice Conversion from Unaligned Corpora using Variational Autoencoding Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks
cs.CL
Building a voice conversion (VC) system from non-parallel speech corpora is challenging but highly valuable in real application scenarios. In most situations, the source and the target speakers do not repeat the same texts or they may even speak different languages. In this case, one possible, although indirect, soluti...
computer science
16,553
Interpretation of Semantic Tweet Representations
cs.CL
Research in analysis of microblogging platforms is experiencing a renewed surge with a large number of works applying representation learning models for applications like sentiment analysis, semantic textual similarity computation, hashtag prediction, etc. Although the performance of the representation learning models ...
computer science
16,554
Japanese Sentiment Classification using a Tree-Structured Long Short-Term Memory with Attention
cs.CL
Previous approaches to training syntax-based sentiment classification models required phrase-level annotated corpora, which are not readily available in many languages other than English. Thus, we propose the use of tree-structured Long Short-Term Memory with an attention mechanism that pays attention to each subtree o...
computer science
16,555
Character-based Joint Segmentation and POS Tagging for Chinese using Bidirectional RNN-CRF
cs.CL
We present a character-based model for joint segmentation and POS tagging for Chinese. The bidirectional RNN-CRF architecture for general sequence tagging is adapted and applied with novel vector representations of Chinese characters that capture rich contextual information and lower-than-character level features. The ...
computer science
16,556
CompiLIG at SemEval-2017 Task 1: Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection Methods for Semantic Textual Similarity
cs.CL
We present our submitted systems for Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) Track 4 at SemEval-2017. Given a pair of Spanish-English sentences, each system must estimate their semantic similarity by a score between 0 and 5. In our submission, we use syntax-based, dictionary-based, context-based, and MT-based methods. We als...
computer science
16,557
Linear Ensembles of Word Embedding Models
cs.CL
This paper explores linear methods for combining several word embedding models into an ensemble. We construct the combined models using an iterative method based on either ordinary least squares regression or the solution to the orthogonal Procrustes problem. We evaluate the proposed approaches on Estonian---a morpho...
computer science
16,558
Automatic Measurement of Pre-aspiration
cs.CL
Pre-aspiration is defined as the period of glottal friction occurring in sequences of vocalic/consonantal sonorants and phonetically voiceless obstruents. We propose two machine learning methods for automatic measurement of pre-aspiration duration: a feedforward neural network, which works at the frame level; and a str...
computer science
16,559
MRA - Proof of Concept of a Multilingual Report Annotator Web Application
cs.CL
MRA (Multilingual Report Annotator) is a web application that translates Radiology text and annotates it with RadLex terms. Its goal is to explore the solution of translating non-English Radiology reports as a way to solve the problem of most of the Text Mining tools being developed for English. In this brief paper we ...
computer science
16,560
Neural Question Generation from Text: A Preliminary Study
cs.CL
Automatic question generation aims to generate questions from a text passage where the generated questions can be answered by certain sub-spans of the given passage. Traditional methods mainly use rigid heuristic rules to transform a sentence into related questions. In this work, we propose to apply the neural encoder-...
computer science
16,561
The Interplay of Semantics and Morphology in Word Embeddings
cs.CL
We explore the ability of word embeddings to capture both semantic and morphological similarity, as affected by the different types of linguistic properties (surface form, lemma, morphological tag) used to compose the representation of each word. We train several models, where each uses a different subset of these prop...
computer science
16,562
Conversation Modeling on Reddit using a Graph-Structured LSTM
cs.CL
This paper presents a novel approach for modeling threaded discussions on social media using a graph-structured bidirectional LSTM which represents both hierarchical and temporal conversation structure. In experiments with a task of predicting popularity of comments in Reddit discussions, the proposed model outperforms...
computer science
16,563
Adposition and Case Supersenses v2: Guidelines for English
cs.CL
This document describes in detail an inventory of 50 semantic labels designed to characterize the use of adpositions and case markers at a somewhat coarse level of granularity. Version 2 is a revision of the supersense inventory proposed for English by Schneider et al. (2015, 2016) and documented in PrepWiki (hencefort...
computer science
16,564
The Meaning Factory at SemEval-2017 Task 9: Producing AMRs with Neural Semantic Parsing
cs.CL
We evaluate a semantic parser based on a character-based sequence-to-sequence model in the context of the SemEval-2017 shared task on semantic parsing for AMRs. With data augmentation, super characters, and POS-tagging we gain major improvements in performance compared to a baseline character-level model. Although we i...
computer science
16,565
EELECTION at SemEval-2017 Task 10: Ensemble of nEural Learners for kEyphrase ClassificaTION
cs.CL
This paper describes our approach to the SemEval 2017 Task 10: "Extracting Keyphrases and Relations from Scientific Publications", specifically to Subtask (B): "Classification of identified keyphrases". We explored three different deep learning approaches: a character-level convolutional neural network (CNN), a stacked...
computer science
16,566
Comparison of Global Algorithms in Word Sense Disambiguation
cs.CL
This article compares four probabilistic algorithms (global algorithms) for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) in terms of the number of scorer calls (local algo- rithm) and the F1 score as determined by a gold-standard scorer. Two algorithms come from the state of the art, a Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SAA) and a Gene...
computer science
16,567
Fostering User Engagement: Rhetorical Devices for Applause Generation Learnt from TED Talks
cs.CL
One problem that every presenter faces when delivering a public discourse is how to hold the listeners' attentions or to keep them involved. Therefore, many studies in conversation analysis work on this issue and suggest qualitatively con-structions that can effectively lead to audience's applause. To investigate these...
computer science
16,568
A Trolling Hierarchy in Social Media and A Conditional Random Field For Trolling Detection
cs.CL
An-ever increasing number of social media websites, electronic newspapers and Internet forums allow visitors to leave comments for others to read and interact. This exchange is not free from participants with malicious intentions, which do not contribute with the written conversation. Among different communities users ...
computer science
16,569
On the Linearity of Semantic Change: Investigating Meaning Variation via Dynamic Graph Models
cs.CL
We consider two graph models of semantic change. The first is a time-series model that relates embedding vectors from one time period to embedding vectors of previous time periods. In the second, we construct one graph for each word: nodes in this graph correspond to time points and edge weights to the similarity of th...
computer science
16,570
Prosody: The Rhythms and Melodies of Speech
cs.CL
The present contribution is a tutorial on selected aspects of prosody, the rhythms and melodies of speech, based on a course of the same name at the Summer School on Contemporary Phonetics and Phonology at Tongji University, Shanghai, China in July 2016. The tutorial is not intended as an introduction to experimental m...
computer science
16,571
Improving Implicit Semantic Role Labeling by Predicting Semantic Frame Arguments
cs.CL
Implicit semantic role labeling (iSRL) is the task of predicting the semantic roles of a predicate that do not appear as explicit arguments, but rather regard common sense knowledge or are mentioned earlier in the discourse. We introduce an approach to iSRL based on a predictive recurrent neural semantic frame model (P...
computer science
16,572
Entity Linking for Queries by Searching Wikipedia Sentences
cs.CL
We present a simple yet effective approach for linking entities in queries. The key idea is to search sentences similar to a query from Wikipedia articles and directly use the human-annotated entities in the similar sentences as candidate entities for the query. Then, we employ a rich set of features, such as link-prob...
computer science
16,573
Character-Word LSTM Language Models
cs.CL
We present a Character-Word Long Short-Term Memory Language Model which both reduces the perplexity with respect to a baseline word-level language model and reduces the number of parameters of the model. Character information can reveal structural (dis)similarities between words and can even be used when a word is out-...
computer science
16,574
Automatic Classification of the Complexity of Nonfiction Texts in Portuguese for Early School Years
cs.CL
Recent research shows that most Brazilian students have serious problems regarding their reading skills. The full development of this skill is key for the academic and professional future of every citizen. Tools for classifying the complexity of reading materials for children aim to improve the quality of the model of ...
computer science
16,575
Automatic semantic role labeling on non-revised syntactic trees of journalistic texts
cs.CL
Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) is a Natural Language Processing task that enables the detection of events described in sentences and the participants of these events. For Brazilian Portuguese (BP), there are two studies recently concluded that perform SRL in journalistic texts. [1] obtained F1-measure scores of 79.6, usi...
computer science
16,576
Later-stage Minimum Bayes-Risk Decoding for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
For extended periods of time, sequence generation models rely on beam search algorithm to generate output sequence. However, the correctness of beam search degrades when the a model is over-confident about a suboptimal prediction. In this paper, we propose to perform minimum Bayes-risk (MBR) decoding for some extra ste...
computer science
16,577
Automatic Keyword Extraction for Text Summarization: A Survey
cs.CL
In recent times, data is growing rapidly in every domain such as news, social media, banking, education, etc. Due to the excessiveness of data, there is a need of automatic summarizer which will be capable to summarize the data especially textual data in original document without losing any critical purposes. Text summ...
computer science
16,578
Unfolding and Shrinking Neural Machine Translation Ensembles
cs.CL
Ensembling is a well-known technique in neural machine translation (NMT) to improve system performance. Instead of a single neural net, multiple neural nets with the same topology are trained separately, and the decoder generates predictions by averaging over the individual models. Ensembling often improves the quality...
computer science
16,579
What do Neural Machine Translation Models Learn about Morphology?
cs.CL
Neural machine translation (MT) models obtain state-of-the-art performance while maintaining a simple, end-to-end architecture. However, little is known about what these models learn about source and target languages during the training process. In this work, we analyze the representations learned by neural MT models a...
computer science
16,580
ConceptNet at SemEval-2017 Task 2: Extending Word Embeddings with Multilingual Relational Knowledge
cs.CL
This paper describes Luminoso's participation in SemEval 2017 Task 2, "Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity", with a system based on ConceptNet. ConceptNet is an open, multilingual knowledge graph that focuses on general knowledge that relates the meanings of words and phrases. Our submission to SemE...
computer science
16,581
Trainable Referring Expression Generation using Overspecification Preferences
cs.CL
Referring expression generation (REG) models that use speaker-dependent information require a considerable amount of training data produced by every individual speaker, or may otherwise perform poorly. In this work we present a simple REG experiment that allows the use of larger training data sets by grouping speakers ...
computer science
16,582
Incremental Skip-gram Model with Negative Sampling
cs.CL
This paper explores an incremental training strategy for the skip-gram model with negative sampling (SGNS) from both empirical and theoretical perspectives. Existing methods of neural word embeddings, including SGNS, are multi-pass algorithms and thus cannot perform incremental model update. To address this problem, we...
computer science
16,583
Mobile Keyboard Input Decoding with Finite-State Transducers
cs.CL
We propose a finite-state transducer (FST) representation for the models used to decode keyboard inputs on mobile devices. Drawing from learnings from the field of speech recognition, we describe a decoding framework that can satisfy the strict memory and latency constraints of keyboard input. We extend this framework ...
computer science
16,584
A Neural Model for User Geolocation and Lexical Dialectology
cs.CL
We propose a simple yet effective text- based user geolocation model based on a neural network with one hidden layer, which achieves state of the art performance over three Twitter benchmark geolocation datasets, in addition to producing word and phrase embeddings in the hidden layer that we show to be useful for detec...
computer science
16,585
Cross-lingual and cross-domain discourse segmentation of entire documents
cs.CL
Discourse segmentation is a crucial step in building end-to-end discourse parsers. However, discourse segmenters only exist for a few languages and domains. Typically they only detect intra-sentential segment boundaries, assuming gold standard sentence and token segmentation, and relying on high-quality syntactic parse...
computer science
16,586
Learning Joint Multilingual Sentence Representations with Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In this paper, we use the framework of neural machine translation to learn joint sentence representations across six very different languages. Our aim is that a representation which is independent of the language, is likely to capture the underlying semantics. We define a new cross-lingual similarity measure, compare u...
computer science
16,587
Room for improvement in automatic image description: an error analysis
cs.CL
In recent years we have seen rapid and significant progress in automatic image description but what are the open problems in this area? Most work has been evaluated using text-based similarity metrics, which only indicate that there have been improvements, without explaining what has improved. In this paper, we present...
computer science
16,588
Identity and Granularity of Events in Text
cs.CL
In this paper we describe a method to detect event descrip- tions in different news articles and to model the semantics of events and their components using RDF representations. We compare these descriptions to solve a cross-document event coreference task. Our com- ponent approach to event semantics defines identity a...
computer science
16,589
An entity-driven recursive neural network model for chinese discourse coherence modeling
cs.CL
Chinese discourse coherence modeling remains a challenge taskin Natural Language Processing field.Existing approaches mostlyfocus on the need for feature engineering, whichadoptthe sophisticated features to capture the logic or syntactic or semantic relationships acrosssentences within a text.In this paper, we present ...
computer science
16,590
Exploiting Cross-Sentence Context for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In translation, considering the document as a whole can help to resolve ambiguities and inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose a cross-sentence context-aware approach and investigate the influence of historical contextual information on the performance of neural machine translation (NMT). First, this history is sum...
computer science
16,591
Get To The Point: Summarization with Pointer-Generator Networks
cs.CL
Neural sequence-to-sequence models have provided a viable new approach for abstractive text summarization (meaning they are not restricted to simply selecting and rearranging passages from the original text). However, these models have two shortcomings: they are liable to reproduce factual details inaccurately, and the...
computer science
16,592
How Robust Are Character-Based Word Embeddings in Tagging and MT Against Wrod Scramlbing or Randdm Nouse?
cs.CL
This paper investigates the robustness of NLP against perturbed word forms. While neural approaches can achieve (almost) human-like accuracy for certain tasks and conditions, they often are sensitive to small changes in the input such as non-canonical input (e.g., typos). Yet both stability and robustness are desired p...
computer science
16,593
Bringing Structure into Summaries: Crowdsourcing a Benchmark Corpus of Concept Maps
cs.CL
Concept maps can be used to concisely represent important information and bring structure into large document collections. Therefore, we study a variant of multi-document summarization that produces summaries in the form of concept maps. However, suitable evaluation datasets for this task are currently missing. To clos...
computer science
16,594
Cardinal Virtues: Extracting Relation Cardinalities from Text
cs.CL
Information extraction (IE) from text has largely focused on relations between individual entities, such as who has won which award. However, some facts are never fully mentioned, and no IE method has perfect recall. Thus, it is beneficial to also tap contents about the cardinalities of these relations, for example, ho...
computer science
16,595
Neural Machine Translation Model with a Large Vocabulary Selected by Branching Entropy
cs.CL
Neural machine translation (NMT), a new approach to machine translation, has achieved promising results comparable to those of traditional approaches such as statistical machine translation (SMT). Despite its recent success, NMT cannot handle a larger vocabulary because the training complexity and decoding complexity p...
computer science
16,596
Translation of Patent Sentences with a Large Vocabulary of Technical Terms Using Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Neural machine translation (NMT), a new approach to machine translation, has achieved promising results comparable to those of traditional approaches such as statistical machine translation (SMT). Despite its recent success, NMT cannot handle a larger vocabulary because training complexity and decoding complexity propo...
computer science
16,597
Neural Extractive Summarization with Side Information
cs.CL
Most extractive summarization methods focus on the main body of the document from which sentences need to be extracted. However, the gist of the document may lie in side information, such as the title and image captions which are often available for newswire articles. We propose to explore side information in the conte...
computer science
16,598
Cross-lingual Abstract Meaning Representation Parsing
cs.CL
Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) annotation efforts have mostly focused on English. In order to train parsers on other languages, we propose a method based on annotation projection, which involves exploiting annotations in a source language and a parallel corpus of the source language and a target language. Using ...
computer science
16,599
Distributional Modeling on a Diet: One-shot Word Learning from Text Only
cs.CL
We test whether distributional models can do one-shot learning of definitional properties from text only. Using Bayesian models, we find that first learning overarching structure in the known data, regularities in textual contexts and in properties, helps one-shot learning, and that individual context items can be high...
computer science
16,600
Neural Paraphrase Identification of Questions with Noisy Pretraining
cs.CL
We present a solution to the problem of paraphrase identification of questions. We focus on a recent dataset of question pairs annotated with binary paraphrase labels and show that a variant of the decomposable attention model (Parikh et al., 2016) results in accurate performance on this task, while being far simpler t...
computer science
16,601
MUSE: Modularizing Unsupervised Sense Embeddings
cs.CL
This paper proposes to address the word sense ambiguity issue in an unsupervised manner, where word sense representations are learned along a word sense selection mechanism given contexts. Prior work about learning multi-sense embeddings suffered from either ambiguity of different-level embeddings or inefficient sense ...
computer science