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1960s London clothing boutique Mr Freedom was a clothing boutique in London which sold fashion by a number of young designers commissioned by the owner, designer Tommy Roberts (/wiki/Tommy_Roberts_(designer)) , and his partner, Trevor Myles (/wiki/Trevor_Myles) . Celebrities such as Freddie Mercury (/wiki/Freddie_Mercury) and Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) wore designs from the shop which was at 430 King's Road (/wiki/King%27s_Road) in Chelsea, London (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) from 1969–70 and then at 20 Kensington Church Street in Kensington (/wiki/Kensington) . History [ edit ] Mr Freedom was part of the counter-culture " Swinging London (/wiki/Swinging_London) " scene around King's Road in 1960s' London. It followed the cult success of Roberts' earlier boutique, Kleptomania, which he had opened in 1965. Roberts bought the lease to the King's Road boutique, at number 430, in 1969 from Michael Rainey (/wiki/Michael_Rainey) , who had owned another boutique with a cult following at that location, Hung On You (/wiki/Hung_On_You) . At Myles' suggestion, Roberts named the shop after the 1969 William Klein (/wiki/William_Klein_(photographer)) film Mr. Freedom (/wiki/Mr._Freedom) , which was a spoof of the anti-war movement. Roberts' designs featured styles now considered typical of the era: broad-brimmed hats, close-fitting maxi dresses, silk-screened cartoon character images on jersey tops, and winged shoes. Bright colours were also characteristic of the clothing. Rather than continuing with the homespun (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) hippie style popular among the youth during the 1960s, Roberts veered away from nostalgia. Mr Freedom carried styles that were "brash, pop art fashion", such as satin ties for men, satin jackets, T-shirt dresses with appliqued "satin stars, thunderbolts, and ice-cream cones". [1] (#cite_note-LondonLook-p137-1) A dose of 1950s retro (/wiki/Retro) was added to the mix of influences by 1972. [2] (#cite_note-2) Roberts produced clothes for the boutique in collaboration with a number of other young avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) designers, "many of them gathered in from outside the pale of the fashion trade". The shop was described as having an "unquenchable enthusiasm for all things bright and in outrageously bad taste". [3] (#cite_note-Design-p64-8-3) In 1970, Elton John hired Roberts to design several concert outfits before he set out on an American tour. Roberts designed a "yellow boiler suit" with a piano appliqué on the back, and "white boots with green wings". The shop was known for kitschy design as much as the clothes themselves. An inflatable sex doll was used as a mannequin. [4] (#cite_note-4) Roberts operated Mr Freedom at the location at 430 King's Road until December 1970. In May 1971, the lease was taken by Myles and became Paradise Garage, selling Americana (/wiki/Americana_(culture)) , with Malcolm McLaren (/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren) and Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) selling 1950s rock and roll records from a backroom, before McLaren took over the shop in November 1971 and renamed it Let it Rock. [5] (#cite_note-5) Roberts moved Mr Freedom to a new location, at Kensington Church Street. The store sold Pop art furniture in addition to clothes, by designer Jon Weallans (/w/index.php?title=Jon_Weallans&action=edit&redlink=1) , who designed such items as a chair in the form of a pair of false teeth. [6] (#cite_note-6) Mr Freedom added a small restaurant to its basement in 1971, called Mr Feed'em. The interior design was noted in the media as a fascinating draw for the public: "Stylistically, it defies analysis. It is almost impossible to detect at what point the patient, period reconstructions shade into pastiche". It was noted at that time, that the restaurant was relatively expensive. [3] (#cite_note-Design-p64-8-3) Roberts closed the Mr Freedom boutique in 1972. In 1973, he opened the shop City Lights as a high-end tailor, and pursued other design projects during the 1970s. The kitsch and irony apparent in Mr Freedom's fashions had a lasting impact, not only on street fashion but even on Parisian couture designers. [1] (#cite_note-LondonLook-p137-1) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) London portal (/wiki/Portal:London) 1960s portal (/wiki/Portal:1960s) Carnaby Street (/wiki/Carnaby_Street) Granny Takes a Trip (/wiki/Granny_Takes_a_Trip) King's Road (/wiki/King%27s_Road) Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) Paul Smith (fashion designer) (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Breward, Christopher & Edwina Ehrman, Caroline Evans (2004). The London Look: Fashion from Street to Catwalk . Yale University Press. p. 137. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300103991 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Country life, Volume 154 . University of Michigan. 1973 [digitized 2009]. p. 750. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Council of Industrial Design; Great Britain (1971) [digitized 2008]. Design, Issues 271-276 . University of Michigan digital archives: Design Council, 1971. pp. 64–8. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Auslander, Philip (2006). Performing Glam Rock: Gender And Theatricality in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press. p. 160 (https://archive.org/details/performingglamro00ausl/page/n171) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780472068685 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) O'Byrne, Robert (2009). Style City: How London Became a Fashion Capital . frances lincoln ltd. p. 28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780711228955 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Garner, Phillipe (1980). Twentieth-century furniture . Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 192. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780442254216 . External links [ edit ] A short video of Mr. Freedom fashions in 1970 for a German TV show (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NYNJenLyJc) v t e British underground (/wiki/UK_underground) People Stephen Abrams (/wiki/Stephen_Abrams) Nicholas Albery (/wiki/Nicholas_Albery) Tariq Ali (/wiki/Tariq_Ali) Jim Anderson (/wiki/Jim_Anderson_(editor)) Kevin Ayers (/wiki/Kevin_Ayers) Edward Barker (/wiki/Edward_Barker_(cartoonist)) Syd Barrett (/wiki/Syd_Barrett) Mark Boyle (/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(artist)) Joe Boyd (/wiki/Joe_Boyd) Barney Bubbles (/wiki/Barney_Bubbles) Bob Cobbing (/wiki/Bob_Cobbing) Caroline Coon (/wiki/Caroline_Coon) Felix Dennis (/wiki/Felix_Dennis) Robin Farquharson (/wiki/Robin_Farquharson) Mick Farren (/wiki/Mick_Farren) Duggie Fields (/wiki/Duggie_Fields) Germaine Greer (/wiki/Germaine_Greer) Hapshash and the Coloured Coat (/wiki/Hapshash_and_the_Coloured_Coat) Lee Harris (/wiki/Lee_Harris_(South_African_writer)) Jim Haynes (/wiki/Jim_Haynes) Wally Hope (/wiki/Wally_Hope) John 'Hoppy' Hopkins (/wiki/John_Hopkins_(political_activist)) Michael Horovitz (/wiki/Michael_Horovitz) Peter Jenner & Andrew King (/wiki/Blackhill_Enterprises) Mike Lesser (/wiki/Mike_Lesser) Tom McGrath (/wiki/Tom_McGrath_(playwright)) John Michell (/wiki/John_Michell_(writer)) Barry Miles (/wiki/Barry_Miles) Sue Miles (/wiki/Sue_Miles) Richard Neville (/wiki/Richard_Neville_(writer)) Jeff Nuttall (/wiki/Jeff_Nuttall) Neil Oram (/wiki/Neil_Oram) John Peel (/wiki/John_Peel) Aubrey Powell (/wiki/Aubrey_Powell_(designer)) Sid Rawle (/wiki/Sid_Rawle) Craig Sams (/wiki/Craig_Sams) Gregory Sams (/wiki/Greg_Sams) Martin Sharp (/wiki/Martin_Sharp) Nicholas Saunders (/wiki/Nicholas_Saunders_(activist)) Storm Thorgerson (/wiki/Storm_Thorgerson) Steve Peregrin Took (/wiki/Steve_Peregrin_Took) Alexander Trocchi (/wiki/Alexander_Trocchi) Heathcote Williams (/wiki/Heathcote_Williams) Ubi Dwyer (/wiki/Ubi_Dwyer) Publications Alternative London (/wiki/Nicholas_Saunders_(activist)) Brighton Voice (/wiki/Brighton_Voice) Children of Albion: Poetry of the Underground in Britain (/wiki/Children_of_Albion:_Poetry_of_the_Underground_in_Britain) The Black Dwarf (/wiki/The_Black_Dwarf_(newspaper)) Gandalf's Garden (/wiki/Gandalf%27s_Garden) Gay News (/wiki/Gay_News) Ink (/wiki/Ink_(underground_paper)) International Times (/wiki/International_Times) Muther Grumble (/wiki/Muther_Grumble) The Mersey Sound (/wiki/The_Mersey_Sound_(anthology)) Oz (/wiki/Oz_(magazine)) Schoolkids Oz (/wiki/Schoolkids_Oz) Peace News (/wiki/Peace_News) Seed - The Journal of Organic Living (/wiki/Greg_Sams) Spare Rib (/wiki/Spare_Rib) Undercurrents (/wiki/Undercurrents_(magazine)) Bands AMM (/wiki/AMM_(band)) Arthur Brown (/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(musician)) Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band (/wiki/Bonzo_Dog_Doo-Dah_Band) Edgar Broughton Band (/wiki/Edgar_Broughton_Band) Delivery (/wiki/Delivery_(British_band)) The Deviants (/wiki/The_Deviants_(band)) Fairport Convention (/wiki/Fairport_Convention) Family (/wiki/Family_(band)) Gong (/wiki/Gong_(band)) Hawkwind (/wiki/Hawkwind) The Incredible String Band (/wiki/The_Incredible_String_Band) Pink Fairies (/wiki/Pink_Fairies) Pink Floyd (/wiki/Pink_Floyd) Pretty Things (/wiki/Pretty_Things) The Purple Gang (/wiki/The_Purple_Gang_(British_band)) Quintessence (/wiki/Quintessence_(English_band)) Shagrat (/wiki/Shagrat_(band)) Soft Machine (/wiki/Soft_Machine) Third Ear Band (/wiki/Third_Ear_Band) Tomorrow (/wiki/Tomorrow_(band)) Tyrannosaurus Rex (/wiki/T._Rex_(band)) Events Games for May (/wiki/Games_for_May) International Poetry Incarnation (/wiki/International_Poetry_Incarnation) The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream (/wiki/The_14_Hour_Technicolor_Dream) Phun City (/wiki/Phun_City) Windsor Free Festival (/wiki/Windsor_Free_Festival) Other Arts Lab (/wiki/Arts_Lab) Better Books (/wiki/Better_Books) BIT (/wiki/BIT_(alternative_information_centre)) Compendium Books (/wiki/Compendium_Books) Games for May (/wiki/Games_for_May) Granny Takes a Trip (/wiki/Granny_Takes_a_Trip) Indica Gallery (/wiki/Indica_Gallery) " It's So Far Out, It's Straight Down (/wiki/It%27s_So_Far_Out,_It%27s_Straight_Down) " London Free School (/wiki/London_Free_School) London Film-Makers' Co-op (/wiki/London_Film-Makers%27_Co-op) Mr Freedom (fashion) Release (/wiki/Release_(agency)) Seed Macrobiotic Restaurant (/wiki/Greg_Sams) UFO Club (/wiki/UFO_Club) See also British Poetry Revival (/wiki/British_Poetry_Revival) Counterculture (/wiki/Counterculture) English underground (/wiki/English_underground) Freak scene (/wiki/Freak_scene) Hippies (/wiki/Hippie) Youth subculture (/wiki/Youth_subculture) WikiMiniAtlas 51°30′N 0°11′W / 51.50°N 0.19°W / 51.50; 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London-headquartered Italian lingerie and swimwear maker This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Perla_(clothing)&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) La Perla Company type Private company Industry Fashion Founded 1954 Founder Ada Masotti Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Number of locations 150 Area served Worldwide Key people Silvio Scaglia (/wiki/Silvio_Scaglia) (Chairman) Nicole Rendone (Creative Director) Products Lingerie, beachwear (/wiki/Beachwear) , sleepwear (/wiki/Sleepwear) , ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) Owner Tennor Holding BV Website www (http://www.laperla.com) .laperla (http://www.laperla.com) .com (http://www.laperla.com) La Perla is a London (/wiki/London) -headquartered [1] (#cite_note-1) Italian lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) maker owned by German entrepreneur Lars Windhorst (/wiki/Lars_Windhorst) through Tennor Holding B.V. (/wiki/Lars_Windhorst#Sapinda_/_Tennor_Group) [2] (#cite_note-reuters.com-2) The brand was founded by couturière (/wiki/Couturi%C3%A8re) Ada Masotti in Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) in 1954. [3] (#cite_note-steele-3) History [ edit ] La Perla under Ada Masotti (1954-1981) [ edit ] La Perla was founded in 1954 by couturière (/wiki/Couturi%C3%A8re) Ada Masotti in Bologna, Italy (/wiki/Bologna,_Italy) . [4] (#cite_note-TheIndependant2014October19GonsalvesRebecca-4) As she developed her products, Masotti, who was trained as a corset (/wiki/Corset) -maker, [5] (#cite_note-Cardinali2016-5) would drape fabric directly on the female body to achieve awareness of line and movement. [4] (#cite_note-TheIndependant2014October19GonsalvesRebecca-4) [3] (#cite_note-steele-3) In the 1960s, La Perla launched a lingerie line based on colorful, floral (/wiki/Flower) and checked patterns (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) alongside the more traditional white, black and nude in line with the fashion of the time. At the same time, it also launched its first collections of bikinis and swimsuits. [6] (#cite_note-6) In the 1970s, the company introduced a silk jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) triangle bra (/wiki/Bra) , which allowed for more movement and reflected fashion's preference for a smaller bust. Under Alberto Masotti (1981-2007) [ edit ] During the underwear (/wiki/Underwear) boom that characterized the 1980s fashion scene, the company started its international expansion under the guidance of Alberto Masotti, the founder's son. Alberto Masotti took charge of the company in 1981 after he had earned his degree in Medicine (/wiki/Medical_degree) from the University of Bologna (/wiki/University_of_Bologna) . Meanwhile his wife, Olga Masotti, became creative director for the brand. Olga was hired by Ada Masotti as a designer in 1972. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1983 La Perla introduced the under-jacket, a lingerie item designed to be visible under the suiting of the era. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1985, the company extended its production to men's underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and beachwear (/wiki/Beachwear) . [9] (#cite_note-Vogue2016August24YotkaSteff-9) Ada Masotti also created La Perla Maison, a collection featuring a range of handmade garments with embroidered inserts. [10] (#cite_note-YouTube2015Oct-10) In 1994, La Perla launched the Sculpture bra (/wiki/Bra) , signaling a shift in the brand's styling. [11] (#cite_note-Lycra-11) In 2000, Steinunn Sigurdardóttir (/wiki/Steinunn_Sigurdardottir) became the Creative Director of La Perla's Ready-to-Wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) . She introduced new fabrics and swimsuits. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2006, actor Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) wore a pair of Grigioperla swimming trunks (/wiki/Swimming_trunks) in 007 Casino Royale film. [13] (#cite_note-Telegraph2015-13) Later, Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) organized a special auction celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first Bond film (/wiki/Dr._No_(film)) , and the La Perla trunks were sold for £44,450 in 2012. [13] (#cite_note-Telegraph2015-13) In 2007, La Perla launched the Cage Bustier worn by Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) in the video of " Headlines (/wiki/Headlines_(Friendship_Never_Ends)) ", the Spice Girls (/wiki/Spice_Girls) ' reunion (/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Spice_Girls) song. A capsule Cage collection was later launched, including the Cage top, which was worn by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) for her 2014 Grammy Awards (/wiki/2014_Grammy_Awards) performance. [14] (#cite_note-VogueIT2014-14) [15] (#cite_note-RC2016-15) In 2011, La Perla collaborated with French couturier (/wiki/Couturier) Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) . [16] (#cite_note-TFS2015-16) That same year, La Perla entered the shapewear (/wiki/Shapewear) sector with ShapeCouture, featuring distinctive tailored cuts, tulle inserts and openwork (/wiki/Openwork) finishes. [17] (#cite_note-Drapers-17) Changes in ownership (2008-2018) [ edit ] In October 2008, La Perla was sold to JH Partners, a San Francisco-based private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) firm focused on investments in services companies (/wiki/Service_provider) and luxury brands (/wiki/Luxury_brand) . [18] (#cite_note-Reuters2013June04BinnieIsla-18) In June 2013, Italian entrepreneur Silvio Scaglia (/wiki/Silvio_Scaglia) and Pacific Global Management purchased La Perla at an auction for €69 million ($90 million). [18] (#cite_note-Reuters2013June04BinnieIsla-18) Following the acquisition, the company was relaunched with a development (/wiki/Business_development) strategy (/wiki/Business_strategy) aimed at consolidating the identity of the brand. In May 2014, the brand faced complaints following the use of mannequins depicting visible ribs and concave stomachs in its New York store. The mannequins were later removed. [19] (#cite_note-19) In June 2014, La Perla held the first menswear (/wiki/Menswear) catwalk show at Pitti Uomo (/wiki/Pitti_Uomo) in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , presenting a loungewear and Beachwear collection. [9] (#cite_note-Vogue2016August24YotkaSteff-9) In December 2017, the Chinese conglomerate Fosun International (/wiki/Fosun_International) entered talks to acquire the company. In January 2018, the talks fell through following Fosun's intentions to move production to China. In February 2018, the Sapinda Group of Lars Windhorst (/wiki/Lars_Windhorst) acquired the company. Following the acquisition, Windhorst announced Sapinda's pledge to maintain production at the company's existing plants in Italy and Portugal. Following the acquisition, the company was again relaunched with a new development (/wiki/Business_development) strategy (/wiki/Business_strategy) . [2] (#cite_note-reuters.com-2) In the same year, La Perla launched a made-to-measure (/wiki/Made_to_measure) collection at its flagship stores, incorporating made-to-order (/wiki/Build_to_order) lingerie. [20] (#cite_note-IS2014-20) [4] (#cite_note-TheIndependant2014October19GonsalvesRebecca-4) [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2015, La Perla's first Atelier collection was shown during Couture Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_week) in Paris; with this being the brand's first runway show (/wiki/Runway_show) there. [22] (#cite_note-Vogue2015Feb-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Julia Haart (/wiki/Julia_Haart) was appointed creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of La Perla in 2016 and held the role for a year, after working with the brand on accessories collaborations for two seasons. [9] (#cite_note-Vogue2016August24YotkaSteff-9) The brand's creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) and Chief Design Officer is Italian-American designer Nicole Rendone, who joined La Perla in 2021. Left in 2023 [24] (#cite_note-Wallpaper2015-24) Publications [ edit ] In 1997, collaborations with Italian photographer Marino Parisotto (/wiki/Marino_Parisotto) resulted in the publication of a photographic volume, Senso , portraying new La Perla styles. [25] (#cite_note-ElPais1998-25) Senso was dedicated to the world of corsetry (/wiki/Corsetry) seen through the female gaze. [25] (#cite_note-ElPais1998-25) In 2012, Rizzoli (/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup) New York City published La Perla. Lingerie & Desire , the first monographic book (/wiki/Monography) dedicated to the brand and its evolution over almost sixty years. Some chapters are dedicated to the history of the La Perla products, marketing (the origins, the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s and the 1990s) and advertorial (/wiki/Advertorial) images, while others are linked to "symbolic aesthetic (/wiki/Aesthetic) concepts" such as Black, White, Body, Inspirations, Precious and Eros (/wiki/Eros) . [26] (#cite_note-Rizzoli2012-26) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About us" (https://laperlafashionholding.com/about/) . La Perla Fashion Holding . 16 February 2023 . Retrieved 16 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Segreti, Giulia (26 February 2018). "Sapinda buys lingerie firm La Perla after Fosun talks stumble" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-laperla-m-a-sapinda/sapinda-buys-lingerie-firm-la-perla-after-fosun-talks-stumble-idUSKCN1GA1NN) . Reuters.com . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Valerie Steele (11 March 2003). Fashion, Italian Style . Yale University Press. p. 89. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300100143 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Gonsalves, Rebecca (19 October 2014). "What lies beneath La Perla's 60 years of luxury lingerie?" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/what-lies-beneath-la-perlas-luxury-lingerie-9804676.html) . The Independent . United Kingdom. ESI Media . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cardinali2016_5-0) Cardinali, Isabella (2012). La Perla. Lingerie & Desire . New York City: Rizzoli (/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup) . p. 28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847839162 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Hills, Megan C. (25 October 2019). "In pictures: 65 years of La Perla lingerie" (https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/style/la-perla-lingerie-65th-anniversary-a4235411.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 15 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Alexandra Amico (20 February 2022). "La Perla: the history of luxury lingerie Made in Italy" (https://italian-traditions.com/perla-history-luxury-lingerie-made-italy/) . Retrieved 15 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Hills, Megan C. (25 October 2019). "In pictures: 65 years of La Perla lingerie" (https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/style/la-perla-lingerie-65th-anniversary-a4235411.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Yotka, Steff (24 August 2016). "La Perla Has a New Creative Director and a Surprising New Approach to Ready-to-Wear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161102060956/http://www.vogue.com/13468802/la-perla-julia-haart-creative-director/) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/13468802/la-perla-julia-haart-creative-director) on 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter |agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-YouTube2015Oct_10-0) "La Perla Maison Collection" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cugIwVblzMo) . YouTube. 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lycra_11-0) "La Perla Sculpture with Lycra Black fiber" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160405211824/http://www2.lycra.com/it_it/webpage.aspx?id=491) . Lycra (/wiki/Lycra) . 28 September 2007. Archived from the original (http://www2.lycra.com/it_it/webpage.aspx?id=491&contentid=150&cat=2&web=8&pg=3) on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Sigurðardóttir, Steinunn. "Steinunn Sigurðardóttir." Interview by Sigríður Sigurðardóttir, Gunnar Hilmarsson, and Páll Hjaltason. Sjónþing Gerðubergs 18 March 2006: n. pag. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b Bell, Chris (19 October 2015). "We've been collecting you, Mr Bond…" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/james-bond-spectre/most-valuable-collectibles-props/) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-VogueIT2014_14-0) Tortora, Laura (17 February 2014). "La Perla reopening" (http://www.vogue.it/trends/shop-in-the-shops/2014/02/la-perla-reopening) . Vogue Italia. Condé Nast . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-RC2016_15-0) "Beyonce Knowles in La Perla – 2014 Grammy Awards Performance" (http://www.redcarpet-fashionawards.com/2014/01/27/beyonce-knowles-la-perla-2014-grammy-awards-performance/) . Red Carpet Fashion Awards. 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-TFS2015_16-0) "La Perla's Jean Paul Gaultier Collection Createur Presentation" (http://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/112183-la-perlas-jean-paul-gaultier-collection-createur-presentation/) . The Fashion Spot. 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Drapers_17-0) Oxberry, Eve (11 August 2010). "La Perla to launch shapewear" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/la-perla-to-launch-shapewear/5016052.article) . Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Binnie, Isla (4 June 2013). "Italian entrepreneur Scaglia bags La Perla at auction" (https://www.reuters.com/article/laperla-auction-idUSL5N0EG1ZN20130604) . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Lingerie label La Perla removes skinny mannequin display" (https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-27406377) . BBC News . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-IS2014_20-0) "La Perla Launches Bras Made with 24K Gold Thread" (http://www.instyle.com/news/la-perla-launches-bras-made-24k-gold-thread) . InStyle . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Shaw, Catherine (29 October 2015). "La Perla's latest Roberto Baciocchi-designed emporium opens in Hong Kong" (https://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/la-perla-open-their-new-flagship-store-in-hong-kong) . wallpaper.com . Retrieved 15 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue2015Feb_22-0) Kilcooley-O'Halloran, Scarlett (20 February 2015). "La Perla: Luxury in the Making" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/la-perla-vintage-campaign-imagery-interview-design-team-nick-tacchi) . Vogue . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . {{ cite magazine (/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) }} : Unknown parameter |agency= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Orlova-Alvarez, Tamara (18 October 2018). "La Perla Second Skin Launch Party – London" (https://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/la-perla-second-skin-launch-party/) . Ikon London Magazine . Retrieved 19 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wallpaper2015_24-0) Shaw, Catherine (29 October 2015). "La Perla's latest Roberto Baciocchi-designed emporium opens in Hong Kong" (http://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/la-perla-open-their-new-flagship-store-in-hong-kong) . Wallpaper (/wiki/Wallpaper) . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Parisotto busca el arte de la lencería" (http://elpais.com/diario/1998/04/10/cultura/892159204_850215.html) . El Pais (/wiki/El_Pais) (in Spanish). 10 April 1998 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rizzoli2012_26-0) "La Perla: Lingerie and Desire" (http://www.rizzoliusa.com/book.php?isbn=9780847839162) . Rizzoli (/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup) . 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . 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An example of a high-low skirt High-low skirts , also known as asymmetrical (/wiki/Asymmetrical) , waterfall (/wiki/Waterfall) , or mullet skirts, are skirts with a hem that is higher in the front, or side, than in the back. History [ edit ] Evening dresses designed by Racine, showcasing lace high-low-skirts. Art-Goût-Beauté , 1929 The high-low skirt has a full circle hem. However, the length varies from short in front to long in back. The style originates in Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) dresses and formal gowns, when the hem style became known as the " fishtail (/w/index.php?title=Fishtail_skirt&action=edit&redlink=1) ". During the 19th century, it became a trend in the mid-1870s, reappearing in the early 1880s, [1] (#cite_note-1) and later in women's formal gowns and evening dresses throughout the 20th century, particularly in the late 1920s and early 1930s, where lowering hemlines were a mask that would start off 1930s silhouettes. The recent high-low skirt hem trend began in late 2011. The high-low skirt became a trend in Europe and America in late 2011, eventually becoming a worldwide fashion in Spring and Summer 2012. It has received fashion press coverage in India, such as in the fashion labels Namrata Joshipura (/w/index.php?title=Namrata_Joshipura&action=edit&redlink=1) and Myoho (/w/index.php?title=Myoho&action=edit&redlink=1) , being praised for its "playfulness". [2] (#cite_note-2) It received widespread visibility outside of fashion circles after The Voice (/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S.)) contestant Devyn DeLoera (/w/index.php?title=Devyn_DeLoera&action=edit&redlink=1) wore a peach-coloured high-low skirt for her audition in summer 2012. The skirt style has been given a variety of names by designers and the press, including asymmetrical and waterfall, with the most common and derisive term being "mullet skirt", used by Britain's Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) newspaper in criticising a version worn by singer Cher Lloyd (/wiki/Cher_Lloyd) in April 2012, [3] (#cite_note-3) a mocking reference to the now unfashionable mullet hairstyle that was a brief men's fad (/wiki/Fad) in the 1980s. However, some high-low dress wearers have embraced the term, referring to their own dress as a mullet dress. Asymmetric peplum trend [ edit ] A related trend in 2011 and 2012 is the asymmetric peplum (/wiki/Overskirt) hem on shirts, sweaters and jackets for women. The peplum, a broad ruffled hem that is fitted at the waist and flares outward, has been a recurring fashion trend in Europe for centuries, and was last popular in Europe and North America during the 1940s and 1950s. An asymmetric version has been brought to women's fashion in 2012, but not all consumers find it flattering, with one American stating, "I do not believe it hides large hips and behinds, and the new asymmetrical peplums should only be worn by the tall and thin". [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Handkerchief hem (/wiki/Handkerchief_hem) Skirt (/wiki/Skirt) Hem (/wiki/Hem) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Brooke, Iris (1979). A history of English costume . Eyre Methuen. p. 149. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Zakaria, Namrata (April 11, 2012). "A Summer of Content" (https://archive.today/20130122135408/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/a-summer-of-content/935295/) . Express India. Archived from the original (http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/a-summer-of-content/935295/) on January 22, 2013 . Retrieved April 11, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Wheeler, Rachael (April 9, 2012). "Cher Lloyd shows off her Bridget Jones pants in a short (and entirely invisible) skirt on stage" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/cher-lloyd-suffers--wardrobe-784955) . Mirror . Retrieved April 11, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hill, Karen Nazor (March 26, 2012). "Retro peplum jackets back in style for women this season" (http://timesfreepress.com/news/2012/mar/26/retro-peplum-jackets-back-in-style-for-women/) . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved April 11, 2012 . 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Handkerchief skirts are skirts with asymmetric hems, created from fabric panels of different lengths sewn together, to create a hem with several corners that hang down as points. The hem resembles a handkerchief (/wiki/Handkerchief) that is held by the centre so that its corners hang down as points. A handkerchief hem skirt. History [ edit ] Handkerchief hems have been used in women's tops and skirt hems for centuries in many cultures, to add a flattering drape, especially over the hips. They can be seen in women's clothing in art from Ancient Greece, and appeared in Parisian fashions in the 1910s-1920s, such as the dresses of designer Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) followed Vionnet's lead, using the handkerchief hem to transition hemlines away from the shorter Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) styles he had helped popularize, and towards the longer lengths that were fashionable during the 1930s. [2] (#cite_note-2) In the simplest design, a square of fabric is cut with an opening in the middle for the waistband. When the skirt is put on, the four corners hang down as points. More panels of material can be used to increase the number of corners, or points, along the hem. [3] (#cite_note-3) Revival [ edit ] In the first decade of the 21st century, handkerchief hems returned as a trend in women's clothing. Since the design involves pleats that drape, the effect is achieved with lightweight, flowing fabrics. In 2003, the trend was evident in bohemian styles (/wiki/Bohemian_styles) such as designs by American clothing label Free People (/wiki/Free_People) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2004, handkerchief hems were modelled at Milan fashion shows. [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Skirt (/wiki/Skirt) Hem (/wiki/Hem) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kirke, Betty (1998). Madeleine Vionnet . Chronicle Books. p. 18. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brockman, Helen (1965). The Theory of Fashion Design . New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 40–52 (https://archive.org/details/theoryoffashiond0000broc/page/40) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0471105864 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) McKelvey, Kathryn (2006). Fashion Source Book . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 204 (https://archive.org/details/fashionsourceboo0002mcke/page/204) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781405126939 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Good Housekeeping . 236 . Hearst Corp.: 230 2003. {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) JET . 106 (22). Johnson Publishing: 17. 29 November 2004. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0021-5996 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6fdcfd4cbc‐kmfn8 Cached time: 20240624141316 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.147 seconds Real time usage: 0.187 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 293/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8486/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 82/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19679/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.094/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3752925/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 158.308 1 -total 76.98% 121.873 1 Template:Reflist 58.38% 92.413 3 Template:Cite_book 22.90% 36.251 1 Template:Portal 5.41% 8.571 2 Template:Cite_journal 1.01% 1.602 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35466713-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624141316 and revision id 1054919107. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handkerchief_skirt&oldid=1054919107 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handkerchief_skirt&oldid=1054919107) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Skirts (/wiki/Category:Skirts) History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) Hidden category: CS1 errors: missing title (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title)
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Worn by Chinese children during toilet training Open-crotch pants Chinese boy wearing open-crotch pants at a park in Beijing Traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) 開襠褲 Simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) 开裆裤 Literal meaning Open-crotch pants Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) kāidāngkù Yue: Cantonese (/wiki/Cantonese) Yale Romanization (/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese) hoi1 dong1 fu3 Open-crotch pants ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 开 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80) 裆 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%86) 裤 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A3%A4) ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 開襠褲 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : kāidāngkù ), also known as open-crotch trousers or split pants , are worn by toddlers (/wiki/Toddler) throughout mainland China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT_2003_story-1) Often made of thick fabric, they are designed with either an unsewn seam (/wiki/Seam_(sewing)) over the buttocks and crotch or a hole over the central buttocks. Both allow children to urinate (/wiki/Urination) and defecate (/wiki/Defecation) without the pants being lowered. The child simply squats (/wiki/Defecation_postures#Squatting) , or is held by the parent (/wiki/Urination#Young_children) , eliminating the need for diapers (/wiki/Diapers) . The sight of the partially exposed buttocks (/wiki/Buttocks) of kaidangku -clad children in public places frequently astonishes foreign visitors, who often photograph them. [2] (#cite_note-Pitt_China_students_book-2) [3] (#cite_note-Broken_Glass_Cake-3) They have been described as being "as much a sign of China as Chairman Mao (/wiki/Mao_Zedong) 's portrait looming over Tiananmen Square (/wiki/Tiananmen_Square) ." [4] (#cite_note-2003_CSM_story-4) In China they are often seen as a relic of the country's rural past, with younger mothers, particularly in cities, preferring to diaper their children instead. However, Western advocates of the elimination communication (/wiki/Elimination_communication) method of toilet training (/wiki/Toilet_training) have pointed to the advantages of their use, specifically that children complete their toilet training more quickly and at an earlier age. Other benefits claimed include the elimination of diaper rash (/wiki/Diaper_rash) and reduction of the environmental problems caused by disposable diapers. Use [ edit ] Toilet training (/wiki/Toilet_training) begins very early in China, sometimes within days of birth and usually no later than a month. [5] (#cite_note-CSM_story-5) Frequently babies are held closely by parents, grandparents or other extended family (/wiki/Extended_family) members caring for them, sensitive to when they need to relieve themselves. [6] (#cite_note-Mary_Exton_paper-6) A child who appears ready to urinate or defecate is held over the toilet or any other receptacle available if a commode cannot be reached in time. The adult makes a high-pitched soft whistle while holding the child in a bǎ ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 把 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8A%8A) ), or bunched-up position, a term sometimes used for the whole process, imitating the sound of running water or urine, to get the child to relax the appropriate muscles. [7] (#cite_note-Red_China_Blues-7) [5] (#cite_note-CSM_story-5) Open-crotch pants for 3- to 6-month-olds, for sale in Haikou (/wiki/Haikou) Open-crotch pants are worn when the child is first taken out of the house. Mostly male children wear them; girls (and occasionally some boys) are put in infant-size sundresses (/wiki/Sundress) . [2] (#cite_note-Pitt_China_students_book-2) Their use continues even after wearers have gained some control over their bodily functions, since they may not have yet gained the stature or motor skills (/wiki/Motor_skill) necessary to use a toilet. Instead, when outdoors, they use a wastebasket or large potted plant. If neither of those is available, caretakers often let the children use the sidewalk or any other available uncovered surface and clean it up themselves afterwards. [5] (#cite_note-CSM_story-5) History [ edit ] In 2003 The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described open-crotch pants as having been in use in China for "decades". [1] (#cite_note-NYT_2003_story-1) Seven years earlier, in her memoir Red China Blues (/wiki/Red_China_Blues) , Chinese Canadian (/wiki/Chinese_Canadian) journalist Jan Wong (/wiki/Jan_Wong) speculates that their use evolved from chronic shortages of cloth, soap and water. While those items were in short supply, "people weren't" she wrote. "Someone was always available to ba a Chinese baby." [7] (#cite_note-Red_China_Blues-7) Their use continued during the 20th century as China modernized in other ways. During the later years of Mao Zedong (/wiki/Mao_Zedong) 's rule, brightly colored kaidangku on the streets of Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) offered a sharp contrast to the austere blue and gray tones of adult clothing prescribed by the Cultural Revolution (/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) . [8] (#cite_note-China_Daily_story-8) Even after the economic liberalizations (/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform) promoted by Deng Xiaoping (/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) in the subsequent decades and the ensuing introduction of more Western culture and ideas, they remained in use for the vast majority of children in the People's Republic of China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) . [9] (#cite_note-Ten_Types_of_Innovation-9) When Wong, then a Chinese correspondent for Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) 's The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) , bore a son in Beijing in 1990, only one hotel in the city sold disposable diapers. Since they charged US$1 apiece, she decided to toilet-train him the traditional Chinese way. [7] (#cite_note-Red_China_Blues-7) Western manufacturers of consumer products (/wiki/Consumer_product) , including disposable diapers (/wiki/Disposable_diapers) , continued to push for entry into the vast Chinese market. In 1998 the American company Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) (P&G) was able to introduce its popular Pampers (/wiki/Pampers) brand to China; competitors soon followed. [1] (#cite_note-NYT_2003_story-1) However, Chinese parents at first saw no reason to abandon kaidangku for diapers, and the company struggled to gain market share. After re-engineering its diapers to be softer and selling them at a lower price than it offered them for in the U.S., P&G launched its "Golden Sleep" campaign in 2007 [5] (#cite_note-CSM_story-5) suggested by its market research (/wiki/Market_research) , with advertisements claiming that babies slept better in diapers, which could in turn be better for their cognitive development (/wiki/Cognitive_development) . [10] (#cite_note-CBS_Moneywatch_story-10) Even before that, attitudes had begun to change. Within five years of Pampers' introduction, about $200 million in disposable diapers were being sold in China annually, and many manufacturers reported their sales were growing by double-digit percentages. One of the foreign manufacturers, Japan's Unicharm (/wiki/Unicharm) , said in 2002 that its MamyPoko brand was so popular it was planning to build a plant in China to make them. The shift in attitudes had drastically reduced the use of open-crotch pants—upscale retailers no longer carried them, and Chinese parenting magazines depicted babies wearing diapers exclusively. [1] (#cite_note-NYT_2003_story-1) Attitudes among Chinese had changed, as well. Mothers the Times talked to in 2003 dismissed kaidangku as out of step with the values of China's growing middle class. "Split pants? That's so old-fashioned!" one Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) woman said. "It's not hygienic. It's bad for the environment. Only poor people who live on farms wear them." [1] (#cite_note-NYT_2003_story-1) A Guangzhou (/wiki/Guangzhou) woman quoted in China Daily (/wiki/China_Daily) a year later agreed, calling them "uncivilized". People who could afford to buy diapers for their children did so, she asserted, and a Beijing post-natal care (/wiki/Postpartum_period) center advised mothers to use diapers no matter what the cost. [8] (#cite_note-China_Daily_story-8) Zhao Zhongxin, an education professor at Beijing Normal University (/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University) , said open-crotch pants had become an indicator of socioeconomic status (/wiki/Socioeconomic_status) in the new China. "Children in the cities do not wear kaidangku anymore. But children in the countryside still do," he told China Daily . "This is the difference between the minds and living conditions of rural people and urban people," who, the paper added, might also be more mindful of city-government campaigns for cleaner public spaces overall, especially prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics) in Beijing, which included exhortations to parents to diaper their children at least for the duration of the Games. [11] (#cite_note-Olympics_campaign-11) A spokeswoman for domestic diaper maker Goodbaby admitted to the newspaper that it was harder to overcome resistance to diaper use outside cities. "Some people, especially farmers, may think they are too wasteful." [8] (#cite_note-China_Daily_story-8) A boy wearing both diapers and kaidangku Other mothers used both open-crotch pants and diapers depending on the situation. [5] (#cite_note-CSM_story-5) In 2003 the Times reported that they were still frequently seen on hot days in Shanghai, although they were no longer ubiquitous in those conditions. A Zhejiang (/wiki/Zhejiang) woman who ran a fruit stand in the city told the newspaper that she dressed her son in them only in that weather, since it was more comfortable for him and reduced the risk of diaper rash (/wiki/Diaper_rash) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT_2003_story-1) And one Beijing mother whom China Daily spoke to while she watched her kaidangku -clad son at a Beijing playground dismissed opposition to the pants. "Even if people don't think it looks good, that's a minority opinion," she said. "This is a Chinese tradition." [8] (#cite_note-China_Daily_story-8) By the end of the decade Pampers had become the top-selling diaper brand in China. Foreign and domestic observers alike confidently predicted the demise of kaidangku . In 2010 Brandchannel called them "a fading memory." [12] (#cite_note-Brandchannel_story-12) Yet reports from China early in the next decade suggested their use continued. [4] (#cite_note-2003_CSM_story-4) [5] (#cite_note-CSM_story-5) Advantages and disadvantages [ edit ] Despite the increasing prevalence of diaper use, which became a $3-billion industry in the country by 2010, [4] (#cite_note-2003_CSM_story-4) enough Chinese parents still use open-crotch pants, or consider doing so, for parenting websites in that language to list their benefits and detriments to better help parents make an informed decision. Among the former are that their use offsets the infant's inability to communicate, eliminates the need for scheduled toileting times and greatly reduces the need to wash soiled clothing. [13] (#cite_note-Chinese_baby_Classroom-13) Most frequently cited is the ability to begin and finish toilet training earlier. It is not uncommon for infants in kaidangku to begin being toilet trained before their first birthday and be fully trained around that milestone or shortly afterwards, before most of their Western counterparts have even begun. During a 1981 visit to a Beijing preschool, Fox Butterfield (/wiki/Fox_Butterfield) , then a Chinese correspondent for The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , reported that he expressed skepticism from his own contemporaneous parenting experience over the possibility that children that young could be successfully toilet trained, only to have it immediately dispelled by a 14-month-old girl's timely use of the spittoon (/wiki/Spittoon) provided for her. [14] (#cite_note-1981_NYT_story-14) However, parents are cautioned that kaidangku can be dirtier, leading to a higher risk of problems like urethritis (/wiki/Urethritis) , cystitis (/wiki/Cystitis) and other complications of urinary tract infections (/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection) . Children in them are also believed to face a higher risk of frostbite (/wiki/Frostbite) in winter, and 163.com (/wiki/163.com) warns that boys with easy access to their exposed genitals "can easily develop bad habits." [13] (#cite_note-Chinese_baby_Classroom-13) Goodbaby, the Shanghai-based diaper maker, lists some other problems with open-crotch pants on its website. In addition to the medical, sanitary and environmental drawbacks, it says that they show no respect for the child's privacy and that he may in the future be embarrassed by photographs of himself wearing them, particularly as they become less common. While it admits that kaidangku use results merely from different cultural values and not ignorance, it counsels, "we must admit foreign practices are more rigorous and show more respect for the child." [15] (#cite_note-Goodbaby_site-15) Wong (/wiki/Jan_Wong) , in her memoir, describes another negative side effect. In the early 1990s, she reported on China's leading penis-enlargement (/wiki/Penis_enlargement) surgeon. Many of his patients were men who, as children on farms, suffered serious injury to their organs when they squatted in their open-crotch pants in areas where dogs or pigs ate their own feces (/wiki/Feces) and the animals bit the boys' penises in the confusion. Some had never married because of the injury. "China desperately needed a Pampers (/wiki/Pampers) factory, or at least a dog-food industry," she wrote. [16] (#cite_note-Wong_505-16) Lastly, in his 1996 memoir The Attic , artist Guanlong Cao recalls an incidental benefit of kaidangku to his parents: When [my sister] Chuen was three years old, she still wore open-crotch pants that revealed two banana-shaped slices of her bottom. She liked to climb the wooden ladder that leaned against the south window. The slanted roof outside the window was a constant temptation to her. But she was only allowed to climb three steps, poke her head outside, and sneak a peek at the world. As soon as her little foot moved toward the fourth rung of the ladder, a slap on the bottom (/wiki/Spanking) was guaranteed. In addition to the hygienic convenience, I presume this was another technical advantage of the classic open-crotch pants. [17] (#cite_note-The_Attic-17) Use in West [ edit ] As Chinese parents were migrating from kaidangku to diapers, some Western parents were going in the opposite direction, concerned about the environmental impact of used disposable diapers and the health effects on the child. In her 2006 book Diaper Free , Ingrid Bauer bemoaned the marketing success of diaper manufacturers in China. "The traditional kaidangku have rapidly disappeared from the major cities in the last half-decade and are rapidly being replaced by diapers ... Aggressive advertisers create an impression that consumer products are vastly superior to what mothers have practiced for eons and urge parents to buy what they can barely afford," she wrote. [18] (#cite_note-Diaper_Free-18) Around that same time, inspired by the Chinese example, parents in the U.S. and other Western countries began forming "diaper-free" support groups (/wiki/Support_group) and practicing elimination communication (/wiki/Elimination_communication) toilet training on younger babies, using the ba whistling sound to incite urination. Some that The New York Times talked to in 2005 suggested they had gone to that city's Chinatown (/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan) to purchase open-crotch pants for their own children. [19] (#cite_note-2005_NYT_story-19) Western parents working in China also saw the use of kaidangku up close, and in some cases decided to emulate Chinese methods in toilet training their own children. [5] (#cite_note-CSM_story-5) See also [ edit ] China portal (/wiki/Portal:China) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Infant clothing (/wiki/Infant_clothing) Swaddling (/wiki/Swaddling) , a type of infant clothing once dismissed as old-fashioned but increasingly used References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chen, David (August 5, 2003). "Shanghai Journal; A New Policy of Containment, for Baby Bottoms" (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/05/world/shanghai-journal-a-new-policy-of-containment-for-baby-bottoms.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 14, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Arenth, Christina (2007). "The No-Diaper System". In Tang, Wenfang (ed.). 美国大学生看中国 [ Pitt in China: A Cultural Perspective by American College Students ]. China Intercontinental Press. pp. 53–56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9787508512044 . Retrieved August 14, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Broken_Glass_Cake_3-0) Kennedy, Meredith (2011). Broken Glass Cake: Adventures off the Beaten Path . Strategic Book Publishing. p. 256. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781612043227 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . We came across one little boy at the Summer Palace in Beijing who apparently had no need of any toilets. His pants were made with a perfectly open crotch, allowing him to be the natural creature God created, anytime, anywhere. The only thing cuter than this little guy innocently mooning everyone was the dozen or so giggling choir members running after him with their camera poised for a good shot. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bruno, Debra (November 29, 2012). "Disposable diapers or bare bottoms? China frets over potty training" (http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/1129/Disposable-diapers-or-bare-bottoms-China-frets-over-potty-training) . The Christian Science Monitor (/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor) . Retrieved August 15, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bruno, Debra (November 23, 2012). "Potty training Chinese style: With a diaper-free child, look for potted plants" (http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Family/2012/1123/Potty-training-Chinese-style-With-a-diaper-free-child-look-for-potted-plants) . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved August 14, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mary_Exton_paper_6-0) Exton, Mary. "The Cultural Conflict Over Toilet Training" (http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~megp/webct/culturalconflict.htm) . Plymouth State University (/wiki/Plymouth_State_University) . Retrieved August 15, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Wong, Jan (/wiki/Jan_Wong) (2011). Red China Blues: My Long March From Mao to Now . Doubleday Canada. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780385674362 . Retrieved August 14, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d " (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/16/content_349150.htm) 'Open-crotch pants' make way for disposable diapers" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/16/content_349150.htm) . China Daily (/wiki/China_Daily) . July 16, 2004 . Retrieved August 14, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ten_Types_of_Innovation_9-0) Keeley, Larry; Walters, Helen; Pikkel, Ira; Quinn, Brian (2013). Ten Types of Innovation: The Discipline of Building Breakthroughs . John Wiley & Sons. p. 120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781118571415 . Retrieved August 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-CBS_Moneywatch_story_10-0) Frazier, Mya (January 11, 2010). "How P&G Brought the Diaper Revolution to China" (http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-pg-brought-the-diaper-revolution-to-china/) . CBS MoneyWatch (/wiki/CBS_MoneyWatch) . Retrieved August 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Olympics_campaign_11-0) Ayar, Pallavi (August 8, 2008). "Miss Manners meets the average Zhou" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091012084513/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JH08Ad01.html) . Asia Times (/wiki/Asia_Times) . Archived from the original on October 12, 2009 . Retrieved August 26, 2014 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Brandchannel_story_12-0) Shayon, Sheila (April 28, 2010). "Bottoms Up: Pampers Takes on China" (http://www.brandchannel.com/home/post/2010/04/28/Pampers-Takes-on-China.aspx) . Brandchannel . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Baby Classroom" (http://baby.163.com/special/00262IED/split_pants.html) . 163.com (in Chinese). NetEase (/wiki/NetEase) . 1997–2008 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . 此外，女宝宝外阴部由于生理的原因和开裆裤的暴露性容易被感染，患上尿道炎、膀胱炎、泌尿系统感染，男宝宝容易玩弄生殖器而养成不良习惯。 ^ (#cite_ref-1981_NYT_story_14-0) Butterfield, Fox (/wiki/Fox_Butterfield) (January 5, 1981). "How China Raises its Well-behaved Children" (https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/05/style/how-china-raises-its-well-behaved-children.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 17, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Goodbaby_site_15-0) 穿开裆裤的宝宝伤不起 [Your child cannot afford the harm of open-crotch pants] (in Chinese). Goodbaby. 1997–2011 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . 但不得不承认国外的做法更严谨更尊重孩子。 ^ (#cite_ref-Wong_505_16-0) Wong, 505 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NnEPOZPLyakC&pg=PT505) . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Attic_17-0) Cao, Guanlong (1996). The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son . University of California Press (/wiki/University_of_California_Press) . pp. 49–50. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520917446 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Diaper_Free_18-0) Bauer, Ingrid (2006). Diaper Free: The Gentle Wisdom of Natural Infant Hygiene . Penguin. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781440649592 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2005_NYT_story_19-0) Kelley, Tina (October 9, 2005). "A Fast Track to Toilet Training for Those at the Crawling Stage" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/nyregion/09diapers.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Open-crotch pants (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open-crotch_pants) at Wikimedia Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jftpp Cached time: 20240719052654 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.386 seconds Real time usage: 0.485 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1657/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 50564/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1482/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 83078/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.267/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14398644/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 431.335 1 -total 37.34% 161.055 1 Template:Reflist 33.15% 142.979 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese 22.64% 97.635 9 Template:Cite_news 13.13% 56.641 1 Template:Short_description 7.39% 31.854 2 Template:Pagetype 6.75% 29.129 6 Template:Cite_book 6.02% 25.960 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 5.71% 24.609 1 Template:Sister-inline 4.23% 18.238 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35468052-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719052654 and revision id 1197722004. 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French expression referring to the Parisian elite This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tout-Paris) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Tout-Paris" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tout-Paris%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tout-Paris%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tout-Paris%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tout-Paris%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tout-Paris%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tout-Paris%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) During the 19th century Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) (beautiful era), " le Tout-Paris " often attended horse races as fashionable entertainment here at Paris' Bois de Boulogne (/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne) park. ( Édouard Manet (/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet) , Courses au Bois de Boulogne , 1872). Le Tout-Paris ( lit. (/wiki/Literal_translation) ' All-Paris ' ) is a French expression referring to the stylish and affluent elite of Paris (/wiki/Paris) , who frequent fashionable events and places, and establish trends in upper-class culture. It is equivalent to the jet set (/wiki/Jet_set) elsewhere. History [ edit ] A dinner for fashion designer Charles Jourdan (/wiki/Charles_Jourdan) at the trendy Plaza Athénée (/wiki/Plaza_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e) hotel in Paris, 1962 The popular understanding of fashionable Tout-Paris has grown to include celebrities such as actress Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) , here in Saint-Tropez (/wiki/Saint-Tropez) on the French Riviera (/wiki/French_Riviera) , 1963. The expression tout-Paris was used in the 17th century to refer to high society (/wiki/High_society) among the aristocratic inhabitants of the city of Paris. It was used in 1660 by Nicolas Boileau (/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau) in his Satires to refer to the influential members of Parisian society who made Pierre Corneille (/wiki/Pierre_Corneille) 's play El Cid (/wiki/El_Cid) popular, in the famous sentence, "In vain, a minister sought support against El Cid—Tout Paris supported Chimene in love with Rodrigue". [1] (#cite_note-1) Boileau also used the expression in Chant III : "Where tout Paris as a crowd bears its sufferings". [2] (#cite_note-2) Voltaire (/wiki/Voltaire) and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_D%27Alembert) also used the expression in their correspondence. The current use of the expression Tout-Paris dates from the Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) era of 19th-century Paris. Historian Anne Martin-Fugier dates it to the beginning of the 19th century, when in the aftermath of the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) and the rise of Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon) , when the non-aristocratic elites of the city began playing a role at the top of the city's affluent culture, forming a new social class. [3] (#cite_note-3) A group made up of writers, politicians, bankers and prominent artists, this community lived in fashionable neighbourhoods, went to the theatre, and attended receptions at embassies. It also embodied a certain idea of Parisians' "good taste" ( bon goût ), setting trends with its pastimes, such as horse racing and holidays at the seaside. The activities of Tout-Paris were noted in the mass media. An article in Le Gaulois (/wiki/Le_Gaulois) , from August 24, 1895, titled "Mondanités: Paris hors Paris" (Worldly events: Paris outside of Paris), noted that composer Camille Saint-Saëns (/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns) arrived at the coastal resort of Dieppe (/wiki/Dieppe_(Seine-Maritime)) and gave a detailed list of other noteworthy social figures also present in the town: "It is tout Paris, that can be seen: Count and Countess Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord (/wiki/Louis_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord) , M. Josselin de Rohan, Mme Madeleine Lemaire (/wiki/Madeleine_Lemaire) , M. Marcel Proust (/wiki/Marcel_Proust) et M. Reynaldo Hahn (/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn) , who are the hosts of the eminent artist." Evoking the year 1841, poet Charles Baudelaire (/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire) saw in Tout-Paris above all the passionate followers of literature and poetry: "During this time, tout Paris was made up of this elite group given the role of fashioning others' opinions, and who, when a poet is born, are always the first to be notified." [4] (#cite_note-4) During the Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) , Tout-Paris became a sort of club with its own rules. In 1901 the Annuaire du Tout Paris (Tout Paris Annual) appeared, counting writer Marcel Proust (/wiki/Marcel_Proust) among its readers. Created in 1903, the Bottin mondain (Directory of the High Society) in fact presented only a list of Parisian personalities. Le Tout-Paris was associated with particular fashionable places in the city, such as the restaurant ( Maxim's (/wiki/Maxim%27s_Paris) , the large urban forest the Bois de Boulogne (/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne) , Deauville (/wiki/Deauville) , and so on, defining trends, giving an artist or writer their blessing, making or unmaking the reputation of a politician. Beginning in the 1950s, Tout-Paris became increasingly associated with personalities connected with certain trendy nightclubs, such as Régine (/wiki/R%C3%A9gine) , creating notable discos where celebrities could be seen, among them Françoise Sagan (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Sagan) , Jean-Claude Brialy (/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brialy) , Jacques Chazot (/wiki/Jacques_Chazot) , Françoise Giroud (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Giroud) , Yves Saint-Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , and so on. Tout-Paris today [ edit ] Today, the expression is sometimes used to refer to subgroups of Paris culture's elite (the "literary tout-Paris", the "political tout-Paris", and so on), somewhat losing its original meaning, now referring to a broader group of arts personalities, athletes, media figures, or politicians covered in the popular media (/wiki/Popular_media) . Their attendance is covered at events such as concerts, galas, premiers, art gallery vernissages (/wiki/Vernissage) and nightclubs in the capitol. With global travel and fashion, it is often used interchangeably with the global jet set (/wiki/Jet_set) of trendsetters. The rise of the tabloid press in the 20th century, and the blending of entertainment and current events news in publications such as Paris Match (/wiki/Paris_Match) , has added to this public perception of Parisian celebrity. See also [ edit ] France portal (/wiki/Portal:France) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) Culture of Paris (/wiki/Culture_of_Paris) Fame in the 20th Century (/wiki/Fame_in_the_20th_Century) Paris Match (/wiki/Paris_Match) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Boileau, Satire IX s: Satire IX (Boileau) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Satire_IX_(Boileau)) at Wikisource (/wiki/Wikisource) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Pocock, Gordon (2010). Boileau and the Nature of Neoclassicism . Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521136754 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Anne Martin-Fugier, La vie élégante ou la formation du Tout-Paris, 1815–1848 , Fayard, 1990 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Charles Baudelaire, L'Art romantique (posthume), 1869 Online edition in French at Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k101426n) Bibliography [ edit ] Françoise Giroud (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Giroud) , Françoise Giroud vous présente le Tout-Paris , Gallimard, 1952 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4t45m Cached time: 20240715074911 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.221 seconds Real time usage: 0.610 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 546/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14087/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 720/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8175/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.132/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3939412/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 270.505 1 -total 35.98% 97.323 1 Template:Reflist 31.02% 83.923 1 Template:Cite_book 23.67% 64.037 1 Template:Verification 21.53% 58.249 1 Template:Ambox 19.17% 51.847 1 Template:Short_description 8.80% 23.806 2 Template:Pagetype 8.72% 23.591 1 Template:Italictitle 8.34% 22.550 1 Template:Portal 6.55% 17.711 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35495636-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715074911 and revision id 1212839436. 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Pakistani-born British singer and model (born 1987) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Annie Khalid" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Annie+Khalid%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Annie+Khalid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Annie+Khalid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Annie+Khalid%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Annie+Khalid%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Annie+Khalid%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Annie Khalid عینی خالد Khalid during a concert tour in Punjab, Pakistan (/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan) , 2012 Background information Birth name Noor-ul-Ain Khalid Born ( 1987-03-27 ) 27 March 1987 (age 37) Lahore (/wiki/Lahore) , Pakistan Origin Lahore, Pakistan Genres Pakistani pop (/wiki/Pakistani_popular_music) Occupation(s) Singer model Years active 2006–present Spouse(s) Malik Noureed Awan ( m. 2012; div. 2013) Saad Ahmed Khan ( m. 2014) Musical artist Noor-ul-Ain Khalid ( Urdu (/wiki/Urdu_language) : نور العین خالد ; born 27 March 1987), known professionally as Annie Khalid ( عینی خالد ), is a Pakistani-born British singer and model. She rose to fame in Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) in 2006, after releasing the single "Mahiya"; the song was used in the 2007 film Awarapan (/wiki/Awarapan) in India (/wiki/India) and became the most-played Pakistani song of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Early life [ edit ] Khalid was born to a Kashmiri (/wiki/Kashmiris) father and a Yemeni (/wiki/Yemenis) mother in the city of Lahore (/wiki/Lahore) on 27 March 1987. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) When she was six months old, the family left Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) and moved to the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , settling first in East London (/wiki/East_London) and later in Essex (/wiki/Essex) . [3] (#cite_note-GH-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Her first single, "Mahiya" became a massive hit in Pakistan, following its release in 2005. It was later used in the Indian film Awarapan (/wiki/Awarapan) . [5] (#cite_note-5) On 25 November 2010, Khalid released her UK debut single "Be My Baby" along with the remix of the track done by British DJ Judge Jules (/wiki/Judge_Jules) . [3] (#cite_note-GH-3) After meeting at a charity function, Khalid collaborated with the English–Norwegian boy band A1 (/wiki/A1_(band)) for a single "Just 3 Words" and went on tour with them, performing in Norway and the UK. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2011, Khalid was nominated as Best Female Singer at the Pakistan Media Awards (/wiki/Pakistan_Media_Awards) . In September 2013, she released the single "Boom Boom Danze" with Beenie Man (/wiki/Beenie_Man) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Modelling [ edit ] She walked at the 2010 L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) Karachi fashion week for BNS couture [3] (#cite_note-GH-3) and in 2011 for Ammar Belal. [8] (#cite_note-8) She was featured in LOOK magazine in June 2011. [ volume & issue needed ] The same month, she launched a café in Lahore (/wiki/Lahore) , the AK Lounge. [9] (#cite_note-9) Charity [ edit ] She was appointed Norway's Red Cross Goodwill ambassador in 2011, after her efforts fundraising for Pakistani flood victims. [3] (#cite_note-GH-3) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Personal life [ edit ] In July 2012, Khalid married Pakistani businessman Malik Noureed Awan, but the couple divorced in 2013 by triple talaq. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) On 26 December 2014, she married British-Pakistani businessman Saad Ahmed Khan, with whom she has a daughter. [14] (#cite_note-14) Discography [ edit ] Albums [ edit ] Annie Khalid during a concert Year Title Peak Positions Pakistan Albums Chart (/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Albums_Chart&action=edit&redlink=1) Indian Albums Chart (/w/index.php?title=Indian_Albums_Chart&action=edit&redlink=1) 2006 Princess Released: 16 April 2006 Label: Formats: CD (/wiki/Compact_Disc) -- -- 2010 Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai Released: 10 November 2010 Label: Black pen, Fire (/wiki/Fire_Records_(Pakistan)) Formats: CD (/wiki/Compact_Disc) , digital download (/wiki/Music_download) – – Singles [ edit ] "Mahiya" Remix - Awarapan (/wiki/Awarapan) (2007) "Tenu Takiya", featuring RnB (/wiki/RnB) (2008) "Just Three Words", featuring A1 (/wiki/A1_(band)) (2012) "Vari Vari Jawan" "Humvee Assault" (2013) "Vote For Change" PTI Song (2014) "Boom Boom Danze", featuring Beenie Man (/wiki/Beenie_Man) Brand Ambassador (2014) "Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai" Bahadurabad (2014) "Tujhe Yaad Kiya" "Saada Haq Ithe Rakh"(2014) "Tharki Saala" "The Profligator" (2014) "Tu Wo To Nahi" "Gunstar Heroes" (2014) "Party Karlo" "Jaan e Jaan" Overkill Mafia (2015) "Be My Baby", Golden Axe (2015) "Princess" Jet Set Radio (2015) "Listen (Tujh Se Meri Jaan Hai)" Binary Domain (2015) "Kali Raat" Young Tarang (2016) "Do You See Me" Robot 2 (2015) See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Music portal (/wiki/Portal:Music) List of Pakistani musicians (/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_musicians) List of people from Lahore (/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lahore) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "My dads side are Kashmiri and my mums side are from Yemen! (That's where I get the curls from)" (https://twitter.com/annie_khalid/status/194181889555316736) . Annie Khalid, Twitter. 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Chit chat: Annie unplugged" (https://www.dawn.com/news/453017) . Dawn . 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Scott, Linda (19 October 2010). "Music: Annie Khalid Launches "Be My Baby" in collaboration with Judge Jules" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203095241/http://theglobalherald.com/music-annie-khalid-launches-be-my-baby-in-collaboration-with-judge-jules/6107/) . The Global Herald . Archived from the original (http://theglobalherald.com/music-annie-khalid-launches-be-my-baby-in-collaboration-with-judge-jules/6107/) on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tahseen, Nida (2 July 2011). "ANNIE KHALID: Maahiya girl exploring new avenues" (https://nation.com.pk/29-Jun-2014/annie-khalid-maahiya-girl-exploring-new-avenues) . The Nation . Pakistan . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Singer Annie Khalid signs up with Indian record label" (https://www.dawn.com/news/1137307) . Dawn . 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ighanian, Catherine Gonsholt (12 May 2012). "Lover big Bollywood show on the "Golden Route": Pakistani Annie sings with A1" (https://www.vg.no/rampelys/musikk/i/XrAQg/lover-stort-bollywood-show-paa-gullruten-pakistanske-annie-synger-med-a1-beskyttes-av-livvakt) . VG (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sherwin, Adam (27 September 2013). " (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/pakistans-britney-spears-annie-khalid-seeks-fame-in-the-uk-dont-expect-her-to-twerk-for-it-8844833.html) 'Pakistan's Britney Spears' Annie Khalid seeks fame in the UK - don't" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/pakistans-britney-spears-annie-khalid-seeks-fame-in-the-uk-dont-expect-her-to-twerk-for-it-8844833.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/pakistans-britney-spears-annie-khalid-seeks-fame-in-the-uk-dont-expect-her-to-twerk-for-it-8844833.html) from the original on 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Annie Khalid Walks the Ramp for Ammar Belal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110415232340/http://thefriendsfm.com/2011/04/annie-khalid-walks-the-ramp-for-ammar-belal/) . Thefriendsfm . 14 April 2011. Archived from the original (http://thefriendsfm.com/2011/04/annie-khalid-walks-the-ramp-for-ammar-belal/) on 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Annie Khalids Caf in Lahore" (https://nation.com.pk/19-Jun-2011/annie-khalids-caf-in-lahore) . The Nation . Pakistan. 19 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Rice For Life" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120513032932/http://redhotcurry.com/food_and_drink/news/2011/rice-for-life.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.redhotcurry.com/food_and_drink/news/2011/rice-for-life.htm) on 13 May 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Annie Khalid Appointed Goodwill Ambassador for the International Red Cross" (http://www.pakium.com/2010/09/25/annie-khalid-appointed-goodwill-ambassador-for-the-international-red-cross) . Pakium.com . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Azhar, Madiha (16 July 2012). "Pop singer Annie ties the knot" (http://www.brecorder.com/arts-a-leisure/music/67996-pop-singer-annie-ties-the-knot.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203095241/http://www.brecorder.com/arts-a-leisure/music/67996-pop-singer-annie-ties-the-knot.html) 3 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Business Recorder . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ahmed, Hassam (16 July 2012). "Pakistani Pop Singer Annie Khalid Ties Wedding Knot" (http://www.awamiweb.com/pakistani-pop-singer-annie-khalid-ties-wedding-knot-49944.html) . Awami Web. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Annie Khalid gets married to long-term fiancé, Saad Ahmed Khan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160313024029/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/07-Oct-2015/annie-khalid-gets-married-to-long-term-fianc-saad-ahmed-khan) . Daily Times . 7 October 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/07-Oct-2015/annie-khalid-gets-married-to-long-term-fianc-saad-ahmed-khan) on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://anniekhalid.com) Annie (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3270531/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000382135779) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/121145969911532250087) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWFF8gQcjjTvVPcttxjC) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009208095) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/90afbd90-e8bc-4c65-b18b-975ef90b3b43) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐vvrlm Cached time: 20240720015859 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.645 seconds Real time usage: 0.839 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2931/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64046/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6756/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 15/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 58953/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.447/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14832230/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 780.652 1 -total 42.25% 329.826 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 39.94% 311.831 1 Template:Infobox 20.40% 159.263 1 Template:Reflist 15.46% 120.653 1 Template:Nobold 15.15% 118.276 2 Template:Lang 13.98% 109.104 7 Template:Cite_news 9.36% 73.103 2 Template:Short_description 8.94% 69.771 2 Template:Marriage 8.54% 66.646 1 Template:BLP_sources Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35510210-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720015859 and revision id 1219693312. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Khalid&oldid=1219693312 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Khalid&oldid=1219693312) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1987 births (/wiki/Category:1987_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 21st-century English women singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_English_women_singers) 21st-century English singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_English_singers) Businesspeople from Lahore (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Lahore) English dance musicians (/wiki/Category:English_dance_musicians) English women pop singers (/wiki/Category:English_women_pop_singers) English people of Azad Kashmiri descent (/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Azad_Kashmiri_descent) English people of Pakistani descent (/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Pakistani_descent) English people of Yemeni descent (/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Yemeni_descent) Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Naturalised_citizens_of_the_United_Kingdom) Pakistani dance musicians (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_dance_musicians) Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_emigrants_to_the_United_Kingdom) Pakistani female models (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_female_models) Pakistani women singers (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_women_singers) Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_people_of_Kashmiri_descent) Pakistani people of Yemeni descent (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_people_of_Yemeni_descent) Pakistani pop singers (/wiki/Category:Pakistani_pop_singers) Singers from Essex (/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Essex) Singers from Lahore (/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Lahore) Singers from London (/wiki/Category:Singers_from_London) People from Lahore (/wiki/Category:People_from_Lahore) Hidden categories: CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) BLP articles lacking sources from April 2012 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_April_2012) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Articles containing Urdu-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Use dmy dates from August 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021) Use Oxford spelling from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_February_2024) Comics articles needing issue citations (/wiki/Category:Comics_articles_needing_issue_citations) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2012) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers)
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Technique of creating a pattern on fabric, especially velvet, by burning out the pile with acid Devoré – or burnout technique – applied to green velvet fabric Devoré (also called burnout ) is a fabric technique particularly used on velvets (/wiki/Velvet) , where a mixed-fibre (/wiki/Blend_(textile)) material undergoes a chemical process to dissolve the cellulose fibres (/wiki/Cellulose_fiber) to create a semi-transparent pattern against more solidly woven fabric. The same technique can also be applied to textiles other than velvet, such as lace or the fabrics in burnout t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) . [1] (#cite_note-margo-1) Devoré comes from the French verb dévorer , meaning literally to devour. [2] (#cite_note-TA_Swift-2) [3] (#cite_note-1980s_Fogg-3) History [ edit ] Burnout fabrics are thought to have originated in France, possibly as a cheap alternative to lace that could be created using caustic paste on fabric. [2] (#cite_note-TA_Swift-2) The commercial chemical process used in fashion garments was developed in Lyon (/wiki/Lyon) at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. [4] (#cite_note-Indie_Hume-4) The technique was popularised in the 1920s – typically used on evening gowns and shawls – and revived in the 1980s and '90s, notably by Jasper Conran (/wiki/Jasper_Conran) on theatrical costumes and then evening wear and by Georgina von Etzdorf (/wiki/Georgina_von_Etzdorf) on scarves. [2] (#cite_note-TA_Swift-2) [5] (#cite_note-Herald_Brennan-5) [6] (#cite_note-Independent_Roffey-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) 1990s revival [ edit ] Conran is credited with popularising devoré, introducing it in 1989 and taking the technique forward in the 1990s in his main fashion line. [4] (#cite_note-Indie_Hume-4) He refined his techniques on theatrical costumes; in the 1992 production of My Fair Lady (/wiki/My_Fair_Lady) directed by Simon Callow (/wiki/Simon_Callow) , burnout fabrics were heavily used for the costumes of Eliza Doolittle (/wiki/Eliza_Doolittle) and street vendors. [4] (#cite_note-Indie_Hume-4) Conran's devoré technique also featured in David Bintley (/wiki/David_Bintley) 's 1993 Royal Ballet (/wiki/Royal_Ballet) production of Tombeaux , where it was used to create the two-tone velvet tutu worn by Darcey Bussell (/wiki/Darcey_Bussell) and the corps de ballet (/wiki/Corps_de_ballet) costumes. [4] (#cite_note-Indie_Hume-4) [8] (#cite_note-Birmingham_Bintley-8) In 1994, it featured in the Scottish Ballet (/wiki/Scottish_Ballet) production of The Sleeping Beauty (/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)) , where Conran said it produced better results for lower cost than appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) techniques. [2] (#cite_note-TA_Swift-2) [5] (#cite_note-Herald_Brennan-5) Conran's most elaborate devoré fashion pieces – which were oven baked as part of the process – were time-consuming to produce and expensive to buy; in 1993, a panelled evening skirt retailed at £572 and an acid-treated shirt cost £625. [4] (#cite_note-Indie_Hume-4) Established as a Wiltshire (/wiki/Wiltshire) textile printing workshop in 1981, Georgina von Etzdorf's primary focus was on creating painterly effects on fabric. Credited with popularising the velvet scarf, she introduced devoré to the range in 1993 – having experimented with printed velvets from 1985. [9] (#cite_note-Pattern_Design_Jackson-9) Method [ edit ] Devoré techniques use blended fabrics which combine protein-based fibres such as silk (/wiki/Silk) with cellulose-based fibres such as viscose (/wiki/Viscose) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , or rayon (/wiki/Rayon) . In order to create the 'burnout' pattern, a chemical gel containing sodium hydrogen sulphate (/wiki/Sodium_hydrogen_sulphate) is applied to the fabric in patterns, dissolving away the cellulose-based fibres and leaving behind the protein-based fibres, which are not affected by the chemical. The chemical gel may be applied either by printing or by hand painting on the fabric. [1] (#cite_note-margo-1) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Chemistry portal (/wiki/Portal:Chemistry) Cellulose fiber (/wiki/Cellulose_fiber) Chemical lace (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Fabric (/wiki/Fabric) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) Glossary of textile manufacturing (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Synthetic fiber (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) Textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Textile manufacturing terminology (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_terminology) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Singer, Margo (2007). Textile Surface Decoration: Silk and Velvet . University of Pennsylvania Press (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press) . p. 35. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780812220001 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Swift, Dionne. "Exploring Devoré..." (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185226/http://www.textilearts.net/tutors/dionneswift/devore.php) textilearts.net . Textile Arts. Archived from the original (http://www.textilearts.net/tutors/dionneswift/devore.php) on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-1980s_Fogg_3-0) Fogg, Marnie (2009). 1980s Fashion Print . London: Anova Books (Batsford). p. 13. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-19063-8841-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hume, Marian (11 February 1993). "Fashion: Mr Contran's fin de siecle: Severity, thy name was Jasper: Now he who cleaved to chaste lines and plain black has taken to more exotic stuff. Marion Hume applauds " (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/fashion-mr-conrans-fin-de-siecle-severity-thy-name-was-jasper-now-he-who-cleaved-to-chaste-lines-and-plain-black-has-taken-to-more-exotic-stuff-marion-hume-applauds-1472203.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Brennan, Mary (10 March 1994). "All hands to tutu" (http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/all-hands-to-tutu-1.716316) . Herald Scotland (/wiki/Herald_Scotland) . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Independent_Roffey_6-0) Roffey, Monique (8 July 1994). "In thing: Georgina von Etzdorf scarves" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/in-thing-georgina-von-etzdorf-scarves-1412305.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Georgina von Etzdorf: 25 years of sensuous textiles" (http://www.manchestergalleries.org/whats-on/exhibitions/index.php?itemID=14) . manchestergalleries.org . Manchester Art Gallery . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Birmingham_Bintley_8-0) Bintley, David. "Recapturing a Dream: David Bintley on Tombeaux" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205235/http://www.brb.org.uk/tombeaux-2013.html) . Birmingham Royal Ballet. Archived from the original (http://www.brb.org.uk/tombeaux-2013.html) on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Pattern_Design_Jackson_9-0) Jackson, Lesley (8 February 2007). Twentieth Century Pattern Design . Princeton Architectural Press (/wiki/Princeton_Architectural_Press) . pp. 209–11. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1568987125 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . External links [ edit ] Devoré tutorial on Textile Arts (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185226/http://www.textilearts.net/tutors/dionneswift/devore.php) Examples and methods at The Cutting Class (http://thecuttingclass.com/post/5416979762/devore-daniel-lee) 1990s Georgina von Etzdorf devore satin dress in the Manchester Galleries collection (http://manchesterartgallery.org/collections/search/collection/?id=2009.153) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160207190523/http://manchesterartgallery.org/collections/search/collection/?id=2009.153) 2016-02-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill 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(/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Bizarre silk (/wiki/Bizarre_silk) Check (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) Chiné (/wiki/Warp_printing) Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Kelsch (/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace) Paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) Pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripes) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Tartan or plaid (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Textile fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) (Manila hemp) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Eisengarn (/wiki/Eisengarn) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rayon 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This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and neutral (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_Fashion_Week_Los_Angeles&action=edit) by replacing them with more appropriate citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) to reliable, independent, third-party sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources) . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The Men's Fashion Week Los Angeles (MFWLA) was the bi-annual Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) edition of the Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) . The first edition was planned to take place in 2013. History [ edit ] The first edition of the Men's Fashion Week Los Angeles was planned to take place in 2013. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Description [ edit ] Los Angeles was the 5th city in the world to develop a Fashion Week for menswear, succeeding New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Paris (/wiki/Paris_fashion_week) and Vancouver. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) During the event, menswear fashion designers and retail brands presented their latest collections to industry insiders—press, media, bloggers, buyers, stylists, high-profile guests and fashion occult. Men's Fashion Week LA was planned twice a year: January (Autumn/Winter); and June (Spring/Summer). The one-week event was planned a few days preceding the traditional (women's) Los Angeles Fashion Week (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) . The event MFWLA consists of fashion week runway shows, trade show style exhibits and market week type custom pop-up showrooms. Additional amenities found at Men's Fashion Week LA are a “Gentry Suite”, “Cigar Lounge”, “Pop-Up Barber Shop”, “Gaming Suite” and a “Bow Tie Technique Suite”. To reflect the original working-name, “Gentlemen’s Week”, a bow tie was linked to the company logo. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The bow tie personifies MFWLA's company philosophy, which (as indicated by the company website) was founded on honor and civility among aesthete gentlemen. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Yumpu.com. "Men's Fashion Week: Is LA Ready? - California Apparel News" (https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/5778066/mens-fashion-week-is-la-ready-california-apparel-news) . yumpu.com . Retrieved 2024-06-05 . ^ Jump up to: a b "New Men's Fashion Week Los Angeles announces venue, dates" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ar-new-mens-fashion-week-los-angeles-announces-venue-dates-20130802-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 2013-08-02 . Retrieved 2024-06-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_3-0) "LA Getting Its Own Men's Fashion Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140430160010/http://lafashionweek.net/LAFW/la-getting-its-own-mens-fashion-week/) . Lafashionweek.net . 14 August 2012. Archived from the original (http://lafashionweek.net/LAFW/la-getting-its-own-mens-fashion-week/) on 30 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20120807175230/http://www.mensfwla.com/) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐krsxg Cached time: 20240712184734 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.243 seconds Real time usage: 0.322 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 336/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20833/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 291/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21031/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.180/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3586525/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 290.706 1 -total 36.84% 107.089 2 Template:Cite_web 32.84% 95.457 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 31.37% 91.197 1 Template:Navbox 25.74% 74.827 1 Template:Third-party 16.67% 48.451 1 Template:Ambox 4.07% 11.838 1 Template:DMCA 3.60% 10.467 1 Template:Portal-inline 2.99% 8.701 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 2.10% 6.114 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35617262-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712184734 and revision id 1228060059. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_Fashion_Week_Los_Angeles&oldid=1228060059 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_Fashion_Week_Los_Angeles&oldid=1228060059) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Events in Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Los_Angeles) Annual events in Los Angeles County, California (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Los_Angeles_County,_California) Recurring events established in 2010 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2010) 2010 establishments in California (/wiki/Category:2010_establishments_in_California) Fashion weeks in the United States (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks_in_the_United_States) Men's culture (/wiki/Category:Men%27s_culture) Hidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2012) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)
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Tbilisi Fashion Week Model walks the runway at Tbilisi Fashion Week 2012 Genre fashion catwalk shows, clothing and fashion exhibitions, and surrounding events Frequency biannually Location(s) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) , Georgia Inaugurated 2009 Founder Tako Chkheidze Website tbilisifashionweek (http://tbilisifashionweek.com) .com (http://tbilisifashionweek.com) Tbilisi Fashion Week , or TFW ( Georgian (/wiki/Georgian_language) : თბილისის მოდის კვირეული , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian) : tbilisis modis k'vireuli ) is a Georgian (/wiki/Georgia_(country)) fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) in its capital city of Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) . TFW hosts industry professionals twice a year, in Spring and Fall. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) TFW was established in 2009 during Tbilisoba (/wiki/Tbilisoba) festival. [3] (#cite_note-3) TFW is a fashion (/wiki/Fashion) hub in the Caucasus (/wiki/Caucasus) which maintains the fashion industry development and introduces new faces and exports Georgian fashion production. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Georgia's fashion industry, TFW and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Tbilisi) have garnered international attention following the success of home-grown talent designers like David Koma (/wiki/David_Koma) , and more importantly Demna Gvasalia (/wiki/Demna_Gvasalia) of luxury brand Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) and his own brand Vetements (/wiki/Vetements) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Tbilisi is now dubbed as one of the "fashion capitals of Eastern Europe". [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Locations [ edit ] TFW keeps experimenting with hosting fashion venues on different locations all over the city, from museums or art galleries, nightclubs (/wiki/Nightclub) like Bassiani (/wiki/Bassiani) to Old Tbilisi (/wiki/Old_Tbilisi) streets. [11] (#cite_note-11) See also. [ edit ] Culture of Georgia (country) (/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)) Vetements (/wiki/Vetements) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Tbilisi Fashion Week (https://www.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=USRTXUZ1U#a=1) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) November 21/22, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Marc Bouwer to join fashion designers in Tbilisi Fashion Week (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/xinhua/2013-04-03/content_8674427.html) China Daily ^ (#cite_ref-3) (in Georgian) ხვალ კომპანია „ჯეოფეშენის“ პრეზენტაცია გაიმართება (http://www.internet.ge/v3-0/index.php?action=news&category=5&news=63808) ინტერნეტ.გე ^ (#cite_ref-4) (in Italian) Moda Made in Georgia: belle scoperte alla fashion week di Tbilisi (http://jamfashion.glamour.it/2013/08/05/moda-made-in-georgia-belle-scoperte-alla-fashion-week-di-tbilisi/#?refresh_ce) Glamour.it ^ (#cite_ref-5) Critics Brand Tbilisi Fashion Week a Success (http://politics.finchannel.com/news_flash/CityLife/76323_Critics_Brand_Tbilisi_Fashion_Week_a_Success/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032311/http://politics.finchannel.com/news_flash/CityLife/76323_Critics_Brand_Tbilisi_Fashion_Week_a_Success/) 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) The FINANCIAL ^ (#cite_ref-6) (in Russian) Tbilisi Fashion Week (http://elle.ua/moda/modny-blog/Tbilisi-Fashion-Week-by-Natuka-Karkashadze) ELLE.ua ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tbilisi's term as fashion capital (http://english.cntv.cn/program/cultureexpress/20121219/102136.shtml) CNTV ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Week (/wiki/The_Week) From Hyères to Mercedes-Benz: Fashion Week Tbilisi (https://www.theweek.co.uk/98360/from-hy-res-to-mercedes-benz-fashion-week-tbilisi-how-the-german-automobile-giant-supports) Dec 11, 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Silver, Dena The New York Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) Georgia Just Might Be the Fashion Capital of Eastern Europe (https://observer.com/2016/12/georgia-just-might-be-the-fashion-capital-of-eastern-europe/) 12/05/16 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Paton, Elizabeth The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) A New Fashion Hub? Eastern Europe (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/12/fashion/designers-poland-hungary-romania.html) Nov, 12, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Bobila, Maria With the Industry's Attention on Tbilisi, Can Georgia's Fashion Scene Finally Go Global? (https://fashionista.com/2018/11/tbilisi-georgia-fashion-week-designers-global-business) Nov 13, 2018 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tbilisi Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) . Official website (http://www.tbilisifashionweek.com) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐v8xcp Cached time: 20240720182523 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.437 seconds Real time usage: 0.745 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1008/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20335/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1306/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17144/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.291/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15439171/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 556.514 1 -total 30.81% 171.483 1 Template:Lang-ka 22.56% 125.524 1 Template:Language_with_name 22.12% 123.084 1 Template:Lang 21.79% 121.237 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 21.35% 118.802 1 Template:Navbox 15.30% 85.153 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 15.29% 85.101 1 Template:Commonscat 14.54% 80.916 1 Template:Sister_project 14.17% 78.880 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35627755-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182523 and revision id 1194678869. 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American fashion company For the fashion designer, see Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) . Ralph Lauren Corporation Flagship store on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) in Midtown (/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan) Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) Formerly Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) NYSE (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) : RL (https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:RL) (Class A) S&P 500 (/wiki/S%26P_500) component Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1967 ; 57 years ago ( 1967 ) Founder Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Headquarters New York City , U.S. Number of locations 564 (2024) [1] (#cite_note-Earnings-1) Area served Worldwide [2] (#cite_note-ralph_Lauren_stores-2) Key people Patrice Louvet (/wiki/Patrice_Louvet) ( president (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) and CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) ( executive chairman (/wiki/Chairman#Executive_chairman) and CCO (/wiki/Chief_creative_officer) ) David Lauren (/wiki/David_Lauren) ( vice chairman (/wiki/Vice_chairman) and CIO (/wiki/Chief_innovation_officer) ) Products Luxury clothing (/wiki/Clothing) footwear (/wiki/Footwear) fragrances (/wiki/Fragrances) housewares (/wiki/Housewares) furniture (/wiki/Furniture) jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) Services Tailoring Revenue US$6.63 billion (2024) [1] (#cite_note-Earnings-1) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$756 million (2024) [1] (#cite_note-Earnings-1) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$646 million (2024) [1] (#cite_note-Earnings-1) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$6.60 billion (2024) [1] (#cite_note-Earnings-1) Total equity (/wiki/Equity_(finance)) US$2.45 billion (2024) [1] (#cite_note-Earnings-1) Number of employees 23,400 (2024) [1] (#cite_note-Earnings-1) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Polo Jeans Company, LLC Ralph Lauren Home Collections, Inc. Ralph Lauren Media, LLC Ralph Lauren Watch and Jewelry Company SÀRL (50%) RL Fragrances, LLC Website ralphlauren (http://ralphlauren.com) .com (http://ralphlauren.com) Ralph Lauren Corporation , the legal name of the Ralph Lauren brand, is an American publicly traded (/wiki/Public_company) fashion company that was founded in 1967 by American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) . Headquartered in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , the company produces products ranging from the mid-range to the luxury segments. Ralph Lauren is known for marketing and distributing products in four categories: apparel, home, accessories, and fragrances. Known mostly for its flagship brand Polo Ralph Lauren , the company's brands include mid-range, sub-premium, and premium labels up to its highest priced luxury Ralph Lauren Purple Label apparel. Ralph Lauren licenses its name and branding to Luxottica (/wiki/Luxottica) for eyewear; L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) for fragrances and cosmetics; Hanesbrands (/wiki/Hanesbrands) for underwear and sleepwear; O5 Apparel for its Chaps brand; Kohl's (/wiki/Kohl%27s) and Hollander Sleep Products for bedding; Designers Guild (/wiki/Designers_Guild) for fabric and wallpaper; and Theodore Alexander for home furniture. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Lauren started The Ralph Lauren Corporation in 1967 with men's ties. At 28 years old, he worked for the tie manufacturer Beau Brummell. Lauren persuaded the company's president to let him start his own line. Drawing on his interests in sports, Lauren named his first full line of menswear "Polo" in 1968. He worked out of a single "drawer" from a showroom in the Empire State Building (/wiki/Empire_State_Building) and made deliveries to stores himself. [5] (#cite_note-5) By 1969, the Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) department store Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) sold Lauren's men line exclusively. It was the first time that Bloomingdale's had given a designer his own in-store shop. In 1971, Ralph Lauren Corporation launched a line of tailored shirts for women, introducing the Polo player emblem on the shirt cuff. The first full women's collection was launched the following year. [6] (#cite_note-Ralph_Lauren_Through_the_Years-6) 1972 marked the opening of Ralph Lauren's store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) , his first freestanding store. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1972, Lauren released a short-sleeve cotton shirt in 24 colors. This design, emblazoned with the company's famed logo—that of a polo player, became the brand's signature look. In 1977 Ralph Lauren Corporation introduced a signature cotton mesh polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) in various colours, featuring the polo player logo on the chest. In 1974, Ralph Lauren outfitted the male cast of The Great Gatsby (/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(1974_film)) in costumes chosen from his Polo line – a 1920s-style series of men's suits and sweaters, except for the pink suit which Lauren designed especially for Robert Redford (/wiki/Robert_Redford) ’s Jay Gatsby (/wiki/Jay_Gatsby) . In 1977, Diane Keaton (/wiki/Diane_Keaton) and Woody Allen (/wiki/Woody_Allen) wore Lauren's clothes in the Oscar-winning film, Annie Hall (/wiki/Annie_Hall) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1978, the first Ralph Lauren fragrances, produced by Warner-Lauren, Ltd were launched at Bloomingdale's. Lauren for women, and Polo the men's cologne. This was the first time that a designer introduced two fragrances – one for men and one for women – simultaneously. [6] (#cite_note-Ralph_Lauren_Through_the_Years-6) The company entered the European market and went international in 1981 with the opening of the first freestanding store in New Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) in the West End of London (/wiki/West_End_of_London) , England. Lauren opened his first flagship in the Rhinelander mansion on Madison Avenue and 72nd Street in New York City in 1986. [9] (#cite_note-9) On June 12, 1997, the company becomes a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange. [10] (#cite_note-10) The 98-seat restaurant, RL, opened in March 1999 in Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) adjacent to its largest and world flagship Ralph Lauren store at the corner of Chicago and Michigan Avenues on the Magnificent Mile (/wiki/Magnificent_Mile) . [11] (#cite_note-11) It was followed by the opening of two additional restaurants – Ralph's at 173 Boulevard Saint Germain Paris store in 2010 and The Polo Bar at Polo's store in New York in 2015. [12] (#cite_note-12) The company additionally owned Club Monaco (/wiki/Club_Monaco) from 1999 to 2021. The company launched its website and online shop in 2000 as polo.com by RL Media (a cooperation between Ralph Lauren and NBC). In 2007, Ralph Lauren Corporation acquired the NBC share of RL Media and the website was relaunched as ralphlauren.com. In September 2015, it was announced that Stefan Larsson (/wiki/Stefan_Larsson_(businessman)) would replace the company's founder, Ralph Lauren, as CEO in November. Lauren stayed on as executive chairman and chief creative officer. [13] (#cite_note-NYtimes-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In February 2017, it was announced that Larsson had agreed to leave his position as CEO effective May 1, 2017 due to differences with Lauren. [15] (#cite_note-15) On May 17, 2017, Ralph Lauren named Patrice Louvet (/wiki/Patrice_Louvet) President (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) and Chief Executive Officer (/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer) . [16] (#cite_note-ft-badkar-16) Louvet most recently was Group President, Global Beauty at Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) (P&G). [17] (#cite_note-17) He took over on July 17, 2017. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In October 2020, Ralph Lauren Corporation announced that it would transition its Chaps brand to a fully licensed business model to focus on its core brands, reduce its direct exposure to the North American department store channel, and setting up the Chaps brand to be nurtured with an experienced partner. [21] (#cite_note-21) Also in October, Ralph Lauren Corporation has appointed former Obama administration consultant Valerie Jarrett (/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett) to the board of directors. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) In May 2021, Ralph Lauren Corporation announced it would sell its Club Monaco brand after first purchasing it in 1999, to private equity firm Regent LP. [24] (#cite_note-24) In December 2023, Ralph Lauren announced a partnership with Haworth Lifestyle Design to expand its Home brand starting April 2024. Haworth Lifestyle Design will also launch standalone Ralph Lauren Home stores. [25] (#cite_note-25) In December 2023, Ralph Lauren launched an artist in residence program for artisans to work with their design teams in a creative partnership. The first artist collaboration is with the indigenous artist Naomi Glasses, a Navajo 7th-generation weaver. [26] (#cite_note-26) Brands [ edit ] Assorted garment examples produced by Polo Ralph Lauren in the 1990s Chaps: A mid-range brand featuring men's and women's casual sportswear. [27] (#cite_note-27) The Chaps brand is available primarily at Belk (/wiki/Belk) , Boscov's (/wiki/Boscov%27s) , Hudson's Bay (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)) and Meijer (/wiki/Meijer) stores (and until the end of 2021, Kohl's (/wiki/Kohl%27s) stores). This brand mainly competes with the Izod (/wiki/Izod) and U.S. Polo Assn (/wiki/United_States_Polo_Association) brands. The brand can also frequently be found at several off-price stores such as Ross (/wiki/Ross_Stores) , T.J. Maxx (/wiki/T.J._Maxx) , Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) Backstage, and Nordstrom Rack (/wiki/Nordstrom_Rack) . A lower-cost Chaps line is also sold at Walmart (/wiki/Walmart) ; this line is separate from the one sold at department stores. The brand is currently licensed to O5 Apparel. [28] (#cite_note-28) Double RL: Founded in 1993 and named after Ralph Lauren and his wife Ricky's “RRL” ranch in Colorado, RRL offers men a mix of selvage denim, vintage apparel, sportswear and accessories, with roots in workwear and military gear. [29] (#cite_note-29) Fragrance: In 1978, Ralph Lauren launched his first fragrances: Lauren for women and Polo for men. Originally produced by Warner-Lauren, Ltd, L’Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) now produces the Ralph Lauren Fragrances for men and women, including World of Polo (Polo, Polo Blue, Polo Black, Polo Red), Ralph Lauren Romance, Midnight Romance, Polo Earth, and the Big Pony Collections For Women and For Men. [30] (#cite_note-30) Lauren Ralph Lauren: Lauren for Women launched in 1996, offering sportswear, denim, dresses, activewear, and accessories and footwear at a cheaper price point. Lauren for Men offers men's tailored clothing, including suits, sport coats, dress shirts, dress pants, tuxedos, topcoats, and ties at a cheaper price point. [31] (#cite_note-31) This brand generally slots above Chaps in price, but below Polo Ralph Lauren. Pink Pony: Established in 2000, a percentage of sales from all Pink Pony products benefit the Pink Pony Fund and other major cancer charities around the world. Pink Pony primarily consists of women's sportswear and accessories. All Pink Pony items feature a pink Polo Player. [32] (#cite_note-32) Polo Golf and RLX Golf: Polo Golf launched in 1990 and RLX Golf launched in 1998. [33] (#cite_note-33) A woolen (/wiki/Woolen) Polo Ralph Lauren scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Polo Ralph Lauren: Men's Polo, Ralph Lauren's first complete line of sportswear and tailored clothing, was launched in 1967. In 2014, Women's Polo was launched. [34] (#cite_note-34) While originally focused on clothing centered around the sport of polo (/wiki/Polo) , the brand evolved into Ralph Lauren's top-selling and highest-produced complete line of clothing, which is readily available worldwide. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) The line also helped popularize the polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) in American and global fashion. [37] (#cite_note-37) Polo Ralph Lauren Children: Items include polo knit shirts and cashmere cable sweaters. [38] (#cite_note-38) Polo Sport: Polo Sport launched in 1992, a line of activewear for sports and fitness. In 2014, Ralph Lauren debuted the PoloTech Shirt, which featured smart fabric technology that supposedly "captures robust biometrics from the wearer". [39] (#cite_note-39) Ralph by Ralph Lauren: Launched in 1994, Ralph by Ralph Lauren offers suit separates, sport coats, vests, and topcoats. [40] (#cite_note-40) Ralph Lauren Home and Paint: Ralph Lauren Home, the first complete home collection from an American clothing designer, makes its debut in 1983 with home furnishings and accessories. Ralph Lauren Home includes furniture, bed and bath linens, china, crystal, silver, decorative accessories and gifts, as well as lighting, fabric, wall covering, and floor covering. Ralph Lauren launched Paint in 1995, now with over 400 palettes. [41] (#cite_note-41) Ralph Lauren Purple Label: Flagship brand launched in 1994. [42] (#cite_note-42) Purple Label for men offers suiting, custom tailored made-to-measure suits and sportswear, as well as benchmade footwear and made-to-order dress furnishings, accessories, and luggage. The line is focused on using fine textiles and manufacturing methods to represent the highest level of the Ralph Lauren offerings. [43] (#cite_note-:2-43) Ralph Lauren Restaurants: RL Restaurant Chicago opened in 1999, adjacent to its largest Ralph Lauren flagship store in the world on Michigan Avenue along the Magnificent Mile. In 2010, Ralph's was opened in the courtyard and converted stables at 173 Boulevard Saint Germain Paris flagship store. In August 2014, Ralph's Coffee opened on the second floor of the Polo Flagship store in New York City. The Polo Bar, adjacent to the New York City Polo Flagship store, opened in January 2015. [44] (#cite_note-44) Ralph Lauren Watches and Fine Jewelry: In 2009 Ralph Lauren, together with luxury group Compagnie Financière Richemont SA, launched a collection of timepieces through the Ralph Lauren Watch & Jewelry Co. In 2010, the Ralph Lauren Watch & Jewelry Co. also introduced collections of jewelry. [45] (#cite_note-45) Ralph Lauren Women's Collection: Ralph Lauren Collection for women, launched in 1971, ranges from handmade evening gowns to sportswear. [43] (#cite_note-:2-43) Defunct brands [ edit ] American Living: Ralph Lauren launched American Living for men and women in 2008, a mid-range lifestyle brand created exclusively for JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) . [46] (#cite_note-46) This line was comparable to the Chaps line, but was marketed as a more exclusive line, unlike Chaps which is sold at multiple retailers. This line was discontinued in 2012 due to poor sales. A second American Living line was sold at Macy's; this American Living line only included women's clothing and was discontinued in 2019. Denim & Supply Ralph Lauren: The Denim & Supply Ralph Lauren line launched in 2011, inspired by the warehouse and artist communities of Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/BROOKLYN,_New_York) , and authentic style found in the music festival scene. [47] (#cite_note-47) Denim & Supply was discontinued in September 2016. Jacket by Polo Ralph Lauren Country Polo Country: An Americana and country store themed brand launched in 1988. Spiritual predecessor to Double RL. [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) Polo Jeans: Denim brand that was mass-produced and sold in many department stores. Ralph Lauren discontinued the line in 2006, citing brand dilution concerns of the line being "over-produced and over-distributed". [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) The discontinuation was also motivated by litigation against Jones Apparel Group, Inc. over the licensing of the brand. [52] (#cite_note-52) Polo University Club: Entry-level tailoring brand produced during the 1980s. The line offered dress clothes and fine fabrics at a lower price point. [53] (#cite_note-:1-53) [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) Polo Western Wear: Western wear brand launched in 1979. [54] (#cite_note-54) The line consisted of western and cowboy apparel such as denim, cattleman jackets, boots, rodeo shirts, fringe jackets and felted hats. [53] (#cite_note-:1-53) Manufactured in partnership with the Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) . [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) Ralph Lauren Black Label: Mid-level tailoring brand launched in 2005. The line centered around slim cuts and modern fabrics, with sleek and minimal aesthetics. Offered suiting and dress shirts at price point in between Ralph Lauren Purple Label and Polo Ralph Lauren. It was exclusively sold in flagship Ralph Lauren stores, selected high-end department stores, and via the online store. [55] (#cite_note-55) [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) Rugby Ralph Lauren: Preppy and youth-centered line launched in 2004 (/wiki/Rugby_Ralph_Lauren) , primarily centered around brightly colored rugby shirts (/wiki/Rugby_shirt) . [56] (#cite_note-56) Distinctive branding details included a skull-and-crossbones logo, yellow and navy packaging, or "R.L.F.C" branding. Discontinued in 2013. [57] (#cite_note-57) [53] (#cite_note-:1-53) [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) [58] (#cite_note-58) Stores [ edit ] The Ralph Lauren flagship store occupying the Rhinelander Mansion (/wiki/Rhinelander_Mansion) on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) in New York City Ralph Lauren store on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) in New York City The Company lists on their website that there are 483 directly operated Ralph Lauren stores. This includes both RLS and PFS stores. Children's clothing at department store Smith & Caughey's (/wiki/Smith_%26_Caughey%27s) Queen Street (/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland) in Auckland (/wiki/Auckland) , New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) In addition to Company-operated locations, international licensing partners operated 93 Ralph Lauren stores and 42 dedicated shops, as well as 133 Club Monaco (/wiki/Club_Monaco) stores and shops at the end of Fiscal 2016. Ralph Lauren operates its representative flagship stores in New York City on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) – for menswear in the former Rhinelander Mansion (/wiki/Rhinelander_Mansion) , and for womenswear and home in another structure, across the street, which opened in 2010. The company also manages flagships, for retailing Ralph Lauren collections, in Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , Manhasset (/wiki/Manhasset,_New_York) , Greenwich (/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut) (USA), London (/wiki/London) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) , Kyiv (/wiki/Kiev) and Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [59] (#cite_note-59) Sports sponsorships [ edit ] USTA [ edit ] In 2005, The United States Tennis Association selected Ralph Lauren Corporation as the official apparel sponsor for the U.S. Open (/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)) . As part of the partnership, all on-court ball persons and officials were dressed in specially-designed Ralph Lauren apparel. This was Polo's first tennis sponsorship. [60] (#cite_note-60) Wimbledon [ edit ] In 2006, Ralph Lauren Corporation became the official outfitter of Wimbledon (/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon) . Lauren is the first designer in the tennis tournament's history to be chosen to create uniforms for all on-court officials. [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) Australian Open [ edit ] In 2020, Ralph Lauren Corporation became the official outfitter of the Australian Open (/wiki/Australian_Open) . [63] (#cite_note-63) U.S. Olympic Team [ edit ] Ralph Lauren Corporation is the exclusive Official Parade Outfitter for the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Teams, with the right to manufacture, distribute, advertise, promote, and sell products in the U.S. and in other countries which replicate the Parade Outfits and associated leisure wear. The company has established a partnership with athletes as brand ambassadors and the faces of advertising, marketing, and public relations campaigns. [64] (#cite_note-Dodes-64) [65] (#cite_note-TorStar-65) Ralph Lauren Corporation partnered with the United States Olympic Committee to become an Official Outfitter of the U.S. Olympic Team, for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, 2012 Summer Olympics in London, 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. [66] (#cite_note-Pells-66) Ralph Lauren designs the official Opening Ceremony and Closing Ceremony parade outfits for the U.S. teams in addition to an assortment of village-wear apparel and accessories. [67] (#cite_note-67) Previously, the corporation received negative press when it was found to have sourced the clothing it supplied to the 2012 athletes from China, [68] (#cite_note-NYLauren-68) so it vowed to source everything it produced for the 2014 Olympics from the US. Kraemer Textiles Inc. (/wiki/Kraemer_Textiles_Inc.) spun around 6,000 pounds [69] (#cite_note-69) [70] (#cite_note-NazUS-70) of Merino (/wiki/Merino) wool yarn from Imperial Stock Ranch in Oregon, which was then sent to Longview Yarns in North Carolina to be dyed. The clothing assembly was completed by Ball of Cotton in California. Ultimately, 40 American vendors were involved with production. [71] (#cite_note-USAthreads-71) Leadership [ edit ] Executive Chairman and Chief Creative Officer : Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) (since 1967) President and Chief Executive Officer : Patrice Louvet (/wiki/Patrice_Louvet) (since 2017) Former chief executives [ edit ] Ralph Lauren (1967–2015) Stefan Larsson (/wiki/Stefan_Larsson_(businessman)) (2015–2017) Philanthropy [ edit ] In 1989, it co-founded the Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research at Georgetown University Hospital (/wiki/Georgetown_University_Hospital) in Washington D.C. (/wiki/Washington_D.C.) in memory of the late Post fashion correspondent, Nina Hyde (/wiki/Nina_Hyde) . [72] (#cite_note-72) In 1994, Ralph Lauren acted as chairman and creates the name and symbol for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer, a charitable initiative of the CFDA that marshals the goodwill and services of the fashion industry to raise public awareness and funds for breast cancer internationally. [73] (#cite_note-73) In 2000, Ralph Lauren Corporation launched its Volunteer Program, which energizes employees and creates meaningful connections with the communities in which they work. [74] (#cite_note-74) On September 15, 2000, Ralph Lauren Corporation launched the Pink Pony Campaign, a national initiative to reduce disparities in cancer care by raising awareness as well as enhancing prevention, screening, and treatment in poor and underserved communities. [75] (#cite_note-75) In 2001, the Polo Ralph Lauren Foundation established the American Heroes Fund following September 11 to allow Polo's 10,000 employees worldwide, as well as their customers, the opportunity to participate in the relief effort. [76] (#cite_note-76) In 2003, Ralph Lauren established the Ralph Lauren Center for Cancer Care and Prevention in Harlem. The center is a collaboration between Ralph Lauren, Memorial Sloan-Kettering, and North General Hospital in Harlem, New York City. [77] (#cite_note-77) In 2004, the Polo Fashion School was established, in which company executives work with inner-city youth to offer insights into the fashion business. [78] (#cite_note-78) Established in 2006, the Polo Jeans G.I.V.E. (Get Involved Volunteer Exceed) campaign was created to inspire and encourage community service through volunteerism by supporting the efforts of dedicated volunteers and their causes. [79] (#cite_note-79) In 2008, the Star-Spangled Banner, the original 1813 flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write the National Anthem, was preserved by a $10 million contribution to Save America's Treasures from Polo Ralph Lauren in 1998. The flag was then unveiled on Wednesday, November 19, 2008, in a new gallery at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, in Washington D.C. [80] (#cite_note-80) In July 2013, Ralph Lauren Corporation announced its commitment to restore the elite École des Beaux-Arts (/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts) in Paris, one of the most influential art schools in France. [81] (#cite_note-81) In 2014, Ralph Lauren Corporation partnered with The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (/wiki/The_Royal_Marsden_NHS_Foundation_Trust) , the largest and most comprehensive cancer center in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , to develop a world-class breast cancer research facility. In 2016, Ralph Lauren Corporation opened the Royal Marsden Ralph Lauren Center for Breast Cancer Research. [82] (#cite_note-82) In March 2020, Ralph Lauren Corporation donated $10m and started making isolation gowns and medical masks to support the COVID-19 fight. [83] (#cite_note-83) In May 2022, The Ralph Lauren Foundation announced $25 million worth of commitments to fund, expand or establish five Ralph Lauren cancer centers. The commitment will benefit institutions with a National Cancer institute (NCI) designation, including Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) ralph Lauren Center and three additional locations. [84] (#cite_note-84) Controversy [ edit ] Levi Strauss lawsuit [ edit ] Levi Strauss & Co. (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) filed a lawsuit against Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) and the RL Corporation in July 2007 for trademark infringement (/wiki/Trademark_infringement) . It alleged that the separate retailers used Levi's trademarked pocket design of connected arches in the design of some of their respective products. [85] (#cite_note-levi-85) South African Polo trademark issues [ edit ] The Polo brand sold in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) is not affiliated with the Ralph Lauren brand (/wiki/Brand) . An independent South African company trademarked (/wiki/Trademark) the Polo name and logo in South Africa. [86] (#cite_note-Wheeldon-86) [87] (#cite_note-Power-87) Filippa Hamilton photo controversy [ edit ] In 2009, Ralph Lauren apologized for digitally retouching a photograph of model Filippa Hamilton (/wiki/Filippa_Hamilton) to make her look thinner. [88] (#cite_note-88) Hamilton also claims that she was fired by the company a few days later. [89] (#cite_note-Huff-89) Accusations of intellectual property violation by Cowichan Tribes [ edit ] After branding the sale of sweaters online as " Cowichan (/wiki/Cowichan_knitting) ", it was reported that Cowichan Tribes (/wiki/Cowichan_Tribes) would take "steps to communicate with Ralph Lauren and ensure that our product and name is protected". [90] (#cite_note-90) Ralph Lauren later dropped the name from its products. [91] (#cite_note-91) Howard Smith [ edit ] In March 2022, Howard Smith, Ralph Lauren Corp.'s chief commercial officer, resigned after a board investigation found that his actions had breached the company's code of conduct. The apparel said it "learned of concerns about Mr. Smith's personal behavior recently", and the board of directors' audit committee initiated an independent investigation with the help of outside counsel. The firm didn't go into detail about the claims but said the inquiry found that Smith's actions broke the company's code of conduct and ethics and that his resignation was required. [92] (#cite_note-92) Forced labor investigation [ edit ] In August 2023, the Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise (/wiki/Canadian_Ombudsperson_for_Responsible_Enterprise) announced that it was investigating the company due to allegations of forced labor of Uyghurs (/wiki/Uyghurs) . [93] (#cite_note-93) Research of the social democratic party in the European Parliament (/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats) , the Sheffield Hallam University (/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University) and further groups in 2023 showed Ralph Lauren using Uyghur forced labour camps provided by the Sunrise Manufacture Group Co. (/w/index.php?title=Sunrise_Manufacture_Group_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1) for production. [94] (#cite_note-94) [ failed verification ] See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) New York City portal (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) Billy Reid (/wiki/Billy_Reid_(fashion_designer)) Joseph Abboud (/wiki/Joseph_Abboud) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "FY 2024 Annual Report (Form 10-K)" (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1037038/000103703824000014/rl-20240330.htm) . US Securities and Exchange Commission. May 23, 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-ralph_Lauren_stores_2-0) "Ralph Lauren stores" (http://global.ralphlauren.com/en-us/about/pages/locations.aspx) . Ralph Lauren Media . Retrieved June 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Team, Trefis. "Why Have Ralph Lauren's Licensing Revenues Been Declining In Recent Years?" 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"Roots no longer outfitting Olympic teams, co-founder says" (https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2008/04/07/roots_no_longer_outfitting_olympic_teams_cofounder_says.html) . Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . The Canadian Press (/wiki/The_Canadian_Press) . Retrieved June 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Pells_66-0) Pells, Eddie (July 2, 2009). "US team to wear Ralph Lauren again at Olympic ceremonies" (http://old.seattletimes.com/html/sports/2009409534_apolyusuniforms.html) . The Seattle Times (/wiki/The_Seattle_Times) . Associated Press . Retrieved June 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Colleen KRATOFIL (August 5, 2016), "All the Designer Outfits the Olympians Will Be Wearing Tonight" (http://people.com/style/olympics-2016-opening-ceremony-athlete-style-designers/) , People ^ (#cite_ref-NYLauren_68-0) Murray, Rheana (February 19, 2014). "Ralph Lauren's 2014 Olympics opening ceremony outfits are 100% made in the USA" (https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/fashion/ralph-lauren-unveils-new-olympic-sochi-article-1.1588783) . New York Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) . Retrieved February 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) McBrayer, Sharon (February 6, 2014). "2014 WINTER OLYMPICS: Longview Yarns dyed American's uniforms red, white and blue" (https://www.hickoryrecord.com/news/winter-olympics-longview-yarns-dyed-american-s-uniforms-red-white/article_bc4b1ece-8f73-11e3-9b94-001a4bcf6878.html) . Hickory Daily Record (/wiki/Hickory_Daily_Record) . Retrieved February 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-NazUS_70-0) Falsone, Nick (October 30, 2013). "Nazareth's Kraemer Yarns helps make uniforms for U. S. Olympic team" (https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/nazareth/2013/10/nazareths_kraemer_yarns_helps.html#main) . The Express-Times (/wiki/The_Express-Times) . Retrieved February 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-USAthreads_71-0) "Olympic athletes will wear threads made in the U.S.A." (https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/breaking-news/2013/10/olympic_athletes_will_wear_thr.html) The Express-Times (/wiki/The_Express-Times) . October 29, 2013 . Retrieved February 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Morris, Bernadine (May 6, 1990). "Nina Hyde, 57, a Fashion Editor Who Became a Pacesetter, Is Dead" (https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/06/obituaries/nina-hyde-57-a-fashion-editor-who-became-a-pacesetter-is-dead.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) "Ralph Lauren's breast cancer campaign turns 20 years old" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/wellbeing/health-advice/ralph-laurens-breast-cancer-campaign-turns-20-years-old/) . The Telegraph . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/wellbeing/health-advice/ralph-laurens-breast-cancer-campaign-turns-20-years-old/) from the original on January 12, 2022 . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Ralph Lauren Volunteer Program" (http://global.ralphlauren.com/en-gb/About/Philanthropy/Pages/polo_volunteer.aspx?) . Ralph Lauren . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "Ralph Lauren's Pink Pony Fund Initiative Launches" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141008050807/http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/12319/20141006/ralph-laurens-pink-pony-fund-initiative-launches.htm) . The Fashion Times . Archived from the original (http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/12319/20141006/ralph-laurens-pink-pony-fund-initiative-launches.htm) on October 8, 2014 . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) "Ralph Lauren Timeline" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161005084450/http://www.fashioncapital.co.uk/industry/news/326-learning/12385-Ralph-Lauren-Timeline) . The Fashion Capital . Archived from the original (http://www.fashioncapital.co.uk/industry/news/326-learning/12385-Ralph-Lauren-Timeline) on October 5, 2016 . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 21, 2000). "Cancer Center to Be Establishes in Harlem" (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/21/nyregion/cancer-center-to-be-establishes-in-harlem.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "Polo Fashion School" (http://global.ralphlauren.com/en-gb/About/Philanthropy/Pages/adopt_a_school.aspx) . Ralph Lauren . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) "Ralph Lauren Insulates Habitat for Humanity Homes" (http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/ralph-lauren-insulates-habitat-for-humanity-homes.html) . The Tree Hugger . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "Smithsonian's Star-Spangled Banner to Undergo Three-Year Conservation" (http://americanhistory.si.edu/press/releases/smithsonians-star-spangled-banner-undergo-three-year-conservation) . American History . April 24, 2012 . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) "Ralph Lauren Restores the Amphitheater of the École des Beaux-Arts" (http://www.vogue.com/969806/ralph-lauren-restores-lecole-de-beaux-arts/) . Vogue . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "The Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research" (https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/our-research/our-research-facilities/ralph-lauren-centre-breast-cancer-research) . The NHS . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Harper, Justin (March 27, 2020). "Designer brand Ralph Lauren to make masks and gowns" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52045889) . BBC News . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) "Ralph Lauren Foundation commits $25 million to five cancer centers" (https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/ralph-lauren-foundation-commits-25-million-to-five-cancer-centers) . Philanthropy News Digest . May 16, 2022 . Retrieved May 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-levi_85-0) "Levi's says Abercrombie pick pocketed design" (https://money.cnn.com/2007/07/26/news/companies/levis_lawsuit/index.htm) . CNN . July 26, 2007 . Retrieved June 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wheeldon_86-0) Wheeldon, Ron. "South Africa: Major developments in IP law" (http://www.buildingipvalue.com/06MENA/300_302.htm) . IP Value . Retrieved June 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Power_87-0) Power, Megan (March 10, 2014). "Polo SA not Polo Ralph Lauren" (http://www.timeslive.co.za/lifestyle/2014/03/10/polo-sa-not-polo-ralph-lauren) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times_(South_Africa)) . Johannesburg (/wiki/Johannesburg) . Retrieved August 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) "11 Photo-Editing Flubs: Ralph Lauren Ad Sparks Controversy" (https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/11-photo-editing-flubs-digitally-altered-photo-disasters/story?id=8780937) . ABC News . Retrieved March 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Huff_89-0) "Filippa Hamilton, Ralph Lauren's Retouched Model: I Was Fired For Being Too Fat" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/14/filippa-hamilton-ralph-la_n_320396.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . March 18, 2010 . Retrieved June 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-90) "Counterfeit Cowichan sweaters" (https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=546742) . Vancouver Island . February 6, 2015 . Retrieved December 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) "Nordstrom removes Cowichan name from sweaters" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/nordstrom-removes-cowichan-name-from-sweaters-1.2938764) . CBC News. ^ (#cite_ref-92) Gallagher, Jacob (March 2, 2022). "Ralph Lauren Executive Howard Smith Resigns Over Personal Conduct" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/ralph-lauren-executive-howard-smith-resigns-over-personal-conduct-11646234443?mod=hp_lista_pos5) . The Wall Street Journal . p. 1 . Retrieved March 3, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) "Canada's corporate watchdog probes Ralph Lauren on alleged use of forced labor in China" (https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/canadas-corporate-watchdog-probes-ralph-lauren-alleged-use-forced-labor-china-2023-08-15/) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . August 15, 2023 . Retrieved August 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) "Tailoring Responsibility: Tracing Apparel Supply Chains from the Uyghur Region to Europe | Sheffield Hallam University" (https://www.shu.ac.uk/helena-kennedy-centre-international-justice/research-and-projects/all-projects/eu-apparel) . www.shu.ac.uk . Retrieved March 27, 2024 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ralph Lauren Corporation (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) . 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Thai_clothing) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "History of Thai clothing" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Thai+clothing%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Thai+clothing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Thai+clothing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Thai+clothing%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Thai+clothing%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Thai+clothing%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Thai traditional costumes vary by city and the ruler of each historical period. [1] (#cite_note-1) Thai clothes can be classified according to six distinct periods of history; beginning with the 13th century. Previously, traditional Thai clothes were worn daily; however, they are now only worn on auspicious functions such as Thai traditional marriage ceremonies (/wiki/Thai_marriage) . Sukhothai [ edit ] See also: Sukhothai Kingdom (/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom) Sukhothai clothing style became the fashion in 13-15th century. During the period The city-state of Sukhothai (/wiki/Sukhothai_Historical_Park) was united other Tai (/wiki/Tai_peoples) city-states into one kingdom. Sukhothai Men's clothing was a simple full-sleeved top with a long V shape neck and a cloth brace on their shoulders. The loincloth was made of silk with a big metal or golden belt. Women's clothing was a long silk sarong with flowers painted on it. The top normally is a full-sleeved silk cloth. Married women wore one cloth wrapped around the breasts made of silk or other fabric. [2] (#cite_note-2) Ayutthaya [ edit ] See also: Traditional Thai clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) and Ayutthaya Kingdom (/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) Portrait of Siamese State Officials, one of portrait paintings collection in The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui (/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering) , 18th century painting in the National Palace Museum (/wiki/National_Palace_Museum) , Taipei. Ayutthaya clothing was the style during the 14-18th centuries. Ayutthaya (/wiki/Ayutthaya_Historical_Park) city was the capital of Thai kingdom for 417 years, the longest period of Thailand that was ruled under one monarch. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Many styles clothing followed the period of Ayutthaya but the fashion changed frequently under the influence from various countries who come into contact and trading with the kingdom. Historically, both Thai males and females dressed themselves with a loincloth wrap called chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) . Men wore their chong kraben to cover the waist to halfway down the thigh, while women covered the waist to well below the knee. [5] (#cite_note-terwiel-5) Bare chests and bare feet were accepted as part of the Thai formal dress code, and is observed in murals, illustrated manuscripts, and early photographs up to the middle of the 19th century. [5] (#cite_note-terwiel-5) In the royal court, royalty and nobility men are wearing lomphok (/wiki/Lomphok) , a tall pointed hat (/wiki/Pointed_hat) , made of white cloth wrapped around a bamboo frame, and Khrui (/wiki/Khrui) , a light outer garment worn as a gown or robe (/wiki/Robe) in certain ceremonial settings. Traditional Thai attire has changed significantly throughout the Rattanakosin period (/wiki/Rattanakosin_period) . [ citation needed ] Thai traditional costumes in Bangkok National Museum (/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum) A Burmese depiction of an Ayutthaya king, either depicting Uthumphon (/wiki/Uthumphon) or Ekkathat (/wiki/Ekkathat) Siam delegates in Peking (/wiki/Peking) in 1761 from the Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute (/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Nations_Coming_to_Pay_Tribute) monumental painting Ok-khun Chamnan (/wiki/Ok-khun_Chamnan) , a 17th-century Siamese ambassador who visited France and Rome on an embassy in 1688 The Ayutthayan official Kosa Pan (/wiki/Kosa_Pan) wearing Lomphok (/wiki/Lomphok) and Khrui (/wiki/Khrui) Kosa Pan wearing lomphok and Khrui, 1686 Claude de Forbin (/wiki/Claude_de_Forbin) wearing Ayutthayan mandarin dress The French ambassador Chevalier de Chaumont (/wiki/Chevalier_de_Chaumont) presents a letter from Louis XIV (/wiki/Louis_XIV) to King Narai (/wiki/King_Narai) , 1685 A Siamese official wearing Lomphok (/wiki/Lomphok) and Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) , Lifestyle of Siamese people and Traditional Thai house (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_house) by Simon de La Loubère (/wiki/Simon_de_La_Loub%C3%A8re) Portrait of Siamese aristocrats from The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui (/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering) Thonburi [ edit ] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Thai_clothing&action=edit§ion=) . ( October 2017 ) Rattanakosin [ edit ] See also: Rattanakosin Kingdom (/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom) Early Rattanakosin [ edit ] Early Rattanakosin central Thais dressed as same as Ayutthaya period, however, after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya (/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%9367)) and repeated Burmese invasions, central Thai women began cutting their hair in a crew-cut (/wiki/Crew-cut) short style, which remained the national hairstyle until the 1900s. [6] (#cite_note-6) Prior to the 20th century, the primary markers that distinguished class in Thai clothing were the use of cotton and silk cloths with printed or woven motifs, but both commoners and royals alike wore wrapped, not stitched clothing. [7] (#cite_note-mp-7) Men's clothing Binnya Sein or Chaophraya Mahayotha, the commander of Mon (/wiki/Mon_people) regiment during the reign of King Rama I (/wiki/Rama_I) in the 1800s Prince Svasti Sobhana (/wiki/Svasti_Sobhana) , the son of King Mongkut (/wiki/King_Mongkut) (Rama IV) wearing the royal costumes of the early Rattanakosin period Prince Nakkhatra Mangala (/wiki/Nakkhatra_Mangala) , was the eldest son of Prince Kitiyakara Voralaksana (/wiki/Kitiyakara_Voralaksana) wearing the royal costumes of the early Rattanakosin period Photograph of the Siamese embassy to France (/wiki/France-Thailand_relations) in 1861, wearing the formal clothing of the early Rattanakosin period Prince Ammarit, the son of King Nangklao ( Rama III (/wiki/Rama_III) ), before 1870 Sri Suriyawongse (/wiki/Sri_Suriyawongse) was a Prime Minister of Southern Siam during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V), 1865 Prince Yodyingyot (/wiki/Wichaichan) , later Bowon Wichaichan with the early Rattanakosin style clothing, before 1885 Young Prince Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V) and his two younger brother in 1851 Photograph of a 19th century Siamese boatman by John Thomson (/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)) Thai men squat with the early Rattanakosin style clothing Women's clothing Siamese girl with the early Rattanakosin style clothing, 1921 Princess Kinnari, the 30th daughter of King Rama III (/wiki/King_Rama_III) , 1819 Queen Sunandha (/wiki/Sunanda_Kumariratana) , one of the four consorts of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) with the early Rattanakosin style clothing Tieng Rojanadis, was a consort of King Mongkut (/wiki/Mongkut) (Rama IV) Siamese peasant, 1904 Queen Debsirindra (/wiki/Debsirindra) , the second consort of King Mongkut (/wiki/Mongkut) with the early Rattanakosin style clothing, 1855 Daughters of King Rama II (/wiki/King_Rama_II) and King Rama III (/wiki/King_Rama_III) Lady Pun Bunnag, Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse (/wiki/Somdet_Chaophraya_Borom_Maha_Sri_Suriwongse) 's wife with the early Rattanakosin style clothing in 1866 Princess Ying Yaowalak Akkharatchasuda (1851–1886), was the daughter of King Mongkut (/wiki/Mongkut) Daughters of King Mongkut (/wiki/Mongkut) (Rama IV) with the early Rattanakosin style clothing A traditional Siamese female quartet with the early Rattanakosin style clothing Queen Savang Vadhana (/wiki/Savang_Vadhana) , a consort of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V) in 1879 Princess Nariratana (/wiki/Nariratana) , was the daughter of King Mongkut (/wiki/Mongkut) (Rama IV) Queen Somanass Waddhanawathy (/wiki/Somanass_Waddhanawathy) , a first queen of King Mongkut (/wiki/King_Mongkut) (Rama IV) Princess Thip Keson (/wiki/Thip_Keson) (or Thep Kraison), Princess of Chiang Mai (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai) , consort of Inthawichayanon (/wiki/Inthawichayanon) of Chiang Mai and mother of Dara Rasmi (/wiki/Dara_Rasmi) , before 1884 Princess Dara Rasmi (/wiki/Dara_Rasmi) , a princess of Chiang Mai (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai) wearing pha sin (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) and pha biang (/wiki/Pha_biang) at Dusit Palace (/wiki/Dusit_Palace) , 1909 Princess Lamom, was the daughter of King Nangklao ( Rama III (/wiki/Rama_III) ), before 1896 Siamese womens photo, 1890 Painting of Siamese womans wearing pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) and pha biang (/wiki/Pha_biang) in Wat Pho (/wiki/Wat_Pho) , Bangkok Modern Rattanakosin [ edit ] See also: Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) From the 1860s onward, Thai royals "selectively adopted Victorian corporeal and sartorial etiquette (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) to fashion modern personas that were publicized domestically and internationally by means of mechanically reproduced images." [7] (#cite_note-mp-7) Stitched clothing, including court attire and ceremonial uniforms, were invented during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) . [7] (#cite_note-mp-7) Western forms of dress became popular among urbanites in Bangkok during this time period. [7] (#cite_note-mp-7) During the early 1900s, King Vajiravudh (/wiki/Vajiravudh) launched a campaign to encourage Thai women to wear long hair instead of traditional short hair, and to wear pha sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) (ผ้าซิ่น), a tubular skirt, instead of the chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) (โจงกระเบน), a cloth wrap. [8] (#cite_note-8) Noblemen's clothing King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) wearing the raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) costume, consisting of a white Nehru-style (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) jacket (/wiki/Jacket) with five buttons and a chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Prince Damrong Rajanubhab (/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab) wearing the raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) costume, 1900 King Vajiravudh (/wiki/Vajiravudh) wearing the raj pattern covered with the khrui (/wiki/Khrui) Prince Vividhavannapreecha, the 51st son of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) in 1893 Portrait of Mom Luang Pin Malakul (/wiki/Pin_Malakul) as a student at Suankularb Wittayalai School (/wiki/Suankularb_Wittayalai_School) , 1910s Noblewomen's clothing Queen consort Sukhumala Marasri (/wiki/Sukhumala_Marasri) of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V). with her mother and daughters in 1880 Queen consort Sukhumala Marasri (/wiki/Sukhumala_Marasri) and the princesses of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V), 1887 Queen Saovabha Phongsri (/wiki/Saovabha_Phongsri) , an agnatic half-sister and queen of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V), 1897 Chum Krairoek (/wiki/Chum_Krairoek) Royal Highness Consort of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V) and her daughters in 1900s Princess Puangsoi Sa-ang (/wiki/Puangsoi_Sa-ang) , was the daughter of King Mongkut (/wiki/Mongkut) (Rama IV), 1880 Princess Suddha Dibyaratana (/wiki/Suddha_Dibyaratana) or the Princess of Rattanakosin, was the daughter of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V), before 1910 Princess Saisavali Bhiromya (/wiki/Saisavali_Bhiromya) , was a princess consort of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V), 1887 Chao Chom Mom Rajawongse Sadap (1890–1983), was the noble consort of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V) Princes Mankhian, was the daughter of King Rama II (/wiki/King_Rama_II) Thai princess of the Inner Court of the Grand Palace (/wiki/Grand_Palace) , Bangkok in 1890 Daughters of King Rama V (/wiki/King_Rama_V) , 1904 Prince Dilok Noppharat and his mother, Princess Thip Keson (/wiki/Thip_Keson) of Chiang Mai (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai) in 1896 Prince Yugala Dighambara (/wiki/Yugala_Dighambara) and his mother, Princess Saisavali Bhiromya (/wiki/Saisavali_Bhiromya) a consort of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V), before 1905 Bualai, was a Princess Consort of Phiriya Thepphawong of Phrae, before 1902 Princess Wiangchuen of Phrae, before 1902 Prince Mahidol Adulyadej (/wiki/Mahidol_Adulyadej) with his sister Princess Valaya Alongkorn (/wiki/Valaya_Alongkorn) and his mother, Queen Sri Savarindira (/wiki/Savang_Vadhana) (Savang Vadhana), 1925 Fascist Thailand [ edit ] Main article: Thai cultural mandates (/wiki/Thai_cultural_mandates) On 15 January 1941, Plaek Pibulsonggram (/wiki/Plaek_Pibulsonggram) issued a Thai cultural mandate (/wiki/Thai_cultural_mandates) to modernize and westernize Thai dress, by deeming long-practiced customs of wearing underpants, wearing no shirt, or wearing a wraparound cloth, as forms of inappropriate public attire. [9] (#cite_note-9) Contemporary Thai clothing [ edit ] Main article: Formal Thai national costume (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) The formal Thai costume, known in Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) as ชุดไทยพระราชนิยม ( RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : chut thai phra ratcha niyom , literally Thai dress of royal endorsement ), includes several sets of dress, designed as the Thai national costume (/wiki/National_costume) in formal occasions. [10] (#cite_note-10) Although described and intended for use as national costume, they are of relatively modern origins, having been conceived in the second half of the 20th century. Women's clothing Princess Sirindhorn (/wiki/Sirindhorn) wearing the "Chut Thai Amarin" ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดไทยอัมรินทร์ Princess Soamsavali (/wiki/Soamsavali) wearing the "Chut Thai Amarin" ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดไทยอัมรินทร์ Princess Ubolratana (/wiki/Ubolratana) wearing the "Chut Thai Boromphiman" ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดไทยบรมพิมาน ) Men's clothing Prem Tinsulanonda (/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda) , former Thai Prime Minister wearing the "chut thai phra ratcha niyom" ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดไทยพระราชนิยม ) Former Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva (/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva) wearing the "chut thai phra ratcha niyom" ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดไทยพระราชนิยม ) Surayud Chulanont (/wiki/Surayud_Chulanont) , former Thai Prime Minister wearing the "chut thai phra ratcha niyom" ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดไทยพระราชนิยม ) See also [ edit ] Traditional Thai clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Silahorm, kanokporn, kanhittha et al (2007), Thai Costume (In thai). ^ (#cite_ref-2) Chayada (2009),thaigoodview.com(In thai) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Thailand Knowledge Center (March 2012), The costume of Ayutthaya (In thai) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "History of Thai Traditional Dress" (https://dreamrentaldress.com/%e0%b8%9b%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b0%e0%b8%a7%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%95%e0%b8%b4%e0%b8%8a%e0%b8%b8%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%a2%e0%b8%9b%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b0%e0%b8%a2%e0%b8%b8%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%95%e0%b9%8c/) (in Thai). 2023-04-10 . Retrieved 2024-06-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b Terwiel, Barend Jan (2007). "The Body and Sexuality in Siam: A First Exploration in Early Sources" (http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Terwiel_42-55.pdf) (PDF) . Manusya: Journal of Humanities . 10 (14): 42–55. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/26659077-01004003 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26659077-01004003) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Jotisalikorn, Chami (2013). Thailand's Luxury Spas: Pampering Yourself in Paradise . Tuttle Publishing. p. 183. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Peleggi, Maurizio (2010). Mina Roces (ed.). The Politics of Dress in Asia and the Americas . Sussex Academic Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845193997 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Sarutta (10 September 2002). "Women's Status in Thai Society" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161031113121/http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/1911_thai_women_status/thai_women_status.html) . Thaiways Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/1911_thai_women_status/thai_women_status.html) on 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) The Royal Gazette, Vol. 58, Page 113. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120609234836/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2484/A/113.PDF) January 21, B.E. (/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar) 2484 ( C.E. (/wiki/Common_Era) 1941). Retrieved on June 4, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Types of Thai Clothing - dreamrentaldress.com" (https://dreamrentaldress.com/%e0%b8%8a%e0%b8%b8%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%a2%e0%b8%a1%e0%b8%b5%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%b5%e0%b9%88%e0%b9%81%e0%b8%9a%e0%b8%9a/) (in Thai). 2023-03-13 . Retrieved 2024-06-26 . External links [ edit ] "การแต่งกายของไทย" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140427173739/http://www.postjung.com/external.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.swu.ac.th%2Fstudents%2Ffa501010137%2Findex2.htm) . Postjung.com. Archived from the original (http://www.postjung.com/external.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.swu.ac.th%2Fstudents%2Ffa501010137%2Findex2.htm) on 2014-04-27 . Retrieved 2012-07-21 . "ถ่ายภาพชุดไทย ภาพโบราณ แต่งชุดไทย ถ่ายภาพ ล้านนา ทวารวดี อยุธยา รัตนโกสินทร์" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120805092030/http://www.bangkokstudiothai.com/Templates/Thai.html) . Bangkokstudiothai.com. Archived from the original (http://www.bangkokstudiothai.com/Templates/Thai.html) on 2012-08-05 . Retrieved 2012-07-21 . teenee.com. "การแต่งกายของสตรีไทยตามประวัติศาสตร์โบราณคดีจนถึงปัจจุบัน : อาหารสมอง" (http://variety.teenee.com/foodforbrain/4888.html) . Variety.teenee.com . Retrieved 2012-07-21 . "การแต่งกายสมัยอยุธยา (พ.ศ. 1893 ถึง พ.ศ. 2310)" (http://www.baanjomyut.com/library_2/history_of_costume/02_6.html) . Baanjomyut.com . 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Australian sportswear company SKINS Industry Textile (/wiki/Textile_industry) Founded 1996 Founder Brad Duffy Fate Filled for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) in 2019, brand and name acquired Headquarters Australia (/wiki/Australia) Area served Worldwide Key people Gary Chan (CEO) Products Compression garment (/wiki/Compression_garment) Owner Symphony Holdings (2019–) Website skinscompression.com (https://www.skinscompression.com/) Skins , stylized SKINS , is an Australian (/wiki/Australia) manufacturing company founded in 1996 that designs and produces compression garment (/wiki/Compression_garment) for athletes and sports enthusiasts. After filing for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) in 2019, the company was acquired by Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) -based holding (/wiki/Holding_company) Symphony, which owns rights over the "Skins" brand. [1] (#cite_note-hk-1) History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1996 by Brad Duffy, an Australian physiologist and ski enthusiast. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1998, SKINS launched their first three product ranges: 'JetSkins' for travel, 'SportsSkins' for multi sports and 'SnowSkins' for Alpine pursuits. Australian cricket (/wiki/Cricket) captain Steve Waugh (/wiki/Steve_Waugh) was chosen as the public face of the new products. Initially, the range was limited to long tights only and was sold exclusively online and through telesales. By 2002, the product was still being manufactured in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) but was being sold through around 20 retail outlets in Australia. In the same year, Australian entrepreneur Jaimie Fuller (/wiki/Jaimie_Fuller) was appointed as CEO (/wiki/CEO) of SKINS. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2003, other styles were added to the SKINS range, including half-tights and tops, and the expanded manufacturing operation was moved to Fiji (/wiki/Fiji) . The year after, SKINS lodged patents on their compression technology. In 2005, manufacturing was moved to China (/wiki/China) with a product redesign and a new range for women. SKINS were launched in the UK in 2006 with the US/global launch taking place the following year. SKINS currently sell over 160 different compression products including specific ranges for golf (/wiki/Golf) , cycling (/wiki/Cycling) , triathlon (/wiki/Triathlon) and snow sports. The company currently has around 80 full-time members of staff and retails through more than 800 speciality retailers in their home territory of Australia. [4] (#cite_note-4) After filing for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) with the Swiss court in January 2019, [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) the SKINS brand and associated intellectual property was acquired by Symphony Holdings, a public company (/wiki/Public_company) based in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , and placed under new management. [1] (#cite_note-hk-1) Advertising and controversy [ edit ] SKINS has a history of bold and controversial advertising. A series of adverts that ran in 2005–06 caused the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission) (ACCC) to allege that SKINS had engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct. The adverts in question stated that "We don't pay sports stars to wear our product. They pay us". The ACCC contested this claim and produced a list of athletes who were sponsored and paid by SKINS. [8] (#cite_note-theage2007-8) In 2009 the Federal Court of Australia handed down judgment in favour of the ACCC and SKINS agreed to provide undertakings to the Court, pay costs and publish corrective advertisements. [9] (#cite_note-9) The same court also upheld an accusation of retail price maintenance against SKINS, who induced, by request, a retailer in Adelaide not to lower the retail prices of their products. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) SKINS ran an advertising campaign in 2006 which featured the famous " Swoosh (/wiki/Swoosh) " logo of Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) placed upside down across the mouths of athletes to form a grimace. Nike demanded SKINS to cease this advertising, which they did. However, the advertising campaign received praise for its creativity from the Advertising Federation of Australia. [8] (#cite_note-theage2007-8) Retail partnerships [ edit ] In 2010, SKINS partnered with Chinese sportswear manufacturer Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) with a range of co-branded products being produced for the Chinese market by the two companies. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2012, SKINS has partnered with the Itochu (/wiki/Itochu) Corporation of Japan to distribute SKINS products in Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Anti-doping campaigns [ edit ] SKINS has been vocal opponents of blood doping (/wiki/Blood_doping) in sports and were the first company to be certified by BikePure, an independent, not-for-profit organisation which advocates ethical cycling practices and conducts anti-doping research. [15] (#cite_note-15) In September 2013, SKINS launched an Anti-Doping initiative called Pure Sport, petitioning for change with the International Olympic Committee (/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Former Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson (/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)) has joined the campaign; Johnson had his gold medal rescinded after the 1988 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics) after testing positive for the banned substance Stanozolol (/wiki/Stanozolol) . In February 2014, Pure Sport also launched a campaign during the Sochi Winter Olympics. The aim was to showcase the inequality, discrimination and poor practices that took place before, and during the games with the hope of increasing awareness so that future mistakes are not replicated. [ citation needed ] Other associations [ edit ] The company was involved with the Mars Society Australia (/wiki/Mars_Society) in the development of MarsSkin, a prototype spacesuit that was tested in the Flinders Ranges (/wiki/Flinders_Ranges) in Australia in August 2004. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Their compression stockings are listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (/w/index.php?title=Australian_Register_of_Therapeutic_Goods&action=edit&redlink=1) as a medical device for reducing oedema (/wiki/Oedema) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) See also [ edit ] List of fitness wear brands (/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Carey, Alexis (14 May 2020). "Australian sportswear brand under new ownership after bankruptcy" (https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/australian-sportswear-brand-under-new-ownership-after-bankruptcy/news-story/b9af942111d778750364123eb0fd5bb7) . News.com.au . Retrieved 15 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Douglas, Jeanne-Vida (27 July 2011). "Performance enhancer" (http://www.afr.com/p/sections/emerging_companies/performance_enhancer_0kA6FNt5qdYCYvc4XFNb3J) . Australian Financial Review (/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review) . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "In Hindsight coming soon… Nokia brings you a new online book" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110625034629/http://inhindsight.nokia.com.au/) . inhindsight.nokia.com.au . Archived from the original (http://inhindsight.nokia.com.au/) on 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cole, Michael D. (5 November 2008). "Compression Apparel Brand Winning at the "Skins" Game" (http://apparel.edgl.com/case-studies/Compression-Apparel-Brand-Winning-at-the--Skins--Game64278) . Apparel . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ilanbey, Sumeyya (21 January 2019). "Sportswear manufacturer SKINS applies for bankruptcy in Swiss Court" (https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/sportswear-manufacturer-skins-applies-for-bankruptcy-in-swiss-court-20190121-p50smt.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 21 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Everett, Hayley (30 January 2019). "Skins files for bankruptcy with Swiss court" (https://cyclingindustry.news/skins-files-bankruptcy-swiss-court/) . Cycling Industry News . Retrieved 21 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Carey, Alexis (21 January 2019). "Australian sportswear manufacturer applies for bankruptcy" (https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/australian-sportswear-manufacturer-applies-for-bankruptcy/news-story/41fe674f0633794bccf561b5653453b4) . News.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) . Retrieved 21 July 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Burke, Kelly (12 September 2007). "Athlete payment claim gets under ACCC's skin" (http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/athlete-payment-claim-gets-under-acccs-skin/2007/09/11/1189276720814.html) . The Age (/wiki/The_Age) . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Skins Compression Garments Pty Ltd" (https://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/875264) . Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission) . 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Australian Competition & Consumer Commission v Skins Compression Garments Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 710 (https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/2009/710.html) (2 July 2009), Federal Court (/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia) (Australia). ^ (#cite_ref-11) "$120,000 penalty against sports gear maker" (https://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/852036) . Australian Competition & Consumer Commission. 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "China sportswear giant LI-NING partners with Skins to launch gradient compression products" (http://en.people.cn/90001/90782/90872/7125826.html) . People's Daily Online . 1 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "ITOCHU Announces Acquisition of Trademark for Skins Brand and Business Development : News Releases" (http://www.itochu.co.jp/en/news/2012/120416.html) . ITOCHU. 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Tan, Gillian (24 April 2012). "Itochu Corp Buys Asian Trademark For Compression Sportwear Group Skins" (https://blogs.wsj.com/dealjournalaustralia/2012/04/24/japans-itochu-slips-into-skins/?mod=google_news_blog) . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Skins Supports and Commends HTC Highroad on its 'Code of Conduct' (http://bikepure.org/2011/09/skins-supports-and-commends-htc-highroad-on-its-%E2%80%98code-of-conduct%E2%80%99/) " (http://bikepure.org/2011/09/skins-supports-and-commends-htc-highroad-on-its-%E2%80%98code-of-conduct%E2%80%99/) . Bike Pure . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Natale, Anthony (4 September 2013). "Taking Performance Enhancing Drugs Out of Sports" (http://fox43.com/2013/09/04/taking-performance-enhancing-drugs-out-of-sports/#axzz2dvxqXzE5) . Fox43 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Strauss, Chris (4 September 2013). "Ben Johnson says doping is widespread in track" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2013/09/04/ben-johnson-says-doping-widespread-track/2767441/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Catchpole, Heather (30 March 2004). "Mars spacesuits to be tested in Oz desert" (http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/03/30/1076437.htm) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)) . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Waldie, James. "MarsSkin 3" (http://marssociety.org.au/project/marsskin/marsskin-3) . Mars Society Australia (/wiki/Mars_Society) . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Public Summary: Skins Compression Garment Pty Ltd – Stocking, antioedema, arm/leg" (https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/servlet/xmlmillr6?dbid=ebs%2FPublicHTML%2FpdfStore.nsf&docid=B823E5EAE5F091F2CA2577DD00028A95&agid=(PrintDetailsPublic)&actionid=1) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Public Summary: Skins Compression Garment Pty Ltd – Stocking, antioedema, arm/leg" (https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/servlet/xmlmillr6?dbid=ebs%2FPublicHTML%2FpdfStore.nsf&docid=CDE5194EE5979F5DCA2577DD00023E81&agid=(PrintDetailsPublic)&actionid=1) . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.skinscompression.com/) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) 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Type of bobbin lace from Arras, France Arras lace Type Lace (/wiki/Lace) Production method Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Production process Craft production (/wiki/Craft_production) Place of origin Arras (/wiki/Arras) , France Introduced 17th century Arras lace refers to a form of pure white bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) that was made at Arras (/wiki/Arras) , France, from the 17th to 19th centuries. It is similar to, but stronger than Lille lace (/wiki/Lille_lace) . Arras also produced gold lace (/wiki/Metal_lace) and a lightweight lace called mignonette. [1] (#cite_note-brit-1) Orris is another term for gold or silver bobbin lace, derived from the word Arras. [2] (#cite_note-2) The lace of Arras reached its peak during 1804 to 1812 and then declined. In 1851, there were 8,000 lace-makers in a radius of eight miles round the city. By 1881, only one house was making a speciality of the old patterns. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-brit_1-0) Arras lace (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36041/Arras-lace) . Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 7 June 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brooks Picken, Mary (2013). A Dictionary of Costume and Fashion: Historic and Modern . Courier Corporation. p. 202. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486141602 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mrs Bury Palliser (1911). History of Lace . Dover Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24742-2 . v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐qzg9v Cached time: 20240719063104 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.494 seconds Real time usage: 0.594 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 757/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 35047/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 871/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.331/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4458157/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 522.503 1 -total 32.11% 167.757 3 Template:Navbox 31.74% 165.868 1 Template:Lace_types 28.09% 146.768 1 Template:Reflist 24.27% 126.828 2 Template:Cite_book 19.52% 101.981 1 Template:Short_description 15.20% 79.429 1 Template:Infobox_textile 14.53% 75.917 1 Template:Infobox 11.51% 60.146 2 Template:Pagetype 4.51% 23.577 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36067994-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719063104 and revision id 1194719560. 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Type of wool bobbin lace Yak lace refers to a coarse bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) in the guipure (/wiki/Guipure) manner, typically made from wool. [1] (#cite_note-guild-1) It was mainly made in Oxfordshire (/wiki/Oxfordshire) , Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Buckinghamshire) and Northamptonshire (/wiki/Northamptonshire) in imitation of Maltese (/wiki/Malta) and Greek laces (/wiki/Greek_lace) . [2] (#cite_note-pitt-2) [3] (#cite_note-jackson-3) While the name suggests the lace is made using yak (/wiki/Yak) hair, it can be made of any wool or worsted (/wiki/Worsted) yarn. [1] (#cite_note-guild-1) [2] (#cite_note-pitt-2) Although woollen laces had been made since the 17th century, it was not until the mid 19th century that "yak lace" became popular. [2] (#cite_note-pitt-2) Despite the difficulty of working with naturally elastic woollen yarn which meant that the lace instantly shrank to two thirds of its size once unpinned from the pillow (/wiki/Lace_pillow) , it was inexpensive, quick and easy to make and became popular and widely used. [2] (#cite_note-pitt-2) Yak lace could be produced in various weights, ranging from lightweight trimmings for children's dresses and underwear, to heavier, upholstery-weight lace suitable for curtains. [2] (#cite_note-pitt-2) Black yak lace was also widely used for mourning (/wiki/Mourning) dress. [1] (#cite_note-guild-1) [2] (#cite_note-pitt-2) The popularity of woollen lace was boosted by the nineteenth century hygienist Gustav Jäger (/wiki/Gustav_J%C3%A4ger_(naturalist)) 's promotion of wool fabrics. [2] (#cite_note-pitt-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Definition of yak lace at the Embroiderer's Guild website (http://www.embroiderersguildwa.org.au/Types%20of%20Embroidery/Yak.htm) . Accessed 8 June 2012 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Makovicky, Dr. Nicolette, Beds Maltese and 'Yak' lace (http://england.prm.ox.ac.uk/englishness-beds-maltese-and-yak-lace.html) , The Pitt Rivers Museum (/wiki/The_Pitt_Rivers_Museum) , Oxford. Accessed 8 June 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-jackson_3-0) Jackson, Emily (1971). A history of hand-made lace . Tower Books. v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion designer Ryan Jude Novelline Nationality Italian-American Alma mater Rhode Island School of Design (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design) Known for Contemporary art (/wiki/Contemporary_art) Fashion Design Parent Lisa Anne Novelline (/wiki/Lisa_Anne_Novelline) (mother) Website www (http://www.ryanjudenovelline.com) .ryanjudenovelline (http://www.ryanjudenovelline.com) .com (http://www.ryanjudenovelline.com) Ryan Jude Novelline ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ n ɒ v ɪ l iː n / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) NOV -i-leen ) is an Italian–American contemporary artist (/wiki/Contemporary_artist) and clothing designer (/wiki/Clothing_designer) , [1] (#cite_note-seacoast-1) [2] (#cite_note-huffpost-2) and is known on social media as the Royal Dressmaker . [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Early life and education [ edit ] Novelline is the second of four male children born to Dave, an information technology professional, and Lisa Anne Novelline (/wiki/Lisa_Anne_Novelline) , an author and former dancer who performed with the Boston Ballet (/wiki/Boston_Ballet) . [5] (#cite_note-novhouse-5) He credits The Secret Garden (/wiki/The_Secret_Garden_(1993_film)) , Scott Gustafson (/wiki/Scott_Gustafson) ’s illustrations for Peter Pan (/wiki/Peter_Pan) , and playing with Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) dolls as childhood, creative influences. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) He attended Lexington High School (/wiki/Lexington_High_School_(Massachusetts)) where he received a gold key prize from the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers (/wiki/Alliance_for_Young_Artists_%26_Writers) for a self-portrait drawing and awards for high academic achievement. [7] (#cite_note-globe1-7) [8] (#cite_note-lexlocal-8) He completed his BFA in Illustration at the Rhode Island School of Design (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design) and interned for Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) and Walt Disney Imagineering (/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering) . [9] (#cite_note-pw-9) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) Selected works [ edit ] The Golden Book Gown 2008–2012: RISD [ edit ] In 2008 Novelline was commissioned, among other RISD (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design) students and faculty, by GAP (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) creative director Patrick Robinson (/wiki/Patrick_Robinson_(fashion_designer)) to create one-of-a-kind cardigans that would be sold out of GAP's flagship store on Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) in New York. [11] (#cite_note-gap-11) In 2011 Novelline created designs that were shown at Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) 's fashion show, Eleganza . One of his dresses, an aquamarine and topaz Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) crystal-embellished gown, was made from repurposed hotel curtains and modeled by Sonia Dara (/wiki/List_of_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Edition_models#D) . [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-asiangeo-13) The Golden Book Gown [ edit ] During an elective college course in RISD's fashion department in 2010, Novelline created a garment from recycled materials. He acquired hundreds of recycled and discarded Little Golden Books (/wiki/Little_Golden_Books) from the Salvation Army (/wiki/Salvation_Army) and eBay (/wiki/EBay) [14] (#cite_note-vemale-14) to construct a dress comprised entirely of the illustrations from the books sewn together with metallic gold thread, and a bodice was made from the books' foil spines. [15] (#cite_note-treehugger-15) [16] (#cite_note-vietnam-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) called the piece "amazing". [19] (#cite_note-oakland-19) The work of contemporary art, titled The Golden Book Gown , received widespread attention for its design and innovative use of material. [1] (#cite_note-seacoast-1) According to Italian Glamour (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(rivista)) , the piece "lascia tutti a bocca aperta" or "left everyone in awe." [20] (#cite_note-styloit-20) Publishers Weekly (/wiki/Publishers_Weekly) said that the dress "proves that green fashion can provide as rich a fantasia as can be imagined." [9] (#cite_note-pw-9) The gown was voted the "most creative" fashion design of 2011 by Ecouterre . [21] (#cite_note-21) 2013–2019 [ edit ] In 2014, Novelline made a dress from the pages of recycled graphic novels for Maisie Williams (/wiki/Maisie_Williams) that she wore as a guest judge for Bookbarn International's Out of Print Fashion Show. [22] (#cite_note-wells3-22) [23] (#cite_note-wgaz-23) She wore the dress a second time at the Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) party at San Diego Comic Con (/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con_International) . The dress, called ZAM! , included pages from X-Men (/wiki/X-Men) , Sandman , Sailor Moon (/wiki/Sailor_Moon) , and Game of Thrones (/wiki/Game_of_Thrones) . [24] (#cite_note-mtv_maisie-24) According to The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) , the paper dress was "the coolest thing at Comic Con" [25] (#cite_note-huffpost_maisie-25) and later named among Williams’ "Best Looks" by Vogue . [26] (#cite_note-26) Novelline collaborated on the children's book Piccadilly and the Fairy Polka contributing as the art director and illustrator of the book casing and dust jacket. [5] (#cite_note-novhouse-5) In 2015, he created a series of illustrations of Tyler Oakley (/wiki/Tyler_Oakley) as Disney Princesses (/wiki/Disney_Princesses) that were featured on Oakley's Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) . [27] (#cite_note-27) Influenced by a long-standing interest in fashion dolls (/wiki/Fashion_dolls) , [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) he has made paper dolls (/wiki/Paper_dolls) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) and art dolls (/wiki/Art_dolls) wearing his own designs. [5] (#cite_note-novhouse-5) In recognition of the Supreme Court's decision to recognize marriage equality (/wiki/Same-sex_marriage) in all 50 states, he created a commemorative art doll from an upcycled (/wiki/Upcycle) Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) . The doll wore a rainbow gown and carried an American pride flag (/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT_movement)) in one hand and a marriage license dated June 26, 2015, in the other. [28] (#cite_note-28) Based on the fairy-tale Undine (/wiki/Undine) , Novelline showed a gown called Beyond Blue as cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) during New York Comic-Con (/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con) in 2017. The hemp-silk (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion#Hemp) gown weighed over 50 pounds, had a 13-foot cathedral train (/wiki/Cathedral_train) , and featured over 20,000 hand-placed, Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) crystals. The fabric print featured a round composition of mermaids (/wiki/Mermaid) taken from one of the artist's original paintings. The blue gown was listed among the years "Best Cosplay" and compared to Elsa (/wiki/Elsa_(Frozen)) ’s design from Frozen . [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-wickedlocal2-32) [33] (#cite_note-:2-33) In 2019, he returned to New York Comic-Con with a gown based on the story of Sleeping Beauty (/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty) called The Good Fairy. According to him, the look "celebrate[d] not just the final character, but the process of creating one.“ The design was also listed among the year's “Best Cosplay". [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) 2020-present [ edit ] Dutch influencer Rose Nora Anna danced to Billy Joel (/wiki/Billy_Joel) 's Uptown Girl (/wiki/Uptown_Girl) in a TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) wearing a replica dress by Novelline of Princess Diana's (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) blue Catherine Walker (/wiki/Catherine_Walker_(fashion_designer)) gown originally worn to the 1987 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) . [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) TikTok's Queen Astraea also ran through New York City in one of his dresses. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) Exhibitions [ edit ] Novelline's Golden Book Gown was displayed at the Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & Library (/wiki/National_Heritage_Museum) [41] (#cite_note-41) and was the centerpiece of an exhibit at the Drift Contemporary Art Gallery (/wiki/Wentworth-Coolidge_Mansion#Drift_Contemporary_Art_Gallery) in 2013. At this show, he asked visitors to consider whether or not "the stories of our past become part of a sustainable future." [1] (#cite_note-seacoast-1) Novelline was a guest speaker at Asian Geographic (/wiki/Asian_Geographic) ’s 2018 Asia Dive Expos (ADEX) in Singapore in April and again in Beijing in October. He presented Beyond Blue as part of a Mermaid Festival. [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) [33] (#cite_note-:2-33) See also [ edit ] Novelline, Lisa Anne (2014). Piccadilly and the Fairy Polka (illustrated ed.). Lexington, MA. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0983531111 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) Dodds, Felix (2021). Tomorrow's People and New Technology: Changing How We Live Our Lives . Taylor & Francis. p. 162. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781000467673 . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Drift Gallery has the 'Last Word' — reception Sept. 28" (http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20130926-ENTERTAIN-309260322) , Sea Coast Online , September 26, 2013, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203142255/http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20130926-ENTERTAIN-309260322) from the original on February 3, 2014 , retrieved March 20, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-huffpost_2-0) "How To Be An Ethical Shopper And Look Good Doing It" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/19/ethical-shopping-tips_n_4853512.html#slide=3500560) , The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) , March 19, 2014, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140405091248/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/19/ethical-shopping-tips_n_4853512.html) from the original on April 5, 2014 , retrieved March 19, 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b Balao, Neia (February 24, 2023). "TikToker transforms herself into Princess Diana: 'I GASPED' (https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/tiktoker-transforms-herself-princess-diana-211327910.html) " (https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/tiktoker-transforms-herself-princess-diana-211327910.html) . Yahoo (/wiki/Yahoo) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230226025156/https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/tiktoker-transforms-herself-princess-diana-211327910.html) from the original on February 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 24, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lloyd, Andrew (February 27, 2023). "A TikToker stunned viewers by going to extreme lengths to recreate a 1987 Princess Diana look, enlisting a professional hairstylist and gown designer" (https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/lifestyle-buzz/a-tiktoker-stunned-viewers-by-going-to-extreme-lengths-to-recreate-a-1987-princess-diana-look-enlisting-a-professional-hairstylist-and-gown-designer/ar-AA1803Fh) . MSN (/wiki/MSN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230325032452/https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/lifestyle-buzz/a-tiktoker-stunned-viewers-by-going-to-extreme-lengths-to-recreate-a-1987-princess-diana-look-enlisting-a-professional-hairstylist-and-gown-designer/ar-AA1803Fh) from the original on March 25, 2023. ^ Jump up to: a b c Campbell, Ami (October 2, 2014), Lexington's Novellines 'A Power House' of Creativity , vol. 149, Lexington, MA: Lexington Minuteman (/wiki/Wicked_Local) , p. C1, archived from the original (http://lexington.wickedlocal.com/article/20141006/News/141007645/) (Print & Web) on October 16, 2014 , retrieved October 7, 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b Henseler, Christine (April 3, 2017). "Ryan Jude Novelline Is A Fearless Fashion Designer Who Transforms Trash Into Treasure" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ryan-jude-novelline-is-a-fearless-fashion-designer_b_58e2eff1e4b09deecf0e197a) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . 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Retrieved March 1, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-globe1_7-0) "The Scholastic Art Awards list of honorees" (http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/02/09/the_scholastic_art_awards_list_of_honorees/?page=full) , The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) , February 10, 2008, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141012113458/http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/02/09/the_scholastic_art_awards_list_of_honorees/?page=full) from the original on October 12, 2014 , retrieved March 20, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-lexlocal_8-0) "Foreign-language students earn awards" (http://lexington.wickedlocal.com/article/20070607/NEWS/306079188/0/SEARCH) , Wicked Local (/wiki/GateHouse_Media) , June 7, 2007, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141012133541/http://lexington.wickedlocal.com/article/20070607/NEWS/306079188/0/SEARCH) from the original on October 12, 2014 , retrieved March 20, 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b Bluemle, Elizabeth (October 11, 2013), "A Talk with the Creator of the Gown Made of Golden Books" (http://blogs.publishersweekly.com/blogs/shelftalker/?p=11848) , Publishers Weekly (/wiki/Publishers_Weekly) , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141011025407/http://blogs.publishersweekly.com/blogs/shelftalker/?p=11848) from the original on October 11, 2014 , retrieved January 23, 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Whitney (October 31, 2013), "Looks Good on Paper: Guys and Dolls" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141011222750/http://www.improper.com/columns/looks-good-on-paper/) , The Improper Bostonian (/wiki/The_Improper_Bostonian) , archived from the original (http://www.improper.com/columns/looks-good-on-paper/) on October 11, 2014 , retrieved January 23, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-gap_11-0) Gap and Rhode Island School of Design Bring the 'Art of the Cardigan' to NYC's Fifth Avenue , San Francisco, CA: Gap Inc. (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , February 27, 2009, archived from the original (http://www.gapinc.com/content/gapinc/html/media/pressrelease/2009/med_pr_RISDcardigans022709.html) on March 31, 2014 , retrieved October 28, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Lambert, Craig (January–February 2013), Model Student , Cambridge, MA: Harvard Magazine (/wiki/Harvard) , p. 33, archived from the original (http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/model-student) (Print & Web) on June 26, 2014 , retrieved October 28, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-asiangeo_13-0) Ibbotson, Sophie (April 2013), "Rubbish couture? An Eclectic Fashion Forward Trend", Asian Geographic (/wiki/Asian_Geographic) (97): 63 ^ (#cite_ref-vemale_14-0) "Golden Book Gown, Gaun Cantik Terbuat Dari Kumpulan Buku Cerita" (http://www.vemale.com/fashion/pernik/22003-golden-book-gown-gaun-cantik-terbuat-dari-kumpulan-buku-cerita.html) , Vemale.com (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemale.com) (in Indonesian), May 11, 2013, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130607063927/http://www.vemale.com/fashion/pernik/22003-golden-book-gown-gaun-cantik-terbuat-dari-kumpulan-buku-cerita.html) from the original on June 7, 2013 , retrieved February 9, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-treehugger_15-0) Mok, Kimberly (April 2, 2011), "Designer Makes Fairytale Dress From Recycled Children's Books" (http://www.treehugger.com/style/designer-makes-fairytale-dress-from-recycled-childrens-books.html) , TreeHugger (/wiki/TreeHugger) , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111107174419/http://www.treehugger.com/style/designer-makes-fairytale-dress-from-recycled-childrens-books.html) from the original on November 7, 2011 , retrieved February 9, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-vietnam_16-0) "Váy tranh" (http://vn.news.yahoo.com/váy-tranh-20110402-161738-426.html) , Yahoo! (/wiki/Yahoo!) (in Vietnamese), April 3, 2011, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140307133809/http://vn.news.yahoo.com/v%C3%A1y-tranh-20110402-161738-426.html) from the original on March 7, 2014 , retrieved January 23, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Pham, Diane (October 3, 2012). "High Fashion as Eco-Friendly as Child's Play" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121003072510/http://www.chevrolet.com/culture/article/eco-friendly-fashion.html) . Chevrolet (/wiki/Chevrolet) . Archived from the original (http://www.chevrolet.com/culture/article/eco-friendly-fashion.html) on October 3, 2012 . Retrieved March 24, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Shea, Beth (April 4, 2011). "Dress Made from Recycled Children's Books is Fit for a Fairytale Princess" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141011184646/http://www.ecouterre.com/dress-made-from-recycled-childrens-books-is-fit-for-a-fairytale-princess/) . Inhabitat (/wiki/Inhabitat) . 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External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.ryanjudenovelline.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Visual arts (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) Disney (/wiki/Portal:Disney) Ryan Jude Novelline at Wikipedia's sister projects : Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ryan_Jude_Novelline) from Commons Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7384203) from Wikidata NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐hkjgt Cached time: 20240719175014 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.604 seconds Real time usage: 0.817 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3946/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 103424/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1715/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 179254/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.419/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7310639/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 741.631 1 -total 30.65% 227.280 1 Template:Reflist 20.29% 150.473 1 Template:Infobox_artist 12.17% 90.228 21 Template:Citation 11.64% 86.316 2 Template:Cite_book 10.23% 75.878 1 Template:Subject_bar 8.04% 59.595 1 Template:Short_description 7.84% 58.177 1 Template:IPAc-en 6.72% 49.860 11 Template:Cite_web 5.17% 38.365 9 Template:Cite_news Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36120717-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719175014 and revision id 1232446154. 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American singer Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) on the red carpet at the 64th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/64th_Golden_Globe_Awards) on January 15, 2007 Red carpet fashion consists of outfits worn on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) at high-profile gala celebrity events such as award ceremonies and film premieres (/wiki/Premiere) . The clothes worn to award events such as the Oscars (/wiki/Academy_Awards) and the Golden Globes (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards) consistently receive intense worldwide media scrutiny, making their red carpets an international product placement area of great importance to fashion designers. [1] (#cite_note-lenander-1) Despite the publicity given to award ceremonies, other red-carpet events such as the Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) -hosted Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) also have a significant impact on the fashion world. [2] (#cite_note-FL-2) Red-carpet style [ edit ] History [ edit ] Italian actors Gabriel Garko (/wiki/Gabriel_Garko) (in black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) ) and Laura Torrisi (/wiki/Laura_Torrisi) on the red-carpet (/wiki/Red-carpet) at Venice Film Festival (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) , 2009 Until the end of the Golden Age of Hollywood (/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema) in the 1960s and the emergence of New Hollywood (/wiki/New_Hollywood) , the film industry operated under a studio system, where major studios like MGM (/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) , Warner Bros. (/wiki/Warner_Bros.) , and Paramount (/wiki/Paramount_Pictures) controlled nearly every aspect of movie production, including the public images of their stars. As part of this system, studios employed costume designers who were responsible for creating the wardrobes that actors wore on screen, as well as the outfits they donned for public appearances, including red carpet events. Prior to the 1990s, many celebrities chose their own red-carpet dresses, with the Oscars being remembered for some extraordinary and eccentric outfit choices, including torn denim, sequinned jumpsuits and even Indian headdresses. [1] (#cite_note-lenander-1) For ceremonies such as the Golden Globes, it was rare to see a star dressing up formally until the late 1990s, with many nominees turning up casually dressed. [3] (#cite_note-merle-3) When Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) came to the 2000 ceremony (/wiki/57th_Golden_Globe_Awards) in a glamorous white Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) dress, it was described as a game-changer which set the standard for Golden Globe red carpet style, and according to Phillip Bloch (/wiki/Phillip_Bloch) , her stylist at the time, "began the time when a dress could actually make a career." [3] (#cite_note-merle-3) The increasing dependence on fashion stylists (/wiki/Fashion_stylists) was something that had emerged since the 1990s, leading to criticism that red carpet fashion, particularly at the Oscars, now appears "bland and homogeneous", following a model of "discreetly elegant gowns (/wiki/Gown) , softly swept-up hairdos and lots of diamond jewellery". [1] (#cite_note-lenander-1) The stylist's role is to try to ensure that the client only receives positive publicity for her appearance and is not featured on 'worst-dressed' lists. [1] (#cite_note-lenander-1) [4] (#cite_note-perla-4) In 2004, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , asking "Does the glamour of the Golden Globes steal the scene from Oscar?", observed that the wider range of potential nominees of the "younger, hipper" Globes, from television as well as film, offered designers more opportunity to have their work featured on the red carpet. [5] (#cite_note-michault-5) Unlike the Oscars, nominees for the Golden Globes and other events are under less pressure to choose an expensive, one-of-a-kind haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) gown, which is also easier for the designers who can offer samples from their latest ready-to-wear lines. [5] (#cite_note-michault-5) One of the most widely publicised and talked-about red-carpet gowns was a ready-to-wear green Versace gown (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) worn by Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) to the 42nd Grammy Awards (/wiki/42nd_Grammy_Awards) ceremony on February 23, 2000. [6] (#cite_note-PhillipsReay2002-6) Publicity [ edit ] Having a dress featured on the red carpet, particularly one that attracts media attention, is very important to a designer, with Carmen Marc Valvo (/wiki/Carmen_Marc_Valvo) saying in 2000: "The dollar return of having some celebrity shot in your dress is worth a fortune, more than a five-page spread in Vogue or Harper's Bazaar that only appears once. That same image can be blasted repeatedly in newspapers and magazines across the country and around the world. That is worth hundreds of thousands of dollars." [7] (#cite_note-parnes-7) A year after Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) wore one of his dresses to the 2002 Oscars, designer Ben de Lisi (/wiki/Ben_de_Lisi) said: "I can't possibly quantify how much publicity I got from that or how much money I made. And now, every time anyone writes about her they use the picture of her in the dress and so it just goes on and on." [8] (#cite_note-lisi-8) This strategy is not without risk, as a designer may invest hard work and time into creating a unique dress (which could cost up to $100,000) for a celebrity, only to have their investment wasted when the star decides at the last moment to wear someone else's dress. [1] (#cite_note-lenander-1) [7] (#cite_note-parnes-7) Particularly high-profile celebrities are often loaned dresses by several different designers for the ceremony, meaning that the designer often does not know until the night whether his or her dress was chosen to receive the much-desired exposure. [1] (#cite_note-lenander-1) [7] (#cite_note-parnes-7) In addition, they run the risk of never getting the dress back, rejected or not. [7] (#cite_note-parnes-7) The choice for a designer may also be whether to dress one actress for the Oscars, or design an entire ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) collection. [5] (#cite_note-michault-5) Media [ edit ] Fashion commentary often forms a key part of the reportage of red-carpet events, both in dedicated shows such as Live from the Red Carpet (/wiki/Live_from_the_Red_Carpet) and news reports such as those from BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Looks seen on the red carpet are also often featured in television shows on fashion, such as Fashion Police (/wiki/Fashion_Police_(TV_series)) . Until they retired in 2011, Joan Rivers (/wiki/Joan_Rivers) and her daughter Melissa (/wiki/Melissa_Rivers) presented televised reviews of red-carpet fashions from various ceremonies including the Academy Awards, the Golden Globes, and the Emmy Awards (/wiki/Emmy_Awards) . [11] (#cite_note-hollywood-reporter-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In August 2007 Joan Rivers was replaced by Lisa Rinna (/wiki/Lisa_Rinna) as the host of TV Guide Network (/wiki/History_of_Pop_(American_TV_channel)) 's red carpet coverage. [11] (#cite_note-hollywood-reporter-11) Cancelled events [ edit ] When the 65th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/65th_Golden_Globe_Awards) ceremony was cancelled and replaced with a press conference as a result of a writer's strike (/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike) which also threatened the Oscars, this was also seen as a threat to the fashion industry. [13] (#cite_note-Cieply-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-strike-15) Not only were established designers under threat, but the opportunity for up-and-coming designers to achieve widespread recognition through red-carpet exposure of their designs was severely limited. [15] (#cite_note-strike-15) In 2008, a number of events, including the threat of an actor's strike that would have led to cancellation of the 2009 Oscar ceremony (/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards) , and an upcoming star-studded presidential inauguration (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama) had a visible effect on that year's Golden Globes ceremony (/wiki/66th_Golden_Globe_Awards) . [16] (#cite_note-mich09-16) Many stars dressed for the Globes in unique couture gowns that they might otherwise have reserved for the Oscars. [16] (#cite_note-mich09-16) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lenander, Joanna (25 February 2005). "Why Oscar's Women All Look the Same" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120718022239/http://www.nysun.com/arts/why-oscars-women-all-look-the-same/9747) . The New York Sun . Archived from the original (http://www.nysun.com/arts/why-oscars-women-all-look-the-same/9747/) on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 – via Internet Archive (/wiki/Internet_Archive) . ^ (#cite_ref-FL_2-0) "First Look: Inside the Met for Tonight's Costume Institute Gala" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/05/first_look_inside_the_met_for.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . 2011-05-02 . Retrieved 2011-05-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ginsberg, Merle (19 January 2011). "The Psychology of the Golden Globes Dress" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/psychology-golden-globes-dress-71546) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-perla_4-0) La Ferla, Ruth (January 20, 2012). "The Power Stylists of Hollywood" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/fashion/hollywoods-power-stylists.html?_r=1) . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Michault, Jessica (28 February 2004). "Does glamour of the Globes steal the scene from Oscar?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/28/news/28iht-roscars_ed3_.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-PhillipsReay2002_6-0) Barrera, Magdalena (2002). "Hottentot 2000: (https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz3bPMw_7h4C&pg=PA407) Jennifer Lopez and Her Butt " (https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz3bPMw_7h4C&pg=PA407) . In Phillips, Kim M.; Reay, Barry (eds.). Sexualities in history: a reader . Routledge. p. 407. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415929356 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Parnes, Francine (22 March 2000). "Dressing the Ladies" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UmRWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NvIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6516,476889&dq=golden-globes+2000+fashions&hl=en) . The Spokesman Review . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-lisi_8-0) "The Kate Debate: Ben de Lisi credits Kate Winslet for his booming business" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2003/06/13/the-kate-debate) . British Vogue. 13 June 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150222123312/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2003/06/13/the-kate-debate) from the original on Feb 22, 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "In Depth: Oscars 2002" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars_2002/default.stm) . BBC News . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Oscars 2011" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12252017) . BBC News. 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Guthrie, Marisa (7 January 2011). "Joan Rivers Says Her Red Carpet Reporting Days Are Over" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/joan-rivers-red-carpet-reporting-69545) . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ram, Archana. "Joan Rivers on her return to 'Fashion Police': 'The truth is very, very seldom said on television.' (http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/08/27/joan-rivers-on-her-return-to-fashion-police-the-truth-is-very-very-seldom-said-on-television/) " (http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/08/27/joan-rivers-on-her-return-to-fashion-police-the-truth-is-very-very-seldom-said-on-television/) . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cieply_13-0) Cieply, Michael & Carr, David (January 8, 2008). "No Golden Globes Show, Just a News Conference" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/08/arts/television/08cnd-globes.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved January 8, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Jolson, Jeffrey (7 January 2008). "NBC Cancels Globe Telecast, But will Stars Party On?" (http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/2008/01/07/nbc-cancels-globe-telecast-but-will-stars-party-on/) . Hollywood Today . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jones, LaMont (16 March 2012) [14 January 2008]. "Writers' strike is cutting fashion industry's red-carpet exposure" (http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/writers-strike-is-cutting-fashion-industrys-red-carpet-exposure-375885/) . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . republished . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Michault, Jessica (13 January 2009). "Glamorous gowns win at the Golden Globes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/style/13iht-rglobe.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion 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fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐tvq5r Cached time: 20240716054858 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.356 seconds Real time usage: 0.611 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1121/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79038/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 89/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 78471/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory 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This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and neutral (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seafolly&action=edit) by replacing them with more appropriate citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) to reliable, independent, third-party sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources) . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Seafolly Founded 1975 Founder Peter and Yvonne Halas [1] (#cite_note-1) Headquarters Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Area served Worldwide Products Swimwear Website www (http://www.seafolly.com) .seafolly (http://www.seafolly.com) .com (http://www.seafolly.com) Seafolly has stores located in Australia, United States and Singapore, and over 2700 stockists worldwide. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Seafolly was founded in 1975 by Peter and Yvonne Halas. Their son Anthony Halas took over as CEO in 1998 [5] (#cite_note-5) and went on to expand the brand into Europe, North America and Asia. In December 2014, L Catterton Asia acquired a controlling interest in SEAFOLLY. Following the investment, the company continued to grow both domestically and internationally. Seafolly's Head Designer is Genelle Walcom [6] (#cite_note-6) who has designed the Seafolly swimwear range since 1979. Categories under the Seafolly umbrella include Swim, Activewear, Accessories and Seafolly Girls. Seafolly ended its joint venture with Megan Gale (/wiki/Megan_Gale) for her own-designed swimwear brand, Isola by Megan Gale in 2016 and launched a new swimwear label called miléa. [7] (#cite_note-7) Seafolly also owns Sunburn, a multi-brand swimwear retailer with 24 stores in Australia. Seafolly opened its first international store in Singapore in June 2011. [8] (#cite_note-8) Seafolly has a number of Seafolly Concept stores located in Australia and Singapore, including an online store (http://www.seafolly.com.au) . Seafolly also opened their first U.S.A. store in Fashion Island, Newport Beach, California, in October 2013 and went on to open an additional 4 stores in California. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) Seafolly head offices are located in Sydney, Australia. It is claimed that the etymology of the word 'Seafolly' originates from the stand-out bikini garments that mermaids - which live in the sea - typically wear. Seafolly has a long list of famous model ambassadors including Jessica Hart (/wiki/Jessica_Hart_(model)) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , Catherine McNeil (/wiki/Catherine_McNeil) , Samantha Harris (/wiki/Samantha_Harris_(model)) , Alyssa Sutherland (/wiki/Alyssa_Sutherland) , Behati Prinsloo and Marloes Horst. [9] (#cite_note-9) On 29 June 2020 Seafolly went into voluntary Administration. It has 44 retail stores across Australia and 12 stores overseas. See also [ edit ] Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Profile Seafolly" (https://www.apparelsearch.com/profile_seafolly.htm) . www.apparelsearch.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Alyssa Braithwaite (18 August 2009). "Bikinis are recession-proof: Seafolly" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090826234105/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/entertainment/851410/bikinis-are-recession-proof-seafolly) . 9News . Archived from the original (http://news.ninemsn.com.au/entertainment/851410/bikinis-are-recession-proof-seafolly) on 26 August 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b Garnsworthy, Jasmine (1 November 2013). "Seafolly Opens First U.S. Boutique" (http://www.popsugar.com.au/fashion/Seafolly-Launches-United-States-Store-32318812) . POPSUGAR Fashion Australia . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Find a Store" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116095927/http://www.seafolly.com.au/find-a-store/) . www.seafolly.com.au . Archived from the original (http://www.seafolly.com.au/find-a-store/) on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) database and e-research tool for art and design researchers. "Peter Halas :: biography at :: at Design and Art Australia Online" (http://www.daao.org.au/bio/peter-halas/biography/) . Daao.org.au . Retrieved 2 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "An Interview with Seafolly Designer Genelle Walkom | Swimco" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111005034219/http://www.swimco.com/2011/05/an-interview-with-seafolly-designer-genelle-walkom-2/) . www.swimco.com . Archived from the original (http://www.swimco.com/2011/05/an-interview-with-seafolly-designer-genelle-walkom-2/) on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Megan's happy with new direction" (https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/megan-gale-launches-her-swimwear-label-isola-in-july/news-story/95833e49e60a67450cafb99973ec5875) . www.dailytelegraph.com.au . 11 April 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Seafolly store opening (http://www.retailbiz.com.au/2011/06/23/article/Seafolly-opens-first-international-store/OMWTNAVZIT.html) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Famous Faces of Seafolly - the Famous Faces of Seafolly - Page 1 - Photo Galleries - marie claire magazine Australia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721201227/http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/marie-claire/fashion/shoots/galleries/photo/-/14256597/the-famous-faces-of-seafolly/14256606/) . au.lifestyle.yahoo.com . Archived from the original (http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/marie-claire/fashion/shoots/galleries/photo/-/14256597/the-famous-faces-of-seafolly/14256606/) on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2022 . https://7news.com.au/business/finance/beloved-australian-swimwear-brand-goes-into-administration-c-1132456 (https://7news.com.au/business/finance/beloved-australian-swimwear-brand-goes-into-administration-c-1132456) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.seafolly.com/) v t e Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin (/wiki/Bodyskin) Kneeskin (/wiki/Kneeskin) Racerback (/wiki/Racerback) One-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Male suits Bodyskin Jammers (/wiki/Jammer_(swimwear)) Kneeskin Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Square leg suits (/wiki/Square_leg_suits) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Materials High-technology swimwear (/wiki/High-technology_swimwear) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Accessories Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Noseclip (/wiki/Noseclip) Swim cap (/wiki/Swim_cap) Training gear Fistgloves (/wiki/Fistgloves) Hand paddle (/wiki/Hand_paddle) Pool float (/wiki/Pool_float) Pool noodle (/wiki/Pool_noodle) Pull buoy (/wiki/Pull_buoy) Swimfin (/wiki/Swimfin) Swimming machine (/wiki/Swimming_machine) Manufacturers Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Agon (/wiki/AgonSwim) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Delfina Sport (/wiki/Delfina_Sport) Dolfin (/wiki/Dolfin_Swimwear) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Orca (/wiki/Orca_(company)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Way Funky (/wiki/Way_Funky) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Zoke (/wiki/Zoke) See also FINA (/wiki/FINA) History of competitive swimwear (/wiki/History_of_competitive_swimwear) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. 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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hairstyles_in_the_1980s&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( October 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Permed hair on a young woman in the 1980s Hairstyles in the 1980s included the mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(hairstyle)) , tall mohawk hairstyles (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) , jheri curls (/wiki/Jheri_curl) , flattops (/wiki/Flattop) , and hi-top fades (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) , which became popular styles. [1] (#cite_note-BatemanBenyahia2012-1) [2] (#cite_note-SteinbergKehler2010-2) [3] (#cite_note-Brubaker2003-3) Amongst women, large hair-dos, puffed-up styles, permanent waves, and softer cuts typified the decade. [4] (#cite_note-BrowneBrowne2001-4) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) that was "often permed to achieve the desired volume" is especially associated with women of the mid 1980s as well as male rockstars of that era, especially of the glam metal (/wiki/Glam_metal) genre. [5] (#cite_note-Willett2010-5) [6] (#cite_note-Mansour2005-6) Television shows such as Dynasty (/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)) helped popularize the high volume bouffant and glamorous image associated with it. [7] (#cite_note-WeltersCunningham2005-7) Categories [ edit ] Cuts [ edit ] Liberty spikes (left) and crimson (/wiki/Crimson) Mohawk (right) Totally shaved heads gained popularity among men. [8] (#cite_note-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008-8) The sideburns of the 1960s and 1970s saw a massive decline in fashion in late 1970s. Big and eccentric hair styles were popularized by film and music stars, in particular amongst teenagers. Although straight hair was the norm at the beginning of the decade, as many late 1970s styles were still relevant, by around 1982 the perm had come into fashion. This was in large part due to many movies released at the time, as well as possibly being a rebellious movement against the 1970s. In 1984, sideburns made a comeback but were slightly thinner and shorter, and better groomed than those of the 1970s, lasting until the end of 1986. These sideburns were usually (but not always) used as an add-on to the mullet haircut (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) . [ citation needed ] Spiked hair (/wiki/Spiked_hair) , teased hair, brightly colored hair, and shaved hair sections were popularized in the 1980s by the punk movement (/wiki/Punk_subculture) , [7] (#cite_note-WeltersCunningham2005-7) as were the Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle#Classic_(1970s–1980s)_mohawks) and its twisted variant, Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) . [9] (#cite_note-Hannon2010-9) The Mullet haircut existed in several different styles, all characterized by hair short on the sides and long in the back. [10] (#cite_note-KerrGibson2004-10) Mullets were popular in suburban and rural areas among working class men. This contrasted with a conservative look favored by business professionals, with neatly groomed short hair and very short sideburns for men and sleekly straight hair for women. White collar men's haircuts were often shaved at the nape of the neck to create an artificially even hairline. Women's hairstyles became increasingly long in the latter part of the decade and blunt cuts dominated. Blunt cuts of the late 1980s brought long hair to an equal length across the back. Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) were popular, with "mall bangs", attributed to teenage girls who frequented shopping malls (/wiki/Shopping_mall) , were styled by ratting bangs into peaks or mounds, and then using hairspray to keep them in place. Chemical treatments [ edit ] Michael Jackson with Jheri curl in 1988 Many young women in Europe and North America dyed their hair a rich burgundy or plum-red in the last half of the decade. Auburns and reds were favored by those who aspired to emulate Molly Ringwald (/wiki/Molly_Ringwald) . [11] (#cite_note-Communications2002-11) But non-traditional haircolors, such as bright blue, crimson (/wiki/Crimson) , green, and shocking pink gained favor from the punk subculture. [7] (#cite_note-WeltersCunningham2005-7) Chemical hair treatment was popularized by the perm hairstyle (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) , which resulted in soft, full curls. [4] (#cite_note-BrowneBrowne2001-4) By the late 1980s, the permed bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) had become highly fashionable among women of all walks of life, notably Princess Diana (/wiki/Princess_Diana) . The long, permed hair look was particularly popular amongst male rock stars of this period, associated with heavy metal and glam metal (/wiki/Glam_metal) bands of this era such as Mötley Crüe (/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe) , Bon Jovi (/wiki/Bon_Jovi) , and Whitesnake (/wiki/Whitesnake) . Styling techniques [ edit ] During the middle and late 1980s it was unfashionable to part either men's or women's hair as the perm made the center parting look unattractive. Mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) was used in styling an individual's hair to attain a desired shiny look and greater volume; some mousse even contained glitter. Hairsprays such as Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) were also used in quantity. Artificial dreadlock extensions were inspired by the Rastafari movement (/wiki/Rastafari_movement) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) wore his hair in Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) style in the 1980s; [13] (#cite_note-Henderson2008-13) it was popular among African Americans (/wiki/African_American) in the early decade, but its popularity waned by the end of the decade, [14] (#cite_note-Silverman2000-14) with the hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) partly replacing it. Hair gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) was used by young men to effect the preppy (/wiki/Preppy) look of a well groomed, short hair style. Crimped hair (/wiki/Hair_crimping) was as fashionable as the large wave. [15] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-15) Accessories [ edit ] Scrunchies hair bands Scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) and headbands (/wiki/Headband) made of elastic and cloth were popular in all different colors, styles, and patterns. Scrunchies were very popular in the side ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) hair style. [15] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-15) "Banana clips" were another favorite, pulling hair back into a fanned out style. [16] (#cite_note-DoustSadokierski2012-16) Other accessories include barrettes and bows. Sweatbands were also major, usually worn with sweatband on the wrist and legwarmers on the legs. Facial [ edit ] The trend in moustaches and full beards carried over from the late-1970s and into the early-1980s but waned as the decade progressed. From the mid to late-1980s, clean-shaven faces with short or no sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) was the norm. However, the success of Miami Vice (/wiki/Miami_Vice) did spark a trend in the facial hair style called designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) . [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] 1980s portal (/wiki/Portal:1980s) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) ^ (#cite_ref-BatemanBenyahia2012_1-0) Bateman, Antony; Benyahia, Sarah Casey Casey; Mortimer, Claire (23 May 2012). AS Media Studies: The Essential Introduction for WJEC . Routledge. p. 111. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-61334-7 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-SteinbergKehler2010_2-0) Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay (17 June 2010). Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 95. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-35080-1 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Brubaker2003_3-0) Brubaker, Ken (9 October 2003). Monster Trucks . MotorBooks International. p. 64. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7603-1544-6 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (15 June 2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture . Popular Press. pp. 357–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87972-821-2 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Willett2010_5-0) Willett, Julie (11 May 2010). The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 233. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-35949-1 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mansour2005_6-0) Mansour, David (1 June 2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 41. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7407-5118-9 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Welters, Linda; Cunningham, Patricia A. (20 May 2005). Twentieth-Century American Fashion . Berg. pp. 223, 337. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84520-073-2 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008_8-0) Blume-Peytavi, Ulrike; Whiting, David A.; Trüeb, Ralph M. (27 August 2008). Hair Growth and Disorders . Springer. pp. 534–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-540-46908-7 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hannon2010_9-0) Hannon, Sharon M. (2010). Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture . ABC-CLIO. pp. 53–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-36456-3 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-KerrGibson2004_10-0) Kerr, Joe; Gibson, Andrew (4 January 2004). London from Punk to Blair . Reaktion Books. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-86189-171-6 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Communications2002_11-0) Los Angeles Magazine . Emmis Communications. August 2002. pp. 36–. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1522-9149 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-9149) . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Kerr, Joe; Gibson, Andrew (4 January 2004). London from Punk to Blair . Reaktion Books. pp. 76–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-86189-171-6 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Henderson2008_13-0) Henderson, Laretta (15 July 2008). Ebony Jr!: The Rise, Fall, and Return of a Black Children's Magazine . Scarecrow Press. pp. 128–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8108-6134-3 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Silverman2000_14-0) Silverman, Rober (19 April 2000). Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago's Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry . Psychology Press. pp. 191–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8153-3798-0 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 4 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/4) , 193, 356. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33145-9 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-DoustSadokierski2012_16-0) Doust, Kelly; Sadokierski, Zoe; Cromer, Amanda (1 June 2012). A Life in Frocks: A Memoir . Pier 9. pp. 186–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-74196-844-6 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . External links [ edit ] The dictionary definition of hairstyles in the 1980s at Wiktionary v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids (/wiki/Crochet_braids) Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling (/wiki/Marcelling) Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 1980s Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Part (/wiki/Part_(haircut)) Payot (/wiki/Payot) Pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) Ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) Punch perm (/wiki/Punch_perm) Professional cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) Rattail (/wiki/Rattail_(hairstyle)) Razor cut (/wiki/Razor_cut) Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Ringlets (/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)) Shag (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) Shape-up (/wiki/Shape-up) Shikha (/wiki/Shikha_(hairstyle)) Shimada (/wiki/Shimada_(hairstyle)) Short back and sides (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Short brush cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Short hair (/wiki/Short_hair) Spiky hair (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Straight hair (/wiki/Straight_hair) Standard haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Step cut (/wiki/Step_cutting) Surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) Taper cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Temple fade (/wiki/Temple_fade_(hairstyle)) Titus cut (/wiki/Titus_cut) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Updo (/wiki/Updo) Undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) Victory rolls (/wiki/Victory_rolls) Waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) Widow's peak (/wiki/Widow%27s_peak) Wings (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Facial hair (/wiki/Facial_hair) ( list (/wiki/List_of_facial_hairstyles) ) Beard (/wiki/Beard) Chinstrap (/wiki/Chinstrap_beard) Goatee (/wiki/Goatee) Ned Kelly (/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard) Shenandoah (/wiki/Shenandoah_(beard)) Soul patch (/wiki/Soul_patch) Van Dyke (/wiki/Van_Dyke_beard) Moustache (/wiki/Moustache) Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu_moustache) handlebar (/wiki/Handlebar_moustache) horseshoe (/wiki/Horseshoe_moustache) pencil (/wiki/Pencil_moustache) toothbrush (/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache) walrus (/wiki/Walrus_moustache) Designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) Sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) Hair subtraction cosmetic Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) Shaving (/wiki/Shaving) head (/wiki/Head_shaving) leg (/wiki/Leg_shaving) cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) brush (/wiki/Shaving_brush) soap (/wiki/Shaving_soap) Razor (/wiki/Razor) electric (/wiki/Electric_shaver) safety (/wiki/Safety_razor) straight (/wiki/Straight_razor) disorders Alopecia (/wiki/Hair_loss) areata (/wiki/Alopecia_areata) totalis (/wiki/Alopecia_totalis) universalis (/wiki/Alopecia_universalis) Frictional alopecia (/wiki/Frictional_alopecia) Pattern hair loss (/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss) Hypertrichosis (/wiki/Hypertrichosis) Management (/wiki/Management_of_hair_loss) Trichophilia (/wiki/Trichophilia) Trichotillomania (/wiki/Trichotillomania) Pogonophobia (/wiki/Pogonophobia) Haircare products Brush (/wiki/Hairbrush) Clay (/wiki/Hair_clay) Clipper (/wiki/Hair_clipper) Comb (/wiki/Comb) Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Dryer (/wiki/Hair_dryer) Gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) Hairstyling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) Hot comb (/wiki/Hot_comb) Iron (/wiki/Hair_iron) Mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) Pomade (/wiki/Pomade) Relaxer (/wiki/Relaxer) Rollers (/wiki/Hair_roller) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) Volumizer (/wiki/Hair_volumizer) Wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Haircare techniques Backcombing (/wiki/Backcombing) Hair coloring (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Curly Girl Method (/wiki/Curly_Girl_Method) Hair cutting (/wiki/Hair_cutting) Perm (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) Shampoo and set (/wiki/Shampoo_and_set) Straightening (/wiki/Hair_straightening) Health and medical Greying of hair (/wiki/Greying_of_hair) Hair follicle (/wiki/Hair_follicle) Hair growth (/wiki/Human_hair_growth) Trichology (/wiki/Trichology) Related Andre Walker Hair Typing System (/wiki/Andre_Walker_Hair_Typing_System) Beard and haircut laws by country (/wiki/Beard_and_haircut_laws_by_country) Bearded lady (/wiki/Bearded_lady) Barber (/wiki/Barber) ( pole (/wiki/Barber%27s_pole) ) Eponymous hairstyle 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Lingerie brand Curvy Kate Founded 2009 Headquarters 1 Harefield Road Uxbridge UB81PH, Uxbridge , United Kingdom Key people Steve Hudson (Founder/Director) Products Lingerie Brands Brastop, Flirtelle, Scantilly Curvy Kate is a lingerie brand specialising in D – K cup Bras and Swimwear. They are currently based in Uxbridge, London (/wiki/Uxbridge,_London) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Curvy Kate lingerie is designed for the curvy woman and for small back sizes through to plus size bras with back bands from a 28" – 44". [2] (#cite_note-2) They officially launched in July 2009 at the Harrogate Lingerie Show. [3] (#cite_note-3) Curvy Kate do not use professional models. They instead run an annual modelling competition called "Star In A Bra" to look for customer role models with a D+ cup size. Their stance for using real sized models and ethnic models has been warmly received by the lingerie industry. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Since 2008 the winners have been: Emma Tabor (2008) [7] (#cite_note-7) Lauren Colfer (2009) [8] (#cite_note-8) Laura Ann Smith (2010) [ citation needed ] Lizzie Haines (/wiki/Lizzie_Haines) (2011) [9] (#cite_note-9) Sophie Morgan (2012) [10] (#cite_note-10) Lotte Williams (2013) and Sophia Adams (2015). [ citation needed ] In November 2015, Curvy Kate announced the launch of their new brand Scantilly in DD – HH cup sizes. [11] (#cite_note-11) Awards [ edit ] 2011 Full Bust Brand of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) [12] (#cite_note-12) 2012 Full Bust Brand of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards Best Marketing Campaign – UK Lingerie Awards [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) 2014 Lingerie and Beachwear Brand of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards Womenswear Brand of the Year – Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) Awards [15] (#cite_note-15) 2015 Marketing Campaign of the Year – UK Lingerie Awards [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) " Contacts (http://www.curvykate.com/contacts-curvy-kate.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120904113908/http://www.curvykate.com/contacts-curvy-kate.php) 2012-09-04 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ." Curvy Kate Lingerie. Retrieved on 1 October 2013. "Curvy Kate Limited Unit 1, Hawthorn Centre, Elmgrove Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 2RF, United Kingdom" ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Curvy Kate Lingerie" (http://www.boudoirlingerie.co.uk/p0/curvy-kate-lingerie/392073.htm) . Boudoirlingerie.co.uk . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Curvy Kate 1st Birthday – Lingerie Buyer (http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3759) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100819021356/http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3759) 2010-08-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ethnic Lingerie Models Ignored – Lingerie Buyer (http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3887) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120617191113/http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=3887) 2012-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A Look at Curvy Kate with Cheryl Warner" (https://thelingeriejournal.com/a-look-at-curvy-kate-with-cheryl-warner/) . thelingeriejournal.com . 27 May 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ethnic Lingerie Models – Lingerie Buyer (http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=4120) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101219122705/http://www.lingerie-buyer.co.uk/Members/article.aspx?id=4120) 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Emma's a real star in a bra" (http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/09/21/emma-s-a-real-star-in-a-bra-91466-21863820/) . WalesOnline . 2008-09-21 . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Lauren Colfer: Star in a Bra 2009 Winner!" (http://www.the-lingerie-post.com/2009/08/lauren-colfer-star-in-a-bra-2009-winner/) . The Lingerie Post. 2009-08-05 . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Lizzie Haines scoops Curvy Kate modelling prize" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110922024048/http://www.braselector.co.uk/2011/lizzie-haines-scoops-curvy-kate-modelling-prize/) . Archived from the original (http://www.braselector.co.uk/2011/lizzie-haines-scoops-curvy-kate-modelling-prize/) on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Star in a Bra 2012 – TOP TEN!" (http://sophiajenner.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/star-in-a-bra-2012-top-ten/) . Sophiajenner.wordpress.com. 2012-04-19 . Retrieved 2013-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Shop All Scantilly- Curvy Kate" (http://www.curvykate.com/scantilly-lingerie) . www.curvykate.com . Retrieved 2016-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Curvy Kate celebrates Fuller Bust Brand of the Year title | News | The Appointment Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120129044140/http://www.theappointment.co.uk/news/article-curvy-kate-celebrates-fuller-bust-brand-of-the-year-title) . Theappointment.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.theappointment.co.uk/news/article-curvy-kate-celebrates-fuller-bust-brand-of-the-year-title) on 2012-01-29 . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "uk lingerie awards | Special Reports" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192854/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/0/) . Lingerieinsight.com. Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/0/) on 2013-10-29 . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "uk lingerie awards | Special Reports" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721053232/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/15/) . Lingerieinsight.com. Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/special-reports/uk-lingerie-awards/15/) on 2012-07-21 . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Drapers Interview: Steve Hudson, Curvy Kate" (http://www.drapersonline.com/people/the-drapers-interview/the-drapers-interview-steve-hudson-curvy-kate/5069237.fullarticle) . Drapers . 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 2016-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Clarke, Sarah. "UKLA WINNER: Marketing Campaign of the Year" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160810074922/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/article-6809-ukla-winner-marketing-campaign-of-the-year/) . www.lingerieinsight.com . Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/article-6809-ukla-winner-marketing-campaign-of-the-year/) on 2016-08-10 . Retrieved 2016-06-15 . External links [ edit ] London portal (/wiki/Portal:London) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Official Curvy Kate website (http://www.CurvyKate.com) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) 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Mask designed for swimmers and beachgoers A woman wearing a facekini The facekini ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 脸基尼 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : liǎnjīní ) is a mask designed for swimmers and beachgoers that covers the head and face, revealing only the eyes, nose, and mouth. [1] (#cite_note-nbc-1) [2] (#cite_note-neatorama-2) [3] (#cite_note-sundaily-3) The mask is made of stretchy fabric commonly used in bathing suits (/wiki/Bathing_suit) , [4] (#cite_note-yahoo-4) and comes in different colors and patterns. [5] (#cite_note-dbeast-5) They are often worn in combination with various sun protective clothing (/wiki/Sun_protective_clothing) , such as body suits with long sleeves, sunglasses, visors, or umbrellas. [6] (#cite_note-time-6) [7] (#cite_note-hpost-7) Origins [ edit ] The facekini was invented in 2004 by Zhang Shifan, a former accountant from the coastal Chinese city of Qingdao (/wiki/Qingdao) , [8] (#cite_note-Reuters-8) which became the hometown of this fashion trend. [9] (#cite_note-9) The people of Qingdao use the garment to protect against ultraviolet (/wiki/Ultraviolet) rays, as well as jellyfish (/wiki/Jellyfish) , insects, and other irritants at the beach. [1] (#cite_note-nbc-1) [10] (#cite_note-gadling-10) [11] (#cite_note-nytimes-11) Fashion trend [ edit ] The facekini garnered increased attention from Western press in 2012, when creator Zhang Shifan began developing high-fashion masks. [12] (#cite_note-12) Fashion magazine CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) published several sets of photos in 2014 with models wearing facekinis paired with designer Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) and Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) swimwear and jewelry. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2019, its creator launched new models that cover the whole body, not just the face and neck. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Anti-flash gear (/wiki/Anti-flash_gear) Balaclava (clothing) (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Zentai (/wiki/Zentai) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Ye, Tianzhou (21 August 2012). "Facekini craze hits China beach" (http://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/21/13391303-facekini-craze-hits-china-beach-as-swimmers-try-to-avoid-a-tan?lite) . NBC News . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-neatorama_2-0) Farrier, John (22 August 2012). "Fashion trend: The face-kini" (http://www.neatorama.com/2012/08/21/Fashion-Trend-The-Face-Kini/) . Neatorama . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-sundaily_3-0) "The facekini: China's new beach trend" (http://www.thesundaily.my/news/471291) . The Sun Daily . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-yahoo_4-0) Chittley, Jordan (21 August 2012). "Facekini: The newest beachgoing craze at Chinese beach" (https://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/daily-buzz/facekini-newest-beachgoing-craze-chinese-beach-183126867.html) . Yahoo news, Canada . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-dbeast_5-0) Wilkinson, Isabel (21 August 2012). "Here's the face-kini, summer's new trend" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/08/19/here-s-the-face-kini-summer-s-craziest-new-trend-photos.html) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-time_6-0) Newcomb, Tim (21 August 2012). "The Face-Kini: The Bizarre Art of Covering Up" (http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/08/21/the-face-kini-the-bizarre-art-of-covering-up/#vanity-first) . Time Newsfeed . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-hpost_7-0) "Face-kini, Face Mask Bathing Suit, Is Popular On Chinese Beach" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/21/facekini-face-mask-bathing-suit-china_n_1817491.html) . Huffington Post US . 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Reuters_8-0) "China's famous 'face-kini' gets Peking Opera-inspired facelift" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-life-facemasks-idUSKCN0PP0X820150715) . Reuters . 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kim, Monica; Campri, Luca (31 August 2017). "Meet the Facekini—China's Best Beauty Accessory for the Skin-Savvy Beachgoer" (https://www.vogue.com/projects/13535517/qingdao-china-beach-facekinis-bathing-suit-trend-skin-sun-protection/) . Vogue . Retrieved 12 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-gadling_10-0) Festa, Jessica (24 August 2012). "China's popular beach trend: The Facekini" (http://www.gadling.com/2012/08/23/chinas-popular-beach-trend-the-facekini/) . Gadling . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-nytimes_11-0) Levin, Dan (3 August 2012). "Beach Essentials in China: Flip-Flops, a Towel and a Ski Mask" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/04/world/asia/in-china-sun-protection-can-include-a-mask.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "A Brief History of the Chinese Facekini" (https://radiichina.com/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-facekini/) . RADII - Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Kirkpatrick, Nick (29 August 2014). "The 'facekini': From the beaches of China to pages of a fashion magazine" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/29/the-facekini-from-the-beaches-of-china-to-pages-of-a-fashion-magazine/) . Washington Post . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . Retrieved 12 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Facekini is back, this time even more bizarre" (http://chinaplus.cri.cn/photo/china/18/20190806/326606.html) . chinaplus.cri.cn . Retrieved 12 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "New facekini designs hit the beaches of Qingdao" (http://shanghai.ist/2019/08/06/new-facekini-designs-hit-the-beaches-of-qingdao/) . shanghaiist . 6 August 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2020 . 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Đặng Thu Thảo Born ( 1991-07-21 ) July 21, 1991 (age 32) Bạc Liêu (/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu_Province) , Vietnam Height 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Spouse Nguyễn Trung Tín ( m. 2017) Children 2 Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Mekong Delta 2012 Miss Vietnam 2012 [1] (#cite_note-1) Years active 2012–present Hair color Black Eye color Black Đặng Thu Thảo is a Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Vietnam 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam) . Biography [ edit ] She is the second child and has an elder brother. Her father is Dang Van Dat, who used to be a teacher but quit due to illness, later become a farmer at a fish farm. Her mother is Nguyen Hong Tho who is a tailor. They own Tan Dat fish farm in Ngan Dua Town. When first moving out after getting married, her family's income mostly came from her father's salary for teaching which was not a lot, while her mother worked as a farmer and part time tailor. Living in remote area and under poor condition, normally it took hours for them to go to the closest hospital in order to have treatment, by a boat. Her parents later moved to Hong Dan District for fish selling business, moreover it would be more convenient for their children's education. Their business faced lots of difficulties and struggles, however, it became more stable time after time. In 2005, her house was evacuated due to the building of district's administrative headquarter. Therefore, the fish farm was moved to Thong Nhat Ward, in Ngan Dua Town, following their relocation. Her family couldn't afford the tuition fee in university right after highschool graduation. She asked for her mom's permission that she would start to work in 1 year in order to earn money for tuition fee. At first, she learned make up skill and met Dang Hung - a well known make up artist in Can Tho who later advised her to compete in beauty pageant, however she neglected it and focused on working. She moved to Can Tho City to work as a cosmetic seller in supermarket. Due to her work requirement which she needed to wear make up everyday made her concerned about her skin condition, she decided to quit her job to become drink mixer. However, her job was time-consuming so she quit again to focus on her education. Activity [ edit ] After the crowning, she said that she would give away 30% of her 300 million prize for charity, a part for her hometown Bac Lieu, a part as a gift for Da Nang City and a part for people living in unfortunate conditions in Can Tho City. She donated two tons of rice to Charity Kitchen for Hong Dan District's hospital; visiting children in Tumor Department in Hanoi Hospital on September 12, 2012. She also came to Thanh Hoa to visit people who had survived in the serious flash flood in September 2012. Controversy [ edit ] Education [ edit ] Shortly after her crowning, there were plenty mixed critics targeting at her. It was said that she was not a student at Tay Do University as she had stated in her beauty pageant registration, one of her classmates said that she hadn't passed the college graduation and not even a college student. However, Mr. Phan Van Thom - principle of Tay Do University gave some evidences to prove that she was granted to take the exam twice, which was not allowed to be public, however everyone was still confused about this incident. Later, the organizer of Miss Vietnam 2016 said that she took university entry exam with another 25 people so "being specially treated is not this case" Father's fault [ edit ] Later, it was said by the press that her father - Mr. Dang Van Dat caused accident for the teacher named Xuan which made her paralyzed ever since. Her mother stated that they had already pay the compensation for Xuan according to the court's order. She used to visit Xuan herself, in which she explained why did she not do it earlier due to the tension of Xuan's family toward her and her family, also she wasn't clear of Xuan's condition. Pageantry [ edit ] Miss Vietnam 2012 [ edit ] Đặng Thu Thảo is 25 years old and stands 1.73 metres (5 ft 8 in). She was Miss Vietnam 2012 winner. [2] (#cite_note-2) Thao is praised as one of the most beautiful Misses Vietnam so far. She is also complimented for her no-scandal life and her activities for the community. Thao twice refused to represent Vietnam at the Miss World 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) and 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) . [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Thu Thảo: 'Xin đừng gọi tôi là hoa hậu của các hoa hậu' (http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/gioi-sao/trong-nuoc/thu-thao-xin-dung-goi-toi-la-hoa-hau-cua-cac-hoa-hau-3285462.html) " (http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/gioi-sao/trong-nuoc/thu-thao-xin-dung-goi-toi-la-hoa-hau-cua-cac-hoa-hau-3285462.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Miss Vietnam 2012 in photos | VOV Online Newspaper" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121006002510/http://english.vov.vn/Photos/Miss-Vietnam-2012-in-photos/232689.vov) . english.vov.vn . Archived from the original (http://english.vov.vn/Photos/Miss-Vietnam-2012-in-photos/232689.vov) on 2012-10-06. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The 14 beauty queens of Vietnam - News VietNamNet" (http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/134209/the-14-beauty-queens-of-vietnam.html) . External links [ edit ] Official Miss Universe Vietnam Organization Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/MissUniverseVietnam) Awards and achievements Preceded by Đặng Thị Ngọc Hân (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%C3%A2n) Miss Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam) 2012 Succeeded by Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3_Duy%C3%AAn_(Miss_Vietnam)) Preceded by Võ Thị Lệ Thu Miss Mekong Delta 2012 Succeeded by Nguyễn Thị Lệ Nam Em (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_L%E1%BB%87_Nam_Em) v t e Miss Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam) Bùi Bích Phương (/wiki/B%C3%B9i_B%C3%ADch_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) (1988) Nguyễn Diệu Hoa (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Di%E1%BB%87u_Hoa) (1990) Hà Kiều Anh (/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ki%E1%BB%81u_Anh) (1992) Nguyễn Thu Thuỷ (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thu_Th%E1%BB%A7y_(Miss_Vietnam)) (1994) Nguyễn Thiên Nga (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thi%C3%AAn_Nga) (1996) Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Khánh (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Kh%C3%A1nh) (1998) Phan Thu Ngân (/wiki/Phan_Thu_Ng%C3%A2n) (2000) Phạm Thị Mai Phương (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BB%8B_Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) (2002) Nguyễn Thị Huyền (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Huy%E1%BB%81n_(Miss_Vietnam)) (2004) Mai Phương Thúy (/wiki/Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Th%C3%BAy) (2006) Trần Thị Thùy Dung (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Th%C3%B9y_Dung) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2008) ) Đặng Thị Ngọc Hân (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%C3%A2n) ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2010) ) Đặng Thu Thảo ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2012) ) Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3_Duy%C3%AAn_(Miss_Vietnam)) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2014) ) Đỗ Mỹ Linh (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BB%B9_Linh) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2016) ) Trần Tiểu Vy (/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ti%E1%BB%83u_Vy) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2018) ) Đỗ Thị Hà (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Th%E1%BB%8B_H%C3%A0) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2020) ) Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy (/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%E1%BB%8B_Thanh_Th%E1%BB%A7y) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Vietnam_2022) ) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Vietnam (/wiki/Portal:Vietnam) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/20152079056907110637) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1153798794) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐s8bdg Cached time: 20240720003100 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.498 seconds Real time usage: 0.642 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3545/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29542/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5484/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29990/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.357/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8518823/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 597.335 1 -total 47.58% 284.184 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 17.10% 102.174 1 Template:Reflist 14.92% 89.145 3 Template:Cite_web 14.58% 87.068 1 Template:Miss_Vietnam 13.25% 79.137 1 Template:Navbox 8.01% 47.861 1 Template:Marriage 6.98% 41.695 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.79% 40.583 1 Template:Authority_control 6.08% 36.315 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36827773-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720003100 and revision id 1228875355. 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Colombian clothing accessory business This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mario_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(fashion_house)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Mario Hernández" fashion house (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mario+Hern%C3%A1ndez%22+fashion+house) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mario+Hern%C3%A1ndez%22+fashion+house+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mario+Hern%C3%A1ndez%22+fashion+house&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mario+Hern%C3%A1ndez%22+fashion+house+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mario+Hern%C3%A1ndez%22+fashion+house) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mario+Hern%C3%A1ndez%22+fashion+house&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Mario Hernández SA Company type Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Industry Apparels (/wiki/Apparel) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Founded 1978 Headquarters Bogotá (/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1) Area served Colombia, Panama, Mexico, Russia, Aruba, Costa Rica, United States and Venezuela. Key people Mario Hernández (CEO and chairman of the managing board & Chairman of the supervisory board (/wiki/Supervisory_board) ) Products High fashion (/wiki/High_fashion) clothing, accessories, footwear Number of employees 500 employees. Website www (http://www.mariohernandez.com) .mariohernandez (http://www.mariohernandez.com) .com (http://www.mariohernandez.com) Mario Hernández is a Colombian fashion house dedicated to the manufacture of luxury leather accessories based in Bogotá (/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1) D.C. It is named after its founder, Mario Hernandez (born 1941). History [ edit ] Mario Hernandez is an old entrepreneur, he started his clothing company in 1978 in Bogota, in a cheap district in the city, where it is still based. However, due to the economic climate in Colombia at the time, Hernandez was forced to borrow money. [ citation needed ] By 1979, he reached an agreement with his creditors, which left him with just 3 sewing machines to restart his business. The same year, he became a sensation in the Sanadresito for the quality of his products. He later in the 28 of march of 1999 stated that he had formed a little globalization within Colombia. After his brands became well known in his country, he moved into neighboring Venezuela and Panama. [ citation needed ] His sales increase came in North America (/wiki/North_America) , opening markets starting with Mexico to United States. In the 2000s, Mario Hernandez was known almost all over America [ according to whom? ] and started to open up the European market, selling in luxury leather goods sales points. [ citation needed ] Today Mario is recognized by important companies such as Johnnie Walker (/wiki/Johnnie_Walker) , who referred to him as ¨Walking with a Colombian giant¨. [1] (#cite_note-portafolio-1) Locations [ edit ] As of 2008, Hernandez had 16 stores in Colombia, nine in Venezuela, four in Mexico and one in the United States. [1] (#cite_note-portafolio-1) As of 2016, the number of locations has expanded to 110 in six countries. [ citation needed ] Product line [ edit ] The fashion house manufactures bags, shoes, clothes, jewelry, etc., primarily using exotic leathers. [ citation needed ] Manufacturing [ edit ] Products are manufactured in Colombia as well as in Brazil by artisans. In the past the original name was Marroquineria SA. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Pensar y actuar en grande: Mario Hernández" (http://www.portafolio.co/economia/finanzas/pensar-actuar-grande-mario-hernandez-375856) . Portafolio (in Spanish). El Tiempo Casa Editorial. 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . External links [ edit ] Colombia portal (/wiki/Portal:Colombia) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Mario Hernandez official website (http://www.mariohernandez.com.co/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐54dq4 Cached time: 20240713185448 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.349 seconds Real time usage: 0.622 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2484/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37769/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5644/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9150/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.219/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4889801/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 594.232 1 -total 27.98% 166.293 1 Template:Reflist 25.71% 152.756 1 Template:Cite_web 23.08% 137.133 1 Template:Short_description 19.04% 113.141 1 Template:Infobox_company 17.35% 103.076 1 Template:Infobox 13.06% 77.626 13 Template:Main_other 12.31% 73.149 1 Template:SDcat 12.23% 72.701 1 Template:More_citations_needed 11.68% 69.385 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36879864-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713185448 and revision id 1189872429. 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Annalisa Minetti Minetti with former Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi) Born ( 1976-12-27 ) 27 December 1976 (age 47) Rho (/wiki/Rho_(Italy)) , Italy Nationality Italian Education Università telematica San Raffaele (/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_telematica_San_Raffaele) Occupations Singer songwriter actress athlete Years active 1994–present Spouses Gennaro Esposito ( m. 2002; div. 2013) Michele Panzarino ( m. 2016) Children Fabio Esposito Elèna Panzarino Musical career Genres Pop Instrument(s) Vocals Musical artist Sports career Club Fiamme Azzurre (/wiki/Fiamme_Azzurre) (2012–2015) Fiamme Oro (/wiki/Fiamme_Oro) (2015–2019) [1] (#cite_note-1) Fiamme Azzurre (/wiki/Fiamme_Azzurre) (2019-) [2] (#cite_note-2) Medal record Paralympic Games (/wiki/Paralympic_Games) 2012 London (/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics) 1500m – T12 (/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_1500_metres) IPC World Championships (/wiki/IPC_Athletics_World_Championships) 2013 Lyon (/wiki/2013_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships) 800m – T11 (/wiki/2013_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_800_metres) IPC European Championships (/wiki/IPC_Athletics_European_Championships) 2012 Stadskanaal (/wiki/2012_IPC_Athletics_European_Championships) 1500m – T12 (/wiki/2012_IPC_Athletics_European_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_1,500_metres) Modeling information Height 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) Hair color Blonde Eye color Green (/wiki/Eye_color#Green) Website www (http://www.annalisaminetti.com/) .annalisaminetti (http://www.annalisaminetti.com/) .com (http://www.annalisaminetti.com/) Annalisa Minetti (born 27 December 1976 in Rho (/wiki/Rho_(Italy)) ) is an Italian singer, politician and Paralympic (/wiki/Paralympic) athlete (/wiki/Sportsperson) . [3] (#cite_note-lifestyle-3) Minetti was a beauty pageant contestant in the 1997 edition of Miss Italia (/wiki/Miss_Italia) ; she gained public attention because she was the first blind woman admitted to the competition. She placed in 7th position and won the title of Miss Gambissime (Miss Super Legs). [4] (#cite_note-Corriere-4) Sanremo Music Festival [ edit ] At the age of 15, helped by her uncle, she took the first steps into the music scene, singing in piano bars (/wiki/Piano_bar) covers of Prince (/wiki/Prince_(musician)) , Ray Charles (/wiki/Ray_Charles) , Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) and Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) , her favorite artist. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1998 she won the 48th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival (/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival) with the song Senza te o con te . [6] (#cite_note-6) Paralympic Games [ edit ] As a para-sport athlete Minetti competes in the T11 disability classification (/wiki/T11_(classification)) category. She competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics (/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics) in the 1500 metres (/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_1500_metres) but due to there being no T11 race in the schedule, she entered the T12 event. [7] (#cite_note-7) She ended the race in third position but set a new world record for her class, beating the previous record set by Miroslava Sedlackova (/wiki/Miroslava_Sedlackova) . [3] (#cite_note-lifestyle-3) Personal history [ edit ] In the Italian legislative elections of 2013 (/wiki/2013_Italian_election) Annalisa Minetti was candidate with the political movement (/wiki/Civic_Choice) of Mario Monti (/wiki/Mario_Monti) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Minetti passa dall'atletica al ciclismo: "Adoro le sfide" (https://www.gazzetta.it/Ciclismo/07-07-2015/annalisa-minetti-paralimpiadi-rio-2016-ciclismo-cambio-disciplina-120466695481.shtml) " (https://www.gazzetta.it/Ciclismo/07-07-2015/annalisa-minetti-paralimpiadi-rio-2016-ciclismo-cambio-disciplina-120466695481.shtml) (in Italian). polizia.penitenziaria.it. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 May 2020 . Nuova maglia per Annalisa Minetti, che passa dalle Fiamme Azzurre alle Fiamme Oro. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fiamme Azzurre, il ritorno di Annalisa Minetti" (https://poliziapenitenziaria.gov.it/polizia-penitenziaria-site/it/atleti.page;jsessionid=8D6796ACC5172D1756AA49ABE08773EA) (in Italian). polizia.penitenziaria.it. 2 May 2019 . Retrieved 12 May 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Singer and paralympic record breaker" (http://www.lifestyle43.com/video/3835/singer-and-paralympic-record-breaker/) . Lifestyle 43 . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Corriere_4-0) "Non vedente, subito prima" (http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1997/settembre/04/Non_vedente_subito_prima_co_0_97090411737.shtml) . Corriere della Sera . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Annalisa Minetti – Biography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080722224032/http://www.annalisaminetti.com/bio.php) . Official Website. Archived from the original (http://www.annalisaminetti.com/bio.php) on July 22, 2008 . Retrieved September 6, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "La Minetti conquista Sanremo" (http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/marzo/01/Minetti_conquista_Sanremo_co_0_98030110501.shtml) . Corriere della Sera . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Annalisa Minetti profile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120910171738/http://www.london2012.com/paralympics/athlete/minetti-annalisa-5506165/) . London 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.london2012.com/paralympics/athlete/minetti-annalisa-5506165/) on September 10, 2012 . Retrieved September 4, 2012 . External links [ edit ] Annalisa Minetti (https://www.paralympic.org/annalisa-minetti) at Paralympic.org (/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee) (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2855108#P7550) Annalisa Minetti (https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/redirect/ipc.asp?page=athletebio&personid=1051709) at IPC (/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee) .InfostradaSports.com (archived) (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2855108#P4397) Annalisa Minetti (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2456440/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Annalisa Minetti (https://www.paralympic.org/annalisa-minetti) at the International Paralympic Committee (/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee) Annalisa Minetti (https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=-1&personid=1051709) at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) Italian Wikiquote (/wiki/Wikiquote) has quotations related to: Annalisa Minetti (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/it:Annalisa_Minetti) v t e Sanremo Music Festival (/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival) winners Discography (/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_winners_discography) 1950s Nilla Pizzi (/wiki/Nilla_Pizzi) (" Grazie dei fiori ") Nilla Pizzi (" Vola colomba ") Carla Boni (/wiki/Carla_Boni) / Flo Sandon's (/wiki/Flo_Sandon%27s) (" Viale d'autunno ") Giorgio Consolini (/wiki/Giorgio_Consolini) / Gino Latilla (/wiki/Gino_Latilla) (" Tutte le mamme ") Claudio Villa (/wiki/Claudio_Villa) / Tullio Pane (/wiki/Tullio_Pane) (" Buongiorno tristezza ") Franca Raimondi (/wiki/Franca_Raimondi) (" Aprite le finestre (/wiki/Aprite_le_finestre) ") Claudio Villa / Nunzio Gallo (/wiki/Nunzio_Gallo) (" Corde della mia chitarra (/wiki/Corde_della_mia_chitarra) ") Domenico Modugno (/wiki/Domenico_Modugno) / Johnny Dorelli (/wiki/Johnny_Dorelli) (" Nel blu, dipinto di blu (/wiki/Nel_blu,_dipinto_di_blu_(song)) ") Domenico Modugno / Johnny Dorelli (" Piove (Ciao, ciao bambina) (/wiki/Piove_(Ciao,_ciao_bambina)) ") 1960s Tony Dallara (/wiki/Tony_Dallara) / Renato Rascel (/wiki/Renato_Rascel) (" Romantica (/wiki/Romantica_(song)) ") Betty Curtis (/wiki/Betty_Curtis) / Luciano Tajoli (/wiki/Luciano_Tajoli) (" Al di là (/wiki/Al_di_l%C3%A0) ") Domenico Modugno / Claudio Villa (" Addio, addio (/wiki/Addio,_addio) ") Tony Renis (/wiki/Tony_Renis) / Emilio Pericoli (/wiki/Emilio_Pericoli) (" Uno per tutte (/wiki/Uno_per_tutte) ") Gigliola Cinquetti (/wiki/Gigliola_Cinquetti) / Patricia Carli (/wiki/Patricia_Carli) (" Non ho l'età (/wiki/Non_ho_l%27et%C3%A0) ") Bobby Solo (/wiki/Bobby_Solo) / The New Christy Minstrels (/wiki/The_New_Christy_Minstrels) (" Se piangi, se ridi (/wiki/Se_piangi,_se_ridi) ") Domenico Modugno / Gigliola Cinquetti (" Dio, come ti amo (/wiki/Dio,_come_ti_amo) ") Claudio Villa / Iva Zanicchi (/wiki/Iva_Zanicchi) (" Non pensare a me ") Sergio Endrigo (/wiki/Sergio_Endrigo) / Roberto Carlos (/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)) (" Canzone per te (/wiki/Canzone_per_te) ") Bobby Solo / Iva Zanicchi (" Zingara (/wiki/Zingara_(song)) ") 1970s Adriano Celentano (/wiki/Adriano_Celentano) / Claudia Mori (/wiki/Claudia_Mori) (" Chi non lavora non fa l'amore ") Nada (/wiki/Nada_(singer)) / Nicola Di Bari (/wiki/Nicola_Di_Bari) (" Il cuore è uno zingaro (/wiki/Il_cuore_%C3%A8_uno_zingaro) ") Nicola Di Bari (" I giorni dell'arcobaleno (/wiki/I_giorni_dell%27arcobaleno) ") Peppino di Capri (/wiki/Peppino_di_Capri) (" Un grande amore e niente più ") Iva Zanicchi (" Ciao cara come stai? ") Gilda (/wiki/Gilda_(Italian_singer)) (" Ragazza del sud ") Peppino di Capri (" Non lo faccio più ") Homo Sapiens (/wiki/Homo_Sapiens_(band)) (" Bella da morire (/wiki/Bella_da_morire) ") Matia Bazar (/wiki/Matia_Bazar) (" ...e dirsi ciao (/wiki/...e_dirsi_ciao) ") Mino Vergnaghi (/wiki/Mino_Vergnaghi) (" Amare (/wiki/Amare_(Mino_Vergnaghi_song)) ") 1980s Toto Cutugno (/wiki/Toto_Cutugno) (" Solo noi (/wiki/Solo_noi) ") Alice (/wiki/Alice_(singer)) (" Per Elisa (/wiki/Per_Elisa) ") Riccardo Fogli (/wiki/Riccardo_Fogli) (" Storie di tutti i giorni (/wiki/Storie_di_tutti_i_giorni) ") Tiziana Rivale (/wiki/Tiziana_Rivale) (" Sarà quel che sarà ") Al Bano and Romina Power (/wiki/Al_Bano_and_Romina_Power) (" Ci sarà (/wiki/Ci_sar%C3%A0) ") Ricchi e Poveri (/wiki/Ricchi_e_Poveri) (" Se m'innamoro (/wiki/Se_m%27innamoro) ") Eros Ramazzotti (/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti) (" Adesso tu (/wiki/Adesso_tu) ") Gianni Morandi (/wiki/Gianni_Morandi) , Umberto Tozzi (/wiki/Umberto_Tozzi) and Enrico Ruggeri (/wiki/Enrico_Ruggeri) (" Si può dare di più (/wiki/Si_pu%C3%B2_dare_di_pi%C3%B9) ") Massimo Ranieri (/wiki/Massimo_Ranieri) (" Perdere l'amore (/wiki/Perdere_l%27amore) ") Anna Oxa (/wiki/Anna_Oxa) and Fausto Leali (/wiki/Fausto_Leali) (" Ti lascerò (/wiki/Ti_lascer%C3%B2) ") 1990s Pooh (/wiki/Pooh_(band)) (" Uomini soli (/wiki/Uomini_soli) ") Riccardo Cocciante (/wiki/Riccardo_Cocciante) (" Se stiamo insieme (/wiki/Se_stiamo_insieme) ") Luca Barbarossa (/wiki/Luca_Barbarossa) (" Portami a ballare (/wiki/Portami_a_ballare) ") Enrico Ruggeri (" Mistero ") Aleandro Baldi (/wiki/Aleandro_Baldi) (" Passerà ") Giorgia (/wiki/Giorgia_(singer)) (" Come saprei (/wiki/Come_saprei) ") Ron (/wiki/Ron_(singer)) and Tosca (/wiki/Tosca_(singer)) (" Vorrei incontrarti fra cent'anni ") Jalisse (/wiki/Jalisse) (" Fiumi di parole (/wiki/Fiumi_di_parole) ") Annalisa Minetti (" Senza te o con te ") Anna Oxa (" Senza pietà (/wiki/Senza_piet%C3%A0_(song)) ") 2000s Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel (/wiki/Piccola_Orchestra_Avion_Travel) (" Sentimento (/wiki/Sentimento_(Piccola_Orchestra_Avion_Travel_song)) ") Elisa (/wiki/Elisa_(Italian_singer)) (" Luce (Tramonti a nord est) (/wiki/Luce_(Tramonti_a_nord_est)) ") Matia Bazar (" Messaggio d'amore ") Alexia (/wiki/Alexia_(Italian_singer)) (" Per dire di no (/wiki/Per_dire_di_no) ") Marco Masini (/wiki/Marco_Masini) (" L'uomo volante (/wiki/L%27uomo_volante) ") Francesco Renga (/wiki/Francesco_Renga) (" Angelo (/wiki/Angelo_(Francesco_Renga_song)) ") Povia (/wiki/Povia) (" Vorrei avere il becco (/wiki/Vorrei_avere_il_becco) ") Simone Cristicchi (/wiki/Simone_Cristicchi) (" Ti regalerò una rosa (/wiki/Ti_regaler%C3%B2_una_rosa) ") Giò Di Tonno (/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_Di_Tonno) and Lola Ponce (/wiki/Lola_Ponce) (" Colpo di fulmine (/wiki/Colpo_di_fulmine_(song)) ") Marco Carta (/wiki/Marco_Carta) (" La forza mia ") 2010s Valerio Scanu (/wiki/Valerio_Scanu) (" Per tutte le volte che... (/wiki/Per_tutte_le_volte_che...) ") Roberto Vecchioni (/wiki/Roberto_Vecchioni) (" Chiamami ancora amore (/wiki/Chiamami_ancora_amore) ") Emma Marrone (/wiki/Emma_Marrone) (" Non è l'inferno (/wiki/Non_%C3%A8_l%27inferno) ") Marco Mengoni (/wiki/Marco_Mengoni) (" L'essenziale (/wiki/L%27essenziale) ") Arisa (/wiki/Arisa) (" Controvento (/wiki/Controvento_(song)) ") Il Volo (/wiki/Il_Volo) (" Grande amore (/wiki/Grande_amore) ") Stadio (/wiki/Stadio) (" Un giorno mi dirai (/wiki/Un_giorno_mi_dirai) ") Francesco Gabbani (/wiki/Francesco_Gabbani) (" Occidentali's Karma (/wiki/Occidentali%27s_Karma) ") Ermal Meta (/wiki/Ermal_Meta) and Fabrizio Moro (/wiki/Fabrizio_Moro) (" Non mi avete fatto niente (/wiki/Non_mi_avete_fatto_niente) ") Mahmood (/wiki/Mahmood_(singer)) (" Soldi (/wiki/Soldi) ") 2020s Diodato (/wiki/Diodato) (" Fai rumore (/wiki/Fai_rumore) ") Måneskin (/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin) (" Zitti e buoni (/wiki/Zitti_e_buoni) ") Mahmood and Blanco (/wiki/Blanco_(singer)) (" Brividi (/wiki/Brividi) ") Marco Mengoni (" Due vite (/wiki/Due_vite) ") Angelina Mango (/wiki/Angelina_Mango) (" La noia (/wiki/La_noia_(song)) ") Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000419641772) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/90187544) National Italy (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV174594) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/98087d60-c354-477e-aedc-590e68ef2a38) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) Sports (/wiki/Portal:Sports) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐dn54n Cached time: 20240720030111 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 3.406 seconds Real time usage: 4.059 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7727/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 145196/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 20150/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53137/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 2.953/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19182938/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 1620 ms 51.3% ? 680 ms 21.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 260 ms 8.2% type 160 ms 5.1% (for generator) 120 ms 3.8% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 40 ms 1.3% <mw.title.lua:50> 40 ms 1.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 40 ms 1.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::addStatementUsage 40 ms 1.3% newFrame <mw.lua:153> 20 ms 0.6% [others] 140 ms 4.4% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 3/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 3591.583 1 -total 57.07% 2049.567 1 Template:Sports_links 21.67% 778.258 1 Template:Infobox_person 7.22% 259.178 51 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.56% 199.620 1 Template:Reflist 5.06% 181.795 1 Template:Sanremo_Music_Festival_winners 4.96% 178.020 1 Template:Navbox 4.82% 173.109 7 Template:Cite_web 4.03% 144.663 1 Template:Wikiquote_lang 3.64% 130.694 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36921132-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720030111 and revision id 1163426209. 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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hairstyles_in_the_1950s&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( October 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Typical hairstyles of the early 50s shown here on Fernando Lamas (/wiki/Fernando_Lamas) and Danielle Darrieux (/wiki/Danielle_Darrieux) In the Western world (/wiki/Western_world) , the 1950s were a decade known for experimentation with new styles and culture. Following World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) and the austerity years of the post-war period, the 1950s were a time of comparative prosperity, which influenced fashion and the concept of glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(presentation)) . Hairstylists (/wiki/Hairstylist) invented new hairstyles for wealthy patrons. Influential hairstylists of the period include Sydney Guilaroff (/wiki/Sydney_Guilaroff) , Alexandre of Paris (/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Raimon) and Raymond Bessone (/wiki/Raymond_Bessone) , who took French hair fashion to Hollywood, New York and London, popularising the pickle cut, the pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) and bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) hairstyles. The American film industry and the popular music industry influenced hairstyles around the world, both in mainstream fashion and teenage sub-culture. With the advent of the rock music (/wiki/Rock_music) industry, teenage culture and fashion became increasingly significant and distinctive from mainstream fashion, with American style being imitated in Europe, Asia, Australasia and South America. Teenage girls around the world wore their hair in ponytails while teenage boys wore crew cuts (/wiki/Crew_cut) , the more rebellious among them favouring "greaser" comb-backs. The development of hair-styling products, particularly setting sprays (/wiki/Setting_spray) , hair-oil and hair-cream, influenced the way hair was styled and the way people around the world wore their hair day to day. Women's hairstyles of the 1950s were in general less ornate and more informal than those of the 1940s, with a "natural" look being favoured, even if it was achieved by perming, setting, styling and spraying. Mature men's hairstyles were always short and neat, and they were generally maintained with hair-oil. Even among "rebellious youth" with longer, greased hair, carrying a comb and maintaining the hairstyle was part of the culture. Male fashion [ edit ] Popular music and film stars had a major influence on 1950s hairstyles and fashion. Elvis Presley and James Dean had a great influence on the high quiff-pompadour greased-up style or slicked-back style for men with heavy use of Brylcreem (/wiki/Brylcreem) or pomade (/wiki/Pomade) . The pompadour was a fashion trend in the 1950s, especially among male rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) artists and actors. A variation of this was the duck's ass (/wiki/Duck%27s_ass) (or in the UK "duck's arse"), also called the "duck's tail", the "ducktail", or simply the D.A. [1] (#cite_note-PetersonKellogg2008-1) This hairstyle was originally developed by Joe Cerello in 1940. Cerello's clients later included film celebrities like Elvis Presley and James Dean. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) posed in a modified D.A. style of hair. This style required that the hair be combed back around the sides of the head. The tooth edge of a comb (/wiki/Comb) was then used to define a central part running from the crown to the nape at the back of the head, resembling, to many, the rear end of a duck (/wiki/Duck) . The hair on the top front of the head was either deliberately disarrayed so that untidy strands hung down over the forehead, or combed up and then curled down into an "elephant's trunk" which might hang down as far as the top of the nose. The sides were styled to resemble the folded wings of the duck, often with heavy sideburns. [3] (#cite_note-AugustynMarley2010-3) A variant of the duck's tail style, known as "the Detroit", consisted of the long back and sides combined with a flattop (/wiki/Flattop) . In California, the top hair was allowed to grow longer and combed into a wavelike pompadour shape known as a "breaker". The duck's tail became an emblematic coiffure of disaffected young males across the English-speaking world during the 1950s, a sign of rebellious youth and of a "bad boy" image. [1] (#cite_note-PetersonKellogg2008-1) [4] (#cite_note-Clark2004-4) [5] (#cite_note-Kubernik2006-5) The style was frowned upon by high school authorities, who often imposed limitations on male hair length as part of their dress codes. [6] (#cite_note-6) Nevertheless, the style was widely copied by men of all ages. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) The regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) , side-parted with tapered back and sides, was considered a clean cut fashion and preferred by parents and school authorities in the United States. The crew cut, flattop and ivy league (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) were also popular, particularly among high school and college students. [7] (#cite_note-7) The crew cut style was derived from the military haircuts given to millions of draftees, [8] (#cite_note-8) and was favored by men who wished to appear "establishment" or mainstream. [9] (#cite_note-9) Daily applications of "butch wax" were used to make the short hair stand straight up from the head. [10] (#cite_note-10) Celebrities favoring this style included Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) , Mickey Mantle (/wiki/Mickey_Mantle) and John Glenn (/wiki/John_Glenn) . Crew cuts gradually declined in popularity by the end of the decade, as longer hair for men became fashionable. [11] (#cite_note-Steele2010-11) [12] (#cite_note-Craats2001-12) Black male entertainers chose to wear their hair in short and unstraightened styles. [13] (#cite_note-ByrdTharps2002-13) In southeast Asia, a variation of the quiff that was popular was the "curry puff", styled by a bob of wavy hair just above the forehead. [14] (#cite_note-Phua1999-14) "Geek chic" was a fashion trend for intellectual types, with a bouffant or greased-back hair and black glasses, exhibited by the likes of Buddy Holly (/wiki/Buddy_Holly) and Bill Evans (/wiki/Bill_Evans) . It originally it was frequent in beach areas, like Hawaii and California. [ citation needed ] Side part (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Patric Knowles (/wiki/Patric_Knowles) with a conservative parted and combed-back hairstyle Christian B. Anfinsen (/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen) , 1950s, with a regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Johnny Carson (/wiki/Johnny_Carson) , 1955, with a side part and quiff Jacques Brel (/wiki/Jacques_Brel) , 1955, with a "breaker" and sideburns Long pompadour James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) , 1955 Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) , 1957 Jerry Lee Lewis (/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis) , 1958 The Everly Brothers (/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers) , Phil and Don, 1958 Crew cut and Ivy League Neil Armstrong (/wiki/Neil_Armstrong) , 1956, with a crew cut Paddy Chayefsky (/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky) , 1950s, with an Ivy League Gary, Lindsay, Philip and Dennis Crosby (/wiki/The_Crosby_Boys) , 1959, with variations of the crew cut and ivy league The Platters (/wiki/The_Platters) , 1950s, with variations of the crew cut and ivy league Female fashion [ edit ] Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , c.1955 Women generally emulated the hair styles and hair colors of popular film personalities and fashion magazines; top models played a pivotal role in propagating the styles. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Alexandre of Paris (/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Raimon) had developed the beehive and artichoke styles seen on Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) , Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) , the Duchess of Windsor (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , and Tippi Hedren (/wiki/Tippi_Hedren) . [15] (#cite_note-Moral2005-15) Generally, a shorter bouffant style was favored by female movie stars, paving the way for the long hair trend of the 1960s. Very short cropped hairstyles were fashionable in the early 1950s. By mid-decade, hats were worn less frequently, especially as fuller hairstyles like the short, curly "elfin cut" or the "Italian cut" or "poodle cut" and later the bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) and the beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hair)) became fashionable (sometimes nicknamed B-52s for their similarity to the bulbous noses of the B-52 Stratofortress (/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress) bomber). [16] (#cite_note-16) Stars such as Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , Connie Francis (/wiki/Connie_Francis) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) and Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) usually wore their hair short with high volume. In the poodle hairstyle, the hair is permed into tight curls, similar to the poodle's curly hair (curling the hair involves time and effort). This style was popularized by Hollywood actresses like Peggy Garner (/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner) , Lucille Ball (/wiki/Lucille_Ball) , Ann Sothern (/wiki/Ann_Sothern) and Faye Emerson (/wiki/Faye_Emerson) . In the post-war prosperous 1950s, in particular, the bouffant hair style was the most dramatic and considered an ideal style in which aerosol hairspray facilitated keeping large quantities of “backcombed or teased and frozen hair” in place. This necessitated a regimen of daily hair care to keep the bouffant in place; curlers (/wiki/Hair_roller) were worn to bed and frequent visits were made to the hair stylist's salon. Mouseketeer Annette Funicello (/wiki/Annette_Funicello) dramatically presented this hair style in the movie Beach Party (/wiki/Beach_Party) . [17] (#cite_note-Brunell2001-17) Short, tight curls with a poodle cut known as "short bangs" were very popular, favored by women such as first lady (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) . [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) [12] (#cite_note-Craats2001-12) Henna (/wiki/Henna) was a popular hair dye in the 1950s in the US; in the popular TV comedy series I Love Lucy (/wiki/I_Love_Lucy) , Lucille Ball (according to her husband's statement) "used henna rinse to dye her brown hair red." [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) The poodle cut was also made popular by Audrey Hepburn. In the 1953 film Roman Holiday (/wiki/Roman_Holiday) , Audrey Hepburn's character had short hair known as a "gamine-style" pixie cut, which accentuated her long neck, and which was copied by many women. [18] (#cite_note-Rooney2009-18) In the film Sabrina (/wiki/Sabrina_(1954_film)) , her character appears initially in long plain hair while attending culinary school, but returns to her Paris home with a chic, short, face-framing "Paris hairstyle", which again was copied by many women. When the rage among women was for the "blond bombshell" hair style, Hepburn stuck to her dark brown hair color and refused to dye her hair for any film. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Mamie Eisenhower, wearing a short fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) "bangs", 1954 Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy) wore a short hair style for her wedding in 1953, while later she sported a "bouffant"; together with the larger beehive and shorter bubble cut, this became one of the most popular women's hairstyles of the 1950s. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) favored a mid-length bob style, also influential. There were exceptions, however, and some women, such as Bettie Page (/wiki/Bettie_Page) , favored long, straight dark locks and a fringe; such women were known as "Beat girls". [12] (#cite_note-Craats2001-12) In the mid-1950s, a high ponytail became popular with teenage girls, often tied with a scarf. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) [18] (#cite_note-Rooney2009-18) The ponytail was seen on the first Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) dolls, in 1959; a few years later Barbies with beehives appeared. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) The " artichoke cut (/w/index.php?title=Artichoke_cut&action=edit&redlink=1) ", which was invented by Jacques Dessange (/wiki/Jacques_Dessange) , was specially designed for Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) . [11] (#cite_note-Steele2010-11) Compact coiffures were popular in the 1950s as less importance was given to hairstyling, although a new look was stylized by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's fashion revolution after the war. [11] (#cite_note-Steele2010-11) Products [ edit ] Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) , 1954 In the 1950s, lotion shampoos with conditioning ingredients became popular precursors of the shampoo/conditioner rinse pairing of two decades later. The Clairol (/wiki/Clairol) ad campaign, "Does she ... or doesn't she?" boosted hair color product sales not just for their company, but across the hair dye industry. [19] (#cite_note-Hill2002-19) The bouffant style relied on the liberal use of hairspray to hold hair in place for a week. [20] (#cite_note-Willett2010-20) Hairspray lacquers of this era were of a different chemical formula than used today, and were more difficult to remove from the hair than today's products. [21] (#cite_note-Robbins2012-21) But even less extreme styles, such as parting hair on the left and the right before pulling the bangs to one side, required holding the style in place with hairspray. [22] (#cite_note-RudigerSamson1998-22) One ingredient in 1950s hair spray was vinyl chloride monomer (/wiki/Vinyl_chloride) ; used as an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it was subsequently found to be both toxic and flammable. [23] (#cite_note-Siobhan2010-23) Hair gels, such as Dippity-do (/w/index.php?title=Dippity-do&action=edit&redlink=1) , came in a variety of forms such as spray or jelly, and were referred to as "setting gels". [20] (#cite_note-Willett2010-20) African American (/wiki/African_American) hair products promised natural-looking hair to black women, with natural in this context defined as straight, soft, and smooth; these products, such as Lustra-silk (/w/index.php?title=Lustra-silk&action=edit&redlink=1) , were advertised to not be heavy, greasy or damaging like pressing oils and chemical relaxers of the past. [24] (#cite_note-Walker2007-24) Only a small amount of Brylcreem (/wiki/Brylcreem) was needed to make a man's hair shiny and stay in place; Brylcreem's tag line was "Brylcreem, a little dab'll do ya." [25] (#cite_note-25) It was also used by those who suffered from dandruff (/wiki/Dandruff) . [26] (#cite_note-Pomerance2005-26) While the conk (/wiki/Conk) was still popular through the end of the decade, Isaac Hayes (/wiki/Isaac_Hayes) switched to going bald. [13] (#cite_note-ByrdTharps2002-13) Hair growth products for men were first introduced in the 1950s, in Japan. [27] (#cite_note-ToedtKoza2005-27) Influence [ edit ] Henry Winkler as " The Fonz (/wiki/Fonzie) " The 1950s had a profound influence on fashion and continues to be a strong influence in contemporary fashion. Some of the world's most famous fashion icons today such as Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) , Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) , and David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) regularly wear their hair or indulge in a style of fashion clearly heavily influenced by that of the 1950s. Aguilera is influenced by Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , [28] (#cite_note-Dominguez2003-28) Beckham by Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) and James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) . [29] (#cite_note-29) The pompadour style became popular among Italian Americans (/wiki/Italian_American) and the image became an integral part of the Italian male stereotype in the 1970s in films such as Grease (/wiki/Grease_(film)) and television series such as Happy Days (/wiki/Happy_Days) . The Fonz (/wiki/Fonzie) , played by Henry Winkler (/wiki/Henry_Winkler) , with his greased pompadour, white T-shirt and leather jacket, has been cited as the "epitome of the 50s bad-boy cool". [30] (#cite_note-BroadheadKerr2000-30) In modern Japanese popular culture (/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture) , the pompadour is a stereotypical hairstyle often worn by gang members, thugs, members of the yakuza (/wiki/Yakuza) and its junior counterpart bōsōzoku (/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku) , and other similar groups such as the yankii (/wiki/Yankii) (high-school hoodlums). [31] (#cite_note-Jenkins1994-31) In Japan the style is known as the "Regent" hairstyle, and is often caricatured (/wiki/Caricature) in various forms of entertainment media such as anime (/wiki/Anime) , manga (/wiki/Manga) , television, and music videos. [32] (#cite_note-32) Dorothy Dandridge (/wiki/Dorothy_Dandridge) , 1958 See also [ edit ] Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : 1950s (/wiki/Portal:1950s) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Hairstyles in the 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) 1950s fashion (/wiki/1950s_fashion) List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, Amy T.; Kellogg, Ann T. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present . ABC-CLIO. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33395-8 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 192 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/192) , 194, 206–208. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33145-9 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-AugustynMarley2010_3-0) Augustyn, Heather; Marley, Cedella (27 September 2010). Ska: An Oral History . McFarland. p. 164. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7864-6040-3 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Clark2004_4-0) Clark, Terry N. (2004). The City As an Entertainment Machine . Emerald Group Publishing. p. 163. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7623-1060-9 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kubernik2006_5-0) Kubernik, Harvey (30 December 2006). Hollywood Shack Job: Rock Music in Film and on Your Screen . UNM Press. p. 273. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8263-3542-5 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Calhoun, Craig; Sennett, Richard (2007). Practicing Cultures . New York: Routledge. p. 205. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781134126118 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) How to square flattop hair . Life Magazine. 12 November 1956. p. 149. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture . The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 357. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780879728212 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Behnke, Alison Marie (2011). The Little Black Dress and Zoot Suits: Depression and Wartime Fashions from the Depression to the 1950s . Twenty-First Century Books. p. 35. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761380559 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Osceola, Holatte-Sutv Turwv (2011). Nokosee & Stormy . Palmetto Bug Books. p. 27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780963449948 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Steele, Valerie (15 November 2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg. p. 389. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-563-0 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Craats, Rennay (1 August 2001). History of The 1950s . Weigl Publishers Inc. pp. 36–37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-930954-24-3 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Byrd, Ayana; Tharps, Lori (12 January 2002). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America . Macmillan. pp. 88–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-312-28322-3 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Phua1999_14-0) Phua, Edward (1999). Sunny days of an urchin . Federal Publications. p. 29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-981-01-2440-3 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Moral2005_15-0) Moral, Tony Lee (28 September 2005). Hitchcock And the Making of Marnie . Scarecrow Press. pp. 71–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8108-5684-4 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Patrick, Bethanne Kelly, and John Thompson, Henry Petroski (2009). An Uncommon History of Common Things . National Geographic. p. 206. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4262-0420-3 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Brunell2001_17-0) Brunell, Miriam Forman- (2001). Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 . ABC-CLIO. p. 355. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781576072066 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rooney, Anne (1 May 2009). The 1950s and 1960s . Infobase Publishing. p. 56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60413-385-1 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hill2002_19-0) Hill, Daniel Delis (1 February 2002). ADVERTISING TO THE AMERICAN WOMAN . Ohio State University Press. pp. 101 (https://archive.org/details/advertisingtoame00hill/page/101) , 103–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8142-0890-8 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Willett, Julie (11 May 2010). The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. pp. 137–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-35949-1 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Robbins2012_21-0) Robbins, Clarence R. (2012). Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair . Springer. pp. 779–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-642-25611-0 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-RudigerSamson1998_22-0) Rudiger, Margit; Samson, Renate von (30 June 1998). 388 Great Hairstyles . Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 21 (https://archive.org/details/388greathairstyl00rudi/page/21) –. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8069-9401-7 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Siobhan2010_23-0) Siobhan, O'Connor (13 July 2010). No More Dirty Looks: The Truth about Your Beauty Products--And the Ultimate Guide to Safe and Clean Cosmetics . Da Capo Press. pp. 72–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7382-1418-4 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Walker2007_24-0) Walker, Susannah (23 February 2007). Style and Status: Selling Beauty to African American Women, 1920-1975 . University Press of Kentucky. pp. 112, 125–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8131-2433-9 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Sherrow, p. 365 ^ (#cite_ref-Pomerance2005_26-0) Pomerance, Murray (/wiki/Murray_Pomerance) (26 October 2005). American Cinema of the 1950s . Rutgers University Press. pp. 10–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8135-3673-6 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ToedtKoza2005_27-0) Toedt, John; Koza, Darrell; Cleef-Toedt, Kathleen Van (2005). Chemical Composition Of Everyday Products . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 39 (https://archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit0000toed/page/39) –. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-32579-3 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dominguez2003_28-0) Dominguez, Pier (1 June 2003). Christina Aguilera: A Star Is Made . Amber Books Publishing. p. 218. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9702224-5-9 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "David Beckham Fetes H&M Launch in London" (http://www.wwd.com/eye/parties/david-beckham-fetes-hm-launch-in-london-5602040) . Women's Wear Daily . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-BroadheadKerr2000_30-0) Broadhead, Julian; Kerr, Laura (1 January 2000). Prison Writing 2001 . Waterside Press. p. 20. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-872870-87-8 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Jenkins1994_31-0) Jenkins, Ronald Scott (June 1994). Subversive laughter: the liberating power of comedy . Free Press. p. 147. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-02-916405-1 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "» History of the Regent:: Néojaponisme » Blog Archive" (http://neojaponisme.com/2014/10/09/history-of-the-regent/) . Retrieved 2016-03-18 . 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Annual fashion show Toronto Fashion Week Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) Bryanna Elkins (/w/index.php?title=Bryanna_Elkins&action=edit&redlink=1) walks the runway modeling fashions by Jay Manuel (/wiki/Jay_Manuel) at Toronto Fashion Week, September 2011. Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Semi-annually Location(s) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) Country Canada (/wiki/Canada) Inaugurated 1999 Founder Robin Kay (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada#Robin_Kay) Toronto Fashion Week (TFW), held in February (for fall/winter collections) and September (for spring/summer collections) of each year, is a semi-annual event celebrating fashion, arts and culture where Canadian (/wiki/Canada) and international fashion collections (/wiki/Fashion_design) are shown to buyers, the press, and the general public. It is the largest fashion week held in Canada and the second largest fashion week in North America (/wiki/North_America) , following the well known New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) The event is currently held within Toronto's exclusive luxury retail and brand neighbourhood, Yorkville (/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto) , along Hazelton Avenue and Yorkville Avenue. Toronto Fashion Week draws considerable media attention, nationally and internationally. In 2012, it attracted 40,000 guests over 5 days, showcased over 100 designers, and left over 877 million media impressions worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) It has helped propel Canadian designers and fashion brands, such as Joe Fresh (/wiki/Joe_Fresh) , to international recognition. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) Origin [ edit ] Toronto Fashion Week was founded in 1999 by the Fashion Design Council of Canada (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada) under designers Robin Kay (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada#Robin_Kay) and Pat McDonagh (/wiki/Pat_McDonagh_(fashion_designer)) . [2] (#cite_note-GlobeAndMail-2) [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) The goal for the event was to prepare Canadian designers for the international stage, bringing together media, industry, buyers and consumers to give Toronto international recognition. The City of Toronto government (/wiki/City_of_Toronto_government) and Holt Renfrew (/wiki/Holt_Renfrew) were initial sponsors. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) [2] (#cite_note-GlobeAndMail-2) The event was small initially. Its first show was held at the Windsor Arms Hotel (/wiki/Windsor_Arms_Hotel) and showcased six designers and attracted approximately 200 audience members. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) Ownership history [ edit ] Between 1999 and 2012, Toronto Fashion Week was owned by Robin Kay and the Fashion Design Council of Canada. Its first title sponsor was Beauty by L'Oréal Paris (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) in 2002; from 2002 to 2008, the event was thus called L'Oréal Fashion Week . [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) Its title changed to LG Fashion Week in 2008, after LG (Life's Good) Electronics Canada (/wiki/LG_Electronics) became the event's top sponsor, in conjunction with L'Oréal. [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) In early 2012, the event was again renamed to World MasterCard Fashion Week after taking on World MasterCard (/wiki/Mastercard) as a new title sponsor. [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) On August 8, 2012, it was reported that Robin Kay and the Fashion Design Council of Canada sold the Toronto Fashion Week brand to IMG (/wiki/IMG_(company)) , the same organisation responsible for operating New York Fashion Week. [3] (#cite_note-Evolution-3) In February 2016, after World MasterCard and L'Oréal withdrew as sponsors, the event's title returned to Toronto Fashion Week. [4] (#cite_note-4) On July 7, 2016, IMG, citing lack of local commercial funding, announced it was closing down Toronto Fashion Week, prompting national media speculation about the demise of the event reflecting global changes in the fashion industry. [2] (#cite_note-GlobeAndMail-2) In December 2016, Peter Freed announced the purchase of Toronto Fashion Week from IMG. Freed, President of Freed Developments, spearheaded the ownership group, composed of several of the country's top executives in real estate, media and finance. The founding sponsors, aside from Freed Developments, included The Hazelton Hotel, Hill & Gertner Capital Corporation and Yorkville Village (/wiki/Yorkville_Village) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Under the new ownership, Toronto Fashion Week has been revived, although the event has been contracted from a bi-annual 7-day event to a bi-annual 3-day event. Other notable events [ edit ] 2004 [ edit ] Italian fashion label Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) celebrated its 50-year anniversary by showcasing a retrospective at the event. Toronto was chosen to commemorate a partnership with Milan (/wiki/Milan) and to endorse trade relations in the area of fashion, after the two cities signed a formal international alliance agreement to strengthen economic and cultural links in 2003. [1] (#cite_note-StrategyOnline-1) 2011 [ edit ] American reality television show America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) featured Toronto Fashion Week after show creator Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) sent models to the event for the Mercedes-Benz Start Up Challenge, a national fashion competition launched by Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) and IMG, then owner of Toronto Fashion Week, to discover Canada's newest design talent. [6] (#cite_note-TyraBanks-6) America's Next Top Model also promoted the line 'Attitude', which had been launched at Toronto Fashion Week in February 2011 by Jay Manuel (/wiki/Jay_Manuel) , Creative Director of America's Next Top Model and host of Canada's Next Top Model (/wiki/Canada%27s_Next_Top_Model) , on behalf of Sears Canada (/wiki/Sears_Canada) . [6] (#cite_note-TyraBanks-6) 2017 [ edit ] Model Rachel Romu attracted national media attention when she became the first model to walk the Toronto Fashion Week runway with a mobility aid, presenting designer Hayley Elsaesser's fashion collection while using a cane. [7] (#cite_note-7) Management [ edit ] As of 2020, Carolyn Quinn was TFW's Executive Director. [8] (#cite_note-8) Suzanne Cohon is currently Toronto Fashion Week's Fashion, Arts and Cultural Ambassador. See also [ edit ] Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week) Runway fashion (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Brands of the Year: Toronto Fashion Week puts Canada on the global catwalk" (http://strategyonline.ca/2012/09/28/brands-of-the-year-toronto-fashion-week-puts-canada-on-the-global-catwalk/) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Georgijevic, Anya (October 13, 2016). "Off the Runway" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/off-the-runway-how-torontos-fashion-week-fell-apart/article32354808/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Evolution of Toronto Fashion Week" (https://kimberlylelliott.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/the-evolution-of-toronto-fashion-week-kimberly-elliott.pdf/) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Big changes are coming for Toronto Fashion Week" (https://globalnews.ca/news/2495712/big-changes-are-coming-for-toronto-fashion-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Toronto Fashion Week® Reimagined: September 2017" (https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/toronto-fashion-week-reimagined-september-2017-632462753.html) . ^ Jump up to: a b Naulls, Kevin (March 29, 2012). "Tyra Banks knows absolutely nothing about Canada—it seems that way, anyway" (https://torontolife.com/style/fashion/toronto-fashion-week-americas-next-top-model/) . Toronto Life (/wiki/Toronto_Life) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Syeda, Maha (February 23, 2018). "Meet Rachel Romu, the Model Redefining the Future of Accessibility in Fashion" (https://fashionmagazine.com/fashion/rachel-romu-hayley-elsaesser/) . Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_(magazine)) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Newman-Bremang, Kathleen (January 15, 2020). "Toronto Fashion Week Is Cancelled. Again" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-ca/2020/01/9199069/toronto-fashion-week-cancelled) . Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . Retrieved March 8, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Toronto Fashion Week Official Site (http://torontofashionweek.to) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐2w5nx Cached time: 20240712183912 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.397 seconds Real time usage: 0.745 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1100/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26758/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 823/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41320/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4948510/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 491.454 1 -total 30.28% 148.789 1 Template:Reflist 29.87% 146.812 1 Template:Short_description 26.40% 129.760 8 Template:Cite_web 24.92% 122.476 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 24.34% 119.617 1 Template:Navbox 21.46% 105.454 2 Template:Pagetype 13.03% 64.028 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 11.71% 57.558 1 Template:Infobox 5.31% 26.113 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37249648-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712183912 and revision id 1201872170. 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Italian fashion house Lardini Company type S.r.l. (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_a_responsabilit%C3%A0_limitata) Industry Fashion Founded 1978 ; 46 years ago ( 1978 ) Filottrano (/wiki/Filottrano) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Founder Luigi Lardini, Andrea Lardini, Lorena Lardini Headquarters Filottrano (/wiki/Filottrano) , Italy Area served International boutiques: Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) , Baku (/wiki/Baku) , Xi'an (/wiki/Xi%27an) and Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp) Key people Luigi Lardini ( Creative Director (/wiki/Creative_Director) ), Andrea Lardini, Lorena Lardini, Annarita Lardini Products Men's tailoring Services Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) production, ready to wear, made to measure (/wiki/Made_to_measure) Number of employees 300 internal, 800 external Website lardini.it (http://www.lardini.it/) Lardini S.r.l. (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_a_responsabilit%C3%A0_limitata) is an Italian (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) fashion house founded in 1978 by three siblings of the Lardini family in Filottrano (/wiki/Filottrano) , Ancona Province (/wiki/Ancona_Province) . Luigi Lardini is its current creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) ; his garments can be distinguished by a signature lapel flower constructed from wool (/wiki/Wool) . [1] (#cite_note-Luxos_Made_in_Italy-1) History [ edit ] The company was founded by the Lardini family in 1978 in Filottrano, a town in the Ancona Province of Italy. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) At the time of its founding, Luigi Lardini was 18 years old, his sister Lorena was 19, and brother Andrea Lardini was 21. [3] (#cite_note-3) It is famous for manufacturing men's tailoring for brands Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Etro (/wiki/Etro) and Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) . [1] (#cite_note-Luxos_Made_in_Italy-1) Lardini produces a ready to wear (/wiki/Ready_to_wear) tailoring line, which is retailed at its showroom in Milan (/wiki/Milan) and three mono brand (/wiki/Brand) boutiques outside Italy. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Production [ edit ] The company produces 1,600 garments per day at its headquarters in Filottrano (/wiki/Filottrano) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) It exports 60% of its annual production. [8] (#cite_note-8) Lardini has created a collection with Nick Wooster. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Boutiques [ edit ] Lardini has boutiques in: Antwerpen (/wiki/Antwerpen) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) ( Via Gesu (/wiki/Via_Gesu) ), Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) ( Marunouchi (/wiki/Marunouchi) ), and Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) ( Petrovka Street (/wiki/Petrovka_Street) and Krasnogorsk (/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast) ). [9] (#cite_note-9) Lardini garments are also sold in Genoa (/wiki/Genoa) and Chiavari (/wiki/Chiavari) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In East Asia the brand is sold at luxury department stores including Shinsegae (/wiki/Shinsegae) , Daimaru (/wiki/Daimaru) , Takashimaya (/wiki/Takashimaya) , Iwataya (/wiki/Iwataya) , Seibu (/wiki/Seibu_Department_Stores) , Mitsukoshi (/wiki/Mitsukoshi) , and others. In Latin America, the brand is sold at Silver Deer in Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) . See also [ edit ] Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Massimo Alba (/wiki/Massimo_Alba) Pal Zileri (/wiki/Pal_Zileri) References [ edit ] ^ a b Luxos, Lardini: a story Made in Italy (http://www.luxos.com/magazine/lardini-a-story-made-in-italy) ^ a b Lenton, Jack (2018-01-31). "In Focus: Lardini - an exceptional attention to detail" (https://www.apetogentleman.com/in-focus-lardini/) . Ape to Gentleman . Retrieved 2020-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) LA FILOSOFIA DI LARDINI (https://therake.com/stories/values-lardini/) The Rake , CHRISTIAN BARKER ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lardini.it (http://www.lardini.it/html/html_azienda_en.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121108154146/http://www.lardini.it/html/html_azienda_en.htm) 2012-11-08 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "In Focus: Lardini - an exceptional attention to detail" (https://www.apetogentleman.com/in-focus-lardini/) . Ape to Gentleman . 2018-01-31 . Retrieved 2021-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "CBI Europe - Lardini" (https://www.cbi-europe.it/fr/referenze/pareti+mobili+e+arredi/1/1/592.aspx) . www.cbi-europe.it . Retrieved 2021-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Lardini: Turning 40 with a Flourish | The Rake" (https://therake.com/stories/style/lardini-turning-40/) . therake.com . Retrieved 2021-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lardini (http://www.lardini.it/html/html_azienda_en.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121108154146/http://www.lardini.it/html/html_azienda_en.htm) 2012-11-08 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Store Locator (https://www.lardini.com/it_it/storepickup/) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lardini (http://www.lardini.it/html/html_shops_menu_en.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121111010515/http://www.lardini.it/html/html_shops_menu_en.htm) 2012-11-11 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.lardini.it/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐smf42 Cached time: 20240701010303 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.284 seconds Real time usage: 0.378 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1699/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20205/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1625/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21466/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.175/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4936289/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 344.284 1 -total 34.42% 118.495 1 Template:Reflist 29.58% 101.853 1 Template:Infobox_company 26.62% 91.657 1 Template:Infobox 26.15% 90.027 4 Template:Cite_web 20.48% 70.506 1 Template:Short_description 12.46% 42.882 2 Template:Pagetype 10.68% 36.770 1 Template:Portal_bar 4.77% 16.438 7 Template:Main_other 3.93% 13.540 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37484369-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701010303 and revision id 1225998084. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lardini&oldid=1225998084 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lardini&oldid=1225998084) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian companies established in 1978 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1978) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1978 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1978) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Menswear designers (/wiki/Category:Menswear_designers) Privately held companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Privately_held_companies_of_Italy) Design companies established in 1978 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1978) Companies based in le Marche (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_le_Marche) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
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Native Indonesian weaving style of Balinese Balinese ladies wearing geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) textile Balinese textiles are reflective of the historical traditions of Bali (/wiki/Bali) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . Bali has been historically linked to the major courts of Java before the 10th century; and following the defeat of the Majapahit (/wiki/Majapahit) kingdom, many of the Javanese aristocracy fled to Bali and the traditions were continued. Bali therefore may be seen as a repository not only of its own arts but those of Java in the pre-Islamic 15th century. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittinger1979139-1) Any attempt to definitively describe Balinese textiles and their use is doomed to be incomplete. The use of textile is a living tradition and so is in constant change. It will also vary from one district to another. For the most part old cloth (excepting the especially sacred) are not venerated for their age. New is much better. In the tropics cloth rapidly deteriorates and so virtue is generated by replacing them. Textile as a sign or symbol [ edit ] In Bali (/wiki/Bali) , textiles are much more than just cloths from which garments are made. Beginning with the yarn and the woven cloth, they are a medium through which the divine nature of the universe and its material manifestations are recognized and expressed. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer19918-2) Cloth is central to all Balinese spiritual activities. In every Balinese Hindu household, every day a family member will make offerings to the gods. To do this she (it usually is she) must at a minimum wear a sash around her waist. Trees and significant rocks are wrapped in the black and white poleng (/w/index.php?title=Poleng&action=edit&redlink=1) . When the men of the village banjar gather for a working bee in the temple they wear a sarong and sash. The more important the event (and the Balinese calendar (/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar) is full of important days), the more formal and complex is the dress. Polèng [ edit ] A Baris polèng dancers resting before a performance, Kuta 2009 Polĺèng cloth are the black and white checkered pattern seen almost everywhere. Polèng refers to the black and white squares and not the material from which it is made or if it is woven or printed. Most of the printed cloth comes from Java, but there are still weavers in Bali who produce hand woven polèng for special applications. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199181-3) A frequent use of Polèng is as a wrapper for sacred trees, rocks, and shrines. Endek [ edit ] Old silk Endek from Singaraja, early 20th century tumpak bela design The patterning technique of endek is ikat (/wiki/Ikat) of the weft. Once solely the prerogative of high caste Balinese families, endek was woven as individual pieces on a back strap loom but now is produced in large quantities by the yard in workshops in Gianyar (/wiki/Gianyar) , Denpasar (/wiki/Denpasar) , Tabanan (/wiki/Tabanan) and other places on ATBM looms ( alat tenun bukan mesin or unmechanized looms). [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199115–30-4) The earliest extant endek date from the late 19th century and come from the North Balinese Kingdom of Buleleng (/wiki/Buleleng) and are predominantly of geometric design. The color of these early cloths are red. These usually had songket ends. Only later do yellows and green appear and the songket was omitted. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199116-5) Modern ikat of the warp creating a geringsing pattern. Central Bali Early Singaraja silk endek Late 19th-century Singaraja silk endek Detail of an old Buleleng silk selendang Keling [ edit ] Keling are cloths traditionally woven in stripes of red, yellow, dark blue or black from hand spun cotton dyed with natural dyes obtained from the roots of the sunti for the reds, and the fruit of the kunti for the yellows. In earlier times most of the women of Nusa Penida wore keling underskirts described by Claire Holt (/wiki/Claire_Holt_(art_historian)) in the 1930s. She described multicolored striped cloth worn under the dark blue upper kain in such a way that only a small part showed. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt197078-6) The name is thought by some to be derived from the Balinese word keling which refers to Indian merchant . The roots may be related to an older legend concerning the primal ancestors of the village Tenganan (/wiki/Tenganan) , the king Kaung and his wife Keling. This is supported by the observation that the cloths are traditionally worn by women. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199175-7) Ritual uses of keling include in the otonin 6 month ceremony for a child, in ceremonies to keep away evil spirits and in other rites of passage. Bebali [ edit ] Bebali is the name usually ascribed to a small group of textiles that appear to have been completely sacred in function. The weave is broadly spaced giving the textile a delicate gauze like quality. According to Gittinger in 1970, what is known about them comes entirely from records in the Museum für Volkskunde (/wiki/Museum_of_Cultures_(Basel)) in Basel (/wiki/Basel) , [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittinger1979145-8) however bebali textiles can be bought today in the Kumba Sari market in Denpasar. Hauser-Schaubilin states that there are at least nine differently patterned bebali cloths, each with its own name. There is, for example, cloth with a white warp and weft broken by green, yellow and red stripes known as cenana kawi whose function is in the 3 month ritual and also are laid out in the central shrine of an ancestral temple. Bias membah (running sand) has a white warp and weft in which grey and white stripes alternate. Enkakan taluh (smashed egg) has a vivid red-and white checked pattern. It is brought to the temple as an apparel for Brahma, the god residing in the south. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199160-9) Two examples of bebali cloth are firstly flat cloth, for example, Kain cepuk , Kain Songket , Kain Sekordi . Secondly round cloth, where the cloth is removed from the loom and the threads not cut leaving a seamless cloth sheet., In the north and south of Bali known as Kain Wangsu l meaning "to go round" or "to return". In the east of Bali, especially Klungkung and Karangasem, they are called Gedogan or "circle", the circle represents zero. Ida Ayu Ngurah Puniari (Ibu Dayu) writes that the Gedogan or Wangsul is not symmetrical, this represents purusa and predana, (male and female) where the left and right hand sides will not line up, when warping on the loom a few extra threads are added so one side is uneven. These bebali cloths are now being made with natural dyes and manufactured cottons in the traditional manner with a quality that is comparable with the earlier collected pieces of the 1920s. [10] (#cite_note-10) Cepuk [ edit ] Kamben cepuk is an ikat of the weft from the island of Nusa Penida (/wiki/Nusa_Penida) . These textiles were used as special ceremonial clothing in the past but now more commonly serve as temple decoration. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt197067–84-11) Geringsing [ edit ] Main article: Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Geringsing Wayang Putri Geringsing is the name of the double ikat (/wiki/Double_ikat) cloth that is woven in the village of Tenganan (/wiki/Tenganan) Pegringsinga. [12] (#cite_note-12) About 20 patterns of geringsing are known and the dimensions of the cloths range from 20 cm to 60 cm wide and can be over 2 meter long. The palette of geringsing is typically red, neutral, and black. Geringsing are regarded as sacred cloths, "ascribed supernatural properties, especially to assist in forms of healing, including exorcism." [13] (#cite_note-13) It is mentioned in the poem Rangga Lawe which tells of the first Majapahit (/wiki/Majapahit) king, Raden Wijaya (/wiki/Raden_Wijaya) giving his warriors gerinsing sashes to protect them in Battle. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991130-14) The first European to describe geringseng was W.O.J Nieuwenkamp (/w/index.php?title=W.O.J_Nieuwenkamp&action=edit&redlink=1) ; he discovered where they came from and made a journey to Tenganan. [15] (#cite_note-15) The weaving technique is the dying of the thread is complex and ritualized, as described in the page on geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) . Once dyed, the warp is laid out on the loom and the cloth is woven in a loose balanced weave. The pattern is carried by both the warp and the weft. Great precision is needed at all stages of the production. Using a pick the weaver adjust the weft with each pass of the shuttle to make sure the alignment of the pattern is precise. [16] (#cite_note-16) Ider-ider [ edit ] Ider-ider are a length of cloth onto which a story, often from the Ramayana (/wiki/Ramayana) or Mahabharata (/wiki/Mahabharata) has been embroidered. These are used as a valance for a temple or a balé . All forms of textile techniques can be used including chain stitching, applique, sequins. [17] (#cite_note-17) Lamak [ edit ] Lamak. Tropenmuseum, TMnr 5977-40 Lamak are long banners that are hung from penjor at the festival of galungan (/wiki/Galungan) and in front of temples and shrines at other important festivals. The design of lamak generally has a stylized ' cili' figure at the top, represented by a triangular skirt, followed by a long pattered fields, ending in a row of tumpal The cili is often associated with Dewi Sri, the deity of fertility and prosperity. Despite her feminine form the figure should be understood as a symbol of both men and women. [18] (#cite_note-Encounters2014-18) In most cases they are made from cross cut and applied palm leaf and therefore are quite perishable. Only occasionally are they made from cotton woven in a supplementary weave (/wiki/Supplementary_weave) . [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittinger1979147-19) In the western and northern parts of Bali, lamak are made of cloth and all textile techniques can be found from weaving, embroidery and appliqué. [18] (#cite_note-Encounters2014-18) Prada [ edit ] Old perada Kain panjang. The gold almost completely lost. In Bali, prada (also sometimes called perada ) is the name given to the technique of decorating a cloth with gold dust or gold leaf. Prada is not exclusively a Balinese textile. Old javanese sources suggest that it was popular in the aristocratic circles of the East Javanese kingdom of Majapahit (/wiki/Majapahit) . Batik (/wiki/Batik) from Java was once commonly the base material but now a brightly colored commercial cloth is usually used. In the past a whitish glue ( ancur ) obtained from fish bones, or a darker glue made from water buffalo skin was applied and the gold then applied. Real gold prada is almost never seen today. It has been replaced by cloth printed with a gold paint or a plastic foil. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991chpt._4-20) Prada is now used in almost every ceremonial function. It is used to decorate ceremonial umbrellas for processions, it wraps temples, decorates the penjor ceremonial flags, is used in dancer's costumes and almost anywhere that some glitter is required. Songkèt [ edit ] Main article: Songket (/wiki/Songket) Silk Singaraja songket sarong. Songkèt is the technique in which a supplementary weave (/wiki/Supplementary_weave) of the weft is used to create the pattern. The early songkèt were entirely of silk with a supplementary weft of gold thread. Today mixed cloths are seen with cotton, gimp golden and silver threads, viscose and artificial silk. Originally the preserve of the highest castes, with the democratization of Balinese society anyone who can afford to buy them is now able to do so. Thus songkèt has become an integral part of the ceremonial wardrobe of well-to-do Balinese. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199139-21) Both men and women wear full-body songket wraps for some of life’s most important moments. At a Balinese wedding, the bride and groom wear a pair of matching songket. The Balinese also wear songket when their teeth are filed in a ceremony called metatah. [22] (#cite_note-22) Detail of songket sarong. Woven on a narrow back-strap loom and then joined Songket end to a Singaraja silk selendang. Very old and somewhat worn Detail of old Singaraja songket panel See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Textiles of Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) National costume of Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Indonesian art (/wiki/Indonesian_art) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittinger1979139_1-0) Gittinger 1979 (#CITEREFGittinger1979) , p. 139. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer19918_2-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , p. 8. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199181_3-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , p. 81. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199115–30_4-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , pp. 15–30. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199116_5-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt197078_6-0) Holt 1970 (#CITEREFHolt1970) , p. 78. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199175_7-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , p. 75. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittinger1979145_8-0) Gittinger 1979 (#CITEREFGittinger1979) , p. 145. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199160_9-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , p. 60. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Pullen, Lesley (1–3 February 2009). "Kain Bebali: Reviving and Sustaining Balinese Sacred Textiles. Monograph". The 2nd ASEAN Traditional Textiles Symposium: Sustaining Traditional Textiles of the ASEAN National Museum of the Philippines . Manila, Philippines. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt197067–84_11-0) Holt 1970 (#CITEREFHolt1970) , pp. 67–84. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Warming, Wanda; Goworski, Michael (1981). The World of Indonesian Textiles . Kodansha International. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87011-432-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-432-8) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Guy, John (2009). Indian Textiles in the East . Thames & Hudson. p. 96. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780500288290 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991130_14-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , p. 130. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Carpenter, B. W. (1997). W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp, First European Artist in Bali . Periplus. p. 193. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 962-593-318-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Gillow, J. (1992). Traditional Indonesian Textiles . Thames and Hudson. p. 86. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-500-23641-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Maxwell, Robyn (1990). Textiles of Southeast Asia: Tradition, Trade and Transformation . Oxford University Press Australia. p. 204. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-19-553186-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553186-8) . ^ Jump up to: a b Encounters with Bali: A collector's journey. Indonesian Textiles from the Collection of Dr. John Yu AC & Dr. George Soutter AM . Sydney, Australia: Mosman Art Gallery. 2014. p. 24. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780980846645 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittinger1979147_19-0) Gittinger 1979 (#CITEREFGittinger1979) , p. 147. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991chpt._4_20-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , chpt. 4. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer199139_21-0) Hauser-Schäublin, Nabholz-Kartaschoff & Ramseyer 1991 (#CITEREFHauser-SchäublinNabholz-KartaschoffRamseyer1991) , p. 39. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Threads of Life | http://www.threadsoflife.com (http://www.threadsoflife.com) | Code # T.BL.SD.055 Bibliography [ edit ] Gittinger, Mattiebelle (1979). Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia . Washington DC: The Textile Museum (/wiki/The_Textile_Museum) . p. 157. LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 79-50373 (https://lccn.loc.gov/79-50373) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 5100926 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5100926) . Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta; Nabholz-Kartaschoff, Marie-Louise; Ramseyer, Urs (1991). Balinese textile . London: British Museum Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7141-2505-9 . Holt, Claire (1970). " 'Bandit Island,' a short exploration trip to Nusa Penida". In Belo, Jane (ed.). Traditional Balinese Culture . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780231030847 . OL (/wiki/OL_(identifier)) 5628981M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5628981M) . External links [ edit ] Bebali Foundation. (Yayasan Pecinta Budaya Bebali) ypbb.org (http://www.ypbb.org/) v t e Indonesian clothing (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Clothing identified with Indonesian culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) and still worn today Textiles and weaving Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Kain Bali Kain Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) Kain kulit kayu (/wiki/Barkcloth) Lurik Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Tenun (/wiki/Tenun) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Dyeing Batik (/wiki/Batik) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Jumputan (/wiki/Tie-dye) Prada Clothing Angkin (/wiki/Sash) Baju Bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Baju kain rumput Baju Koko Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Beskap Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Kain jarik Kain panjang Kain samping (/wiki/Samping) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kemeja Batik (/wiki/Batik) Koje Koteka (/wiki/Koteka) Rok Rumbia Sarung (/wiki/Sarong) Selendang (/wiki/Sash) Surjan Uis Gara Headgear Beluko Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Caping (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Iket Jamang Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Kerudung (/wiki/Veil) Kopiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Konde or sanggul (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( hair extension (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) ) Makuta (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Peci (/wiki/Songkok) Siger Suntiang Tanjak (/wiki/Tanjak) (destar) Tengkuluk Tudung (/wiki/Tudong) Udeng Jewelry and ornaments Anting-anting (/wiki/Earring) Cincin (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) Gelang (/wiki/Bracelet) Giwang Gesper (/wiki/Belt_buckle) Kembang goyang (cunduk mentul) Kelat bahu (/wiki/Arm_ring) Kerongsang Pending Sabuk (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Subang Sumping Tusuk konde (/wiki/Hairpin) Upawita (/wiki/Upavita) Armour Baju Empurau (/wiki/Baju_Empurau) Baju Lamina (/wiki/Baju_Lamina) Baju Rantai (/wiki/Baju_Rantai) Baru Lema'a (/wiki/Baru_Lema%27a) Baru Öröba (/wiki/Baru_%C3%96r%C3%B6ba) Karambalangan (/wiki/Karambalangan) Kawaca (/wiki/Kawaca) Siping-siping (/wiki/Siping-siping) Footwear Bakiak (kelom) (/wiki/Clog) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Selop Sepatu v t e Textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) Fundamentals Appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) Beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) Crochet (/wiki/Crochet) Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Felting (/wiki/Felt) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Nålebinding (/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding) Needlework (/wiki/Needlework) Patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) Passementerie (/wiki/Passementerie) Plying (/wiki/Plying) Quilting (/wiki/Quilting) Rope (/wiki/Rope) Rug making (/wiki/Rug_making) Sewing (/wiki/Sewing) Spinning (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) Stitch (/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) History of ... 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This is a list of notable (/wiki/Notability_in_Wikipedia) jewelry designers (/wiki/Jewelry_design) . Argentina [ edit ] Ricardo Basta (/wiki/Ricardo_Basta) Australia [ edit ] Joanna Angelett (/wiki/Joanna_Angelett) Wilfrid Nelson Isaac (/wiki/Wilfrid_Nelson_Isaac) Alice Elsie Reeve (/wiki/Alice_Elsie_Reeve) Austria [ edit ] Ingo Appelt (/wiki/Ingo_Appelt) Elena Kriegner (/wiki/Elena_Kriegner) Nettie Rosenstein (/wiki/Nettie_Rosenstein) Daniel Swarovski (/wiki/Daniel_Swarovski) Belgium [ edit ] Lodewyk van Bercken (/wiki/Lodewyk_van_Bercken) Larisa Popova (/wiki/Larisa_Popova_(gemologist)) Brazil [ edit ] Kim Poor (/wiki/Kim_Poor) Fernando Jorge (/wiki/Fernando_Jorge_(designer)) Canada [ edit ] Lois Betteridge (/wiki/Lois_Betteridge) H.V. Dalling (/wiki/H.V._Dalling) Charles Edenshaw (/wiki/Charles_Edenshaw) David Neel (/wiki/David_Neel) Bill Reid (/wiki/Bill_Reid) Tobi Wong (/wiki/Tobi_Wong) Dean Davidson (/wiki/Dean_Davidson) Czech Republic [ edit ] George Brooks (/wiki/George_Brooks_(jeweler)) Julie Wimmer (/wiki/Julie_Wimmer) Denmark [ edit ] Joachim Matthias Wendt (/wiki/J._M._Wendt) Dominican Republic [ edit ] Jenny Polanco (/wiki/Jenny_Polanco) [1] (#cite_note-nytimes-1) Estonia [ edit ] Kadri Mälk (/wiki/Kadri_M%C3%A4lk) France [ edit ] Louis Aucoc (/wiki/Louis_Aucoc) Dominique Aurientis (/wiki/Dominique_Aurientis) Guy Bedarida (/wiki/Guy_Bedarida) Suzanne Belperron (/wiki/Suzanne_Belperron) Marcel Boucher (/wiki/Marcel_Boucher) Frédéric Boucheron (/wiki/Boucheron) Jacques-Théodule Cartier (/wiki/Jacques_Cartier_(jeweler)) Pierre C. Cartier (/wiki/Pierre_C._Cartier) Dolly Cohen (/wiki/Dolly_Cohen) Jean-Baptiste Fossin (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Fossin) James de Givenchy (/wiki/James_de_Givenchy) Robert Goossens (/wiki/Robert_Goossens) Jade Jagger (/wiki/Jade_Jagger) René Sim Lacaze (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Sim_Lacaze) René Lalique (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique) Jean Mayeur (/wiki/Jean_Mayeur) Robert Mazlo (/wiki/Robert_Mazlo) Jean-Valentin Morel (/wiki/Jean-Valentin_Morel) Alexandra Nereïev (/wiki/Alexandra_Nere%C3%AFev) Marie-Etienne Nitot (/wiki/Marie-Etienne_Nitot) Sebastien Parfait (/wiki/Sebastien_Parfait) Paloma Picasso (/wiki/Paloma_Picasso) Jacques von Polier (/wiki/Jacques_von_Polier) Alexandre Reza (/wiki/Alexandre_Reza) Fred Samuel (/wiki/Fred_Joaillier) Jean Schlumberger (/wiki/Jean_Schlumberger_(jewelry_designer)) Lea Stein (/wiki/Lea_Stein) Pierre Sterlé (/wiki/Pierre_Sterl%C3%A9) Philippe Van Dievoet dit Vandive (/wiki/Philippe_Van_Dievoet) Germany [ edit ] Jakob Bengel (/wiki/Jakob_Bengel) Gregor Clemens (/wiki/Gregor_Clemens) Carl Dau (/wiki/Carl_Dau) Joachim Grallert (/wiki/Joachim_Grallert) Heidrun Mohr-Mayer (/wiki/Heidrun_Mohr-Mayer) Anni Schaad (/wiki/Anni_Schaad) Julius Ludwig Schomburgk (/wiki/J._M._Wendt) Georg Friedrich Strass (/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Strass) Ferdinand Anton Nicolaus Teutenberg (/wiki/Ferdinand_Anton_Nicolaus_Teutenberg) Lilian von Trapp (/wiki/Lilian_von_Trapp) Greece [ edit ] Ilias Lalaounis (/wiki/Ilias_Lalaounis) Elena Votsi (/wiki/Elena_Votsi) Sotirios Voulgaris (/wiki/Bulgari) Guyana [ edit ] Vannetta Seecharran (/wiki/Vannetta_Seecharran) Hong Kong [ edit ] Wallace Chan (/wiki/Wallace_Chan) Hungary [ edit ] Zoltan David (/wiki/Zoltan_David) India [ edit ] Tarun Jain (/wiki/Tarun_Jain) Waris Ahluwalia (/wiki/Waris_Ahluwalia) Farah Khan Ali (/wiki/Farah_Khan_Ali) Khailshanker Durlabhji (/wiki/Khailshanker_Durlabhji) Shantidas Jhaveri (/wiki/Shantidas_Jhaveri) Neelam Kothari (/wiki/Neelam_Kothari) Nayna Mehta (/wiki/Nayna_Mehta) Sudha Pennathur (/wiki/Sudha_Pennathur) Suhani Pittie (/wiki/Suhani_Pittie) Ambaji Shinde (/wiki/Ambaji_Shinde) Mahima Verma (/w/index.php?title=Mahima_Verma&action=edit&redlink=1) Ireland [ edit ] Slim Barrett (/wiki/Slim_Barrett) Melissa Curry (/wiki/Melissa_Curry) Israel [ edit ] Dorrit Moussaieff (/wiki/Dorrit_Moussaieff) Italy [ edit ] Loris Abate (/wiki/Loris_Abate) Akelo (Andrea Cagnetti) (/wiki/Akelo) Carolina Bucci (/wiki/Carolina_Bucci) Gianni Bulgari (/wiki/Gianni_Bulgari) Fortunato Pio Castellani (/wiki/Fortunato_Pio_Castellani) Benvenuto Cellini (/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini) Ugo Correani (/wiki/Ugo_Correani) Enrico and Damiano Damiani (/wiki/Damiani_(jewelry_company)) Carlo Giuliano (/wiki/Carlo_Giuliano) Andrew Grima (/wiki/Andrew_Grima) Allessandro Masnago (/wiki/Allessandro_Masnago) Roberto Faraone Mennella (/wiki/Roberto_Faraone_Mennella) Giovanni Sebastiano Meyandi (/wiki/Giovanni_Sebastiano_Meyandi) Elsa Peretti (/wiki/Elsa_Peretti) Luciana Pignatelli (/wiki/Luciana_Pignatelli) Giò Pomodoro (/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_Pomodoro) Ippolita Rostagno (/wiki/Ippolita_Rostagno) Fulco di Verdura (/wiki/Fulco_di_Verdura) Japan [ edit ] Yasuki Hiramatsu (/wiki/Yasuki_Hiramatsu) Kimiko Kasai (/wiki/Kimiko_Kasai) Akiko Kawarai (/wiki/Akiko_Kawarai) Mikimoto Kōkichi (/wiki/Mikimoto_K%C5%8Dkichi) Lebanon [ edit ] Dina Azar (/wiki/Dina_Azar) Selim Mouzannar (/wiki/Selim_Mouzannar) Tabbah (/wiki/Tabbah) Netherlands [ edit ] Gijs Bakker (/wiki/Gijs_Bakker) Bert Nienhuis (/wiki/Bert_Nienhuis) Ted Noten (/wiki/Ted_Noten) Marly van der Velden (/wiki/Marly_van_der_Velden) Norway [ edit ] Celine Engelstad (/wiki/Celine_Engelstad) Pakistan [ edit ] Tapu Javeri (/wiki/Tapu_Javeri) Romania [ edit ] Daniel Stoenescu (/wiki/Cadoro) Russia [ edit ] Dmitriy Bellman (/wiki/Dmitriy_Bellman) Carl Edvard Bolin (/wiki/House_of_Bolin) Erté (/wiki/Ert%C3%A9) Gustav Fabergé (/wiki/Gustav_Faberg%C3%A9) Peter Carl Fabergé (/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9) Joseph Marchak (/wiki/Marchak) Spain [ edit ] Salvador Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) South Africa [ edit ] Anna Rosholt Jewellery [2] (#cite_note-2) Sweden [ edit ] Efva Attling (/wiki/Efva_Attling) Arne Blomberg (/wiki/Arne_Blomberg) Carolina Gynning (/wiki/Carolina_Gynning) Vivianna Torun Bülow-Hübe (/wiki/Vivianna_Torun_B%C3%BClow-H%C3%BCbe) Switzerland [ edit ] Kurt Aepli (/wiki/Kurt_Aepli) Gilbert Albert (/wiki/Gilbert_Albert) Jean Jahnsson (/wiki/Jean_Jahnsson) Taiwan [ edit ] Cindy Chao (/wiki/Cindy_Chao) Onch Movement (/wiki/Onch_Movement) Turkey [ edit ] Ukraine [ edit ] Natasha Zinko (/wiki/Natasha_Zinko) United Kingdom [ edit ] Joanna Angelett (/wiki/Joanna_Angelett) Kali Arulpragasam (/wiki/Kali_Arulpragasam) Bec Astley Clarke (/wiki/Astley_Clarke) Solange Azagury-Partridge (/wiki/Solange_Azagury-Partridge) Tom Binns (/wiki/Tom_Binns_Design) Judy Blame (/wiki/Judy_Blame) Robert Brandon (/wiki/Robert_Brandon) John Brogden (/wiki/John_Brogden_(jeweller)) Jocelyn Burton (/wiki/Jocelyn_Burton) John Paul Cooper (/wiki/John_Paul_Cooper) David Stewart Dawson (/wiki/David_Stewart_Dawson) Nelson Dawson (/wiki/Nelson_Dawson) Monty Don (/wiki/Monty_Don) John Donald (/wiki/John_Donald_(jewellery_designer)) Samuel Henry Drew (/wiki/Samuel_Henry_Drew) Annoushka Ducas (/wiki/Annoushka_Ducas) Theo Fabergé (/wiki/Theo_Faberg%C3%A9) Theo Fennell (/wiki/Theo_Fennell) John Francillon (/wiki/John_Francillon) Elizabeth Gage (/wiki/Elizabeth_Gage) Arthur Gaskin (/wiki/Arthur_Gaskin) Georgie Gaskin (/wiki/Georgie_Gaskin) Sabine Getty (/wiki/Sabine_Getty) Ola Gorie (/wiki/Ola_Gorie) Laurence Graff (/wiki/Laurence_Graff) John Greed (/wiki/John_Greed) Andrew Grima (/wiki/Andrew_Grima) John Hardy (/wiki/John_Hardy_(jewelry)) Sophie Harley (/wiki/Sophie_Harley) George Heriot (/wiki/George_Heriot) William Herrick (/wiki/William_Herrick_(MP)) Philippa Holland (/wiki/Philippa_Holland) Charles Horner (/wiki/Charles_Horner_(jeweller)) George Edward Hunt (/wiki/George_Edward_Hunt_(jeweller)) Annabel Jones (/wiki/Annabel_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor) Elizabeth Kirkeby (/wiki/Elizabeth_Kirkeby) Shaun Leane (/wiki/Shaun_Leane_(jeweller)) Andrew Logan (/wiki/Andrew_Logan_(sculptor)) Joseph Mayer (/wiki/Joseph_Mayer_(antiquary)) Kiki McDonough (/wiki/Kiki_McDonough) Flora McLean (/wiki/House_of_Flora) Edith Emily Morris (/wiki/Edith_Emily_Morris) Ella Naper (/wiki/Ella_Naper) Louise Nippierd (/wiki/Louise_Nippierd) Ari Norman (/wiki/Ari_Norman) Dorrie Nossiter (/wiki/Dorrie_Nossiter) Henry Raeburn (/wiki/Henry_Raeburn) Angharad Rees (/wiki/Angharad_Rees) Tony Swatton (/wiki/Tony_Swatton) James Tassie (/wiki/James_Tassie) William Tassie (/wiki/William_Tassie) Monica Vinader (/wiki/Monica_Vinader_Ltd) David Watkins (/wiki/David_Watkins_(designer)) James Cromar Watt (/wiki/James_Cromar_Watt) Stephen Webster (/wiki/Stephen_Webster) United States [ edit ] James Avery (/wiki/James_Avery_Craftsman) Webb C. Ball (/wiki/Webb_C._Ball) Bill Barrett (/wiki/Bill_Barrett_(artist)) BillyBoy* (/wiki/BillyBoy*) Gail Bird (/wiki/Gail_Bird_and_Yazzie_Johnson) Alexis Bittar (/wiki/Alexis_Bittar) Steven Brody (/wiki/Cadoro) Richard Shaw Brown (/wiki/Richard_Shaw_Brown) Daniel Brush (/wiki/Daniel_Brush) Ben Nighthorse Campbell (/wiki/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell) Alexander Calder (/wiki/Alexander_Calder) Eric Daman (/wiki/Eric_Daman) Henry Dunay (/wiki/Henry_Dunay) Robert Ebendorf (/wiki/Robert_Ebendorf) Marie el-Khoury (/wiki/Marie_el-Khoury) Mignon Faget (/wiki/Mignon_Faget) Paulding Farnham (/wiki/Paulding_Farnham) Jennifer Fisher (/wiki/Jennifer_Fisher_(designer)) Paul Flato (/wiki/Paul_Flato) Susan Foster (/wiki/Susan_Foster) Sophia Forero (/wiki/Sophia_Forero) Jane A. Gordon (/wiki/Jane_Gordon_(jewelry_designer)) William Snelling Hadaway (/wiki/William_Snelling_Hadaway) William Claude Harper (/wiki/William_Claude_Harper) Miriam Haskell (/wiki/Miriam_Haskell) George W. Headley (/wiki/George_W._Headley) Joan Hornig (/wiki/Joan_Hornig) Michael Horse (/wiki/Michael_Horse) Holly Hosterman (/wiki/Holly_Yashi) Mary Lee Hu (/wiki/Mary_Lee_Hu) Richard W. Hughes (/wiki/Richard_W._Hughes) Yazzie Johnson (/wiki/Gail_Bird_and_Yazzie_Johnson) Fred Kabotie (/wiki/Fred_Kabotie) Michael Kabotie (/wiki/Michael_Kabotie) Jessica Kagan Cushman (/wiki/Jessica_Kagan_Cushman) Alfred Karram (/wiki/Alfred_Karram) Martin Katz (/wiki/Martin_Katz_(jewelry_designer)) Linda Fry Kenzle (/wiki/Linda_Fry_Kenzle) Omar Kiam (/wiki/Omar_Kiam) Alexis Kirk (/wiki/Alexis_Kirk) Florence Koehler (/wiki/Florence_Koehler) Carolyn Kriegman (/wiki/Carolyn_Kriegman) Kenneth Jay Lane (/wiki/Kenneth_Jay_Lane) Stanley Lechtzin (/wiki/Stanley_Lechtzin) Charles Loloma (/wiki/Charles_Loloma) Pamela Love (/wiki/Pamela_Love) Mary Lyon (/wiki/Mary_Lyon_(writer)) Peter Macchiarini (/wiki/Peter_Macchiarini) Linda MacNeil (/wiki/Linda_MacNeil) Tim McCreight (/wiki/Tim_McCreight) Jennifer Meyer (/wiki/Jennifer_Meyer) Alexandra Mor (/wiki/Alexandra_Mor) Robert Lee Morris (/wiki/Robert_Lee_Morris) Celia Newman (/wiki/Celia_Newman) Clifton Nicholson (/wiki/Clifton_Nicholson) Kevin O'Dwyer (/wiki/Kevin_O%27Dwyer_(silversmith)) Dellamarie Parrilli (/wiki/Dellamarie_Parrilli) Philip Press (/wiki/Philip_Press) Nettie Rosenstein (/wiki/Nettie_Rosenstein) Christopher Ross (/wiki/Christopher_Ross_(sculptor)) Marty Ruza (/wiki/Marty_Ruza) Cynthia Sakai (/wiki/Cynthia_Sakai) Atsidi Sani (/wiki/Atsidi_Sani) Marjorie Schick (/wiki/Marjorie_Schick) Lorraine Schwartz (/wiki/Lorraine_Schwartz) Kendra Scott (/wiki/Kendra_Scott) Celia Sebiri (/wiki/Celia_Sebiri) Emory Sekaquaptewa (/wiki/Emory_Sekaquaptewa) Coreen Simpson (/wiki/Coreen_Simpson) Tommy Singer (/wiki/Tommy_Singer) Albion Smith (/wiki/Albion_Smith) Bill Smith (/wiki/Bill_Smith_(jewelry_designer)) Mimi So (/wiki/Mimi_So) Hans Stern (/wiki/Hans_Stern) Tarina Tarantino (/wiki/Tarina_Tarantino) Maria Tash (/wiki/Maria_Tash) Rachelle Thiewes (/wiki/Rachelle_Thiewes) Charles Lewis Tiffany (/wiki/Charles_Lewis_Tiffany) Louis Comfort Tiffany (/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany) Justin Tranter (/wiki/Justin_Tranter) Betony Vernon (/wiki/Betony_Vernon) Lella Vignelli (/wiki/Lella_Vignelli) Diana Vincent (/wiki/Diana_Vincent) Cathy Waterman (/wiki/Cathy_Waterman) Stephanie Wells (/wiki/Stephanie_Wells) Harry Winston (/wiki/Harry_Winston) Sherry Wolf (/wiki/Sherry_Wolf_(artist)) Alex Woo (/wiki/Alex_Woo) David Yurman (/wiki/David_Yurman) Marie Zimmermann (/wiki/Marie_Zimmermann) Vietnam [ edit ] Rosalina Lydster (/wiki/Rosalina_Lydster) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of footwear designers (/wiki/List_of_footwear_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-nytimes_1-0) Roberts, Sam (2020-03-27). "Jenny Polanco, Fashion Designer with a Caribbean Palette, Dies at 62" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/obituaries/jenny-polanco-dead-coronavirus.html) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200329063141/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/obituaries/jenny-polanco-dead-coronavirus.html) from the original on 2020-03-29 . Retrieved 2020-03-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The South African Jewellery Designers You Need To Know" (https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/11-south-african-jewellery-designers-you-should-know) . Culture Trip . 2017-05-08 . Retrieved 2024-06-05 . 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Pakistani actress and singer (born 1988) Mehwish Hayat TI (/wiki/Tamgha-e-Imtiaz) Hayat at a talk show in 2019 Born ( 1988-01-06 ) 6 January 1988 (age 36) [1] (#cite_note-Tribune-1) [2] (#cite_note-Hirani_2012-2) Karachi, Sindh (/wiki/Karachi,_Sindh) , Pakistan Alma mater University of Karachi (/wiki/University_of_Karachi) Occupations Actress singer Years active 2009–present Honours Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (/wiki/Tamgha-e-Imtiaz) (2019) Musical career Genres Pop music Instrument(s) Vocals Labels Coke Studio (/wiki/Coke_Studio_(Pakistan)) Musical artist Mehwish Hayat (born 6 January 1988) is a Pakistani (/wiki/Pakistani) actress who primarily works in Urdu films (/wiki/Film) , and formerly, in television. She made her debut in the film with the comedy Jawani Phir Nahi Ani (/wiki/Jawani_Phir_Nahi_Ani) (2015) and later went on to become an Actor in Law (/wiki/Actor_in_Law) (2016). Hayat had since starred in the comedies (/wiki/Comedy) Punjab Nahi Jaungi (/wiki/Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi) (2017), Load Wedding (/wiki/Load_Wedding) (2018), and London Nahi Jaunga (/wiki/London_Nahi_Jaunga) (2022), all of which rank among one of highest-grossing Pakistani films (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Pakistani_films) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) 2012 romantic drama series Meray Qatil Meray Dildar (/wiki/Meray_Qatil_Meray_Dildar) marked a significant turning point in Hayat's career, earning her praise and nomination for Best Actress at the Lux Style Awards (/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards) . She later portraying of a strong headed in Kashif Nisar (/wiki/Kashif_Nisar) 's acclaim series Kami Reh Gayi (/wiki/Kami_Reh_Gaee) (2013). [6] (#cite_note-6) She achieved further success by featuring in four of Momina Duraid (/wiki/Momina_Duraid) 's romantic dramas— Phir Chand Pe Dastak (/wiki/Phir_Chand_Pe_Dastak) (2011), Mirat-ul-Uroos (/wiki/Mirat-ul-Uroos_(TV_series)) (2012), Ishq Mein Teray (/wiki/Ishq_Mein_Teray) (2013), Ru Baru (/wiki/Ru_Baru) (2014) and Anjum Shahzad (/wiki/Anjum_Shahzad) 's highly successful family drama Kabhi Kabhi (/wiki/Kabhi_Kabhi_(2013_TV_series)) (2013). Her last Pakistani television appearance was Nadeem Baig (/wiki/Nadeem_Baig_(director)) 's tragic romance Dil Lagi (/wiki/Dil_Lagi) (2016). [7] (#cite_note-auto2-7) [8] (#cite_note-auto6-8) [9] (#cite_note-auto7-9) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) In 2022 she had a supporting role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe) TV series Ms. Marvel (/wiki/Ms._Marvel_(miniseries)) , as the character Aisha, who has to flee India to Pakistan during the 1940s. Hayat is the recipient of Lux Style Award (/wiki/Lux_Style_Award) and was honoured by the Government of Pakistan (/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan) with the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (/wiki/Tamgha-e-Imtiaz) in 2019. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Personal life Hayat was born on 6 January 1988 in Karachi, Sindh (/wiki/Karachi) , Pakistan. [1] (#cite_note-Tribune-1) [2] (#cite_note-Hirani_2012-2) [13] (#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune_2021-13) Her mother, Rukhsar Hayat, was a popular television actress during the 1980s, [14] (#cite_note-14) her eldest brother Zeeshan is a singer-composer while her older sister, Afsheen, is a singer as well. [15] (#cite_note-auto5-15) [16] (#cite_note-auto1-16) [17] (#cite_note-auto8-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Another older brother, Danish Hayat, is an actor and, through him, she's the sister-in-law of Faiza Ashfaq, a model. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-loadwed-20) [21] (#cite_note-auto-21) In 2020 there were reports in the Indian media that Hayat was in a relationship with Dawood Ibrahim (/wiki/Dawood_Ibrahim) , a crime lord on India's most-wanted list. The rumors about the relationship have never been substantiated and were likely slander resulting from Hayat's outspoken opinions. [22] (#cite_note-22) Filmography Year Title Role Director Notes Ref(s) 2014 Na Maloom Afraad (/wiki/Na_Maloom_Afraad) Dancer Nabeel Qureshi (/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(director)) Special appearance in song "Billi" [16] (#cite_note-auto1-16) 2015 Jawani Phir Nahi Ani (/wiki/Jawani_Phir_Nahi_Ani) Marina Nadeem Baig (/wiki/Nadeem_Baig_(director)) [17] (#cite_note-auto8-17) 2016 Actor in Law (/wiki/Actor_in_Law) Meenu Screwala Nabeel Qureshi (/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(director)) [8] (#cite_note-auto6-8) 2017 Punjab Nahi Jaungi (/wiki/Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi) Amal Dastoor Nadeem Baig (/wiki/Nadeem_Baig_(director)) [7] (#cite_note-auto2-7) 2018 Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2 (/wiki/Jawani_Phir_Nahi_Ani_2) Marina Nadeem Baig (/wiki/Nadeem_Baig_(director)) Voice cameo [9] (#cite_note-auto7-9) Load Wedding (/wiki/Load_Wedding) Meerab Nabeel Qureshi (/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(director)) [20] (#cite_note-loadwed-20) 3 Bahadur: Rise of the Warriors (/wiki/3_Bahadur:_Rise_of_the_Warriors) Erma (voice) Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (/wiki/Sharmeen_Obaid-Chinoy) Animated film [21] (#cite_note-auto-21) 2019 Chhalawa (/wiki/Chhalawa) Zoya Wajahat Rauf [23] (#cite_note-auto3-23) Baaji (/wiki/Baaji) Gangster Guriya Saqib Malik Special appearance in song "Gangster Guriya" [24] (#cite_note-auto4-24) 2022 London Nahi Jaunga (/wiki/London_Nahi_Jaunga) Sara Tiwana Nadeem Baig (/wiki/Nadeem_Baig_(director)) [25] (#cite_note-25) 2023 Teri Meri Kahaniyaan (/wiki/Teri_Meri_Kahaniyaan) Sadaf Nadeem Baig Anthology film [26] (#cite_note-26) Short films Year Title Role Director Notes Ref(s) 2009 Insha'Allah (/wiki/Insha%27Allah_(film)) Sahar Khurram Mahmood Short film [27] (#cite_note-27) 2015 Dho Dala: The Sin Washer Pari Iram Parveen Bilal (/wiki/Iram_Parveen_Bilal) [15] (#cite_note-auto5-15) Television Year Title Role Director Ref(s) 2009 Massi Aur Malika Hina Abid Ali (/wiki/Abid_Ali_(actor)) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) 2010 Shehr-e-dil Ke Darwazay Maria Nadeem Siddiqui [28] (#cite_note-first-28) Thori Si Wafa Chahiye (/wiki/Thori_Si_Wafa_Chahiye) Mehreen “Mehru” Yasir Nawaz (/wiki/Yasir_Nawaz) [28] (#cite_note-first-28) 2011 Meray Qatil Meray Dildar (/wiki/Meray_Qatil_Meray_Dildar) Maham Asim Ali (/wiki/Asim_Ali) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) Phir Chand Pe Dastak (/wiki/Phir_Chand_Pe_Dastak) Mariam Saife Hassan (/wiki/Saife_Hassan) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) 2012 Dil Tou Bhatkay Ga Haseeb Hassan Man Jali Tooba Wahab Nadeem Baig [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) Mirat-ul-Uroos (/wiki/Mirat_Ul_Uroos_(drama)) Aima Anjum Shahzad (/wiki/Anjum_Shahzad) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) Bin Tere Saman Angeline Malik (/wiki/Angeline_Malik) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) 2013 Kabhi Kabhi (/wiki/Kabhi_Kabhi_(2013_TV_series)) Ishaal Anjum Shahzad (/wiki/Anjum_Shahzad) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) Ishq Mein Teray (/wiki/Ishq_Mein_Teray) Aiza Faheem Burney [29] (#cite_note-29) Kami Reh Gaee (/wiki/Kami_Reh_Gaee) Laila Kashif Nisar (/wiki/Kashif_Nisar) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) 2014 Ru Baru (/wiki/Ru_Baru) Seema (Sarmad's mother) Saife Hassan (/wiki/Saife_Hassan) [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) 2016 Unsuni (/wiki/Unsuni) Farah Ehraz Ali Mirza [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) Dil Lagi (/wiki/Dil_Lagi) Anmol Nadeem Beyg (/wiki/Nadeem_Beyg) [30] (#cite_note-30) 2022 Ms. Marvel (/wiki/Ms._Marvel_(miniseries)) Aisha Various [31] (#cite_note-31) Web series Year Title Role Notes Director Ref(s) 2019 Enaaya (/wiki/Enaaya) Enaaya Wajahat Rauf [32] (#cite_note-32) Other appearance Year Title Role Director Ref(s) 2013 Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain (/wiki/Kitni_Girhain_Baaki_Hain) Zareena Angeline Malik (/wiki/Angeline_Malik) [33] (#cite_note-33) 2013 Hum Sab Umeed Se Hain (/wiki/Hum_Sub_Umeed_Se_Hain) Host Anjum Shahzad [10] (#cite_note-mehwishintro-10) Discography "Pani Barsa"— Man Jali (2010) [34] (#cite_note-mhdiscography-34) "Tell Me Why"— Meri Behan Maya (/wiki/Meri_Behan_Maya) (2011) [34] (#cite_note-mhdiscography-34) "Har Saans Gawahi Deta Hai"— Mirat-ul-Uroos (/wiki/Mirat-ul-Uroos_(TV_series)) (2012) [34] (#cite_note-mhdiscography-34) "Mujhse Ab Meri Mohabbat Ke Fasanena Kaho"— Talkhiyaan (/wiki/Talkhiyaan) (2013) [35] (#cite_note-35) "Tu Hi Tu" with Shiraz Uppal (/wiki/Shiraz_Uppal) in 3rd episode of Coke Studio 9 (/wiki/Coke_Studio_Pakistan_season_9) as featured artist (2016) [36] (#cite_note-36) "Dil Saab Dil Babu"— Sitaron Bhari Raat (2019) [37] (#cite_note-37) "Chamkeeli" with Abrar-ul-Haq (/wiki/Abrar-ul-Haq) (2019) [38] (#cite_note-38) Awards and nominations Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref Lux Style Awards (/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards) 2013 Mere Qatil Mere Dildar (/wiki/Mere_Qatil_Mere_Dildar) Best TV Actress – Satellite Nominated [39] (#cite_note-tribune/4july2013-39) Mein Best TV Actress – Terrestrial Nominated [39] (#cite_note-tribune/4july2013-39) 2014 Kami Reh Gaee (/wiki/Kami_Reh_Gaee) Best Television Actress – Terrestrial Won [39] (#cite_note-tribune/4july2013-39) 2016 Jawani Phir Nahi Ani (/wiki/Jawani_Phir_Nahi_Ani) Best Actress (Film) Nominated [40] (#cite_note-tribune/29july2016-40) 2017 Dil Lagi (/wiki/Dil_Lagi) Best TV Actress Nominated [41] (#cite_note-dawn/19april2017-41) Actor in Law (/wiki/Actor_in_Law) Best Actress (Film) Nominated 2018 Punjab Nahi Jaungi (/wiki/Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi) Nominated [42] (#cite_note-LSA_2018-42) 2019 Load Wedding (/wiki/Load_Wedding) Won [43] (#cite_note-43) Hum Awards (/wiki/Hum_Awards) 2013 Mere Qatil Mere Dildar (/wiki/Mere_Qatil_Mere_Dildar) Best Actress (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Actress) (Drama) Nominated [44] (#cite_note-dawn/14march2013-44) Best Onscreen Couple (/wiki/Hum_Award_for_Best_Onscreen_Couple) (Drama) Nominated Hum Style Awards 2016 Most Stylish Actress (Film) Nominated [45] (#cite_note-images/29oct2016-45) Nigar Awards (/wiki/Nigar_Awards) 2017 Actor in Law (/wiki/Actor_in_Law) Best Actress (Film) Nominated [46] (#cite_note-46) International Pakistan Prestige Awards 2017 Actor in Law (/wiki/Actor_in_Law) Best Actress (Film) Won [47] (#cite_note-47) 2018 Punjab Nahi Jaungi (/wiki/Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi) Won [48] (#cite_note-48) See also Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film portal (/wiki/Portal:Film) Music portal (/wiki/Portal:Music) Pakistan portal (/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) List of Pakistani models (/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_models) List of Pakistani actresses (/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_actresses) References ^ Jump up to: a b "Mehwish Hayat talks being happily unmarried, social media woes in latest Insta post" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2279052/mehwish-hayat-talks-being-happily-unmarried-social-media-woes-in-latest-insta-post) . The Express Tribune . 7 January 2021 . Retrieved 15 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hirani, Shireen (8 June 2012). "Top Model Mehwish Hayat Full Profile" (https://style.pk/top-model-mehwish-hayat-full-profile/) . Style.Pk . Retrieved 13 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Mehwish Hayat defends 'her choice' of doing item numbers in Pakistani movies" (https://www.brecorder.com/2019/06/22/504900/mehwish-hayat-defends-her-choice-of-doing-item-numbers-in-pakistani-movies/) . Business Recorder . 22 June 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Labour of love: Mehwish Hayat on her upcoming item number" (https://www.dawn.com/news/1117030) . Dawn . 7 July 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Cinema in our country has had mujras for ages: Mehwish Hayat | The Express Tribune" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1492354/cinema-country-mujras-ages-mehwish-hayat/) . 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Vogue. "Fashion Style List – Celebrity Fashion Style Statement – Vogue India The biggest celebrities featured on the Fashion Style List by Vogue India". vogue.in. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2016. [ verification needed ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Punjab Nahi Jaungi's trailer is out and the love triangle has us hooked" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1177942) . DAWN Images . 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Feerasta, Salima (13 September 2016). "Review: Actor in Law makes a strong case for Fahad Mustafa's ascent as cinema's golden boy" (http://images.dawn.com/news/1176234) . Dawn Images. ^ Jump up to: a b Usman Ghafoor (27 November 2017). " (http://gulfnews.com/1.2131059) 'Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2' set to up the glamour" (http://gulfnews.com/1.2131059) . Gulf News (/wiki/Gulf_News) . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Haider Isani, Aamna (22 November 2015). "Mehwish Hayat: What does the 'cat' say?" (http://tns.thenews.com.pk/inteview-with-mehwish-hayat-what-the-cat-says/) . The News On Sunday . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) NewsBytes. "Mehwish Hayat to be honored with Tamgha-e-Imtiaz on March 23" (https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/443110-mehwish-hayat-to-be-honored-with-tamgha-e-imtiaz-on-march-23) . The News International . Retrieved 23 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mehwish Hayat pens down a heartfelt note for her mother on her birthday" (https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/503045-mehwish-hayat-pens-down-a-heartfelt-note-for-her-mother-on-her-birthday) . thenews.com.pk . 24 July 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune_2021_13-0) "Mehwish Hayat talks being happily unmarried, social media woes in latest Insta post" (http://tribune.com.pk/story/2279052/mehwish-hayat-talks-being-happily-unmarried-social-media-woes-in-latest-insta-post) . The Express Tribune . 7 January 2021 . 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Retrieved 9 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tribune.com.pk (14 December 2018). " (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1866768/4-3-bahadur-review-new-installament-brave-barely-enough/?amp=1) '3 Bahadur' review: new installament is brave but barely enough | The Express Tribune" (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1866768/4-3-bahadur-review-new-installament-brave-barely-enough/?amp=1) . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 14 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Mehwish Hayat reacts to allegations of being Dawood Ibrahim's partner" (https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2113236) . Samaa (English) . 26 August 2020 . Retrieved 9 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto3_23-0) "Mehwish Hayat, Zara Noor Abbas steal the show in Chhalawa trailer" (https://www.hum.tv/mehwish-hayat-zara-noor-abbas-steal-the-show-in-chhalawa-trailer/) . Hum.tv . 22 April 2019 . Retrieved 24 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto4_24-0) siddiqui, haddiqua (20 June 2019). "Mehwish Hayat moves and grooves in 'Gangster Guriya' from upcoming film 'Baaji' (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1996314/4-mehwish-hayat-moves-grooves-gangster-guriya-upcoming-film-baaji/) " (https://tribune.com.pk/story/1996314/4-mehwish-hayat-moves-grooves-gangster-guriya-upcoming-film-baaji/) . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 21 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 3 set to thrill the fans" (https://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/475652-Jawani-Phir-Nahi-Ani-3-set-to-thrill-the-fans) . dunyanews.tv . 24 January 2019 . Retrieved 24 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Mehwish Hayat, Sheheryar Munawar, Wahaj Ali's star-studded film Teri Meri Kahaniyaan set to release on Eidul Azha" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1191757) . Dawn Images . 22 May 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230616023444/https://images.dawn.com/news/1191757) from the original on 16 June 2023 . 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ARY News. 4 March 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Mehwish Hayat joins Fawad Khan, Nimra Bucha in 'Ms Marvel' (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2338673/mehwish-hayat-joins-fawad-khan-nimra-bucha-in-ms-marvel) " (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2338673/mehwish-hayat-joins-fawad-khan-nimra-bucha-in-ms-marvel) . The Express Tribune . 14 January 2022 . Retrieved 14 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Haider Isani, Aamna (23 January 2019). "Eros Now releases Enaaya, first original web-series from Pakistan" (https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/422492-eros-now-releases-enaaya-first-original-web-series-from-pakistan) . International The News . Retrieved 5 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Lodhi, Rida (n.d.). "Pakistani actresses who started their careers from TV dramas" (https://www.aaj.tv/2016/08/pakistani-actresses-who-started-their-careers-from-tv-dramas/) . Aaj News (/wiki/Aaj_News) . Retrieved 20 July 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Mehwish Hayat to perform in Coke Studio season 9" (http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/06/16/entertainment/mehwish-hayat-to-perform-in-coke-studio-season-9/) . Pakistan Today . 16 June 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Qamar, Saadia (2 December 2012). "A story of bitterness: Meet the women of 'Talkhiyan' (http://tribune.com.pk/story/476060/a-story-of-bitterness-meet-the-women-of-talkhiyan/) " (http://tribune.com.pk/story/476060/a-story-of-bitterness-meet-the-women-of-talkhiyan/) . The Express Tribune . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Coke Studio 9: Mehwish Hayat makes singing debut with Tu Hi Tu | SAMAA TV" (https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2016/08/coke-studio-9-mehwish-hayat-makes-singing-debut-with-tu-hi-tu/) . Samaa TV . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Mehwish Hayat goes traditional with her new song 'Dil Saab Dil Babu' (https://www.somethinghaute.com/mehwish-hayat-new-song-dil-saab-dil-babu/) " (https://www.somethinghaute.com/mehwish-hayat-new-song-dil-saab-dil-babu/) . somethinghaute . 4 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Abrar ul Haq lands in trouble with 'Chamkeeli' (https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/pakistani-cinema/abrar-ul-haq-lands-in-trouble-with-chamkeeli-1.68640860) " (https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/pakistani-cinema/abrar-ul-haq-lands-in-trouble-with-chamkeeli-1.68640860) . Gulf News . Retrieved 25 December 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "12th LUX Style Awards: Pakistan entertainment industry's big night" (http://tribune.com.pk/story/572494/1) . The Express Tribune . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-tribune/29july2016_40-0) "LSA 2016 winners: The complete list" (http://tribune.com.pk/story/1151857/l) . The Express Tribune . 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-dawn/19april2017_41-0) Images Staff (19 April 2017). "Here's what's going down at the Lux Style Awards 2017 right now [LIVE]" (https://images.dawn.com/news/1177454) . DAWN Images . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-LSA_2018_42-0) "Here are the winners from the Lux Style Awards 2018" (https://www.geo.tv/latest/182910-here-are-the-winners-from-the-lux-style-awards-2018) . geo.tv . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Here's the complete winners list of Lux Style Awards 2019" (https://www.brecorder.com/2019/07/08/508121/heres-the-complete-winners-list-of-lux-style-awards-2019/) . Business Recorder . 8 July 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-dawn/14march2013_44-0) "Awards celebrate showbiz achievements" (http://www.dawn.com/news/792549) . DAWN . 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-images/29oct2016_45-0) "Here are the winners from the first ever Hum Style Awards" (http://images.dawn.com/news/1176496) . DAWN Images . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Here are the nominations for the 47th Nigar Awards" (http://images.dawn.com/news/1177131) . 20 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-47) "International Pakistan Prestige Awards Nominations Revealed!" (https://www.brandsynario.com/international-pakistan-prestige-awards-nominations-revealed/) . 11 September 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Nomination & Voting 2018" (http://ippawards.org/nomination-2018/) . IPP Awards . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . External links Mehwish Hayat (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3500208/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Mehwish Hayat (https://x.com/MehwishHayat) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7641277c-4ec6-4a12-8534-f8bfa33b6161) v t e Hosts of the Lux Style Awards (/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards) ceremonies 2002–2020 Reema Khan (/wiki/Reema_Khan) (2002) Reema Khan (/wiki/Reema_Khan) (2003) Humayun Saeed (/wiki/Humayun_Saeed) , Zara Sheikh (/wiki/Zara_Sheikh) (2004) Junaid Khan (/wiki/Junaid_Khan_(actor_and_singer)) , Aamina Sheikh (/wiki/Aamina_Sheikh) (2005) Shaan Shahid (/wiki/Shaan_Shahid) , Meera (/wiki/Meera_(Pakistani_actress)) (2006) Shoaib Mansoor (/wiki/Shoaib_Mansoor) , Sana Nawaz (/wiki/Sana_Nawaz) (2007) Moammar Rana (/wiki/Moammar_Rana) , Aamina Sheikh (/wiki/Aamina_Sheikh) (2008) Ahsan Khan (/wiki/Ahsan_Khan_(actor)) , Sana Nawaz (/wiki/Sana_Nawaz) (2009) Ali Zafar (/wiki/Ali_Zafar) , Nida Yasir (/wiki/Nida_Yasir) (2010) Faizan Haque, Mahira Khan (/wiki/Mahira_Khan) (2011) Shoaib Mansoor (/wiki/Shoaib_Mansoor) , Nadia Hussain (/wiki/Nadia_Hussain) (2012) Ahmad Ali Butt (/wiki/Ahmad_Ali_Butt) , Humaima Malick (/wiki/Humaima_Malick) (2013) Momal Sheikh (/wiki/Momal_Sheikh) (2014) Fawad Khan (/wiki/Fawad_Khan) , Mahira Khan (/wiki/Mahira_Khan) (2015) Ali Zafar (/wiki/Ali_Zafar) , Ahmad Ali Butt (/wiki/Ahmad_Ali_Butt) (2016) Atif Aslam (/wiki/Atif_Aslam) , Osman Khalid Butt (/wiki/Osman_Khalid_Butt) (2017) Ahmed Ali Butt (/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Butt) , Mehwish Hayat (2020) Dino Ali, Ayesha Omar (/wiki/Ayesha_Omar) (2021) Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) , Tabish Hashmi, Mansha Pasha (/wiki/Mansha_Pasha) (2022) Saba Qamar (/wiki/Saba_Qamar) , Dur-e-Fishan Saleem (/wiki/Dur-e-Fishan_Saleem) , Fahad Mustafa (/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa) , Ahmad Ali Butt (/wiki/Ahmad_Ali_Butt) (2023) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐94pln Cached time: 20240712170851 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.866 seconds Real time usage: 1.125 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4761/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 98472/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5299/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 189513/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.546/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9310430/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1023.042 1 -total 38.66% 395.492 1 Template:Reflist 26.15% 267.556 1 Template:Infobox_person 16.25% 166.203 16 Template:Cite_news 12.55% 128.405 28 Template:Cite_web 9.77% 99.951 2 Template:Short_description 6.29% 64.321 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 6.00% 61.394 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.67% 58.013 1 Template:Verify_source 5.41% 55.349 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37858710-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712170851 and revision id 1220957220. 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Apparel and footwear sustainability assessment standard Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e The Higg Index is an apparel and footwear industry self-assessment standard to rate environmental and social sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) throughout the supply chain (/wiki/Supply_chain) . The Sustainable Apparel Coalition (/wiki/Sustainable_Apparel_Coalition) (SAC) launched it in 2012 and owns and develops the suite of tools. The nonprofit consists of more than 300 fashion brands, retailers, manufacturers, academic institutions, affiliates, NGOs and governments. [1] (#cite_note-1) While initially formed to create standardized sustainability metrics, the SAC has since sharpened its focus to driving pre-competitive, collective action across three foundational pillars: "Combat Climate Change", "Decent Work for All", and a " Nature-Positive (/wiki/Nature-positive) Future". This is outlined in its "Evolution for Impact" strategic plan, revised in 2023. The SAC said Higg Index tools are designed to enhance standardized sustainability pathways [ clarification needed ] for the apparel, footwear, and consumer goods sectors. Today, more than 24,000 organizations around the world are using the Higg Index, [2] (#cite_note-2) and its global reach and variety ensure that the SAC can now catalyze change from within the industry. However, the Higg Index has been criticized by some for using poor data and a non-transparent approach resulting in potentially misleading information on which fiber is more sustainable. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) Overview [ edit ] The Sustainable Apparel Coalition (/wiki/Sustainable_Apparel_Coalition) owns and develops the Higg Index. [4] (#cite_note-Higg_Index_Gets_Updated-4) Walmart and Patagonia founded the SAC in 2009 with the goal of convening stakeholders across the industry on a pre-competitive basis to develop a common approach to measuring sustainability. The nonprofit’s members include brands producing apparel or footwear; retailers; industry affiliates and trade associations; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, academic institutions and environmental nonprofits, among others. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) The Higg Index provides a suite of five tools for the apparel industry (/wiki/Apparel_industry) and footwear industry (/wiki/Footwear_industry) to assess sustainability throughout a product's entire life cycle, from materials to end-of-life. [4] (#cite_note-Higg_Index_Gets_Updated-4) The metrics created Higg Index are limited to a company's internal use for the evaluation and improvement of environmental performance. As of 2012, plans for a future version included a scoring scale to communicate a product's sustainability to consumers and other stakeholders. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) As of 2023, the Higg Index Suite of Tools included the Higg Facility Environmental Module (FEM), Higg Facility Social & Labor Module (FSLM), Higg Brand & Retail Module (BRM), Higg Materials Sustainability Index (MSI), and Higg Product Module (PM). The metrics created by the Higg Index are limited to a company's internal use for the evaluation and improvement of environmental performance. [10] (#cite_note-10) History [ edit ] The Higg Index was adapted from two previously existing sustainability measurement standards: the Nike Apparel Environmental Design Tool (/w/index.php?title=Nike_Apparel_Environmental_Design_Tool&action=edit&redlink=1) and the 2007 Eco Index (/w/index.php?title=Eco_Index&action=edit&redlink=1) created by the Outdoor Industry Association (/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_Industry_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) , the European Outdoor Group (/w/index.php?title=European_Outdoor_Group&action=edit&redlink=1) and the Zero Waste Alliance (/wiki/Zero_Waste_Alliance) . [11] (#cite_note-11) The Eco Index had been created by a group of outdoor companies including REI, MEC, Patagonia, Outdoor Research and others starting in 2007. Leaders of the group at this time included Kevin Myette, Greg Scott, Ammi Borenstein, Peter Girard, Nick Sterling and many others. After 2–3 years of independent work the Eco Index was adopted by the Outdoor Industry Association and ultimately became a core component of the Higg Index. The SAC was established as brands and retailers sought to self-regulate on environmental and sustainability issues. [12] (#cite_note-app-12) Version 1.0 of the Higg Index was made public in July 2012. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) According to the Coalition's Executive Director in 2012, the name "Higg" was inspired by the Higgs Boson (/wiki/Higgs_Boson) search. The name Higg also met other key criteria: it was short, easy to pronounce and was able to clear trademark registration in 120 countries. [15] (#cite_note-15) In its first iteration, Higg Index metrics focus on environmental factors [ example needed ] in the apparel supply chain (/wiki/Supply_chain) . As of 2013, Metrics pertaining to footwear as well as labor and social sustainability were planned for a future release. [16] (#cite_note-16) On 11 December 2013, an updated version of the Higg Index was released. [4] (#cite_note-Higg_Index_Gets_Updated-4) In October 2015, the Sustainable Apparel Coalition announced the launch of the Social Labor and Convergence Project, which seeks to establish a uniform standard for auditing labor conditions and social impact in the apparel and footwear industries. [17] (#cite_note-17) Criticism [ edit ] The Higg Index has been criticized for being based on poor data and using a non-transparent approach resulting in misleading information which fiber is more sustainable. The index is rating synthetics as the most sustainable choice. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) In a June 2022 statement in response to a New York Times article, former chief executive officer Amina Razvi said the assumption was “incorrect," adding the SAC’s communication guidelines specifically "prohibit brands from making comparisons across material types.” [18] (#cite_note-18) Razvi told WWD the tools are "constantly in evolution," with the changes made based upon best available science, use, and feedback. [19] (#cite_note-19) In June 2022, the Norwegian Consumer Authority notified the Sustainable Apparel Coalition, H&M and Norrøna that they concluded the consumer-facing part of the SAC's transparency program was potentially misleading to consumers. June 27, 2022 the Sustainable Apparel Coalition said that it will pause the use of consumer-facing Higg MSI labels globally. [20] (#cite_note-sac-20) Since the initial outreach from the NCA, and following the publication of a guidance document, the SAC stated it was "grateful for the collaboration and productive discussions" [21] (#cite_note-21) and that it was working through the non legally binding guidance. A representative from the NCA also took part in the SAC's 2022 Annual Meeting in Singapore, as panelists discussed the challenges and opportunities of eco-labelling. [22] (#cite_note-22) The theme of the event was Collective Action on Common Ground . The organization has taken a proactive stance since the NCA’s notice, as noted in its annual report. [23] (#cite_note-23) As another initiative, the organization launched its 2030 Decarbonization Program in 2022. [24] (#cite_note-24) In March 2023, the SAC updated the Higg BRM which assesses sustainability performance across 11 key impact areas within three pillars: environmental, social, and governance better aligning with upcoming regulation. [25] (#cite_note-25) In November 2023, the SAC launched the updated Higg FEM 4.0 based on more than two years of collected feedback from members and a pilot with 400 users. SAC said the updates resulted in improved data precision, alignment with key industry standards, expanded environmental impacts, user-centric design, and audit efficiency. [26] (#cite_note-26) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Our Members" (https://apparelcoalition.org/our-members/) . Sustainable Apparel Coalition . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Higg Index" (https://apparelcoalition.org/tools-programs/higg-index-tools/) . Sustainable Apparel Coalition . Retrieved 2022-02-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tabuchi, Hiroko (/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi) (2022-06-12). "How Fashion Giants Recast Plastic as Good for the Planet" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/climate/vegan-leather-synthetics-fashion-industry.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-06-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Friedman, Arthur (11 December 2013). "Higg Index Gets Updated" (http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/textiles/higg-index-gets-updated-7306785?src=nl/mornReport/20131211) . WWD . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "AAFA, SAC Sign MoU" (http://www.textileworld.com/Articles/2012/December/November_December_issue/Departments/AAFA_SAC_Sign_MoU.html) Archived (https://archive.today/20130203133459/http://www.textileworld.com/Articles/2012/December/November_December_issue/Departments/AAFA_SAC_Sign_MoU.html) 2013-02-03 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) , Textile World Magazine , November/December 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Gunther, Marc. "Behind the Scenes at the Sustainable Apparel Coalition" (http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2012/07/26/behind-scenes-sustainable-apparel-coalition) , GreenBiz , 26 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Current Members" (http://www.apparelcoalition.org/current-members/) , Sustainable Apparel Coalition. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Sustainable Apparel Coalition.<Clark, Evan. "Sustainability Index Unveiled" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/forecasts-analysis/sustainability-index-unveiled-6114358) , Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , 25 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Higg Index" (http://www.apparelcoalition.org/higgindex/) . Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Higg Index Tools | Sustainable Apparel Coalition" (https://apparelcoalition.org/tools-programs/higg-index-tools/) . 2023-02-01 . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Clark, Evan. "Sustainable Apparel Coalition Formed" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/financial/sustainable-apparel-coalition-formed-3528300) , Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , 1 March 2011. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-app_12-0) Mathews, Brett (2022-06-27). "SAC to pause use of Higg profiles globally" (https://apparelinsider.com/sac-to-pause-use-of-higg-profiles-globally/) . Apparel Insider . Retrieved 2022-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Clark, Evan. "Sustainability Index Unveiled" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/forecasts-analysis/sustainability-index-unveiled-6114358) , Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , 25 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Binkley, Christina. "Which Outfit Is Greenest? A New Rating Tool" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443570904577547610634945308) , Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) , 25 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Godelnik, Raz. "Interview: New Tool Will Measure Sustainability Across Apparel Supply Chain" (http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/07/interview-sustainable-apparel-coalitions-executive-director-new-higg-index/) , TriplePundit , 27 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Reuben, Aaron. "Case Studies: The Higg Index for Sustainable Apparel" (http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/casestudies/reports/higg-index-sustainable-apparel) Archived (https://archive.today/20130213032758/http://epi.yale.edu/epi2012/casestudies/reports/higg-index-sustainable-apparel) 2013-02-13 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) , Environmental Performance Index, Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, 24 September 2012. Retrieved on 20 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Nike, Target, H&M and Others Joining Forces to Transform Global Labor Conditions" (http://ehstoday.com/safety/nike-target-hm-and-others-joining-forces-transform-global-labor-conditions) . ehstoday.com . 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 2015-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Glover, Simon (2022-06-15). "SAC defends itself against media criticism" (https://www.ecotextile.com/2022061529477/materials-production-news/sac-defends-itself-against-media-criticism.html) . Ecotextile News . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Roshitsh, Kaley (2022-07-27). "EXCLUSIVE: Amina Razvi Talks Higg Controversy, 'Opportunity' Ahead" (https://wwd.com/sustainability/business/higg-index-sustainability-tools-fashion-amina-razvi-sustainable-apparel-coalition-1235261705/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-sac_20-0) "Statement from the SAC Regarding the Norwegian Consumer Authority and Environmental Claims" (https://apparelcoalition.org/statement-from-the-sac-regarding-the-norwegian-consumer-authority-and-environmental-claims/) . Sustainable Apparel Coalition . 2022-06-27 . Retrieved 2022-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "SAC responds to consumer watchdog 'guidance' around Higg MSI" (https://www.just-style.com/news/sac-responds-to-consumer-watchdog-guidance-around-higg-msi/) . Just Style . 2022-10-11 . Retrieved 2022-11-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Fashion Sector Gathers To Find Common Ground on Sustainability Issues" (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fashion-sector-gathers-common-ground-174500186.html) . finance.yahoo.com . 2 November 2022 . Retrieved 2022-11-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Glover, Simon (2023-07-03). "SAC update on consumer-facing product labels" (https://www.ecotextile.com/2023070330895/labels-legislation-news/sac-update-on-consumer-facing-product-labels.html) . Ecotextile News . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Preuss, Simone (2023-10-10). "Sustainable Apparel Coalition launches climate action programme specifically for manufacturers" (https://fashionunited.com/news/business/sustainable-apparel-coalition-launches-climate-action-programme-specifically-for-manufacturers/2023101056287) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Sustainable Apparel Coalition Releases Latest Version of the Higg Brand & Retail Module To Support Companies To Drive Positive Impact at Scale" (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sustainable-apparel-coalition-releases-latest-154500646.html) . Yahoo Finance . 2023-03-01 . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "SAC, Worldly Launch 4.0 version of Higg Facility Environmental Module" (https://texfash.com/update/sac-worldly-launch-40-version-of-higg-facility-environmental-module) . texfash.com . Retrieved 2024-02-01 . 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Noted bespoke tailoring in Mayfair, London The model David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) wearing a bespoke suit by Henry Poole & Co (/wiki/Henry_Poole_%26_Co) (2014) Savile Row tailoring is men and women's bespoke tailoring (/wiki/Bespoke_tailoring) that takes place on Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) and neighbouring streets in Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) , Central London (/wiki/Central_London) . In 1846, Henry Poole (/wiki/Henry_Poole_%26_Co) , credited as being the "Founder of Savile Row", opened an entrance to his tailoring premises at No. 32 Savile Row. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) The term bespoke is understood to have originated in Savile Row when cloth for a suit was said to "be spoken for" by individual customers. [2] (#cite_note-BusinessWeek1-2) The short street has been termed the "golden mile of tailoring", where customers have included Charles III (/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales) , Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) , Lord Nelson (/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson) , Napoleon III (/wiki/Napoleon_III) , Muhammad Ali Jinnah (/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) , Laurence Olivier (/wiki/Laurence_Olivier) and Duke Ellington (/wiki/Duke_Ellington) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [2] (#cite_note-BusinessWeek1-2) [3] (#cite_note-BusinessWeek2-3) In 1969, Nutters of Savile Row modernised the style and approach of the traditional tailors; a modernisation which continued in the 1990s with the arrival of designers including Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) , Ozwald Boateng (/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng) and Timothy Everest (/wiki/Timothy_Everest) . With increasing rents the number of tailoring businesses on Savile Row had declined to 19 by 2006. [4] (#cite_note-SRWY-4) [5] (#cite_note-BloomRent-5) There were also criticisms from Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) of falling behind the times. [6] (#cite_note-Armani_FT-6) [7] (#cite_note-SR_Indep_2008-7) However, since the mid-2000s Savile Row has been enjoying a resurgence. A local online directory in October 2014 listed 44 tailoring and clothing businesses on or near Savile Row. [8] (#cite_note-Pollen_1-8) History [ edit ] While the first tailors moved onto the street Savile Row as early as 1806, [9] (#cite_note-9) the origins of its tailoring history can be traced back to the beginning of the 17th century. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) The story begins with a tailor called Robert Baker (RB), originally from Staplegrove in Somerset (/wiki/Somerset) , who bought up land to the north west of Charing Cross (/wiki/Charing_Cross) on the back of money made from the sale of Piccadills (/wiki/Piccadill) , a type of large broad collar. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) Working from "a poore little shop in ye Strand (/wiki/Strand,_London) " RB and his wife Elizabeth started a business which pitched their trade at the rich, among which was Lady Cope. Quoting from a contemporary source: "By ye means of ye Ladie Cope, whose Taylor hee was, [RB] fell into a way of makinge Pickadillys ... for most of the Nobilitie and Gentrie". [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) RB soon had "three score men att worke" and with the opening of a shopping arcade the New Exchange by King James I (/wiki/James_VI_and_I) next door in 1609, business prospered. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) Indeed, so much so that by 1613, "poore Countrey Taylor" RB had bought land for £50 (2023 value £10,206), which was then open country, and built himself a comfortable new home near where the Lyric Theatre (/wiki/Lyric_Theatre,_London) now stands on Shaftesbury Avenue (/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue) . [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) [11] (#cite_note-BofE_1-11) Soon, RB's new residence gained the nickname "Pickadilly Hall" and with other properties being developed by himself on that land, the nearest roadway also acquired the name "Pickadilly", which became modern-day Piccadilly (/wiki/Piccadilly) . [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) With his next property development RB bought 22 acres of land nearby on which, in present-day terms, includes Golden Square (/wiki/Golden_Square) where many cloth merchants used to reside and several streets in Soho (/wiki/Soho) where subcontracting tailors are traditionally based. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) The plot of land where Savile Row was eventually developed was originally called Ten Acre Close and "was created by the sale on 29 June 1622 of three adjacent parcels of ground, then all in St. Martin's in the Fields, to William Maddox, citizen and merchant tailor of London, by Richard Wilson of King's Lynn, gentleman." [12] (#cite_note-BHO_1-12) Ten-acre close was part of 35 acres bought by Maddox for £1,450 (2023 value £285,666) of undeveloped land which now covers East Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) . [11] (#cite_note-BofE_1-11) [8] (#cite_note-Pollen_1-8) This estate was handed down through Maddox's heirs for many generations, until it was passed to the Reverend George Pollen in 1764. [8] (#cite_note-Pollen_1-8) As a result of this, the Pollen Estate was founded and still exists to this day, part-owned by Norway's Oil Fund (/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway) since August 2014. [13] (#cite_note-Pollen_2-13) [14] (#cite_note-SR_NYT_NOR-14) Tailoring has been associated with Savile Row the area since the 19th century, when Beau Brummell (/wiki/Beau_Brummell) , who epitomised the well-dressed man, patronised the tailors congregated on the Burlington Estate, notably around Cork Street (/wiki/Cork_Street) , on which John Levick in 1790 at Number 9 was among the first. [10] (#cite_note-Walker_1-10) As of 1806 there was still not a tailors on Savile Row itself, but such firms as Davies & Son, Adeney & Boutroy, John Levick, Stultz, Meyer, Burghart and Davidson were colonising various surrounding streets including Clifford Street, Cork Street, Conduit Street, Sackville Street and Hanover Street. It is believed that the first tailors to actually work on the Row were Henry Poole and Company in 1846, when they turned the back entrance of their workshops at No. 36 Savile Row into the main entrance to their shop. [15] (#cite_note-15) Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) on No. 1 Savile Row The Savile Row Bespoke Association was founded in 2004 to protect and to develop bespoke tailoring as practised in Savile Row and the surrounding streets. [16] (#cite_note-SRBA-16) Founder members include: Anderson & Sheppard, Dege & Skinner (/wiki/Dege_%26_Skinner) , Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) and Henry Poole. The member tailors are required to put at least 50 hours of hand labour into each two-piece suit. [17] (#cite_note-SR_MemReq-17) In a March 2006 report by the City of Westminster (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) (Department of Planning and City Development), "Bespoke Tailoring in London's West End", it was estimated that between 6,000 and 7,000 men's suits (/wiki/Men%27s_suit) were made in and around the Savile Row area annually, representing a turnover of approximately £21 million. [4] (#cite_note-SRWY-4) A Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) article in February 2013 suggested that the total revenue for the informal group of suitmakers was now estimated to be £30–35 million, with several tailoring houses having over 10% growth in recent years. [18] (#cite_note-A&S_Reuters-18) The contribution of the fashion industry as a whole to the British economy is estimatedbto be £26 billion per year. [19] (#cite_note-BBC_FB-19) In November 2016, Savile Row became a Special Policy Area (#Westminster_Special_Policy_Area_2016) within the City of Westminster (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) . This gave Savile Row special planning status to safeguard its character: "Development in the Savile Row Special Policy Area will complement and enhance its role as an international centre of excellence for bespoke tailoring." [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) [21] (#cite_note-WCP-21) (For more information, see the section below (#Westminster_Special_Policy_Area_2016) ). 19th century [ edit ] Henry Poole and Co [ edit ] Main article: Henry Poole & Co (/wiki/Henry_Poole_%26_Co) Henry Poole & Co are the acknowledged "Founders of Savile Row" and creators of the Dinner Jacket, called a Tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) in America. The company has remained a family-run business since their establishment in 1806. They opened first in Brunswick Square (/wiki/Brunswick_Square) , in 1806, originally specialising in military tailoring, with particular merit at the time of the Battle of Waterloo (/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo) . Their business moved to Savile Row in 1846, following the death of founder James Poole. In 1982, MD Angus Cundey brought the firm back to Savile Row (No. 15), after being in exile on Cork Street since 1961; Poole were forced to move to Cork Street, because the lease at number 32 expired and the unlisted building was demolished. Gieves and Hawkes [ edit ] Main article: Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) Gieves & Hawkes is a traditional British gentleman's bespoke tailor located at No. 1 Savile Row. The business dates from the late 19th century, and was formed by the merger of two separate businesses, 'Gieves' (founded 1785) and 'Hawkes' (founded 1771). [22] (#cite_note-G&H_EL-22) Starting out with roots from two suppliers who focused on the British Army (/wiki/British_Army) and the Royal Navy (/wiki/Royal_Navy) , it was the first Savile Row tailor to provide ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothes. There are various Gieves & Hawkes shops and concessions around the UK and in several other countries. It holds a number of Royal Warrants of Appointment (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) , which cover all three British Royal Warrants ( Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) , Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh) , and Charles, Prince of Wales (/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales) ). [23] (#cite_note-G&H_WS-23) However, its current status is in doubt after Trinity, a subsidiary of Ruyi Group, was subject to a winding-up petition for debt in September 2021 [24] (#cite_note-24) and its subsequent purchase by Mike Ashley's Frasers Group. [25] (#cite_note-25) Dege and Skinner [ edit ] Main article: Dege & Skinner (/wiki/Dege_%26_Skinner) Dege & Skinner (pronounced / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ d iː dʒ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ) is known for its expertise in military as well as civilian clothing. It remains a family-run business and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2015. Located at No. 10 Savile Row, the firm was founded as J. Dege & Sons, and became a joint venture between the two families when William Skinner Jr. joined the firm in 1916. After the Skinner family took full ownership, the business was renamed Dege & Skinner, reopened by customer Colin Montgomerie (/wiki/Colin_Montgomerie) . The company is by royal appointment to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) , His Majesty the Sultan of Oman (/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman) and His Majesty the King of Bahrain (/wiki/King_of_Bahrain) . TRH Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge) and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) can be seen wearing Blues & Royals uniforms made by the company in the National Portrait Gallery (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) . [26] (#cite_note-alphacityguides-26) Tailors Dege & Skinner made two frock coat uniforms worn by Prince Harry (/wiki/Prince_Harry) and Prince William (/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge) at the Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle) in May 2018. [27] (#cite_note-HeSt-27) [28] (#cite_note-Reuters_RW-28) As well as the two uniforms, four outfits for the page boys were also created, challenging the tailors because of the boys' size. [27] (#cite_note-HeSt-27) Eight weeks' notice was given with very strict secrecy involved. Maurice Sedwell [ edit ] Maurice Sedwell (/wiki/Maurice_Sedwell) , located at No.19 Savile Row, is now owned by Andrew Ramroop. [29] (#cite_note-MS_1-29) Davies and Son [ edit ] Davies and Son is an independent tailors on the West side of Savile Row, having started in Hanover Street in 1803. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) It moved to its current location in 1986, making it the oldest independent tailors on Savile Row. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) [31] (#cite_note-D&SGQ-31) The brand incorporates a number of other tailoring businesses including: Bostridge and Curties and Watson, Fargerstrom and Hughes, Johns and Pegg, James and James, Wells of Mayfair and Fallan & Harvey. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) It is now owned by Patrick Murphy, Graham Lawless and Mark Broadfield, with former owner Alan Bennett as chair. Davies & Son held the Royal Warrant as Military Tailors to HRH The Duke of Edinburgh. Other customers have included: Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr.) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_designer)) , Prince Michael of Kent (/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent) , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_Jr.) , Edward Fox (/wiki/Edward_Fox_(actor)) , Clark Gable (/wiki/Clark_Gable) , Benny Goodman (/wiki/Benny_Goodman) , Harry S. Truman (/wiki/Harry_S._Truman) and the Duke of Windsor (/wiki/Edward_VIII) . [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) They have also clothed a large proportion of the crowned heads of Europe. [30] (#cite_note-D&S-30) H. Huntsman and Sons [ edit ] Main article: H. Huntsman & Sons (/wiki/H._Huntsman_%26_Sons) Huntsman, a 163-year-old business, was taken over by Roubi L'Roubi and Pierre Lagrange in January 2013. [32] (#cite_note-SR_ES_Hunts-32) L'Roubi is a British-born designer of Sudanese origin who was also a couturier on New Bond Street, while Lagrange is a hedge fund investor from Belgium. [32] (#cite_note-SR_ES_Hunts-32) Huntsman has its roots in equestrian wear and this is a part of L'Roubi and Lagrange's country lifestyle. [33] (#cite_note-SR_ES_R&L-33) L'Roubi explained to London Evening Standard (/wiki/London_Evening_Standard) that "rather than just owning the brand, we have a connection." [33] (#cite_note-SR_ES_R&L-33) He stated: "British upper-class fashion is about individuality. What we are wearing today is sombre but people wear tweeds and shooting stockings so bright that you'd never wear in the city, and that's where the character comes out, in the high life." [33] (#cite_note-SR_ES_R&L-33) As well as the tailoring business, L'Roubi and Lagrange face challenges at Huntsman, including infrastructure updating. [34] (#cite_note-SR_Spears-34) Among the technology being used is an electronic tracer that produces a digital file and a hardcopy- this is for the extensive archive of more than 3000 clients and can be used when ordering ready-to-wear. [34] (#cite_note-SR_Spears-34) He stated to Spear's magazine that technology for ready-to-wear is not being used on Savile Row. "The others are afraid of technology. We're competing with Gucci, Ralph Lauren." [34] (#cite_note-SR_Spears-34) However, not all changes were seen as beneficial – L'Roubi left the company in 2015 as losses continued to mount. [35] (#cite_note-LeG_NYT-35) Norton and Sons [ edit ] Norton & Sons (/wiki/Norton_%26_Sons) was established in the City of Westminster, London in 1821, the firm moving to Savile Row in the middle of the 19th century. In the 1960s Norton's incorporated the Savile Row firm of J. Hoare & E. Tautz. The firm were tailors to Sir Hardy Amies. [36] (#cite_note-Sherwood2007-36) Since 2005, the business has been run by the fashion designer and creative director Patrick Grant (/wiki/Patrick_Grant_(designer)) . [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) Grant is also known for his work with media, especially the BBC (/wiki/BBC) . He also relaunched the E. Tautz & Sons (/wiki/E._Tautz_%26_Sons) brand as ready-to-wear clothing, for which Grant was awarded the Menswear designer of 2010 at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) although the company has since been wound up. Grant stated: "When you walk into our shop you get a sense that you're walking into a place where people enjoy their work and take great pride in it." [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) Previous clients include Edward VII (/wiki/Edward_VII) and Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) . [37] (#cite_note-PG_ft.com-37) Kilgour, French & Stanbury [ edit ] Founded in 1882 as T & F French in Piccadilly (/wiki/Piccadilly) , in 1923 French merged with existing Savile Row tailor A.H. Kilgour to form Kilgour & French. In 1925, Fred and Louis Stanbury joined the firm, and in 1937 the business changed its name to Kilgour, French and Stanbury. In 2003, the business became Kilgour. In 2013, Fung Group acquired Kilgour from JMH Lifestyle [38] (#cite_note-Kilgour_Fung-38) and Carlo Brandelli (/wiki/Carlo_Brandelli) was appointed Creative Director (he was CD between 2003 and 2009). He stated: "The first time I was here [at Kilgour], I contemporised. But this time I'm experimenting with what bespoke can be. Because a suit is still a form of armour, it tells everyone where you are in the hierarchy." [39] (#cite_note-Kilgour_Carlo-39) Unfortunately, the re-branding exercise overseen by Brandelli has not been commercially successful, and the company went into administration on 27 February 2020. The property on Savile Row is long vacant and Kilgour now appears to be an internet-only business offering read-to-wear clothes only. [40] (#cite_note-40) 20th century [ edit ] Anderson and Sheppard [ edit ] In the early 20th Century, tailoring was softened by Frederick Scholte (/wiki/Frederick_Scholte) , a Dutchman, when he developed the English drape (/wiki/Drape_suit) for the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) ). [41] (#cite_note-A&S_Davies-41) [42] (#cite_note-Hill129-42) Scholte's "dress soft" style was developed into the "London cut", the house style of A&S (/wiki/Anderson_%26_Sheppard) , by Peter Gustav Anderson, a Swedish protégé of Scholte. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) The "London cut" is a high, small armhole with a generous upper sleeve that permits the jacket to remain close to the neck while freeing the arm to move with comfort. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) In 1906, Peter Gustav, also known as Per Anderson, founded A&S at No. 30, Savile Row. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) In 2004, A&S' lease at No.30 expired, and the building's landlords wanted to raise its rent. Shortly thereafter, Anda Rowland assumed A&S' daily operations. Rowland, daughter of entrepreneur Tiny Rowland (/wiki/Tiny_Rowland) (who had acquired A&S in the late 1970s, and whose family still holds an 80 per cent stake in the business) had been working at Parfums Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) in Paris. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) After Anda Rowland's mother, Josie, decided to relocate A&S to its current, smaller premises on nearby Old Burlington Street, she appealed to her daughter for assistance in managing the firm. Before Anda's arrival, A&S did not operate a web site or viable computer network, costs were left unrecorded and approximately £500,000 worth of unpaid tailoring bills (money owed to A&S) had accrued. Rowland stated: "We'd been in the old buildings since the 1920s and, like many Savile Row tailors or traditional companies, your image becomes tied ... like Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) , it becomes tied to the building." [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) Anda Rowland's initial act at A&S was to create an internet presence for the firm. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) A&S' website is a marketing tool and, says Rowland, "it helps to remind people or reinforces the idea that we have one foot in the past, but, also, one foot very much in today". Since 2005, A&S' sales have risen exponentially so that, allowing for the hiring of six additional full-time apprentices, for a total of eight. [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) As part of its 2012 revival, A&S opened a haberdashery shop on Clifford Street, at the end of the Row. Previous A&S customers include: Cary Grant (/wiki/Cary_Grant) , Gary Cooper (/wiki/Gary_Cooper) , Fred Astaire (/wiki/Fred_Astaire) , Pablo Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) , Bryan Ferry (/wiki/Bryan_Ferry) , Manolo Blahnik (/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik) and Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) . [43] (#cite_note-A&S_Australian-43) In January 2013, HRH Prince Charles visited A&S. [44] (#cite_note-Charles_And&Shep-44) In the 30 years that A&S had tailored his suits and coats, HRH had never actually visited the company's premises. [44] (#cite_note-Charles_And&Shep-44) In 2012, A&S' revenues topped £4 million and its annual revenues have increased over 13 per cent each year since 2009. [18] (#cite_note-A&S_Reuters-18) A&S manager Colin Heywood stated: "We're doing very well, actually. We've found that business has picked up in the last few years, and we couldn't be busier." [18] (#cite_note-A&S_Reuters-18) However, perhaps with the continued 'casualisation' of business and, more recently, the effect of Covid-19, the business has become less profitable than it might otherwise have been. [45] (#cite_note-ARe_1-45) Welsh & Jefferies [ edit ] Welsh & Jefferies has premises at No. 20. It is owned by James Cottrell and includes the tailors Lesley & Roberts. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) It started in 1917 on the high street of Eton (/wiki/Eton,_Berkshire) and became an established military tailor. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) In 1990, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales confirmed Welsh and Jefferies's pedigree when he appointed the firm with his Royal Warrant as sole military tailor. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) They are an independent company. Owner James Cottrell started as an apprentice at the age of 16 in Kilgour French & Stanbury and trained there for five years. [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) He worked there as a coatmaker for 15 years before becoming a cutter at Tommy Nutter, from where he went to Henry Poole for 18 years. [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) He was invited to join Welsh & Jefferies as a partner in January 2007, and in February 2013 took over the business with Yingmei Quan as junior partner. [46] (#cite_note-W&J_Website-46) Yingmei Quan won the Golden Shears competition in 2011 which enhanced her reputation as one of the better cutters on Savile Row. [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) Cottrell stated: "Finding your cutting style is a process that improves with your experience throughout the years by looking at people's figures and trying to get a perfect line and balance for that person." [47] (#cite_note-W&J_Keikari-47) Chester Barrie [ edit ] Chester Barrie (/wiki/Chester_Barrie) was established in 1935 by expatriate English tailor Simon Ackerman, who wanted a British brand and tailoring for his New York-based clothing business. Locating its factory in Crewe (/wiki/Crewe) from 1939, close to the Port of Liverpool (/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool) and its cloth supplier in Huddersfield (/wiki/Huddersfield) , it introduced semi-bespoke and ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) tailoring to the row. [48] (#cite_note-48) Sold to Austin Reed (/wiki/Austin_Reed_(retailer)) in 1980, it went into receivership in 2002, which split the factory from the retail operation. Now owned by Prominent Europe, clients have included Cary Grant (/wiki/Cary_Grant) and Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) , while both Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) and Sean Connery (/wiki/Sean_Connery) wore Chester Barrie in their films. [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) However, in 2020 Prominent Europe decided to close its branded business together with its store on the Row. [51] (#cite_note-51) The premises are now occupied by The Deck, founded by Daisy Knatchbull (/wiki/Daisy_Knatchbull) , a women's made-to-measure tailors that also offers true bespoke clothing. [52] (#cite_note-TDL-52) Hardy Amies [ edit ] The British fashion house Hardy Amies (/wiki/Hardy_Amies_(fashion_house)) was founded by English dressmaker (/wiki/Dressmaker) Hardy Amies (/wiki/Hardy_Amies) in 1946. Having been managing designer for Lachasse (/wiki/Lachasse) in 1934, and having designed clothes for the British Board of Trade under the government Utility Scheme, Amies bought the bombed out shell of No.14 Savile Row in 1946. Amies was one of the first European designers to venture into the ready-to-wear market when he teamed up with Hepworths (/wiki/Joseph_Hepworth_(tailor)) in 1959 to design a range of menswear. In 1961, he made fashion history by staging the first men's ready-to-wear catwalk shows, at the Ritz Hotel in London [53] (#cite_note-VicAlb-53) Amies also undertook design for in-house work wear, which developed from designing special clothes for groups such as the Oxford University Boat Club (/wiki/Oxford_University_Boat_Club) and London Stock Exchange (/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange) . Amies also designed costumes for films, including 2001: A Space Odyssey (/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)) . [54] (#cite_note-Amies_IMDB-54) Amies is perhaps best known to the British public for his work for Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . The association began in 1950, when Amies made several outfits for the then Princess Elizabeth's royal tour to Canada. Although the couture side of the Hardy Amies business was traditionally less financially successful, the award of a Royal warrant of appointment (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) as official dressmaker in 1955 gave his house a degree of respectability and resultant publicity. One of his best known creations is the gown he designed in 1977 for Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee portrait which, he said, was "immortalised on a thousand biscuit tins." Knighted in 1989, Amies held the warrant until 1990, when he gave it up so that younger designers could create for the Queen. [ citation needed ] In May 1973, Amies sold the business to Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) , who had themselves purchased Hepworths which distributed the Hardy Amies line. Amies purchased the business back in 1981. In May 2001, Amies sold his business to the Luxury Brands Group. He retired at the end of that year, when Moroccan-born designer Jacques Azagury became head of couture. In November 2008, after going into bankruptcy, the Hardy Amies brand was acquired by Fung Capital, the private investment arm of Victor and William Fung, who together control the Li & Fung group, [55] (#cite_note-HA_Fung-55) though sadly this was to be a short-lived reprieve and the company re-entered administration in January 2019, with the subsequent sale of the flagship No. 14, Savile Row to Hackett. [56] (#cite_note-56) The Hardy Amies name is still licensed globally, particularly in Japan. [ citation needed ] Nutters of Savile Row [ edit ] Nutters of Savile Row was opened on Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day) 1969 by Tommy Nutter (/wiki/Tommy_Nutter) and Edward Sexton (/wiki/Edward_Sexton) , who had worked together at Donaldson, Williamson & Ward. [57] (#cite_note-Nutters_Open-57) They were financially backed by British singer Cilla Black (/wiki/Cilla_Black) and her husband Bobby Willis, managing director of the Beatles' Apple Corps (/wiki/Apple_Corps) Peter Brown (/wiki/Peter_Brown_(music_industry)) , and lawyer James Vallance-White. [36] (#cite_note-Sherwood2007-36) Nutters was the first shop on Savile Row to pioneer 'open windows' and had bold displays created by the then unknown Simon Doonan (/wiki/Simon_Doonan) , resulting in the shop helping modernise the perception of Savile Row. [58] (#cite_note-58) Nutters of Savile Row dressed the entire social spectrum from the Duke of Bedford (/wiki/Robin_Russell,_14th_Duke_of_Bedford) and Lord Montagu (/wiki/Edward_Douglas-Scott-Montagu,_3rd_Baron_Montagu_of_Beaulieu) , to Mayor of San Francisco (/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco) Willie Brown (/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)) , to Mick (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) and Bianca Jagger (/wiki/Bianca_Jagger) , Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) and the Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) . [59] (#cite_note-TN_Obit-59) Their designs included Bianca Jagger's wedding suit and the costumes for the 1989 (/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)) Batman film (/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)) including those worn by Jack Nicholson (/wiki/Jack_Nicholson) . [ citation needed ] Tommy Nutter was proudest of the fact that the suits worn by three of the Beatles on the front cover of Abbey Road (/wiki/Abbey_Road) were made by Nutters. [60] (#cite_note-Nutter_Obit-60) Nutter left the business in 1976 and went to work at Kilgour, leaving Edward Sexton to continue running the business. [61] (#cite_note-Sherwood-61) Nutter died from complications arising from HIV/AIDS (/wiki/HIV/AIDS) on 17 August 1992 at the Cromwell Hospital (/wiki/Cromwell_Hospital) in London. [60] (#cite_note-Nutter_Obit-60) Edward Sexton continued to work at his premises on Beauchamp Place (/wiki/Beauchamp_Place) , Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) until his passing on the 23rd of July 2023. [62] (#cite_note-Sexton_Current-62) Meredith Etherington-Smith wrote: "Nutter was a gentle humorist who had a wide and interesting circle of friends attracted by his enthusiasm, by his gentle, self-mocking personality and his acerbic comments on the vagaries of others, always ending with the expression 'But who am I to talk?'." [60] (#cite_note-Nutter_Obit-60) Chittleborough & Morgan [ edit ] Chittleborough & Morgan was formed in 1981 by Joseph Morgan and Roy Chittlebrough. [63] (#cite_note-CM_1-63) Before opening their own shop, Joseph and Roy were both cutters at Nutters of Savile Row, working with Tommy Nutter and Edward Sexton. They produce only bespoke clothing from their Savile Row premises, there is no ready-to-wear or made-to-measure. New generation [ edit ] Modernisation, which had begun in 1969 with Nutters of Savile Row, had slowed by the early 1990s, so Savile Row tailors were "struggling to find relevance with an audience that had grown increasingly disassociated". [64] (#cite_note-WeiKoh-64) Three 'New Generation' designers are credited with keeping Savile Row ahead of the times: they were Ozwald Boateng (/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng) , Timothy Everest (a former apprentice of Nutter's) and Richard James. [65] (#cite_note-BBC_StyleGenius-65) Having each broken away independently from the Savile Row mould, public relations professional Alison Hargreaves coined the term "New Bespoke Movement" to describe collectively the work of this "new generation" of tailors. [66] (#cite_note-Arbuturian-66) Interest reached a peak in 1997 when the three were featured together in Vanity Fair . [66] (#cite_note-Arbuturian-66) The newcomers altered their shop fronts and used marketing and publicity to their advantage. [67] (#cite_note-MadeInBritain-67) For example, when Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) opened its Savile Row store in 1992, it introduced Saturday opening, something of a revolution to Savile Row at that time. [68] (#cite_note-RJ_SatOpen-68) Eight years later in 2000, Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) opened a new shop with large plate glass windows that allowed customers to see inside. [69] (#cite_note-Moreton-69) The new generation challenged the traditional Savile Row styling, bringing twists and "a fine sense of colour to bespoke suits." [70] (#cite_note-Indy_JW-70) They were seen to "push the envelope of modern suit making and bespoke active wear, creating more contemporary silhouettes with bolder fabrics." [71] (#cite_note-BestLife-71) Unlike the older establishments, this new generation of tailors set out to garner celebrity clients, disseminate their products via supermarket chains and attract wider national and international custom, raising the profile of their new tailoring style. [67] (#cite_note-MadeInBritain-67) In 2001 Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) was awarded the title Menswear Designer of the Year by the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) , following that up in 2008 with the Bespoke Designer of the Year award, in recognition of its contribution to British tailoring. [72] (#cite_note-LB_DT-72) Boateng received the French Trophee de la Mode for Best Male Designer in 1996. [67] (#cite_note-MadeInBritain-67) Richard James [ edit ] Richard James (/wiki/Richard_James_(tailor)) was founded in 1992 by designer Richard James and his business partner Sean Dixon and was the first of the 'New Establishment' or New Bespoke Movement (/wiki/New_Bespoke_Movement) tailors of Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) . [73] (#cite_note-RJ_LS-73) James's tailoring has always centred on what has become known as its 'modern classic' style: one or two-button single-breasted suits with slightly longer, more waisted jackets, incorporating deep side vents and a slightly higher armhole to give a slim, definitive silhouette. The overall design philosophy is to produce classic clothing, but push the barriers through experimenting with fabrics and making bold use of colour. Indeed, the British fashion writer and academic Colin McDowell (/wiki/Colin_McDowell) has described James himself as being "the best colourist working in menswear in London today". [74] (#cite_note-RJSS-74) Ozwald Boateng [ edit ] Ozwald Boateng (/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng) , a pioneer of the new generation, saw himself as both tailor and a designer, coining the term "bespoke couturier". [75] (#cite_note-75) Born in Muswell Hill (/wiki/Muswell_Hill) in 1967 to Ghanaian parents and raised in North London (/wiki/North_London) , Boateng started tailoring at age 16, selling his mother's designs on Portobello Road (/wiki/Portobello_Road) ; by twenty three he had set himself up full-time in business. He began making bespoke suits in 1990, and is credited with introducing Savile Row tailoring to a new generation. The first tailor to stage a catwalk show in Paris, Boateng's many clients include Will Smith (/wiki/Will_Smith) , Jamie Foxx (/wiki/Jamie_Foxx) , Samuel L. Jackson (/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson) , Dhani Jones (/wiki/Dhani_Jones) , Russell Crowe (/wiki/Russell_Crowe) , Keanu Reeves (/wiki/Keanu_Reeves) , and Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) . [76] (#cite_note-76) LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) President Bernard Arnault (/wiki/Bernard_Arnault) appointed Boateng Creative Director of Menswear at French Fashion house Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) in 2004. [77] (#cite_note-77) His first collection was shown in July 2004 in Paris, at Hotel de Ville. [78] (#cite_note-OB_FS-78) Boateng parted with Givenchy after the Spring 2007 collection. [78] (#cite_note-OB_FS-78) Steed Bespoke Tailors [ edit ] Steed Bespoke Tailors was established in January 1995 by Edwin DeBoise, whose father and brother are both tailors, and Thomas Mahon (/wiki/Thomas_Mahon_(tailor)) . [79] (#cite_note-SR_Steed-79) They are based in nearby Clifford Street and in Cumbria making bespoke and semi bespoke suits. [80] (#cite_note-Steed_HF-80) DeBoise trained at the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , and then apprenticed under Edward Sexton, followed by seven years at Anderson & Sheppard, before founding the company Steed. 2002 was Steed's eighth year in business and one that saw an amicable split with Mahon, who is now with Redmayne. [81] (#cite_note-RM_1-81) In September 2008, Edwin's eldest son Matthew DeBoise joined the company. [79] (#cite_note-SR_Steed-79) Kent and Haste [ edit ] John Kent and Terry Haste have worked together, on and off, for over 30 years. [82] (#cite_note-K&H_1-82) John has held the Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_warrant_of_appointment) for many years for the late Duke of Edinburgh (/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh) , who had followed John from Hawes and Curtis when he left that company to set up on his own. Terry, previously Head Cutter and Managing Director at Huntsman (having originally started his apprenticeship at Anderson and Sheppard), joined John about ten years ago. [83] (#cite_note-K&H_2-83) The two had previously worked together at Hawes and Curtis together with Stephen Lachter, shirtmaker, who still works with them in Sackville Street (/wiki/Sackville_Street_(London)) . [84] (#cite_note-K&H_3-84) The three have a great deal of experience between them: Terry worked with Tommy Nutter (/wiki/Tommy_Nutter) , designing and cutting such garments as the outfits of The Joker (/wiki/The_Joker) in Batman , and then at Huntsman, being responsible for many of their iconic garments including the double-breasted suit worn by Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) . [85] (#cite_note-K&H_4-85) [86] (#cite_note-K&H_5-86) [87] (#cite_note-K&H_6-87) [88] (#cite_note-K&H_7-88) The three of them maintain a storied clients' list, including American film stars and politicians, but are better known for their discretion. Richard Anderson [ edit ] Richard Anderson was founded in 2001 by Richard Anderson and Brian Lishak who acquired Strickland & Sons (est. 1780) in 2004. [89] (#cite_note-GQ-89) Richard Anderson is author of Bespoke: Savile Row Ripped and Smoothed , his autobiographic account of being an apprentice tailor. [89] (#cite_note-GQ-89) Customers have included Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) , Bryan Ferry (/wiki/Bryan_Ferry) and the Black Eyed Peas (/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas) . [6] (#cite_note-Armani_FT-6) Stowers [ edit ] Stowers (initially called Stowers Bespoke), was established in 2006 by Ray Stowers, former head of bespoke at Gieves & Hawkes for 25 years, and was created to reverse the trend in the modern market to mass-produce garments in the far east, with all ready to wear suits, accessories and made to measure suits in England [90] (#cite_note-90) (though the website now notes in Europe [91] (#cite_note-stowers.london-91) ). In 2008, Stowers Bespoke purchased the shop at 13 Savile Row from retiring tailor James Levett. [92] (#cite_note-92) They do not appear to offer bespoke garments. [91] (#cite_note-stowers.london-91) Cad and the Dandy [ edit ] Cad and the Dandy (/wiki/Cad_and_the_Dandy) was founded in 2008 by former bankers James Sleater and Ian Meiers. Cad and the Dandy initially came to an arrangement with Chittleborough & Morgan to allow appointments in their shop, before launching a new flagship store at 13 Savile Row in June 2013. [93] (#cite_note-C&D_No13-93) The store is the first on the street to hand weave a cloth on site before making it up into a fully finished suit. [94] (#cite_note-C&D_handweave-94) With Britain's bespoke tailoring industry facing an alarming shortage of master tailors, the company established an apprenticeship programme in London with young "would-be tailors" in its three London locations: Savile Row, Birchin Lane and Canary Wharf (/wiki/Canary_Wharf) . [95] (#cite_note-C&D_Skills-95) In 2013, Cad and the Dandy bought the shoe manufacturer Wildsmith, a 166-year-old business. [96] (#cite_note-Tele_Aug2013-96) Kathryn Sargent [ edit ] In April 2016, tailor Kathryn Sargent became the first woman to open a tailoring house in Savile Row. [97] (#cite_note-KSES_2016-97) [98] (#cite_note-KSG_2016-98) [99] (#cite_note-KSBBC_2016-99) As of 2023, Sargent is resident in Brook Street and has a branch in Edinburgh. [100] (#cite_note-KSBS_1-100) Among those Sargent has dressed include royalty, actors, politicians and sportsmen. [97] (#cite_note-KSES_2016-97) The master tailor, originally from Leeds (/wiki/Leeds) , spent 15 years at nearby Gieves & Hawkes, rising through the ranks to be head cutter before opening her first store in Brook Street in 2012. [98] (#cite_note-KSG_2016-98) [101] (#cite_note-KS_YP-101) She said that it gave a sense of achievement and that it is "just great to have your shop and your garments on display for people to see." [98] (#cite_note-KSG_2016-98) William Skinner from Dege & Skinner said: "It's fitting that the first woman to be appointed as a head cutter ... is returning to open a shop of her own." [97] (#cite_note-KSES_2016-97) In an interview with Another Magazine in 2012, Sargent said that she wanted to be a skilled worker rather than just a designer and to be able to fit something perfectly. [102] (#cite_note-KS_AO-102) William Hunt [ edit ] Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) -born and former professional footballer William Hunt first opened on Savile Row in 1998, having had shops on the King's Road (/wiki/King%27s_Road) in Chelsea and in Covent Garden (/wiki/Covent_Garden) . [103] (#cite_note-WH_web-103) Former clients include: Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) , David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) , Gary Neville (/wiki/Gary_Neville) , Gordon Ramsay (/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay) and Jonathan Ross (/wiki/Jonathan_Ross) . [103] (#cite_note-WH_web-103) Hunt aims to make "powerful suits for powerful men", [103] (#cite_note-WH_web-103) although made-to-measure and not bespoke. Whitcomb and Shaftesbury [ edit ] Whitcomb and Shaftesbury (W&S), named after the intersection of two nearby streets, was started in 2004 by two Indian twins Mahesh and Suresh Ramakrishnan on St. George Street, near Savile Row. [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) Both had been working in New York but the brothers spotted "a gap in the market for high quality tailoring and quality advice". [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) The Chennai (/wiki/Chennai) -born twins were able to lure Head Cutter John McCabe, a Savile Row stalwart having spent over 40 years cutting for the major names on the row. [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) W&S's Savile Row Bespoke line is made in London, but they have another range, the relatively more affordable Classic Bespoke, which, while cut in London, is tailored in Chennai by handpicked craftspeople trained to Savile Row standards. [104] (#cite_note-W&S_MsW-104) W&S has two units in Chennai staffed by approximately 85 local craftspeople. [105] (#cite_note-W&S_Hindu-105) In 2009 W&S established a new program concentrating on abused and deprived women in rural India, who undergo a rigorous 3-year training and certification programme: over 300 artisans have passed through this. [106] (#cite_note-W&S_Web-106) Former clients include Sachin Tendulkar (/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar) , Mick Jagger, Michael Jackson and Richard Gere (/wiki/Richard_Gere) . [105] (#cite_note-W&S_Hindu-105) Mahesh stated: "The art of Savile Row is to create a three-dimensional form that drapes the body and shows structure while still being fluid and non-restrictive." [105] (#cite_note-W&S_Hindu-105) Clothsurgeon [ edit ] Clothsurgeon was founded in 2012 by Rav Matharu, opening its first store at 40 Savile Row in August 2022. The store is the first on the street specialising in tailored streetwear. [107] (#cite_note-107) Other companies on Savile Row [ edit ] Company logo of Bernard Weatherill Ltd on 5 Savile Row Kent & Curwen (No. 2); Bernard Weatherill (No. 5 - closed at the same time as Kilgour as had become a subsidiary of that company); the cloth merchants Holland & Sherry were at No. 9–10 Savile Row (where they offered fitting space to various visiting tailors, including Higgins & Brown, [108] (#cite_note-108) Katherine Maylin Ladies Bespoke Tailors, [109] (#cite_note-109) King & Allen, [110] (#cite_note-110) Manning & Manning [111] (#cite_note-111) and Nooshin, [112] (#cite_note-112) ) but relocated to ground and lower ground floor 31 Savile Row in 2022, [113] (#cite_note-H&S_1-113) where it would appear they continue to allow visiting tailors to have rooms as Alexandra Wood is listed at this address; [114] (#cite_note-114) Paul Jheeta (No. 12); Castle Tailors (No. 12); Steven Hitchcock (No. 13); Martin Nicholls London Ltd. (No. 13); Hidalgo Bros. (No. 13); James Levett (No. 14); Stuart Lamprell (No. 18); Maurice Sedwell (/wiki/Maurice_Sedwell) (previously at No. 19, moving in 2022 to First Floor, No. 9-10); Gary Anderson (No. 34/35); Alexandre: owned by British Menswear Brands (No. 39); the Savile Row Company (at No. 40 - mainly ready-to-wear and made-to-measure but also offering bespoke). The oldest tailors in London, Ede & Ravenscroft (/wiki/Ede_%26_Ravenscroft) , have a premises close by on Burlington Gardens (/wiki/Burlington_Gardens) . The Deck, located at 32 Savile Row, is a female driven tailoring company that is the first to have a shopfront on Savile Row just for women. The company caters exclusively for women, though its product is mainly made-to-measure in Portugal rather than full bespoke. [115] (#cite_note-The_DK_1-115) Drake's (/wiki/Drake%27s_(haberdashers)) (No. 9) selling clothes "people can and will want to wear for years and years." [116] (#cite_note-Dra-116) [117] (#cite_note-LLo-117) Conduit Street tailors [ edit ] Established by Austrian tailor Jonathan Meyer at 36 Conduit Street in the late 18th century, Meyer & Mortimer supplied both the Prince regent (/wiki/Prince_regent) and his fashion mentor, Beau Brummell, as early as 1800. When the Prince became George IV of the United Kingdom (/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom) he awarded the company a Royal warrant of appointment (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) which, through Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) and monarchs since, it still holds today. After Meyer pioneered modern trouser design in the 19th century, he formed a new company with Mortimer in Edinburgh, Meyer & Mortimer, also called the Royal Clan Tartan Warehouse. After being bombed out of its premises during World War II, the company relocated to 6 Sackville Street, [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) also given as the address of Jones, Chalk and Dawson (commenced trading 1896 and currently listed at Companies House as dormant) and also Ward & Kruger, with which they appear to have amalgamated, [120] (#cite_note-120) before moving round the corner to 40 Piccadilly in 2022. Also at 6 Sackville Street was Brian Russell and Company. Brian Russell had worked at Anderson & Sheppard for 20 years before striking out on his own in Mayfair in 1987. He subsequently employed Fadia Aoun as a cutter (who had previously worked at Johns & Pegg but left when they became part of Davies & Son), and she took over the company on his death in 2007, keeping his name. However, the Sackville Street site has been vacated and the website notes that the company is in the process of relocating back to Mayfair. [121] (#cite_note-121) In the late 1950s, from his premises at No.29 Conduit Street, [122] (#cite_note-bondsuits.com-122) Anthony Sinclair created a classic, pared down shape, which became known as the Conduit Cut. Sean Connery famously adopted the look in 1962 for the first James Bond film, Dr. No , and continued to wear Sinclair suits for all of his appearances as Bond. [123] (#cite_note-123) Though it is sometimes reported that Ian Fleming (/wiki/Ian_Fleming) and his character James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) bought suits on Savile Row, there is no evidence for this in the James Bond books, [124] (#cite_note-Empire-124) [125] (#cite_note-Spaiser-125) [126] (#cite_note-MFM-126) and Fleming's own tailor was Benson, Perry & Whitley, located at 9 Cork Street in Mayfair. [127] (#cite_note-127) Another Conduit Street tailor, at No. 42, [122] (#cite_note-bondsuits.com-122) was Cyril Castle, who made the earlier James Bond suits for Roger Moore (later being replaced by Douglas Hayward in Mount Street), [128] (#cite_note-128) [129] (#cite_note-129) and for whom a young Edward Sexton worked. [130] (#cite_note-ESCS_1-130) Bernard Weatherill was also here until bombed out in 1939, [131] (#cite_note-BW_Ltd-131) and over the years many other tailors have been recorded in this street, such as Hammond and Riddle; Sandilands and Son; Forster, Fisher and French; Skrimshire and Herford. [132] (#cite_note-132) [133] (#cite_note-133) [134] (#cite_note-134) Future [ edit ] As of November 2014, there are only two family-owned tailoring houses left on Savile Row, namely Dege & Skinner and Henry Poole & Co. [135] (#cite_note-KarlWest-135) Managing director of D&S William G. Skinner, when interviewed by The Business of Fashion (BofF) website, stated: "Ready-to-wear has been available on the Row for some time, but recession and a tough economic climate have led some retailers further down the road of ready-to-wear..." [136] (#cite_note-BofFPt2-136) Although in recent years the global luxury menswear market has grown at roughly double the pace of luxury womenswear, the tailors of Savile Row face the stark reality that bespoke tailoring is simply not a scalable business. [137] (#cite_note-BofFPt1-137) How different companies compete in the forthcoming years will vary. Starting with the 150-year-old company Dege & Skinner, William Skinner points out the young people involved: the future generation of tailors, serving apprenticeships within the trade. [135] (#cite_note-KarlWest-135) He stated in an interview to The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) : "We have invested in the future of the trade, because we are confident about the future of the trade. We have a good business model; we make money and we reinvest it in the company. We are not a museum piece by any means." [135] (#cite_note-KarlWest-135) Patrick Grant, designer and owner since 2005 of bespoke tailor Norton & Sons, stated to The BofF: "The simple truth is that there are opportunities to sell ready-to-wear clothes thanks to Savile Row's history." [137] (#cite_note-BofFPt1-137) He continued: "Personally as someone who has a business on both sides, I would like to see anything with a Savile Row name on it actually made on Savile Row... If you have got ten thousand suits being made by hand on Savile Row, but you have got a million suits somewhere in a factory in Asia also called Savile Row, I don't think it can do anything other than hurt the business here." [136] (#cite_note-BofFPt2-136) Henry Poole & Co. are wanting to expand into China. [138] (#cite_note-SR_CNBC-138) In an interview with CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) , Simon Cundey, director of Henry Poole & Co, stated: "We've had a number of customers who have ordered in London and want the attention to detail we offer them and we hope that by bringing that option to Beijing we can grow the market there." [138] (#cite_note-SR_CNBC-138) Henry Poole & Co already has two stores in China through a partnership; however tailors make the framework for the suit in London and send it over to be assembled in a Chinese factory. [138] (#cite_note-SR_CNBC-138) In recent years, many alumni of the major Savile Row shops have gone on to set up their own tailoring businesses around the world, offering services and products that are rooted in the traditions of Savile Row. These include tailors such as Richard James, [139] (#cite_note-139) David Reeves of Reeves Bespoke, [140] (#cite_note-140) who have all established their own successful bespoke tailoring houses outside of London. Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) has been present on SR with repurposing, recycling, repairing and minimising waste being part of bespoke tailoring. [141] (#cite_note-SSR_1-141) An initiative by former SRBA director Su Thomas has enabled tailors, accessories and cloth merchants in and around SR to participate in the Eco-Luxe project by recycling their wool off-cuts. [141] (#cite_note-SSR_1-141) [142] (#cite_note-SRS_1-142) After spending months gathering fabric cuttings, the excess cloth was sent to iinouiio in Yorkshire (/wiki/Yorkshire) where it was converted into a yarn and then woven by the Wooven in the Bone micro-mill in Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) . [142] (#cite_note-SRS_1-142) By February 2024, approximately 100 metres of luxury grey herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) and twill (/wiki/Twill) wool cloth has been produced by this method and demonstrates a future with zero-waste tailoring, reducing re-usable resources that might be sent to landfill. [141] (#cite_note-SSR_1-141) [142] (#cite_note-SRS_1-142) Westminster Special Policy Area 2016 [ edit ] In November 2016, Savile Row was given special planning rules within the City of Westminster (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) by the introduction of 'Special Policy Areas'. [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) These new planning rules include four other areas and will "make it far harder for developers and landlords to dilute their distinctive character by allowing "clone" chain stores to force out smaller independent businesses." [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) Mark Henderson of G&H and chairman of Savile Row Bespoke Association is quoted as saying "I'm absolutely delighted. It's recognition that Savile Row is totally unique." [20] (#cite_note-ES_SPA-20) Westminster policy 'CM2.3: Savile Row Special Policy Area' states: "The Savile Row Special Policy Area (SPA) is home to a historic concentration of bespoke tailoring, with the street name in itself acting as a widely recognised international brand, synonymous with the unique and high quality bespoke and discreet, personal service it offers." [21] (#cite_note-WCP-21) It also states: "Encouraging bespoke tailoring uses in the Savile Row SPA will continue to support this cluster of bespoke tailoring activities and the wider bespoke tailoring industry in Westminster and the UK." [21] (#cite_note-WCP-21) Councillor Robert Davis said: "Like a good suit, planning policy should be made to measure." [143] (#cite_note-FN_1-143) Also: "We are using our powers to protect some of the capital's most valuable assets and create environments where specialist traders can thrive." [143] (#cite_note-FN_1-143) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Suit (clothing) (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors (/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Merchant_Taylors) Worshipful Company of Drapers (/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Drapers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Deitz, Paula (25 August 1996). "Savile Row's Ambassador to the Court of Kings" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CEFD61530F936A1575BC0A960958260&pagewanted=all) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230322153922/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/25/arts/savile-row-s-ambassador-to-the-court-of-kings.html?pagewanted=all) from the original on 22 March 2023 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b Norton, Kate (31 October 2006). "Savile Row Never Goes Out of Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080927191405/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2006/gb20061030_512497.htm) . Bloomberg Businessweek (/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2006/gb20061030_512497.htm) on 27 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-BusinessWeek2_3-0) Dunn, Bill (14 April 2003). "The Battle for Savile Row" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081029023710/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_15/b3825629.htm) . Bloomberg Businessweek (/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_15/b3825629.htm) on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bespoke Tailoring in London's West End - Westminster City Council" (https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/16363694/bespoke-tailoring-in-londons-west-end-westminster-city-council/81) . Yumpu.com . 19 June 2013. 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110525094101/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41485) from the original on 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2019 – via British History Online. ^ (#cite_ref-Pollen_2_13-0) Osborne, Hilary (11 August 2014). "Norway's sovereign wealth fund snaps up London landmarks" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/11/norway-sovereign-wealth-fund-london-landmarks) . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162440/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/11/norway-sovereign-wealth-fund-london-landmarks) from the original on 30 January 2019 . Retrieved 30 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-SR_NYT_NOR_14-0) Reed, Stanley (11 August 2014). "Norway's Oil Fund Buys London's Savile Row" (https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/norways-oil-fund-snaps-up-londons-savile-row/?_r=0) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200807021955/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/norways-oil-fund-snaps-up-londons-savile-row/?_r=0) from the original on 7 August 2020 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) https://www.savilerowbespoke.com/about-us/history/19th-century-history/ (https://www.savilerowbespoke.com/about-us/history/19th-century-history/) Retrieved 5 March 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-SRBA_16-0) "Objectives" (http://www.savilerowbespoke.com/about-us/objectives/) . Savile Row Bespoke . Savile Row Bespoke Association. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140925030301/http://www.savilerowbespoke.com/about-us/objectives/) from the original on 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-SR_MemReq_17-0) "Membership Requirements" (http://www.savilerowbespoke.com/about-us/membership-requirements) . Savile Row Bespoke . Savile Row Bespoke Association. 2014. 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Retrieved 14 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Savile Row and Eco-Luxe aiming for zero waste tailoring" (https://savilerow-style.com/news/campaign-for-wool-aiming-for-zero-waste-tailoring) . Savile Row Style. 4 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 April 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Santamaria, Barbara (11 November 2016). "Savile Row granted protection from Westminster City Council" (http://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Savile-Row-granted-protection-from-Westminster-City-Council,752252.html) . Fashion Network . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213155/http://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Savile-Row-granted-protection-from-Westminster-City-Council,752252.html) from the original on 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Further reading [ edit ] Savile Row: The Master Tailors of British Bespoke. James Sherwood, Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) . Publisher: Thames & Hudson (/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson) (11 October 2010). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0500515242 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500515242) . Bespoke: Savile Row Ripped and Smoothed. Richard Anderson. Publisher: Pocket Books (/wiki/Pocket_Books) (3 September 2009). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1847394569 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847394569) The London Cut: Savile Row Bespoke Tailoring. James Sherwood. Publisher: Marsilio (1 April 2007). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-8831791557 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8831791557) Henry Poole: Founders of Savile Row – The Making of a Legend. Stephen Howarth. Publisher: Bene Factum Publishing (17 February 2003). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1903071069 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903071069) . Savile Row: An Illustrated History. Author: Richard Walker. Publisher: Rizzoli Intl Pubns (15 March 1989). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847810208 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847810208) . The Savile Row Cutter. Hormazd Narielwalla (/wiki/Hormazd_Narielwalla) . Publisher: Bene Factum Publishing (1 August 2011). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1903071335 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903071335) . External links [ edit ] The Savile Row Bespoke Association (http://www.savilerowbespoke.com) The Savile Row Bespoke Association is dedicated to protecting and promoting the practices and traditions of Savile Row tailoring. The Prince of Wales visits Savile Row tailor Anderson & Sheppard (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blnV8SuTsXw) A 2'26" video on YouTube showing HRH The Prince of Wales visiting Anderson & Sheppard (5 January 2013). Below the Row (https://vimeo.com/65731270) A 10'08" video on Vimeo (/wiki/Vimeo) by Glen Travis which takes a rare look at the very special relationship between a coatmaker and his young apprentice at Henry Poole & Co. (2013). As seen on the Savile Row Bespoke website. Inside Savile Row: life as a master tailor (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/video/2013/feb/04/inside-savile-row-master-tailor?INTCMP=SRCH) . A 2'52" video from The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) with Edward Sexton, master tailor, and Claire Malcolm, creative director at Hardy Amies, discussing their working life at the British home of tailoring, Savile Row in London (4 February 2013). v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical 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Native Indonesian weaving style of Sumbanese Duration: 1 minute and 25 seconds. 1:25 Newsreel footage of a 1965 exposition on Sumba textiles at the Museum voor Land- en Volkenkunde, Rotterdam (/wiki/Wereldmuseum) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The textiles of Sumba , an island in eastern Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , represent the means by which the present generation passes on its messages to future generations (/wiki/Future_generations) . Sumbanese (/wiki/Sumba_people) textiles are deeply personal; they follow a distinct systematic form but also show the individuality of the weavers and the villages where they are produced. Internationally, Sumbanese textiles are collected as examples of textile designs (/wiki/Textile_design) of the highest quality and are found in major museums (/wiki/Museum) around the world, as well as in the homes of collectors (/wiki/Collecting) . Since the early 1900s, the Dutch (/wiki/Netherlands) were exporting textiles from Sumba (/wiki/Sumba) . Today, great numbers of textiles are still produced by a relatively small number of women, mainly from the eastern coastal districts of Sumba. These textiles are made not only for export (/wiki/Export) , but also for trade (/wiki/Trade) among local people for ritual (/wiki/Ritual) use, where by custom the process of ikat (/wiki/Ikat) was forbidden. [2] (#cite_note-2) Significance and symbolism [ edit ] Hinggi , the typical cloth of Eastern Sumba Since textiles are the products of Sumbanese (/wiki/Sumba_people) women, they are viewed as tangible representations of the female element of the bipartite universe. In Sumba, this male-female dynamic is encapsulated in the notion of the Highest Being, who is both the Father Sun and Mother Moon, as well as the Creator or Weaver of human life. The Sumbanese believe individuals are able to acquire the special powers and qualities of certain creatures when textiles displaying such motifs are worn. [3] (#cite_note-3) Although the appropriate clothes for Sumbanese men and women are different, Sumbanese textiles are seen collectively as a female component of their cosmos. The textiles are both clothing and the currency of traditional ceremonial exchange. Many fine-folded textiles must be presented at each marriage as part of a counter-payment for a bridewealth paid in horses, buffalo, and gold, and at each funeral (/wiki/Funeral) as a sign of mourning (/wiki/Mourning) and later also a counter-payment for animals that were contributed for slaughtering. In marriages, the textiles are symbolic and represent dowry (/wiki/Dowry) from the woman's family, the wife-givers, who are ritually superior on ceremonial occasions. The textiles are a prominent part of reciprocal gift for male dowry, such as metal, buffalo, and ivory from the man's family, whose burden in gift-giving is heavier because of the inferior status of the wife-taker to that of the wife-giver. [4] (#cite_note-4) The textiles are also traded or given to show that a contract (/wiki/Contract) is binding, as a kind of "interest payment" to request for more time to discharge a debt, and as a gesture of gratitude or reciprocation. Within these contexts, the textiles are counted; their collective value is estimated on the basis of materials, workmanship, design, and their relative worth in relation to the livestock traded for it, if any. These estimations value indigo (/wiki/Indigo) -dyed textiles more than those made with commercial dyes, value hand-spun (/wiki/Hand_spinning) thread more than store-bought thread, and value labor-intensive (/wiki/Manual_labour) techniques of supplementary ikat (/wiki/Ikat) -dyeing more than simpler and faster designs. [5] (#cite_note-5) Weaving and dying techniques [ edit ] Young woman from Kambera with a piece of cloth tied and ready for dying, 1931 The dominant weaving technique for the hinggi is ikat (/wiki/Ikat) of the warp, although supplementary weaving of both the warp and weft are sometimes used. For more important textiles, the ends are finished with a tapestry (/wiki/Tapestry) weave. The process of dyeing the pattern of a particular piece of cloth involves first setting the warp up on a frame, which gives the length of the cloth. In most cases, one end mirrors the other, and the left side of a panel mirrors the right side. Two identical panels are dyed, woven, and then joined. Because the technique is very labor-intensive, the designer, usually the weaver, generally does the setting out and dyeing simultaneously such that two textiles are constructed at the same time. Women's skirts, the lau , are a plain weave with a variety of decorative techniques added, including embroidery, the application of shells and beads, the supplementary weave of the weft, and, occasionally, ikat. Imagery [ edit ] Hinggi detail of a gecko The identifiable creatures that appear on royal Sumbanese textiles include animals of ritual sacrifice, such as cocks or chickens, as well as deer with spreading horns. Shrimp and lobsters can also be depicted and symbolize rebirth—shrimps because they shed and replace their shells, and lobsters because they can regenerate their limbs in a process of renewal. As such, shrimp and lobsters are symbolic of a ruler's powers. [6] (#cite_note-6) Hinggi [ edit ] Geometrically patterned Ikat woman's dress of thick cotton. Sumba, mid 20th century Hinggi are large blankets decorated with warp ikat (/wiki/Ikat) used for adat exchanges and as men's clothing. They are usually made in pairs; one cloth is wrapped around the hips, and the other is thrown over the shoulder. When designed for nobility, the textiles are usually larger and dyed with red and indigo colors to indicate the statuses of both the wearer and the giver. In the past, only nobles had the right to use and wear such textiles. These textiles were seen only in festivals, where they were worn by nobles, their family members, and retainers as a sign of power and wealth, which was concomitant with the wealth of society. [7] (#cite_note-7) The designs are often based on local animals, such as horses, roosters, deer, snakes, fish, and prawn. Other specifically Sumbanese images include the skull tree and the mamuli (/wiki/Mamuli) , a gold ornament that is also a rank indicator. Foreign symbols, such as dragons from Chinese ceramics (/wiki/Chinese_ceramics) and lions from the Dutch coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands) , are sometimes incorporated in these textiles. [8] (#cite_note-8) Lau [ edit ] Lau Hada from about 1900, Indianapolis Museum of Art No 33.682 Lau are the tubular skirts worn by women. The same symbols that appear on a man's hinggi reappear on the women's skirts, but the range of techniques used extend beyond ikat alone. These techniques include designs worked by a supplementary weave (/wiki/Supplementary_weave) warp, embroidery, the application of beads and shells, and, occasionally, tufting with supplementary yarns. The figures used in these textiles appear in light-colored yarns on plain backgrounds of dark blue, red, brown, or black. Lau pahudu are skirts worked with supplementary warp. Lau hada are skirts worked with beads and shells. They are also known as pakiri mbola , which means "at the bottom of the basket" and refers to the way they are carried when bought as a part of marriage gifts. [9] (#cite_note-9) An Indonesian gallery, Threads of Life, has archived various images of these skirts. [10] (#cite_note-10) Tiara [ edit ] Tiara are narrow textiles. The wider version, Tiara haringgi , is used as a shoulder cloth. A narrow version is used as a headband. See [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Balinese textiles (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Songket (/wiki/Songket) National costume of Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Indonesian art (/wiki/Indonesian_art) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Leven en dood op Sumba. Weefsels, sieraden, huwelijken, begrafenissen. Tentoonstelling najaar 1965- zomer 1966. Life and death on Sumba. Textiles, jewelry, weddings, funerals. Exhibition fall 1965- summer 1966" (http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=record_ID:siris_sil_81090) . Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Gittinger, Mattiebelle (1979). Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia . Washington DC: The Textile Museum (/wiki/The_Textile_Museum) . p. 157. LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 79-50373 (https://lccn.loc.gov/79-50373) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 5100926 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5100926) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Adams M.J., System and Meaning in East Sumba Textile Design: A Study in Traditional Indonesian Art, New Haven, Southeast Asian Cultural report Series 16, Yale University. 1969:29 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Maxwell R. (1990), Textiles of Southeast Asia; Tradition, Trade and Transformation . Oxford University Press Australia. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0195531868 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195531868) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hoskins, Janet. In the Realm of the Indigo Queen Dyeing, Exchange Magic, and the Elusive Tourist Dollar on Sumba. Chapt 4 in What's the Use of Art? Asian Visual and Material Culture in Context. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii pp. 115 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Adams M.J., System and Meaning in East Sumba Textile Design: A Study in Traditional Indonesian Art, New Haven, Southeast Asian Cultural report Series 16, Yale University. 1969 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Adams, M.J. Syst 1972 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Gittinger, Mattiebelle (1979). Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia . Washington DC: The Textile Museum (/wiki/The_Textile_Museum) . p. 158. LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 79-50373 (https://lccn.loc.gov/79-50373) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 5100926 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5100926) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Gittinger, Mattiebelle (1979). Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia . Washington DC: The Textile Museum (/wiki/The_Textile_Museum) . p. 162. LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 79-50373 (https://lccn.loc.gov/79-50373) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 5100926 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5100926) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Textile Archive: Sumba" (https://www.threadsoflife.com/textile-archive/sumba/) . Threads of Life . Retrieved 14 January 2019 . Further reading [ edit ] Forshee, Jill (2001). Between the Folds: Stories of Cloth, Lives, and Travels from Sumba . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780824822880 . Renard-Clamagirand, Brigitte (1997). "Sumba textiles". In Müller, Kal; Pickell, David (eds.). East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor . Periplus Adventure Guides (3rd ed.). Tuttle Publishing. pp. 172–173. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789625931784 . Holmgren, Robert J.; Spertus, Anita E. (1989). Early Indonesian Textiles from Three Island Cultures: Sumba, Toraja, Lampung . New York, N.Y.: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870995385 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Moss, Laurence A.G. (1994). "Art Collecting, Tourism, and a Tribal Region". In Taylor, Paul Michael (ed.). Fragile Traditions: Indonesian Art in Jeopardy . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780824815332 . Maxwell, Robyn (1990). Textiles of Southeast Asia, Tradition, Trade and Transformation . Australia: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-19-553186-8 . External links [ edit ] Hinggi in The Metropolitan Museum of Art (https://www.metmuseum.org/search-results#!/search?q=hinggi) Home in Sumba (http://www.homeinsumba.com/textiles/index.html) : images of Sumba ikat Threads of Life (https://web.archive.org/web/20130507193257/http://www.threadsoflife.com/product.asp?id=sumbatextile) : images of Lau Pahudu Hada (ceremonial tubular skirt) v t e Textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) Fundamentals Appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) Beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) Crochet (/wiki/Crochet) Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Felting (/wiki/Felt) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Nålebinding (/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding) Needlework (/wiki/Needlework) Patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) Passementerie (/wiki/Passementerie) Plying (/wiki/Plying) Quilting (/wiki/Quilting) Rope (/wiki/Rope) Rug making (/wiki/Rug_making) Sewing (/wiki/Sewing) Spinning (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) Stitch (/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) History of ... Byzantine silk (/wiki/Byzantine_silk) Clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Quilting (/wiki/History_of_quilting) Silk in the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods) Textiles in the British Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution) Timeline of textile technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Regional and ethnic African (/wiki/African_textiles) Kongo (/wiki/Kongo_textiles) Kuba (/wiki/Kuba_textiles) Australian Aboriginal (/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft) Hmong (/wiki/Hmong_textile_art) Burmese Acheik (/wiki/Acheik) Indonesian Balinese (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Sumba Indigenous peoples of the Americas (/wiki/Textile_arts_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) Andean (/wiki/Andean_textiles) Mapuche (/wiki/Mapuche_textiles) Maya (/wiki/Maya_textiles) Mexican (/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico) Navajo (/wiki/Navajo_weaving) Oaxacan (/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca) Korean (/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts) Māori (/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles) Related Blocking (/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)) Fiber art (/wiki/Fiber_art) Mathematics and fiber arts (/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Preservation (/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Textile industry (/wiki/Textile_industry) Textile museums (/wiki/Category:Textile_museums) Units of measurement (/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement) Wearable fiber art (/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art) Glossaries Dyeing terms (/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms) Sewing terms (/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms) Textile manufacturing terms (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐v2hbz Cached time: 20240721043542 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.341 seconds Real time usage: 0.448 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1000/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33619/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 698/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45331/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5645833/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 364.379 1 -total 38.29% 139.538 1 Template:Reflist 24.95% 90.906 1 Template:Textile_arts 24.29% 88.515 1 Template:Navbox 23.18% 84.480 2 Template:Cite_web 19.63% 71.541 1 Template:Short_description 11.62% 42.330 2 Template:Pagetype 11.11% 40.466 8 Template:Cite_book 8.71% 31.755 1 Template:Portal 5.25% 19.135 1 Template:ISBN Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38201324-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721043542 and revision id 1157085734. 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Industrial museum in Nottingham, England This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nottingham_Industrial_Museum) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Nottingham Industrial Museum" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nottingham+Industrial+Museum%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nottingham+Industrial+Museum%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nottingham+Industrial+Museum%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nottingham+Industrial+Museum%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nottingham+Industrial+Museum%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nottingham+Industrial+Museum%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Basford Beam Engine The Nottingham Industrial Museum is a volunteer-run museum situated in part of the 17th-century stables block of Wollaton Hall (/wiki/Wollaton_Hall) , located in a suburb of the city of Nottingham. [1] (#cite_note-1) The museum won the Nottinghamshire Heritage Site of the Year Award 2012 , a local accolade issued by Experience Nottinghamshire. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Museum collection closed in 2009 after Nottingham City Council withdrew funding, but has since reopened at weekends and bank holidays, helped by a £91,000 government grant, [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) and run by volunteers. [a] (#cite_note-5) The museum contains a display of local textiles machinery, transport, telecommunications, mining and engineering technology. There is a display of cycles, motorcycles, and motor cars. There are examples of significant lace-making machinery. It also houses an operational beam engine (/wiki/Beam_engine) , from the Basford, Nottingham (/wiki/Basford,_Nottingham) pumping station. Context [ edit ] Nottingham (/wiki/Nottingham) , Tiggua Cobaucc ─ Place of Caves, Snotengaham ─ "the homestead of Snot's people" was settled by the Vikings in 867 and by the Normans in 1086. They had established a castle (/wiki/Nottingham_Castle) there in 1067, which was fortified in stone 1120. Within the county, the cloth was manufactured and dyed, and coal was taken from outcrops near the Derbyshire border. Alabaster was also an important mineral. [5] (#cite_note-bbc-6) The city became the most important centre in the East Midlands, being fought over in all the internecine royal squabbles from the Battle of Bosworth (/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth) until the English Civil War (/wiki/English_Civil_War) . The castle fell into disuse and was dismantled in 1651. With the castle came all the supporting industries and commerce associated with a city. [6] (#cite_note-ac-7) Collections [ edit ] The museum divides the displays relating to five areas: Textiles, Transport, Communications, Mining and Steam. Textiles [ edit ] A stocking frame Two key inventions originating from Nottinghamshire gave rise to the local textile industry: In 1589, William Lee (inventor) (/wiki/William_Lee_(inventor)) of Calverton (just north of Nottingham), developed a framework knitting machine (/wiki/Knitting_machine) that enabled the manufacture of large volumes of stocking hoses at speeds far in excess of those achievable by hand knitting. By the 1760s there were some 20,000 of these machines installed in cottages dotted around the East Midlands and centred on Nottingham. [5] (#cite_note-bbc-6) This represented approximately 90% of the total number of such machines in the UK. The Nottingham Industrial Museum has a number of examples of these machines. One of the museum's framework knitting machines incorporates a Lace Bar Attachment. This attachment, invented in Nottingham in about 1760, enables a form of knitted lace to be made on a framework knitting machine. In 1808 John Heathcoat (/wiki/John_Heathcoat) developed a hand-operated lace-making machine, able to make lace in the same manner as lace is made by hand. This marked the beginning of the Nottingham lace industry. In 1812, the Luddites (/wiki/Luddites) broke into Heathcoat's Loughborough factory and smashed many of his machines. Rather than accept government compensation for the damage to his factory, Heathcoat elected to move his operations to Tiverton (/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon) in Devon. [6] (#cite_note-ac-7) Following the expiry of Heathcoat's patent in 1825, there was a rapid expansion in machine lace-making in the Nottingham area. The firm of John Leavers (/wiki/John_Leavers) soon became major manufacturers of such machines. These machines were installed in Nottingham's lace factories and driven by overhead line shafts powered by stationary steam engines located in the factory engine houses. At its peak, the Nottingham Lace Industry used over 1,000 such machines and was the centre the World's machine-made lace industry. Some 30,000 people were employed in that industry in the Nottingham area. The galleries at Nottingham Industrial Museum feature stocking frames (/wiki/Stocking_frame) , a 1910 warp knitting (/wiki/Warp_knitting) machine, a Wilman Circular, an Old Loughborough (/wiki/Old_Loughborough) Bobbinet, a 1910 Heathcoat, a Leavers machine (/wiki/Leavers_machine) [b] (#cite_note-8) and a Barmen (/wiki/Barmen) lace machine. In 2018, the Leavers lace machine was returned to operational condition. The Nottingham Industrial Museum's Advanced Leavers Lace Machine (built 1881) Transport [ edit ] There is a small collection of restored Raleigh bicycles (/wiki/Raleigh_Bicycle_Company) and Brough Superior motorbikes (/wiki/Brough_Superior) . Three thousand Brough Superior motorbikes were made in George Brough (/wiki/George_Brough) 's factory on Haydn Road. TE Lawrence (/wiki/TE_Lawrence) was an enthusiast and was killed riding one of the eight he owned. [7] (#cite_note-9) The galleries display two 17th-century Baskerville coaches of dubious origin, Thomas Humber (/wiki/Thomas_Humber) 's own bicycle, [8] (#cite_note-10) a Brough Superior car, and a unique Celer car. [9] (#cite_note-11) Celer automobile Communication [ edit ] Exhibits show how Nottingham changed the communications industry, and how the communications industry changed the daily lives of Nottingham people. Visitors can see and hear restored vintage radios and gramophones dating back to the 1920s, and tap their own Morse code message on a telegraph system [10] (#cite_note-12) Mining and agriculture [ edit ] In the yard is a coal truck from Clifton Colliery from the days when this mine was providing most of the coal for the nearby Wilford Power Station which was situated on the site of what is now the Riverside Retail Park. Nearby is situated a restored living van. These were towed behind steam engines and steam rollers and provided accommodation for labourers whilst working on farms or road works. There are usually a number of tractors to be found in the tractor yard and these can sometimes be seen working during steaming days. [11] (#cite_note-13) The tractor collection comprises a Standard Fordson (/wiki/Fordson_tractor) and a Field Marshall Series 2 (/wiki/Field_Marshall) . Outside the engine-house is a yard which is home to a number of barn engines, used previously to drive items like pumps and agricultural machinery. There are examples from manufacturers such as Wolseley. The barn engines are usually seen operating at steaming days. Engines [ edit ] The Steam Gallery [12] (#cite_note-14) contains a Basford Beam Engine, one of a pair of engines built in 1858 by R. W. Hawthorn in Newcastle upon Tyne. It was installed at Basford (/wiki/Basford,_Nottingham) Pumping Station (/wiki/Pumping_Station) to lift water 110 ft from the sandstone below to supply fresh water to the City of Nottingham. The engine was replaced in 1965 and was removed to the purpose-built Steam Gallery where it was first fired in 1975. Also in this building today are a variety of pumps and engines, many of which were removed from local companies; for example E. Reader & Sons of Phoenix Engine Works, Cremorne Street, Nottingham (Makers of high-speed stationary steam engines). [13] (#cite_note-15) At the bottom end of the gallery stand two ploughing engines. These have consecutive registration numbers and were the last two production engines to come out of Fowlers Leeds Foundry (/wiki/John_Fowler_%26_Co.) . Owned by Nottingham City Council, they were used for ploughing the treated sewage into the land at a large dairy farm at Stoke Bardolph. One of these engines is operational and is used at the steam up events. Next to the ploughing engines is a J. T. Marshall (/wiki/James_Thompson_Marshall) Portable steam engine (/wiki/Portable_engine) , built at the Nottingham Engineering Works, Sandiacre, in 1886. It has been restored to full working order and can be seen operating at the steam up events. Other exhibits [ edit ] An operational model railway can also be seen in the steam hall along with a working model of a Robey stationary engine. In a separate room, there is a very large stationary mill engine that was previously housed in a Nottinghamshire pub before being rescued by the museum. Behind the mill engine lies a 00 gauge railway display. Alongside the communications exhibits are clocks and printing machines. There are also items from prominent local companies such as Boots the Chemist (/wiki/Boots_the_Chemist) , Players Cigarettes (/wiki/John_Player_%26_Sons) and Stanton Ironworks (/wiki/Stanton_Ironworks) . In one of the museum's yards is a carved stone crest from Nottingham's first railway station, opened by the Midland Counties Railway (/wiki/Midland_Counties_Railway) in 1839. Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-5) Registered Charity Number: 1167388 Limited Company by Guarantee: 09679802 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Invented by John Levers, the 'a' was added to aid pronunciation. Donated by Cluny Lace of Ilkeston References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Nottingham Industrial Museum" (http://www.nottinghamindustrialmuseum.org.uk/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "2012 Nottinghamshire Heritage Awards" (http://news.experiencenottinghamshire.com/heritage-awards/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Nottingham Industrial Museum reopens after three years , BBC News , Nottingham, 17 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Nottingham Industrial Museum, events calendar 2017 (http://www.nottinghamindustrialmuseum.org.uk/events/) , Retrieved 7 April 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b "Short history of Nottinghamshire" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/content/articles/2008/03/06/local_history_notts_short_history_feature.shtml) . BBC . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "History - The University of Nottingham" (http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studywithus/nottinghamlife/nottingham/history.aspx) . www.nottingham.ac.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Historic Brough motorcycles discovered in Cornwall barn" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-35091164) . BBC News . 14 December 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Nottingham Industrial Museum - Transport Gallery (https://www.nottinghamindustrialmuseum.org.uk/about/transport/) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Brian Waters,Richard English and Tim Warner (Editor) (2003). Made in Nottinghamshire. The Motor Car Manufacturing Heritage . Nottinghamshire County Council. p. 26. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 090275176X . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : |author= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Nottingham Industrial Museum - Local Industries (https://www.nottinghamindustrialmuseum.org.uk/about/local-industries/) ^ (#cite_ref-13) Nottingham Industrial Museum - Live Steaming Day (https://www.nottinghamindustrialmuseum.org.uk/about/what-is-a-working-day/) ^ (#cite_ref-14) Nottingham Industrial Museum - Steam Hall (https://www.nottinghamindustrialmuseum.org.uk/about/steam-engines/) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Grace's Guide to British Industrial History (https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/E._Reader_and_Sons) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nottingham Industrial Museum . The official site of Nottingham Industrial Museum (http://www.nottinghamindustrialmuseum.org.uk/) v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris 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Loose-fitting casual jumpsuit for adults This article is about the jumpsuit for adults. For the jumpsuit for infants, see Infant bodysuit (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) . A modern adult-size onesie A onesie ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ w ʌ n z i / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ) is a type of a loose-fitting casual jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) for adults made of knit (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) cotton (/wiki/Cotton) (as used in sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirt) ), fleece (/wiki/Wool) , or chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) . [1] (#cite_note-Oxford-1) They are mostly intended as loungewear (/wiki/Loungewear) or sleepwear (/wiki/Sleepwear) , but have gained significant popularity as stylish streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) , especially in the United Kingdom and Australia, becoming increasingly popular during the late 2000s and early 2010s as a street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) . In 2016 the onesie also appeared in Switzerland. After onesies lost importance, in the UK the onesie made a comeback in the 2022 energy crisis to save heating costs as a warm and comfortable garment. [2] (#cite_note-2) Etymology [ edit ] The term "onesies" (with an s at the end) is a brand name (/wiki/Brand_name) for infant bodysuits (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) that is owned by Gerber (/wiki/Gerber_Products_Company) Childrenswear LLC, and the term is used generically (/wiki/Generic_trademark) for infant bodysuits (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) in the US. There is little in common between the infant onesies and an adult onesie: the former is usually sleeveless and legless and snaps or buttons at the crotch (/wiki/Crotch) . In 2008, when casual jumpsuits became increasingly popular, the press started discrediting them as "adult onesies," [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) and the name seems to have eroded (/wiki/Generic_trademark#Trademark_erosion) to a generic word, dropping the final "S" in the process. [ original research? ] Kigurumi [ edit ] Man wearing a tiger kigurumi onesie on the street A type of onesie known as kigurumi (着ぐるみ), or " cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) pajamas", emerged as Japanese street fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) and spread outside Japan (/wiki/Japan) in 2009. Kigurumi can also refer to a costumed character (/wiki/Costumed_character) , and these types of clothing resemble various types of animals, similar to a mascot (/wiki/Mascot) costume. They became popular worldwide, in particular following a viral video (/wiki/Viral_video) of Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) twerking (/wiki/Twerking) while wearing a unicorn (/wiki/Unicorn) kigurumi . [5] (#cite_note-5) Historically, the term “kigurumi” has been used in Japan to refer to the use of full-body mascot or masked outfits in performances and costume play, predating their use as pajamas. A more specific term to differentiate Kigurumi masks is "Bishoujo Kigurumi", sometimes incorrectly referred to as the mistranslation artifact “Animegao-Kigurumi”. [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Siren suit (/wiki/Siren_suit) – The 1940s precursor to the onesie. Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) – One-piece underwear invented during the mid-19th century and worn by cowboys (/wiki/Cowboy) and American Civil War soldiers. Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) , an infant garment similar to an adult onesie References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0) "onesie | Definition of onesie in English by Oxford Dictionaries" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120728004218/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/onesie) . Oxford Dictionaries | English . Archived from the original (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/onesie) on July 28, 2012 . Retrieved 2018-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) The Guardian (2022-10-07). "Hot sellers: onesies are back as Britons try to save on energy bills" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/oct/07/onesies-energy-bills-hooded-blankets-heating-costs) . Hot sellers: onesies are back as Britons try to save on energy bills . Retrieved 2022-10-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Adult Onesies: The Dress Like A Toddler Trend Claims Further Victims. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121014145634/http://www.thefashionpolice.net/2008/09/adult-onesies-t.html) 2012-10-14 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Blog entry in The Fashion Police dated 2008-09-08. Accessed 2013-03-09. ^ (#cite_ref-4) The Fashion Police Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021008/http://www.thefashionpolice.net/adult-onesies) 2013-11-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-5) James, Caroline (9 August 2013). "Animal onesies a booming market" (https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/animal-onesies-a-booming-market-20130809-2rlq1.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2013-08-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Haruka Jibi, Kazunori Sugiura (2018). "アニメ顔着ぐるみマスク制作マッチングサービスの構築 : マスク受注販売事業「キグルミ屋」の活動を通じて" (https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=KO40001001-00002018-0689) . Keio University Media Design Research Department . 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(/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed 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Italian sportswear manufacturer De Marchi Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) DE MARCHI SPORT Srl Industry Sporting goods (/wiki/Sporting_goods) Founded 1946 ; 78 years ago ( 1946 ) , San Vendemiano (/wiki/San_Vendemiano) Founder Emilio De Marchi Headquarters San Vendemiano (/wiki/San_Vendemiano) , Italy Area served Worldwide Products Cycling clothing De Marchi is a premium Italian (/wiki/Italy) sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) manufacturer and one of the oldest known cycling (/wiki/Cycling) clothing brands. [1] (#cite_note-1) Its date of founding goes back to a few months after the end of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) in 1946. [2] (#cite_note-2) Its founder, Emilio De Marchi (1906–1992) was an athlete and manager for Bottecchia (/wiki/Bottecchia) , a major professional cycling team of his time named after the great Italian cyclist Ottavio Bottecchia (/wiki/Ottavio_Bottecchia) . De Marchi became instantly famous in the cycling world for the superior quality of the wool ( Merino (/wiki/Merino) ) used to produce cycling jerseys (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) and cycling shorts (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) . It was also among the first cycling clothing manufacturers to introduce circular knitting (/wiki/Circular_knitting) construction technique that allowed the creation of more comfortable jerseys, and buckskin leather (/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)) (obtained from softer chamois leather (/wiki/Chamois_leather) ), to make cycling short’s pads as opposed to sheep, that was more commonly used before. More recently, in 1991, De Marchi has been the first brand to patent and sell a high-technology cycling pad (/wiki/Cycling_pad) . Made completely in microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) fabric, anatomical heat-formed shaped, with air cooling silicone gel filling, "Soft-Gel" laid the basis for a more comfortable cycling ride to both professional and recreational athletes. In 2000 De Marchi patented an innovative bikepad that acts as an elastic interface between the cyclist's body and the saddle which drastically reduced irritation and quickly became a standard in high quality cycling wear. De Marchi has been uninterruptedly run by the same family since it was founded. [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Transport portal (/wiki/Portal:Transport) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "BTI To Distribute De Marchi Apparel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130315075322/http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2009/07/19/bti-distribute-de-marchi-apparel) . Bicycle Retailer . 19 July 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2009/07/19/bti-distribute-de-marchi-apparel#.UU80AlfaiIQ) on 15 March 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "De Marchi history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182734/http://www.bikeradar.com/us/road/news/article/de-marchi-celebrates-heritage-with-1951-jersey-38729/) . Bike Radar. Archived from the original (http://www.bikeradar.com/us/road/news/article/de-marchi-celebrates-heritage-with-1951-jersey-38729/) on 2013-12-16 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "De Marchi family's tradition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130221063027/http://www.demarchi.com/index.php/ita/legacy) . De Marchi. Archived from the original (http://www.demarchi.com/index.php/ita/legacy) on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.demarchi.com) v t e Italian bicycle (/wiki/Bicycle) manufacturers Current 3T Cycling (/wiki/3T_Cycling) Abici (/wiki/Abici) ALAN (/wiki/ALAN) Askoll (/wiki/Askoll) Atala (/wiki/Atala_(company)) Basso (/wiki/Basso_Bikes) Battaglin Cicli (/w/index.php?title=Battaglin_Cicli&action=edit&redlink=1) Benotto (/w/index.php?title=Benotto&action=edit&redlink=1) Bianchi (/wiki/Bianchi_(company)) Borile (/wiki/Borile) Bottecchia (/wiki/Bottecchia) Carnielli (/wiki/Carnielli) Carrera Podium (/w/index.php?title=Carrera_Podium&action=edit&redlink=1) C.B.T. Italia (/w/index.php?title=C.B.T._Italia&action=edit&redlink=1) Casati (/wiki/Casati) Chesini (/w/index.php?title=Chesini&action=edit&redlink=1) Cinelli (/wiki/Cinelli) Ciöcc (/w/index.php?title=Ci%C3%B6cc&action=edit&redlink=1) Colnago (/wiki/Colnago) Daccordi (/w/index.php?title=Daccordi&action=edit&redlink=1) De Rosa (/wiki/De_Rosa_(bicycle_company)) Di Blasi Industriale (/wiki/Di_Blasi_Industriale) Faggin (/wiki/Faggin) Frera (/wiki/Frera) Gios (/w/index.php?title=Gios&action=edit&redlink=1) Guerciotti (/wiki/Guerciotti) Kuota (/wiki/Kuota) Legnano (/wiki/Legnano) MCipollini (/w/index.php?title=MCipollini&action=edit&redlink=1) Dario Pegoretti (/wiki/Dario_Pegoretti) Iride (/wiki/Iride_Bicycles) Masciaghi (/w/index.php?title=Masciaghi&action=edit&redlink=1) Moser Cicli Olmo Olympia Pinarello (/wiki/Pinarello) Rewel Bikes (/w/index.php?title=Rewel_Bikes&action=edit&redlink=1) Somec (/wiki/Somec) Stelbel (/wiki/Stelbel) Tommasini (/wiki/Tommasini) Torpado (/wiki/Torpado) Wilier Triestina (/wiki/Wilier_Triestina) Zullo (/wiki/Zullo) Defunct AMF Gloria (/w/index.php?title=AMF_Gloria&action=edit&redlink=1) Chiorda (/w/index.php?title=Chiorda&action=edit&redlink=1) Cimatti (/wiki/Cimatti) Emilio Bozzi & Co. (/wiki/Emilio_Bozzi) Frejus (/wiki/Frejus) Italvega (/wiki/Italvega) Maffeis (/wiki/Maffeis) Maino (/w/index.php?title=Maino_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) Masi (/wiki/Masi_Bicycles) Pogliaghi (/wiki/Pogliaghi) Prinetti & Stucchi (/wiki/Prinetti_%26_Stucchi) Romani Rossin (/wiki/Rossin) Components 3T Cycling (/wiki/3T_Cycling) Ambrosio (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_(Fahrradhersteller)) Campagnolo (/wiki/Campagnolo) Cinelli (/wiki/Cinelli) Columbus (/wiki/Columbus_(company)) DM Telai (/w/index.php?title=DM_Telai&action=edit&redlink=1) Fulcrum Wheels (/wiki/Fulcrum_Wheels) Gipiemme (/w/index.php?title=Gipiemme&action=edit&redlink=1) Italmanubri (/w/index.php?title=Italmanubri&action=edit&redlink=1) Marzocchi (/wiki/Marzocchi) Miche (/wiki/Miche_(company)) Modolo (/wiki/Modolo) Paioli (/w/index.php?title=Paioli&action=edit&redlink=1) Pirelli (/wiki/Pirelli) Selle Royal (/wiki/Selle_Royal) Vittoria (/wiki/Vittoria_S.p.A.) Italian cycle designers Antenore Belletti (/wiki/Antenore_Belletti) Stelio Belletti (/wiki/Stelio_Belletti) Edoardo Bianchi (/wiki/Edoardo_Bianchi) Ottavio Bottecchia (/wiki/Ottavio_Bottecchia) Emilio Bozzi (/wiki/Emilio_Bozzi) Tullio Campagnolo (/wiki/Tullio_Campagnolo) Cino Cinelli (/wiki/Cino_Cinelli) Ernesto Colnago (/wiki/Ernesto_Colnago) Maurizio Fondriest (/wiki/Maurizio_Fondriest) Francesco Moser (/wiki/Francesco_Moser) Giuseppe Olmo (/wiki/Giuseppe_Olmo) Dario Pegoretti (/wiki/Dario_Pegoretti) Other Biemme (/w/index.php?title=Biemme&action=edit&redlink=1) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) De Marchi Northwave (/wiki/Northwave_(sportswear)) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan 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STYLEPIT.COM A/S Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) Nasdaq Copenhagen (/wiki/Nasdaq_Nordic) : STYLE (https://www.nasdaqomxnordic.com/shares/microsite?Instrument=CSE50377) Industry Clothing Founded 2000 ( 2000 ) Headquarters Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Number of locations 20 countries (2013) Area served Europe (/wiki/Europe) Key people Mike Tomkins ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Services Online retailing (/wiki/Online_retailing) STYLEPIT , previously known as SmartGuy Group is an online retailer (/wiki/Online_retailer) of fashion (/wiki/Fashion) apparel, launched in 2000. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) STYLEPIT has been named a growth gazelle by Danish business daily Børsen (/wiki/Dagbladet_B%C3%B8rsen) for six consecutive years, and has received a number of awards, including the Danish e-Commerce Award, as well as European e-Commerce Awards. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-FDIH-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In addition to Denmark, the company has local offices or actual subsidiaries in 20 European markets. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Bestseller (/wiki/Bestseller_(company)) acquired 10% of the shares, when the company became quoted on the Danish stock exchange Nasdaq OMX (/wiki/Nasdaq_OMX) in late 2012. [11] (#cite_note-EPN.dk-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) One year later, Bestseller increased their ownership to 26%. [11] (#cite_note-EPN.dk-11) [13] (#cite_note-13) In January 2014, STYLEPIT moved their warehouse to Szczecin (/wiki/Szczecin) , Poland. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "CVR - Central Business Register" (https://datacvr.virk.dk/enhed/person/4008861096/deltager) . 5 October 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "NASDAQ OMX Copenhagen welcomes SmartGuy Group on its main market" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117103840/http://nasdaqomxnordic.com/nyheter/noteringar/2012/smartguy/) . Nasdaq OMX. Archived from the original (http://www.nasdaqomxnordic.com/nyheter/noteringar/2012/smartguy/) on 2013-01-17. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "stylepit.dk revenue ecommerceDB.com" (https://ecommercedb.com/en/store/stylepit.dk) . ecommercedb.com . Retrieved 2020-03-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Smartguy Group" (https://klarna.com/sv/salj-med-klarna/referenser/smartguy-group) . Klarna. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "StylePit lanserar nya butiker och släpper eget klädmärke" (http://www.ehandel.se/StylePit-lanserar-nya-butiker-och-slaepper-eget-klaedmaerke,2593.html) . Ehandel.se. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Hummel-chef skal hjælpe nynoteret tøjfirma" (http://investor.borsen.dk/artikel/1/223515/hummel-chef_skal_hjaelpe_nynoteret_toejfirma.html?hl=U21hcnRndXk7R2F6ZWxsZQ,,) . borsen.dk. ^ (#cite_ref-FDIH_7-0) "Vindere af E-handelsprisen 2012" (http://www.fdih.dk/e-handelsprisen/vinderne/vindere-af-e-handelsprisen-2012/) . FDIH . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Zalando and SaldiPrivati win European E-Commerce Awards" (http://www.e-commercefacts.com/news/2012/06/e-commerce-awards/) . E-commerce Facts. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "SmartGuy Group A/S" (https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=SMART.CO) . Reuters. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Exciting Commerce von der K5-Konferenz" (https://k5ticker.tumblr.com/post/61106997729/k5-der-daenische-mode-onlinehaedler-stylepit) . Reuters. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bestseller køber sig ind i tøj-succes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121223025747/http://epn.dk/brancher/mode/toj/article4892176.ece) . EPN.dk. Archived from the original (http://epn.dk/brancher/mode/toj/article4892176.ece) on 2012-12-23. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Dansk tøjkonge blandt verdens yngste milliardærer" (http://www.metroxpress.dk/nyheder/dansk-tjkonge-blandt-verdens-yngste-milliardrer/KObllp!AjsgNkSReR6qY/) . Metro Xpress. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Bestseller stockt bei Stylepit auf 26% auf für potenzielle Übernahmen" (http://excitingcommerce.de/2013/11/01/bestseller-smartguy/) . excitingcommerce.de. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Danish e-tailer relocates distribution to Poland" (http://www.copenhagen.trade.gov.pl/en/aktualnosci/article/y,2013,m,5,a,36378,Danish_e-tailer_relocates_distribution_to_Poland.html) . Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Copenhagen. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Clothes from internet in Goleniow" (http://www.szczecinbiznes.pl/en/news/Clothes-from-internet-in-Goleniow-_2351) . szczecinbiznes.pl. 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Turning point in men's fashion Beau Brummell (/wiki/Beau_Brummell) wearing a subdued color palette of white, black, navy blue, and buff (/wiki/Buff_(colour)) Luis Francisco de la Cerda (/wiki/Luis_Francisco_de_la_Cerda) in a lavish red justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) , c. 1684 . The Great Male Renunciation ( French (/wiki/French_language) : Grande Renonciation masculine ) is the historical phenomenon at the end of the 18th century in which wealthy Western men stopped using bright colours, elaborate shapes and variety in their dress, which were left to women's clothing. Instead, men concentrated on minute differences of cut, and the quality of the plain cloth. [1] (#cite_note-1) Coined by the Anglo-German psychologist John Flügel (/wiki/John_Fl%C3%BCgel) in 1930, it is considered a major turning point in the history of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing) in which the men relinquished their claim to adornment and beauty. [2] (#cite_note-bbc-2) Flügel asserted that men "abandoned their claim to be considered beautiful" and "henceforth aimed at being only useful". [3] (#cite_note-3) The Great Renunciation encouraged the establishment of the suit (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) 's monopoly on male dress codes at the beginning of the 19th century. History [ edit ] The Great Male Renunciation began in the mid-18th century, inspired by the ideals of the Enlightenment (/wiki/The_Enlightenment) ; clothing that signaled aristocratic status fell out of style in favor of functional, utilitarian (/wiki/Utilitarianism) garments. The newfound practicality of men's clothing also coincided with the articulation of the idea that men were rational and that women were frivolous and emotional. [2] (#cite_note-bbc-2) During the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) , wearing dress associated with the royalist Ancien Régime (/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime) made the wearer a target for the Jacobins (/wiki/Jacobin) . Working-class men of the era, many of whom were Revolutionaries, came to be known as sans-culottes (/wiki/Sans-culottes) because they could not afford silk breeches (/wiki/Breeches) and wore less expensive pantaloons (/wiki/Trousers#Europe_before_the_20th_century) instead. [4] (#cite_note-rplr-4) The term was first used as an insult by French officer Jean-Bernard Gauthier de Murnan (/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Gauthier_de_Murnan) but was reclaimed by these men around the time of the Demonstration of 20 June 1792 (/wiki/Demonstration_of_20_June_1792) . In the United States, the movement was associated with American republicanism (/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States) , with Benjamin Franklin (/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin) giving up his wig during the American Revolution (/wiki/American_Revolution) , and later the Gold Spoon Oration (/wiki/Gold_Spoon_Oration) of 1840 denouncing Martin Van Buren (/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The post-Renunciation standards for men's dress went largely unchallenged in the Western world (/wiki/Western_world) before the rise of the counterculture (/wiki/Counterculture) and increased informality in the 1960s (/wiki/1960s_in_fashion) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Characteristics [ edit ] Dark-coloured or black clothing became the standard for men's apparel during the Renunciation. [7] (#cite_note-7) High heels, adopted in Europe at the beginning of the 17th century based on Persian (/wiki/Persia) riding shoes, fell out of fashion for men by the 1740s. [2] (#cite_note-bbc-2) The tight-fitting breeches that suggested better tailoring and accentuated the strength of the male figure, particularly the legs, were replaced by pantaloons. [8] (#cite_note-8) Stockings (/wiki/Stocking) and expensive wigs (/wiki/Wig) and fabrics were also abandoned. [4] (#cite_note-rplr-4) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1775–1795 in Western fashion (/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion) Beau Brummell (/wiki/Beau_Brummell) Men's Dress Reform Party (/wiki/Men%27s_Dress_Reform_Party) Midnight blue (/wiki/Midnight_blue) , a colour popularised by the Duke of Windsor (/wiki/Edward_VIII) as an alternative to black clothing [9] (#cite_note-9) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Peacock Revolution (/wiki/Peacock_Revolution) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bourke, Joanna (/wiki/Joanna_Bourke) (1 January 1996). "The Great Male Renunciation: Men's Dress Reform in Inter-war Britain". Journal of Design History . 9 (1): 23–33. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/jdh/9.1.23 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjdh%2F9.1.23) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Kremer, William (25 January 2013). "Why did men stop wearing high heels?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21151350) . BBC News . Retrieved 27 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Quoted by Bourke, p. 23 ^ Jump up to: a b Wright, Jennifer (11 January 2019). "Serious Q: Why Did Men Stop Wearing Capes?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200925164735/https://repeller.com/serious-q-when-and-why-did-men-stop-wearing-capes/) . Repeller . Archived from the original (https://repeller.com/serious-q-when-and-why-did-men-stop-wearing-capes/) on 25 September 2020 . Retrieved 9 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Peiss, Kathy (29 November 2011). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture . University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0812205749 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Bravehearts: Men in Skirts" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2003/bravehearts-men-in-skirts) . Met Museum . Retrieved 9 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Edwards, Nina (4 January 2019). "Dark Fashion" (https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/01/04/dark-fashion/) . The Paris Review . Retrieved 9 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Harvey, Karen (2015). "Men of parts: masculine embodiment and the male leg in eighteenth-century England" (http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113101/7/Men_of_Parts_JBS_Submission_Edit_April_docx.pdf) (PDF) . Journal of British Studies . 54 (4): 797–821. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/jbr.2015.117 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjbr.2015.117) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 146474963 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146474963) . Retrieved 9 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Storey, Nicholas (2008). History of Men's Fashion: What the Well-dressed Man is Wearing . Barnsley: Remember When. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78303-600-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 854671804 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/854671804) . 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Pittsburgh Fashion Week Frequency Annual Location(s) Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) , Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) Inaugurated 2010 Website www (http://www.pittsburghfashionweek.com) .pittsburghfashionweek (http://www.pittsburghfashionweek.com) .com (http://www.pittsburghfashionweek.com) Pittsburgh Fashion Week is an annual fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) held in Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) , Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) . Pittsburgh model Miyoshi Anderson, created the event to help highlight the fashion industry in Pittsburgh, which had been struggling with the closure of several major department stores. [1] (#cite_note-close-1) The first Pittsburgh Fashion Week was held in 2010, with events held in Heinz History Center (/wiki/Heinz_History_Center) and the Omni William Penn Hotel (/wiki/Omni_William_Penn_Hotel) . [1] (#cite_note-close-1) The inaugural class of the Pittsburgh Fashion Hall of Fame was selected that week. [2] (#cite_note-2) The second event, in 2011, was held shortly after GQ (/wiki/GQ) named Pittsburgh the third worst-dressed city, a distinction participants disputed. [3] (#cite_note-3) The third Fashion Week had a theme of "ecologically friendly fashion." [4] (#cite_note-4) One event focused exclusively on men's fashion. [5] (#cite_note-5) Local celebrities modeled some fashion. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Organizers plan on producing a fourth event in 2013. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Frizzi, Ginny (September 30, 2010). "Pittsburgh's READY FOR ITS CLOSE-UP" (http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/fanfare/magazine/s_702064.html) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Klimovich Harrop, JoAnne (October 4, 2010). "Runways closed, Pittsburgh Fashion Week wraps up in style" (http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/fashion/s_702646.html) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Klimovich Harrop, JoAnne (October 3, 2011). "Second Pittsburgh Fashion Week wraps up with plenty of sparkle" (http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/fashion/s_759867.html) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Klimovich Harrop, JoAnne (September 20, 2012). "Pittsburgh Fashion Week to focus on eco design" (http://triblive.com/lifestyles/fashion/2426641-74/fashion-pittsburgh-eco-week-stewart-says-designer-friendly-margaret-mary) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Klimovich Harrop, JoAnne (September 25, 2012). "Pittsburgh Fashion Week proves it's a man's world" (http://triblive.com/lifestyles/fashion/2640651-74/fashion-models-verdette-anderson-brown-custom-fitting-pittsburgh-runway-stockey) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Bauknecht, Sara (September 25, 2012). "WhoWHATWhereWhy: Pittsburgh Fashion Week is underway" (http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/life/fashion/whowhatwherewhy-pittsburgh-fashion-week-is-underway-654790/) . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Klimovich Harrop, JoAnne (September 29, 2012). "Pittsburgh Fashion Week: Runway show marathon caps off week" (http://triblive.com/lifestyles/fashion/2640664-74/fashion-says-week-denim-clothing-claytor-shows-brown-designer-designs) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Klimovich Harrop, JoAnne (September 30, 2012). "Fashion Week organizer turns focus to next year" (http://triblive.com/lifestyles/fashion/2638958-74/fashion-brown-week-event-runway-anderson-carly-clothiers-corey-cousins) . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review) . JoAnne Klimovich Harrop. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bauknecht, Sara (October 2, 2012). "Stylebook: Pittsburgh Fashion Week intends to build on this year's success" (http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/life/fashion/stylebook-fashion-week-intends-to-build-on-this-years-success-655763/) . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette) . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e City of Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) Government (/wiki/Government_of_Pittsburgh) Airport (/wiki/Allegheny_County_Airport_Authority) Convention Center (/wiki/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center) City Hall 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218302357 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218302357) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Pittsburgh (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Pittsburgh) Annual events in Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Pennsylvania) Recurring events established in 2010 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2010) 2010 establishments in Pennsylvania (/wiki/Category:2010_establishments_in_Pennsylvania) Fashion weeks in the United States (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks_in_the_United_States)
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This is the list of fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) /events/ shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) held annually or two times a year all around the world. The "Big Four" events are the Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) , New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) ,and London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . Among the most popular fashion weeks is also Arab Fashion Week (/wiki/Arab_Fashion_Council) , [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Vancouver Fashion Week (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) , and Russia Fashion Week. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) The fashion scene has become more multipolar in the 21st century, with other centers like Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) , Madrid (/wiki/Cibeles_Madrid_Fashion_Week) , Rome (/wiki/Italian_fashion#Rome) , São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) , Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) , Mumbai (/wiki/Lakme_Fashion_Week) , Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) and Tokyo (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) hosting important fashion weeks and other events. [9] (#cite_note-9) The list is ordered by continent and country-wise. Africa [ edit ] Algeria [ edit ] La Mode à Alger (/w/index.php?title=La_Mode_%C3%A0_Alger&action=edit&redlink=1) Algiers Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Algiers_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Oran Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Oran_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Botswana [ edit ] Gaborone Fashion Weekend (/w/index.php?title=Gaborone_Fashion_Weekend&action=edit&redlink=1) Masa Fashion Show (/w/index.php?title=Masa_Fashion_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) Exclusive Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Exclusive_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Côte d'Ivoire [ edit ] Cote d'Ivoire Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cote_d%27Ivoire_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Egypt [ edit ] Cairo Fashion Festival (/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Fashion_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) Cairo Couture Collections (/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Couture_Collections&action=edit&redlink=1) Cairo Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) La Mode A Beyrouth - Cairo (/w/index.php?title=La_Mode_A_Beyrouth_-_Cairo&action=edit&redlink=1) Ethiopia [ edit ] Hub of Africa! Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Hub_of_Africa!_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Kenya [ edit ] Nairobi Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Malawi [ edit ] Fashion Malawi Edition (/wiki/Fashion_Malawi_Edition) Nigeria [ edit ] Hayati Fashion Week (/wiki/Hayati_Fashion_Week) Lagos Fashion Week (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt International Fashion Week (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Uganda [ edit ] Afri Art Fashion Show (/wiki/Afri_art_fashion_show) Abryanz Style & Fashion Show (/wiki/Abryanz_Style_and_Fashion_Awards_2019) South Africa [ edit ] South African Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=South_African_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) AFI Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=AFI_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Soweto Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Soweto_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mozambique [ edit ] Mozambique Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Mozambique_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) America [ edit ] The model Bryanna Elkins during Toronto Fashion Week (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) . Argentina [ edit ] Buenos Aires Fashion Week (/wiki/BAFWEEK) Cordoba Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cordoba_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mendoza Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Santa Fe Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Bolivia [ edit ] Bolivia Fashion Week (/wiki/Bolivia_Fashion_Week) International Fashion Week Bolivia (/w/index.php?title=International_Fashion_Week_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1) Brazil [ edit ] The model Bruna Tenório (/wiki/Bruna_Ten%C3%B3rio) during São Paulo Fashion Week (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) . Minas Trend Preview (/w/index.php?title=Minas_Trend_Preview&action=edit&redlink=1) Brasília Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bras%C3%ADlia_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Fortaleza Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Fortaleza_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Amazônia Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Amaz%C3%B4nia_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Rio Fashion Week (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) Salvador de Bahia Black Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Salvador_de_Bahia_Black_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) São Paulo Fashion Week (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Canada [ edit ] Vancouver Fashion Week (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Fashion Cares (/wiki/Fashion_Cares) Montréal Fashion and Design Festival (/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_Fashion_and_Design_Festival) Ottawa Fashion Week (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Toronto Fashion Week (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Western Canada Fashion Week [10] (#cite_note-10) Chile [ edit ] Chile Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Chile_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Elite Model Look Chile (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look_Chile) Santiago Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Colombia [ edit ] Bogota Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bogota_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Barranquilla Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Barranquilla_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Cali Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cali_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Cali ExpoShow (/w/index.php?title=Cali_ExpoShow&action=edit&redlink=1) Cartagena Fashion (/w/index.php?title=Cartagena_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) ColombiaModa (/w/index.php?title=ColombiaModa&action=edit&redlink=1) ColombiaTex (/w/index.php?title=ColombiaTex&action=edit&redlink=1) Medellin Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Medellin_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Plataforma K (/w/index.php?title=Plataforma_K&action=edit&redlink=1) Dominican Republic [ edit ] Dominicana Moda Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Dominicana_Moda_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) RD Bridal Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=RD_Bridal_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Jamaica [ edit ] Caribbean Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Style Week Jamaica (/w/index.php?title=Style_Week_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1) Kingston Bridal Week (/wiki/Kingston_Bridal_Week) Mexico [ edit ] Guadalajara Design Week (/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara_Design_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Cancun Coture Week (/w/index.php?title=Cancun_Coture_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) MT Fashion Week (Monterrey) (/w/index.php?title=MT_Fashion_Week_(Monterrey)&action=edit&redlink=1) Puebla Fashion Show (/w/index.php?title=Puebla_Fashion_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) Intermoda (/w/index.php?title=Intermoda&action=edit&redlink=1) Desfilia (/w/index.php?title=Desfilia&action=edit&redlink=1) Panama [ edit ] Panama Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Panama_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Paraguay [ edit ] Asunción Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Asunci%C3%B3n_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Ciudad del Este Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Ciudad_del_Este_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Encarnación Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Encarnaci%C3%B3n_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Peru [ edit ] LIF Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=LIF_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) (Lima) Puerto Rico [ edit ] Elite Model Look Puerto Rico (/w/index.php?title=Elite_Model_Look_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1) Puerto Rico High Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_High_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) San Juan Moda (/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_Moda&action=edit&redlink=1) West Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=West_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) South Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=South_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) United States [ edit ] Main article: List of fashion events in the United States (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events_in_the_United_States) See also: Fashion in the United States (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Milagros Schmoll walks the runway at the Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Dalmau) Spring 2009 show in New York. Fashion model Olivia Jordan walking the runway wearing a design be Belusso during the Mercedes Benz Fashion Week African Fashion Week Houston (/wiki/African_Fashion_Week_Houston) Aspen Fashion Week (/wiki/Aspen_Fashion_Week) Atlanta Fashion Week (/wiki/Atlanta_Fashion_Week) Atlanta International Fashion Week (/wiki/Atlanta_International_Fashion_Week) Atlantic City Fashion Week (/wiki/Atlantic_City_Fashion_Week) Austin Fashion Week (/wiki/Austin_Fashion_Week) Baltimore Fashion Week (/wiki/Baltimore_Fashion_Week) Birmingham Fashion Week (/wiki/Birmingham_Fashion_Week) Chicago Fashion Week (/wiki/Chicago_Fashion_Week) Christian Fashion Week (/wiki/Christian_Fashion_Week) Colorado Fashion Week (/wiki/Colorado_Fashion_Week) Dallas Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Detroit Fashion Week (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) DC Fashion Week (/wiki/DC_Fashion_Week) Denver Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Denver_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) FashionFest (/w/index.php?title=FashionFest&action=edit&redlink=1) Fashion in Film Festival (/wiki/Fashion_in_Film_Festival) Fashion Rocks (/wiki/Fashion_Rocks) Fashion Week Cleveland (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Cleveland) FashioNXT Portland, Oregon (/w/index.php?title=FashioNXT_Portland,_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1) Ford Models Supermodel of the World (/wiki/Ford_Models_Supermodel_of_the_World) Glamorama (/wiki/Glamorama_(Macy%27s)) Hair Wars (/wiki/Hair_Wars) Houston Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Houston_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Kansas City Fashion Week (/wiki/Kansas_City_Fashion_Week) Latin Fashion Week Colorado (/wiki/Latin_Fashion_Week_Colorado) Los Angeles Fashion Week (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) Men's Fashion Week Los Angeles (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week_Los_Angeles) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) Met Ball (/wiki/Met_Gala) Miami Fashion Week (/wiki/Miami_Fashion_Week) New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) Omaha Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Omaha_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Oklahoma City Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Paper Fashion Show (/wiki/Paper_Fashion_Show) Phoenix Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) PLITZS New York City Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=PLITZS_New_York_City_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Pittsburgh Fashion Week (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Fashion_Week) Red Ball (/wiki/Red_Ball_(event)) Rip the Runway (/wiki/Rip_the_Runway) Saint Louis Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Saint_Louis_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) Uruguay [ edit ] Montevideo Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Montevideo_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Venezuela [ edit ] Caracas Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Asia [ edit ] Bahrain [ edit ] Bahrain International Design Week (/w/index.php?title=Bahrain_International_Design_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Bangladesh [ edit ] Bangladesh Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Dhaka Fashion Week (/wiki/Dhaka_Fashion_Week) International Women's Day Show 2019 Chittagong (/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Day_Show_2019_Chittagong&action=edit&redlink=1) China [ edit ] Centrestage (/wiki/Centrestage_(event)) China Fashion Week (/wiki/China_Fashion_Week) Elite Model Look International 2009 (/w/index.php?title=Elite_Model_Look_International_2009&action=edit&redlink=1) Guangzhou Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Guangzhou_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Shanghai Fashion Week (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tianjin Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Tianjin_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Hong Kong [ edit ] Hong Kong Fashion Week for Fall/Winter (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fashion_Week_for_Fall/Winter) India [ edit ] See also: Fashion in India (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Vivz World Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Vivz_World_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Bangalore Fashion Week (/wiki/Bangalore_Fashion_Week) India Fashion Week (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) India Runway Week (/wiki/India_Runway_Week) Lakme Fashion Week (/wiki/Lakme_Fashion_Week) India International Fashion Festival (/w/index.php?title=India_International_Fashion_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) Hi Life Fashion Exhibitions (/wiki/Hi_Life_Fashion_Exhibitions) Indonesia [ edit ] Models on the ramp of Jakarta Fashion Week (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Indonesia Fashion Week (/wiki/Indonesia_Fashion_Week) Jakarta Fashion Week (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Plaza Indonesia's Men Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Plaza_Indonesia%27s_Men_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Surabaya Fashion Parade (/w/index.php?title=Surabaya_Fashion_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1) Bandung Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bandung_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Citayam Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Citayam_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Jember Fashion Carnaval (/wiki/Jember_Fashion_Carnaval) Bali Fashion Trend (/w/index.php?title=Bali_Fashion_Trend&action=edit&redlink=1) Jogja Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Jogja_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Jakarta Modest Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_Modest_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Jakarta Hijab Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_Hijab_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Femme (/w/index.php?title=Femme_fashion_week&action=edit&redlink=1) Celebes Beauty Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Celebes_Beauty_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Indonesia Fashion Parade (/w/index.php?title=Indonesia_Fashion_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1) Iran [ edit ] Iran Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Iran_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tehran Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Tehran_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Israel [ edit ] Tel Aviv Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Tel_Aviv_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) ( he (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91) ) Japan [ edit ] See also: Category:Japanese fashion (/wiki/Category:Japanese_fashion) Girls Award (/wiki/Girls_Award) Hiroshima Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Hiroshima_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Kobe Collection (/wiki/Kobe_Collection) Kyoto Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Nagoya Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Nagoya_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Osaka Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Sapporo Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Sapporo_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tokyo Fashion week (/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Fashion_week&action=edit&redlink=1) ( ja (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3) ) Tokyo Girls Collection (/wiki/Tokyo_Girls_Collection) Kazakhstan [ edit ] Eurasian Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Kazakhstan Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Runway Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Runway_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Visa Fashion Week Almaty (/w/index.php?title=Visa_Fashion_Week_Almaty&action=edit&redlink=1) Malaysia [ edit ] Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Malaysian International Fashion Alliance (MIFA) (/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_International_Fashion_Alliance_(MIFA)&action=edit&redlink=1) Asia Islamic Fashion Week 2017 (AIFW 2017) (/w/index.php?title=Asia_Islamic_Fashion_Week_2017_(AIFW_2017)&action=edit&redlink=1) Borneo Fashion Week (/wiki/Borneo_Fashion_Week) Mongolia [ edit ] Goyol Fashion Festival (/wiki/Goyol_Fashion_Festival) Ocouture Fashion show (/w/index.php?title=Ocouture_Fashion_show&action=edit&redlink=1) Nepal [ edit ] Model Hunt Nepal (/w/index.php?title=Model_Hunt_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1) Voyage of creation (/w/index.php?title=Voyage_of_creation&action=edit&redlink=1) Nepal Fashion Week (/wiki/Nepal_Fashion_Week) CHIC Fashion Show (/w/index.php?title=CHIC_Fashion_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) The Show (/w/index.php?title=The_Show_(Nepal)&action=edit&redlink=1) Pakistan [ edit ] Pakistan Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Pakistan_Week) Islamabad Fashion Week (/wiki/Islamabad_Fashion_Week) Karachi Fashion Week (/wiki/Karachi_Fashion_Week) Lahore Fashion Week (/wiki/Lahore_Fashion_Week) Peshawar Fashion Week PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Media Box Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Media_Box_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Philippines [ edit ] Philippine Fashion Week (/wiki/Philippine_Fashion_Week) Manila Fashion Festival (/wiki/Manila_Fashion_Festival) Mega Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Mega_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Stylefest Ph (/w/index.php?title=Stylefest_Ph&action=edit&redlink=1) Philippine Fashion Gala (/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Fashion_Gala&action=edit&redlink=1) Bench Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bench_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Qatar [ edit ] Doha Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Doha_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Singapore [ edit ] Asia Fashion Exchange (/wiki/Asia_Fashion_Exchange) Asia Style Collection (/w/index.php?title=Asia_Style_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1) Fide Fashion Weeks (/w/index.php?title=Fide_Fashion_Weeks&action=edit&redlink=1) Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) Singapore Fashion Festival (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Festival) Singapore Fashion Week (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) South Korea [ edit ] Miss Supertalent (/wiki/Miss_Supertalent) Seoul Fashion Week Seoul Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Preview in Daegu (/w/index.php?title=Preview_in_Daegu&action=edit&redlink=1) Busan Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Busan_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Daegu Fashion Fair (Week) (/w/index.php?title=Daegu_Fashion_Fair_(Week)&action=edit&redlink=1) Seoul Girls Collection (/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Girls_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1) Sri Lanka [ edit ] Colombo Fashion Week (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Taiwan [ edit ] Taipei Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Taipei_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Thailand [ edit ] Bangkok International Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bangkok_International_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Elle Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Elle_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Turkey [ edit ] Antalya Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Antalya_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Istanbul Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) United Arab Emirates [ edit ] Arab Fashion Week (/wiki/Arab_Fashion_Council) Vietnam [ edit ] Vietnam International Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_International_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Europe [ edit ] Austria [ edit ] Vienna Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Vienna_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Belarus [ edit ] Belarus Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Belarus_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Belgium [ edit ] Antwerp Fashion Show (/w/index.php?title=Antwerp_Fashion_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) Brussels Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Brussels_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Bulgaria [ edit ] Sofia Fashion Week Couture (/w/index.php?title=Sofia_Fashion_Week_Couture&action=edit&redlink=1) Kids Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Kids_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Men's Fashion Week Plovdiv (/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_Fashion_Week_Plovdiv&action=edit&redlink=1) Plovdiv Fashion Week Prêt-à-Porter (/w/index.php?title=Plovdiv_Fashion_Week_Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-Porter&action=edit&redlink=1) Bridal Fashion Week Plovdiv (/w/index.php?title=Bridal_Fashion_Week_Plovdiv&action=edit&redlink=1) Dance Fashion Week Burgas (/w/index.php?title=Dance_Fashion_Week_Burgas&action=edit&redlink=1) Lingerie & Swimwear Fashion Week Varna (/w/index.php?title=Lingerie_%26_Swimwear_Fashion_Week_Varna&action=edit&redlink=1) Czech Republic [ edit ] Prague Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Prague_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia [ edit ] Zagreb Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Zagreb_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Denmark [ edit ] Copenhagen Fashion Week (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Gallery Int Fashion Fair (/wiki/Gallery_Int_Fashion_Fair) Magdalena Frackowiak (/wiki/Magdalena_Frackowiak) at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Fall 2011 Finland [ edit ] Helsinki Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Helsinki_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) African Fashion Week Helsinki (/w/index.php?title=African_Fashion_Week_Helsinki&action=edit&redlink=1) Afrofinn Fashion Helsinki (/w/index.php?title=Afrofinn_Fashion_Helsinki&action=edit&redlink=1) France [ edit ] See also: French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) Africa Fashion Week Paris (/w/index.php?title=Africa_Fashion_Week_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1) Bordeaux Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Elite Model Look (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look) Cannes-Nice Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cannes-Nice_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Bal des débutantes (/wiki/Bal_des_d%C3%A9butantes) Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) (capital) Fall 2008 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fall_2008_fashion_weeks) Fall 2023 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fall_2023_fashion_weeks) Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) Lille Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Lille_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Lyon Fashion Week (FashionCity Show) (/w/index.php?title=Lyon_Fashion_Week_(FashionCity_Show)&action=edit&redlink=1) Marseille Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Marseille_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Paris Fashion Week by Miss Supertalent (/wiki/Miss_Supertalent) Nantes Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Nantes_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Rennes Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Rennes_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Toulouse Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Toulouse_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Strasbourg Fashion Week (EM Fashion Week) (/w/index.php?title=Strasbourg_Fashion_Week_(EM_Fashion_Week)&action=edit&redlink=1) St. Tropez Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=St._Tropez_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Georgia [ edit ] Adjara Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Adjara_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Tbilisi) Tbilisi Fashion Week (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Escada (/wiki/Escada) show opening look at Berlin Fashion Week (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) spring/summer season 2013 Germany [ edit ] See also: German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Baltic Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Usedom Island (/wiki/Usedom) ) Berlin Fashion Week (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Bread & Butter (/wiki/Bread_%26_Butter_(tradeshow)) Stylenite (/wiki/Stylenite) by Michael Michalsky (/wiki/Michael_Michalsky) Düsseldorf Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCsseldorf_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Frankfurt Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Frankfurt_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Hamburg Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Cologne Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Krefeld Street Fashion Show (/w/index.php?title=Krefeld_Street_Fashion_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) Munich Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Munich_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Schwerin LOOK (/w/index.php?title=Schwerin_LOOK&action=edit&redlink=1) Stuttgart Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Warnemünde Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Warnem%C3%BCnde_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) (Rostock) Greece [ edit ] Athens Xclusive Designers Week (/w/index.php?title=Athens_Xclusive_Designers_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Hungary [ edit ] Budapest Fashion Week (/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week) Italy [ edit ] See also: Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Bari Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bari_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Benevento Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Benevento_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Benevento In Moda (/w/index.php?title=Benevento_In_Moda&action=edit&redlink=1) Bologne Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bologne_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Catania Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Catania_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Cesena Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cesena_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Cortina Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cortina_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Firenze Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Firenze_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Genova Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Genova_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) A catwalk in the 2010 Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) (capital) Fall 2008 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fall_2008_fashion_weeks) Fall 2023 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fall_2023_fashion_weeks) Napoli Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Napoli_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Pitti Immagine (/wiki/Pitti_Immagine) Reggio Calabria Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Reggio_Calabria_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Rimini Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Rimini_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Roma Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Roma_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Salerno Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Salerno_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Torino Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Torino_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Trieste Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Trieste_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Venezia Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Venezia_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Verona Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Verona_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Latvia [ edit ] Riga Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Riga_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Lithuania [ edit ] Mados infekcija (/w/index.php?title=Mados_infekcija&action=edit&redlink=1) Luxembourg [ edit ] Luxembourg Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Malta [ edit ] Mercedes Benz Malta Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Mercedes_Benz_Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Monaco [ edit ] Montecarlo Fashion Week (Fashion Fair Week) (/w/index.php?title=Montecarlo_Fashion_Week_(Fashion_Fair_Week)&action=edit&redlink=1) Netherlands [ edit ] Amsterdam Fashion Week (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Rotterdam Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Canal Catwalk (/w/index.php?title=Canal_Catwalk&action=edit&redlink=1) Floating Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Floating_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Norway [ edit ] Oslo Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Oslo_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Poland [ edit ] Łódź FashionPhilosophy Fashion Week Poland (/w/index.php?title=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_FashionPhilosophy_Fashion_Week_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1) Mercedes Benz Fashion Weekend Warsaw (/w/index.php?title=Mercedes_Benz_Fashion_Weekend_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1) Portugal [ edit ] Lisbon Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Lisbon_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Portugal Fashion (/wiki/Portugal_Fashion) Cat walk at The Brandery (/wiki/The_Brandery) Romania [ edit ] Kasta Morrely Fashion Week Iasi (/w/index.php?title=Kasta_Morrely_Fashion_Week_Iasi&action=edit&redlink=1) Feeric Fashion Week (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Bucharest Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bucharest_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Russia [ edit ] Nizhny Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Novosibirsk Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Novosibirsk_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Yekaterinburg Ural Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Yekaterinburg_Ural_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Russia Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Russia_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Russia (/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1) St. Petersburg Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Volvo Moscow Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Volvo_Moscow_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Serbia [ edit ] Belgrade Fashion Week (/wiki/Belgrade_Fashion_Week) Elite Model Look Serbia (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look_Serbia) Belgrade Design Week (/wiki/Belgrade_Design_Week) Serbia Fashion Week (/wiki/Serbia_Fashion_Week) Spain [ edit ] Madrid Fashion Week (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Barcelona Fashion Week (Pasarela Gaudí) (/w/index.php?title=Barcelona_Fashion_Week_(Pasarela_Gaud%C3%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1) Malagá Fashion Week (Plaza Mayor Week) (/w/index.php?title=Malag%C3%A1_Fashion_Week_(Plaza_Mayor_Week)&action=edit&redlink=1) Murcia Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Murcia_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Valencia Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Valencia_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Sevilla Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Sevilla_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Zaragoza Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Zaragoza_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) The Brandery (/wiki/The_Brandery) Sweden [ edit ] Stockholm Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Stockholm_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Umeå Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Ume%C3%A5_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) United Kingdom [ edit ] London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) at Somerset House (/wiki/Somerset_House) Vivz World Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Vivz_World_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Aberdeen Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Asia Fashion Week London (/w/index.php?title=Asia_Fashion_Week_London&action=edit&redlink=1) Africa Fashion Week London (/wiki/Africa_Fashion_Week_London) Birmingham Fashion Week (/wiki/Birmingham_Fashion_Week) Brighton Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Brighton_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Bristol Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Bristol_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Cheltenham Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Clothes Show Live (/wiki/Clothes_Show_Live) Essex Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Essex_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Fashion in Film Festival (/wiki/Fashion_in_Film_Festival) Leeds Fashion Show (/w/index.php?title=Leeds_Fashion_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) Liverpool Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) (capital) Fall 2008 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fall_2008_fashion_weeks) Fall 2023 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fall_2023_fashion_weeks) Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) Manchester Fashion Week (/wiki/Manchester_Fashion_Week) Oxford Fashion Week (/wiki/Oxford_Fashion_Week) Pure London (/wiki/Pure_London) Strut (/w/index.php?title=Strut_(fashion_show)&action=edit&redlink=1) Sunrise in Baku Fashion Project (/wiki/Sunrise_in_Baku_Fashion_Project) Vivz World Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Vivz_World_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Ukraine [ edit ] Ukrainian Fashion Week (/wiki/Ukrainian_Fashion_Week) Odesa Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Odesa_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) [ uk (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_fashion_week) ] Oceania [ edit ] Australia [ edit ] Australian Fashion Week (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) African Fashion Show - Perth (/w/index.php?title=African_Fashion_Show_-_Perth&action=edit&redlink=1) Melbourne Fashion Festival (/wiki/Melbourne_Fashion_Festival) Melbourne Spring Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Melbourne_Spring_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Adelaide Fashion Festival (/w/index.php?title=Adelaide_Fashion_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) Telstra Perth Fashion Festival (/w/index.php?title=Telstra_Perth_Fashion_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) Fiji [ edit ] Fiji Fashion Week (/wiki/Fiji_Fashion_Week) New Zealand [ edit ] New Zealand Fashion Week (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) iD Dunedin Fashion Week (/wiki/ID_Dunedin_Fashion_Week) See also [ edit ] Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "UAE Fashion: A Lucrative Industry for the Business World" (https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/uae-fashion-a-lucrative-industry-for-the-business-world/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Arab Fashion Week 2017" (https://www.vogue.it/news/notizie-del-giorno/2017/05/09/arab-fashion-week-2017/) . 9 May 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "CONFIRMED! Arab Fashion Week is Going Ahead and Here's Everything You Need to Know" (https://lovin.co/dubai/en/announcements/arab-fashion-week-2) . 14 October 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Pictures: Arab Fashion week returns to Dubai" (https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/pictures-arab-fashion-week-returns-to-dubai-1.1635420705371) . 28 October 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Everything You Need to Know About Arab Fashion Week" (https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/fashion-everything-about-arab-fashion-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Russia" (https://www.notjustalabel.com/event/mercedes-benz-fashion-week-russia) . Not Just A Label . 21 October 2017. [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bradford, Julie (2014). Fashion Journalism . Routledge. p. 129. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781136475368 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dillon, Susan (2011). The Fundamentals of Fashion Management . A&C Black. p. 115. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782940411580 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The big four fashion capitals of the world" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141030145348/http://www.fashiondays.com/the-daily-issue/the-big-four-fashion-capitals-of-the-world/) . Archived from the original (http://www.fashiondays.com/the-daily-issue/the-big-four-fashion-capitals-of-the-world/) on 2014-10-30 . Retrieved 2016-09-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Western Canada Fashion Week" (http://westerncanadafashionweek.com/) . Retrieved 2023-03-03 . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) 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Fashion week in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio Fashion Week ( RFW ) is a fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) biannually held in Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) , [1] (#cite_note-1) organized by FFW (/wiki/Fashion_Forward) . [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Rio fashion week coverage 2013" (http://www.fashionising.com/fashionweek/rio-fashion-week) . fashionising.com . Retrieved March 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Get Ready For The World's Sexiest Shows At Rio Fashion Week" (http://www.fashiontv.com/news/get-ready-for-the-worlds-sexiest-shows-at-rio-fashion-week_1043.html) . fashiontv.com . November 6, 2012 . Retrieved March 4, 2013 . This article related to the culture of Brazil is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐f42fm Cached time: 20240712203334 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.540 seconds Real time usage: 1.220 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 502/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20879/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1030/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24313/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.393/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4248650/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1061.378 1 -total 27.54% 292.352 1 Template:Brazil-culture-stub 26.67% 283.038 1 Template:Reflist 26.66% 282.996 2 Template:Asbox 23.40% 248.369 1 Template:Cite_web 21.83% 231.750 4 Template:Main_other 19.55% 207.455 1 Template:Short_description 15.00% 159.169 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 14.62% 155.224 1 Template:Navbox 11.63% 123.456 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38708278-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712203334 and revision id 1181679277. 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Italian fashion house Ermanno Scervino Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Fashion Founded 2000 in Florence (/wiki/Florence) Founder Ermanno Daelli & Toni Scervino Headquarters Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy Brands Ermanno Scervino, Ermanno Scervino Lingerie and Beachwear, Ermanno Scervino Junior, Scervino Street Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Dernamaria SRL Website www (http://www.ermannoscervino.com/) .ermannoscervino (http://www.ermannoscervino.com/) .com (http://www.ermannoscervino.com/) Ermanno Scervino is an Italian fashion house headquartered in Florence, Italy (/wiki/Florence) . [1] (#cite_note-businessoffashion-1) [2] (#cite_note-telegraph-2) Entrepreneur Toni Scervino and designer Ermanno Daelli founded the fashion label in 2000. [1] (#cite_note-businessoffashion-1) [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) [4] (#cite_note-fashionqq-4) [5] (#cite_note-globalblue-5) History [ edit ] The designer in 2011 In 2000, Toni Scervino and Ermanno Daelli founded the fashion brand Ermanno Scervino. [1] (#cite_note-businessoffashion-1) [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) [4] (#cite_note-fashionqq-4) Ermanno Daelli launched his own label after living in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where he met Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) . [6] (#cite_note-showdetails-6) The fashion line's women's collection debuted at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) in 2003 with the Fall/Winter 2003/04 collection. [1] (#cite_note-businessoffashion-1) The men's collection was launched in 2002 and made its first appearance as the guest of honor at Pitti Immagine (/wiki/Pitti_Immagine) in 2005. [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) The first runway debut for the men's collection was in Milan (/wiki/Milan) during the Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) in 2008. [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) In addition to a men's and women's ready to wear collection, in 2004, the Ermanno Scervino Junior collection was created. In 2007, the Ermanno Scervino Lingerie and Beachwear line was created in partnership with ViaMazzini, who distributes and produces the collections. [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) The lingerie collection was launched in the fall/winter 2008-09 campaign and the beachwear collection was launched in the spring/summer 2009 campaign. [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) In 2013, Ermanno Scervino launched Scervino Street, a line of leather accessories, as a license with ABC Spa Company. [7] (#cite_note-logos-7) That January, Ermanno Daelli was the guest of honor of the 83rd edition of Pitti Immagine uomo. [8] (#cite_note-mffashion-8) He presented the fashion line's men's collection and the women's pre-collection during the event in the context of the Salone dei Cinquecento in Palazzo Vecchio (/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio) , the town hall of Florence. [9] (#cite_note-9) In June 2014, to mark the Firenze Hometown of Fashion (Pitti Immagine Uomo 86) initiative, Ermanno Scervino celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Centro di Firenze per la Moda Italiana, presenting the first Men's and Women's no season collection at Forte Belvedere. In September 2014, Ermanno Scervino hosted the closing gala dinner for the Celebrity Fight Night Foundation, which raises money for local charities through a celebrity charity event. [10] (#cite_note-theflorentine-10) Operations [ edit ] The company is headquartered in Grassina in Bagno a Ripoli, a region surrounding Florence, Italy (/wiki/Florence) . [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) The headquarters house Ermmano Scervino's designer style offices, research labs, production workshops and administrative and commercial divisions. [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) In April 2014, Ermanno Scervino had over 500 international points of sale, including 39 stores worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-businessoffashion-1) It employs about 1200 workers worldwide. [2] (#cite_note-telegraph-2) The company only manufactures its products in Italy. [2] (#cite_note-telegraph-2) [11] (#cite_note-vogue2-11) Brands [ edit ] Ermanno Scervino [ edit ] Ermanno Scervino is the core brand and includes women's and men's ready-to-wear and accessories collections. [6] (#cite_note-showdetails-6) [12] (#cite_note-luxos-12) Ermanno Scervino Lingerie and Beachwear [ edit ] The company launched its lingerie collection for its fall/winter 2008-09 campaign. [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) The beachwear collection was launched for its spring/summer 2009 campaign. [3] (#cite_note-expomag-3) Ermanno Scervino Junior [ edit ] The line includes a variety of clothing and accessories for girls that takes its inspiration from the adult's wardrobe [ citation needed ] Scervino Street [ edit ] Scervino Street represents a line of handbags, hoodies and jackets targeted at a younger clientele. [7] (#cite_note-logos-7) Advertising campaigns [ edit ] Over the years Ermanno Scervino has had international testimonials including Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) , [13] (#cite_note-thefashionspot-13) Malgosia Bela (/wiki/Malgosia_Bela) , [14] (#cite_note-supermodels-14) Bianca Balti (/wiki/Bianca_Balti) , [15] (#cite_note-ruglamour-15) Teodora Richards (/w/index.php?title=Teodora_Richards&action=edit&redlink=1) , [16] (#cite_note-vogue-16) Alice Dellal (/wiki/Alice_Dellal) , [16] (#cite_note-vogue-16) Jessica Miller, [14] (#cite_note-supermodels-14) Dree Hemingway (/wiki/Dree_Hemingway) , [17] (#cite_note-vogueuk-17) Asia Argento (/wiki/Asia_Argento) , [18] (#cite_note-wwd-18) and Lindsey Wixson (/wiki/Lindsey_Wixson) . [19] (#cite_note-graziadaily-19) The brand also collaborated with international photographers including Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) , [5] (#cite_note-globalblue-5) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) , [5] (#cite_note-globalblue-5) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) , [15] (#cite_note-ruglamour-15) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) , [5] (#cite_note-globalblue-5) and Francesco Carrozzini (/wiki/Francesco_Carrozzini) . [16] (#cite_note-vogue-16) See also [ edit ] Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Category:Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Liroy Choufan (April 22, 2014). "Building Ermanno Scervino" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011825/https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/building-ermanno-scervino) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/04/building-ermanno-scervino.html) on January 3, 2018 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Tamsin Blanchard (July 29, 2014). "Ermanno Scervino: Florentine fashion for the 21st century" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140730204108/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/41475/ermanno-scervino-florentine-fashion-for-the-21st-century.html) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/41475/ermanno-scervino-florentine-fashion-for-the-21st-century.html) on July 30, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Ermanno Scervino" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150209124200/http://www.expo-magazine.com/inside.asp?p=247) . Expo 2015 (/wiki/Expo_2015) . Archived from the original (http://www.expo-magazine.com/inside.asp?p=247) on February 9, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Exclusive interview with the designer Ermanno Scervino: I dare to challenge myself" (http://fashion.qq.com/a/20140421/016769.htm) . April 21, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ermanno Scervino: Maison" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150209122846/http://www.globalblue.com/brands/specials/ermanno-scervino/ermanno-scervino-maison/) . March 21, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.globalblue.com/brands/specials/ermanno-scervino/ermanno-scervino-maison/) on February 9, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ermanno Scervino" (https://archive.today/20141207164439/http://www.showdetails.it/show_details/en/interviste/ermanno-scervino/) . Archived from the original (http://www.showdetails.it/show_details/en/interviste/ermanno-scervino/) on December 7, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Scervino Street" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180827021730/http://www.collezioni.info/) . March 7, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.logos.info/en/news/scervino-street/) on August 27, 2018 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-mffashion_8-0) Emma Franceschini (June 3, 2014). "Ermanno Scervino conquest of Middle east" (http://www.mffashion.com/en/coverstory/2014/06/03/ermanno-scervino-conquest-of-middle-east) . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "L'innovazione di Scervino passa dall'artigianalità" (http://www.moda24.ilsole24ore.com/art/stili-tendenze/2013-01-10/linnovazione-scervino-passa-artigianalita-105554.php) (in Italian). Moda24. 2013-01-10 . Retrieved 2013-03-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-theflorentine_10-0) Helen Farrell (September 11, 2014). "Celebrity city VIPs attend major charity event" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150330053944/http://theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=9484) . Archived from the original (http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=9484) on March 30, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue2_11-0) Wang Mengyun (October 23, 2014). "Ermanno Scervino: induced superior Italian craftsmanship" (http://www.vogue.com.cn/invogue/brand-news/news_104wcgd8f9f10352.html) . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-luxos_12-0) Eleonora Kihlberg (June 28, 2013). "The King of Rock Couture" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150209132019/http://www.luxos.com/news/fashion/4220-the-king-of-rock-couture) . Archived from the original (http://www.luxos.com/news/fashion/4220-the-king-of-rock-couture) on February 9, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-thefashionspot_13-0) "Ermanno Scervino S/S 2010: Helena Christensen" (http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f79/ermanno-scervino-s-s-2010-helena-christensen-94313.html) . December 1, 2010 . Retrieved February 11, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Malgosia Bela for Ermanno Scervino SS08" (http://www.supermodels.nl/Pages/NewsArticle.aspx?subject=malgosia-bela-for-ermanno-scervino-ss08&id=1700) . January 29, 2008 . Retrieved February 11, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bianca Balti & Nathan Owens by Patrick Demarchelier for Ermanno Scervino F/W 2009" (http://ru-glamour.livejournal.com/3164902.html?thread=39469798) . January 7, 2009 . Retrieved February 11, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c BarbaraSini (March 4, 2011). "Ermanno Scervino goes rock" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180614135129/http://www.vogue.it/en/magazine/daily-news/2010/12/teodora-richards-adv-campaign-ermanno-scervino) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.it/en/magazine/daily-news/2010/12/teodora-richards-adv-campaign-ermanno-scervino) on June 14, 2018 . Retrieved February 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogueuk_17-0) LaurenMilligan (July 20, 2012). "Scervino's Hemingway" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/07/20/dree-hemingway-ermanno-scervino-campaign-pictures) . Retrieved February 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-wwd_18-0) AlessandraTurra (July 17, 2013). "Asia Argento Fronts for Ermanno Scervino Campaign" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/argentos-turn-6993600) . Retrieved February 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-graziadaily_19-0) JessicaVince (July 15, 2014). "Lindsey Wixson Channels Italiano Glam For Ermanno Scervino Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150211125240/http://legacy.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/ermanno-scervino-lindsey-wixson-campaign) . Archived from the original (http://legacy.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/ermanno-scervino-lindsey-wixson-campaign) on February 11, 2015 . Retrieved February 11, 2015 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.ermannoscervino.it/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140702001441/http://www.ermannoscervino.it/) 2014-07-02 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Ermanno Scervino (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/ermanno-scervino) – brand and company profile at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐cxrlh Cached time: 20240714175805 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.398 seconds Real time usage: 0.523 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2279/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43336/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1919/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 77549/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.244/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7361564/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 474.759 1 -total 41.19% 195.558 1 Template:Reflist 35.57% 168.869 19 Template:Cite_web 20.49% 97.297 1 Template:Infobox_company 18.33% 87.023 1 Template:Infobox 16.96% 80.529 1 Template:Short_description 8.56% 40.634 2 Template:Pagetype 7.73% 36.680 1 Template:Citation_needed 6.67% 31.689 1 Template:Fix 6.30% 29.916 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38717420-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714175805 and revision id 1222076173. 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Ethiopian-born Israeli model; Miss Israel 2013 Yityish Titi Aynaw Aynaw in 2017 Born Yityish Aynaw ( 1991-06-23 ) 23 June 1991 (age 33) Gondar (/wiki/Gondar) , Ethiopia Education IDC Herzliya (/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Center_Herzliya) Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Israel 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) Hair color Black (/wiki/Black_hair) Eye color Brown (/wiki/Eye_color#Brown) Major competition(s) Miss Israel 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) (Winner) Miss Universe 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) (Unplaced) Yityish " Titi " Aynaw ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : טיטי איינאו ; Amharic (/wiki/Amharic_language) : ይታይሽ አየነው ; born 23 June 1991) is an Israeli model, television personality, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Israel 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) . She is the first Ethiopian Jew (/wiki/Beta_Israel) and Israeli of African heritage to win the contest. [1] (#cite_note-timesofisrael1-1) [2] (#cite_note-telegraph1-2) As Miss Israel, Aynaw represented Israel at the Miss Universe 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) competition, although she did not place. Early life and education [ edit ] Aynaw was born in Gondar Province (/wiki/Gondar_Province) in Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) , to an Ethiopian-Jewish (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews) family belonging to the Beta Israel (/wiki/Beta_Israel) community. [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) In Ethiopia, the family was poor but Aynaw recalls her childhood being "often happy". [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Shortly after her birth, Aynaw's father died and her mother later died as well when Aynaw was ten years old. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Now an orphan (/wiki/Orphan) , Aynaw and her brother Yellek made Aliyah to Israel (/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia) to live with their grandparents when she was twelve years old, settling in Netanya (/wiki/Netanya) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) After arriving in Israel, Aynaw struggled with assimilation to Israeli culture and learning to speak Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew) ; however, she later began excelling. [7] (#cite_note-7) [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) In school, Aynaw served as class president (/wiki/Class_president) , competed in track and field, and won a national student filmmaking competition. [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) After graduating from Kfar HaNoar HaDati (/wiki/Kfar_HaNoar_HaDati) , Aynaw began her mandatory enlistment (/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel) in the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) , serving as a lieutenant (/wiki/Lieutenant) in the Israeli Military Police Corps (/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(Israel)) . [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) After completing her service, Aynaw worked in a clothing store in Netanya. [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) She later attended the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Center_Herzliya) in Herzliya (/wiki/Herzliya) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Career [ edit ] Aynaw began her pageantry career after a friend had registered her for the Miss Israel 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) competition; at the time, Aynaw had no modeling experience. [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) She went on to win the competition in February 2013, and received massive national and international recognition for being the first black Israeli woman to be crowned Miss Israel. [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Her win was seen by many from the Beta Israel (/wiki/Beta_Israel) community as a positive sign for the representation of black Jews and specifically Ethiopian Jews in Israel. While reigning as Miss Israel, Aynaw raised awareness for the difficulty of Ethiopian Jews to make Aliyah to Israel, and helped several of her relatives come to Israel after having their immigration requests denied numerous times. [10] (#cite_note-10) Aynaw at the Miss Universe 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) that took place in Moscow Following her win, Aynaw was invited by Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) to attend a gala with Shimon Peres (/wiki/Shimon_Peres) ; Obama expressed admiration for Aynaw and referred to her as a "role model". [2] (#cite_note-telegraph1-2) [11] (#cite_note-11) As Miss Israel, Aynaw represented Israel in the Miss Universe 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) competition held in Moscow, Russia (/wiki/Moscow) ; she ultimately did not place in the competition. Aynaw was later named the 39th most influential Jew of 2013 by The Jerusalem Post (/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post) . [12] (#cite_note-12) After completing her reign, Aynaw crowned Mor Maman (/wiki/Mor_Maman_(beauty_queen)) as her successor at the Miss Israel 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) competition in March 2014. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2015, Aynaw competed as a celebrity contestant on Survivor: Honduras (/wiki/Survivor:_Honduras_(Israeli_season)) , the seventh season of the Israeli edition (/wiki/Survivor_(Israeli_TV_series)) of the Survivor franchise (/wiki/Survivor_(franchise)) . She went on to place as the season's runner up, behind Liron "Tiltil" Orfali. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2016, Aynaw began work on establishing a community arts education center in Netanya (/wiki/Netanya) to serve at-risk youth. [16] (#cite_note-16) Personal life [ edit ] She resides in Netanya (/wiki/Netanya) , Israel. Aynaw stated in an interview that she wanted to work in the fashion industry, be a role model for her community, and to have a "big family" and "give my kids the experience I never had". [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) See also [ edit ] Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Ethiopian Jews in Israel (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel) Tahounia Rubel (/wiki/Tahounia_Rubel) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-timesofisrael1_1-0) Kalman, Aaron (2013-02-28). "Miss Israel is Ethiopian immigrant" (https://www.timesofisrael.com/miss-israel-is-ethiopian-immigrant/) . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2013-03-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tait, Robert (2013-03-13). "Barack Obama to dine with first black Miss Israel" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/9927119/Barack-Obama-to-dine-with-first-black-Miss-Israel.html) . Telegraph . Retrieved 2013-03-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sara Sidner; Earl Nurse (12 June 2013). "ityish Aynaw: The first black Miss Israel" (http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/12/world/africa/yityish-aynaw-miss-israel-ethiopia/) . CNN International . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Shalev, Chemi (13 June 2013). "Israel's Ethiopian beauty queen wows a stylish New York audience" (http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/israel-s-ethiopian-beauty-queen-wows-a-stylish-new-york-audience.premium-1.529451) . Haaretz . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Meet Israel's Blunt, Bold Ethiopian-Born Beauty Queen" (http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/126845/israels-bold-new-queen) . Tablet Magazine . 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 2016-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Yityish Aynaw: First black Miss Israel will go to the ball" (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21848736) . BBC Magazine. 21 March 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Yityish Aynaw: First black Miss Israel will go to the ball - BBC News" (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21848736) . BBC News . 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 2016-05-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Black Jew Yityish Aynaw Crowned Miss Israel 2013" (http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethiopian-born-yityish-aynaw-named-miss-isreal-441195) . International Business Times UK . 2013-03-01 . Retrieved 2016-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Israel" (https://www.missuniverse.com/contestant/657631) . Miss Universe Organization . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Futterman, Don (2013-04-12). "Israel's Ethiopian Beauty Queen Sparks Debate" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/04/12/israel-s-ethiopian-beauty-queen-sparks-debate.html) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2016-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sterman, Adiv (2013-03-13). "Why Obama is Miss Israel's 'role model' (https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-obama-is-miss-israels-role-model/) " (https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-obama-is-miss-israels-role-model/) . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2013-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Top 50 most influential Jews 2013" (http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Top-50-most-influential-Jews-2013-Places-31-40-313147) . Jpost. 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Newly Crowned 'Miss Israel' Mor Maman Brings New Jersey Crowd to Tears" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170112204741/http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/05/26/newly-crowned-%E2%80%98miss-israel%E2%80%99-mor-maman-brings-new-jersey-crowd-to-tears/) . Algemeiner.com . Archived from the original (http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/05/26/newly-crowned-%25E2%2580%2598miss-israel%25E2%2580%2599-mor-maman-brings-new-jersey-crowd-to-tears/#) on 2017-01-12 . Retrieved 2016-05-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Ari, Dalia Ben (5 March 2014). "Mor Maman crowned Miss Israel 2014" (http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4495429,00.html) . Ynetnews . Ynet News. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Official Survivor Israel website" (http://reshet.tv/shows/survivor/) . Reshet . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Miss Israel — aka 'Titi' — takes a Los Angeles tour | Hollywood Jew" (http://www.jewishjournal.com/hollywoodjew/item/miss_israel_aka_titi_takes_a_los_angeles_tour) . Jewish Journal . 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 2016-05-24 . External links [ edit ] Yityish Titi Aynaw (https://www.instagram.com/titiayenew/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Awards and achievements Preceded by Shani Hazan (/wiki/Shani_Hazan) Miss Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) 2013 Succeeded by Mor Maman (/wiki/Mor_Maman_(beauty_queen)) Preceded by Lina Makhuli Miss Universe Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) 2013 Succeeded by Doron Matalon (/wiki/Doron_Matalon) v t e Miss Universe 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) national titleholders ARG : Brenda González (/wiki/Brenda_Gonz%C3%A1lez) ARU : Stefanie Evangelista (/wiki/Stefanie_Evangelista) AUS : Olivia Wells (/wiki/Olivia_Wells) AUT : Doris Hofmann (/wiki/Doris_Hofmann) AZE : Aysel Manafova (/wiki/Aysel_Manafova) BAH : Lexi Wilson (/wiki/Lexi_Wilson) BEL : Noémie Happart (/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Happart) BOL : Alexia Viruez (/wiki/Alexia_Viruez) BSW : Tsaone Macheng (/wiki/Tsaone_Macheng) BRA : Jakelyne Oliveira (/wiki/Jakelyne_Oliveira) VGB : Sharie De Castro (/wiki/Sharie_De_Castro) BUL : Veneta Krasteva (/wiki/Veneta_Krasteva) CAN : Riza Santos (/wiki/Riza_Santos) CHN : Jin Ye (/wiki/Jin_Ye) COL : Lucia Aldana (/wiki/Lucia_Aldana) HRV : Melita Fabečić (/wiki/Melita_Fabe%C4%8Di%C4%87) CUR : Eline de Pool (/wiki/Eline_de_Pool) CZE : Gabriela Kratochvílová (/wiki/Gabriela_Kratochv%C3%ADlov%C3%A1) DOM : Yaritza Reyes (/wiki/Yaritza_Reyes) SLV : Alba Delgado (/wiki/Alba_Delgado) EST : Kristina Karjalainen (/wiki/Kristina_Karjalainen) ETH : Mhadere Tigabe (/wiki/Mhadere_Tigabe) FIN : Lotta Näkyvä (/wiki/Lotta_N%C3%A4kyv%C3%A4) FRA : Hinarani de Longeaux (/wiki/Hinarani_de_Longeaux) GBN : Jennifer Ondo (/wiki/Jennifer_Ondo) GER : Anne-Julia Hagen (/wiki/Anne-Julia_Hagen) GHA : Hanniel Jamin (/wiki/Hanniel_Jamin) GBR : Amy Willerton (/wiki/Amy_Willerton) GRE : Anastasia Sidiropoulou (/wiki/Anastasia_Sidiropoulou) GUM : Alixes Scott (/wiki/Alixes_Scott) GUY : Katherina Roshana (/wiki/Katherina_Roshana) HAI : Mondiana Pierre (/wiki/Mondiana_Pierre) HON : Diana Mendoza (/wiki/Diana_Mendoza) HUN : Rebeka Kárpáti (/wiki/Rebeka_K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1ti) IND : Manasi Moghe (/wiki/Manasi_Moghe) IDN : Whulandary Herman (/wiki/Whulandary_Herman) ISR : Yityish Titi Aynaw ITA : Luna Voce (/wiki/Luna_Voce) JPN : Yukimi Matsuo (/wiki/Yukimi_Matsuo) KAZ : Aygerim Kozhakanova (/wiki/Aygerim_Kozhakanova) KOR : Kim Yu-mi (/wiki/Kim_Yu-mi_(beauty_pageant_titleholder)) LEB : Karen Ghrawi (/wiki/Karen_Ghrawi) LTU : Simona Burbaitė (/wiki/Simona_Burbait%C4%97) MYS : Carey Ng (/wiki/Carey_Ng) MUS : Diya Beeltah (/wiki/Diya_Beeltah) MEX : Cynthia Duque (/wiki/Cynthia_Duque) MMR : Moe Set Wine (/wiki/Moe_Set_Wine) NAM : Paulina Malulu (/wiki/Paulina_Malulu) NED : Stephanie Tency (/wiki/Stephanie_Tency) NZL : Holly Cassidy (/wiki/Holly_Cassidy) NIC : Nastassja Bolívar (/wiki/Nastassja_Bol%C3%ADvar) NIG : Stephanie Okwu (/wiki/Stephanie_Okwu) NOR : Mari Chauhan (/wiki/Mari_Chauhan) PAN : Carolina Brid (/wiki/Carolina_Brid) PAR : Guadalupe González (/wiki/Guadalupe_Gonz%C3%A1lez) 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yityish_Titi_Aynaw&oldid=1223459114 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yityish_Titi_Aynaw&oldid=1223459114) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1991 births (/wiki/Category:1991_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from Gondar (/wiki/Category:People_from_Gondar) Beta Israel (/wiki/Category:Beta_Israel) Ethiopian emigrants to Israel (/wiki/Category:Ethiopian_emigrants_to_Israel) Citizens of Israel through Law of Return (/wiki/Category:Citizens_of_Israel_through_Law_of_Return) Reichman University alumni (/wiki/Category:Reichman_University_alumni) Israeli beauty pageant winners (/wiki/Category:Israeli_beauty_pageant_winners) Israeli female military personnel (/wiki/Category:Israeli_female_military_personnel) Israeli female models (/wiki/Category:Israeli_female_models) Israeli Jews (/wiki/Category:Israeli_Jews) Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent (/wiki/Category:Israeli_people_of_Ethiopian-Jewish_descent) Israeli television personalities (/wiki/Category:Israeli_television_personalities) Jewish female models (/wiki/Category:Jewish_female_models) Miss Israel winners (/wiki/Category:Miss_Israel_winners) Miss Universe 2013 contestants (/wiki/Category:Miss_Universe_2013_contestants) People from Netanya (/wiki/Category:People_from_Netanya) Survivor (Israeli TV series) contestants (/wiki/Category:Survivor_(Israeli_TV_series)_contestants) Big Brother (franchise) contestants (/wiki/Category:Big_Brother_(franchise)_contestants) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Articles containing Amharic-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers)
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Baldinini Company type Limited liability company Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Founded 1910 ; 114 years ago ( 1910 ) San Mauro Pascoli (/wiki/San_Mauro_Pascoli) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Headquarters San Mauro Pascoli (/wiki/San_Mauro_Pascoli) Key people Gimmi Baldinini, president Products Footwear and Accessories Revenue €50 million (2006) Number of employees about 300 Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Mariella Burani Fashion Group Website www (https://www.baldinini-shop.com/) .baldinini-shop (https://www.baldinini-shop.com/) .com (https://www.baldinini-shop.com/) Baldinini store in Prague. Baldinini is an Italy-based brand specialising in luxury shoes in the manufacturing district (/wiki/Industrial_district) of Rubicone (/wiki/Rubicone) province of Forlì-Cesena (/wiki/Province_of_Forl%C3%AC-Cesena) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The company began in 1910, in the town of San Mauro Pascoli, which is recognised around the world for its high-quality footwear companies. [2] (#cite_note-2) In the 1970s, Gimmi Baldinini entered the company. The company has 100 Baldinini stores around the world and employs 250 workers. In 2001, the group MBFG (/wiki/Mariella_Burani_Fashion_Group) through its subsidiary Antichi Pellettieri acquired 50% of the company. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2007, the company signed with Facco Corporation a contract for the production and commercial distribution of branded jewelry Baldinini . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2009, on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the Eiffel Tower (/wiki/Eiffel_Tower) , Baldinini created a feminine sandal that follows the design of Parisian architecture, with a golden platform cage and a vertiginous spire heel, covered in black silk velvet. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2015, Baldinini and Mafrat together signed a line dedicated to clothing for children aged 3 to 16 under the supervision of Brand Connection S.r.l., called "Baldinini Young". [ citation needed ] In 2016, Baldinini signs a contract with the Visconti maison of Florence for the creation of a collection of pens signed by Baldinini. [ citation needed ] The company archive consists of about 3000 pairs of shoes. In collaboration with the University of Bologna (/wiki/University_of_Bologna) , Gimmi Baldinini plans to transform his company assets into a business museum. [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Stefano Bemer (/wiki/Stefano_Bemer) Bettanin & Venturi (/wiki/Bettanin_%26_Venturi) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Distretto Calzaturiero Rubicone" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002949/http://www.aaster.it/territorio/rapporto/mauro.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.aaster.it/territorio/rapporto/mauro.htm) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Baldinini: over a century of footwear" (https://www.italianshoes.com/en/baldinini-over-a-century-of-footwear/) . Italian Shoes . 5 December 2019 . Retrieved 19 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Acquisizione Quote a MBFG (http://www.borsaitaliana.it/quotazioni/azioni/profilisocietari/828.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Accordo con Facco Corporation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141112081834/http://www.socquot.com/protected/antichipellettieri/comunicati%20stampa/cs803_08_antichipellettieri.doc) . Archived from the original (http://www.socquot.com/protected/antichipellettieri/comunicati%20stampa/cs803_08_antichipellettieri.doc) on 12 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Baldinini draws inspiration from the Eiffel Tower | disegnare scarpe | aziende calzaturiere in italia" (http://www.distrettocalzaturesanmauropascoli.it/articolo_dettaglio.asp?ar_cod=9) . distrettocalzaturesanmauropascoli.it . Retrieved 19 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Crivelli, Giulia (24 April 2020). "Gimmi Baldinini celebra 110 anni con un "museo itinerante" (https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/gimmi-baldinini-celebra-110-anni-un-museo-itinerante-AD3IfAK) " (https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/gimmi-baldinini-celebra-110-anni-un-museo-itinerante-AD3IfAK) . Il Sole 24 ORE (in Italian) . Retrieved 19 November 2021 . Bibliography [ edit ] Silvia Martinenghi Baldinini Le scarpe a modo mio – Shoes my way Artestampa Andrea Guolo; Massimo Donda (2008). FrancoAngeli (/wiki/FrancoAngeli) (ed.). I passi del successo. Storie di imprese e (soprattutto di uomini d'impresa. Con 15 casi di aziende che hanno fatto la storia delle scarpe in Italia (1 a edizione ed.). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788846490810 . External links [ edit ] Baldinini Website (https://www.baldinini-shop.com/) Quality Rep Shoes (https://kick12.org/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐6z4k5 Cached time: 20240713184732 Cache expiry: 1573949 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.335 seconds Real time usage: 0.598 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1911/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25940/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2577/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.199/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5275669/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 491.770 1 -total 29.56% 145.377 1 Template:Infobox_company 28.26% 138.953 1 Template:Reflist 26.64% 131.001 1 Template:Infobox 25.50% 125.404 2 Template:Citation_needed 24.95% 122.714 5 Template:Cite_web 24.15% 118.757 2 Template:Fix 19.75% 97.102 4 Template:Category_handler 6.92% 34.052 1 Template:Portal 6.77% 33.298 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38947699-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713184732 and revision id 1175479845. 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Fashion event in Colombo The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for events (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(events)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Colombo Fashion Week" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Colombo Fashion Week Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Semiannual Location(s) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo) , Sri Lanka Inaugurated 2003 Organised by CFW Holdings Pvt. Ltd Website http://www.colombofashionweek.com (http://www.colombofashionweek.com) Colombo Fashion Week (CFW), is a semiannual fashion show held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, with spring/summer (February – March) and Swim Wear in autumn (September – October); Swim Week Colombo . It was created in 2003 by Ajai Vir Singh. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is organised by CFW Holdings and sponsored by HSBC. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) It is known for being one of the few fashion weeks in Asia (/wiki/Asia) that has lasted over ten years. It aims to serve as a hub for South Asian fashion. Where designers from neighbouring countries like Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) , Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) and India (/wiki/India) take part. Locations [ edit ] CFW has been held at the Hilton Colombo (/wiki/Hilton_Colombo) for most of its lifespan. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) More recently it was held at Shangri-La Colombo (/wiki/Shangri-La_Colombo) , [10] (#cite_note-10) and also Port City Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Port_City) . [ citation needed ] Swim Week Colombo [ edit ] Swim Week Colombo is the first and most premiere platform in Asia for swimwear fashion, facilitating a responsible ecosystem from Manufacturing, to Designing to Retail. Presenting Sri Lanka's best swimwear designers; regional and international, and promoting fusion with local crafts. It is sponsored by OLU Water. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) It also seeks to facilitate a global platform for swimwear, thereby positioning Sri Lanka as swimwear capital of the world. Promoting Sri Lanka as a high-quality production destination, as Sri Lanka has some of the world's best production facilities. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Attendance [ edit ] Admission to shows at Colombo Fashion week is by invitation only, with specific events included. Awards [ edit ] CFW gives three awards; Lifetime Achievement Award, Gen-Next award and the Face of CFW award to deserving individuals. [22] (#cite_note-22) See also [ edit ] Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Italian Award for High-Potential Emerging Designer at Colombo Fashion Week | Daily FT" (https://www.ft.lk/lifestyle/Italian-Award-for-High-Potential-Emerging-Designer-at-Colombo-Fashion-Week/8-730830) . www.ft.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "CFW aims to revive collapsing fashion industry through Olu Swim Week '21 | Daily FT" (https://www.ft.lk/front-page/CFW-aims-to-revive-collapsing-fashion-industry-through-Olu-Swim-Week--21/44-725104) . www.ft.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "HSBC Colombo Fashion Week 2022 - Other | Daily Mirror" (https://www.dailymirror.lk/weekend-online/other/HSBC-Colombo-Fashion-Week-2022/438-231920) . www.dailymirror.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "HSBC Colombo Fashion Week 2021 kicks off" (http://www.themorning.lk/hsbc-colombo-fashion-week-2021-kicks-off/) . The Morning - Sri Lanka News . March 28, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Nadeera, Dilshan. "Styles, trends and designers at Colombo Fashion Week" (http://island.lk/styles-trends-and-designers-at-colombo-fashion-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "COLOMBO FASHION WEEK" (https://lmd.lk/colombo-fashion-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "BUSINESS TODAY -Hilton to host HSBC Colombo Fashion Week" (https://www.businesstoday.lk/article.php?article=2133) . www.businesstoday.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Colombo Fashion Week Day 1" (https://www.timesonline.lk/features/colombo-fashion-week-day-1/5-1041023) . Times Online . ^ (#cite_ref-9) " (http://www.themorning.lk/hsbc-colombo-fashion-week-commences-on-18-march/) 'Responsibility in Fashion' this year's theme for HSBC Colombo Fashion Week" (http://www.themorning.lk/hsbc-colombo-fashion-week-commences-on-18-march/) . The Morning - Sri Lanka News . March 4, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Life Online - Sri Lanka's Latest Lifestyle Food Factor Fashion & Beauty Updates-life.lk" (https://www.life.lk/249/cfw-2019) . www.life.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "olu Swim Week Colombo - Life | Daily Mirror" (https://www.dailymirror.lk/life/olu-Swim-Week-Colombo/243-223485) . www.dailymirror.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Swim Week Colombo at a glance" (https://www.timesonline.lk/features/swim-week-colombo-at-a-glance/5-1004991) . Times Online . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Top international designers on show at Swim Week" (https://colombogazette.com/2016/06/25/top-international-designers-on-show-at-swim-week-colombo/) . June 25, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "CFW Presents OLU SWIM WEEK" (https://ceylontoday.lk/news/cfw-presents-olu-swim-week) . CeylonToday . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Swim Week Colombo 2021 Archives" (https://www.lankabusinessnews.com/tag/swim-week-colombo-2021/) . Lanka Business News . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Olu Swim Week Colombo: Luxury resortwear edit" (http://www.themorning.lk/olu-swim-week-colombo-luxury-resortwear-edit/) . The Morning - Sri Lanka News . October 31, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Nadeera, Dilshan. "Olu Swim Week" (http://island.lk/olu-swim-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Hi Online" (https://www.hi.lk/8/hi-Events/243) . www.hi.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Nations Trust Bank American Express Becomes the Fashion Card at Swim Week Colombo 2021 for 5th Consecutive Time - Nations Trust Bank" (https://www.nationstrust.com/media-releases/corporate/nations-trust-bank-american-express-becomes-the-fashion-card-at-swim-week-colombo-2021-for-5th-consecutive-time) . www.nationstrust.com . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Perera, Tharindu. "CFW PRESENTS OLU SWIM WEEK" (https://lmd.lk/cfw-presents-olu-swim-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "SWIM WEEK COLOMBO SWIM WALL" (https://www.swimweekcalendar.com/global-calendar/swim-week-colombo-swim-wall) . SWIM WEEK CALENDAR . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Bridging the gap: Colombo Fashion Week brings together designers from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/colombo-fashion-week-brings-together-designers-from-india-pakistan-bangladesh-india-today/1/260950.html) . indiatoday.intoday.in . April 6, 2013 . Retrieved April 7, 2013 . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐9whcb Cached time: 20240713213221 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.487 seconds Real time usage: 0.881 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1646/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54701/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1380/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 87396/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.333/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6402622/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 838.000 1 -total 22.46% 188.222 1 Template:Reflist 18.99% 159.168 1 Template:Notability 18.82% 157.698 21 Template:Cite_web 18.44% 154.510 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 18.14% 151.972 1 Template:Ambox 18.11% 151.760 1 Template:Navbox 13.47% 112.903 1 Template:Citation_needed 12.96% 108.636 1 Template:Fix 11.74% 98.416 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39042974-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713213221 and revision id 1220732109. 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_in_South_Korea) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_in_South_Korea) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_South_Korea&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( February 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections) or relocating (/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia) any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not) . ( February 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) For decades now, fashion in South Korea has evolved due to inspirations from Western culture in the past, from Korea's wealth, social media practices in Korea as well as the country's highly developed economy. This, with the rise of the Korean Wave (/wiki/Korean_Wave) has also made Korea highly influential in fashion trends worldwide due to the popularity of its modern pop culture. South Korean fashion has maintained a unique style which has influenced worldwide trends. [1] (#cite_note-1) South Korea's style is known for being expressive and reflecting a sense of individuality, which are absent from the style of its northern counterpart, North Korea (/wiki/North_Korea) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In addition, the Korean Wave (/wiki/Korean_Wave) (the spread of appreciation for South Korean culture) could be suggested to affect the fashion world. For example, it is speculated that some pop stars from Korea have recently been making appearances in large cities such as New York, and can be seen embodying trends and styles from international locations. [3] (#cite_note-3) Euny Hong (/wiki/Euny_Hong) , journalist and author, predicts that this fashion phenomenon will soon reach across the world. [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Antiquity and the pre-modern era [ edit ] In a predecessor to Namdaemun Market (/wiki/Namdaemun_Market) in 1904. Most people are wearing white. Winter clothes were typically made using soft cotton stuffed between layers of silk or cotton. Clothes worn in the summer were made from hemp (/wiki/Hemp) and ramie (/wiki/Ramie) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Components of these clothes helped to form the look and style of the traditional Korean dress, hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) . For thousands of years, Koreans nearly exclusively wore white (/wiki/White_clothing_in_Korea) hanbok ; this tradition is believed to have stemmed from the Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea) . [6] (#cite_note-6) To Koreans, white traditionally symbolizes simplicity, integrity, innocence and nobility. [7] (#cite_note-7) Fashion trends [ edit ] Old-fashioned school uniforms. The uniform on the left is a gakuran (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Japan#Gakuran) . 1950s–60s: Introduction of Western clothing into Korean culture. 1970s–80s: Development of ready-made clothes (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) industry (factory-made clothing, off-the-peg). 1980s–90s: Organization of SFA [ citation needed ] ; increased popularity of designer brands. Present: Internationalization of fashion; overseas expansion of Korean designer clothes. [8] (#cite_note-8) "The South Korean fashion of today began in the late 1800s with an intertwining of western influences. Before that point, during the Joseon period (1392-1897), the Korean hanbok was the typical fashion choice. Hanboks consisted of a blouse and loose-fitting pants or skirt. For women, they wore a jeongi (blouse or jacket) and a chima (skirt); and men wore jeongi and baji (pants). Hanboks were everyday wear with lavish versions worn by the elite. During this period, makeup was made from natural materials and traditionally simple. However, by the late 1800s with the arrival of westerners and Japanese influence, Korean fashion and makeup began to lose its traditional style and elements." Fashion industry overview [ edit ] 1917–1919: Textile industry opens; Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) Textile Corporation and Kangsung Textiles are established and a labor-intensive industry with inexpensive workforce begins. 1960: Labor-intensive industry changes when the first mass-producing corporations appear. 1970: Beginning of the women's clothing industry; minority designers make female ready-made suits (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) in small boutiques. [9] (#cite_note-9) 1972–1977: Major companies participate in making ready-made clothes (there is an automatic increase in the quality of clothing). After 1970s: Because of increased GNP (/wiki/Gross_national_product) and the social debut of women, more diverse women's clothing begins to appear. 1980–1982: Advent of color TV; [10] (#cite_note-10) school uniform (/wiki/School_uniform) and hairstyle regulations impact fashion in South Korea. 1986–1988: Hosting of Asian Games (/wiki/Asian_Games) and 1988 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics) increases development of sport clothing brands. 1997: Fashion industry declines in the IMF (/wiki/IMF) . [11] (#cite_note-11) 1999: Fashion industry recovers (high class materials with famous brands increasingly noticeable). [12] (#cite_note-12) Present: Government support and public attention leads to growth of designer fashion; Korean fashion industry is establishing its position in the world. [13] (#cite_note-13) Fashion shows [ edit ] 1955: An official name- designer (/wiki/Designer) was used primarily in South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) ; authorized designers are Norano Soo-kyung Seo, Young-ae Kim (kor : 노라노, 서수경, 김영애). [14] (#cite_note-14) 1958: First fashion contest opens. [15] (#cite_note-15) 1962: First international fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) . 1964: Second fashion contest opens. 1966: Korean fashion show opens in South-East Asia (/wiki/South-East_Asia) expo. 1969: KAFDA (Korean Designers in New York Association) is established. [16] (#cite_note-16) 1970: Korean fashion show opens in Japan (/wiki/Japan) at Expo '70 (/wiki/Expo_%2770) . 1972: Farmer fashion show opens in the community development research society and KPD ( Busan (/wiki/Busan) Designer Association) is established. 1983: First competitive exhibition for textile and fashion design opens. 1987: Ssangbangul (kor: 쌍방울) opens; first multidisciplinary cloth fashion show. 1990: S.F.A.A collection openshttps, and designer Sin-woo Lee participates in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) collection; fashion in South Korea becomes widely known thanks to the Tokyo collection. 1992: Daejeon (/wiki/Daejeon) expo uniform festival opens and Korean designers go overseas. 1993: Korean designers participate in prêt-à-porter (ready-to-wear fashion) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . Present: South Korean designers hold Korean fashion shows in many countries, often showcasing Korean styles. [17] (#cite_note-17) 2011: Hanbok fashion show was held in Seoul, South Korean. Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) is as considered the traditional clothing for Korean custom. [18] (#cite_note-18) Designers [ edit ] In the early 1990s, designer Lee Shin Woo participated in the Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) Collection. [ citation needed ] Lee Shin Woo, Lee Young Hee, Jin Tea Ok, Hong Mi Wha, and others participated in the pret-a-porter (/wiki/Pret-a-porter) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . Korean designers appeared actively on the global stage, with their designs being shown all over the world. The Korean government (/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea) started to encourage talented designers. By the end of the 1990s, the encouragement of talented designers declined due to the currency crisis. Lately, the government has supported designers, and also ones who are less successful in the domestic economy are beginning to advance abroad. [19] (#cite_note-19) Moon Young Hee is a designer (/wiki/Designer) who expresses Korean ideas in a modernistic way. By the end of the 1960s, she had worked as a designer in Wha Shin Renaun, and founded the 'Moon boutique' ready-made clothing brand in 1974. In 1992, she founded the 'Moon Young Hee' designer brand. [20] (#cite_note-20) Andre Kim (/wiki/Andre_Kim) (24 August 1935 (Gyeonggi-do Goyang-si) – 12 August 2010) was a South Korean fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) based in Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) . He was known predominantly for his evening and wedding gown (/wiki/Wedding_gown) collections. [21] (#cite_note-21) Lie Sang-Bong is a major fashion designer who shows Korean fashions in pret-a-porter (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) , which is the core of the global fashion industry. Lie graduated from the Seoul Institute of the Arts and made his debut as a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) in 1983 when he won a prize in the Central Design Contest. In 1993, he gained attention from the Korean fashion community by presenting his first collection, 'The Reincarnation', at Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) Fashion Week. He was later nominated as "Best Designer of the Year" in 1999 by the Mayor of Seoul. Finally, in 2002 he made his debut in Paris (/wiki/Paris) and launched his first title, 'The Lost Memoir'. In 2006, Lie Sang-Bong held his place as a global designer (/wiki/Designer) , showing hangeul (/wiki/Hangeul) design clothes for the first time, and has provided custom designs for Yuna Kim (/wiki/Yuna_Kim) . Lie Sang-Bong is emerging as an 'influential designer (/wiki/Designer) ' since the death of Andre Kim (/wiki/Andre_Kim) . [22] (#cite_note-22) Steve J & Yoni Pare married designers. They make witty and characteristic clothes. [23] (#cite_note-23) They held their 2013 FW Collection on 27 March 2013 (4:00 pm) in Yeuido IFC. The theme of Steve J & Yoni P's 2013 FW collection is 'Classic Meet Punk'. [24] (#cite_note-24) Designer Lee Suk Tae graduated at L'ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne and L'ecole de studio berco in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . He was selected in a young French designers' contest in Paris (/wiki/Paris) and has worked in the Paris headquarters of Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) and Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) . He launched his own brand in 1997 and was invited by the Korean Fashion Association to present a collection at Hong Kong Fashion Week (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fashion_Week_for_Fall/Winter) . He has since inaugurated his own store in Gangnam (/wiki/Gangnam_District) and been selected as one of Seoul's "10 Soul Designers". [25] (#cite_note-25) Andersson Bell is a Korean designer brand that is rising in popularity and whose clothing is inspired by both Korean and Scandinavian cultures. This brand is selling well in the European market and is also placed in the Net-A-Porter online shopping platform. [26] (#cite_note-26) Supertalent Fashion Week [ edit ] Supertalent Fashion Week, is a clothing trade show to be held globally, represents Supermodel Influencers of Supertalent of the World, photographers, art directors and stylists, producing fashion events in several countries. Its organizers collaborate with industry organizations and work with local and national governments. it was held Seoul to Eiffel Tower of Paris, Ferrari Auto of Modena, Cannes, Milan, Venice, Rome, positioned world leader of Supermodel Influencer. It was held at the Korea International Exhibition Center (/wiki/Korea_International_Exhibition_Center) , Daegu (/wiki/Daegu) Textile Complex, Incheon International Airport (/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport) , [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) , Eiffel Tower (/wiki/Eiffel_Tower) , Galeries Lafayette (/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette) , [30] (#cite_note-30) Paris, Jungfrau (/wiki/Jungfrau) , [31] (#cite_note-31) Schilthorn (/wiki/Schilthorn) , [32] (#cite_note-32) Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Seoul Fashion Week [ edit ] The Seoul Fashion Week [33] (#cite_note-33) is a global fashion event held twice a year in the Spring/Summer and Fall/Winter seasons. Started in 1987 it is sponsored by the city of Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) and conducted by Inotion World Wide. The Fashion Weeks are held in March and October in South Korea, and are followed by shows in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , London (/wiki/London) and Milan (/wiki/Milan) . The event is marked with inclusivity and diversity, combining high fashion with street style. [34] (#cite_note-34) The Seoul Fashion Week is split into three parts: [35] (#cite_note-35) The Seoul Collection : A high-end Korean fashion event. The collection is among some of the biggest in Korean fashion. Generation Next is an upcoming fashion design program for Korean designers. It concentrates on designers with fewer than 5 years of experience. Unique appearance and creative thinking are emphasized in this section. The Seoul Fashion Fair is an exhibition showcasing Korean fashion companies. Its mission is to grow Korean fashion companies by helping to build business partnerships to compete in the global fashion market. It is easy for companies to get a spot at the fair. Korea Fashion Design Contest [ edit ] The Korea Fashion Design Contest looks for fresh and rising design talent in Korea. This contest began in 1983, and it has been supported by the Korean government since 2004 for its promotion of new designers. [36] (#cite_note-36) The contest aims to: Find promising new Korean designers. Provide strategic and systematic mentoring, advertising and marketing support to these designers. Showcase Korean fashion on an international scale, to show the world that Korean fashion is a high-value industry. [37] (#cite_note-37) Korea Style Week 2013 [ edit ] Korea Style Week was an exhibition at COEX (/wiki/COEX) in Korea in 2013. [38] (#cite_note-38) It combined a fashion show format with that of a fair for the first time in Korea. This was done to make it easy to find new designers and fashion online. Korea Style Week was an opportunity for companies to introduce the public to their products. This was done by creating events like styling classes, runways, flea markets, etc. K-Pop (/wiki/K-Pop) : K-Collection in Seoul Fashion Concert [ edit ] The K-Collection was last held on 11 March 2012, at the Olympic Stadium (/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Seoul)) in Seoul. [39] (#cite_note-39) The event was hosted by the Korea Tourism Organization, and featured performances by K-Pop (/wiki/K-Pop) artists such as MBLAQ (/wiki/MBLAQ) , Infinite (/wiki/Infinite_(band)) , Big Bang (/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)) , IU (/wiki/IU_(singer)) , Girls’ Generation (/wiki/Girls%E2%80%99_Generation) , and Miss A (/wiki/Miss_A) . The fashion show featured (among others) collections by 2PLACEBO, 8seconds, Kappa, and Skin Food (/wiki/Skin_Food) . K-pop and the fashion world [ edit ] 2ne1 Fashion Wave [ edit ] 2NE1 (/wiki/2NE1) introduced high-end fashion labels such as Givenchy and Balmain to the Korean audience. According to Harper's Bazaar, "Korean style is a mix of streetwear and luxury". [40] (#cite_note-40) They further highlight that the trend is combining European brands and streetwear brands together. Blackpink and Mulberry [ edit ] Lisa and Rose, members of the popular girl group Blackpink (/wiki/Blackpink) , were featured on the September issue of Dazed Korea. [41] (#cite_note-41) Their ensemble was created from pieces from Mulberry's 2018 Fall/Winter collection. In addition, they sat in the front row at this year's Mulberry Show in Seoul. The objective of Johnny Coca, the creative director of the major British fashion house, was not only to make Mulberry a prominent brand in the UK but also to garner international recognition in places such as South Korea. In an article by Vogue, Coca states that "Korea was the second (biggest) country in terms of revenue so it was important to be part of that expansion and to communicate more about the brand and its heritage to the Korean customer". [42] (#cite_note-42) Winner and Burberry [ edit ] Another famous British fashion house, Burberry, was featured by Mino and Hoony, two members of the popular K-pop group Winner (/wiki/Winner_(band)) . They were dressed in the Burberry Spring/Summer 2018 collection for the brand's show. Furthermore, they received early access to the Spring 2018 collection as soon as they landed in England. According to an article in Vogue, "The two wore full looks while enjoying their time around London, sharing multiple images of themselves in pieces that are sure to be among the seasons most coveted. While sharing snapshots of tartan tote bags and classic trenches, the pair also managed to squeeze in a little sightseeing..." [43] (#cite_note-43) Hanbok, traditional Korean-styled clothes Hanbok See also [ edit ] Miss Supertalent (/wiki/Miss_Supertalent) Fashion Week List of Korean clothing (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Shopping in Seoul (/wiki/Shopping_in_Seoul) André Kim (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kim) E-Land Group (/wiki/E-Land_Group) List of Korean online fashion retailers (/wiki/List_of_Korean_online_fashion_retailers) External links [ edit ] A rare look at North Korean fashion (https://dprk360.com/inside-north-korea/12th-pyongyang-fashion-exhibition/38/) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "한국적 디자인'으로 세계무대 누비는 패션 디자이너 이상봉 (segye.com)" (http://www.segye.com/Articles/Hello/Article.asp?aid=20080325001088&cid=0108060000000) (in Korean). Segye Ilbo (/wiki/Segye_Ilbo) (세계일보). 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "한국 민주주의 현주소를 진단한다(Korea democracy's analysis.(in cultural ways))" (http://newsmaker.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&code=115&artid=20202&pt=nv) . Weekly Kyunghyang (/w/index.php?title=Weekly_Kyunghyang&action=edit&redlink=1) . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Modeling and Fashion Capitals" (https://www.thebalancecareers.com/the-big-four-modeling-and-fashion-capitals-of-the-world-2379483a) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hall, Casey (9 October 2014). "Fashion's New Faves: Korean Celebrities". WWD: Women's Wear Daily . 208 (53). ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Clothing and Fashion" (http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korean-Life/Clothing) . Korea.net (/wiki/Korea.net) . Retrieved 14 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Dress - The history of Eastern dress" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/dress-clothing) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) . Retrieved 14 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Seo, Bong-Ha (20 October 2014). "White Hanbok as an Expression of Resistance in Modern Korea". 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Sŏul-si: Misul Munhwa (Art Culture). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788991847590 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Lee, Hana (1 March 2013). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141500/http://www.womennews.co.kr/news/56434) '패션 한류'여성이 이끈다 (Women lead 'Fashion Hallyu')" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141500/http://www.womennews.co.kr/news/56434) . Women Newspaper . Archived from the original (http://www.womennews.co.kr/news/56434) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Andre Kim's real estate worth 30 billion won" (https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/08/113_71414.html) . The Korea Times (/wiki/The_Korea_Times) . 13 August 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131221030356/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/08/113_71414.html) from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Park, Dong-mi (16 May 2013). "대한민국 파워 60인> 패션-디자인의 '포스트 앙드레김' 이상봉 디자이너 (power 60 of South Korea, Lee Sang Bong, post Andre Kim)" (http://news.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20130514000734&md=20130517004528_AS) . Herald economy . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) P, Yoni (2011). Steve Yonis Design Studio . book house. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788956055473 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Choi, Jung a (27 March 2013). "이효리-윤승아-현아-아이비, Steve J & Yoni P 2013 FW 컬렉션 참석(many stars had attended Steve J & Yoni P FW Collection.)" (http://www.sportsworldi.com/Articles/EntCulture/Article.asp?aid=20130327005487&subctg1=50&subctg2=00&OutUrl=naver) . Sports World . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Choi, Seung Geun (5 April 2013). "GS샵, 이석태 디자이너 두 번째 브랜드 론칭(GS shop,Designer Suctae Lee launched second brand)" (http://www.newstomato.com/ReadNews.aspx?no=351383) . tomato news . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Net-A-Porter. "NET-A-PORTER | Luxury Fashion, Beauty & Lifestyle for Women" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/en-us/shop/designer/andersson-bell) . NET-A-PORTER . 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(/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report 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Study of fashion and how humans signify specific social and cultural positions through dress The semiotics of fashion is the study of fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and how humans signify specific social and cultural positions through dress. Ferdinand de Saussure defined semiotics (/wiki/Semiotics) as "the science of the life of signs in society". Semiotics is the study of signs and just as we can interpret signs and construct meaning from text we can also construct meaning from visual images such as fashion. [1] (#cite_note-1) Fashion is a language of signs that non-verbally converse meanings about individuals and groups. It holds a symbolic and communicative role having the capacity to express one's unique style, identity, profession, social status, and gender or group affiliation. [2] (#cite_note-2) Clothing is a non-verbal sign that can be interpreted differently depending on the context, situation or culture. It's in this way that the semiotics of fashion can be linked to social semiotics (/wiki/Social_semiotics) . According to Fred Davis, “ The chief difficulty of understanding fashion in its apparent vagaries is the lack of exact knowledge of the unconscious symbolisms attaching to forms, colors, textures, postures, and other expressive elements of a given cultures. The difficulty is increased by the fact that some of the expressive elements tend to have quite different symbolic references in different areas. " [3] (#cite_note-3) The meanings that are constructed through fashion largely depend on culturally accepted codes. This can be demonstrated in the choice of color for wedding ceremonies across different cultures. For example, a white dress is the traditional attire for a wedding ceremony in contemporary western culture; however in many Asian cultures the color white is associated with death and would be more appropriately worn at a funeral. [4] (#cite_note-4) Specific dress codes are identified by individuals within a culture and convey a message to help categorize and create meaning. A uniform (/wiki/Uniform) is a specific type of clothing that is worn to associate that person with an organization, trade or rank. Uniforms are symbolic and their meanings are arbitrary, in that they stand for their referent based upon agreement or habit of individuals within that culture. [5] (#cite_note-Hodge-5) In western society a policeman will typically wear variations of a blue suit and this generally symbolizes law, security, and authority. Doctors wear white lab coats to represent their profession in health and also to suggest sanitation. Nuns wear black and white dresses that associate them with their involvement in religion. Fashion can go beyond symbolizing a profession, it can also communicate ideas about an individual's personality, social status, or religious belonging. The Burka is a head covering worn by Islamic women and signifies their belonging to an Islamic society. Brand name jeans and designer label garments are worn by individuals to represent value or status in a society. [6] (#cite_note-6) Desmond Morris states, "It is impossible to wear clothes without transmitting social signals." [7] (#cite_note-emulehparker-7) Roland Barthes (/wiki/Roland_Barthes) was a semiotician, who studied the fashion system and how ideologies are transmitted through dress. [8] (#cite_note-8) The semiotic system is formed by social interests and ideologies, and the fashion system is no different. [5] (#cite_note-Hodge-5) In our society the ideologies in fashion are often implemented by celebrities or the dominant class. Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) was an important style icon (/wiki/Fashion_icon) for American women during the 1960s, where her style became a symbol of wealth, power and prestige . [9] (#cite_note-9) The fashion system is not static, and as society and social interests change, so do trends and styles in dress. Pants were originally a garment worn by men and signified masculinity, but society evolved and pants became an acceptable garment for both men and women. Pants are no longer confined to signifying masculinity. Society changes and as individuals in that society adapt so do their dress codes and fashion choices. Fashion is a system of signs, whose meanings and significations are constantly shifting and changing depending on the time, place, and culture. [7] (#cite_note-emulehparker-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Chandler, Daniel. (2007). Semiotics: The Basics . London: Routledge. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Thomas, Pauline, "Theories of Fashion Costume and Fashion History" (http://www.fashion-era.com/sociology_semiotics.html) [ permanent dead link ] , 2005 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Davis, Fred. (1994). Fashion, Culture, and Identity. The University of Chicago Press . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ohio State University, "Historic Costumes and Textile Collections" (http://costume.osu.edu/exhibitions/wedding/) , 2005 ^ Jump up to: a b Hodge, R. and G. Kress.(1988). Social Semiotics . Cambridge. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Buchanan, M., "Politics of Fashion. Reading Notes for Roland Barthes" (http://politicsoffashionuiuc.wordpress.com/tag/semiotics/) , 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b Parker, Emily, "Semiotics in Fashion" (http://emulehparker.co.uk/semiotics-in-fashion-article/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130711033207/http://emulehparker.co.uk/semiotics-in-fashion-article/) 2013-07-11 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Barthes, Roland.(1967). The Fashion System . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Kennedy a Symbol of Fashion" (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Visual_Rhetoric/Semiotics_of_Fahion) , 2013 v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion 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Australian fishing equipment manufacturer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jarvis_Walker) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Jarvis Walker" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jarvis+Walker%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jarvis+Walker%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jarvis+Walker%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jarvis+Walker%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jarvis+Walker%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jarvis+Walker%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Jarvis Walker Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1946 ; 78 years ago ( 1946 ) in Balwyn, Victoria (/wiki/Balwyn,_Victoria) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Headquarters Balwyn, Victoria (/wiki/Balwyn,_Victoria) , Australia Website Official website (http://www.jarviswalker.com.au/) Jarvis Walker is an Australian manufacturer of fishing tackle, primarily known for fishing reels and rods. It was founded in 1946 in Deepdene, Victoria (/wiki/Deepdene,_Victoria) by Jim Jarvis Walker. [1] (#cite_note-70years-1) It was one of the earliest Australian manufacturers of fibreglass (/wiki/Fibreglass) rods (/wiki/Fishing_rod) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Jarvis Walker is also known for its brands Jarvis Marine, Watersnake, and Rovex. See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of sporting goods manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sporting_goods_manufacturers) List of companies named after people (/wiki/List_of_companies_named_after_people) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-70years_1-0) "Jarvis Walker – Celebrating 70 Years!" (http://www.aftatradeshow.com.au/jarvis-walker-celebrating-70-years/) . Australian Fishing Trade Association . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Two-piece fly fishing rod" (https://collection.maas.museum/object/346842) . Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (/wiki/History_of_the_Powerhouse_Museum) . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.jarviswalker.com.au/) Jarvis Walker Company Information (https://www.jarviswalker.com.au/company-info) This article about an Australian corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Overview of fashion in Israel Israeli model Tami Ben-Ami (/wiki/Tami_Ben-Ami) modelling a Gottex (/wiki/Gottex) swimsuit Israeli fashion refers to fashion design and modeling in Israel. Israel has become an international center of fashion and design. [1] (#cite_note-T+L1-1) Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) has been called the "next hot destination" for fashion. [2] (#cite_note-JewishWeek-2) Israeli designers show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [3] (#cite_note-TimeOut-3) History [ edit ] Israeli models in the 1950s The ATA textile factory (/wiki/ATA_(Israeli_company)) was founded in Kfar Ata (/wiki/Kfar_Ata) in 1934 by Erich Moller, a Jewish industrialist from Czechoslovakia. [4] (#cite_note-When_the_guns_fell_silent-4) ATA specialized in work clothes and uniforms, reflecting the Zionist and socialist ideology of the time. [5] (#cite_note-5) Factory production spanned every aspect of garment-making, from thread manufacture to sewing and packaging. [6] (#cite_note-6) The name of the factory was invented by Hebrew novelist (/wiki/Hebrew_literature) , S.Y. Agnon (/wiki/S.Y._Agnon) . ATA is an acronym for the Hebrew words "Arigei Totzeret Artzeinu" – "fabrics manufactured in our land". [7] (#cite_note-7) In the 1960s, Israeli fashion designer Lola Beer Ebner (/wiki/Lola_Beer_Ebner) designed a line of fashionable dresses in bright colors for ATA at the request of Moller's widow. [8] (#cite_note-8) [4] (#cite_note-When_the_guns_fell_silent-4) In the 1980s, ATA closed down and a residential neighborhood was built on the site of its factory. [9] (#cite_note-9) In the kibbutz (/wiki/Kibbutz) egalitarian culture, the special dress served as an intentional anti-fashion. [10] (#cite_note-10) While the tembel hat (/wiki/Tembel_hat) , symbolised the agricultural hard-work. In the early years of the state, Ruth Dayan (/wiki/Ruth_Dayan) , wife of Moshe Dayan (/wiki/Moshe_Dayan) , founded Maskit (/wiki/Maskit) , a fashion and decorative arts house that helped to create jobs for new immigrants (/wiki/Aliyah) while preserving the Jewish ethnic crafts of various communities living in Israel. [11] (#cite_note-Leitersdorf-11) In 1955, Dayan met fashion designer Finy Leitersdorf, who designed clothes and accessories for Maskit for 15 years. The two collaborated on a joint exhibit of Maskit designs at the Dizengoff Museum (today the Tel Aviv Museum (/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum) ). [11] (#cite_note-Leitersdorf-11) Maskit produced textiles, clothing, objets d’art and jewelry. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 1956, Lea Gottlieb (/wiki/Lea_Gottlieb) founded Gottex (/wiki/Gottex) , a high-fashion beachwear and swimwear company that became a leading exporter of designer bathing suits. [13] (#cite_note-13) An Israeli model in a leather jacket, 1969. Israeli fashion has been worn by some of the world's most famous women, among them Jackie Kennedy, Princess Diana, Katharine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor and Sarah Jessica Parker. [14] (#cite_note-14) Beyonce and Lady Gaga have worn gowns with a metallic bodice design by Alon Livne (/wiki/Alon_Livne) , and Beyonce commissioned Livne to create her wardrobe for her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in 2013. Livne has also designed outfits for the Hunger Games (/wiki/Hunger_Games) film series. [15] (#cite_note-15) Maskit which closed in 1994, reopened in 2013 with the support of billionaire industrialist Stef Wertheimer (/wiki/Stef_Wertheimer) and took part in Moscow's Mercedes Benz Fashion Week (/wiki/Mercedes_Benz_Fashion_Week) that year. [16] (#cite_note-16) Israeli fashion week [ edit ] In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first Fashion Week since the 1980s with Italian designer Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) as a guest of honor. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2015, at the third Tel Aviv Fashion Week, 21 Israeli designers presented their creations to an audience of 24,000 that included 100 members of the international press, dozens of retailers and local celebrities. Israeli model Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) modeled at the opening gala. [18] (#cite_note-18) In the United States [ edit ] In 2009 Ruti Zisser (/wiki/Ruti_Zisser) , an Israeli American lifestyle designer, founded Ruti Inc., a fashion company dedicated to manufacturing and distributing her designs, and to showcase Israeli fashion designers internationally. The company grew rapidly with flagship stores at some of the main fashion streets in the country. Elie Tahari (/wiki/Elie_Tahari) , a designer of luxury ready-to-wear clothing and fashion accessories. His company headquartered in New York City with stores located throughout the world. See also [ edit ] Fashion Forward (/wiki/Fashion_Forward) Culture of Israel (/wiki/Culture_of_Israel) Shenkar College of Engineering and Design (/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering_and_Design) Project Runway Israel (/wiki/Project_Runway_Israel) Biblical clothing (/wiki/Biblical_clothing) Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-T+L1_1-0) What’s New in Tel Aviv (http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/newsflash-whats-new-in-tel-aviv) , by David Kaufman, March 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-JewishWeek_2-0) Promoting Israel in a Downturn (http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c277_a14292/Special_Sections/Israel_Travel.html) [ permanent dead link ] , David Saranga, December 17, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-TimeOut_3-0) Fashion Week: Gottex (http://www3.timeoutny.com/newyork/tonyblog/2008/09/fashion-week-gottex/) [ permanent dead link ] , September 9, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b Tsur, Doron. (October 12, 2010) "When the guns fell silent" (http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/when-the-guns-fell-silent-1.321522) , Haaretz . Retrieved on September 8, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-5) [ "ATA: Factory, Fashion Dream]" (http://www.eretzmuseum.org.il/e/126/) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) [ "Fashion and Politics – ATA Exhibition at the Eretz Israel Museum" (http://www.midnighteast.com/mag/?p=15088) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Atwan, Shahar (October 12, 2011). "The History of Israel, Best Told in Khaki and Sandals" (http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-history-of-israel-best-told-in-khaki-and-sandals-1.389547) . Retrieved April 4, 2018 – via Haaretz. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Prêt-à-pioneer" (http://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Arts-And-Culture/Prt-pioneer) . jpost.com . Retrieved April 4, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Baharir, Ruth Perl (April 14, 2016). "Iconic Israeli Fashion Brand Reinvents Itself" (http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/.premium-1.714276) . Retrieved April 4, 2018 – via Haaretz. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kibbutz Dress in the 1950s: Utopian Equality, Anti Fashion, and Change, Anat Helman, Pages 313–339 21 April 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b Shachar Atwan (August 19, 2011). "A Leitersdorf showcase" (http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/a-leitersdorf-showcase-1.379537) . Haaretz . Retrieved April 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Atwan, Shachar (November 22, 2013). "Breathing New Life Into Legendary Israeli Fashion Brand Maskit" (http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.559589) . Retrieved April 4, 2018 – via Haaretz. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Andrea Heiman (April 23, 1993). "Good Gottex! Women Seeking Bold, Slimming Swimwear Make Israeli Company No. 1 in America" (https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60252360.html?dids=60252360:60252360&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+23%2C+1993&author=ANDREA+HEIMAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Good+Gottex!+Women+Seeking+Bold%2C+Slimming+Swimwear+Make+Israeli+Company+No.+1+in+America&pqatl=google) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) [ "From rags to riches: Israeli fashion rediscovered]" (http://pinsndls.com/2010/09/23/from-rags-to-riches-israeli-fashion-rediscovered/) . ON PINS AND NEEDLES . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Meet The Hottest Israeli Fashion Designers Who Dress The Stars" (http://nocamels.com/2015/06/israeli-fashion-designers-dress-celebrities/) . nocamels.com . June 17, 2015 . Retrieved April 4, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Friedman, Vanessa (July 15, 2014). "Fashion During Wartime" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/17/fashion/despite-tel-aviv-bombings-the-fashion-show-goes-on.html) . Retrieved April 4, 2018 – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Merle Ginsberg (November 21, 2011). "Roberto Cavalli Shows Spring 2012 Collection at First Ever Tel Aviv Fashion Week" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Chabbott, Sophia. "For Israeli Designers, Tel Aviv Fashion Week Highlights More Than Style" (http://www.glamour.com/story/tel-aviv-fashion-week) . glamour.com . Retrieved April 4, 2018 . Further reading [ edit ] Ayala Raz, Changing of Styles , Yedioth books (/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth) , 1996 (in Hebrew). nurit bat-yaar, Israel Fashion Art , Resling, 2008 (in Hebrew). External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion of Israel (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_of_Israel) . Raz, Ayala. Fashion in Eretz-Israel (https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfa-archive/1999/pages/ayala%20raz%20-%20fashion%20in%20eretz-israel.aspx) . The Israel Review of Arts and Letters – 1998/107-8. in: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel) (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)) site The most influential people in Israeli fashion (http://www.haaretz.com/culture/israeli-culture-s-100-most-influential-people/.premium-1.539449) , Haaretz (/wiki/Haaretz) Meet your alter-ego and bedeck it in jewels (http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/meet-your-alter-ego-and-bedeck-it-in-jewels.premium-1.434848) , Haaretz (/wiki/Haaretz) ATA exhibit, Eretz Israel Museum (http://www.eretzmuseum.org.il/e/126/) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion 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Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐d655v Cached time: 20240720192209 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.406 seconds Real time usage: 0.560 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1516/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 60182/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2682/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 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Traditional dress of the Han Chinese people For other uses, see Hanfu (disambiguation) (/wiki/Hanfu_(disambiguation)) . Ming Aoqun (/wiki/Aoqun) stored by the House of Confucius (/wiki/Duke_Yansheng) a section of The Night Revels of Han Xizai (/wiki/The_Night_Revels_of_Han_Xizai) , 10th century CE. Court musicians in Qixiong Ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) ; decorative stone relief, Five dynasties (/wiki/Five_dynasties) . Wanli Emperor (/wiki/Wanli_Emperor) in Mianfu regalia Hanfu ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 汉服 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 漢服 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Hànfú , lit. " Han (/wiki/Han_Chinese) clothing"), are the traditional styles of clothing worn by the Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) since the 2nd millenium BCE. There are several representative styles of hanfu , such as the ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (an upper-body garment with a long outer skirt), the aoqun (/wiki/Aoqun) (an upper-body garment with a long underskirt), the beizi (/wiki/Beizi) and the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) and the shanku (/wiki/Shanku) (an upper-body garment with ku trousers (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) ). [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 Traditionally, hanfu consists of a paofu robe (/wiki/Paofu) , or a ru jacket (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) worn as the upper garment with a qun skirt (/wiki/Qun) commonly worn as the lower garment. In addition to clothing, hanfu also includes several forms of accessories, such as headwear (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear) , footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) , belts (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories#Waist_Ornaments) , jewellery (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories#Jewellery) , yupei (/wiki/Yupei) and handheld fans (/wiki/Hand_fan) . [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) Nowadays, the hanfu is gaining recognition as the traditional clothing of the Han ethnic group, and has experienced a growing fashion revival among young Han Chinese people in China and in the overseas Chinese (/wiki/Overseas_Chinese) diaspora. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) After the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , hanfu developed into a variety of styles using fabrics that encompassed a number of complex textile production techniques, particularly with rapid advancements in sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) . [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) Hanfu has influenced the traditional clothing of many neighbouring cultures (/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere) , including the Korean Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) , [7] (#cite_note-7) the Japanese kimono (/wiki/Kimono) ( wafuku (/wiki/Wafuku) ), [8] (#cite_note-Benn-8) [9] (#cite_note-Dalby-9) the Ryukyuan ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) , [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) and the Vietnamese áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) ( Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) ). [12] (#cite_note-《大南實錄・正編・第一紀・世祖實錄》，越南阮朝，國史館-12) [13] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-13) Elements of hanfu design have also influenced Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) , especially through Chinoiserie fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) , due to the popularity of Chinoiserie (/wiki/Chinoiserie) since the 17th century in Europe (/wiki/Europe) and in the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [14] (#cite_note-:132-14) History [ edit ] Han-era silk piece from the Mawangdui (/wiki/Mawangdui) tomb, 2nd century BCE Hanfu comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia. [15] (#cite_note-Evenson-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Each succeeding dynasty produced their own distinctive dress codes, reflecting the socio-cultural environment of the times. [17] (#cite_note-:45-17) [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) Clothing made of silk was initially used for decorative and ceremonial purposes. The cultivation of silk, however, ushered the development of weaving (/wiki/Weaving) , and by the time of the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , brocade (/wiki/Brocade) , damask (/wiki/Damask) , satin (/wiki/Satin) , and gauze (/wiki/Gauze) had been developed. [19] (#cite_note-:56-19) Han dynasty tomb wall carving depicting the legendary Yellow Emperor (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) , who was said to have lived in the 3rd millennium BCE (/wiki/Longshan_culture) . From the beginning of its history, hanfu (especially in elite circles) was inseparable from silk and the art of sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) , supposedly discovered by the Yellow Emperor (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) 's consort Leizu (/wiki/Leizu) , who was also revered as the Goddess of sericulture. [20] (#cite_note-:118-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) There is even a saying in the Book of Change (/wiki/Book_of_Change) , which says that: [22] (#cite_note-22) "Huang Di, Yao, and Shun (simply) wore their upper and lower garments [衣裳; yī cháng (/wiki/Ruqun) ] (as patterns to the people), and good order was secured all under heaven". Hanfu had changed and evolved with the fashion of the days since its commonly assumed beginnings in the Shang dynasty (/wiki/Shang_dynasty) . Many of the earlier designs are more gender-neutral and simpler in cut than later examples. Later garments incorporate multiple pieces with men commonly wearing pants and women commonly wearing skirts. Clothing for women usually accentuates the body's natural curves through wrapping of upper garment lapels or binding with sashes at the waist. [ citation needed ] From ancient times, the ru upper garments (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) of hanfu were typically worn wrapped over the front, in a style known as jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) ; the left side covering the right side and extend to the wearer's right waist. Initially, the style was used because of the habit of the right-handed wearer to wrap the right side first. Later, the people of the Central Chinese Plain (/wiki/Zhongyuan) discouraged left-handedness, considering it unnatural, barbarian, uncivilized, and unfortunate. The youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel) collar follows the yin and yang theory (/wiki/Yin_and_yang) , wherein the left lapel represents the yang (which symbolizes life) suppresses the yin (which symbolizes death); therefore, youren is the clothing of the living while if it is worn in the opposite way in a style called zuoren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Zuoren/_left_lapel) , the clothing then becomes burial clothing and is therefore considered a taboo. [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) Zuoren is also used by some minority ethnic groups in China. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [24] (#cite_note-:80-24) Many factors have contributed to the fashion of ancient China (/wiki/History_of_China) : beliefs, religions, wars, and the emperor's personal liking. [25] (#cite_note-:54-25) Following the Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) , colours used in the sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) of the Han Chinese held symbolic meaning, based on the Taoist Five Elements Theory (/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)) and the yin and yang theory; each dynasty favoured certain colours. [26] (#cite_note-26) Some elements of Hanfu have also been influenced by neighbouring cultural clothing, especially by the nomadic peoples to the north, and Central Asian (/wiki/Central_Asia) cultures to the west by way of the Silk Road (/wiki/Silk_Road) . [note 1] (#cite_note-27) [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 44–46 [28] (#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29) [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312 Shang dynasty, 2nd millenium BCE [ edit ] Hanfu in Shang dynasty A standing dignitary wearing yichang (/wiki/Ruqun) and bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) , 12th century BCE Jade figurine with sartorial details; Fu Hao (/wiki/Fu_Hao) mausoleum, 2nd millennium BC (/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC) In China, a systemic structure of clothing was first developed during the Shang dynasty (/wiki/Shang_dynasty) , where colours, designs, and rules governing use was implemented across the social strata. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) Only primary colours (i.e. red, blue, and yellow) and green were used due to the degree of technology at the time. [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) The rudiments of hanfu was developed in this period; the combination of upper and lower garments, called yichang (/wiki/Ruqun) , was usually worn with a bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) . [31] (#cite_note-:102-32) [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) The jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) a style of upper garment, started to be worn during this period. [33] (#cite_note-34) In winter, padded jackets were worn. [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) The ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) or jingyi (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) , which were knee-high trousers tied onto the calves but left the thighs exposed, were worn under the chang (/wiki/Qun) . [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) During this period, this clothing style was unisex. [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) Only rich people wore silk; poor people continued to wear loose shirts and ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) made of hemp (/wiki/Hemp) or ramie (/wiki/Ramie) . [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) An example of a Shang dynasty attire can be seen on an anthropomorphic jade figurine excavated from the Tomb of Fu Hao (/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao) in Anyang (/wiki/Anyang) , which shows a person wearing a long narrow-sleeved yi with a wide band covering around waist, and a skirt underneath. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) [36] (#cite_note-37) [37] (#cite_note-38) This yichang attire appears to have been designed for the aristocratic class. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Zhou dynasty, 1046 - 256 BCE [ edit ] Eastern Zhou silk painting featuring a man wearing (/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon) shenyi and a (/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon) guan with a dragon. (/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon) Woman wearing a shenyi (side view), from the Silk painting with female figure, dragon and phoenix patterns Following the Shang dynasty, the Western Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Western_Zhou_dynasty) established new system of etiquette and rites on clothing, placing new ceremonial, political and cultural significance on clothing. This tied fashion to the rites and culture of its people, which became the basis for the Li (禮) orthodoxy (/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)) of Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) that dominated East Asian culture (/wiki/Sinosphere) for 2000 years. In reference to this, Ruist (/wiki/Ruist) writings such as Kong Yingda (/wiki/Kong_Yingda) 's "True Meaning of Chunqiu (/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals) - Zuo zhuan (/wiki/Zuo_zhuan) " suggest that the term huaxia (/wiki/Huaxia) (華夏) referred to both the ceremonial etiquettes of the central states and the clothing that those states' denizens wore. [38] (#cite_note-39) [39] (#cite_note-40) [40] (#cite_note-41) [41] (#cite_note-42) Principle of this practice was the standardization of a garment style called Shangyi Xiachang (上衣下裳, " upper top (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) , and lower garnment (/wiki/Qun) ", meaning separating the upper and lower garments into two items). [42] (#cite_note-43) [43] (#cite_note-44) Though the fashion gradually evolved and was replaced by styles such as shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , the Shangyi Xiachang still maintained as the basis for formal and ceremonial wear such as the mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) and chaofu (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D) . [44] (#cite_note-45) This created a strict hierarchical society that used clothing as a status meridian, and inevitably, the height of one's rank influenced the ornateness of a costume. Costumes would also be distinguished by their ceremonial usage. This became the antecedent for the complex system of clothing for all succeeding eras and dynasties. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 Importance were hence placed on items such as the guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) and mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) , as recorded in Rites of Zhou (/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou) and Book of Rites (/wiki/Book_of_Rites) . [46] (#cite_note-47) The guan was used to distinguish social ranks; the use of guan was one of the distinctive features of the Hanfu system, and men could only wear it after the Adulthood ceremony known as Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 Other markers of status included the fabric materials, the shape, size, colour of the clothing, the decorative pattern, the length of a skirt, the wideness of a sleeve, and the degree of ornamentation. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 There were strict regulations on the clothing of the emperor, feudal dukes, senior officials, soldiers, ancestor worshippers, brides, and mourners. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [47] (#cite_note-:94-48) 4th Century BCE silk gauze; the sericultural (/wiki/Sericulture) industry of the Zhou Dynasty was highly advanced. Western Zhou (c. 9th Century BCE) bronze chariot ornament of a man wearing a juling (矩领, "square collar") robe and an early type of guan . The mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) was the most distinguished type of formal dress, worn for worshipping and memorial ceremonies; it had a complex structure and there were various decorations which bore symbolic meaning; there were six ranked types of mianfu which were worn by emperors, princes and officials according to their titles. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The emperors also wore bianfu (/wiki/Pien_Fu) (only second to mianfu ) when meeting with officials or if they had to work on official business. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) When the emperor were not at court, they wore the xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) . [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [48] (#cite_note-:81-49) Xuanduan could also worn by princes during sacrificial occasions and by scholars who would go pay respect to their parents in the morning. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The mianfu , bianfu , and xuanduan all consisted of four separate parts: a skirt underneath, a robe in the middle, a bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) on top, and a long cloth belt dadai (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories#Belts,_girdles,_and_sashes) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 大带 ). [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Similarly to the Western Zhou dynasty, the dress code of the early Eastern Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_dynasty) was governed by strict rules which was used maintain social order and to distinguish social class. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) In addition to these class-oriented developments, the daily hanfu in this period became slightly looser while maintaining the basic form the Shang dynasty [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) in the wearing of yichang (/wiki/Ruqun) . [49] (#cite_note-:95-50) Broad and narrow sleeves both co-existed. The yi was closed with a sash which was tied around the waist; jade decorations were sometimes hung from the sash. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) The length of the skirts and ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) could vary from knee-length to ground-length. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) Common people in the Zhou dynasty, including the minority groups (/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China) in Southwest China, wore hemp (/wiki/Hemp) -based clothing. [19] (#cite_note-:56-19) The Zhou dynasty also formalized women's wearing of ji (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) with a coming-of-age ceremony called Ji Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) , which was performed after a girl was engaged and the wearing of ji showed a girl was already promised to a marriage. [51] (#cite_note-52) Men could also wear ji alone, however more commonly men wore ji with the guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) to fix the headwear. [52] (#cite_note-53) Spring and Autumn period, Warring States period [ edit ] See also: Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) , Shanku (/wiki/Shanku) , and Paofu (/wiki/Paofu) Charioteer figure wearing a short juling paofu (/wiki/Paofu) , Eastern Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Zhou) . During the Spring and Autumn period (/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) and the Warring States period (/wiki/Warring_States_period) , numerous schools of thought emerged in China, including Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) ; those different schools of thoughts naturally influenced the development of the clothing. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Moreover, due to the frequent wars occurring during the Warring States period, various etiquette were slowly revoked. [53] (#cite_note-chinastyle.cn-54) Eastern Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Zhou) dress code started to erode by the middle of Warring States period. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Later, many regions decided not to follow the system of Zhou dynasty; the clothing during this period were differentiated among the seven major states (i.e. the states of Chu (/wiki/Chu_(state)) , Han (/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)) , Qin (/wiki/Qin_(state)) , Wei (/wiki/Wei_(state)) , Yan (/wiki/Yan_(state)) , Qi (/wiki/Qi_(state)) and Zhao (/wiki/Zhao_(state)) ). [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [53] (#cite_note-chinastyle.cn-54) Moreover, the year 307 B.C. also marked an important year with the first reform of the military uniform implemented by King Wuling of Zhao (/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao) . This reform, commonly referred to as Hufuqishe (/wiki/Hufu#Hufuqishe) , required all Zhao soldiers to wear the Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) -style uniforms of the Donghu (/wiki/Donghu_people) , Linhu and Loufan people in battle to facilitate fighting capability. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 257 [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) The hedangku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) with a loose rise was then introduced. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) [55] (#cite_note-56) Ruqun A warrior wearing a quju youren shanqun, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng) , Warring States Period, 6th century BC Shamans wearing jiaoling yoren ruqun, Chu culture, Warring States period, 4th-3rd century BC 8th century depiction of Confucius donning what was perceived as typical fashion of pre-imperial China Based on the archaeological artifacts dating from the Eastern Zhou dynasty, ordinary men, peasants and labourers, were wearing a long youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel) yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) with narrow-sleeves, with a narrow silk band called sitao ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 丝套 ) being knotted at the waist over the top. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) [49] (#cite_note-:95-50) The youren yi was also worn with ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (in a style generally referred as shanku (/wiki/Shanku) ) to allow greater ease of movement, but was made of plain cloth instead of silk cloth. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) The shanku of this period also influenced the Hufu . [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Aristocratic figures did not wear those kind of clothing however, they were wearing wider-sleeved long paofu (/wiki/Paofu) which was belted at the waist; one example can be seen from the wooden figures from a Xingyang (/wiki/Xingyang) Warring States period tomb. [note 2] (#cite_note-57) [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) [49] (#cite_note-:95-50) The youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel) closures could be found in different shapes, such as jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) and quju youren . [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Skirts also appear to have been worn during the Warring States period based on archaeological artifacts and sculpted bronze figures, [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) and was worn in the shanqun (/wiki/Ruqun) or ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . [note 3] (#cite_note-59) [57] (#cite_note-:44-60) An archeological example of a bronze figure wearing shanqun is the bronze armed warrior holding up chime bells from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng) . [57] (#cite_note-:44-60) A dark yellow-skirt, dating from the late Warring States period, was also found in the Chu Tomb (M1) at the Mashan site in Jiangling County (/wiki/Jiangling_County) , Hubei province (/wiki/Hubei) . [58] (#cite_note-:83-61) [59] (#cite_note-:85-62) [60] (#cite_note-63) Shenyi Attendant wearing a qujupao shenyi, a typical clothing of its period, Warring States Period Women and men wearing shenyi, Jingmen Tomb of the State of Chu (1030 BC – 223 BC) A bronze oil lamp stand shaped like a man in shenyi, Warring States. During the Warring States period, the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) was also developed. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 9–14 [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) The qujupao (/wiki/Shenyi#Qujupao) , a type of shenyi which wrapped in a spiral effect and had fuller sleeves, was found to be worn by tomb figurines of the same period. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [62] (#cite_note-65) Unearthed clothing from tombs show that the shenyi was worn by aristocrats in the state of Chu. [63] (#cite_note-66) The increased popularity of the shenyi may have been partially due to the influence of Confucianism. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) The shenyi remained the dominant form of Hanfu from the Zhou dynasty to the Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) and further to the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) . [64] (#cite_note-67) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 Qin dynasty [ edit ] A kneeling figurine wearing shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) or jiaolingpao (/wiki/Paofu) , Qin dynasty. Although the Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) was short-lived, it set up a series of systems that impacted the later generations greatly. Following the unification of the seven states, Emperor Qin Shihuang (/wiki/Qin_Shihuang) ordered his people, regardless of distance and class, to follow a series of regulations in all forms of cultural aspects, including clothing. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) The clothing style in Qin was therefore unitary. [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) The Qin dynasty adopted a coloured-clothing system, which stipulated people who held higher position (officials of the third rank and above) wore green shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) while common people wore normal white shenyi . [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The Han Chinese wore the shenyi as a formal dress and was worn together with a guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) and shoes. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 The Qin dynasty also abolished Zhou dynasty's mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) ranking system, replaced with a uniform type of black shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) called junxuan (袀玄) [後漢書 1] (#cite_note-:1-70) and tongtianguan (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) instead of the mianguan for the emperor, [67] (#cite_note-71) [68] (#cite_note-72) with the officials following suit and wearing the same black robes. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 In court, the officials wore hats, loose robes with carving knives hanging from the waist, holding hu (/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)) , and stuck ink brush (/wiki/Ink_brush) between head and ears. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 There was an increase in the popularity of robes with large sleeves with cuff laces among men. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 A kneeling Terracotta army archer wearing with a shirt, an armoured jacket, a short skirt with underneath trousers, and a shallow-mouth shoes, Qin dynasty Terracotta army soldiers in colours wearing shangru under their daru with ku trousers, Qin dynasty. In ordinary times, men wore ruku (/wiki/Shanku) whereas the women wore ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 Merchants (/wiki/Merchant) , regardless of their wealth, were never allowed to wear clothing made of silk (/wiki/Silk) . [69] (#cite_note-73) The commoners and labourers wore jiaolingpao (/wiki/Paofu) with narrow sleeves, trousers (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) , and skirts; they braided their hairs or simply wore skull caps and kerchiefs. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 [58] (#cite_note-:83-61) The making of different kinds of qun (/wiki/Qun) ( 裙 ; 'skirt'; called xie ( 衺 ) in Qin dynasty), shangru ( 上襦 ; 'jacket'), daru ( 大襦 ; 'outwear') and ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) -trousers is recorded in a Qin dynasty's bamboo slip (/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) called Zhiyi ( 制衣 ; 'Making clothes'). [58] (#cite_note-:83-61) [59] (#cite_note-:85-62) The Terracotta army (/wiki/Terracotta_army) also show the differences between soldiers and officers' clothing wherein the elites wore long gown while all the commoners wore shorter jackets; they also wore headgears which ranged from simple head cloths to formal official caps. [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) Cavalry riders were also depicted wearing long-sleeved, hip-length jackets and padded trousers. [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) Han dynasty [ edit ] Banqueting and dancing figurines in Han style Shenyi , the colouring has mostly decayed; 2nd century BCE Sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) and silk embroidery reached a new high in the Han Silk with intricate hand drawn motif; Mawangdui (/wiki/Mawangdui) , 2nd century BCE By the time of Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) remained popular and developed further into two types: qujupao (/wiki/Shenyi#Qujupao) and zhijupao . [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 9–14 The robes appeared to be similar, regardless of gender, in cut and construction: a wrap closure, held by a belt or a sash, with large sleeves gathered in a narrower cuff; however, the fabric, colours and ornaments of the robes were different between gender. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) However, later during the Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) , very few people wore shenyi . [71] (#cite_note-:4-75) Mawangdui Painted Figurines wearing qujupao shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , Han dynasty A female servant and a male advisor in Chinese shenyi , ceramic figurines from the Western Han period (/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty) (202 BCE – 9 CE) Wooden figurine of a male servant wearing a changguan (长冠) and shenyi . Silk from the Mawangdui (/wiki/Mawangdui) tomb 2nd century BCE. Flower-patterned silk piece; 2nd century BCE, Mawangdui. Eastern Han mural of husband and wife. Fresco of two Men from a Western Han Dynasty Tomb in modern-day Xi'an (/wiki/Xi%27an) , Shaanxi Mural painting of a male figure wearing wuguan (武冠), discovered in a Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) dynasty (206 B.C. – 8 A.D.) tomb in Jinxiang County (/wiki/Jinxiang_County) A man dressing in the Han dynasty style shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) An Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) carved stone tomb door showing a man wearing trousers underneath a long robe with a jinze hat, stored in Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) Provincial Museum in Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) An Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) carved stone tomb door showing a man carrying a shield, wearing a long robe with apron and a wuguan (武冠)/ wubian (武弁) on jieze (介帻), stored in Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) Provincial Museum in Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) . Tracing of stone-relief depicting scholar-officials on Wu Family Shrines (/wiki/Wu_Family_Shrines) . In the beginning of the Han dynasty, there was no restrictions on the clothing worn by common people. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) During the Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) , the imperial edicts on the use of general clothing were not specific enough to be restrictive to the people, and were not enforced to a great degree. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) The clothing was simply differed accordingly to the seasons: blue or green for spring, red for summer, yellow for autumn and black for winter. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) [47] (#cite_note-:94-48) [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 4 It was the Emperor Ming of Han (/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han) formalized the dress code of Han dynasty in 59 AD, during the Eastern Han, restoring the ceremonial use of mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) system from the prior junxuan of the Qin dynasty. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [後漢書 2] (#cite_note-:2-76) According to the new dress code, the emperor had to be dressed in a black-coloured upper garment and in an ocher yellow-coloured lower garment. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 The Shangshu (/wiki/Book_of_Documents) – Yiji 《尚书益稷》records the 12 ornaments (/wiki/Twelve_Ornaments) used on the sacrificial garments which were used to differentiate social ranks in the earlier times. [72] (#cite_note-:31-77) [73] (#cite_note-78) In addition, regulations on the ornaments used by emperors, councillors, dukes, princes, ministers and officials were specified. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [72] (#cite_note-:31-77) There were distinct styles of clothing based on social ranks, these regulations were accompanied with Confucian rituals. [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) Different kind of headgear, weaving and fabric material, as well as ribbons attached to officials seals, were also used to distinguish the officials. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) The official seal was then placed in a leather pouch, was put on its wearer's waist and the ribbon, which came in different colours, size, and texture to indicate ranking, would hang outside the pouch. [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) Throughout the years, Han dynasty women commonly also wore ruqun of various colours. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) The combination of upper and lower garments in women's wardrobe eventually became the clothing model of the Han ethnicity of the later generations. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 4 During the Qin and Han dynasties, women wore skirts which was composed of four pieces cloth sewn together; a belt was often attached to the skirt, but the use of a separate belt was sometimes used by women. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) : 36 A married couple drinks and dines, Eastern Han tomb. Mural from Dahuting Han Tomb (/wiki/Dahuting) of the late Eastern Han dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty) , in Henan (/wiki/Henan) , China A Chinese ceramic (/wiki/Chinese_ceramics) statue of a woman holding a bronze mirror (/wiki/Bronze_mirror) , Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) period (25-220 AD), Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) Museum, Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) A female dancer from Eastern Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) A Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) skirt made of thin silk, composed of four pieces sewn together. Excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb No.1 (/wiki/Mawangdui#Tombs_1_and_2) . Now stored in the Hunan Museum (/wiki/Hunan_Museum) . The male farmers, workers, businessmen and scholars, were all dressed in similar fashion during the Han dynasty; jackets (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) , aprons, and dubikun (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) or leggings were worn by male labourers. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) [71] (#cite_note-:4-75) [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) The jackets worn by men who engaged in physical work is described as being a shorter version of zhijupao and it was worn with trousers. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) The jingyi (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) continued to be worn in the early period of Han dynasty; other forms of trousers in this period were the dakouku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) and dashao (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) ; both were developed from the hedangku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) loose rise introduced by King Wuling. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) Men in the Han dynasty also wore a kerchief or a guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) on their heads. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 The guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) was used as a symbol of higher status and could only be worn by people of distinguished background. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 The emperors wore tongtianguan (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) (通天冠) when meeting with their imperial subjects, yuanyouguan (遠遊冠) were worn by dukes and princes; jinxianguan (進賢冠) was worn by civil officials while military officials wore wuguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) (武冠). [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 The kerchief was a piece of clothing that wrapped around the head, and it symbolized the status of adulthood in men. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 One form of kerchief was ze (帻); it was a headband that keep the head warm during cold weather. Over time the ze was attached with a head covering scarf, or jin (巾), and developed into a full cap called jinze (巾帻). [後漢書 3] (#cite_note-:3-79) The jinze was adopted into widespread use and worn commonly by military personnel and commoners. Military jinze was red in color, also called chize (赤帻). Another variant with a roof-shaped top called jieze (介帻) is used by civil servants, usually greenish black in colour until summer seasons. [74] (#cite_note-80) [後漢書 4] (#cite_note-:4-81) Men and women also wore a lined, long robe called paofu (/wiki/Paofu) . [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 12–13 As Buddhism arrived in China during late period of Han dynasty, robes of Buddhist monks started to be produced. [25] (#cite_note-:54-25) [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) The attire worn in the Han dynasty laid the foundation for the clothing development in the succeeding dynasties. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) A male dancer wearing a black jiaolingpao (/wiki/Paofu) over a pair of red trousers, Dahuting tomb, Eastern Han dynasty A reconstruction of the Daoyin tu (an exercise chart showing "Guiding and Pulling Chart"), excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb 3 (sealed in 168BC) in the former kingdom of Changsha A Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) warrior figure. An Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) male figure wearing a wubian (武弁), Shanghai Museum (/wiki/Shanghai_Museum) Funerary terracotta soldiers wearing wubian . A late Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) Chinese tomb mural showing lively scenes of a banquet, dance and music, acrobatics, and wrestling, from the Dahuting Han Tomb (/wiki/Dahuting) in Henan (/wiki/Henan) , China Military official depicted on Han dynasty stone relief found in Deng county, Henan. Wuguan hat with pheasant-tail decorations denominates martial status. [後漢書 5] (#cite_note-:5-82) [75] (#cite_note-83) Scholars depicted on Han dynasty pictorial brick, discovered in Chengdu. Scholars wore hats called Jinxian Guan (进贤冠) to denominate educational status. [後漢書 6] (#cite_note-:6-84) jieze (介帻), as worn by a ceramic xiao-flute player. Jieze worn by man (left) Ornaments and jewelries, such as rings, earrings, bracelets, necklace, and hairpins (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) , and hair sticks were common worn in China by the time of Han dynasty. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The original hair sticks ji evolved to zanzi (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) with more decorations. [78] (#cite_note-87) And a new type of women hair ornament invented during Han dynasty was the buyao (/wiki/Buyao) , which was zanzi added with dangling decorations that would sway when the wearer walk and was unique to the Han Chinese women. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 [79] (#cite_note-88) [後漢書 7] (#cite_note-:7-89) Three Kingdoms, Jin dynasty [ edit ] The paofu (/wiki/Paofu) worn in the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) continued to evolve. During this period, 220–589 AD, the robe became loose on the wearer's body so a wide band functioned as belt was in use to organise the fitting, and the sleeves of the robe changed to "wide-open" instead of cinched at the wrist; this style is referred as bao yi bo dai (/wiki/Paofu) , and usually worn with inner shirt and trousers. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) In some instances, the upper part of the robe was loose and open with no inner garment worn; men wearing this style of robe was featured in the painting Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 The bao yi bo dai style appears to have been a northern Han Chinese style, and the popularity of the robe was a result of the widespread Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) In the Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) , in particular, while many clothing of the Han dynasty were maintained, scholars and adherents of Neo-Taoism (/wiki/Neo-Taoism) rejected the traditional court dress and retreated from the rigid Confucian system; this showed up in how they would dress themselves. [80] (#cite_note-:127-90) The style of men's paofu gradually changed into a more simple and casual style, while the style of women's paofu increased in complexity. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) During the Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) and Jin period, especially during the Eastern Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) period (317 – 420 AD), aristocratic women sought for a carefree life style after the collapse of the Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) dynasty's ethical code; this kind of lifestyle influenced the development of women's clothing, which became more elaborate. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) Typical women attire during this period is the guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) , a wide-sleeved paofu (/wiki/Paofu) adorned with xian (髾; long swirling silk ribbons) and shao (襳; a type of triangular pieces of decorative embroidered-cloth) on the lower hem of the robe that hanged like banners and formed a "layered effect". [81] (#cite_note-91) [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [82] (#cite_note-92) [83] (#cite_note-93) The robe continued to be worn in the Northern and Southern dynasties (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) by both men and women, as seen in the lacquered screen found in the Northern Wei tomb of Sima Jinlong (ca. 483 A.D) (https://www.comuseum.com/arts/beiwei-lacquer-screen/) ; however, there were some minor alterations to the robe, such as higher waistline and the sleeves are usually left open in a dramatic flare. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) A mural painting showing man and women wearing loose robes, from the Northern Liang (/wiki/Northern_Liang) 's Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5 (/wiki/Dingjiazha_Tomb_No._5) of the Sixteen Kingdoms (/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms) period Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove) wearing bao yi bo dai , from rubbing of Eastern Jin (/wiki/Eastern_Jin) molded tomb bricks Duke Yi of Wey (/wiki/Wey_(state)) (衞懿公) wearing paofu , from Wise and Benevolent Women (列女仁智圖) by Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) 's Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) A man wearing paofu. Back view of a man wearing paofu with trousers under his robe A man wearing paofu and a woman wearing guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) ; lacquer painting, Tomb of Sima Jinlong, Northern Wei (/wiki/Northern_Wei) , c.484 AD Court ladies wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) , from Admonitions of the Instructress to the Palace Ladies (/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll) (女史箴图) by Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) , c.380 Dunhuang (/wiki/Mogao_Caves) Fresco of a Woman dressing in guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) King Wu (/wiki/King_Wu_of_Chu) of Chu (/wiki/Chu_(state)) wearing paofu and tongtianguan , from Wise and Benevolent Women (列女仁智圖) by Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) 's Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) Golden cicada-patterned dāng (珰), used to decorate official headwears such as longguan / wuguan and tongtianguan . [84] (#cite_note-94) Eastern Jin dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty) cicada-patterned dāng (珰) plaque ornament, with embedded gemstones. Shoes worn during this period included lü (履; regular shoes for formal occasions), ji (屐; high, wooden clogs for informal wear), and shoes with tips which would curl upward. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The shoes with tips curled upward would later become a very popular fashion in the Tang dynasty. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) Leather boots (靴, xue ), quekua (缺胯; an open-collared robe with tight sleeves; it cannot cover the undershirt), hood and cape ensemble were introduced by northern nomads in China. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 Tomb inventories found during this period include: fangyi (方衣; square garment), shan (衫; shirt), qun (/wiki/Qun) , hanshan (汗衫; sweatshirt), ru (襦; lined jacket), ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (裤), kun (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (裈), liangdang (两裆; vest), ao (袄; multi-layered lined jacket), xi (褶; a type of jacket), bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) ; while women's clothing style were usually ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (lined jacket with long skirt) and shanqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (衫裙; shirt with long skirt), men's clothing styles are robes, shanku (/wiki/Shanku) , and xiku (褶裤; jacket with trousers). [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 During this period, the black gauze hats with a flat top and an ear at either side appeared and were popular for both men and women. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Although they had their own cultural identity, the Cao Wei (/wiki/Cao_Wei) (220–266 AD) and the Western Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) (266–316 AD) dynasties continued the cultural legacy of the Han dynasty. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 Clothing during the Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) era and the clothing in Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) (266–420 AD) roughly had the same basic forms as the Han dynasty with special characteristics in their styles; the main clothing worn during those times are: ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (jacket and skirt), ku , and qiu (裘; a fur coat). [85] (#cite_note-Chinastyle-95) During this period, elites generally wore paofu (/wiki/Paofu) while peasants wore shanku consisting of short jackets and ku. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 Male commoners wore similar dress as Han dynasty male commoner did; archeological artefacts of this period depict male commoners wearing a full-sleeved, knee-length youren jacket; man's hairstyle is usually a topknot or a flat cap used for head covering. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 Female commoners dressed in similar fashion as their male counterpart but their jacket was sometimes depicted longer; they also wore long skirt or trousers. Attendants (not to be confused with servants) on the other hand are depicted wearing two layers of garment and wore a long skirt reaching the ground with long flowing sleeved jacket. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 The jacket is sometimes closed with a belt or a fastener. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 White colour was the colour worn by commoner people during the Three Kingdoms and Jin period. [85] (#cite_note-Chinastyle-95) Commoner-style clothing from this period can be seen on the Jiayuguan (/wiki/Jiayu_Pass) bricks painting (https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-attractions/weijin-tomb-murals.htm) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 Cao Zhi and attendants wearing a liangguan and longguan respectively, depicted on "Nymph of Luo River" by Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) of Eastern Jin dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty) . Brick painting of a peasant wearing a full-sleeved youren jacket that reached to knees, Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) to Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) , found in Jiayuguan (/wiki/Jiayu_Pass) , Gansu (/wiki/Gansu) . Brick painting of a woman wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and a man wearing long robe, Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . Brick painting of two women wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and a female attendant wearing a jacket with skirt, Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . Brick painting of group of women wearing jacket and skirt, Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . Figure wearing a shanqun , and two male figures with upper garment and trousers, Cao Wei (/wiki/Cao_Wei) , Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . A dancer wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) from Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5 (/wiki/Dingjiazha_Tomb_No._5) , Gansu (/wiki/Gansu) Province, China. Fresco of a Young Girl, Western Wei (/wiki/Western_Wei) . Mural painting of men wearing robes, Cao Wei (/wiki/Cao_Wei) , Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . The dakouku remained popular. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) Dakouku that were bounded with strings at the knees were also called fuku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) , During the Western Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) , it was popular to use a felt cord to bind dakouku. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) It was worn with a knee-length tight cotton-padded robe as a set of attire called kuzhe (/wiki/Shanku) . [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) The kuzhe was a very popular style of clothing during the Northern and Southern dynasties and was a Hanfu created by assimilating non-Han Chinese cultures. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) New forms of belts with buckles, dubbed as "Jin style", were also designed during the Western Jin. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 The "Jin style" belts were later exported to several foreign ethnicities (including the Murong Xianbei (/wiki/Murong) , the Kingdom of Buyeo (/wiki/Buyeo) , the early Türks (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) and the Eurasian Avars (/wiki/Pannonian_Avars) ); these belts was later imitated by the Murong Xianbei and Buyeo before evolving into the golden parade belts with hanging metal straps of Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) and Silla (/wiki/Silla) . [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern and Southern dynasties [ edit ] Ruqun, from a Former Qin (/wiki/Former_Qin) tomb Due to the frequent wars in this era, mass migration occurred and resulted in several ethnics living together with communication exchange; as such, this period marked an important time of cultural integration and cultural blending, including the cultural exchange of clothing. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [86] (#cite_note-96) Han Chinese living in the south favoured the driving dress of the northern minorities, trousers and (/wiki/Shanku) xi (褶; a tight sleeved, close fitting long jacket, length reaching below crotch and above knees), while the rulers from northern minorities favoured the court dress of the Han Chinese. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Near the areas of the Yellow River (/wiki/Yellow_River) , the popularity of the ethnic minorities' hufu was high, almost equal to the Han Chinese clothing, in the Sixteen Kingdoms (/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms) and the Northern and Southern dynasties (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) period. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) Liangdang ( 两裆 ; 兩襠 ) is a type of undershirt or waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) worn in Northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period; [87] (#cite_note-97) [88] (#cite_note-98) it is not to be confused with a type of doubled-faced cuirass armour (/wiki/Armour) , also named liangdang , which was worn during this period. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 333–334 During the Northern and Southern dynasties, the dressing style followed the style of the Three Kingdoms and Jin dynasty; robes, skirts, trousers, short jackets, sleeveless jackets were worn while fur coats, especially marten coats, were very rare. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) Young people liked to be dressed in trousers; however, it was not well-perceived for women to wear trousers; women wore skirts. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) Based on tomb figures dating from the Southern dynasties, it is known that the robes worn during those period continued the long, wide-sleeves, youren opening tradition. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The robes continued to be fastened with a girdle and was worn over a straight-neck undergarment. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) Tomb figures depicted as servants in this period are also shown wearing skirts, aprons, trousers and upper garments with vertical opening or youren opening . [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) Servants wore narrow-sleeved upper garment whereas attendants had wider sleeves which could be knotted above the wrist. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The court dress was still xuanyi (玄衣; dark cloth); however, there were regulations in terms of fabric materials used. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) Portrait of an official wearing shenyi and jinxianguan from Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5 (/wiki/Dingjiazha_Tomb_No._5) . Men wearing kuzhe with xi depicted on a Southern dynasty brick relief, unearthed in Dengxian, Henan, 1958. depicted on a Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) brick relief, unearthed in Dengxian (/wiki/Dengzhou) , Henan (/wiki/Henan) , 1958. Scholars (and maids) wearing xi with robes (and shirt with long skirt) underneath, depicted on a Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) brick relief. A candle stick holder depicting a man in a robe with a youren opening, Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) (420-589 AD). A female figure wearing a shanqun ; the upper garment has a vertical opening, Liang dynasty (/wiki/Liang_dynasty) , Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) . A male figure wearing a youren opening upper garment and trousers, Liang dynasty (/wiki/Liang_dynasty) , Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) . Earthenware Nanjing (/wiki/Nanjing) female figure wearing youren upper garment and a skirt with a straight-necked undergarment; d. Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) . [90] (#cite_note-100) In the Northern dynasties (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) (386 - 581 AD), ordinary women always wore short jackets and coats. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) The ethnic Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) founded the Northern Wei dynasty in 398 A.D. and continued to wear their traditional, tribal nomadic clothing to denote themselves as members of the ruling elite until c. 494 A.D. when Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei (/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei) decreed a prohibition of Xianbei clothing among many other prohibition on Xianbei culture (e.g. language, Xianbei surnames) as a form of sinicization policies and allowed the intermarriage between Xianbei and Chinese elites. [17] (#cite_note-:45-17) [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [91] (#cite_note-101) [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) The Wei shu (/wiki/Wei_shu) even claimed that the Xianbei rulers were descendants of Yellow Emperor (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) , just like the Han Chinese, despite being non-Chinese. [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) The Wei shu also records that Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei promoted Chinese-style long robes and official crowns in the court to display the wearer's rank and his hierarchical position in the court and ritual functions. [93] (#cite_note-103) For example, both male and female patrons appeared in Xianbei-style attire during the 5th century AD, this can be seen particular at the Yungang caves temples (/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes) near Datong (/wiki/Datong) and in the earliest carvings at Longmen (/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes) , whereas in the first third of the 6th century, the patrons tend to appear in Chinese-style clothing in the majority of Northern Wei caves at Longmen; this change in clothing style has been suggested to be the result of sinicization policies regarding the adoption of Chinese-style clothing in the Northern Wei court. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 Earliest images of nomadic Xianbei-style dress (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2012080911) in China tend to be depicted as a knee-length tunic with narrow sleeves, with a front opening, which can typically be collarless, round-collared, and sometimes be V-neck collared; men and women tend to wear that knee-length tunic over trousers for men and long, ground-length skirts for women. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) [94] (#cite_note-104) When their tunics had lapelled, the lapel opening was typically zuoren. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 [95] (#cite_note-105) Xianbei people also wore Xianbei-style cloaks and xianbei hat (鮮卑帽; xianbei mao). [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) Emperor Xiaowen (/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei) with his entourage, Central Bingyang cave, Longmen, Zhejiang; Northern Wei c.522-523. Procession of the Empress as Donor with Her Court, Chinese, from the Binyang Cave, Longmen, Henan Province, Northern Wei Dynasty, c. 522 AD. Procession of tomb occupant and his wives, mural painting from the tomb of General Cui Fen; Northern Qi. Procession, Gongyi, Henan Province, Northern Wei dynasty. A pottery figure wearing Han Chinese style attire, Northern Wei (471 - 499 AD). The garment has a youren opening. Male xianbei warrior wearing a cloak and xianbei hat, Northern Wei dynasty. Female xianbei warrior wearing a cloak and xianbei hat, Northern Wei dynasty. Example of a female attendant wearing an early Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) garb, the opening is zuoren, unearthed in Sima Jinlong tomb, Northern Wei, 484 AD. [96] (#cite_note-106) Despite the sinicization policies attempted by the Northern Wei (/wiki/Northern_Wei) court, the nomadic style clothing continued to exist in China until Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) For example, narrow and tight sleeves, which was well adapted to nomadic life-style, started to be favoured and was adopted by Han Chinese. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 424 In the Shuiyusi temple of Xiangtangshan Caves (/wiki/Xiangtangshan_Caves) dated back to Northern dynasties, male worshippers are usually dressed in Xianbei style attire while women are dressed in Han Chinese style attire wearing skirts and high-waisted, wrap-style robes with wide sleeves. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) Moreover, after the fall of the Northern Wei, tensions started to rise between the Western Wei (/wiki/Western_Wei) (which was more sinicized) and the Eastern Wei (/wiki/Eastern_Wei) (which was less sinicized and resented the sinicized court of Northern Wei). [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) Due to the shift in politics, Han and non-Han Chinese ethnic tensions arose between the successor states of Northern Wei; [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) and Xianbei-style clothing reappeared; however, their clothing had minor changes. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 At the end of the Northern and Southern dynasties, foreign immigrants started to settle in China; most of those foreign immigrants were traders and buddhists missionaries from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [98] (#cite_note-108) Cultural diversity (/wiki/Cultural_diversity) was also the most striking feature in China in the sixth-century AD. [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) From the mural paintings found in the Tomb of Xu Xianxiu (/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Xianxiu) of the Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) , various types of attire are depicted which reflect the internationalism (/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)) and multiculturalism (/wiki/Multiculturalism) of the Northern Qi; many of the attire styles are derived from Central Asia or nomadic designs. [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) The wife of Xu Xianxiu is depicted with a flying-bird bun ; she is wearing a Han Chinese cross-collared, wide-sleeves attire which has the basic clothing design derived from the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) attire with some altered designs, such as a high waistline and wide standing collar. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) Xu Xianxiu is depicted wearing a Central Asian-style coat, Xianbei-style tunic, trousers, and boots. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) Some of the female servants depicted from the tomb murals of Xu Xianxiu are wearing what appears to be Sogdian dresses, which tend to be associated with dancing girls and low-status entertainers during this period, while the ladies-in-waiting (/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting) of Xu Xianxiu's wife are wearing narrow-sleeved clothing which look more closely related to Xianbei-style or Central Asian-style clothing; yet this Xianbei style of attire is different from the depictions of Xianbei-style attire worn before 500 AD. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) The men (i.e. soldiers, grooms and male attendants) in the mural paintings of Xu Xianxiu tomb are depicted wearing high black or brown boots, belts, headgears, and clothing which follows the Xianbei-style, i.e. V-neck, long tunic which is below knee-length, with the left lapel of the front covering the right; narrow-sleeved tunic which is worn on top of round-collared undergarment are also depicted. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) High-waisted skirt style, which likely came from Central Asia, was also introduced to Han Chinese during the Northern Wei dynasty. [100] (#cite_note-:37-110) A Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) dynasty mural of a gate guard from the tomb of Lou Rui (婁叡). Riders on Horseback; Tomb of Lou Rui, Northern Qi dynasty (/wiki/Northern_Qi) . The wife of Xu Xianxiu is wearing Han Chinese style clothing which derived from Han prototype with altered details such as high-waist and wide standing collar; Mural from Xu Xianxiu Tomb (/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Xianxiu) , Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) , 571 AD. The wife of the Xu Xianxiu in Han Chinese-style clothing, Mural painting from Xu Xianxiu Tomb (/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Xianxiu) , Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) , 571 AD. A warrior in Xianbei-style costume, Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) . The opening of the upper garment is zuoren . Northern dynasties attendant wearing pingshangze and liangdang (裲裆) Sogdian figures, wearing Sogdian clothing, Tomb of An Jia, 579 CE. Of note, significant changes occurred to the form of the garments which had been originally introduced by the Xianbei and other Turkic (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) people who had settled in northern China after the fall of the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) ; for example, in the arts and literature which dates from the 5th century, their male clothing appeared to represent the ethnicity of its wearer, but in the 6th century, the attire lost its ethnic significance and did not denote its wearer as Xianbei or non-Chinese. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) Instead, the nomadic dress had turned into a type of male ordinary dress in the Sui (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) and early Tang dynasties (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) regardless of ethnicity. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [101] (#cite_note-:86-111) On the other hand, the Xianbei women gradually abandoned their ethnic Xianbei clothing and adopted Han Chinese-style and Central Asian-style clothing to the point that by the Sui dynasty, women in China were no longer wearing steppe (/wiki/Steppe) clothing. [101] (#cite_note-:86-111) Sui, Tang, Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period [ edit ] Main articles: Qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) and Tanling ruqun (/wiki/Tanling_ruqun) See also: Popular fashion in ancient China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) The Sui (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) and the Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) dynasties developed the pinsefu (品色服), which was a colour grading clothing system to differentiate social ranking; this colour grading system for clothing then continued to be developed in the subsequent dynasties. [102] (#cite_note-112) [103] (#cite_note-113) Sui dynasty [ edit ] Following the unification of China under the Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) , the Sui court abolished the Northern Zhou (/wiki/Northern_Zhou) rituals and adopted the rituals, practices and ideas of the Han (/wiki/Han_dynasty) and Cao Wei dynasties (/wiki/Cao_Wei) , and the clothing code of the Han dynasty was restored. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) The Sui system was also based on the system of Western Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) and Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) . [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) The first emperor of Sui, Emperor Gaozu (/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui) , would wear tongtianfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) on grand occasions, gunyi (衮衣; dragon robe ) on suburban rites and visits to ancestral temple. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) He also set the colour red as the authoritative colour of the court imperial robes; this included the clothing of emperors and the ceremonial clothing of the princes. [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) Crimson was the colour of martial clothing (i.e. chamber guards, martial guards, generals and duke generals) whereas servants would wear purple clothing, which consisted of hood and loose trousers. [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) During Emperor Gaozu's time, the court official garment was similar to the clothing attire of the commoners, except that it was yellow in colour. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Court censors during Emperor Gaozu wore the quefeiguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) . [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Emperor Yangdi (/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui) later reformed the dress code in accordance of the ancient customs and news sets of imperial clothing were made. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) In 605 AD, it was decreed that officials over the fifth-ranks had to dress in crimson or purple, and in 611 AD, any officials who would follow the emperor in expedition together had to wear martial clothing. [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) In 610 AD, the kuzhe (/wiki/Shanku) attire worn by attending officials worn during imperial expeditions was replaced by the rongyi (戎衣) attire. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Emperor Yangdi also wore several kind of imperial headgears, such as wubian (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , baishamao (白紗帽; white gauze cap ), and the wushamao (/wiki/Futou) . [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Civil officials wore jinxianguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , and the wushamao was popular and was worn from court officials to commoners. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) The quefeiguan was also replaced by the xiezhiguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , which could also be used to denote the censor's rank based on the material used. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) During the Sui dynasty, an imperial decree which regulated clothing colour stated that lower class could only wear muted blue or black clothing; upper class on the other hand were allowed to wear brighter colours, such as red and blue. [106] (#cite_note-116) Women wore ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) consisting of short jackets and long skirts. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) The women's skirts were characterized with high waistline which created a silhouette which looked similar to the Empire dresses (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) of Napoleonic France (/wiki/First_French_Empire) ; however, the construction of the assemble differed from the ones worn in Western countries as Han Chinese women assemble consisted of a separate skirt and upper garment which show low décolletage. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 In this period, ordinary men did not wear skirts anymore. [107] (#cite_note-117) Painted pottery of a female attendant, Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) (581–618 AD) Painted pottery of a male attendant, Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) (581–618 AD) Female figurines of musicians, Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) from Zhang Sheng's Tomb Jinxianguan , from Five Stars and Twenty-Eight Mansions (五星二十八宿真形图) painting by Liang Lingzan. (/wiki/File:Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston,_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg) Thirteen Emperors Scroll (歷代帝王圖), depicting emperors in full regalia spanning several dynasties before and after the Sui Tang dynasty and Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period [ edit ] Emperor Taizong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang) in Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) -influenced Tang fashion. Taizong himself was half Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) by blood. Many elements of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) clothing traditions was inherited from the Sui dynasty. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 During the Tang dynasty, yellow-coloured robes and shirts was reserved for emperors; a tradition which was kept until the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) . [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 Moreover, the subjects of Tang dynasty was forbidden from using ochre (/wiki/Ochre) yellow colour as Emperor Gaozu (/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang) used this colour for his informal clothing. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) The guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) as replaced by futou (/wiki/Futou) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Scholars and officials wore the futou along with the panling lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) . [108] (#cite_note-:11-118) Clothing colours and fabric materials continued to play a role in differentiating ranks; for example, officials of the three upper levels and princes had to wear purple robes; official above the fifth level had to wear red robes; officials of the sixth and seventh level had to wear green robes; and official of eighth and ninth levels had to wear cyan robes. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 Dragons-with-three-claws emblems also started to be depicted on the clothing of court officials above third ranks and on the clothing of princes; these dragon robes (/wiki/Dragon_robe) were first documented in 694 AD during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian (/wiki/Wu_Zetian) . [109] (#cite_note-:53-119) : 33 Common people wore white and soldiers wore black. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) (/wiki/File:Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._(46x180)_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum,_Shenyang..jpg) Court Ladies Wearing Flowered Headdresses, 7th Century Common women attire in the Tang dynasty included shan (衫; a long overcoat or long blouse), ru (襦; a short sweater), banbi (/wiki/Banbi) , pibo (/wiki/Pibo) (披帛), and qun (裙; usually wide, loose skirt which was almost ankle-length). The pibo (披帛), also known as pei (帔) in the Tang dynasty, is a long silk scarf; however it is not used to cover neck, sometimes it covers shoulders and other times just hangs from elbow. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [110] (#cite_note-120) [111] (#cite_note-121) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Regardless of social status, women in the Tang dynasty tend to be dressed in 3-parts clothing: the upper garment, the skirt, and the pibo (披帛). [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) During the Tang dynasty, there were 4 kind of waistline for women skirts: natural waistline; low waistline; high waistline which reached the bust; and, high waistline above the bust, which could create different kind of women's silhouettes and reflected the ideal images of women of this period. [113] (#cite_note-:35-123) This Tang dynasty-style ensemble would reappear several times even after the Tang dynasty, notably during Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) . [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) One of Tang dynasty's ensemble which consisted of a very short, tight-sleeved jackets and an empire-waisted skirt (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) tied just below the bust-line with ribbons also strongly influenced the Korean Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) . [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) The women's clothing in the early Tang dynasty was quite similar to the clothing in the Sui dynasty; the upper garment was a short-sleeved short jacket with a low-cut; the lower garment was a tight-fitting skirt which was tied generally above the waist, and sometimes even up to the armpits, and a scarf was wrapped around their shoulders. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 [114] (#cite_note-:16-124) [115] (#cite_note-125) The banbi was commonly worn on top of a plain top and was worn together with high-waisted, striped or one-colour A-line skirt (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) in the seventh century. [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Red coloured skirts were very popular during the Tang dynasty. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 Early Tang embroidery, from Mogao caves (/wiki/Mogao_caves) . Female dancer wearing a tanling ruqun (/wiki/Tanling_ruqun) , early Tang, 7th century AD. A Group of Tang Dynasty Musicians from the Tomb of Li Shou (李壽) (577-630 AD), early Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . A Tang Dynasty Woman with Flower, dressed in ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . Court ladies of the Tang from Li Xianhui's tomb, Qianling Mausoleum (/wiki/Qianling_Mausoleum) , dated 706. A Young Girl, Fresco from the Tomb of An Yüen-shou (安元壽) (607-683 A.D.), early Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . Wu Zetian depicted on Tang Empress' Travel -painting. (/wiki/File:Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_(cropped).jpg) 8th Century Court Ladies Preparing Silk In the middle of the Tang dynasty, women who had a plump appearance were favoured; and thus, the clothing became looser, the sleeves became longer and wider, the upper garment became strapless, and a silk unlined upper garment was worn; they wore "breast dresses" (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) . [116] (#cite_note-:14-126) This change in the ideal corporal shape of women body has been attributed to a beloved consort of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang) , called Yang Guifei (/wiki/Yang_Guifei) , although archeological evidence shows that this ideal form of female body had emerged before Yang Guifei's ascension to power in the imperial court. [117] (#cite_note-:9-127) A sancai figurine of a plump lady holding a Dog, Tang dynasty. Sancai glazed female figurine Tang dynasty 618–907. Tang Dynasty, sancai pottery, woman figurine. Anonymous-Astana Graves Courtesan, c. 744 , Tang dynasty. Women wearing qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) , Painting of "A palace concert" (/wiki/A_Palace_Concert) , Tang dynasty, c.836 - 907. (/wiki/File:Zhou_Fang._Lady_With_Servants_(or_Lady_With_Fan)._(33,7x204,8)_Beijing_Palace_Museum.jpg) Lady With Servants attributed to Zhou Fang, 8th century CE. Another form of popular fashion in women's attire during the Tang dynasty is the wearing of male clothing; it was fashionable for women to dress in male attire in public and in everyday live, especially during the Kaiyuan and Tianbao (742 -756 AD) periods; this fashion started among the members of the nobility and the court maids and gradually spread in the community. [118] (#cite_note-128) [116] (#cite_note-:14-126) Men's attire during the Tang dynasty usually included robes which was worn with trousers, yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) , belt worn at the waist, futou , and dark leather boots. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [119] (#cite_note-:6-129) The Tang dynasty inherited all the forms of belts which were worn in the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties (/wiki/Six_Dynasties) and adopted them in the official costumes of the military and civil officials. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 In some instances, however, Han Chinese-style robe continued to be depicted in arts showing court officials. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) In the Tang dynasty, the yuanlingpao was worn by both men and women. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) A group of eunuchs, Prince Zhanghuai (/wiki/Prince_Zhanghuai) 's tomb, Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , 706 AD. Figures in a cortege wearing round-collar robe, from a wall mural in the Tang Dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) Chinese tomb of Li Xian, 706 AD. Palace ladies; from Li Xian's tomb, Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , 706 AD. The girl in the middle is wearing a yuanlingpao . Female servant in Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) dressed in a yuanlingpao ; mid 8th century AD. Men wearing round collar gown with boots, belt, trousers; Mural painting from the Tomb of Wang Chuzhi (/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi) , Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period) . The shoes worn by Han Chinese were lü (履) , xi (shoes with thick soles), women's boots, and ji (屐; wooden clogs) with two spikes were worn when walking outside on muddy roads; in the South, xueji (靴屐; a type of boot-like clog) was developed. [119] (#cite_note-:6-129) Some shoes were commonly curved in the front and was phoenix-shaped. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 The Tang dynasty represents a golden age in China's history, where the arts, sciences and economy were thriving. Female dress and personal adornments in particular reflected the new visions of this era, which saw unprecedented trade and interaction with cultures and philosophies alien to Chinese borders. Although it still continues the clothing of its predecessors such as Han and Sui dynasties, fashion during the Tang dynasty was also influenced by its cosmopolitan culture and arts. Where previously Chinese women had been restricted by the old Confucian code to closely wrapped, concealing outfits, female dress in the Tang dynasty gradually became more relaxed, less constricting and even more revealing. [120] (#cite_note-130) The Tang dynasty also saw the ready acceptance and syncretisation with Chinese practice, of elements of foreign culture by the Han Chinese. The foreign influences prevalent during Tang China included cultures from Gandhara (/wiki/Gandhara) , Turkestan (/wiki/Turkestan) , Persia (/wiki/Persian_culture) and Greece (/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization) . The stylistic influences of these cultures were fused into Tang-style clothing without any one particular culture having especial prominence. [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) [121] (#cite_note-131) Woman wearing fanlingpao (/wiki/Fanlingpao) , Tang dynasty. Woman wearing kuapao-style (/wiki/Fanlingpao) hufu, Tang dynasty. An example of foreign influence on Tang women's clothing is the use of garments with a low-cut neckline. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) Women were also allowed to fashion themselves in hufu . [note 4] (#cite_note-132) [122] (#cite_note-:7-133) [123] (#cite_note-:10-134) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Popular menswear such as Persian-style round collared robes with tight sleeves and a central band decorated with flowers on the front was also popular among the Tang dynasty's women; [100] (#cite_note-:37-110) this Persian-style round collared robe is different from the local worn yuanlingpao . Long Persian trousers and knickers were also worn by women as a result of the cultural and economic exchanges which took place. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) Stripped trousers were also worn. [113] (#cite_note-:35-123) The Chinese trousers during this period were narrow compared to the dashao (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) and the dakouku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) which were worn in the preceding dynasties. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) In the 7th and 8th centuries, the kuapao (/wiki/Fanlingpao) , which originated from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) could be worn by men and were also used as main garment for cross-dressing attendants or could be draped across the shoulders like a cloak. [100] (#cite_note-:37-110) : 311 [124] (#cite_note-135) The headwear of the women in Tang dynasty also demonstrates evidence of foreign clothing inclusion in their attire. In Taizong's era, women wore a burqa-like mili (/wiki/Mili_(veil)) which concealed the entire body when horse back riding; the trend changed to the use of weimao (/wiki/Weimao_(hat)) during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang) and Wu Zetian; and after that, during the early reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang) , women started wearing a veil-less hat called humao (/wiki/Humao) ; women eventually stopped wearing hats when horse riding, and by the 750's, women dressing in men's garments became popular. [122] (#cite_note-:7-133) [119] (#cite_note-:6-129) [125] (#cite_note-:125-136) Noble women of the Tang dynasty wore the veil, and after the Yonghui reign (/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang#Yonghui_era_(650–656)) the veil with hat was worn. [126] (#cite_note-137) [127] (#cite_note-138) [128] (#cite_note-139) After the mid-seventh century, the social expectation that women had to hide their faces in public disappeared. [101] (#cite_note-:86-111) It was also fashionable for noble women to wear Huihuzhuang (/wiki/Fanlingpao#Huihuzuang) after the An Lushan Rebellion (/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion) . [129] (#cite_note-:8-140) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) [117] (#cite_note-:9-127) [130] (#cite_note-中国传统服饰-141) Another trend which emerged after the An Lushan Rebellion is the sad and depressed-look while looking exquisite which reflected the instability of the political situation in this period. [131] (#cite_note-142) Of note, just like women in the Tang dynasty period incorporated Central Asian-styles in their clothing, Central Asian women were also wearing some Hanfu-style clothing from the Tang dynasty and/or would combine elements of the Han Chinese-style attire and ornament aesthetic in their ethnic attire. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 74 [133] (#cite_note-144) In 840 AD, the Uyghur empire (/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate) collapsed, the Uyghur refugees fled to Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) and to the Southeast of Tang frontier to seek refuge, and in 843 AD, all the Uighur living in China had to wear Chinese-style clothing. [134] (#cite_note-145) The influence of hufu eventually faded after the High Tang period (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , and women's clothing gradually regain a broad and loose fitting, and more traditional Han style clothing was restored. [123] (#cite_note-:10-134) [114] (#cite_note-:16-124) The sleeve width of women's garments for ordinary women was more than 1.3 meters. [123] (#cite_note-:10-134) The daxiushan (/wiki/Daxiushan) , for example, was made of an almost transparent, thin silk; it featured beauty design and pattern on it and its sleeves were so broad that it was more than 1.3 meters. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Based on the painting, " Court ladies adorning their hair with flowers " (簪花仕女圖; Zanhua shinü tu ), a painting attributed to the painter Zhou Fang (/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)) , women clothing was depicted as a sleeveless gown which was worn under a robe with wide sleeves, with the use of a shawl as an ornament; some of the women painted are fashioned with skirts while others are seen wearing an overskirt above on an underskirt; it is speculated that shawls and cloaks during this period were made from a silk-netted sheer gauze fabric material. [117] (#cite_note-:9-127) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Tang dynasty noblewoman A painting of Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) women playing with a dog, by artist Zhou Fang (/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_Dynasty)) , 8th century. Buddhist donors Buddhist donors of late Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . A noble lady from the painting Bodhisattva Who Leads the Way , Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms) . Buddhist donatress Chang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms) . Lady musicians in a raised-relief, Tomb of Wang Chuzhi (d. 923AD) from the Capital Museum in Beijing, dated to the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms Period (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_the_Ten_Kingdoms_Period) (907-960 AD). Mural of Wang Chuzhi (/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi) tomb, Southern Tang. Women of Southern Tang (/wiki/Southern_Tang) holding a baby, 10th century AD. Men and women in the Night Revels of Han Xizai (/wiki/The_Night_Revels_of_Han_Xizai) painting, copy after the original painting of Southern Tang (/wiki/Southern_Tang) painter, Gu Hongzhong (/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong) . Men and women in the Night Revels of Han Xizai (/wiki/The_Night_Revels_of_Han_Xizai) painting, copy after the original painting of Southern Tang (/wiki/Southern_Tang) painter, Gu Hongzhong (/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong) . A Buddhist donor from early Northern Song dynasty (/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty) . Song dynasty [ edit ] See also: Popular fashion in ancient China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) Emperor Zhezong (/wiki/Emperor_Zhezong) (1077-1100); in accordance with the Song's governing philosophy (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Song_dynasty) , its emperors (/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Song_dynasty) wore the same clothing as their ministers. The Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) clothing system was established at the beginning of the Northern Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127) . Clothes could be classified into two major types: officials garments (further differentiated between court clothing and daily wear), and the garment for ordinary people. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Some features of Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) clothing were carried into the Song dynasty, such as court dress. [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) Song dynasty court dress often used red colour, with accessories made of different colours and materials, black leather shoes and hats. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) The officials had specific clothing for different occasions: (1) the sacrificial dress, a vermillion colour garment worn when attending ancestral temple or grand ceremonies, which they had to wear with the proper hats, i.e. jinxianguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , diaochanguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , and xiezhiguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) ; (2) the court dress, which was worn when attending court meeting held by the Emperor and sometimes during sacrificial rituals; and (3) the official gown, worn daily by officials who held ranks. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The form of officials' daily dresses had the same design regardless of rank: yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) with long and loose sleeves; however, the officials were bound to wear different colours according to ranks. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 As the Song dynasty followed the Tang dynasty's clothing system, officials of third ranks and above wore purple gown; fifth ranks officials wore vermillion gown; seventh ranks officials and above wore green gowns; and the ninth rank officials and above wore black gown. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 However, after the Yuanfeng period , changes were imposed on the colour system of the official gowns: officials of the fourth rank and above wore purple gown, the sixth rank and above wore crimson gown; and the ninth rank and above officials wore green gown; this noted the removal of black colour as a colour for the official dress. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Officials also wore leather belts and kerchiefs as ornaments. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 If senior officials were allowed to wear purple or crimson official garments, they had to wear a silver or gold fish-shaped bag (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu/_yudai) as ornament. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The official gown were worn with different styles of futou (/wiki/Futou) and guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) . For example, jinxianguan was worn by general officials; diaochanguan was worn by senior officials; and xiezhiguan was worn by enforcement officials. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Flowers pinning was a well-liked custom in the Song dynasty; people regardless of their age, gender, and social ranks would pin flowers on themselves; these flowers could be either artificial flowers (i.e. made of silk, rice-paper plant flower, coloured glaze flower, etc.) or natural fresh flowers. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 Since the early Song dynasty, the Emperor would bestow valuable flowers to his officials. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 Court eunuchs would pin flowers on the futou of the Princes and the Grand councillors whereas other officials would also ornate their futou with flowers by themselves. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 This custom was developed and extended up until Southern Song, when regulations on the number of flowers which could be worn based on the official's rank were made. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 These rules on these flower ornaments on futou could not be broken without permission. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 The apparels for court gathering in the Song dynasty was tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) ; it was worn by the most senior officials who served the emperor directly; it was the most important clothing after the clothing worn by the emperor. [130] (#cite_note-中国传统服饰-141) Male Buddhist Donor, Northern Song dynasty (/wiki/Northern_Song_Dynasty) , 981 AD. Peasents returning from work, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Polo players, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Song dynasty imperial procession, Northern Song. Song dynasty ritual ceremony, with officials attending in ceremonial chaofu (朝服). The clothes worn by Song dynasty emperors are collectively called tianzi apparel (天子服饰; the emperor's apparel). [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The apparels worn when attending sacrificial and worshipping ceremonies were daqiumian (大裘冕; a type of mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) ), gunmian (衮冕; a type of mianfu), and lüpao (履袍). [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The emperor's daily wears were shanpao (衫袍) and zhaipao (窄袍). The yuyue fu (御阅服) was the formal military uniform worn by the Song dynasty Emperors and only came into existence in the Southern Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279) . [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The crown prince would wear the gunmian (衮冕) when he would accompanied the emperor to sacrificial ceremonies, and he would wear yuanyouguanfu (远游冠服) and zhumingfu (朱明衣) on less formal but important occasions such as nobility conferring and appointment, when paying visits to the founding ancestor's temple and when attending court meetings which are held by the Emperor. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The Crown prince also wear purple official dress, gold and jade waistband, and wore a folding-up black muslin scarf on his head. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Although some of clothing in the Song dynasty have similarities with previous dynasties, some unique characteristics separate it from the rest. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) While most of them following the Tang dynasty style, [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 the revival of Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) influenced the women clothing of the Song dynasty; Confucians in the Song dynasty revered antiquity and wanted to revive some old ideas and customs and encouraged women to reject the extravagance of the Tang dynasty fashion. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) Due to the shift in philosophical thought, the aesthetics of the Song dynasty clothing showed simplicity and became more traditional in style. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Palace ladies searched for guidance in the Rites of Zhou (/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou) on how to dress accordingly to ceremonial events and carefully chose ornaments which were graded for each occasion based on the classic rituals. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) While women of the Tang dynasty liked clothing which emphasized on body curves and sometimes revealed décolletage, women in the Song dynasty perceived such styles as obscene and vulgar and preferred slender body figure. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) Donning clothing which looked simple and humble instead of extravagant was interpreted as expressing sober virtue. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) The Song dynasty clothing system also specified how women of the imperial court had to dress themselves and this included the Song empresses, the imperial concubines, and the titled gentlewomen; their clothing would also change depending on occasions. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7, 31 Song dynasty empresses wear the huiyi (/wiki/Diyi) ; [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) they often had three to five distinctive jewelry-like marks on their face (two side of the cheek, other two next to the eyebrows and one on the forehead). [138] (#cite_note-:32-149) The everyday clothing of the Empresses and Imperial concubines included: long skirts, loose-sleeves garments, tasselled capes and beizi (/wiki/Beizi) . [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7, 31 Imperial concubines like the colour yellow and red; the pomegranate colour skirt was also popular in the Song dynasty. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 Collar edges and sleeve edges of all clothes that have been excavated were decorated with laces or embroidered patterns. Such clothes were decorated with patterns of peony (/wiki/Peony) , camellia (/wiki/Camellia) , plum blossom (/wiki/Plum_blossom) , and lily (/wiki/Lily) , etc. [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) Pleated skirts were introduced and became the characteristic skirts of the upper social class. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 Portrait of Song Taizu (/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song) wearing a white round-collar gown and a zhanchi futou (展翅幞頭; lit. spread wings hat), c.1000 AD. Empress Cao (/wiki/Empress_Cao_(Song_dynasty)) wearing a huiyi (/wiki/Diyi) with two court ladies wearing a round-collar gown with red pleated skirts, Song dynasty. Emperor and empress, Fresco from the Temple of Enlightenment - Life of Buddha, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Official paying respects to emperor in tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) (通天冠服). A Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) period painting of Emperor Wen of Han (/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han) in casual wear, or bianfu . According to the Song dynasty's regulations, ordinary people were only allowed to wear white clothes; but at some point, the regulations changed and ordinary people, as well as administrative clerks and intellectuals, were able to wear black clothes. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 272, 275 However, in reality, the clothing worn by civilians were much more colourful than what was stipulated as many colours were used in the garments and skirts. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) Ordinary people also dressed differently accordingly to their social status and occupations. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) One of the common clothing styles for woman during the Song dynasty was beizi , which were usually regarded as shirt or jacket and could be matched with ru (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) , which was a necessary clothing for daily life of commoners, a qun (裙; skirt) or ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (袴; trousers). [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 There are two size of beizi : the short one is crown rump length and the long one extended to the knees. [138] (#cite_note-:32-149) According to the sacrificial and ceremonial apparel system drafted by Zhu Xi (/wiki/Zhu_Xi) , women should wear an overcoat, a long skirt, and the beizi . [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 Women also wore the liangpian qun (两片裙) (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_21.aspx?itemid=1840) , a wrap skirt which consist of two pieces of fabric sewn to a separate, single waistband with ties. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) [139] (#cite_note-150) Commoners as seen on Along the River During the Qingming Festival (/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival) . Commoners engaged in "tea fighting". A "Knickknack Peddler", by Su Hanchen (/wiki/Su_Hanchen) . Scholars (/wiki/Scholar-gentry) wearing zhiduo -robes and rujin (儒巾) headscarf. Various kinds of headscarves became fashionable among the commoners and the educated gentry. In the Song dynasty, the headscarf was also secured with a decorative ring. [140] (#cite_note-151) Song dynasty women wearing beizi ; Northern Song dynasty. Song Dynasty Tomb Painting Found in Tengfeng City 6. A painting, called Sericulture (https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1977.5) , by the painter Liang Kai (/wiki/Liang_Kai) in Southern Song dynasty depicts rural labourers in the process of making silk. [141] (#cite_note-152) Foot binding (/wiki/Foot_binding) also became popular in the Song dynasty at the end of the dynasty. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) Man wearing shanku (/wiki/Shanku) , Weighing and sorting the cocoons, from the painting Sericulture (https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1977.5) , Southern Song dynasty, c.1200 AD. Women wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . Trousers could be worn under the skirt. Song dynasty painting, 12th century. A working woman who is wearing trousers, Song dynasty painting. Rural women wearing pleated skirts with a shan and ru, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Other casual forms of clothing included: the pao (袍; the gown which could be broad or narrow-sleeved), ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) (襖; a necessary coat for commoner in their daily lives), duanhe (/wiki/Shanku) (短褐; a short, coarse cloth jacket worn by people of low socioeconomic status), lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) , and zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) . [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) Children Playing in an Autumn Courtyard, 12th century AD, Song Dynasty. Playing Children, Painting from the mid-12th century; Song dynasty. "A Children's Puppet Show", a painting by the Song-dynasty era Chinese artist, Early 12th century AD. Su shi, also known as Su Dongpo, wearing the Confucian shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , Song dynasty. In addition, Neo-Confucian (/wiki/Neo-Confucianism) philosophies also determined the conduct code of the scholars. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 The Neo-Confucians re-constructed the meaning of the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , restored, and re-invented it as the attire of the scholars. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) Some Song dynasty scholars, such as Zhu Xi (/wiki/Zhu_Xi) and Shaoyong (/wiki/Shao_Yong) , made their own version of the scholar gown, shenyi , based on The book of Rites (/wiki/Book_of_Rites) , while scholars such as Jin Lüxiang promoted it among his peers. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 15 However, the shenyi used as a scholar gown was not popular in the Song dynasty and was even considered as "strange garment" despite some scholar-officials appreciated it. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 15 Zaju (/wiki/Zaju) actresses in theatrical clothing playing men, wearing headscarf with ring, Xiku and Waku trousers and leggings, Song dynasty. In the capital of Southern Song, clothing-style from Northern China were popular. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 The Song dynasty court repeatedly banned people (i.e. common people, literati, and women) from wearing clothing and ornaments worn by Khitan people (/wiki/Khitan_people) , such as felt hats, and from the wearing of exotic clothing. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 They also banned clothing with colours which was associated to Khitan clothing; such as aeruginous or yellowish-black. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 They also banned people, except for drama actors, from wearing Jurchen (/wiki/Jurchen_people) and Khitan diaodun (釣墩; a type of lower garment where the socks and trousers were connected to each other) due to its foreign ethnic nature. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) Song dynasty women also wore the Song-dynasty gaitou (/wiki/Weimao) , when they would ride animals, such as horses (/wiki/Horse) and donkeys (/wiki/Donkey) , in order to relieve embarrassment and to conceal their bodies. [125] (#cite_note-:125-136) These veils originated from the Tang dynasty women's weimao (/wiki/Weimao) which covered the head and upper body; they were revived in Song after they fell out of fashion in Tang dynasty and were worn despite its masculine and barbarian origin, probably because Song women were unaware of its origins. [125] (#cite_note-:125-136) Many of Song dynasty clothing was later adopted in the Yuan (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) and Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) dynasties. Liao, Western Xia, and Jin dynasties [ edit ] Liao dynasty [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in Liao dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_Liao_dynasty) The rulers of the Liao dynasty (/wiki/Liao_dynasty) adopted a clothing system which allowed the coexistence of Han Chinese and Khitan (/wiki/Khitan_people) clothing. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 The Khitan court adopted both the guofu (國服; Khitan National garments) and hanfu, which the Khitan inherited from the Later Jin dynasty (/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)) and were actually clothing from the Tang dynasty. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 [144] (#cite_note-:462-155) The guofu of the Liao dynasty was also heavily influenced by the Hanfu system. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 57 The Han Chinese men living in the Liao dynasty were not required to wear the shaved Khitan hairstyle which Khitan men wore to distinguish their ethnicity, unlike the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) which mandated wearing of the Manchu hairstyle for men. [145] (#cite_note-:51-156) In Han Chinese tombs dating from Liao dynasty, there are tombs murals which depicts purely Chinese customs and Chinese clothing. [146] (#cite_note-:48-157) Tombs in haner families, for example the Zhang and Hann families, often depicts men dressed in Khitan clothing in corridors and antechambers while inner culture shows haner culture. [note 5] (#cite_note-158) [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Some Han Chinese or Haner men adopted and/or combined Hanfu with Khitan clothing and boots, wore Hanfu or wore Khitan clothes. Han women on the other hand did not adopt Khitan dress and continued wearing Hanfu. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) : 48, 52–53 [148] (#cite_note-160) For example, the tomb of Hann Shixun (a man from distinguished haner families) who died in the early 12th century during the late Liao dynasty depict Khitan-style clothing in the antechamber whereas women in Hanfu-style clothing (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2006120182) is seen in the painting found in the inner chamber. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) : 44–45 Another example can be seen in a mural painting found in the tomb of Zhao Wenzao (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2005011759) , where children and servants are depicted wearing Khitan hairstyles and Khitan-style clothing, while the woman who is standing behind the table is depicted in Han Chinese clothing. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) : 46–47 Han Chinese women living in the Southern Division and Haner women were culture bearers, who generally preserved Han Chinese culture and continued to wear Hanfu which was worn prior to the conquest. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Both Khitan women and Han Chinese women in the Liao wore Han style Tang-Song dress. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) Children and servants wear Khitan-style clothing and hairstyle; the standing women wears Song-style hanfu, Mural painting from the Tomb of Zhang Kuangzheng (M10), Liao dynasty, 1058-1093 AD. Women wearing Song-style clothing, consisting of shanqun (upper garment over skirt) and beizi (/wiki/Beizi) , inner chamber of the Tomb of Zhang Kuangzheng, Liao dynasty. Khitan women wearing Tang-style ruqun; Baoshan tomb No.2 wall-painting of Liao dynasty. Khitan women wearing Tang-style qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) , Baoshan tomb No.2 wall-painting of Liao dynasty. Jin dynasty [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty) The Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) rulers imitated the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) and decided to establish their own carriages and apparel system. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 In the early period of the Jin dynasty, the Jin dynasty court first attempted to impose Jurchen hairstyle and clothes on the Han Chinese population in 1126 AD and in 1129 AD. [149] (#cite_note-:50-161) : 281 The Hanfu-style clothing was prohibited and the people had to wear a short scarf and left-lapelled clothing; if they did not obey, they were put to death. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 The Jurchen queue and shaving hairstyle was not enforced on the Han Chinese in the Jin after an initial attempt to do so which was a rebuke to Jurchen values. [145] (#cite_note-:51-156) [150] (#cite_note-162) However, the rules were not observed and the order was taken back under the Emperor Wanyan Liang (/wiki/Wanyan_Liang) who was Pro-Chinese allowing the Han Chinese to wear their Han clothing by lifting the ban in 1150 AD. [149] (#cite_note-:50-161) : 281 After the occupation of the Northern Song (/wiki/Northern_Song_Dynasty) territories by the Jurchens in 1127 AD, the Han Chinese who were living in Northern Song territories became the majority while the Jurchen became an ethnic minority; this led the Jurchens to make political concessions allowing the Han Chinese to practice Han Chinese culture. [151] (#cite_note-:82-163) [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) In 1138 AD, the Jin court adopted the Chinese robes for the emperor and the officials. [151] (#cite_note-:82-163) In 1161-1189 AD, many Jurchens appear to have begun adopting Han Chinese behavior and forgetting their own traditions and languages; therefore, the Emperor Shizong of Jin (/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin) prohibited the Jurchens from dressing like the Han Chinese in 1191 AD as he wanted to revitalize the old Jurchen culture. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) [149] (#cite_note-:50-161) : 281 [151] (#cite_note-:82-163) However, despite his efforts, the influence of the Han Chinese living in the Northern Song territories had a significant influence and by the mid-twelve century, the Jurchens were sinicized (/wiki/Sinicization) so much that they were almost indistinguishable from the Han Chinese in terms of dress, literacy and social customs. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Based on Han Chinese tombs of the Jin dynasty, it appears that ordinary Jurchen clothing may have been a symbol of lower class status as servants and lower-class women tend to be portrayed as wearing modified Jurchen-style clothing whereas women from the upper class wear Hanfu-style clothing. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Yet despite the Han Chinese influence on Jurchens, travellers from the Southern Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) who visited the former territories of the Song dynasty noted that there have been changes in the people's culture and that the Han Chinese's clothing style had also been influenced by the Jurchens in terms of adoption of items; they also noted that the only thing which had not changed much was the women's clothing style. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) However, the clothing-style of the Han Chinese women living the Jin dynasty was outdated compared to those living in the Southern Song territories. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) The yunjian (/wiki/Cloud_collar) was worn in the Jin dynasty and was adopted in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) as a signature pattern on men's and women's clothing. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 51 Standing official with tablet, China, possibly Handan, Hebei, Jin dynasty, early 1200s AD. Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu, 1199 AD. Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu, 1199 AD. Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu Western Xia [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) Emperor Jingzong (/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia) , the first emperor of Western Xia (/wiki/Western_Xia) , rejected Han Chinese silk clothing over the leather and wool clothing of the nomadic people from the Steppe; he argued that the Tanguts (/wiki/Tangut_people) had traditionally worn leather-based and wool clothing and since the Tanguts men were military, they also had no use for silk materials. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 Yet, silk clothing was still worn in Western Xia during his reign. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 The Hanfu-style and the Tangut-style clothing were distinguished from each other, but both were used in the Western Xia. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 The Hanfu-style clothing was worn by officials whereas the Tangut-style clothing was worn by the military. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 Civil officials wore futou (/wiki/Futou) , boots, purple or crimson gown. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 Emperor Jingzong also ordered that every people in Western Xia must be shaved in an attempt to restore old Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) customs, and disobedience was death penalty. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 However, in 1061 AD, Emperor Yizong (/wiki/Emperor_Yizong_of_Western_Xia) , the son of Emperor Jingzong, decided to replace Tangut clothing with Hanfu in his court. [152] (#cite_note-:72-164) In his wish list to the Song dynasty court, Emperor Yizong asked permission to use Han Chinese rites and clothing to greet Song dynasty envoys and seek permission to buy Chinese official clothing; both of these requests were granted. [152] (#cite_note-:72-164) Sitting figures, Western Xia painting, 13th century. Mural depicting men; Western Xia. Yuan dynasty [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty) Textile with dragon design, 13th century. Dragon and phoenix (/wiki/Fenghuang) motifs were strictly reserved for the top members of the Imperial family throughout China's history. During the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , Mongol dress was the clothing of elite for both genders. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) The Mongol attire for both men and women worn in the 13th-14th century was completely different from the Hanfu which had been worn in the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The Mongol attire was shared by people of different social ranking due to its practicality which contrasted with the dress code of the Han Chinese; as such, Mongol attire was popular. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The Mongols (/wiki/Mongols) never imposed Mongol customs on the Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) . [17] (#cite_note-:45-17) Many Han Chinese and other ethnicities readily adopted Mongol clothing in Northern China to show their allegiance to the Mongols (/wiki/Mongols) ; however, in Southern China, Mongol clothing was rarely seen as both men and women continued to dress in Song-style garments. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) In the tomb of a woman from a Southern Song site, dating from the late-Yuan dynasty in Fuzhou (/wiki/Fuzhou) , Fujian (/wiki/Fujian) , the two-pieces system of Southern Song clothing (i.e., ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) ) has been found instead of the Mongol women's one-piece robe. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) Burial clothing and tomb paintings in the southern territories of the Yuan dynasty also show that women wore the Song-style attire, which looked slimmer when compared to the Mongol court robe. The Song-style clothing is also depicted as consisting of jackets, which were open in the front and had long, narrow and thin sleeves, and sometimes women are depicted as wearing a sleeveless vest-type jackets with front openings. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) For example, in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) mural paintings from Dongercun from 1269 AD (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2007031007) in Shaanxi (/wiki/Shaanxi) and in the mural painting in tomb M2 at Kangzhuangcun in Tunliu from 1276 AD (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2010050306) , maids and servants are seen wearing Song-style attire. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) Chinese tomb occupants wearing Mongol-style clothing. The female tomb occupant is depicted wearing the woman's red Mongol robe under a short overjacket (/wiki/Banbi) but does not wear the gugu hat (/wiki/Gugu_hat) , Shazishan Tomb Fresco, Yuan Dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) . People in Hanfu Yuan dynasty illustration of people wearing hanfu and playing Cuju (/wiki/Cuju) (from the Shilin Guangji (/wiki/Shilin_Guangji) by Chen Yuanjing (/wiki/Chen_Yuanjing) ) The type of clothing worn in the Yuan dynasty may have also served as a political statement; for example, despite not being the clothing of the ruling elite, the Tang-Song style clothing worn in multiple layers continued to be worn by families who showed that they were resisting the rule of the Mongols. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) A form of skirts worn in the Yuan dynasty is a skirt which consist of two parts sewn to a separate single waistband which may also be pleated. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) A female figure from Vimalakirti (/wiki/Vimalakirti) and the Doctrine of Nonduality , Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) . Fresco in the Hall of King Ming-ying, Hung-t'ung County, Yuan dynasty painting. Three Daoist Figures Playing the Game of Go by Zhushi Yuan Daoist Temple Mural Man Riding a Horse in a round-collared gown, Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) painting by Zhao Mengfu (/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu) , dated 1296 AD. Portrait of Yang Zhuxi, dated 1363, Yuan dynasty. Puppeteers draw a crowd, Yuan Dynasty, 14th century AD. Ming dynasty [ edit ] Ban of hufu, return to hanfu, and cultural integration [ edit ] A gathering of government officials in Changfu in front of the emperor. Ming tomb figurines Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) painting depicting Han Chinese clothing and Mongolian-style clothing, unknown author The Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) had many Mongol clothes and cultural aspects abolished and enforced Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) style Han Chinese clothing. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) As soon as the Hongwu Emperor (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) conquered the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , he decried the "barbarian customs" of the Yuan dynasty and how people imitated the Mongols for personal gains; and so, he called for the restoration of Han Chinese traditions, which included the proper forms of dress, hairstyles, and attires. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) [157] (#cite_note-169) According to the Veritable Records of Hongwu Emperor (太祖實錄) , a detailed official account of daily activities of Hongwu Emperor written by court historians, he restored the entire clothing system to the standard of the Tang dynasty shortly after the founding of Ming dynasty: "On the Renzi day in the second month of the first year of Hongwu era (Feb 29th, 1368 CE), Hongwu emperor decreed that all fashions of clothing and headwear shall be restored to the standard of Tang, all citizens shall gather their hairs on top of their heads, and officials shall wear the Wu Sha Mao (black-cloth hats), round-collar robes, belts, and black boots." ("洪武元年二月壬子...至是，悉命復衣冠如唐制，士民皆束髮於頂，官則烏紗帽，圓領袍，束帶，黑靴。") The attempt was to signified the Han Chinese cultural identity after defeating the Yuan dynasty. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 44–46 [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The new clothing system that the Hongwu Emperor formulated was based on the dress code of the previous dynasties, which included the dress codes of the Zhou (/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) , Han (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , and Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) dynasties. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 He also promulgated several decrees to ban Mongol and nomadic clothing style. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) However, fashionable Mongol attire, items and hats were still sometimes worn by early Ming royals, such as Hongwu Emperor himself and Zhengde Emperor (/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor) . [28] (#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29) [158] (#cite_note-170) Thus, many Ming dynasty clothing styles absorbed elements of both Han Chinese and Mongol clothing. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) The Jinyiwei, also known "Brocade-clad guards", dressed in their uniforms ( jisün (/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn) and feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) ) to guard the Emperor's treasures, Ming dynasty. Tianqi Emperor (/wiki/Tianqi_Emperor) in court dress Lady wearing a bijia (/wiki/Bijia) , which extends down the knees, Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty developed a new attire from Yuan dynasty's terlig : tieli (/wiki/Terlig) ; it is a cross-collared, long sleeved robe with dense and narrow pleats all around the lower hem. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) [160] (#cite_note-:242-172) The tieli was mainly worn by the upper class and rarely worn by the lower class. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) In the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty) , tieli were recorded as ch'obli (帖裡), bestowed as present by the Ming dynasty from the year 1424; however, the terlig-style attires found in both countries differed from each other in terms of form and historical development. [160] (#cite_note-:242-172) The jisün (/wiki/Zhisun_(clothing)) that had been popular in the Yuan dynasty was also worn by the court bodyguards, the xiaowei (校尉; guards of honour), the brocade guards (/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard) , and by court servants. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The yesa robe (/wiki/Yesa_robe) , which mixed Han and Mongol elements was worn as an informal attire by emperors, princes, ministers, and officials in early Ming dynasty; it was worn as a formal uniforms during the middle period of the Ming dynasty; it was worn as a casual dress worn by scholar-officials (/wiki/Scholar-officials) during the mid-to-late period of the Ming dynasty; and eventually it was worn by Ming court eunuchs, servants and commoners in the late Ming. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The boli hat (/wiki/Damao_(hat)#Yuan_dynasty) worn by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty influenced the Han Chinese and continued to be used widely in the Ming dynasty in the form of the damao (/wiki/Damao_(hat)) , which was worn by the government clerks and family servants. The use of the damao by the family servants of the Ming officials and the imperial family contributed popularity spread of that hat which eventually become a symbol of low-ranking servants. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) Other new Ming dynasty attires influenced by the Yuan dynasty include the small hat (小帽; xiaomao ) or liuheyitong mao (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%BD) (六合一統帽), the dahu (/wiki/Dahu_(clothing)) . [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Archeological evidence from the tombs of Ming dynasty princes show that the Mongol-style attire continued to exist well until the 16th century. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The Ming dynasty also adopted bijia (/wiki/Bijia) , humao (/wiki/Humao) , and a waistcoat with buttons at the front from Yuan dynasty. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 44–46 [161] (#cite_note-:22-173) : 31 [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Establishing new dress regulations [ edit ] Early Ming dynasty officials of the 1300-1400s, as painted by Xie Huan (/wiki/Xie_Huan) . The founder of the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) , saw the fundamentality of making a new dress code to consolidate his rule; he spent almost all his reigning years developing and institutionalizing dressing regulations, which were recorded in various compilation of texts, such as the Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty (/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty) . [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The dressing regulations were based on the dressing system of the Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) dynasties. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Moreover, the Ming dynasty dressing regulations were strongly related to the ritual system; the Confucian codes and ideals that were popularized during the Ming dynasty also had a significant effect on those regulations. [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) The dressing regulations determined what attire and ornaments could be worn depending on one's social ranks. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) For example, the Ming dynasty's basic dressing principles, announced in 1392, included the following: [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) "Officials’ robes should fit their bodies. The length of those worn by civil officials is one inch from the ground. The sleeves should be long enough to reach the elbows when they are folded back from the end of the hands; they should be one foot wide, with cuffs of nine inches wide. The sizes of nobles (gonghou), and imperial sons-in-law's robes are the same as civil officials’. So are the sizes of seniors and primary degree holders’ robe, except for the sleeves, which are three inches from the elbow when folded from the hands. A commoners’ robe is five inches from the ground. So is a military official's; their sleeves should be seven inches over their hands, with cuffs as broad as their fists. Soldiers’ clothes are seven inches from the ground, with sleeves five inches longer than their hands, and seven inches wide. Their cuffs are wide enough only for their fists to stretch out". In the Ming dynasty, the inner garment that people wore were called neidan (内单). [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) The fabric material of the outer garment are determined by one's social status. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The emperors tend to wear yellow satin gown with dragon designs, jade belts, and yishanguan (/wiki/Futou) (翼善冠; philanthropy crown, with wings folded upwards). [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The yishanguan were only worn by emperors and other members of the royal family on formal occasions. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 18 Officials wore different wore robes of various colours and patterns; they also wore gauze hats. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Civil and military officials wore different types of guanfu (/w/index.php?title=Guanfu&action=edit&redlink=1) (官服), depending on occasions and events: chaofu ( 朝服; court dress), the jifu (祭服; sacrificial ceremony dress), the gongfu (公服; public service dress), the changfu (常服; everyday dress), and the yanfu (燕服; casual or leisure clothing). [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The officials' robes are usually patched with embroidered square pattern of animals on the back and the front; the patches are called the Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) , and were differentiated between officials' ranks. Minor differences can be observed between the Mandarin squares decreed by the Hongwu Emperor (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) and the Jiajing Emperor (/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) (/wiki/File:%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E5%8D%81%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BE.jpg) Ten Officials Who Passed The Imperial Examination (/wiki/Imperial_Examination) In The Same Year of 1464 (甲申十同年圖), painted in 1503 during one of their reunions. The presence of yapai (牙牌; lit. 'Tusk Card'; the rectangular ornaments, that hanged from each official's left waist, are ivory plaques that engraved with the wearer's department, position, rank and instructions; Yapai were visitor's badge that granted passage into the Forbidden City (/wiki/Forbidden_City) for officials to have an audience with the emperor) implies that this scene was painted shortly after a court meeting. During the Ming dynasty, both civil and military officials were divided into nine Ranks (品), each Rank was further subdivided into Primary (正) and Secondary (從) so there were technically eighteen Ranks, with First Rank Primary (正一品) being the highest and the Ninth Rank Secondary (從九品) the lowest. Officials of the upper four Ranks (from First Rank Primary to Fourth Rank Secondary) were entitled to wear the red robes; mid-Ranks (Fifth Rank Primary to Seventh Rank Secondary) to wear blue robes and the lower Ranks (Eighth Rank Primary to Ninth Rank Secondary) to wear green robes. In addition, each exact Rank was indicated by a picture of unique animal (either real or legendary) sewn in a Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) on both the front and back of the robe, so fellow officials could identify someone's Rank from afar. The Ming dynasty empresses appeared to be wearing similar dress as their Song dynasty counterparts. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The queens wore crown with decorations of dragons and phoenixes, and wore a red large-sleeves upper garments also decorated with dragon and phoenixes. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The dressing of officials' wives and mothers who were bestowed the title of "appointed lady" ( mingfu (/wiki/Mingfu) ; 命妇) were also strictly regulated. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The Emperors could bestow special types of robes to people that he favoured, such as the mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) , the douniufu (/w/index.php?title=Douniufu&action=edit&redlink=1) (斗牛服; "fighting bull" robe; the "fighting bull" is a two-horned dragon-like creature), and the feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) . [72] (#cite_note-:31-77) [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The illegal use and production of those special robes were prohibited by imperial decree and could result to severe punishment or death. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The Jiajing Emperor (/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor) was the last ruler of the Ming dynasty; he made significant changes to the Ming dynasty dressing code in order to consolidate his imperial authority. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The Jiajing Emperor was very focused in reforming the yanfu (燕服; casual or leisure clothing), as he found his own yanfu too vulgar and too common to befit his imperial status. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) At the end of 1528 AD, yanfu's new statutes, adjusted from the ancient xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) , were decreed. The yanbian guanfu (燕弁冠服; "Dress of the Casual Hat"), designed for the emperor, was in colour black bordered with a green trim and featured 143 dragons, with a dragon medallion on the front of the clothing. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The zhongjing guanfu (忠靜冠服 or 忠靖冠服; "Dress of Loyalty and Tranquility"), designed for the ranked officials, was dark green in colour; while cloud patterns were granted to the robe for third-rank and above officials, fourth-rank and below officials had to wear plain robes. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The baohe guanfu (保和冠服; "Dress of Preserving Harmony"), designed for the royal princes), was in colour green and bordered with a green trim, and had two rank badges that showed dragon designs. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) suddenly made a comeback among Han Chinese and became the formal scholar official robe when the Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 AD. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) The scholar officials wore chengziyi (/w/index.php?title=Chengziyi&action=edit&redlink=1) (程子衣) as leisure clothing. [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) [163] (#cite_note-:79-175) Hats worn by the scholars and literati were: the sifang pingding jin (四方平定巾; flat-top square hat), the dongpo jin (/w/index.php?title=Dongpo_jin&action=edit&redlink=1) (東坡巾; "Dongpo hat"), and the fangjin (方巾). [163] (#cite_note-:79-175) [108] (#cite_note-:11-118) The daopao (/wiki/Daopao) was worn as a casual dress by all levels of society, including the External officials and eunuchs. [163] (#cite_note-:79-175) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The zhishen (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) was also worn by eunuchs sometimes to show their superiority. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) Commoner men usually wore plain-coloured clothing while commoner women wore upper garments and skirts of light colours. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Matteo Ricci (/wiki/Matteo_Ricci) in a Ming-style daopao (/wiki/Daopao) A scholar-bureaucrat in casual dress. Portrait of Koxinga (/wiki/Koxinga) in formal dress. Ming-era clerks of various positions Though the Ming dynasty restored Hanfu, the dynasty also brought many changes. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) For example, the formal robes of the early Ming emperors had close-fitting sleeves instead of the Song dynasty's voluminous sleeves. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) The collar of the Ming dynasty clothing changed from the symmetrical type of the Song dynasty to the circular type. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Moreover, under the influence of the Yuan dynasty's court dress, the xiongbei (胸背; central badges) found on the official cloths became square in shape, different from Song dynasty's round shape. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 51 Compared with the clothing of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , the proportion of the upper outer garment to lower skirt in the Ming dynasty was significantly inverted. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Since the upper garment was shorter and the lower garment was longer, the jacket gradually became longer to cover the exposed skirt. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) The Ming dynasty implemented the use of gold and silver interlocking buckles to close clothing and collars. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) [164] (#cite_note-:29-176) In the middle of the Ming dynasty, the interlocking buttons were often paired with the upper garment with standing collar; it was commonly used by women partially because they wanted to cover their bodies to show modesty and preserve their chastity and because of the cold climate period. [164] (#cite_note-:29-176) Skirts with pleats became very popular and the skirt colour tended to be light. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Another form of skirt which was worn in the Ming dynasty is a skirt with two pieces which was deeply pleated and was sewn to a separate, single waistband. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) In the late Ming dynasty, Ming dynasty women wore the pifeng (/wiki/Beizi) daily, the ru (short jacket) with a skirt and a short over skirt (yaoqun), the ao (袄; a long jacket) which is worn with a skirt, and the bijia (/wiki/Bijia) . [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 48–51 The shuitiany (/wiki/Shuitianyi) i was also worn in the late Ming dynasty. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 48–51 Han Chinese women also wore dudou (/wiki/Dudou) as an underwear. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Old lady in banbi (/wiki/Banbi) accompanied by maid A female ghost in typical Ming-style Hanfu, adapted from a Buddhist allegory Painting of a Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) woman. Ming noble woman. While clothing regulation were strictly enforced in the early Ming dynasty; it started to weaken in the Mid-Ming dynasty (around the early 16th century) which has been attributed to the failing of ritual practice and the expansion of commercialization which has led to a weakened state control over the clothing system, and thus to an eventual dress code transgression. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) In the late Ming, the dress code was widely transgressed by sons of officials and eunuchs who clothes which did not denote their real social status. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) Fashion changed quickly relatively to the earlier years during the late Ming which caused distress to the literati. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The literati were also concerned about the wives of the elites who would parade and show off their clothing and ornaments without having anyone to reproach them. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) Despite the attempts of Confucians scholars to urge the ban of illegal and/or improper dress, the dressing code was not enforced by the imperial court. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) When Han Chinese ruled the Vietnamese in the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam) due to the Ming dynasty's conquest during the Ming–Hồ War (/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93H%E1%BB%93_War) they imposed the Han Chinese style of men wearing long hair on short haired Vietnamese men (/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam#Hairstyle_and_teeth_blackening) . Vietnamese were ordered to stop cutting and instead grow their hair long and switch to Hanfu in only a month by a Ming official. Ming administrators said their mission was to civilized the unorthodox Vietnamese barbarians. [166] (#cite_note-178) The Ming dynasty only wanted the Vietnamese to wear long hair and to stop teeth blackening (/wiki/Ohaguro) so they could have white teeth and long hair like Chinese. [167] (#cite_note-179) A royal edict was issued by Vietnam in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like that of the Lao, Champa or the "Northerners" which referred to the Ming. The edict was recorded in the 1479 Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0) of Ngô Sĩ Liên (/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_S%C4%A9_Li%C3%AAn) in the Later Lê dynasty (/wiki/Later_L%C3%AA_dynasty) . [168] (#cite_note-180) The Vietnamese had adopted the Chinese political system and culture during the 1,000 years of Chinese rule so they viewed their surrounding neighbours like Khmer Cambodians as barbarians and themselves as a small version of China (the Middle Kingdom). [169] (#cite_note-181) By the Nguyen dynasty (/wiki/Nguyen_dynasty) the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt Han Chinese culture by ceasing "barbarous" habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long besides making them replace skirts with trousers. [170] (#cite_note-182) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) was influenced by the Hanfu of the Ming dynasty. The Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon) monarchy looked to Ming China for cultural inspiration. The upper classes and the court of Joseon wore Ming-style clothing but also made a few modifications to make the clothing look distinctively Korean; this led to the formation of the women's hanbok style. [171] (#cite_note-:106-183) [172] (#cite_note-184) The lower class of Joseon imitated the clothing of the upper class. [171] (#cite_note-:106-183) Qing dynasty [ edit ] Development of Qing imperial court clothing [ edit ] Main article: Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) In the Liao (/wiki/Liao_dynasty) , Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) , Yuan (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , and Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) dynasties, Jurchen people (/wiki/Jurchens_people) mainly wore Zuojun gowns. The robes and clothes of the Manchus before entering the customs are called "yijie" in Manchu. They are clothes worn by men, women and children throughout the year. Each gown is cut from a whole piece of clothing. The basic structure is a round neck, a large flap, a left gusset, four-sided slits, a waistband and horseshoe sleeves. [173] (#cite_note-Gu_Fanying-185) It was mistakenly thought that the hunting ancestors of the Manchus skin clothes became Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) clothing, due to the contrast between Ming dynasty clothes unshaped cloth's straight length contrasting to the odd-shaped pieces of Qing dynasty longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) and chaofu . [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 103 Scholars from the west initially wrongly thought these clothing were purely Manchu as the early Manchu rulers wrote several edicts stressing on maintaining their traditions and clothing. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 103 However, there is evidence from excavated tombs which indicates that China had a long tradition of garments that led to the development of the Qing chaofu, and it was not invented or introduced by Manchus in the Qing dynasty or Mongols in the Yuan dynasty. In some cases, the Qing dynasty went further than the Ming dynasty in imitating ancient China to display legitimacy with resurrecting ancient Chinese rituals to claim the Mandate of Heaven (/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven) after studying Chinese classics. Qing sacrificial ritual vessels deliberately resemble ancient Chinese ones even more than Ming vessels. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 106 Tungusic (/wiki/Tungusic_peoples) people on the Amur river (/wiki/Amur_river) like Udeghe (/wiki/Udege_people) , Ulchi (/wiki/Ulchi) and Nanai (/wiki/Nani_people) adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs, Chinese New Year (/wiki/Chinese_New_Year) , using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated house from China during the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) . [175] (#cite_note-187) Moreover, the Manchus (/wiki/Manchu_people) originally did not have their own dragon robes or weave textiles and they had to obtain Ming dragon robes (/wiki/Dragon_robe#China) , Chaofu and cloth when they paid tribute to the Ming or traded with the Ming. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Therefore, Manchu clothes were modified the Hanfu of Ming China to form their court costume, making it easier to use while hunting. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The development of Manchu clothing in the late Ming Dynasty mainly imitated Mongolian clothing, and the arrow sleeves are obviously characteristics of Mongolian clothing. [176] (#cite_note-Liu_Fei-188) The Ming dragon robes were simply modified, cut, and tailored by Manchus at the sleeves and waist to make them narrow around the arms and waist instead of wide and added a new narrow cuff to the sleeves; [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 157 they also made slits in the skirt to make it suitable for falconry, horse riding and archery. [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 158 The new cuff was made out of fur. The robe's jacket waist had a new strip of scrap cloth put on the waist while the waist was made snug by pleating the top of the skirt on the robe. [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 159 The Manchus (/wiki/Manchu_people) added sable fur skirts, cuffs and collars to Ming dragon robes and trimming sable fur all over them before wearing them. [161] (#cite_note-:22-173) : 25 However, some denied that the popular Manchu jackets in the Qing Dynasty originated from the Hanfu in the Ming Dynasty. [178] (#cite_note-190) [179] (#cite_note-191) Han Chinese court costume ( chaofu ) was modified by the Manchu by adding a ceremonial big collar (daling) or shawl collar (pijianling); the clothing was also reduced in bulk, the sleeves made narrower, and the side-fastening changed from cross-collared to a curved overlapping right front. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [180] (#cite_note-192) The clothing was fastened with loops and buttons. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The Manchu also decorated their early Qing robes with dragons similarly to the Ming chaofu. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Kangxi Emperor (/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) in casual dress. Qianlong Emperor (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) in chaofu (court dress), Qing dynasty Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) Empress Robe, reign of Yongzheng Emperor (/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor) . The Spencer Museum of Art (/wiki/Spencer_Museum_of_Art) has six longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) robes that belonged to Han Chinese nobility of the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty) which shows the diversity of the late 18th and 19th century non-imperial dragon robes. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 115 Ranked officials and Han Chinese nobles had two slits in the skirts while Manchu nobles and the Imperial family had 4 slits in skirts. All first, second and third rank officials as well as Han Chinese and Manchu nobles were entitled to wear 9 dragons by the Qing Illustrated Precedents. Qing sumptuary laws only allowed four clawed dragons for officials, Han Chinese nobles and Manchu nobles while the Qing Imperial family, emperor and princes up to the second degree and their female family members were entitled to wear five clawed dragons. However officials violated these laws all the time and wore 5 clawed dragons and the Spencer Museum's 6 long pao worn by Han Chinese nobles have 5 clawed dragons on them. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 117 Lady in a red robe, with a xiapei (/wiki/Xiapei) on top of her robe, and a coronet (/wiki/Fengguan) , Qing dynasty. Wives of Han Chinese noblemen and high-ranking officials had to wear semi-official formal dresses on ceremonial events; their clothing consisted of a mang ao (a four-clawed dragon loose fitting jacket with wide sleeves), a xiapei (/wiki/Xiapei) , a mang chu (a dragon skirt which was embroidered with dragons and phoenixes on the front and back skirt panels), a jiao dai (a rigid hooped belt which was worn around the jacket) and a phoenix coronet. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The women mang ao was red in colour if the wearer was a man's principle wife; it was originally undecorated but started to be decorated with dragon by the 18th century. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The xiapei was developed from the xiapei worn in Ming dynasty; the xiapei in Qing was first worn when the wedding day of a woman; after the wedding, she would wear it for special important events which were connected with her husband's status. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Clothing reform by Qianlong [ edit ] The Qing dynasty court continued to reform and regulate the clothing of its subjects, but discussion on ethnic clothing was a sensitive topic even after the Qing dynasty had consolidated its rule. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) By 1759 AD, the Qianlong Emperor (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) commissioned the Illustrated Precedents for the Ritual Paraphernalia of the Imperial Court ( Huangchao Liqi Tushi ) which was published and enforced by 1766; this publication covered several aspects including the dressing and accessories of the emperors, princes, noblemen and their consorts, Manchu officials, their wives and daughters, and the dress codes for Han Chinese men officials who had reached the rank of mandarin and were employed and their wives; as well as Han Chinese men who were waiting for an official appointment. [109] (#cite_note-:53-119) : 2–3 [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The aim of this edict was made to preserve the Manchu identity once again, but at the same time, it also attempted to align the image of the emperor with Confucian ideas and codes of behaviours and manners. [181] (#cite_note-193) The dress code designed in the Huangchao Liqi Tushi continued to be used as the standard for the court attire until the end of the Qing dynasty. [109] (#cite_note-:53-119) : 2–3 The Manchu continued to use the five colours symbolism in their clothing which was in line with the previous Han Chinese dynasties; however, they chose the colour blue as their dynasty colour and generally avoided the use of red colour in their clothing because red was the dynasty colour of Ming dynasty. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) On the other hand, Han Chinese continued to view red as a lucky colour because of its connection with rulers of Ming dynasty, and used it extensively in celebratory events and at weddings. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Ban of Chinese clothing and hairstyle [ edit ] See also: Tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) and Qizhuang (/wiki/Qizhuang) Coexistence of Hanfu and Manchu clothing (/wiki/Qizhuang) , Qing dynasty Hanfu, early Qing dynasty When the Manchus established the Qing dynasty, the authorities issued decrees having Han Chinese men to adopt Manchu hairstyle by shaving their hair on the front of the head and braiding the hair on the back of the head into pigtails. The resistances against the hair shaving policy were suppressed. [182] (#cite_note-194) Han Chinese did not object to wearing the queue braid on the back of the head as they traditionally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the Qing government exclusively focused on forcing people to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. Han rebels in the first half of the Qing who objected to Qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shave the front of the head. One person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braided the back of his hair. [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Hanfu worn by men and women, from A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring painting, Qing dynasty, before 1772 The Qing imposed the shaved head hairstyle on men of all ethnicities under its rule even before 1644 like upon the Nanai people (/wiki/Nanai_people) in the 1630s who had to shave their foreheads. [184] (#cite_note-196) [185] (#cite_note-197) In 1645, tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) edict was issued; [186] (#cite_note-198) however it was strongly opposed by the Han Chinese, in particular those who belonged to the late Ming dynasty scholars class and literati. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) Qing Manchu prince Dorgon initially canceled the order for all men in Ming territories south of the Great wall (post 1644 additions to the Qing) to shave. It was a Han official from Shandong, Sun Zhixie and Li Ruolin who voluntarily shaved their foreheads and demanded Qing Prince Dorgon impose the queue hairstyle on the entire population which led to the queue order. [188] (#cite_note-200) [189] (#cite_note-201) Even after a decade following tifayifu policy implementation, Han Chinese still resisted against the order of shaving the hair and changing into Manchu clothing (/wiki/Qizhuang) frequently. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) Even during emperor Kangxi (/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) 's reign, a large number of ordinary people continued to wear Ming dynasty hairstyles and clothing; however, the Han Chinese officials and military generals had to wear the queue and Manchu clothing. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) The men of certain ethnicities who came under Qing rule later like Salar people (/wiki/Salar_people) and Uyghur people (/wiki/Uyghur_people) already shaved all their heads bald so the shaving order was redundant. [190] (#cite_note-202) However, the shaving policy was not enforced in the Tusi (/wiki/Tusi) autonomous chiefdoms in Southwestern China where many minorities lived. There was one Han Chinese Tusi, the Chiefdom of Kokang (/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Kokang) populated by Han Kokang people (/wiki/Kokang_people) . Han Chinese general Zhang Zhiyuan wearing Manchu-style military outfit. [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 149 During the Qianlong reign (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) , Liu Zhenyu was executed for urging the return of presumably Ming dynasty clothing. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) However, during this period, Manchu style clothing was only required for scholar-official elite, such as the Eight Banners (/wiki/Eight_Banners) members and Han men serving as government officials, but not the entire male population; therefore, Han Chinese men were allowed to continue to dress in Ming dynasty clothing. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) But as time passed, Han civilian men eventually voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing like changshan (/wiki/Changshan) and the magua (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) . [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [192] (#cite_note-Twitchett,_Denis_2008_p87-88-204) In the beginning of the Mid-Qing period, the discourses and resistance against the Manchu clothing regulations gradually disappeared. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) By the late Qing dynasty, not only officials and scholars, but a great many commoners as well, started to wear Manchu attire. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [192] (#cite_note-Twitchett,_Denis_2008_p87-88-204) In the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) , the Tokugawa Shogunate (/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate) of Japan passed orders for Japanese men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers. [193] (#cite_note-:24-205) : 217 This was similar to the Qing dynasty queue order imposed by Dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads. [193] (#cite_note-:24-205) : 214 During the late Qing dynasty, the Vietnamese envoy to Qing were still wearing the official attire in Ming dynasty style. Some of the locals recognized their clothing, yet the envoy received both amusement and ridicule from those who did not. [194] (#cite_note-206) Tifayifu exemptions [ edit ] The implementation of tifayifu policy, the early Qing dynasty court also prohibited Han Chinese from wearing some specific Manchu items and prohibited banner-women from dressing as Han Chinese women in order to maintain ethnic distinction. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) The early Qing dynasty policies also mainly applied to Han Chinese men. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) Those who were exempted from such policies were women, children, Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhist_monks) and Taoist (/wiki/Daoshi) monks, and Qing dynasty rebels; moreover, men in their living had to wear Manchu-clothing, but they could be buried in Hanfu after their death. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [196] (#cite_note-Doolittle1876-208) Rebellion and resistance to Qing [ edit ] Han Chinese rebels who went against the Qing dynasty, like the Taiping rebels (/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion) , even retained their queue braids on the back but the symbol of their rebellion against the Qing was the growing of hair on the front of the head, causing the Qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty to the Qing rather than wearing the braid on the back which did not violate Han customs and which traditional Han did not object to. [196] (#cite_note-Doolittle1876-208) [197] (#cite_note-209) Koxinga (/wiki/Koxinga) insulted and criticized the Qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate looking like a fly. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 77 Koxinga and his men objected to shaving when the Qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing Koxinga as a feudatory. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 86 The Qing demanded that Zheng Jing (/wiki/Zheng_Jing) and his men on Taiwan shave in order to receive recognition as a fiefdom. His men and Ming prince Zhu Shugui (/wiki/Zhu_Shugui) fiercely objected to shaving. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 187 His men and the last Ming dynasty prince, Zhu Shugui (1617 – 1683 AD), fiercely objected to the shaving decree. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 187 Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) , Taiping Kingdom In the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom) , the clothing system was based on the clothing of Qing dynasty, but they change the clothing by establishing their own clothing system. [199] (#cite_note-:123-211) The kings and princes of the Heavenly Kingdom were the only people allowed to wear yellow dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) . [199] (#cite_note-:123-211) As a result, Ming dynasty style clothing was even retained in some places in China during the Xinhai Revolution (/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution) in 1911 AD. [200] (#cite_note-212) During the Taiping rebellion (1850-1864 AD) (/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion) , the rebels let their hair grow while others kept their queues hidden under red turbans. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) In the late Qing dynasty, some members of the White Lotus sect (/wiki/White_Lotus) cut down their queues in an act of defiance while most of them only remove a hair strand or unbraided their hair and let it loose. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) After the Qing dynasty was toppled in the 1911 Xinhai revolution, the Taoist dress and topknot was adopted by the ordinary gentry and "Society for Restoring Ancient Ways" (Fuguhui) on the Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) and Hubei (/wiki/Hubei) border where the White Lotus and Gelaohui (/wiki/Gelaohui) operated. [202] (#cite_note-214) It was only later westernized revolutionaries, influenced by western hairstyle who began to view the braid as backward and advocated adopting short haired western hairstyles. [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Taoist and buddhist priests/monks [ edit ] Main articles: Taoist clothing (/wiki/Taoist_clothing) , Daopao (/wiki/Daopao) , and Zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) Portrait of a lama or a bonze, drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793. Wang Chanyue (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Changyue) (?－1680 AD), seventh patriarch of the Longmen branch of the taoist school Quanzhen Dao, Qing dynasty. Neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [203] (#cite_note-Gulik2010-215) [204] (#cite_note-216) [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Taoist priests also continued to wear Taoist traditional dress and did not adopt Qing Manchu dress. Remains of the Ming dynasty subjects also invented various ways to preserve their hairstyle and their Han-style clothing (for example, in remote places). [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) To avoid wearing the queue and shaving the forehead, the Ming loyalist Fu Shan became a Daoist priest after the Qing took over Taiyuan (/wiki/Taiyuan) . [205] (#cite_note-217) Burial practices [ edit ] After death, their hair could also be combed into a topknot similar to the ones worn by the Han Chinese in Ming; a practice which was observed by the Europeans (/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe) ; [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) men who were wealthy but held no official rank were allowed to be buried in a deep-blue silk shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) which was edged with bright blue or white band. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Men who were in mourning were also exempted; [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) however, since the mourners were not allowed to wear topknot in accordance to the Confucian rites, the men simply untied their queues and left their loose hair dishevelled. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) Women from wealthy families could also be buried in a variation of shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) called the bai shou yi (lit. "longevity jacket"), a deep blue or black ao with the character shou for longevity embroidered in gold all over the ao. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The bai shou yi was worn with a white pleated skirt which was edged with blue satin; the skirt was embroidered with the many blue shou character. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Chinese opera and drama performers [ edit ] Main article: Xifu (Costume) (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) The ban of Hanfu also did not apply to performers who wore and displayed Hanfu-style costumes when performing dramas. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) Women's clothing [ edit ] For women's clothing, Manchu and Han fashions of clothing coexisted. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 The Han Chinese women carefully maintained their pure Han Chinese ethnicity and did not wear Manchu clothing. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Throughout the Qing dynasty, Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty; however, with time, the Ming dynasty customs started to be forgotten and influence from the Manchu started to influence the women's clothing. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [206] (#cite_note-218) Yet, Manchu women and Han Chinese women never emulated each other's clothing; and as a result, by the end of the nineteenth century, Manchu and Han Chinese women had maintained distinctive clothing. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, Han Chinese women were expected to continue the Han Chinese clothing of the Ming dynasty. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Manchu women wore a long, one-piece robe with a curving robe whereas Han Chinese women continued to wear the combination upper and lower garment. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 [207] (#cite_note-219) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 As Han Chinese women were not forced to change in to Manchu clothing, most of the clothing elements of the Han Chinese women in the Qing dynasty continued to follow the style of the Ming dynasty's ao coat (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) . [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) Following the Ming dynasty customs, Han Chinese women would wear ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and aoqun (/wiki/Ruqun) , [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 which was a popular fashion in the Qing dynasty. [209] (#cite_note-221) Trousers were sometimes worn under the skirts if they were commoners or unmarried. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 Han Chinese women, who were unmarried or were peasants, would wear shanku (/wiki/Shanku) without any overskirt. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 Wearing skirts were generally considered a symbol of maturity and was reserved for married women. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In the middle of the Qing dynasty, Manchu and Han Chinese women started to influence each other's clothing; however, they still maintain the uniqueness of their respective clothing styles. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 The late Qing dynasty, Han Chinese women in the gentry and aristocratic classes started to imitate the clothing of the Manchu; similarly, the Manchu women started to imitate the clothing of the Han Chinese women; and thus, they influenced each other. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 In the late Qing dynasty, Han Chinese's ao continued to share some similarities with the ao worn in the Ming dynasty. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) However, the clothing worn by the Han Chinese women was also influenced by Manchu culture to some degree; for example, in terms of clothing colour, embroidery and binding. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) The late Qing dynasty ao had large sleeves, a slant opening (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Pipa-shaped_collars) and was waist-length. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) Elderly Chinese women wore an ao with round standing collar, which had a planket by the right, flat sleeves, sleeves which were wrist-length and had a wide cuff. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) The collar of the Han Chinese ao may be standing collar or low collar stand, and there were slits on both sides of the ao . [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) The waist-length ao could also have narrow sleeves and a front opening. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) Women clothing in the late Qing dynasty also had piped edges. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The silk skirts which are indigenous to Han Chinese women are a representative garment of the Qing dynasty clothing. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) A popular form of skirts during the Qing dynasty was the mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) , a skirt made of two separate pieces of fabric which are not sewn together from the waistline to the hemline; this skirt allowed women with bounded feet (/wiki/Foot_binding) to walk with greater ease. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) [210] (#cite_note-:64-222) The mamianqun had very subtle changes in both the cut and decorations throughout the Qing dynasty. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) Other Han Chinese women skirts which were popular in the Qing dynasty were the baijianqun (百襇裙; hundred pleated skirt), the yuehuaqun (月華裙; moonlight skirt) (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_103.aspx?itemid=25856) which was popular in the early Qing, the phoenix tail skirt (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_103.aspx?itemid=25854) which was popular during the reign of Kangxi (/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) and Qianlong (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) , [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 80–83 and the ‘fish-scale’ skirt (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_103.aspx?itemid=25862) . [210] (#cite_note-:64-222) At the end of the Qing dynasty, a skirt decorated with sword-shaped ribbons with bells (/wiki/Bell) hanging at the sharp corner appear. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 80–83 Han Chinese women also wore dudou (/wiki/Dudou) , which was developed from the Ming dynasty dudou. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Outside China in 1911, the magazine Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) recommended shopping for a set of attire called "boudoir set" which consisted of the Qing dynasty aoqun with wide hems and wide sleeves, and shoes. [211] (#cite_note-:103-223) However, by the Xinhai revolution (/wiki/1911_Revolution) in 1911, the wide hemmed and wide sleeved Qing dynasty aoqun was no more popular among urban Han Chinese women in China; instead they started to make their clothing narrower. [211] (#cite_note-:103-223) Ready-to-wear Western clothing had little popularity among Chinese consumers as due to proportion misfit of Western clothing. [211] (#cite_note-:103-223) On the left, a Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) woman wearing Han Chinese clothing composed of an ao and a skirt; on the right, a Manchu (/wiki/Manchu) woman wearing a one-piece long robe, which is the precursor of the qipao (/wiki/Qipao) . Qing dynasty aoqun worn in theatre for female role, 18th century. A woman dressed in an ao and a trousers, she is playing a small drum, from 1800. A woman wearing an ao with a long skirt, Playing a zheng, from 1800. A woman wearing an ao and trousers under an overskirt, she is playing a wind instrument with a curved bell, from 1800. Han Chinese embroidered silk lady's jacket and pleated skirt, c. 1900. The clothing of Han women during the 19th century. The top ao from Ming dynasty was changed into a variation of the Manchu qizhuang, while skirt, which inherited the Ming style, was also influenced by Qing-style patterns. Qing Dynasty pleated skirt; late 19th century Woman's two panels skirt, Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Late 19th Century-Early 20th Century. Children [ edit ] Infants would wear dudou (/wiki/Dudou) , which was embroidered with luck charms, as their only clothing in hot summer months until they reach the age of two to three years old. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Han Chinese children were spared from the tifayifu policy and could be dressed in Hanfu; [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) their clothing was fastened to the right side in the Ming dynasty-style. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Their daily clothing was made of silk, and they would wear satin and silk clothing for special occasions; the colours of the clothing were brights and the clothing were typically red and pink as these were auspicious colours. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) They also wore a baijiayi (/wiki/Baijiayi) in the Qing dynasty to wish a child good fortune and as an evil protection. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) They also wore different style of hats, such as the "rice bowl hat", the "tiger head hat", the "dog head hat", which aim to protect against evil spirit and later on to attract good fortunes when they have to take important examinations. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) 20th century [ edit ] In 1912, the republic was established and government ministers were required to western-style clothing. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Official attire for both men and women were regulated and published in the government gazettes; the men had to wear western-style clothing on formal days and evening, and in informal time, they could Western suit or changshan (/wiki/Changshan) magua (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) . Women had to wear Qing style aoqun (/wiki/Ruqun) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Women started to wear more western-style clothing, Foot binding (/wiki/Foot_binding) was legally abolished. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1914 AD during the early years of the republic, cutting off the queue was a pre-requisite for provincial election votes, and in the 1914, policemen cut off the queue of any anyone arrested wearing queues. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Yuan Shikai (/wiki/Yuan_Shikai) revived the Sacrifice at the Temple of Heaven ceremony; he also proclaimed himself as Emperor Hongxian and the beginning of a new dynasty; the robe and hat which specially designed for him to wear on the day of this ceremony was based on the ceremonial dress worn by the Han and Ming dynasty emperors on sacrificial ceremonies. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) However, Yuan Shikai did not adhere to the Han dynasty and Ming dynasty fashion completely and these gowns showed differences in design, i.e. the use of roundels. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) A manual, called the Jisi guanfutu (祭祀冠服圖; The Illustrated Manual of Dress for Ritual Sacrifices ), was specially prepared and produced in 1914 AD by the Zhengshitang lizhiguan (政事堂禮制館; Bureau of Rites of the Executive Affairs department ); this manual provided a detailed description of the attire worn by Yuan Shikai and the participants of the ceremony on this 1914 public, ceremonial event. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) Yuan Shikai's ceremonial gown was jiaoling youren (i.e. fastened over the right side), made of black satin which was bordered with gold brocade and was decorated with twelve roundels which depicted the full twelve Imperial symbols ( shier zhang ; 十二章). [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Officials gowns were also designed for officials who had to participate in the ceremony; the officials gown were made of black satin and the edges were made with blue brocade. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Laws regarding the official dress were also decreed: (1) First-rank officials had to wear nine roundels with nine symbols on their gowns; (2) second-rank officials had to wear seven roundels with seven symbols; (3) Third-rank officials had to wear five roundels with five symbols; (4) fourth-rank officials had to wear three roundels with three symbols; and (5) fifth-rank officials and below had to wear a robe without any borders and without any roundels. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Those imperial emblems which were used in the roundels originated from the twelve emblems which were documented in the Shangshu (/wiki/Book_of_Documents) . [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) This ceremonial gown was worn over a purple satin apron skirt which would be edged with either blue or gold brocade; a belt of matching colour was also worn around the waist. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) They also wore flat hats, and some of them had string of pearls which hung over their faces just like the hats which were worn by the Han Chinese emperors of the earlier dynasties. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Yuan Shikai's deliberate way of dressing up to pay respect to Heaven was not only made in accordance to the old imperial traditions, but it can also be considered as a public declaration to the Chinese people and to the world that the old Chinese customs were still relevant in modern society. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) When Yuan Shikai died in 1916, he was buried in imperial gown which was decorated with nine golden dragons. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) However, since his reign was short-lived, the attempts at restoring ancient Chinese ceremonial and official gowns failed and gradually disappeared. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Picture of Emperor Yuan Shikai. Third-rank Official at Yuan Shikai's visit to the sacrificial ceremony at the Temple of Heaven; he is wearing a robe with five roundels. Official wearing sacrificial clothing. Part of the participants of the 17th Confucius Conference wear Hanfu, 1910s. Sai Jinhua (/wiki/Sai_Jinhua) wearing a jiaoling youren clothing, 1920s. Eminence Taixu (/wiki/Taixu) , a buddhist monk, wearing a youren gown in the streets of London, 1929. Graduate of Yenching University (/wiki/Yenching_University) , 1930. Dr. Chen Huanzhang (1880-1933), founder of the Confucian Academy (/wiki/Confucian_Academy) , wearing shenyi. In 1919, women aoqun evolved; the ao became slimmer and longer until it reached below the narrow; the sleeves became narrower to the wrists, and the side slits were shortened; the collars became very high with some corners turning down sometimes and other collars reaching up to the ears. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The edges of the ao became narrow contrasting to the wide bands of embroidery which was popular in the past. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The ao was worn with a one-piece ankle length skirt. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In the early 1920s, the ao became more fitted and was shortened reaching only the top of the hip with a rounded hem, the sleeves were also shortened to three quarter of its length. The skirt became plainer, cut with a simple flared style, and wide waistband was replaced by narrow band in which a cord or elastic was threaded. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The qipao, also known as cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) , was eventually created in the middle of 1920s. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1927, changshan (/wiki/Changshan) and magua (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) was established as the formal, official wear for men, and they were worn for important ceremonies, such as weddings, temple and ancestral halls worship. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Women's formal wear was either a black ao and blue skirt with the same style as the earlier outfit or the cheongsam. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In the mid-1930s as men started to adopt more Western clothing. Under the Japanese occupation (/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War) , more men started to wear even more Western suits and ties, and the men traditional clothing was worn on informal occasions. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1932, the Nationalist government (/wiki/Nationalist_government) began to force Miao (/wiki/Miao_people) , Yao (/wiki/Yao_people) , and Kam people (/wiki/Kam_people) to wear hanfu. [213] (#cite_note-225) During the Cultural Revolution (/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) , traditional Chinese clothing, as a broad term, was considered as being part of one of the "four olds" and the Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) was popularized for both genders. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Skirts also disappeared as they were considered being both impractical for manual work and ideologically inappropriate during this time period. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1974, Jiang Qing (/wiki/Jiang_Qing) , the fourth wife of Mao Zedong (/wiki/Mao_Zedong) , wanted to make an attire, known as the Jiang Qing dress (/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing_dress&action=edit&redlink=1) , as the national dress for the Chinese women. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 [214] (#cite_note-:88-226) The Jiang Qing dress , which she personally designed, consisted of pleated skirts instead of trousers, the sleeves were nearly elbow-length, there was a central opening, and the neckline was V-shaped and was delineated by a wide, white band; the skirt was based on the pleated skirts (i.e. the "one hundred pleats" skirt) worn by the court ladies worn in Tang dynasty paintings. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 [214] (#cite_note-:88-226) The earliest form of Jiang Qing dress is documented and appear in the 1974 Asian Games (/wiki/1974_Asian_Games) photos. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 Jiang Qing tried to popularize the dress in diverse ways through public and foreign avenues; however, her dress failed to win popularity and was disliked. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 Since the late 1970s, skirts and dresses reappeared and western-style clothing became popular in daily lives. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 257–265 Hanfu in popular media and opera (20th century – present) [ edit ] Main articles: Guzhuang (costume) (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) and Xifu (Costume) (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) Since the 20th century, hanfu and hanfu-style clothing has been used frequently as ancient costumes in Chinese and foreign television series, films and other forms of entertainment media, and was widely popularized since the late 1980s dramas. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [215] (#cite_note-227) [24] (#cite_note-:80-24) [216] (#cite_note-:124-228) One example of historically inaccurate hanfu-style costume is the costume worn by Disney's Mulan (/wiki/Mulan_(Disney_character)) , where the wide sleeves of the hanfu were reduced to narrow sleeves reflecting modern fashion and to reflect the character of Disney's Mulan. [216] (#cite_note-:124-228) A movie poster of Romance of the Western Chamber (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0ZeTiQHUzs) , a 1927 silent movie (/wiki/Silent_film) . A scene from the silent film (/wiki/Silent_film) , The Cave of the Silken Web (/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Silken_Web_(1927_film)) (1927). Various forms of hanfu-style costumes are depicted in the movie (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQMGXw7-rvM) . 1954 film adaptation of the legend of the Butterfly Lovers (/wiki/Butterfly_Lovers) . Many elements and costumes styles worn in Chinese opera (/wiki/Chinese_opera) are derived from the Ming dynasty clothing and may be blended with the clothing style from the Tang to Qing dynasty. [217] (#cite_note-229) The opera costumes worn in Kunqu (/wiki/Kunqu) opera is primarily based on the clothing worn in Ming dynasty. [218] (#cite_note-230) And, most of the style of costumes depicted in Cantonese opera (/wiki/Cantonese_opera) are also derived from the clothing of the Ming dynasty, with a few exception being derived from the Qing dynasty clothing. [219] (#cite_note-231) [220] (#cite_note-232) Costumes of Cantonese opera uses the Ming-style clothing for opera which are set in all dynasties, except for the ones set in the Qing dynasty; those costumes follow the Qing-style. [221] (#cite_note-233) [222] (#cite_note-234) Hanfu in a Kunqu (/wiki/Kunqu) performance. Cantonese Opera Happy Valley (2008). Kunqu opera (/wiki/Kunqu) of the Ming-dynasty play The Peony Pavilion (/wiki/The_Peony_Pavilion) . Hanfu in modern Taoism (20th century – present) [ edit ] Main article: Daojiao fushi (/wiki/Daojiao_fushi) Modern Taoist monks (/wiki/Daoshi) and Taoism practitioners continue to style their long hair into a touji (#Style) (頭髻; a topknot hairstyle) and wear traditional clothing. [223] (#cite_note-235) [224] (#cite_note-236) [225] (#cite_note-237) [226] (#cite_note-238) Some modern taoist abbess and priests also wear cross-collared jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) robes and hats. [227] (#cite_note-239) [228] (#cite_note-240) A Taoist (/wiki/Taoist) soothsayer advising a woman; he has a topknot (#Style) hairstyle, a surviving male hairstyle of Han (/wiki/Han_Chinese) people. Photo taken in 2008 outside the Changchun Temple (長春觀) in Wuhan (/wiki/Wuhan) , China. A Taoist monk; he has a topknot hairstyle and wears a tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) -style upper garment. The upper garment is not considered as being hanfu; Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , date unknown. A Taoist man with a topknot and cross-collared robe. Taoist ceremony at Xiao ancestral temple in Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong (daoshi), April 2010. 21st century [ edit ] Hanfu Movement [ edit ] Main article: Hanfu Movement (/wiki/Hanfu_Movement) The Hanfu Movement is an ongoing social movement which aims at popularizing hanfu and integrating traditional Chinese elements into the design of modern clothing, as a way to promote traditional Chinese culture. On 22 November 2003, a man named Wang Letian wore a DIY shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) in public; his hanfu story was published in Lianhe Zaobao newspaper (/wiki/Lianhe_Zaobao) and attracted the public attention. This is commonly perceived as the beginning of the modern Hanfu Movement. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) [229] (#cite_note-241) Growing popularity and market trend [ edit ] Han Chinese wearing hanfu in streets Entering the 21st century, hanfu has become a fashion trend and lucrative business sector. In 2018, it was estimated that the hanfu market consisted of 2 million potential consumers. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) The estimated revenue sales for 2019 was 1.4 billion yuan (US$199.3 million). [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) According to the iiMedia 2018 survey, women make up 88.2% of the hanfu enthusiasts and 75.8% of the hanfu stores on Taobao (/wiki/Taobao) and Tmall platforms (/wiki/Tmall) only sell hanfu for women. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) In 2019, it was estimated that there were 1,188 online hanfu stores on Tmall and Taobao which shows an increase of 45.77% over the previous year. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) The hanfu stores Chong Hui Han Tang ranked third on Tmall in 2019 after the hanfu store Hanshang Hualian and Shisanyu . [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) In the 2019 edition of the Xitang Hanfu Culture Week , it was estimated that it attracted 40,000 Hanfu enthusiast participants. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) A study done by Forward Industry Research Institute (a Chinese research institute) shows that by 2020, the number of hanfu enthusiasts in China has reached 5.163 million, creating a market size equivalent to 6.36 billion yuan (US$980 million), a proportional increase of over 40% compared to the previous year. Meanwhile, it is projected that by the end of 2021, the total number of hanfu enthusiasts across China will exceed 7 million, and that the market size of hanfu will exceed 9 billion yuan (US$1.39 billion). [230] (#cite_note-242) Modern hanfu [ edit ] The 21st century hanfu is still referred as hanfu within the Hanfu cultural community for ease of expression. [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) On March 8, 2021, the magazine Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) published an article on modern hanfu defining it as a "type of dress from any era when Han Chinese ruled" and reported that the styles based on the Tang, Song, Ming periods were the most popular. [231] (#cite_note-243) According to some contemporary scholars, modern day hanfu can be classified into three categories: These reproductions are made strictly following the styles depicted on ancient paintings, murals, and/or archaeological finds. "Contemporary Hanfu" (also known as modern hanfu , new hanfu , restored hanfu [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) and improved hanfu [232] (#cite_note-:20-244) ) which refers to those that are developed based on historical styles of hanfu, and largely retain the ancient styles (can still be classified into existing categories of historical hanfu, such as ruqun , beizi etc.), but with modern aesthetics and technologies introduced into their designs. [232] (#cite_note-:20-244) "Hanyuansu" (漢元素), or "Clothes with Hanfu Elements", refers to modern/everyday clothing with hanfu style features and/or elements in their design, but cannot be classified into existing categories of ancient hanfu . [233] (#cite_note-245) Characteristics and design [ edit ] Most modern hanfu are based on sculptures, paintings, art objects, historical records, and historical clothing. Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) Han Chinese robes given by the Ming Emperors to the Chinese noble Dukes Yansheng (/wiki/Duke_Yansheng) descended from Confucius (/wiki/Confucius) are still preserved in the Confucius Mansion (/wiki/Confucius_Mansion) after over five centuries. Robes from the Qing emperors are also preserved there. [234] (#cite_note-246) [235] (#cite_note-247) [236] (#cite_note-248) [237] (#cite_note-249) The Jurchens in the Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) and Mongols in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) continued to patronize and support the Confucian Duke Yansheng. [238] (#cite_note-250) Around the year 2007 or 2008, a group of young people from Minghang district, Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , started a project to restore Chinese clothing from ancient dynasties based on rigorous research, spending their days reading ancient documents and looking at paintings to find detailed information about the styles, materials, colours and patterns used in ancient times; this group is called the Ancient Chinese Clothing Restoration Team Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210415114631/https://www.zhuangshufuyuan.com/) 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . [239] (#cite_note-251) It is also worth noting that an important feature of the modern hanfu (regardless of the three categories it belongs to) is its jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) characteristic. In fact, this design bear special cultural moral and ethical values. It is said the left collar covering the right represents the perfection of human culture on human nature and the overcoming of bodily forces by the spiritual power of ethical ritual teaching; the expansive cutting and board sleeve represents a moral, concordant relation between nature and human creative power; the use of the girdle to fasten the garment over the body represents the constraints of Han culture to limit human's desire that would incur amoral deed. [240] (#cite_note-252) As a result, jiaoling youren has become an inseparable part of modern hanfu design. The modern hanfu also changes to a style that can be worn daily, and these styles combined with western clothing or even clothing from other cultures. [241] (#cite_note-253) For example, the recent emergence of Christmas-theme hanfu trend (which occurred especially for Christmas season) on social media and online shops combines hanfu with Christmas elements and Christmas colour hues. [242] (#cite_note-254) [243] (#cite_note-{{Cite_news}}...-255) Another trend is the incorporation of (western-style) lace elements to the hanfu; however, those designs are not considered as authentic hanfu but are considered being clothing with Han elements (or hanyuansu ). [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) Modern hanfu A woman wearing qujupao (/wiki/Shenyi) and a man wearing a zhiqupao (/wiki/Shenyi) , Chinese Cultural Festival in Guangzhou, 2008. Men wearing shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , panling lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) , and zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) , date unknown. Men and women in xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) , possibly during a Guan Li ceremony (/wiki/Guan_Li) , 2007. Two ruqun in a clothing store; on the left is a hanfu with a red ru and a white skirt; on the right, the hanfu is composed of a green ru and a green skirt; 2018. Some students wearing diverse forms of Hanfu during a spring outing. Garments [ edit ] See also: List of Hanfu (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu) The style of historical Han clothing can be summarized as containing garment elements that are arranged in distinctive and sometimes specific ways. A complete set of garment is assembled from several pieces of clothing into an attire: Component Romanization Hanzi Definition Upper Garment Yi 衣 Open cross-collar shirt. Ru 襦 Open cross-collar shirt, only worn by women. Lower Garment Ku 裤 Trousers or pants. Chang 裳 Skirt for men. Qun 裙 Skirt for women. Full-body Cloth Pao 袍 Closed full-body garment. Chang ru 长襦 Long skirt, only worn by women. Outer Garment Ao 袄 Multi-layer open cross-collar shirt or jacket. Shan 衫 Single-layer open cross-collar shirt or jacket. Banbi 半臂 A half-sleeved waistcoat. Bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) 蔽膝 A cloth attached from the waist, covering front of legs. Dou Peng 斗篷 Cape. Pifeng 披风 Cloak. Pibo 披帛 A long silk scarf, however not used to cover neck. Sometimes covering shoulders, other times just hanging from elbow. Zhao shan 罩衫 Cloaking coat. Usually open at the front. Inner Garment Dudou 肚兜 Belly Cover. Covers front upper body. Worn by women and children. Moxiong 抹胸 Tube top. Worn by women. Zhongyi 中衣 Inner garments, mostly white cotton or silk. Also called zhongdan (中单). There is differences between traditional garment of Han ethnic and other ethnic groups in China, most notably the Manchu (/wiki/Manchu_people) -influenced clothes, qipao (/wiki/Qipao) , which is popularly considered to be the de facto traditional Han Chinese garb. A general comparison of the two styles can be seen as the following provides: [244] (#cite_note-Cui_Rongrong-256) Component Han Manchu Collars Crossing diagonally. Loose lapels, front opened. Parallel vertical overlapping collars, with paralleled secured lapels, no front openings. Sleeves Long and loose Narrow and tight Buttons Sparingly used and concealed inside the garment Numerous and prominently displayed Fittings Belts and sashes are used to close, secure, and fit the garments around the waist Flat ornate buttoning systems are typically used to secure the collar and fit the garment around the neck and upper torso Footwear [ edit ] Main article: Hanfu footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) There were many etiquettes which rule people's daily lives, and this included the use and etiquettes of shoes and socks wearing. [245] (#cite_note-:115-257) The rules of Zhou (/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) stipulated that shoes had to be removed before entering a house; shoes and socks had to be removed at banquets, and ministers who had to meet with the emperor had to remove both their shoes and socks. [245] (#cite_note-:115-257) Being barefoot (/wiki/Barefoot) was considered a taboo on ceremonial worship occasions. [245] (#cite_note-:115-257) Headwear and hairstyles [ edit ] See also: List of hanfu headwear (/wiki/List_of_hanfu_headwear) Ways of tying the topknot seen on Qin Terracotta soldiers (/wiki/Terracotta_soldiers) . Hairs were partially tied at the back of the head with braids, sometimes having no topknot at all. Han dynasty pottery figure showing topknot partially folded into a tail with braid behind the back of the head. On top of the garments, hats (for men) or hairpieces (for women) may be worn. One can often tell the profession or social rank of someone by what they wear on their heads. The typical types of male headwear are called jin (巾) for soft caps, mao (帽) for stiff hats and guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) for formal headdress. Officials and academics have a separate set of hats, typically the putou (/wiki/Futou) , the wushamao (/wiki/Futou) , the si-fang pingding jin (四方平定巾; or simply, fangjin : 方巾) and the Zhuangzi jin (莊子巾). A typical hairpiece for women is the hairpin called ji (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) (笄) that appeared since Neolithic time, and there are more elaborate hairpieces. In addition, managing hair was also a crucial part of ancient Han people's daily life. Commonly, males and females would stop cutting their hair once they reached adulthood. This was marked by the Chinese coming of age ceremony Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) , usually performed between ages 15 to 20. They allowed their hair to grow long naturally until death, including facial hair. This was due to Confucius' teaching " Shenti fa fu, shou zhu fumu, bu gan huishang, xiaozhi shi ye (身體髮膚，受諸父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也)" – which can be roughly translated as 'My body, hair and skin are bestowed by my father and mother, I dare not damage any of them, as this is the least I can do to honor and respect my parents'. In fact, cutting one's hair off in ancient China was considered a legal punishment called 'Kun (髡)', [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) designed to humiliate criminals, as well as applying a character as a facial tattoo to notify one's criminality, the punishment is referred to as 'Qing (黥)', since regular people wouldn't have tattoos on their skin attributed to the same philosophy. Mural of two women with Han hairstyles, Dahuting (/wiki/Dahuting) Tomb Children were exempt from the above commandment; they could cut their hair short, make different kinds of knots or braids, or simply just let them hang without any care, especially because such a decision was usually made by the parents rather than the children themselves; therefore, parental respect was not violated. However, once they entered adulthood, every male was obliged to tie his long hair into a bun called ji (髻) either on or behind his head and always cover the bun up with different kinds of headdresses (except Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhist) monks, who would always keep their heads completely shaved to show that they're "cut off from the earthly bonds of the mortal world"; and Taoist (/wiki/Taoist) monks, who would usually just use hair sticks called zan (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) to hold the buns in place without concealing them). Thus the 'disheveled hair', a common but erring depiction of ancient Chinese male figures seen in most modern Chinese period dramas or movies with hair (excluding facial hair) hanging down from both sides and/or in the back are historically inaccurate. [246] (#cite_note-258) Females on the other hand, had more choices in terms of decorating their hair as adults. They could still arrange their hair into as various kinds of hairstyles as they pleased. There were different fashions for women in various dynastic periods. Such strict "no-cutting" hair tradition was implemented all throughout Han Chinese history since Confucius' time up until the end of Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (1644 CE), when the Qing Prince Dorgon (/wiki/Dorgon) forced the male Han people to adopt the hairstyle of Manchu men, which was shave their foreheads bald and gather the rest of the hair into the queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) to show that they submitted to Qing authority, the so-called "Queue Order" (薙髮令). Han children and females were spared from this order, also Taoist monks were allowed to keep their hair and Buddhist monks were allowed to keep all their hair shaven. Han defectors to the Qing (/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming#Han_defectors) like Li Chengdong and Liu Liangzuo and their Han troops carried out the queue order to force it on the general population. Han Chinese soldiers in 1645 under Han General Hong Chengchou forced the queue on the people of Jiangnan while Han people were initially paid silver to wear the queue in Fuzhou (/wiki/Fuzhou) when it was first implemented. [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Accessories [ edit ] Main article: Hanfu accessories (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) Hanfu also consists of many forms of accessories, such as jewelry, waist ornaments, ribbons, shawls, scarves, and other hand-held items. Influences and derivatives [ edit ] Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) ( Korean (/wiki/Korea) traditional clothing) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) ( Wafuku (/wiki/Wafuku) – Japanese (/wiki/Japan) traditional clothing) Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) ( Okinawan (/wiki/Okinawa_Island) traditional clothing) Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) ( Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) – Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnam) traditional clothing) Chinoiserie fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) , including wrap dress and top (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Qizhuang (/wiki/Qizhuang) (traditional clothing of the Manchu people (/wiki/Manchu_people) , especially the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) court dress) Gallery [ edit ] The Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) clothing, a form of Hanfu See also [ edit ] China portal (/wiki/Portal:China) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sub-categories of hanfu [ edit ] Chinese academic dress (/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress) Fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) Hanfu accessories (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) Hanfu footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) List of hanfu headwear (/wiki/List_of_hanfu_headwear) Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) Qixiong Ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) Shanku (/wiki/Shanku) Yuanlingshan (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Traditional Chinese clothing and culture [ edit ] Chinese Clothing (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Chinese Culture (/wiki/Chinese_culture) History of China (/wiki/History_of_China) Hanfu Movement (/wiki/Hanfu_Movement) Guzhuang (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-27) see Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) . ^ (#cite_ref-57) For wooden figures from a Xingyang warring-state period tomb, see external links. ^ (#cite_ref-59) In this context, the shanqun refers to the upper garment covering the skirt, while ruqun refers to the covering of upper garment by the skirt. ^ (#cite_ref-132) Hufu in the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) included clothing styles from the Tartars or clothing of the people who lived in the Western Regions during this period. ^ (#cite_ref-158) The term 'haner' refers to Han Chinese of mixed origins or who have adopted some Khitan customs. References [ edit ] This References needs translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) from Chinese to English. This References is written in Chinese. If it is intended for readers from the Chinese language community, it should be contributed to the Chinese Wikipedia (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/) . See the list of Wikipedias (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias) . Please see this article's entry (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_translation_into_English#Hanfu) on Pages needing translation into English (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_translation_into_English) for discussion. If the References is not rewritten in English (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanfu&action=edit) within the next two weeks it will be listed for deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion) and/or moved to the Chinese Wikipedia (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/) . If you want to assess this article, you may want to check its Google translation (http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanfu&sl=zh&tl=en&hl=en) . However, please do not add an automated translation to the article , since these are generally of very poor quality. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Wang, Xinyi; Colbert, François; Legoux, Renaud (2020). "From Niche Interest to Fashion Trend: Hanfu Clothing as a Rising Industry in China" (https://www.proquest.com/openview/94841c5430526c8b27950e1e941835fe/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=26212) . International Journal of Arts Management . 23 (1) . Retrieved 1 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Steele, Valerie (1999). China chic : East meets West . John S. Major. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-300-07930-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 40135301 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40135301) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) China Daily (4 September 2019). 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"中国丝绸博物馆" (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/gwgk/info_4.aspx?itemid=26485&lcid=628) . www.chinasilkmuseum.com . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Travel China Guide. "Celebrities of Yangtze Area" (https://www.travelchinaguide.com/river/flavor/celebrity/) . Travel China Guide . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Book of Changes : Xi Ci II – Chinese Text Project" (https://ctext.org/book-of-changes/xi-ci-xia/ens) . ctext.org (in Chinese (China)) . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ho, Wei; Lee, Eun-Young (2009). "Modern Meaning of Han Chinese Clothing" (https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200916263468106.pdf) (PDF) . Journal of the Korea Fashion & Costume Design Association . 11 (1): 99–109. ^ Jump up to: a b Ma, Xiaofang (2018). "Study on the Aesthetics of Han Chinese Clothing Culture in the TV Play qNirvana in Fireq". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018) . Vol. 233. Atlantis Press. pp. 639–643. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.143 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficcessh-18.2018.143) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-528-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gardner, Eric; Lin, Shuning; Tan, Qiuye; Ma, Antonia. "Ancient China | Chinese Culture: Communicating through Fashion" (https://you.stonybrook.edu/chinesefashion/ancient-china/) . you.stonybrook.edu . Retrieved 28 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Sim, Cheryl (2019). Wearing the cheongsam : dress and culture in a Chinese diaspora . London. p. 149. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-10987-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1109390790 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1109390790) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Finnane, Antonia (2008). Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-231-14350-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 84903948 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84903948) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ancestors, The Story of China – BBC Two" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06yglnh) . BBC . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Dien, Albert E. (2007). Six dynasties civilization . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-07404-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 72868060 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72868060) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lüsted, Marcia Amidon (2017). Ancient Chinese daily life (1 ed.). New York: New York : Rosen Publishing. pp. 14–22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4777-8889-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 957525459 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957525459) . ^ (#cite_ref-:102_32-0) Styling Shanghai . Christopher Breward, Juliette MacDonald. London, UK: Bloomsbury. 2020. pp. 47–50, 54. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-05114-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1029205918 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029205918) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Feng, Ge; Du, Zhengming (2015). Traditional Chinese rites and rituals . Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781443887830 . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Zhao, Yin (2014). Snapshots of Chinese culture . Xinzhi Cai. Los Angeles: Bridge21 Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-62643-003-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 912499249 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/912499249) . Archived from the original (https://books.google.com/books?id=vwdaAgAAQBAJ&dq=shang%20dynasty%20skirt&pg=PT158) on 24 May 2021. Alt URL (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/912499249) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Xu, Rui; Sparks, Diane (2011). "Symbolism and Evolution of Ku-form in Chinese Costume" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-15-01-2011-b002) . Research Journal of Textile and Apparel . 15 (1): 11–21. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1108/rjta-15-01-2011-b002 (https://doi.org/10.1108%2Frjta-15-01-2011-b002) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1560-6074 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1560-6074) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Sheng, Angela (1995). "The Disappearance of Silk Weaves with Weft Effects in Early China" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43290485) . Chinese Science (12): 41–76. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0361-9001 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-9001) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 43290485 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43290485) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) The National Museum of China. "Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties : II Economy" (http://123.119.65.169/portals/0/web/zt/gudai/en/detail2.html) . The National Museum of China . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210211152328/http://123.119.65.169/portals/0/web/zt/gudai/en/detail2.html) from the original on 11 February 2021 . Retrieved 11 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Shang Dynasty (1600 B. C. — 1046 B. C.) — Empire of Bronze Age and Scripts on Oracle Bones" (https://www.chinafetching.com/shang-dynasty) . chinafetching.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210211152328/http://www.chinafetching.com/shang-dynasty) from the original on 11 February 2021 . Retrieved 8 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Zuozhuan, "Duke Ding - 10th year - zhuan" (https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%9A%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_10) ^ (#cite_ref-40) Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhengyi , "vol. 56" quote: "夏，大也。中國有禮儀之大，故稱夏；有服章之美，謂之華。華、夏一也。" p. 70 (https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=80244&page=70#%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%85%E7%A8%B1%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8D%E7%AB%A0%E4%B9%8B%E7%BE%8E%E8%AC%82%E4%B9%8B%E8%8F%AF%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9F) of 118 ^ (#cite_ref-41) Liu, Xuediao [劉學銚] (2005). 中國文化史講稿 (in Chinese). Taipei: 知書房出版集團. p. 9. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-986-7640-65-9 . 古時炎黃之胄常自稱,「華夏」有時又作「諸夏」《左傳》定公十年(西元前 500 年)有:裔不謀夏,夷不亂華。對於此句其疏曰:中國有禮儀之大,故稱夏;有服章之美,謂之華。 ^ (#cite_ref-42) Zhu, Ruixi; Zhang, Bangwei; Liu, Fusheng; Cai, Chongbang; Wang, Zengyu (2016). A Social History of Medieval China . Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-107-16786-5 . To quote an ancient text, "there is grand ceremonial etiquette so it is called xia ( 夏 ), and there is the beauty of apparel which is called hua ( 华 )."[1] (And that's how China is also called huaxia [ 华夏 ].) [...] [1] 'The Tenth Year of Duke Ding of Lu' ( 定公十年 ), Zuo Qiuming's Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals ( 左傳 ), explained by Yan Shigu ( 顏師古 , 581–645). ^ (#cite_ref-43) 阮衛萍 (1992). "從今话古談襦裙". 紫禁城 (5): 26–30. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1003-0328 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1003-0328) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) ( “所以称深衣者，以余服则，上衣下裳不相连，此深衣衣裳相连，被体深邃，故谓之深衣。” ) Liji Zhengyi (礼记正义·深衣) vol. 65, of Wujing Zhengyi (五经正义). ^ (#cite_ref-45) 故宮博物院《紫禁城》（1992年第05期），紫禁城雜誌編輯部，第28-32頁 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Zhang, Qizhi (2015). An introduction to Chinese history and culture . Heidelberg: Heidelberg Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-46482-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 909065833 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909065833) . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Book of Rites (/wiki/Book_of_Rites) , "vol. 43" 冠義 quote: "凡人之所以為人者，禮義也。禮義之始，在於正容體、齊顏色、順辭令。容體正，顏色齊，辭令順，而後禮義備。以正君臣、親父子、和長幼。君臣正，父子親，長幼和，而後禮義立。故冠而後服備，服備而後容體正、顏色齊、辭令順。故曰：冠者，禮之始也。是故古者聖王重冠。" 1 of 4 (https://ctext.org/liji/guan-yi) ^ Jump up to: a b Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 121–122. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-45167-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 910448387 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910448387) . ^ (#cite_ref-:81_49-0) Milburn, Olivia; Yan, Ying (2015). The Spring and autumn annals of Master Yan . Leiden: Brill. p. 319. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-04-30966-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 933295487 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933295487) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Wang, Ningning (2019). A HISTORY OF ANCIENT CHINESE MUSIC AND DANCE . American Academic Press. p. 139. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781631816345 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Zang, Yingchun; 臧迎春. (2003). Zhongguo chuan tong fu shi . 李竹润., 王德华., 顾映晨. (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 7-5085-0279-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 55895164 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55895164) . Alt URL (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55895164) ^ (#cite_ref-52) "2". Li yi . 女子許嫁，笄而醴之，稱字。 ^ (#cite_ref-53) "2". Li yi . 皮弁笄，爵弁笄，緇組紘，纁邊，同篋。 ^ Jump up to: a b China Style. "Garments during the Spring & Autumn and Warring States Period – – China Style" (http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/spring-autumn-warring.htm) . www.chinastyle.cn . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q LINGLEY, KATE A. (2010). "NATURALIZING THE EXOTIC: On the Changing Meanings of Ethnic Dress in Medieval China" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29550020) . Ars Orientalis . 38 : 50–80. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0571-1371 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0571-1371) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 29550020 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29550020) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Havliček, Christine M. (1 December 2015). "Innovation Transfer during the Warring States Period: Considering the Importance of Early China's Relationship with the Steppes" (https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/vjeas/7/1/article-p103.xml) . Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies . 7 (1): 103–128. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2478/vjeas-2015-0004 (https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fvjeas-2015-0004) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 134772057 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134772057) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hays, Mary V (1989). "Chinese Skirts of the Qing dynasty" (http://www2.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/periodicals/nb_89.pdf) (PDF) . The Bulletin of the Needle and Bobbin Club . 72 : 4–42. ^ Jump up to: a b Wang, Yiwen; Luo, Ronglei (2020). "江陵马山一号楚墓襦裙形制及结构研究". Journal of Silk . 57 (6): 52–57. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2020.06.009 (https://doi.org/10.3969%2Fj.issn.1001-7003.2020.06.009) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hao Peng; Zhang Ling (2018). "On "Skirts" and "Trousers" in the Qin Dynasty Manuscript Making Clothes in the Collection of Peking University" (https://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/54663802) . Chinese Cultural Relics . 5 (1): 248–268. ^ Jump up to: a b Zhang Ling (2016). "A study on skirt construction in Qin dynasty" (http://iffti.org/downloads/papers-presented/XVIII-BIFT.pdf) (PDF) . The International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes . 18 : 198–205. ^ (#cite_ref-63) "湖北江陵马山一号墓出土的衣被（下）" (http://www.kaogu.cn/cn/kaoguyuandi/kaogubaike/2015/0731/51004.html) . 中国考古网. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hua, Mei; 华梅 (2004). Zhongguo fu shi (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 7-5085-0540-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 60568032 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60568032) . ^ (#cite_ref-65) HunanChangsha. "The great mount of Chen, the Grave of Chu's Late Zhou Silk Painting 陈家大山楚墓出土的《人物龙凤帛画》" (http://www.hnmuseum.com/sites/default/files/statics/zhuantijiangzuo/Lesson007/chapter3_2.html) . Retrieved 6 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Dan, Zhou; Wang, Yunjiao (2021). "Research on Translation of Costume Terms in Chu Ci" (https://francis-press.com/uploads/papers/c6igvSOGR0kcSdsu1UHAj9ltrSAg6dv5wwD4J1w5.pdf) (PDF) . Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences . 4 (2). Francis Academic Press, UK: 83–88. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.25236/AJHSS.2021.040218 (https://doi.org/10.25236%2FAJHSS.2021.040218) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 233704568 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233704568) . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Hunan Museum. 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OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1030303372 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1030303372) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-71) "25". Book of Jin . "通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 " ^ (#cite_ref-72) Feng, Ge (2015). Traditional Chinese rites and rituals . Zhengming Du. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 15–16. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4438-8783-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 935642485 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935642485) . ^ (#cite_ref-73) van Someren, Taco C. R. van; Someren-Wang, Shuhua (2013). "Chinese Culture, Strategy, and Innovation". Innovative China : innovation race between East and West . Shuhua Someren-Wang. Berlin: Springer. pp. 27–56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-642-36237-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 842903195 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842903195) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "China: History of Dress | Encyclopedia.com" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/china-history-dress) . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 28 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Costume in the Han Dynasty – - China Style" (http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/han.htm) . www.chinastyle.cn . Retrieved 6 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zhao, Feng (2015). Lu, Yongxiang (ed.). A History of Chinese Science and Technology . Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 391–392. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-662-44166-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-44166-4) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-44165-7 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 106930105 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:106930105) . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "Shang Shu : Yu Shu : Yi and Ji – Chinese Text Project" (https://ctext.org/shang-shu/yi-and-ji) . ctext.org . Retrieved 17 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "26". 晋书 . "介帻服文吏，平上帻服武官也" ^ (#cite_ref-83) 禽经 . "鹖，毅鸟也，毅不知死。状类鸡，首有冠，性敢于斗，死犹不置，是不知死也。《左传》：鹖冠，武土戴之，象其勇也。 " ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Müller, Shing (2019). The Cambridge history of China . Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-24327-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 2424772 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2424772) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kieser, Annette (2019). The Cambridge history of China . Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–442. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-24327-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 2424772 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2424772) . ^ (#cite_ref-87) "15". Shiming . 簪珥。珥。耳珰垂珠也。簪以玳瑁为擿，长一尺，端为华胜，上为凤皇爵，以翡翠为毛羽，下有白珠，垂黄金镊。左右一横簪之，以安蔮结。诸簪珥皆同制，其擿有等级焉。 ^ (#cite_ref-88) "15". Shiming . 步搖，上有垂珠，步則搖也。 ^ (#cite_ref-:127_90-0) Laursen, Sarah (2019). "10 Dressing the Dead in Jin China". The art and archaeology of bodily adornment : studies from Central and East Asian mortuary contexts . Sheri Lullo, Leslie V. Wallace. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 176–195. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-351-26832-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1090702934 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090702934) . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Zhou, Fang; Bian, Xiangyang (2018). "LUO GUI XU ZHUAN HONG XIU YANG: – some questions about GUIYI" (http://www.cnsilk.cn/en/oa/darticle.aspx?type=view&id=201709025) . China Silk Information Center . Retrieved 11 February 2021 . [ dead link ] Alt URL (https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid=sichou201806016) ^ (#cite_ref-92) Lullo, Sheri A. (2019). "Trailing Locks and Flowing Robes: Dimensions of Beauty during China's Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220)" (https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2019.0122) . Edinburgh University Press . 53 (2): 231–255. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3366/cost.2019.0122 (https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fcost.2019.0122) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0590-8876 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0590-8876) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 204710548 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204710548) . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Duong, Nancy. "Evolution of Chinese Clothing and Cheongsam" (https://nannaia.tumblr.com/post/42640184651/evolution-of-chinese-clothing-and-cheongsam-the) . Nancy Duong Art . Retrieved 11 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) "25". Book of Jin . "通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 " "武冠，一名武弁，一名大冠，一名繁冠，一名建冠，一名笼冠，即古之惠文冠。或曰赵惠文王所造，因以为名。亦云，惠者蟪也，其冠文轻细如蝉翼，故名惠文。或云，齐人见千岁涸泽之神，名曰庆忌，冠大冠，乘小车，好疾驰，因象其冠而服焉。汉幸臣闳孺为侍中，皆服大冠。天子元服亦先加大冠，左右侍臣及诸将军武官通服之。侍中、常侍则加金珰，附蝉为饰，插以貂毛，黄金为竿，侍中插左，常侍插右。" ^ Jump up to: a b Chinastyle. "Costume of Wei and Jin Periods – - China Style" (http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/wei.htm) . www.chinastyle.cn . Retrieved 10 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) Zhang, Qizhi (2015), "The Rich and Colorful Social Life in Ancient China" (http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-46482-3_9) , An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture , China Academic Library, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 249–282, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-662-46482-3_9 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-46482-3_9) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-46481-6 , retrieved 14 February 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-97) "Hanfu History of Ancient Chinese Underwear – 2021" (https://www.newhanfu.com/3089.html) . www.newhanfu.com . 15 January 2020 . Retrieved 7 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-98) Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The Complete Costume Dictionary . Scarecrow Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8108-4004-1 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Costume in the Northern and Southern Dynasties – - China Style" (http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/northern-southern.htm) . www.chinastyle.cn . Retrieved 13 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) Kieser, Annette (2019). The Cambridge history of China . Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 436–439. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-24327-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 2424772 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2424772) . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). China between empires : the northern and southern dynasties . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 81, 167. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-674-04015-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 432671549 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/432671549) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Holcombe, Charles (2013). "The Xianbei in Chinese History" (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/1529910413Z.0000000006) . Early Medieval China . 2013 (19): 1–38. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/1529910413Z.0000000006 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1529910413Z.0000000006) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1529-9104 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1529-9104) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 162191498 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162191498) . ^ (#cite_ref-103) Tsiang, Katherine R. (1 June 2002). "Changing Patterns of Divinity and Reform in the Late Northern Wei" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043079.2002.10787019) . The Art Bulletin . 84 (2): 222–245. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00043079.2002.10787019 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.2002.10787019) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0004-3079 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 154208315 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154208315) – via Taylor & Francis Online. ^ (#cite_ref-104) "Northern Wei Tomb in Yunboli Road, Datong, Shanxi. Tomb M1" (http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/fisher/detail.html?id=FISHER_n2012031919) . dla.library.upenn.edu . 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"Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386–581)" (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsdy/hd_nsdy.htm) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 3 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lingley, Kate A (2014). "Silk Road Dress in a Chinese Tomb: Xu Xianxiu and sixth-century cosmopolitanism" (http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol12/Lingley_SR12_2014_pp1_12+PlateI.pdf) (PDF) . The Silk Road . 12 : 1–13. ^ Jump up to: a b c China : dawn of a golden age, 200–750 AD . James C. Y. Watt, Prudence Oliver Harper, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-58839-126-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 55846475 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55846475) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Hinsch, Bret (2019). Women in Tang China . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 149. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5381-3489-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1122686753 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122686753) . ^ (#cite_ref-112) Han, Jing; Quye, Anita (2 January 2018). "Dyes and Dyeing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China: Preliminary Evidence Based on Primary Sources of Documented Recipes" (https://doi.org/10.1080/00404969.2018.1440099) . Textile History . 49 (1): 44–70. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00404969.2018.1440099 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00404969.2018.1440099) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0040-4969 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-4969) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 192360196 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192360196) . ^ (#cite_ref-113) "2. Clothing – The Influence of Chang-An Culture to Korea and Japan" (https://you.stonybrook.edu/changanculture/clothing/) . you.stonybrook.edu . Retrieved 11 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Cunrui, Victor Xiong (2006). Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty : His Life, Times, and Legacy . State University of New York Press. pp. 132–134. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7914-8268-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1042816832 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1042816832) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lang, Qing (2017). "The qRedq Finery System in the Sui and Tang Dynasties". Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2017) . Vol. 172. Atlantis Press. pp. 551–557. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/icemaess-17.2017.121 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficemaess-17.2017.121) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-425-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) Croy, Anita (2015). Everyday life: Inside ancient China (1 ed.). Armonk, N.Y.: Routledge, 2015. p. 27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1317470939 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 907525912 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907525912) . ^ (#cite_ref-117) Ma, Boying (2020). History Of Medicine In Chinese Culture, A (In 2 Volumes) . Singapore: World Scientific. p. 40. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-981-323-799-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1147841857 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1147841857) . ^ Jump up to: a b Ka Shing, Charles (1 January 2014). "The Development of Academic Dress in China" (https://newprairiepress.org/burgonsociety/vol14/iss1/7) . Transactions of the Burgon Society . 14 (1): 60–68. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4148/2475-7799.1119 (https://doi.org/10.4148%2F2475-7799.1119) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2475-7799 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2475-7799) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Vollmer, John E. (2007). Dressed to rule : 18th century court attire in the Mactaggart Art Collection . Mactaggart Art Collection. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55195-705-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 680510577 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680510577) . ^ (#cite_ref-120) Wang, Qiao-ling (2008). "Women Fashion of Tang Dynasty and Foreign Cultural Communication" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210707174526/https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZJWL200801011.htm) . Journal of Zhejiang Wanli University . Archived from the original (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZJWL200801011.htm) on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 9 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-121) Cao, Zhe (2006). "Women's Common Dress in Tang Dynasty and Its Features at Different Stages" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210215015832/https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-WFGB200611001.htm) . Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Engineering . Archived from the original (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-WFGB200611001.htm) on 15 February 2021 . Retrieved 9 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chen, BuYun (2017). "Material Girls: Silk and Self-Fashioning in Tang China (618–907)" (https://doi.org/10.1080/1362704X.2016.1138679) . Fashion Theory . 21 (1): 5–33. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1138679 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1362704X.2016.1138679) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 155949571 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155949571) . ^ Jump up to: a b Bao, Mingxin (1991). "THE WAISTLINE OF WOMEN'S COSTUMES IN TANG DYNASTY AND ITS AESTHETIC EFFECTS--《中国纺织大学学报》1991年Z1期" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210514234803/https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DHDZ1991Z1000.htm) . en.cnki.com.cn . Archived from the original (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DHDZ1991Z1000.htm) on 14 May 2021 . Retrieved 20 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wan, Li (2016). "The Implicit Beauty and Open Beauty of Tang Dynasty's Aesthetic Taste from Tang Dynasty Noble Women's Clothing Features" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-16.2016.90) . Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities . Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 352–355. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/iccessh-16.2016.90 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficcessh-16.2016.90) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-215-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-125) Lin, Lin (2018). "Design Comparison of Creative Tang Suit and European Imperial Costume" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cesses-18.2018.109) . Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2018) . Vol. 283. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 488–493. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/cesses-18.2018.109 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Fcesses-18.2018.109) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-606-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b Deng, Qionghua (2016). "Research of Women Dresses in the Tang Dynasty and the Modern Dresses Under the Perspective of Postmodernism" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcm-15.2016.100) . Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Mechanics, Culture and Medicine . Vol. 45. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 672–677. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/emcm-15.2016.100 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Femcm-15.2016.100) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-163-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Chen, Buyun (2013). Toward a definition of "fashion" in Tang China (618–907 CE): BuYun Chen (PhD thesis). Columbia University. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7916/D8KK9B6D (https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8KK9B6D) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-631-60975-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Xv, Zhaofang (2014). "An Attempt to Analyze the Implicitness of the Aesthetic Features of Chinese Art Taking the Aesthetic Features of Women's Clothing in the Flourishing Period of Tang Dynasty as an Example" (https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icelaic-14/12606) . Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication . Vol. 3. Atlantis Press. pp. 628–631. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/icelaic-14.2014.158 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficelaic-14.2014.158) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-013-4 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hsu, Cho-yun (2012). China : A new cultural history . Columbia University Press. p. 220. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780231528184 . ^ (#cite_ref-130) Costume in the Tang Dynasty (http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_28399.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081205005716/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_28399.htm) 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) chinaculture.org retrieved 7 January 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-131) Yoon, Ji-Won (2006). "Research of the Foreign Dancing Costumes: From Han to Sui-Tang Dynasty" (http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/IS_mvpopo212L.do?cn1=JAKO200617033616779&poid=kna&method=download) . The Korean Society of Costume. pp. 57–72. ^ Jump up to: a b Yang, Shao-yun (2017). "Changing Clothes in Chang'an" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26892132) . China Review International . 24 (4). University of Hawai'i Press: 255–266. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/cri.2017.0064 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcri.2017.0064) . 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Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 56 (2/4): 401–428. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1556/AOrient.56.2003.2-4.20 (https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.56.2003.2-4.20) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0001-6446 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 23659378 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23659378) . ^ (#cite_ref-145) Dardess, John W. (2010). Governing China, 150-1850 . Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 31. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60384-447-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 669127176 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/669127176) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016). A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties . Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-107-16786-5 . 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"The Scholar's Robe: Material Culture and Political Power in Early Modern China" (http://journal.hep.com.cn/fhc/EN/10.3868/s020-005-016-0020-4) . Frontiers of History in China . 11 (3): 339–375. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3868/s020-005-016-0020-4 (https://doi.org/10.3868%2Fs020-005-016-0020-4) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1673-3401 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-3401) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wang, Guojun (2020). Staging Personhood: Costuming in Early Qing Drama . Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0231549578 . ^ (#cite_ref-:462_155-0) Kuhn, Dieter (2000). " (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528851) "Liao Architecture": Qidan Innovations and Han-Chinese Traditions?" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528851) . T'oung Pao . 86 (4/5): 325–362. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/15685320051072744 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685320051072744) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0082-5433 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0082-5433) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4528851 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528851) . ^ Jump up to: a b Tackett, Nicolas (2017). The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order . Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1108186926 . ^ (#cite_ref-:48_157-0) Rorex, Robert Albright (1984). "Some Liao Tomb Murals and Images of Nomads in Chinese Paintings of the Wen-Chi Story" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249729) . Artibus Asiae . 45 (2/3): 174–198. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3249729 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249729) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0004-3648 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3249729 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249729) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Johnson, Linda Cooke (2011). Women of the conquest dynasties : gender and identity in Liao and Jin China . Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8248-6024-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 794925381 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794925381) . ^ (#cite_ref-160) China Review International, Volume 19 . University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Chinese Studies. University of Hawaiʻi, Center for Chinese Studies and University of Hawaii Press. 2012. p. 101. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C. (2008). Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-139-05474-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 317592785 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317592785) . ^ (#cite_ref-162) Keay, John (2011). China: A History (reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 335. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0465025183 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Khun, Dieter (2011). The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of Chin . Harvard University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780674244344 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dunnell, Ruth W. (1996). The great state of white and high : Buddhism and state formation in eleventh-century Xia . Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-585-34402-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 47010540 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47010540) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Watt, James C. Y. (2010). The world of Khubilai Khan : Chinese art in the Yuan Dynasty . Maxwell K. Hearn, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 82–83. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58839-402-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 606786260 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606786260) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wei, Luo (2 January 2018). "A Preliminary Study of Mongol Costumes in the Ming Dynasty" (https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2018.1414417) . Social Sciences in China . 39 (1): 165–185. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/02529203.2018.1414417 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02529203.2018.1414417) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0252-9203 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0252-9203) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 149138176 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149138176) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Chen, BuYun (2019), Riello, Giorgio; Rublack, Ulinka (eds.), "Wearing the Hat of Loyalty: Imperial Power and Dress Reform in Ming Dynasty China" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/right-to-dress/wearing-the-hat-of-loyalty-imperial-power-and-dress-reform-in-ming-dynasty-china/440605B194AF7A69AF60F226F10CD6D4) , The Right to Dress: Sumptuary Laws in a Global Perspective, c.1200–1800 , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 416–434, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/9781108567541.017 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108567541.017) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-108-47591-4 , S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 165356490 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165356490) , retrieved 16 February 2021 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Yuan, Zujie (1 January 2007). "Dressing for power: Rite, costume, and state authority in Ming Dynasty China" (https://brill.com/view/journals/fhic/2/2/article-p181_4.xml) . Frontiers of History in China . 2 (2): 181–212. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11462-007-0012-x) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1673-3401 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-3401) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195069294 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195069294) . ^ (#cite_ref-169) Serruys, Henry (1 January 1957). "Remains of Mongol Customs in China During the Early Ming Period" (https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.1957.11730961) . Monumenta Serica . 16 (1–2): 137–190. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/02549948.1957.11730961 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1957.11730961) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0254-9948 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0254-9948) . ^ (#cite_ref-170) Robinson, David (2008). "Culture, Courtiers, and Competition The Ming Court (1368-1644)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160611124056/http://www.history.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/readings/robinson_culture_courtiers_ch.8.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.history.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/readings/robinson_culture_courtiers_ch.8.pdf) (PDF) on 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Clothing in the Ming Dynasty (http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_28364.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015326/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_28364.htm) 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) chinaculture.org retrieved 7 January 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b Cho, Woohyun; Yi, Jaeyoon; Kim, Jinyoung (2015). "The dress of the Mongol Empire: Genealogy and diaspora of the Terlig" (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/206512781.pdf) (PDF) . Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 68 (3): 22–29. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1556/062.2015.68.3.2 (https://doi.org/10.1556%2F062.2015.68.3.2) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0001-6446 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017). A world trimmed with fur : wild things, pristine places, and the natural fringes of Qing rule . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5036-0068-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 949669739 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949669739) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wang, Chen (1 September 2014). "Conservation study of Ming dynasty silk costumes excavated in Jiangsu region, China" (https://doi.org/10.1179/204705814X13975704319154) . Studies in Conservation . 59 (sup1): S177–S180. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/204705814X13975704319154 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F204705814X13975704319154) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0039-3630 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3630) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191384101 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191384101) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Weststeijn, Thijs; Gesterkamp, Lennert (22 October 2016). "A new identity for Rubens's 'Korean man': Portrait of the Chinese merchant Yppong" (https://brill.com/view/journals/nkjo/66/1/article-p142_7.xml) . Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art / Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek Online . 66 (1): 142–169. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/22145966-90000784 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22145966-90000784) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2214-5966 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2214-5966) . ^ Jump up to: a b Hao, Xiao’ang; Yin, Zhihong (7 September 2020). "Research on Design Aesthetics and Cultural Connotation of Gold and Silver Interlocking Buckle in the Ming Dynasty". Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2020) . 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OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1004424828 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004424828) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-184) Clark, Donald N. (2000). Culture and customs of Korea . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-00727-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 51432263 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51432263) . ^ (#cite_ref-Gu_Fanying_185-0) 顧凡穎 (2018). 歷史的衣櫥 . 北京日報出版社. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.). Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art (illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1555952380 . ^ (#cite_ref-187) Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0521477719 . ^ (#cite_ref-Liu_Fei_188-0) 劉菲 (2017). 清前期皇室及貴族服飾研究 . 山東大學出版社. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Keliher, Macabe (2020). The Board of Rites and the making of Qing China . Oakland, California. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-97176-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1090283580 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090283580) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-190) 梁啟超 (1989). 飲冰室合集·論不變法之害 . 中華書局. 上觀百世，下觀百世，經世大法，惟本朝為善變。入關之初，即下剃髮之令，頂戴翎枝，端罩馬褂，古無有也，則變服色矣。 ^ (#cite_ref-191) 章太炎 (1996). 中國現代學術經典．章太炎卷．訄書．訂礼俗第五十一 . 河北教育出版社. 滿洲之服，其筩袖鎧之緒也。軍容入國，以便趨走，亡咎。若其右方重衽，溫暖不均。於左削袂上起而合手者，如拼矣。嬰絡以效桑門，絳繩以被氈笠，比是觀之，將相驚以精鬽。物極而移，異服者眾，猶曰西服者，苟以隨時。諸解辮有常刑，幸其若是，胡漢猶彌以相惡。蒙古朝祭以冠幞，私燕以質孫，胡服隱也。滿洲遊學以短衣，常居以嬰絳，胡服箸也。 ^ (#cite_ref-192) Chung, Young Yang Chung (2005). Silken threads: a history of embroidery in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam (illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 148. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810943308 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-193) Yao, Felicia (2020). "Of Silk and Statecraft:Dowager Empress Cixi (1835–1908) and Power Dressing in Late Qing Dynasty China, 1860–1911" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210517132713/https://dresshistorians.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JDH_Spring_2020.pdf#page=111) (PDF) . The Journal of Dress History . 4 (1): 111–136. Archived from the original (https://dresshistorians.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JDH_Spring_2020.pdf#page=111) (PDF) on 17 May 2021 . Retrieved 2 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-194) 呤唎 (February 1985). 《太平天國革命親歷記》 . 上海古籍出版社. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Godley, Michael R. (September 2011). "The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History" (http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=027_queue.inc&issue=027) . China Heritage Quarterly (27). China Heritage Project, ANU College of Asia & the Pacific (CAP), The Australian National University. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1833-8461 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-8461) . ^ (#cite_ref-196) Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0521477719 . ^ (#cite_ref-197) Majewicz, Alfred F., ed. (2011). Materials for the Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore . Vol. 15 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3110221053 . ^ (#cite_ref-198) Wang, Yi (2022). "Contesting the past on the Chinese Internet: Han-centrism and mnemonic practices" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1750698019875996) . Memory Studies . 15 (2): 304–317. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1750698019875996 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750698019875996) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1750-6980 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1750-6980) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 204374195 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204374195) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wang, Anita Xiaoming (2018). "The Idealised Lives of Women: Visions of Beauty in Chinese Popular Prints of the Qing Dynasty" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26585538) . Arts Asiatiques . 73 : 61–80. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3406/arasi.2018.1993 (https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.2018.1993) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0004-3958 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3958) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 26585538 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26585538) . ^ (#cite_ref-200) Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Volume 1 . Vol. 2 of Great Enterprise (illustrated ed.). University of California Press, l. p. 868. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0520048040 . ^ (#cite_ref-201) Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1989). Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660 . Faculty of Asian Studies monographs // The Australian National University (illustrated ed.). Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0731506545 . Dorgon did not want to see anything go wrong in a province and this might be the main reason why the government ... When the Chinese were ordered to wear the queue, Sun and Li took the initiative in changing their Ming hairstyle to ... ^ (#cite_ref-202) Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 . Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3447040914 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 . University of Washington Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-295-98040-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (2008) Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1 The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, p87-88 ^ Jump up to: a b Toby, Ron P. (2019). Engaging the Other: 'Japan' and Its Alter-Egos, 1550–1850 . Brill's Japanese Studies Library. BRILL. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9004393516 . ^ (#cite_ref-206) Trần Quang Đức (2013). Ngàn năm áo mũ (PDF) . Nhã Nam. p. 31. Archived from the original (http://vannghiep.vn/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Ng%C3%A0n-n%C4%83m-%C3%A1o-m%C5%A9.pdf) (PDF) on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . 清朝承平日久…唯衣服之製度不改，滿俗終乏雅觀…自清朝入帝中國，四方薙髮變服，二百年來，人已慣耳目[…]不曾又識初來華夏樣矣。我國使部來京，穿戴品服，識者亦有竊羨華風，然其不智者，多群然笑異，見襆頭網巾衣帶,便皆指為倡優樣格，胡俗之移人，一至浩歎如此 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wang, Guojun (2019). "Absent Presence: Costuming and Identity in the Qing Drama A Ten-Thousand Li Reunion" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/759116) . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 79 (1–2): 97–130. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/jas.2019.0005 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjas.2019.0005) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1944-6454 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-6454) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 228163567 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228163567) . ^ Jump up to: a b Justus Doolittle (1876). Social Life of the Chinese: With Some Account of Their Religious, Governmental, Educational, and Business Customs and Opinions. With Special But Not Exclusive Reference to Fuhchau . Harpers. pp. 241–246. ^ (#cite_ref-209) Meyer-Fong, Tobie (2013). What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 83. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0804785594 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hang, Xing (2016). Conflict and commerce in maritime East Asia : the Zheng family and the shaping of the modern world, c. 1620-1720 . Cambridge University Press. 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ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0791437418 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gulik2010_215-0) Robert van Gulik (15 November 2010). Poets and Murder: A Judge Dee Mystery . University of Chicago Press. p. 174. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-226-84896-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-216) East Asian History . Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University. 1994. p. 63. ^ (#cite_ref-217) Bai, Qianshen (2003). Fu Shan's World: The Transformation of Chinese Calligraphy in the Seventeenth Century . Vol. 220 of Harvard East Asian monographs (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 85. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0674010922 . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0073-0483 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0073-0483) . ^ (#cite_ref-218) 周, 锡保 (1 January 2002). 《中国古代服饰史》 . 中国戏剧出版社. p. 449. 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Retrieved 8 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-{{Cite_news}}..._255-0) Zhang, Phoebe (25 December 2020). "Christmas colours and themes for traditional Chinese clothing" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3115217/christmas-spin-put-chinese-traditional-clothing-festive) . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 8 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cui_Rongrong_256-0) 崔榮榮、牛犁. 明代以來漢族民間服飾變革與社會變遷（1368–1949年） . 武漢理工大學出版社. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Ancient Chinese shoes: Etiquette" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2008-09/26/content_11569590_2.htm) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 28 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-258) The Modern Hanfu – China Fashion Guide (https://www.newhanfu.com/2598.html) . Newhanfu . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_70-0) "120". Book of Later Han . "秦以戰國即天子位，滅去禮學，郊祀之服皆以袀玄。漢承秦故。" ^ (#cite_ref-:2_76-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 显宗遂就大业，初服旒冕，衣裳文章，赤舄絇屦，以祠天地，养三老五更于三雍，于时致治平矣。 "2". Book of Later Han . "二年春正月辛未，宗祀光武皇帝於明堂，帝及公卿列侯始服冠冕、衣裳、玉佩、絇屨以行事 ^ (#cite_ref-:3_79-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 古者有冠無幘，其戴也，加首有頍，所以安物。故詩曰「有頍者弁」，此之謂也。三代之世，法制滋彰，下至戰國，文武並用。秦雄諸侯，乃加其武將首飾為絳袙，以表貴賤，其後稍稍作顏題。漢興，續其顏，卻摞之，施巾連題，卻覆之，今喪幘是其制也。名之曰幘。幘者，賾也，頭首嚴賾也。至孝文乃高顏題，續之為耳，崇其巾為屋，合後施收，上下群臣貴賤皆服之。文者長耳，武者短耳，稱其冠也。尚書幘收，方三寸，名曰納言，示以忠正，顯近職也。迎氣五郊，各如其色，從章服也。 ^ (#cite_ref-:4_81-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 皁衣群吏春服青幘，立夏乃止，助微順氣，尊其方也。武吏常赤幘，成其威也。未冠童子幘無屋者，示未成人也。入學小童幘也句卷屋者，示尚幼少，未遠冒也。喪幘卻摞，反本禮也。升數如冠，與冠偕也。期喪起耳有收，素幘亦如之，禮輕重有制，變除從漸，文也。 ^ (#cite_ref-:5_82-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 武冠，俗谓之大冠，环缨无蕤，以青系为绲，加双鹖尾，竖左右，为鹖冠云" ^ (#cite_ref-:6_84-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 进贤冠，古缁布冠也，文儒者之服也。前高七寸，后高三寸，长八寸。公侯三梁，中二千石以下至博士两梁，自博士以下至小史私学弟子，皆一梁。宗室刘氏亦两梁冠，示加服也。 ^ (#cite_ref-:7_89-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 步摇以黄金为山题，贯白珠为桂枝相缪... Bibliography [ edit ] Hua, Mei (華梅) (2004). 【古代服飾】 [ Ancient Costume ]. Beijing: Wenmu Chubanshe. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-7-5010-1472-9 . Huang, Nengfu (黃能馥); Chen, Juanjuan (陳娟娟) (1999). 【中華歷代服飾藝術】 [ The Art of Chinese Clothing Through the Ages ]. Beijing. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) Shen, Congwen (/wiki/Shen_Congwen) (2006). Zhongguo gu dai fu shi yan jiu (https://archive.org/details/zhongguogudaifus0000shen) 【中國古代服飾研究】 [ Researches on Ancient Chinese Costumes ]. Shanghai: Shanghai Century Publishing Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-7-80678-329-0 . Xu, Jialu (許嘉璐) (1991). 【中國古代禮俗辭典】 [ Dictionary of Rituals and Customs of Ancient China ]. Zhang, Qizhi (2015). An introduction to Chinese history and culture . Heidelberg: Heidelberg Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-46482-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 909065833 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909065833) . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming (1984). 5000 Years of Chinese Costume . The Chinese Costumes Research Group. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 962-07-5021-7 . Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming (1988). 5000 years of Chinese costumes . San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8351-1822-4 . Zhou, Xibao (1984). 【中國古代服飾史】 [ History of Ancient Chinese Costume ]. Beijing: Zhongguo Xiju. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hanfu (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hanfu) . Wooden figures from a Xingyang warring-state period tomb (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2007091889) Рубрикатор ханьфу. Китайский костюм, история, культура - самая полная база знаний о ханьфу (https://author.today/work/318371/) Рубрикатор ханьфу на ВК (https://vk.com/@chinesehanfu-rubrikator-hanfu) v t e Traditional Han Chinese clothing Characteristics Garment and neckline (list) (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) Jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Cross-collars) Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) Fastening Pankou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Chinese button knot (/wiki/Chinese_button_knot) Zimukou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Styles Baoyi bodai (/wiki/Paofu#Baoyi_bodai) Shangjian xiafeng (/wiki/Ruqun#Shangjian_xiafeng) Fuyao (/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)) Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) Textile decoration and craft Diancui (/wiki/Tian-tsui) Chinese knotting (/wiki/Chinese_knotting) Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list) (/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing) Xiangyun 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Pibo (/wiki/Pibo) Xiapei (/wiki/Xiapei) Chest Yajin (/wiki/Yajin) Waist Yaoqun (/wiki/Yaoqun) Lap Bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) Ribbons and knots Lào zi (/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi) Portable Hebao (/wiki/Hebao) Xiangnang (fragrant sachet) (/wiki/Hebao) Hu (ritual baton) (/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)) Fu (tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)) Yufu (fish tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu) Yudai (fish bag) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Yudai) Folding fan (/wiki/Hand_fan) Tuanshan (/wiki/Tuanshan) Jewellery Longevity lock (/wiki/Lock_charm) Yupei (/wiki/Yupei) Jinbu (/wiki/Yupei#Jinbu_(禁步)) Influenced clothing Traditional clothing Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Performance costume Xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) Guzhuang (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) Cosmetics Huadian (/wiki/Huadian_(make-up)) List of Hanfu (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) 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(/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) 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(/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) Prehistory of nakedness and clothing (/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing) China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) Han Chinese Shu (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Shu) Egyptian (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) Inuit (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Biblical (/wiki/Biblical_clothing) Greek (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Roman (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) Thracian (/wiki/Thracian_clothing) Middle Ages Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress) Byzantine (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) Chinese Liao (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty) Jurchen Jin (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty) Yuan (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty) Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) English (/wiki/English_medieval_clothing) Europe 400s–1000s (/wiki/Early_medieval_European_dress) 1100s (/wiki/1100%E2%80%931200_in_European_fashion) 1200s (/wiki/1200%E2%80%931300_in_European_fashion) 1300s (/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion) 1400s 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Type of bobbin lace made in the English Midlands Bobbin lace made in the English Midlands Bedfordshire lace is a style of bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) originating from Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire) in the 19th century, and made in the English Midlands lacemaking area. It was worked as a continuous width on a bolster pillow (/wiki/Lace_pillow) . It is a guipure (/wiki/Guipure) style of lace. History of lacemaking in Bedfordshire [ edit ] In the early years of the 16th century Catherine of Aragon (/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon) was imprisoned in Ampthill (/wiki/Ampthill) , Bedfordshire for a short time whilst divorce proceedings were being taken against her by Henry VIII. Local tradition says that she taught the villagers lacemaking. From the 16th century there are frequent references to the working of 'bone lace' being taught to the children of poor people in workhouses in order that they might earn something towards the cost of their keep. [1] (#cite_note-1) Lace-makers from Flanders (/wiki/Flanders) settled in Bedfordshire as early as the 16th century. By the mid-18th century, Newport Pagnell (/wiki/Newport_Pagnell) was a centre of Bedfordshire lace production. [2] (#cite_note-FlemingHonour1977-2) The highpoint of lacemaking was from the late 17th century through the 18th century. However, the invention of the bobbinet machine (/wiki/Bobbinet) in nearby Nottingham (/wiki/Nottingham) meant that machine-made lace could be made far cheaper. The patterns of the hand-made lace changed to simpler styles to compete, and this became the modern Bedfordshire lace. Lace (AM 1966.199-4) Style of Bedfordshire lace [ edit ] Lace was made throughout Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Buckinghamshire) , Northamptonshire (/wiki/Northamptonshire) and beyond. The styles of the lace made would have varied at different periods, reflecting what was fashionable at the time. In the 19th century, English lacemakers started to copy Maltese lace (/wiki/Maltese_lace) which became popular after it was exhibited in The Great Exhibition (/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition) , [3] (#cite_note-3) but adapted it to produce their own style. This style, now described as Bedfordshire or Beds lace, often has a plaited headside known as nine pin. Plaits, sometimes with picots (/wiki/Picot) , and tallies are common. There are flowing lines, called cloth trails. [4] (#cite_note-4) The forms created are often organic and naturalistic, representing flowers, plants and other forms from the natural world., [5] (#cite_note-5) possibly influenced by the Honiton style. [6] (#cite_note-6) Bedfordshire lace can be viewed at the Higgins Art Gallery & Museum in Bedford [7] (#cite_note-7) and at the Cowper and Newton Museum in Olney. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Aragon Lacemakers. "Lacemaking in Bedfordshire - Introduction" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170310100847/http://www.bedford.gov.uk/leisure_and_culture/museums_and_galleries/aragon_lacemakers.aspx) . Bedford Borough Council. Archived from the original (http://www.bedford.gov.uk/leisure_and_culture/museums_and_galleries/aragon_lacemakers.aspx) on 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-FlemingHonour1977_2-0) John Fleming; Hugh Honour (/wiki/Hugh_Honour) (1977). "Bedfordshire lace". The Penguin Dictionary of Decorative Arts . Allen Lane. p. 70. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mrs. Bury Palliser (January 1984). History of Lace . Dover Publications, Inc. p. 392. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24742-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Stephanie Peters. "A Brief History of Bedfordshire Lace" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032028/http://www.sandbenders.demon.co.uk/bobbinlace/history.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.sandbenders.demon.co.uk/bobbinlace/history.htm) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Underwood, Barbara (1995). A Bedfordshire Lace Collection . Carlton, Bedford: Ruth Bean. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0903585286 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Buck, Anne (1981). Thomas Lester, His Lace and the East Midlands Industry, 1820-1905 . Carlton, Bedford: Ruth Bean. p. 71. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 090358509X . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Bedfordshire Museums" (http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/bedfordshire/museums.htm) . Bedford Borough Council . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Cowper and Newton Museum" (http://www.cowperandnewtonmuseum.org.uk/) . Cowper and Newton Museum . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bedfordshire lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bedfordshire_lace) . Examples of Bedfordshire lace (https://web.archive.org/web/20130606145252/http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/cnm/html/EXHIBITS/lace/lacehtml/15_bedslace.html) at the Cowper and Newton Museum (/wiki/Cowper_and_Newton_Museum) v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐d655v Cached time: 20240721091030 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.300 seconds Real time usage: 0.398 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 895/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42801/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 964/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedfordshire_lace&oldid=1182088542 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedfordshire_lace&oldid=1182088542) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) History of Bedfordshire (/wiki/Category:History_of_Bedfordshire) Economy of Bedfordshire (/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Bedfordshire) Textile arts of England (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_England) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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Australian/New Zealand sports gear corporation 2XU Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Textile (/wiki/Textile_industry) Founded January 2005 ; 19 years ago ( 2005-01 ) Founders Clyde Davenport, Jamie Hunt, Aidan Clarke Headquarters Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Victoria (/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Area served Worldwide Products Compression garment (/wiki/Compression_garment) Website 2xu.com (https://2xu.com/) 2XU Pty. Ltd. is an Australian/New Zealand multinational corporation (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) engaged in the design, development and selling of sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) , mostly compression garment (/wiki/Compression_garment) for sports such as triathlon (/wiki/Triathlon) , cycling (/wiki/Cycling) , running (/wiki/Running) , open water swimming (/wiki/Open_water_swimming) , and physical fitness (/wiki/Physical_fitness) . [1] (#cite_note-casestudies-1) [2] (#cite_note-AVCJ-2) [3] (#cite_note-kingston-3) [4] (#cite_note-financialreview-4) [5] (#cite_note-heraldnet-5) Founded in 2005 by Clyde Davenport, Jamie Hunt and Aidan Clarke, the company is headquartered in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Victoria (/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)) . [2] (#cite_note-AVCJ-2) [6] (#cite_note-theage-6) 2XU stands for "Two Times You," which symbolises the multiplication of human performance. [6] (#cite_note-theage-6) [7] (#cite_note-runsociety-7) 2XU has been worn by world champion athletes including triathlete Emma Snowsill (/wiki/Emma_Snowsill) and currently holds official alliances with organisations including Rowing Australia (/wiki/Rowing_Australia) , the Australian Paralympic Committee (/wiki/Australian_Paralympic_Committee) , United States Ski and Snowboard Association (/wiki/United_States_Ski_and_Snowboard_Association) , and the Australian Institute of Sport (/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport) . [6] (#cite_note-theage-6) [8] (#cite_note-paralympic-8) [9] (#cite_note-ausport-9) History [ edit ] In 2003, Clyde Davenport approached Jamie Hunt & Aidan Clarke about creating a sportswear brand. Davenport had recently sold his eponymous underwear line. [6] (#cite_note-theage-6) In March 2012, 2XU acquired Sports Multiplied which was renamed 2XU North America. [2] (#cite_note-AVCJ-2) In May 2013, 2XU launched its interactive microsite, Athlete 2.0. [10] (#cite_note-endurance-10) The site provided more tools to achieve multiplying athletic performance through its gear, recovery, workouts, and nutritional portals. [10] (#cite_note-endurance-10) In 2017, 2XU collaborated with Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) to design a wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) for his Yeezy Season 5 fashion line. Ownership [ edit ] In 2011, Lazard Australia Private Equity acquired a minority interest share in the 2XU business. [11] (#cite_note-Wylie_to_Shift_2XU-11) In December 2013, L Capital acquired 40 percent of 2XU. [4] (#cite_note-financialreview-4) [12] (#cite_note-asianventure-12) The L Capital investment cost a reported A$75 million (US$68.3 million). L Capital is a private equity firm sponsored by French luxury retail company LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Group. [12] (#cite_note-asianventure-12) [13] (#cite_note-smartcompany-13) Stores [ edit ] Within Australia, 2XU is retailed in 20 of its own 2XU Performance Centres, and stocked in major sports stores across the country including Rebel Sport (/wiki/Rebel_(company)) , Amart Sports (/wiki/Amart_Sports) , Anaconda, The Iconic (/wiki/The_Iconic) , and Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre (/wiki/Melbourne_Sports_and_Aquatic_Centre) (MSAC). [14] (#cite_note-aussieleisure-14) In May 2013, 2XU opened its first Performance Centre in the United States, 2XU Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica) , in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , and the company opened a store in the Fashion Island shopping centre in Newport Beach in June 2014. [15] (#cite_note-bicycleretail-15) [16] (#cite_note-gofag-16) Outside of Australia (/wiki/Australia) , 2XU has 24 distributors across 50 countries in Asia (/wiki/Asia) , Central (/wiki/Central_America) and South America (/wiki/South_America) , Europe (/wiki/Europe) , and North America (/wiki/North_America) . [1] (#cite_note-casestudies-1) [4] (#cite_note-financialreview-4) Sport affiliations [ edit ] 2XU was the apparel supplier of the Gold Coast Football Club (/wiki/Gold_Coast_Football_Club) in 2013 and 2014. [17] (#cite_note-17) 2XU sponsors multiple sports teams and events, including the Surrey Men's League, a company-sponsored cross-country league, and the 2XU Compression Run, a half-marathon held annual in Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) since 2011. [18] (#cite_note-compressionrun-18) [19] (#cite_note-asiarun-19) It also sponsors 2XU Stroke & Stride, a swimming and running biathlon (/wiki/Biathlon) located in New Zealand, as well as the 2XU Great Ocean and Otway Classic Ride, a bike ride that starts and ends in Torquay (/wiki/Torquay) . [20] (#cite_note-beginner-20) [21] (#cite_note-melbourne-21) The company also sponsors 2XU New Zealand Davis Cup, a tennis team. [22] (#cite_note-fuseworks-22) 2XU is the official compression supplier to the Australian Institute of Sport (/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport) , Ironman Triathlon (/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon) , and for the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association (/wiki/U.S._Ski_and_Snowboard_Association) . [14] (#cite_note-aussieleisure-14) See also [ edit ] List of fitness wear brands (/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "2XU Case Study" (http://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/Microsoft-Office-365/2XU/Clothing-manufacturer-designs-a-platform-for-future-growth-with-Microsoft-Exchange-Online/710000000241) . Microsoft. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lazard Backed 2XU Acquires Sports Multiplied" (http://www.avcj.com/avcj/news/2164123/lazard-backed-2xu-acquires-sports-multiplied) . Asian Venture Capital Journal. 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-kingston_3-0) Tom Pollak (13 January 2014). "Latest Hercules Wimbledon news: Surrey cross-country title hopes are fading" (http://www.kingstonguardian.co.uk/sport/10933497.Latest_Hercules_Wimbledon_news__Surrey_cross_country_title_hopes_are_fading/?ref=var_0) . Kingston Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sue Mitchell (2 December 2013). "2XU gears up for global role". The Australian Financial Review . Fairfax Media Management. ^ (#cite_ref-heraldnet_5-0) Debra Smith (29 December 2013). "How to run in comfort during Northwest winters" (http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20131229/LIVING/712299995) . Herald Net . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Larissa Ham (15 November 2012). "Brand champion makes global strides" (http://www.theage.com.au/small-business/entrepreneur/brand-champion-makes-global-strides-20121113-299lm.html) . The Age . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-runsociety_7-0) Chow Yong Jun (2 April 2013). "2XU Compression Run 2013: Hope and Courage Multiplied" (http://www.runsociety.com/2013/04/02/2xu-compression-run-2013-hope-and-courage-multiplied/) . Run Society . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-paralympic_8-0) Rebekka Wake (22 March 2011). "2012 Aussie Paralympic Team Chooses 2XU" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141103062338/http://paralympic.org.au/news/2012-aussie-paralympic-team-chooses-2xu) . Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original (http://paralympic.org.au/news/2012-aussie-paralympic-team-chooses-2xu) on 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-ausport_9-0) "Sponsors" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141103055122/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/sssm/fatigue_and_recovery/sponsors) . Australian Sports Commission. Archived from the original (http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/sssm/fatigue_and_recovery/sponsors) on 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "2XU Launches Interactive Athlete 2.0 Campaign and Sweepstakes" (http://endurancesportswire.com/2xu-launches-interactive-athlete-2-0-campaign-and-sweepstakes/) . Endurance SportsWire. 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wylie_to_Shift_2XU_11-0) Kitney, Damon. "Wylie to shift 2XU expansion plans up a gear" (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/wylie-to-shift-2xu-expansion-plans-up-a-gear/story-fn91v9q3-1226194995921) . The Australian . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Woodman (2 December 2013). "L Capital Acquires 40% of 2XU, Lazard sees 2x Multiple" (http://www.avcj.com/avcj/news/2316259/l-capital-acquire-40-of-2xu-lazard-sees-2x-multiple) . Asian Venture Capital Journal . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-smartcompany_13-0) Melinda Oliver (2 December 2013). "2XU gets $75 million boost from LVMH's L Capital Asia to fuel international growth" (http://www.smartcompany.com.au/finance/34775-2xu-gets-75-million-boost-from-lvmh-s-l-capital-asia-to-fuel-international-growth.html) . SmartCompany . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "2XU Performance Centre opens at Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre" (http://www.ausleisure.com.au/news/2xu-performance-centre-opens-at-melbourne-sports-and-aquatic-centre/) . Aussie Leisure. 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-bicycleretail_15-0) "2XU opens second retail store, hires USA president" (http://www.bicycleretailer.com/retail-news/2014/06/09/2xu-opens-second-retail-store-hires-usa-president) . Bicycle Retail. 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-gofag_16-0) "2XU Newport Beach Grand Opening in Fashion Island" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141103063938/http://s1.guestofaguest.net/los-angeles/calendar/2014/june/2xu-newport-beach-grand-opening-in-fashion-island-1) . Guest of a Guest. June 2014. Archived from the original (http://s1.guestofaguest.net/los-angeles/calendar/2014/june/2xu-newport-beach-grand-opening-in-fashion-island-1) on 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "New look SUNS twice the team with 2XU - goldcoastfc.com.au" (http://www.goldcoastfc.com.au/news/2012-10-28/new-look-suns-twice-the-team-with-2xu) . goldcoastfc.com.au . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-compressionrun_18-0) "20,000 To Run 2XU Compression Run In Support Of Daffodil Days" (http://www.runsociety.com/2013/03/01/20000-to-run-2xu-compression-run-in-support-of-daffodil-days/) . Run Society. 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-asiarun_19-0) "2XU Compression Run raises $35,000 for S'pore Cancer Society" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141027121615/http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/2xu-compression-run-raises-35000-spore-cancer-society) . AsiaOne. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original (http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/2xu-compression-run-raises-35000-spore-cancer-society) on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-beginner_20-0) "2XU Stroke & Stride - Race 7" (http://www.beginnertriathlete.com/Races/link-details.aspx?id=36514&linkname=2XU-Stroke-Stride-Race-7) . Beginner Triathlete. 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-melbourne_21-0) Beaumont, Lucy; Kermond, Clare; James, Fiona; Greenblat, Eli (22 March 2013). "Swim, Bike, Run, Walk". The Melbourne Magazine . John Fairfax Holdings Limited. ^ (#cite_ref-fuseworks_22-0) "Dave Worsley". FuseWorks . FuseWorks Media. 4 April 2013. External links [ edit ] Official website (https://2xu.com/) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) 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(/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong 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Vancouver Fashion Week The F/W18 collection 'Beryl' by Qiongxin Kou, photographed by Tristen Williams Date(s) September and March Frequency Biannually Location(s) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) , British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) Years active 2001-present People Jamal Abdourahman Website http://vanfashionweek.com/ (http://vanfashionweek.com/) Vancouver Fashion Week ( VFW ) is a fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) in Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) , British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) that is currently run by Jamal Abdourahman. The event is seven days long each season and held twice a year. Vancouver Fashion Week was established in 2001. Since 2014, the Nancy Mak Award has been presented at Vancouver Fashion Week, a scholarship recognising up-and-coming British Columbia based designers that have a "strong creative vision", a solid business plan, and a desire to expand either their design knowledge or brand’s reach. Awarded once a year, the scholarship is named in honour of Nancy Mak, an active member of the fashion industry and a major supporter of Vancouver Fashion Week during her life. [1] (#cite_note-1) Vancouver Kids Fashion Week (VKFW) was established in September 2016. The two-day event takes place during Vancouver Fashion Week. VKFW has partnered with BC Children’s Hospital Foundation (BCCHF) donating a portion of ticket sales to the Foundation. [2] (#cite_note-2) Global Fashion Collective (GFC), an expansion of Vancouver Fashion Week, is a platform specialising in supporting creative designers by establishing their presence around the world. Launched in October 2017. [3] (#cite_note-3) Since 2018, Vancouver Fashion Week has been producing a digital magazine Micro Macro Magazine, a contemporary design and culture platform. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Nancy Mak Award" (http://www.vanfashionweek.com/events/nancy-mak/) . VFW . 2017-10-25 . Retrieved 2018-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Vancouver Kids Fashion Week" (http://www.vancouverkidsfashionweek.com/) . Vancouver Kids Fashion Week . Retrieved 2018-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "ABOUT - Global Fashion Collective" (http://globalfashioncollective.com/about/) . Global Fashion Collective . Retrieved 2018-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Micro Macro Magazine" (https://www.micromacromag.com/) . Micro Macro Magazine . Retrieved 2018-07-12 . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dkgcg Cached time: 20240713052446 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.261 seconds Real time usage: 0.319 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 706/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18724/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 508/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24230/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.185/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3603043/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 278.610 1 -total 40.02% 111.497 1 Template:Reflist 36.26% 101.028 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 35.49% 98.881 1 Template:Navbox 31.99% 89.125 2 Template:Cite_news 22.77% 63.439 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 20.03% 55.796 1 Template:Infobox 4.69% 13.054 1 Template:Portal-inline 3.20% 8.911 1 Template:Br_separated_entries 3.07% 8.557 2 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39822809-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713052446 and revision id 1233390011. 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This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) relies too much on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Misuse_of_primary_sources) . Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) or harmful. Find sources: "Misha Janette" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Misha+Janette%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Misha+Janette%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Misha+Janette%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Misha+Janette%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Misha+Janette%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Misha+Janette%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Misha Janette Born ( 1983-12-01 ) December 1, 1983 (age 40) Spokane, Washington (/wiki/Spokane,_Washington) , U.S. Nationality American Education Bunka Fashion College (/wiki/Bunka_Fashion_College) in Tokyo in 2007 Occupation Fashion designer Known for edgy, avant-garde fashion Label Plumb (wigs) Website Tokyo Fashion Diaries (http://www.tokyofashiondiaries.com/) Misha Janette (born December 1, 1983) is an American fashion journalist, fashion director and fashion blogger, based in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) . She is best known for her unique personal style, that has made her a fashion personality in Japan (/wiki/Japan) . Early life and education [ edit ] She was born Michelle Janette Fleming [ citation needed ] in Spokane (/wiki/Spokane,_Washington) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) . [1] (#cite_note-ABOUT_KAWAII_INTERNATIONAL-1) Janette graduated from Bunka Fashion College (/wiki/Bunka_Fashion_College) [1] (#cite_note-ABOUT_KAWAII_INTERNATIONAL-1) in Tokyo in 2007. "I was apprehensive about going to New York because it actually seemed so ... stereotypical. If I was going to be working from the dirt on up anyway, I decided I might as well start somewhere really left-field and make it interesting." [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] She started her career as a fashion journalist after graduation, working for The Japan Times (/wiki/The_Japan_Times) as lead fashion writer. [3] (#cite_note-For_Misha_Janette's_latest_contributions_to_The_Japan_Times,-3) She has also contributed to Kyodo News (/wiki/Kyodo_News) , Numéro Tokyo (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Vogue Girl Japan (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) , Wallpaper (/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)) , CNN Travel (/wiki/CNN_Travel) , and covers Tokyo Fashion Week (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) for style.com (/wiki/Style.com) . [4] (#cite_note-Misha_Janette_Official_Portfolio_Site-4) Her blog was chosen in 2011 as one of Tokyo's top-ten fashion blogs by Vogue Japan (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and she was awarded with a window display at Isetan (/wiki/Isetan) department store. [5] (#cite_note-Isetan's_Newly_Unveiled_Window_Display_Features_Racked's_Tokyo_Correspondent_Misha_Janette-5) She is known for her highly particular taste in edgy, avant-garde fashion. [6] (#cite_note-6) This has led to her working as a stylist for celebrities including actress and musician Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , actress Rinko Kikuchi (/wiki/Rinko_Kikuchi) , and philosopher Shimoda Kageki (/w/index.php?title=Shimoda_Kageki&action=edit&redlink=1) . [4] (#cite_note-Misha_Janette_Official_Portfolio_Site-4) She has hosted the television show Kawaii International (/w/index.php?title=Kawaii_International&action=edit&redlink=1) on the NHK World (/wiki/NHK_World) network from the show's premiere in 2012, through its series finale in 2021. [1] (#cite_note-ABOUT_KAWAII_INTERNATIONAL-1) In 2012, she owns and designs a wig brand called Plumb. [7] (#cite_note-Plumb_World-7) In 2012, she was chosen as one of the "power people" from Tokyo for Seibu Shibuya (/w/index.php?title=Seibu_Shibuya&action=edit&redlink=1) department store campaign, along with Patricia Field (/wiki/Patricia_Field) . Shot [ clarification needed ] by celebrity photographer Leslie Kee (/wiki/Leslie_Kee) . [8] (#cite_note-LESLIE_KEE'S_POWER_PEOPLE_EXHIBIT_at_SEIBU_SHIBUYA._I'VE_BEEN_LESLIE-FIED!!!-8) In the same year, Janette collaborated with Coach (/wiki/Coach,_Inc.) on a custom "legacy" bag as a fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) and auctioned for charity. [9] (#cite_note-9) She was the only blogger flown from Japan to attend the 12-13 AW Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) as a guest of Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) with a trip to its factory in Florence (/wiki/Florence) . [10] (#cite_note-10) She was invited as a top global blogger to the Prada (/wiki/Prada) Tokyo show with Rumi Neely (/wiki/Rumi_Neely) , Bryanboy (/wiki/Bryanboy) , Susie Bubble (/wiki/Susie_Bubble) , and Dane Pernet (/w/index.php?title=Dane_Pernet&action=edit&redlink=1) . The photo report was featured on Prada.com (2012). [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2013, she was chosen as the Japan representative blogger for the Furla (/wiki/Furla) #CandyCool project, with a documentary and custom bag that was to be released in February 2014 during Milan Fashion Week. [ needs update ] [12] (#cite_note-Furla_launches_#candycool-12) In the same year, Janette was flown to the Elle Bangkok Fashion Week (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) 2013 as a power influencer from Japan. [13] (#cite_note-BANGIN'_BANGKOK!_ELLE_FASHION_WEEK_AND_BIFF_IN_THAILAND_2013_SS_PART_2-13) Since 2013, she has written a monthly column, "Life in the 2.5 Dimension" in the Japanese fashion magazine Soen (/wiki/Soen_(magazine)) . [14] (#cite_note-14) She is also asked to DJ at fashion events and clubs, such as the Opening Ceremony (/wiki/Opening_Ceremony_(fashion_designer)) third-anniversary event in Tokyo. [15] (#cite_note-WISHING_OPENING_CEREMONY_TOKYO_A_HAPPY_3rd_ANNIVERSARY_BY_HORSIN'_AROUND_IN_ULTRA_DELUXE_STYLE-15) She has collaborated with Furla (/wiki/Furla) on the #candycool project, making a bag and documentary video. [16] (#cite_note-16) Janette started a blog Tokyo Fashion Diaries (http://www.tokyofashiondiaries.com/) , in 2011 following the Great Hanshin earthquake (/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake) ; the blog is written in English, Japanese, and Chinese. It is a platform for her artistic fashion photo shoots she styles as a fashion director, and as a journalist, she follows both Japanese and Western fashion with a leaning towards avant-garde runways and independent designers. At the beginning, I was thinking about creating a blog to introduce Japanese fashion to people outside Japan. But the information on young designers that I write about in my blog are often not covered by Japanese magazines, and I wanted Japanese people to know about them too, so I decided to make my blog bilingual. [17] (#cite_note-17) She has since risen to become one of the most prominent fashion bloggers in Japan. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] List of people from Spokane, Washington (/wiki/List_of_people_from_Spokane,_Washington) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "ABOUT "KAWAII INTERNATIONAL" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150601233646/http://www.nhk.or.jp/kawaii-i/about/index.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150601233646/http://www.nhk.or.jp/kawaii-i/about/index.html) . NHK World. Archived from the original (http://www.nhk.or.jp/kawaii-i/about/index.html) on June 1, 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Misha Janette" (https://archive.today/20130718070834/http://www.dazeddigital.com/satellitevoices/tokyo/fashion/1312/misha-janette) . Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) . Archived from the original (http://www.dazeddigital.com/satellitevoices/tokyo/fashion/1312/misha-janette) on 2013-07-18. ^ (#cite_ref-For_Misha_Janette's_latest_contributions_to_The_Japan_Times,_3-0) "For Misha Janette's latest contributions to The Japan Times" (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/int-misha_janette/) . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Misha Janette Official Portfolio Site" (http://mishajanette.com/) . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Isetan's_Newly_Unveiled_Window_Display_Features_Racked's_Tokyo_Correspondent_Misha_Janette_5-0) Lo, Danica (April 8, 2011). "Isetan's Newly Unveiled Window Display Features Racked's Tokyo Correspondent Misha Janette" (http://www.racked.com/2011/4/8/7768425/isetans-newly-unveiled-window-display-features-rackeds-tokyo#more) . Racked . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "MISHA JANETTE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121116123050/http://tokyo-mbfashionweek.com/en/feature/interview/mishajanet.php) . tokyo-mbfashionweek.com . Archived from the original (http://tokyo-mbfashionweek.com/en/feature/interview/mishajanet.php) on November 16, 2012 . Retrieved July 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Plumb_World_7-0) "PLUMB World" (http://plumb-world.com/) . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-LESLIE_KEE'S_POWER_PEOPLE_EXHIBIT_at_SEIBU_SHIBUYA._I'VE_BEEN_LESLIE-FIED!!!_8-0) Misha Janette. "LESLIE KEE'S "POWER PEOPLE" EXHIBIT at SEIBU SHIBUYA. I'VE BEEN LESLIE-FIED!!!" (http://www.tokyofashiondiaries.com/leslie-kees-power-people-exhibit-at-seibu-shibuya-ive-been-leslie-fied) . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "COACHが新ライン「レガシー」のポップアップストア、有名アーティストによるカスタマイズバッグも展示" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130712104540/http://www.fashion-press.net/news/4415) [COACH to hold pop-up store for new line "Legacy" and display bags customized by famous artists]. Archived from the original (http://www.fashion-press.net/news/4415) on July 12, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "#RoadtoMAGIC: Influencer Profile: Misha Janette" (https://archive.today/20130718071001/http://roadtomagic.typepad.com/my-blog/2013/02/influencer-profile-misha-janette.html) . Archived from the original (http://roadtomagic.typepad.com/my-blog/2013/02/influencer-profile-misha-janette.html) on 18 July 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Unknown" (http://www.prada.com/en/tokyo-event/misha?cc=JP&cc=JP) . Prada (/wiki/Prada) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-Furla_launches_#candycool_12-0) Marta Casadei (April 10, 2013). "Furla launches #candycool" (http://www.vogue.it/en/magazine/daily-news/2013/04/furla-launches-the-creative-project-candycool) . Vogue . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-BANGIN'_BANGKOK!_ELLE_FASHION_WEEK_AND_BIFF_IN_THAILAND_2013_SS_PART_2_13-0) Misha Janette. "BANGIN' BANGKOK! ELLE FASHION WEEK AND BIFF IN THAILAND 2013 SS PART 2" (http://www.tokyofashiondiaries.com/bangin-bangkok-elle-fashion-week-and-biff-in-thailand-2013-ss-part-2/) . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Scatter99 : Login Agen Scatter 99 Sportsbook Terlengkap" (http://fashionjp.net/soen/fashion/feature/misha130627) . ^ (#cite_ref-WISHING_OPENING_CEREMONY_TOKYO_A_HAPPY_3rd_ANNIVERSARY_BY_HORSIN'_AROUND_IN_ULTRA_DELUXE_STYLE_15-0) "WISHING OPENING CEREMONY TOKYO A HAPPY 3rd ANNIVERSARY BY HORSIN' AROUND IN ULTRA DELUXE STYLE" (http://www.tokyofashiondiaries.com/wishing-opening-ceremony-to-ulstra-deluxe-style-like-ones-ralph-micheal-robert) . September 5, 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "アーティストとのコラボレーションプロジェクト「#CANDYCOOL」第一弾を日本でスタート" (http://www.furla.com/jp/launch-of-the-candycool-project-creativity-goes-glocal) [Artist collaboration project "#CANDYCOOL" First installment begins in Japan]. Furla (/wiki/Furla) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "MISHA JANETTE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121116123050/http://tokyo-mbfashionweek.com/en/feature/interview/mishajanet.php) . Archived from the original (http://tokyo-mbfashionweek.com/en/feature/interview/mishajanet.php) on November 16, 2012. External links [ edit ] BLOG Tokyo Fashion Diaries (http://www.tokyofashiondiaries.com/) Facebook Misha Janette (https://www.facebook.com/mishajanette) Twitter @Fashion Tubuyaki (https://twitter.com/FashionTubuyaki) Instagram @mishajanette (https://instagram.com/mishajanette) Zoom Project (http://www.zoomproject.net) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65cd9779b7‐m6bvx Cached time: 20240722092805 Cache expiry: 52317 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.424 seconds Real time usage: 0.572 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3162/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 52545/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4050/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 69253/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.261/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7518903/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 523.360 1 -total 32.28% 168.954 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 28.45% 148.897 1 Template:Reflist 23.54% 123.220 17 Template:Cite_web 17.34% 90.749 1 Template:BLP_primary_sources 14.99% 78.468 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 14.24% 74.548 1 Template:Ambox 13.08% 68.456 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 5.93% 31.060 1 Template:Update_after 5.45% 28.543 1 Template:Portalbar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40000220-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722092805 and revision id 1225552262. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misha_Janette&oldid=1225552262 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misha_Janette&oldid=1225552262) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1983 births (/wiki/Category:1983_births) 21st-century American non-fiction writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers) American bloggers (/wiki/Category:American_bloggers) American columnists (/wiki/Category:American_columnists) American emigrants to Japan (/wiki/Category:American_emigrants_to_Japan) American fashion journalists (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_journalists) American television hosts (/wiki/Category:American_television_hosts) Chinese-language writers (/wiki/Category:Chinese-language_writers) Japanese bloggers (/wiki/Category:Japanese_bloggers) Japanese women bloggers (/wiki/Category:Japanese_women_bloggers) Japanese-language writers (/wiki/Category:Japanese-language_writers) Japanese television presenters (/wiki/Category:Japanese_television_presenters) Japanese women writers (/wiki/Category:Japanese_women_writers) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American women bloggers (/wiki/Category:American_women_bloggers) American women columnists (/wiki/Category:American_women_columnists) Writers from Spokane, Washington (/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Spokane,_Washington) Writers from Tokyo (/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Tokyo) 21st-century American women writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_writers) American women television hosts (/wiki/Category:American_women_television_hosts) Japanese women television presenters (/wiki/Category:Japanese_women_television_presenters) Japanese columnists (/wiki/Category:Japanese_columnists) Japanese women columnists (/wiki/Category:Japanese_women_columnists) 21st-century Japanese journalists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Japanese_journalists) 21st-century Japanese women journalists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Japanese_women_journalists) 20th-century Japanese journalists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Japanese_journalists) 20th-century Japanese women journalists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Japanese_women_journalists) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from May 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2016) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles lacking reliable references from July 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2015) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) BLP articles lacking sources from July 2015 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_July_2015) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2015) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2014 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2014) All Wikipedia articles in need of updating (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2015)
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Dress once owned by Diana, Princess of Wales Travolta dress Designer Victor Edelstein (/wiki/Victor_Edelstein) Year 1985 ( 1985 ) Type Midnight blue (/wiki/Midnight_blue) off-the-shoulder evening gown Material Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) The " Travolta dress " (also known as the " John Travolta dress ") is a dress once owned by Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) . It was worn for the first time at a gala dinner at the White House (/wiki/White_House) in November 1985. It is named after the American actor John Travolta (/wiki/John_Travolta) , with whom the princess danced at the dinner. Design [ edit ] Designed by London-born Victor Edelstein (/wiki/Victor_Edelstein) , the Travolta dress is an off-the-shoulder midnight blue (/wiki/Midnight_blue) velvet (/wiki/Velvet) evening gown. It was inspired by Edwardian fashion (/wiki/1900s_in_fashion) , giving it a "slight sweep of costume drama". The journalist Jackie Modlinger described it as "dramatic in style" and "regal in fabric". [1] (#cite_note-mold-1) History [ edit ] Edelstein recalls the Princess saw a burgundy version of the dress in his studio and requested it be made for her in midnight blue. The fittings for the gown took place in her private apartments at Kensington Palace. After the fitting, the Princess was so delighted with the final result she rushed to show it to her husband, Charles, Prince of Wales (/wiki/Charles_III) . He reputedly told her she looked wonderful in the gown and that it would be perfect to wear with jewels. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Princess of Wales dancing with John Travolta at the White House (/wiki/White_House) , 9 November 1985 Diana visited the United States in 1985 with Prince Charles. [3] (#cite_note-PublicRole-3) The couple stayed at the White House (/wiki/White_House) , where they attended a gala dinner on 9 November. On that occasion, the Princess of Wales wore Edelstein's dress. She was photographed dancing with actor John Travolta (/wiki/John_Travolta) in the Entrance Hall (/wiki/Entrance_Hall) to the music (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever:_The_Original_Movie_Sound_Track) of his 1977 film Saturday Night Fever (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever) . The photographs and TV footage of them "gliding around the room" were widely circulated around the world, [4] (#cite_note-jones-4) and the gown came to be known as the "Travolta dress". [1] (#cite_note-mold-1) The Princess of Wales wore the dress again in Germany in 1987 and at the premiere of Oliver Stone (/wiki/Oliver_Stone) 's film Wall Street (/wiki/Wall_Street_(1987_film)) in 1988. [1] (#cite_note-mold-1) She wore it for her last official portrait photograph, taken by Charles' former maternal uncle by marriage, the Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon) , in 1997. [4] (#cite_note-jones-4) Auctions [ edit ] Shortly before her death in a car crash in Paris (/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) in 1997, Diana requested that the dress be sold in a charity auction. Florida-based businesswoman Maureen Dunkel bought it for £100,000 [5] (#cite_note-sheldrick-5) in New York in June 1997, along with nine other dresses formerly owned by the Princess. The Travolta dress was the most expensive one sold at the auction. When she went bankrupt in 2011, Dunkel was forced to put them up for auction, but the Travolta dress was one of six that were not sold. [6] (#cite_note-tele-6) It was finally auctioned off by Kerry Taylor in London on 19 March 2013, fetching £240,000 ($362,424) and again being the most expensive auctioned dress. It was bought by "a British gentleman as a surprise to cheer up his wife". [4] (#cite_note-jones-4) In 2019, it sold for £264,000 ($325,317) to Historic Royal Palaces (/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces) , a charity which looks after royal memorabilia including clothing and artifacts. [7] (#cite_note-7) The dress has joined the Royal Ceremonial Dress Collection and belongs to the palace. The dress was placed on public display in Kensington Palace, 20 years since it first left. [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Travolta dress (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Travolta_dress) . Revenge dress (/wiki/Revenge_dress) Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Modlinger, Jackie (1998). Diana: woman of style . Bramley. pp. 82 (https://archive.org/details/dianawomanofstyl0000modl/page/82) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1858339650 – via Internet Archive (/wiki/Internet_Archive) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Princess Diana's Velvet Gown from Her White House Dance with John Travolta Is for Sale" (https://people.com/royals/princess-dianas-velvet-gown-from-her-white-house-dance-with-john-travolta-is-for-sale/) . People . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-PublicRole_3-0) "Diana, Princess of Wales – Public role" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120920164625/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/DianaPrincessofWales/PublicRole.aspx) . royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/DianaPrincessofWales/PublicRole.aspx) on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Bryony (19 March 2013). "Dress Princess Diana wore to dance with Travolta auctioned off" (http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/19/world/europe/princess-diana-travolta-dress-auction) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-sheldrick_5-0) Sheldrick, Giles (19 March 2013). "Sold for £240,000... the dress that Princess Diana dazzled in with John Travolta" (http://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/385489/Sold-for-240-000-the-dress-that-Princess-Diana-dazzled-in-with-John-Travolta) . Daily Express (/wiki/Daily_Express) . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-tele_6-0) "Princess Diana's dresses set to raise over £600,000 at auction" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9887545/Princess-Dianas-dresses-set-to-raise-over-600000-at-auction.html) . The Daily Telegraph . London. 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Princess Diana's Travolta dress sells for £264,000" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/11/princess-dianas-travolta-dress-sells-2640000/) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 11 December 2019. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Cope, Rebecca (29 July 2020). "The dress Princess Diana wore to dance with John Travolta is going on display at Kensington Palace" (https://www.tatler.com/article/princess-diana-travolta-dress-back-at-kensington-palace-exhibition) . Tatler . Retrieved 19 November 2020 . v t e Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997 ( 1961-07-01 – 1997-08-31 ) Titles (1981–1996) Princess of Wales (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales) Duchess of Cornwall (/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall) Duchess of Rothesay (/wiki/Duchess_of_Rothesay) Countess of Chester (/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_(title)) Baroness of Renfrew (/wiki/Baroness_of_Renfrew) Family Charles III (/wiki/Charles_III) (former husband) William, Prince of Wales (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) (elder son) Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) (younger son) John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer (/wiki/John_Spencer,_8th_Earl_Spencer) (father) Frances Shand Kydd (/wiki/Frances_Shand_Kydd) (mother) Lady Sarah McCorquodale (/wiki/Lady_Sarah_McCorquodale) (sister) Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes (/wiki/Jane_Fellowes,_Baroness_Fellowes) (sister) Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_9th_Earl_Spencer) (brother) Spencer family 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(/wiki/Charles_and_Diana:_Unhappily_Ever_After) (1992) Willi und die Windzors (/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors) (1996) Diana: Her True Story (/wiki/Diana:_Her_True_Story_(film)) (1993) Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess (/wiki/Diana:_A_Tribute_to_the_People%27s_Princess) (1998) Diana: The Rose Conspiracy (/wiki/Diana:_The_Rose_Conspiracy) (2005) Whatever Love Means (/wiki/Whatever_Love_Means) (2005) The Queen (2006) Diana: Last Days of a Princess (/wiki/Diana:_Last_Days_of_a_Princess) (2007) The Murder of Princess Diana (/wiki/The_Murder_of_Princess_Diana) (2007) Diana (/wiki/Diana_(2013_film)) (2013) The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) (2020–2023) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(film)) (2021) Documentaries The Queen (/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)) (2009 TV serial) Unlawful Killing (/wiki/Unlawful_Killing_(film)) (2011) Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy (/wiki/Diana,_Our_Mother:_Her_Life_and_Legacy) (2017) The Story of Diana (/wiki/The_Story_of_Diana) (2017) Diana: In Her 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American television personality and fashion designer "Fenoli" redirects here. For the monk of the Carthusian order who was born in the late 12th century, see William of Fenoli (/wiki/William_of_Fenoli) . Randy Fenoli Born ( 1964-01-30 ) January 30, 1964 (age 60) Mount Vernon, Illinois (/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Illinois) , US Occupation(s) Television presenter, fashion designer Years active 1992–present Partner(s) Mete Kobal (2023-present; engaged) Randy Fenoli is an American television presenter and fashion designer who is mainly known for his work on wedding dresses and his own TV show Randy to the Rescue (/wiki/Randy_to_the_Rescue) and Say Yes to the Dress (/wiki/Say_Yes_to_the_Dress) . He was the fashion director for the wedding dress store Kleinfeld Bridal from 2007 to 2012. [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Born in Mt. Vernon, Illinois (/wiki/Mt._Vernon,_Illinois) , Fenoli grew up with a love of fashion and began sewing dresses when he was only nine years old, eventually expanding his efforts into the areas of make-up artistry, hair styling and entertainment. After winning the Miss Gay America (/wiki/Miss_Gay_America) competition in 1990, performing as Brandi Alexander, [2] (#cite_note-2) he used the prize money to enroll at New York's Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . He was offered a job working for Vivian Dessy Diamond, of the Vivian Diamond company. Subsequently, his design experience paid off when he was offered a job at Kleinfeld. He is now an independent consultant. [3] (#cite_note-3) He has been a fashion designer since 1992. In 2007, Fenoli made his television debut on the U.S. cable channel TLC (/wiki/TLC_(TV_network)) with Say Yes To The Dress , where his wit and fashion sensibilities charmed viewers. Since 2011 he has hosted Say Yes to the Dress: Randy Knows Best (/wiki/Say_Yes_to_the_Dress:_Randy_Knows_Best) , broadcast in Spain and Italy, and Randy to the Rescue . In 2022, it was announced that Fenoli became godfather of the Discovery Princess (/wiki/Discovery_Princess) cruise ship. [4] (#cite_note-4) Filmography [ edit ] 2007 – present: Say Yes to the Dress (/wiki/Say_Yes_to_the_Dress) , TLC 2011–2013: Say Yes to the Dress: Randy Knows Best (/wiki/Say_Yes_to_the_Dress:_Randy_Knows_Best) , TLC 2012–2016: Randy to the Rescue (/wiki/Randy_to_the_Rescue) , TLC 2016: Say Yes To The Dress Benelux S1 , TLC 2017: Say Yes To The Dress Benelux S2 , TLC 2019-2020: Say Yes To The Dress America , TLC Bibliography [ edit ] Randy Fenoli (2012). It's All About the Dress . New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-446-58507-1 . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About Randy" (http://www.randyfenoli.com/about) . RandyFenoli.com . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Randy Loves Brides" (http://www.fitnyc.edu/6629.asp) . Fashion Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2014-01-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rohrlich, Marianne (8 October 2015). "Randy Fenoli of 'Say Yes to the Dress' Is a Bride's Therapist" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/fashion/weddings/randy-fenoli-of-say-yes-to-the-dress-is-a-brides-therapist.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Princess Cruises Announces Godparents of Discovery Princess" (https://crew-center.com/princess-cruises-announces-godparents-discovery-princess) . 26 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.randyfenoli.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐ghlcd Cached time: 20240623094835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.461 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1762/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14169/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1549/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21180/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.232/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6216760/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 437.235 1 -total 31.68% 138.500 1 Template:Infobox_person 24.81% 108.457 1 Template:Cite_book 15.24% 66.624 1 Template:Short_description 9.89% 43.237 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.36% 36.560 2 Template:Pagetype 8.11% 35.459 1 Template:Reflist 7.84% 34.291 1 Template:Portal_bar 7.75% 33.894 17 Template:Main_other 7.48% 32.720 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40074120-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623094835 and revision id 1223225359. 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Fashion industry events in Italy Pitti Immagine is a collection of fashion (/wiki/Fashion) industry events in Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Pitti Immagine Uomo [ edit ] Pitti Uomo (in English, "Pitti Men"), is one of the world's most important platforms for men's clothing and accessory collections, and for launching new projects in men's fashion. It's held twice yearly in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , at the Fortezza da Basso (/wiki/Fortezza_da_Basso) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The first edition of Pitti Uomo was held in Florence in September 1972 and was organized by Giovanni Battista Giorgini (/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Giorgini) with Simonetta Colonna di Cesarò (/wiki/Simonetta_Colonna_di_Cesar%C3%B2) 's participation. [3] (#cite_note-3) It started out being called the “First Italian High Fashion Show” and was set in Giorgini's Villa Torrigiani. [4] (#cite_note-4) The exhibition provided a platform for raising the profile of Italian designers and now has achieved international stature as a leading fashion fair. Pitti Uomo is credited with making dandyism (/wiki/Dandyism) acceptable to a wider audience. [5] (#cite_note-5) The 88th edition of Pitti Uomo (Pitti 88) in June 2015 hosted 30,000 visitors in total. [6] (#cite_note-closing_figures-6) The Pitti Immagine Uomo 2015 Award went to Lardini (/wiki/Lardini) , and the Pitti Immagine Career Award was awarded to Nino Cerruti (/wiki/Nino_Cerruti) . [6] (#cite_note-closing_figures-6) Pitti Immagine Uomo 89 was held 12–15 January 2016 with 1,219 exhibitors. [7] (#cite_note-7) Pitti Uomo 90 was held in Florence 14–17 June 2016. [8] (#cite_note-8) Brands showed their Fall/Winter 2017 men's collections at Pitti Uomo 91 on 10–13 January 2017. [9] (#cite_note-9) Pitti Uomo 92 in June 2017 hosted 30,000 visitors and 1,220 brands (/wiki/Brand) in an exhibition area of 60,000 sq. meters. [10] (#cite_note-10) Carlo Rivetti, owner of the brand Stone Island (/wiki/Stone_Island) , has been an adviser of Pitti Immagine. Pitti Immagine Bimbo [ edit ] Pitti Immagine Bimbo: fashion collections from 0–14 years ("bimbo" is Italian for "baby"). Among the most long-lived of Pitti Immagine fairs, with more than 70 editions. In Florence, at the Fortezza da Basso twice a year. Private sector operators. Pitti Immagine Filati [ edit ] Pitti Immagine Filati: knitting yarn collections ("filati" is Italian for "yarns"). In Florence, at the Fortezza da Basso, two editions per year. Private sector operators. Taste [ edit ] Taste showcases products related to culture and food research. It's held at the Stazione Leopolda in Florence, once per year. Open only to professionals; at certain times is also open to the public. Moda Prima [ edit ] Fashion collections for men, women and children for the large retail chains. In Milan (/wiki/Milan) , twice a year. Private sector operators. Fragranze [ edit ] Collections of artistic perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) and essential oils (/wiki/Essential_oil) for the body and for the home. Held at the Stazione Leopolda in Florence once a year. Private sector operators; at certain times also open to the public. Super [ edit ] Women's ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and accessories collections, held in Milan (/wiki/Milan) twice per year. Private sector operators. During the three days of SUPER 8 in September 2016, more than 5,100 buyers from nearly 50 countries saw collections presented by 142 brands. [11] (#cite_note-11) SUPER 9 was held 25–27 February 2017 at Porta Nuova Varesine, Piazza Lina Bo Bardi, Milano. [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Culture of Italy (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) (in English) Pitti Immagine (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate.html) accessed 7/27/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-2) List of Exhibitors (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/uomo/exhibitors.html?a=0&p=&g=) accessed January 13, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sonya Glyn NICHOLSON, 10 Takeaways from Pitti Uomo 89 (A/W 16) (http://parisiangentleman.co.uk/2016/01/18/10-takeaways-from-pitti-uomo-89-aw-16/) 18 Jan 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rome, Wanted in (2023-01-09). "All you need to know about Pitti Immagine Uomo in Florence" (https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-pitti-immagine-uomo-in-florence.html) . Wanted in Rome . Retrieved 2023-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Pitti’s Peacocks and the Liberation of Men’s Style (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2014/06/pittis-peacocks-liberation-mens-style.html) ROBIN MELLERY-PRATT 19 JUNE 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b pittimmagine.com Pitti Uomo 88: closing figures (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/uomo/news/2015/closing1.html) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Pitti Uomo 89: Generations of Makers and.... records! With 1219 exhibitors at this edition! (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/uomo/news/2016/PU89.html) Official page ^ (#cite_ref-8) Pitti Immagine Uomo (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs.html) Official page ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pitti Uomo (http://www.pittimmagine.com/corporate/fairs/uomo/specials/info.html) ^ (#cite_ref-10) PITTI UOMO 92: FACTS & FIGURES (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/uomo/news/2017/numbersnew.html) pittimmagine.com/en ^ (#cite_ref-11) SUPER 8 closing figures (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/super/news/2016/closingfigures.html) ^ (#cite_ref-12) SUPER 9 (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/super.html) External links [ edit ] Tommy Ton (/wiki/Tommy_Ton) Pitti Uomo Fall 2013 (https://www.gq.com/style/street-style/201301/tommy-ton-pitti-uomo-fall-2013) January 11, 2013 GQ (/wiki/GQ) Tommy Ton (/wiki/Tommy_Ton) Pitti Uomo Spring 2014 (https://www.gq.com/style/street-style/201306/tommy-tons-street-style-pitti-uomo-spring-2014) June 19, 2013 GQ 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Overview of fashion in India India is a country with an ancient clothing design tradition (/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) , yet an emerging fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) . Though a handful of designers existed prior to the 1980s, the late 1980s and the 1990s saw a spurt of growth. This was the result of increasing exposure to global fashion and the economic boom the economic liberalization (/wiki/Economic_liberalization_in_India) of the Indian economy (/wiki/Indian_economy) in 1990. The following decades firmly established fashion as an industry across India. History [ edit ] Modern history [ edit ] Post-independence focus on revival of traditional textile and design led to the rise of "ethnic chic". The history of clothing in India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) dates back to ancient times, yet fashion is a new industry (/wiki/Industry_(economics)) , as it was the traditional Indian clothing (/wiki/Fashion_in_india#Traditional_clothing) with regional variations, be it the sari (/wiki/Sari) , ghagra choli (/wiki/Ghagra_choli) or dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) , that remained popular until the early decades of post-independence (/wiki/Independence_of_India) India. [1] (#cite_note-Tierney2013-1) A common form of Indian fashion originates from Western culture. Fashion includes a series of sequins and gold thread to attract customers and apply a statement to the Indian fashion community. A famous Indian fashion trademark is embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , an art of sewing distinct thread patterns. A way to include the traditional look and create a new fashion statement includes embroidery applied to different dresses, skirts, shirts, and pants to reflect the western culture influence as well as include the Indian tradition (/wiki/Indian_tradition) . As part of larger revival movement in the Indian textile industry, Ritu Kumar (/wiki/Ritu_Kumar) , a Kolkata-based designer and textile print-expert started working on reviving the traditional hand block printing (/wiki/Textile_printing#Hand_block_printing) techniques of Bengal, and making it a part of the fashion industry, established "ethnic chic". [2] (#cite_note-BrewardGilbert2006-2) She opened her first boutique in Delhi in 1966. In 1973, she first showcased the Zardozi (/wiki/Zardozi) embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) in her garments, which had its origins in the royal costumes dating back to the Mughal era (/wiki/Mughal_era) . This led to the revival of this lost art. In time embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery_of_India) became a prominent feature of Indian wedding (/wiki/Indian_wedding) attire, and also one of the country's biggest fashion exports. [3] (#cite_note-li551-3) [4] (#cite_note-htfashion-4) This was a period of revival, where various organisations, NGOs and individuals were involved in reviving traditional Indian techniques, in weaving, printing, dyeing or embroidery, including ikat (/wiki/Ikat) , patola (/wiki/Patola_Saree) (double-ikat), bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) (tie-dye) and shisha (/wiki/Shisha_(embroidery)) (mirror embroidery). [3] (#cite_note-li551-3) An early trendsetter in fashion was Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) ( Hindi cinema (/wiki/Hindi_cinema) ), where costume designers like Bhanu Athaiya (/wiki/Bhanu_Athaiya) started experimenting with film fashion in the 1960s. Athaiya started working on period costumes in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (/wiki/Sahib_Bibi_Aur_Ghulam) (1962) and Amrapali (/wiki/Amrapali_(film)) (1966), though she went on to introduce varied trends through Teesri Manzil (/wiki/Teesri_Manzil) (1966), Chalte Chalte (/wiki/Chalte_Chalte_(1976_film)) (1976), Karz (/wiki/Karz_(film)) (1980) and Chandni (/wiki/Chandni_(film)) (1989). These were soon followed by the mass market. Also situations and themes in Indian cinema became westernised, making way for the display of diverse fashion. Over the years, popular Bollywood trends have been the Madhubala (/wiki/Madhubala) 's Anarkali (/wiki/Anarkali) -look with kurtas and churidars in Mughal-e-Azam (/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam) (1960), purple embroidered sari worn by Madhuri Dixit (/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit) in Hum Aapke Hain Koun...! (/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun...!) (1994), to Rani Mukherji (/wiki/Rani_Mukherji) 's short kurti-suits in Bunty Aur Babli (/wiki/Bunty_Aur_Babli) (2005), and chiffon sarees and trench coats in Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna) (2006), Veer Zaara (/wiki/Veer_Zaara) suits and blouses from Parineeta (/wiki/Parineeta_(2005_film)) . This comes besides various fashion interpretations of the sari in films like Chandni (/wiki/Chandni_(film)) (1989) with Sridevi (/wiki/Sridevi) , Main Hoon Na (/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na) (2004) with Sushmita Sen (/wiki/Sushmita_Sen) and Dostana (/wiki/Dostana_(2008_film)) (2008) with Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) , which became fashion trends. [5] (#cite_note-today-5) [6] (#cite_note-eco-6) However, in recent decades, with increasing exposure to the West, its influence is no longer as strong as in previous decades. [5] (#cite_note-today-5) By the 2000s, with rise in the Indian diaspora (/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin) around the world and the non-resident Indians (/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin) , Bollywood continues to exert far greater influence on the fashion sensibilities amongst Indians around the world. [7] (#cite_note-GuptaOmoniyi2007-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) 1980s-1990s and fashion boom [ edit ] By the early 1980s, the first generation of Indian fashion designers started cropping up, including Satya Paul (/wiki/Satya_Paul) . However, it was Rohit Khosla (/wiki/Rohit_Khosla) (1958–1994) who became a pioneer in the fashion industry, when he co-founded Ensemble" in 1987, with Tarun Tahiliani (/wiki/Tarun_Tahiliani) , Abu Jani-Sandeep Khosla and others. Though the "Anarkali-style" has been around ever since, it was first popularised after Mughal-e-Azam (/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam) (1969). It was Abu Jani- Sandeep Khosla (/wiki/Sandeep_Khosla) , who, inspired by costumes of Mughal courtesans and Meena Kumari (/wiki/Meena_Kumari) 's costumes in Pakeezah (/wiki/Pakeezah) (1975), introduced the floor-length Anarkali -style of churidaar (/wiki/Churidaar) - kurta (/wiki/Kurta) in 1988, which soon became the Indian version of the ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) . [4] (#cite_note-htfashion-4) In 1986, the Ministry of Textiles (/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles_(India)) , Government of India (/wiki/Government_of_India) opened the National Institute of Fashion Technology (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology) (NIFT) in Delhi with the help of the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , New York. It played an important role in bringing in locally trained fashion designers. [9] (#cite_note-9) By 2010, it had developed 15 branches across India, and smaller private fashion institutions had also developed. [10] (#cite_note-li553-10) Also in 1987, Tarun Tahiliani (/wiki/Tarun_Tahiliani) and his wife Shailja 'Sal' Tahiliani, founded Ensemble, India's first multi-designer boutique in Mumbai. [11] (#cite_note-tele10-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 1990, economic liberalisation (/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India) of the Indian economy (/wiki/Indian_economy) took place, which also propelled the fashion industry. [3] (#cite_note-li551-3) In the following decade, the fashion industry experienced a boom, both in terms of volume and trends. Designer Suneet Varma (/wiki/Suneet_Varma) , inspired by his corsetry (/wiki/Corsetry) - raining in France, introduced an indo-western, metal breast plate, followed by the "corset blouse" in 1992, made with satin, polyester taffeta or stretch lace. It was designed to replace the traditional choli (/wiki/Choli) , or Indian blouse (/wiki/Blouse) worn with a sari. [4] (#cite_note-htfashion-4) In its early years, the 1980s, Indian design largely focused on haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) ; however, in the next decade, India saw a growth in the domestic retail industry, as well as an influx of outsourced garment business from the western countries. This meant better quality and larger manufacturing facilities available locally. Together, these reasons spurred many Indian designers to start their prêt-à-porter (/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-porter) ( ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) ) lines. [13] (#cite_note-li555-13) "God-printed T-shirts" were introduced by Manish Arora (/wiki/Manish_Arora) in 1997, along with Indian kitsch (/wiki/Kitsch) and street art in saturated colors on fashionwear. [4] (#cite_note-htfashion-4) Another important reinvention was made in 1998 by Monisha Jaisingh, who shortened the traditional kurta (/wiki/Kurta) to develop the Kurti , which became popular worldwide as the "Indian embroidered tunic (/wiki/Tunic) ". [4] (#cite_note-htfashion-4) Also in the same year, the Fashion Design Council of India (/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_India) was established, which later started the India Fashion Week (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) in Delhi, to promote Indian designers and manufacturers. [10] (#cite_note-li553-10) In 2000, another Bollywood costume designer, Manish Malhotra (/wiki/Manish_Malhotra) , became an important influence on Indian fashion. Having designed the trendy looks for actresses Urmila Matondkar (/wiki/Urmila_Matondkar) in Rangeela (/wiki/Rangeela_(1995_film)) (1995) and Karisma Kapoor (/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor) in Raja Hindustani (/wiki/Raja_Hindustani) (1996), he introduced the "cocktail sari" in 2000. Using pastel colors, and fabrics like chiffon, satin or net, it revived the traditional sari in a modern avatar. He was in turn inspired by the popular Bollywood saris of the 1960s and the chiffon saris worn by the actress in Yash Chopra (/wiki/Yash_Chopra) films, like Chandni (/wiki/Chandni_(film)) (1989). [4] (#cite_note-htfashion-4) This also started another era of Bollywood fashion influence and its collaboration with leading designers, besides leading actors and actresses occasionally walking the ramp for some designers. [6] (#cite_note-eco-6) By 2009, the Indian fashion industry, despite the ongoing recession, was worth ₹ 2.9 billion (US$35 million). [14] (#cite_note-eco09-14) Also in the same year, Manish Arora (/wiki/Manish_Arora) , known for his quirky- kitsch (/wiki/Kitsch) , became the first Indian designer to participate in Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [14] (#cite_note-eco09-14) 2010 onwards – change in Indian Menswear fashion [ edit ] Lakme Fashion Week (/wiki/Lakme_Fashion_Week) 's Gen Next programme has been helpful in giving a launch platforms for some of the newest and avant garde designers in this country. Fashion designers such as Antar Agni, Mr. Ajay Kumar, Bloni are some of the newest designers on the block. Mr. Ajay Kumar is one such designer who has revolutionised the way Indian men perceive fashion - introducing the signature print-on-print look for men. [15] (#cite_note-GenNext-15) He has brought colourful prints for men and with the likes of celebrities such as Ranveer Singh (/wiki/Ranveer_Singh) , Shahid Kapoor (/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor) popularising such looks, men in India have become more experimental and flamboyant in their outlook. Antar Agni has introduced draped menswear which is quite popular amongst the new age men who want to experiment with silhouettes. [16] (#cite_note-Lakme-16) Cities [ edit ] Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) , Kolkata (/wiki/Kolkata) , Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) and Chennai (/wiki/Chennai) are important centers of fashion designing and manufacture in India, followed by Bangalore (/wiki/Bangalore) , Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) , Pune (/wiki/Pune) and other large cities. Mumbai and Bangalore are the home of some of the top fashion rental services in India. Fashion weeks [ edit ] Vivz World Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Vivz_World_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) (Pune) India Fashion Week (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) (Delhi) [17] (#cite_note-17) Lakme Fashion Week (/wiki/Lakme_Fashion_Week) (Mumbai) Indian Federation for Fashion Development (/w/index.php?title=Indian_Federation_for_Fashion_Development&action=edit&redlink=1) 's India Runway Week (/wiki/India_Runway_Week) [18] (#cite_note-18) (Delhi) Fashion exhibitions [ edit ] Hi Life Fashion Exhibitions (/wiki/Hi_Life_Fashion_Exhibitions) Noted fashion designers [ edit ] List of fashion designers in India (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#India) In popular culture [ edit ] The Indian fashion industry was the theme of the 2008 Hindi film, Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_(2008_film)) , written and directed by Madhur Bhandarkar (/wiki/Madhur_Bhandarkar) , starring Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) and Kangana Ranaut (/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut) as the leads. [19] (#cite_note-toir-19) Academic research on Indian fashion [ edit ] The Indian fashion industry as such remains academically understudied, even though there is research available on textiles, craft traditions and history of Indian dress. The only anthropological study of the Indian fashion industry, based on ethnographic research in Northern India (/wiki/North_India) , specifically New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) and Lucknow (/wiki/Lucknow) and dealing with both the worlds of luxury fashion designers and the worlds of craftspeople and workers in the industry, is Tereza Kuldova's work Luxury Indian Fashion: A Social Critique , published by Bloomsbury (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing) in 2016. [20] (#cite_note-20) See also [ edit ] Clothing in India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Indo-Western clothing (/wiki/Indo-Western_clothing) Paambadam (/wiki/Paambadam) 1950s in Indian fashion (/wiki/1950s_in_Indian_fashion) 1960s in Indian fashion (/wiki/1960s_in_Indian_fashion) 1970s in Indian fashion (/wiki/1970s_in_Indian_fashion) 1980s in Indian fashion (/wiki/1980s_in_Indian_fashion) 1990s in Indian fashion (/wiki/1990s_in_Indian_fashion) 2000s in Indian fashion (/wiki/2000s_in_Indian_fashion) 2010s in Indian fashion (/wiki/2010s_in_Indian_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Tierney2013_1-0) Tom Tierney (2013). Fashions from India . Courier Dover Publications. p. 3. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-486-43040-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-BrewardGilbert2006_2-0) Christopher Breward; David Gilbert (2006). Fashion's World Cities . Berg. pp. 220–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84520-413-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Linda, p. 551 (#Li) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Yashica Dutt (/wiki/Yashica_Dutt) (July 26, 2013). "Indian fashion's greatest hits" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130803133051/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Indian-fashion-s-greatest-hits/Article1-1098677.aspx) . Hindustan Times, Brunch. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Indian-fashion-s-greatest-hits/Article1-1098677.aspx) on 3 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bollywood influence on fashion trends waning? : Style File" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-influence-on-fashion-trends/1/230516.html) . India Today. November 23, 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bollywood: The fashion guru" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/brand-ambassadors/bollywood-the-fashion-guru/articleshow/2220220.cms) . The Economic Times. 4 Jul 2007 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-GuptaOmoniyi2007_7-0) Suman Gupta; Tope Omoniyi (2007). The Cultures of Economic Migration: International Perspectives . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 202. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4094-9093-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The West embraces Bollywood's influences more than ever" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121230193657/http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/fashion/the-west-embraces-bollywoods-influences-more-than-ever) . The National. Apr 10, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/fashion/the-west-embraces-bollywoods-influences-more-than-ever) on 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) New Fashion School in India Draws From a Rich Heritage (https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/21/style/new-fashion-school-in-india-draws-from-a-rich-heritage.html) , by Barbara Crossette, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , June 21, 1989. ^ Jump up to: a b Linda, p. 553 (#Li) ^ (#cite_ref-tele10_11-0) Chitra Papnai (November 14, 2010). "Lord of the ramp" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101123041337/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp) . The Telegraph (India) . Archived from the original (http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp) on November 23, 2010 . Retrieved 2014-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Couple Who Took Fashion Off The Street" (http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/the-couple-who-took-fashion-off-the-street-197101801010_1.html) . Business Standard. October 18, 1997 . Retrieved 2014-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-li555_13-0) Linda, p. 555 (#Li) ^ Jump up to: a b "Indian fashion industry going innovative to survive recession's onslaught" (http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-07-25/news/27640843_1_fashion-designer-indian-fashion-industry-international-fashion-arena) . The Economic Times. Jul 25, 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-GenNext_15-0) "Lakme Fashion Week" (https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/is-lakme-fashion-week-s-gen-next-platform-still-relevant-1565357319788.html) . Retrieved 11 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lakme_16-0) "20 years of Gen Next at Lakme Fashion Week" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/lakme-fashion-week-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary-with-a-special-gen-next-opening-show-trends) . Retrieved 10 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Jewellery trends by Poonam Soni for 2015" (http://www.mid-day.com/articles/jewellery-trends-by-poonam-soni-for-2015/15860193) . Mid-Day.com . Mid_Day . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Soha Ali Khan speaks about wanderlust at India Runway Week" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Soha-Ali-Khan-speaks-about-wanderlust-at-India-Runway-Week/articleshow/54389951.cms) . ^ (#cite_ref-toir_19-0) Kazmi, Nikhat (31 October 2008). "Fashion Review" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Fashion/movie-review/3659730.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Kuldova, Tereza (24 March 2016). Luxury Indian Fashion: A Social Critique . London: Bloomsbury. p. 224. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781474220934 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Kuldova, Tereza (2016). Luxury Indian Fashion: A Social Critique . London: Bloomsbury. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781474220941 . Bibliography [ edit ] Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra (1992). Fashion Styles of Ancient India: A Study of Kalinga from Earliest Times to Sixteenth Century Ad . B.R. Publishing Corporation. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-7018-723-3 . Subodh Kapoor (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia . Cosmo Publications. pp. 2316–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-7755-257-7 . Federico Rocca (2009). Contemporary Indian Fashion . Distributed Art Pub Incorporated. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-6208-100-9 . Michael Boroian; Alix de Poix (2009). India by Design: The Pursuit of Luxury and Fashion . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-470-82396-5 . Linda Welters; Abby Lillethun (2011). The Fashion Reader: Second Edition . Berg. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-590-6 . Kuldova, Tereza (2013). Fashion India: Spectacular Capitalism . Oslo: Akademika Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788232103195 . Chandra, M., Gupta, S. P., In Dikshit, K. N., In Dwivedi, V. P., & In Asthana, S. (1973). Costumes, textiles, cosmetics & coiffure in ancient and mediaeval India. Delhi: Oriental Publishers on behalf of the Indian Archaeological Society. 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European Fashion Council Banner logo of the European Fashion Council Abbreviation EFC Formation May 19, 2007 ; 17 years ago ( 2007-05-19 ) Type NGO (/wiki/Non-governmental_organization) Headquarters Plovdiv (/wiki/Plovdiv) , Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) Membership Albania (/wiki/Albania) Armenia (/wiki/Armenia) Austria (/wiki/Austria) Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Estonia (/wiki/Estonia) Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) Iceland (/wiki/Iceland) Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) Malta (/wiki/Malta) Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Norway (/wiki/Norway) Romania (/wiki/Romania) Serbia (/wiki/Serbia) Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) Spain (/wiki/Spain) Vice President (/wiki/Vice_President) Gariella Walek Vice President Anne Mandrup Vice President Sonja Noel EFC Ethical Commission President Emilia Visileanu Key people Nadya Valeva , President (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) Website www (http://www.europeanfashioncouncil.eu) .europeanfashioncouncil (http://www.europeanfashioncouncil.eu) .eu (http://www.europeanfashioncouncil.eu) The European Fashion Council is a non-governmental organization (/wiki/Non-governmental_organization) authorized to represent the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) in fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) worldwide. It is a union of 20 countries that are primarily (/wiki/Outermost_regions) located in Europe (/wiki/Europe) . [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] The organization was founded on May 19, 2007 in House-Museum "Hindliyan", Old Town of Plovdiv (/wiki/Plovdiv) , Bulgaria by the following 11 European countries: [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Austria (/wiki/Austria) Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Estonia (/wiki/Estonia) Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) Romania (/wiki/Romania) Albania (/wiki/Albania) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) Norway (/wiki/Norway) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) EFC was officially registered on 6 August 2007 in the District Court of Plovdiv (/wiki/Plovdiv) , Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) , which was the very first step towards the conjunction of the different national fashion industries in Europe. Its first significant recognition was in January, 2010, when the organization was officially registered in the Transparency Register of the European Union (/wiki/Transparency_Register_of_the_European_Union) by the European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) as an NGO/think-thank for fashion. It was the following year, 2011, when the European Fashion Council officially became an institutionalized organization of the EU for the adoption of its official logo (/wiki/Logo) depicting three circular constellations (/wiki/Constellations) of yellow (/wiki/Yellow) stars on a blue (/wiki/Blue) background. [5] (#cite_note-5) In the month of May, 2012, the European Fashion Council officially became one of the 16 eligible organizations with an approved status to implement the UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_and_Promotion_of_the_Diversity_of_Cultural_Expressions) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) As of March, 2014, the European Fashion Council has 20 member states, represented by national Non-Governmental Organizations of the fashion industries in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , as well as 14,100 members that are companies (/wiki/Companies) , organizations (/wiki/Organizations) and people - fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designers) , photographers (/wiki/Photographers) , stylists (/wiki/Hairdresser) , makeup artists (/wiki/Makeup_artists) , fashion design teachers (/wiki/Teachers) and others related to the fashion industry of Europe. [8] (#cite_note-transparencyregister-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Mission [ edit ] The European Fashion Council strives for: Integration, tolerance (/wiki/Toleration) and cooperation (/wiki/Cooperation) between the different European fashion industries; Popularization (/wiki/Popularization) , support and establishment of the fashion art on a pan-European level; Support of the development of the fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) in Europe; Development of the cooperation between the business circles of the represented member states; Exchange (/wiki/Trade) and realization of ideas, events, initiatives and concepts by the member states. [10] (#cite_note-10) To achieve its goals, the EFC: Examines its legal acts and the current economic situation of the fashion industries in Europe and their trends; Helps for the establishment of a climate, appropriate for cooperation between the companies and organizations in the represented countries; Assists in the lobbying of the members before their official institutions (/wiki/Institutions) for the stimulation of the fashion design and the activities related to it - production (/wiki/Production_(economics)) , commerce (/wiki/Commerce) , services (/wiki/Service_(economics)) and finances (/wiki/Finances) ; Helps in facilitating the business visits of designers, models, photographers and all other persons taking part in the fashion events, to any European country, as well as between the represented countries, for the purposes of the development of the European economic cooperation; Presents concepts for structural changes in the economic fields of its member states in accordance with the criteria and the standards of the European Union; Assists the member states in solving their possible arguments (/wiki/Arguments) and issues by means of negotiations (/wiki/Negotiations) ; Exchanges experience (/wiki/Experience) in the field of intellectual property rights (/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights) with other European organizations and offers protection on the copyright (/wiki/Copyright) of the designers and fashion houses (/wiki/Fashion_houses) who work in Europe; Supports the education (/wiki/Education) in the various areas of the European fashion industry through the establishment of schools and academies. Represents new fashion labels, products and services; Works for the establishment of the fashion design as a cultural factor; Builds up a network (/wiki/Business_networking) of complex designers centers in each member state. [8] (#cite_note-transparencyregister-8) [11] (#cite_note-11) Structure [ edit ] Organisational structure [ edit ] The EFC's legislative structure has an hierarchical form. Currently the president (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) of the organization is the National Fashion Chamber of Republic of Bulgaria whose chairperson (/wiki/Chairperson) is Ms. Nadya Valeva - founder (/wiki/Entrepreneurship) of both the European Fashion Council and the National Fashion Chamber of Bulgaria. [12] (#cite_note-12) The European Fashion Council also has three vice presidents (/wiki/Vice_presidents) : Mrs. Sonja Noel - Modo Bruxellae , Belgium; Mrs. Anne Marie Mondrup - President of Fashion Tomorrow Management , Denmark; Mrs. Gabriella Walek - President of the National Fashion League Hungary , Hungary. In 2010, the European Fashion Council established an ethical commission, whose main duty is to be a mediator between members and institutions, authors and consumers of fashion and fashion design in Europe as well as the body, that is deputed to resolve conflicts and to determine whether to impose sanctions on the basis of the Regulations of the European ethical fashion code. [13] (#cite_note-13) The president of this official authority of the EFC is the National Research-Development Institute for Textile and Leather , Romania. [14] (#cite_note-14) Membership [ edit ] As of March, 2014, the European Fashion Council comprises 20 member states. The persons who are engaged in the activities of the European Fashion Council and fall under the scope of transparency (/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)) , are active on a voluntary basis. [8] (#cite_note-transparencyregister-8) Country Accession Representative organization President/Chairperson Type of membership Albania (/wiki/Albania) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Albanian Fashion Designers Association Diana Sokolaj Founder and associated member Armenia (/wiki/Armenia) 2010 [15] (#cite_note-15) Armenian Fashion Council Armine Tadveosyan Associated member Austria (/wiki/Austria) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Austrian Association for the Advancement Designs Wolfgang Landeger, Claudia Lucas Founder and full-right member Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Modo Bruxellae Sonja Noel Founder and full-right member Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Sarajevo Fashion Week Amela Radan Founder and associated member Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) National Fashion Chamber of Bulgaria Nadya Valeva Founder and full-right member Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) 2010 [16] (#cite_note-16) National Fashion Chamber of Czech Republic Julia Hendrychova Full-right member Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Tomorrow Management Anne Marie Mondrup Founder and full-right member Estonia (/wiki/Estonia) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Estonian Fashion Council Anu Kikas Founder and full-right member Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) National Fashion League Hungary Gabriella Walek Founder and full-right member Iceland (/wiki/Iceland) 2008 [17] (#cite_note-icelandandthenetherlands-17) Iceland Fashion Week Kolla Adalsteinsdottir Associated member Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) 2010 [18] (#cite_note-18) Baltic Fashion Federation Elena Strahova Full-right member Malta (/wiki/Malta) 2010 [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Malta Fashion Week and Awards Andrian Mizzi [21] (#cite_note-21) Full-right member The Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) 2008 [17] (#cite_note-icelandandthenetherlands-17) Europa Regina Frank Verspoor Member for promotion of design Norway (/wiki/Norway) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Oslo Fashion Week Pal Vasbotten Founder and associated member Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) 2014 [22] (#cite_note-22) ModaLisboa Association Eduarda Abbondanza Full-right member Romania (/wiki/Romania) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) National Research & Development Institute for Textile and Leather Emilia Visileanu Founder and full-right member Serbia (/wiki/Serbia) 2012 [23] (#cite_note-23) National Fashion Chamber of Serbia Svetlana Horvat Associated member Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) 2011 [24] (#cite_note-24) Noble Trust & Noble Fashion Awards Association Mats Peetersson Full-right member Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) 2007 [1] (#cite_note-11nations-1) Ukrainian Fashion Council Iryna Danylevska (/w/index.php?title=Iryna_Danylevska&action=edit&redlink=1) Founder and associated member Germany 2023 European Fashion Council Germany Alexander Britt Full-right-member Spain (/wiki/Spain) 2019 Spanish Fashion Council Julio César Battaglia Associated member since 2019 See also [ edit ] European Union portal (/wiki/Portal:European_Union) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) European Union (/wiki/European_Union) European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "11 Nations initiated and founded the European Fashion Council" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120803002430/http://www.fashionweek.ba/eng/novosti.php?subaction=showfull&id=1226750071&archive=&start_from=&ucat=6&) . Sarajevo Fashion Week News. Archived from the original (http://www.fashionweek.ba/eng/novosti.php?subaction=showfull&id=1226750071&archive=&start_from=&ucat=6&) on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "European Fashion Council" (http://www.worldfashionweek.tv/WFW/wfw_news/Entries/2009/7/4_European_Fashion_Council__.html) . World Fashion Week TV . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "11 Nations initiated and founded the European Fashion Council" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-05202007.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "European Countries" (http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/index_en.htm) . Europa web portal . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "European contest rules for Logo, Slogan, Text and Anthem of the EFC" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025615/http://sic.mfa.bg/?act=content&rec=1512) . Cultural Institute, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria) (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bulgaria)) . Archived from the original (http://sic.mfa.bg/?act=content&rec=1512) on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions" (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001429/142919e.pdf) (PDF) . United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "European Commission's (http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-policy-development/documents/ec-staff-working-doc_en.pdf) Quadrennial Periodic Report on behalf of the European Union on (http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-policy-development/documents/ec-staff-working-doc_en.pdf) Measures to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions in the framework of the 2005 UNESCO Convention " (http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-policy-development/documents/ec-staff-working-doc_en.pdf) (PDF) . European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) , EFC pages 100-106 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Transparency Register of the European Union" (http://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/consultation/displaylobbyist.do?id=25337543032-09&locale=en#en) . Europa Web Portal, EFC registration in English . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "World Fashion Development and Management" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062125/http://www.wfoi.org/wfdm/WFDM/z_european01.html) . World Fashion Organization. Archived from the original (http://www.wfoi.org/wfdm/WFDM/z_european01.html) on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "European Union: Implementation of the program 'Fashion Europe' begins" (http://www.texeastile.eu/news/european-union-implementation-program-%E2%80%98fashion-europe%E2%80%99-begins) . Tex-EASTile News . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "European Fashion Council" (http://televisionnetworking.ning.com/group/europeanfashioncouncil) . The Television and Motion Picture Network . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "European Fashion Group - Helpful Resources" (http://www.fashionindustrynetwork.com/group/european-fashion-group) . The Fashion Industry Network . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Ethical Fashion Europe: An overview" (http://source.ethicalfashionforum.com/article/ethical-fashion-europe-an-overview) . Ethical Fashion Forum . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Fashion Public Prosecutor of Europe has been selected" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-09072010.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Armenia opens its representation place in the European Fashion Council" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-10262010.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Introduction to the National Fashion Chamber of Czech Republic" (http://www.comoramody.cz/O_nas/) . NFCCR Website, in Czech . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Iceland and the Netherlands are the newest members of the European Fashion Council" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-11132008.htm) . Europena Regina News Channel . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Latvia joined the management of the EFC" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-12232010.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Malta enters into the management of the European Fashion Council" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-09072010.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "EFC letter to Malta Fashion Week" (http://fashionweek.com.mt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Malta-Fashion-Week-EFC-Letter1.pdf) (PDF) . Fashion Week Malta Web portal . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Adrian J. Mizzi and his Malta Fashion Week and Awards to represent Malta in the EFC" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110410182512/http://www.runwaylive.com/runway-shows/3270-malta-fashion-week-2011.html) . Runway Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.runwaylive.com/runway-shows/3270-malta-fashion-week-2011.html) on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Portugal is the 20th Member State of the EFC" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-03192014.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Serbia is the 19th member state of the European Fashion Council" (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-03272012.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Kingdom of Sweden entered into the management of the European Fashion Council" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042824/http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-04142011.htm) . Europa Regina News Channel. Archived from the original (http://www.europaregina.eu/organizations/european-fashion-council/european-fashion-council-04142011.htm) on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.europeanfashioncouncil.eu/) European Fashion Council (https://www.facebook.com/europeanfashioncouncil) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐qh6x4 Cached time: 20240720035657 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.590 seconds Real time usage: 0.775 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8046/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 90604/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12656/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 93154/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.316/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6636055/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 663.930 1 -total 30.13% 200.052 1 Template:Reflist 26.27% 174.416 24 Template:Cite_web 24.43% 162.202 1 Template:Infobox_organization 23.49% 155.949 1 Template:Infobox 8.50% 56.445 41 Template:Flag 5.46% 36.237 1 Template:AUT 5.45% 36.217 1 Template:EST 4.41% 29.275 14 Template:Flagicon 4.37% 28.985 1 Template:ALB Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40102894-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720035657 and revision id 1214666350. 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Thailand clothing This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sinh_(clothing)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sinh" clothing (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sinh%22+clothing) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sinh%22+clothing+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sinh%22+clothing&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sinh%22+clothing+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sinh%22+clothing) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sinh%22+clothing&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Laotian women wearing sinhs The Sinh ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ສິ້ນ , Lao pronunciation: [sȉn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) ; Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ซิ่น , RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : sin , Thai pronunciation: [sîn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ; Tai Nuea (/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language) : ᥔᥤᥢᥲ), or commonly ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้าซิ่น , RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : pha sin ), [1] (#cite_note-BP-20200217-1) is a handmade traditional skirt, often made of silk, that are worn by Lao women (/wiki/Women_in_Laos) [2] (#cite_note-2) and Thai women (/wiki/Women_in_Thailand) , particularly northern Thai (/wiki/Northern_Thai_people) and northeastern Thai (/wiki/Isan_people) women. It is a tube skirt (/wiki/Skirt) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Its pattern can indicate which region the wearer is from. In present-day Thailand, pha sins are typically worn at special events. However, in Laos, Sinhs are worn more regularly in daily life. Components [ edit ] A typical Tai Yuan (/wiki/Northern_Thai_people) sinh. A sinh is typically composed of three components: hua sinh ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ຫົວສິ້ນ ), literally 'the head of the sinh', is the waistband (/wiki/Waistband) portion, which is typically tucked in and hidden. phuen sinh ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ພື້ນສິ້ນ ) or tua sinh ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ตัวซิ่น ), literally 'the body of the sinh', is the body of the sinh . This part of the sinh is typically not detailed. In particular, it typically only consists of one or two colors. tin sinh ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ຕີນສິ້ນ ), literally 'the foot of the sinh', is the hem (/wiki/Hem) . The hem is typically woven with a lot of details. The specific details of the hem can indicate where the sinh is made. Textiles [ edit ] The sinh is made of silk (/wiki/Silk) or handwoven cotton. They come in different textures and designs, frequently created in rural areas. Premium silk versions may go for over 50,000 baht (/wiki/Thai_baht) per piece, particularly if created by a well-known traditional weaver. Less expensive fabrics cost about 3,000 baht. [1] (#cite_note-BP-20200217-1) Gallery [ edit ] Princess Thip Keson (/wiki/Thip_Keson) (or Thep Kraison), Princess of Chiang Mai (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai) , consort of Inthawichayanon (/wiki/Inthawichayanon) of Chiang Mai and mother of Dara Rasmi (/wiki/Dara_Rasmi) wearing sinh and pha biang (/wiki/Pha_biang) , before 1884 Thai girl wearing Isan style sinh Thai girls wearing northern Thai sinhs Lao women wearing sinhs Lao women wearing sinhs See also [ edit ] Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Sampot (/wiki/Sampot) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Traditional Thai clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Thepthong, Phitsanu (17 February 2020). "Pushing 'phasin' to the fore" (https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1858929/pushing-phasin-to-the-fore) . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 18 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Laoconnection.com. "Laoconnection.com" (https://www.laoconnection.com/2013/05/the-origins-of-pha-sin.html) . Laoconnection.com . Retrieved 2021-08-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Thai Traditional Dress" (http://www.culi.chula.ac.th/salc/2019%20emer%20web/SALC%20Newsletter%20%20Mar%202018.pdf) (PDF) . SALC Newsletter . 84 . Chulalongkorn University Language Institute: 5–8. March 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2020 . Further reading [ edit ] Dolly Brittan (1997). The People of Laos . New York: PowerKids Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 082-3951-24-3 . Edeltraud Tagwerker (2009). Siho and Naga--Lao Textiles: Reflecting a People's Tradition and Change . Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-363-1586-89-1 . External links [ edit ] Sinhs (Lao skirt fabric) (https://web.archive.org/web/20130723050939/http://www.gotlaos.com/silskma.html) Why Must Lao Girls Wear A Sinh To University (https://web.archive.org/web/20130528110347/http://www.laogirls.com/why-must-lao-girls-wear-a-sinh-to-university.html) Lao Identity (http://www.watriolinda.org/lao-identity) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140709174516/http://www.watriolinda.org/lao-identity) 2014-07-09 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) 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tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) 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Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura 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Miss Songkran (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Songkran&action=edit&redlink=1) in Luang Prabang (/wiki/Luang_Prabang) , Laos (/wiki/Laos) wearing a suea pat underneath a pha biang (/wiki/Sbai) The late princess Khamla Khammao of the Kingdom of Laos (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos) wearing a suea pat The suea pat ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ເສື້ອປັດ Lao pronunciation: [sɯ̏a (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) pát] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) , Northern Thai (/wiki/Northern_Thai_language) : เสื้อปั๊ด Northern Thai pronunciation: [sɯ᷇a (/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai) pát] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai) ) or suea pai ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ເສື້ອປ້າຍ Lao pronunciation: [sɯ̏a (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) pâːj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) , Northern Thai (/wiki/Northern_Thai_language) : เสื้อป้าย Northern Thai pronunciation: [sɯ᷇a (/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai) pa᷇ːj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai) ) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) is a type of shirt worn by women from different ethnic backgrounds in Laos (/wiki/Laos) and Northern Thailand (/wiki/Northern_Thailand) and other areas in Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) . These ethnic groups typically include the Lao (/wiki/Lao_people) , the Tai Lue (/wiki/Lu_people) , Tai Khun, and the Tai Yuan (/wiki/Northern_Thai_people) etc. The suea pat is a long-sleeved shirt with no buttons. It is worn by wrapping the right side of the front panel of the shirt over the left side of the front panel, and the two panels are tied together via strings. Suea pats from Luang Prabang (/wiki/Luang_Prabang) , Laos (/wiki/Laos) typically have large golden collars. Etymology [ edit ] The words "suea pat" and "suea pai" are made up of words of Tai (/wiki/Tai_languages) origin. "Suea pat" and "suea pai" literally mean "wrapping shirt"; suea ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : เสื้อ , Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ເສື້ອ ) means "shirt", while pat ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ปัด , Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ປັດ ) and pai ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ป้าย , Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ປ້າຍ ) mean "to wrap sideways, to smear." In Laos [ edit ] In present-day Laos, women wear suea pats to ceremonial events such as weddings. [3] (#cite_note-3) Each year in Luang Prabang (/wiki/Luang_Prabang) , the winner of the Miss Songkran contest who becomes the next Miss Songkran, or nang sangkhane ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ນາງສັງຂານ Lao pronunciation: [náːŋ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) sǎŋ.kʰǎːn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) ), gets to wear a suea pat underneath a pha biang (/wiki/Sbai) which is a scarf-like cloth that wraps diagonally from the lower right waist to the upper left shoulder. Design [ edit ] Diagram of suea pat Suea pat is traditionally made with indigo-dyed cotton, silk or velvet. There are different variations of the suea pat among various Tai-speaking people (/wiki/Tai_peoples) . Basic components of the suea pat include a collar, front panels, back panels, sleeves, and tie strings. There are tassels at the side of the garment, though not always present. Modern versions typically of Lao design may use fasteners or buttons in lieu of strings. The collar can be done with intricate goldwork (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) or be left plain. A cuff matching the collar is sometimes present and the sleeves can be full or three-quarters length. The cross-collar design is likely an influence of Chinese fashion as late as the Ming Dynasty (/wiki/Ming_Dynasty) . See also [ edit ] xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) สืบวิถีนุ่ง-ห่ม พัสตราภรณ์โบราณถิ่นล้านนา (http://www.lannacorner.net/lanna2012/article/article.php?type=A&ID=1096) ^ (#cite_ref-2) ການນຸ່ງຖືຂອງແມ່ຍິງລາວກັບງານປະເພນີ (http://www.ecom.org.la/teen/khao/13/11216) ^ (#cite_ref-3) ການນຸ່ງຖືຂອງແມ່ຍິງລາວກັບງານປະເພນີ (http://www.ecom.org.la/teen/khao/13/11216) External links [ edit ] สอนตัดเสื้อปั๊ด ตัดก็ง่าย ใส่ก็งาม (Thai) (http://www.isan.clubs.chula.ac.th/webboard/?transaction=post_view.php&room_no=0&id_main=1140&star=0) เสื้อปั้ดจ้างของชนเผ่าไทลื้อ อำเภอทุ่งช้าง (Thai) (http://www.m-culture.in.th/moc_new/album/142813/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87/) ลื้อฟื้น...เสื้อปั๊ด ซิ้นตา (Thai) (http://tvthainetwork.com/2010/board/index.php?topic=824.0) สืบวิถีนุ่ง-ห่ม พัสตราภรณ์โบราณถิ่นล้านนา (Thai) (http://www.lannacorner.net/lanna2012/article/article.php?type=A&ID=1096) วัฒนธรรมผ้าเผ่าไท ในประเพณีแต่งงาน (Thai) (http://www.rdi.ku.ac.th/kasetresearch52/07-social/oratai/social_00-update.html) ศูนย์สิ่งทอล้านนาไต Lanna Tai Textiles center (Thai) (http://ltt.cru.in.th/database/showdata.asp) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology 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See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐9db5fddfb‐nnfkn Cached time: 20240715154521 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.390 seconds Real time usage: 0.493 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1119/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 131924/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 607/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32597/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.202/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19328995/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 364.847 1 -total 38.97% 142.188 10 Template:Navbox 37.63% 137.298 6 Template:Lang-lo 30.16% 110.040 1 Template:Clothing 8.91% 32.525 5 Template:IPA 8.70% 31.746 3 Template:IPA-lo 8.54% 31.162 1 Template:Flatlist 7.14% 26.064 1 Template:Portal_bar 4.94% 18.010 1 Template:Reflist 4.15% 15.131 1 Template:Historical_clothing Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40134321-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715154521 and revision id 1234675995. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suea_pat&oldid=1234675995 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suea_pat&oldid=1234675995) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shirts (/wiki/Category:Shirts) Tops (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Tops_(clothing)) Laotian clothing (/wiki/Category:Laotian_clothing) Thai clothing (/wiki/Category:Thai_clothing) Hidden categories: Articles containing Lao-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lao-language_text) Pages with Lao IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Lao_IPA) Articles containing Northern Thai-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Northern_Thai-language_text) Pages with Northern Thai IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Northern_Thai_IPA) Articles containing Thai-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thai-language_text)
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National clothing of Thailand Thai traditional costumes, Bangkok National Museum (/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum) Traditional Thai clothing ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดไทย , RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : chut thai lit. ' Thai outfit ' ) refers to the traditional styles of dress worn by the Thai people (/wiki/Thai_people) . It can be worn by men, women, and children. Traditional clothing for Thai women usually consists of a pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) or a chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) , a blouse, and a sabai (/wiki/Sabai) . Northern and northeastern women may wear a sin (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) instead of a pha nung and a chong kraben with either a blouse or a suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) . Chut thai for men includes a chong kraben or pants, a Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) shirt, with optional knee-length white socks and a sabai . Chut thai for northern Thai men is composed of a sado (/wiki/Thai_fisherman_pants) , a white Manchu-styled jacket, and sometimes a khian hua (/wiki/Khian_hua) . In formal occasions, people may choose to wear a so-called formal Thai national costume (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) . History See also: History of Thai clothing (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Portrait of Siamese State Official, one of portrait paintings collection in The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui (/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering) , 18th century painting in the National Palace Museum (/wiki/National_Palace_Museum) in Taipei. Du Royaume de Siam by Simon de La Loubère (/wiki/Simon_de_La_Loub%C3%A8re) shows a Siamese official wearing lombok (/wiki/Lombok) and chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) and a traditional Thai house (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_house) Historically, both Thai males and females dressed themselves with a loincloth wrap called chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) . [1] (#cite_note-SoN-2019-1) : Note 10 Men wore their chong kraben to cover the waist to halfway down the thigh, whilst women wore their chong kraben down the waist to well below the knee. [2] (#cite_note-terwiel-2) Members of the nobility wore silk robes called khrui (/wiki/Khrui) and a tall, pointed hat called lomphok (/wiki/Lomphok) in attendance of royal affairs. Bare chests and bare feet were accepted as part of the Thai formal dress code, and are observed in murals, illustrated manuscripts, and early photographs up to the middle–1800s. [2] (#cite_note-terwiel-2) Prior to the 20th century, the primary markers that distinguished class in Thai clothing were the use of cotton and silk cloths with printed or woven motifs, but both commoners and royals alike wore wrapped, not stitched clothing. [3] (#cite_note-mp-3) Traditional Thai attire changed significantly during the Rattanakosin period (/wiki/Rattanakosin_period) . [ citation needed ] Prior to the 1700s, Thai men and women both kept their hair long. However, following the Burmese–Siamese wars of 1759-1760 (/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1759%E2%80%931760)) and 1765–1767 (/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)) and repeated Burmese invasions into Ayutthaya (/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) , central Thai women began cutting their hair in a crew-cut (/wiki/Crew-cut) short style, which remained the national hairstyle until the 1900s. [4] (#cite_note-4) From the 1860s onward, Thai royals "selectively adopted Victorian corporeal and sartorial etiquette (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) to fashion modern personas that were publicized domestically and internationally by means of mechanically reproduced images." [3] (#cite_note-mp-3) Stitched clothing, including court attire and ceremonial uniforms, were invented during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) . [3] (#cite_note-mp-3) Western forms of dress became popular among urbanites in Bangkok during this period. [3] (#cite_note-mp-3) During the early–1900s, King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) encouraged Thai women to wear long hair instead of traditional short hair which later became a trend during the reign of King Vajiravudh (/wiki/Vajiravudh) along with wearing pha sin (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) (ผ้าซิ่น), a tubular skirt, instead of the chong kraben (โจงกระเบน), a cloth wrap. [5] (#cite_note-5) On 15 January 1941, Plaek Pibulsonggram (/wiki/Plaek_Pibulsonggram) issued a Thai cultural mandate (/wiki/Thai_cultural_mandates) to modernize and Westernize Thai dress, by deeming the long-practiced customs of wearing underpants, wearing no shirt, or wearing a wraparound cloth, as forms of inappropriate public attire. [6] (#cite_note-6) Traditional costumes Chong kraben Main article: Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Chong kraben or Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : โจงกระเบน Thai pronunciation: [tɕoːŋ.kra.beːn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) is a lower-body, wraparound cloth. It is synonymous with the Khmer sampot. The sampot is a long, rectangular cloth worn around the lower body. The traditional dress is similar to the dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) of South Asia. The chong kraben resembles pants more than skirts. It is a rectangular piece of cloth measuring three meters long and one meter wide. It is worn by wrapping around the waist, stretching it away from the body, twisting the ends together then pulling the twisted fabric between the legs and tucking it in the back of the waist. Pha nung Main article: pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Thai women wearing pha sin (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) dress for Rocket Festival (/wiki/Rocket_Festival) , Roi Et (/wiki/Roi_Et) The pha nung ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้านุ่ง ), also known as pha sin (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้าซิ่น ) or pha thung ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้าถุง ), is a long fabric worn around the waist that resembles a long skirt. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Thai girls wearing northern Thai pha sin (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Sabai Main article: Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Thai women wearing sabai , Jim Thompson House (/wiki/Jim_Thompson_House) Sabai ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : สไบ Thai pronunciation: [sa.baj] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) or pha biang ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้าเบี่ยง Thai pronunciation: [pʰâː.bìaŋ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) is shawl-like garment, or breast cloth. Sabai can be used by women or men. The sabai is also known as a long piece of silk, about a foot wide, draped diagonally around the chest by covering one shoulder which its end drops behind the back. Sabai could be worn around the naked chest or on top of another cloth. The practice of wearing sabai along with Victorian clothing was a common practice during the reign of King Chulalongkorn and lasted until the reign of King Vajiravudh (/wiki/Vajiravudh) when Westernized clothing became more fashionable. The wearing of sabai as daily wear was officially banned by Plaek Pibulsonggram (/wiki/Plaek_Pibulsonggram) during Thailand's clothing reform. Suea pat Main article: Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Suea pat ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : เสื้อปัด Thai pronunciation: [sɯ̂a.pàt] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) is a long-sleeved shirt with no buttons. It is worn by wrapping the right side of the front panel of the shirt over the left side of the front panel, and the two panels are tied together via strings. Suea pats are typically worn by northern Thai women (/wiki/Northern_Thai_people) Raj pattern Main article: Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) wearing the raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) costume, consisting of a white Nehru-style (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) jacket (/wiki/Jacket) with five buttons and a chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) . Raj pattern refers either to a Thai (/wiki/Thailand) men's costume (/wiki/Costume) consisting of a white Nehru-style (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) jacket (/wiki/Jacket) with five buttons, a chong kraben , knee-length socks (/wiki/Socks) , and dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoes) ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ชุดราชปะแตน , RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : chut ratpataen ) , or to the specific form of the jacket itself ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ราชปะแตน , RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : ratpataen ). It was worn chiefly during the late-19th and early-20th centuries by government officials and the upper class in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , and nowadays is used in select circumstances as a national costume (/wiki/National_costume) . Pha khao ma Pha khao ma ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ผ้าขาวม้า Thai pronunciation: [pʰâː (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) kʰǎw (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) máː] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) )) is a versatile plaid fabric woven for centuries in Thailand. It serves numerous purposes, including being worn as a waistband by Thai men, used as a handkerchief, fan, or head covering to protect against the sun, and even used as a makeshift cradle or to carry goods. The cloth's practicality and sustainability have attracted the attention of designers in the fashion and interior design industries. [9] (#cite_note-9) The word Khao ma is derived from the Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) word Kamarband , meaning waistband or belt. [10] (#cite_note-10) This cloth has become an omnipresent item in Thai society. Its recognition as a national cultural heritage in Thailand and nomination for UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) World Heritage status in 2027. [11] (#cite_note-11) Tabengman Tabengman ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ตะเบงมาน Thai pronunciation: [tá.bēng.māːn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) is a traditional Thai cloth that originated during the late Ayutthaya period (/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) . It consists of a piece of cloth that covers the chest and is tied behind the neck. [12] (#cite_note-12) It remains an important part of Thailand's cultural heritage and history, and continues to inspire contemporary fashion designers and artists. It has been featured in national and international events, [13] (#cite_note-13) and the clothing worn by the main character in the 2021 Disney (/wiki/Disney) film Raya and the Last Dragon (/wiki/Raya_and_the_Last_Dragon) , which is inspired by traditional Southeast Asian cloth including Tabengman. [14] (#cite_note-14) Banong Banong ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : บานง Thai pronunciation: [bāː.nōŋ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ) is a type of blouse traditionally worn by women in the southern border provinces of Thailand, including Pattani (/wiki/Pattani_Province) , Yala (/wiki/Yala_Province) , and Narathiwat (/wiki/Narathiwat_Province) . [15] (#cite_note-15) It has a collar and is cut in front, with a folded placket all the way to the hem. The fabric used to make Banong is often thin and sheer, and may be embroidered with patterns on the hem. It is typically worn during religious and cultural events like weddings, funerals, and dance performances. The name Banong comes from the word Bandung (/wiki/Bandung) in Middle Malay (/wiki/Middle_Malay) , which refers to a city in the west of Java Island (/wiki/Java_Island) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . While Banong is popular among Thai Muslims in the southern border provinces, it is also worn by Thai Buddhists and Thai Chinese in the region. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Formal costume Main article: Formal Thai national costume (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) This is an example of the formal Thai national costume (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) . The formal Thai costume, ชุดไทยพระราชนิยม ( RTGS (/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription) : chut thai phra ratcha niyom , literally, 'Thai dress of royal endorsement'), includes several sets of dress, designed as the Thai national costume (/wiki/National_costume) at formal occasions. Although described and intended for use as national costume, it is of relatively modern origins, having been conceived in the second half of the 20th century. See also Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) History of Thai clothing (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Formal Thai national costume (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Culture of Thailand (/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand) School uniforms in Thailand (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Thailand) References ^ (#cite_ref-SoN-2019_1-0) Singhalampong, Eksuda (March 2019). "Picturing Femininity: Portraits of the Early Modern Siamese Women" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/721045/pdf) . Southeast of Now: Directions in Contemporary and Modern Art in Asia . 3 (1): 49–75. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/sen.2019.0003 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsen.2019.0003) . Retrieved 18 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Terwiel, Barend Jan (2007). "The Body and Sexuality in Siam: A First Exploration in Early Sources" (http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Terwiel_42-55.pdf) (PDF) . Manusya: Journal of Humanities . 10 (14): 42–55. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/26659077-01004003 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26659077-01004003) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Peleggi, Maurizio (2010). Mina Roces (ed.). The Politics of Dress in Asia and the Americas . Sussex Academic Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845193997 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Jotisalikorn, Chami (2013). Thailand's Luxury Spas: Pampering Yourself in Paradise . Tuttle Publishing. p. 183. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Saruta (10 September 2002). "Women's Status in Thai Society" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161031113121/http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/1911_thai_women_status/thai_women_status.html) . Thaiways Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_article/1911_thai_women_status/thai_women_status.html) on 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) The Royal Gazette , Vol. 58, Page 113. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120609234836/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2484/A/113.PDF) January 21, B.E. (/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar) 2484 ( C.E. (/wiki/Common_Era) 1941). Retrieved on June 4, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-7) James C. Ingram. Economic change in Thailand 1850-1970 . Stanford University Press, 1971, p. 10 By ^ (#cite_ref-8) Thepthong, Phitsanu (17 February 2020). "Pushing 'phasin' to the fore" (https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1858929/pushing-phasin-to-the-fore) . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 17 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Multi-Purpose of Thai Loincloth "Pha-Khao-Ma" (PDF) , October 31, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Pha Khao Ma, the Multi-Purpose Loincloth , December 22, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Pha Khao Ma: The checkered cloth woven into Thai culture , March 10, 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Saharat Techanubal (2018), THAILAND FASHION CENTER (PDF) (in Thai), p. 14 ^ (#cite_ref-13) "นิโคลีน" นุ่งโจงห่มตะเบงมาน โชว์ความฮึกเหิมก่อนบินประกวด "มิสเวิลด์ 2018" (in Thai), November 2, 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-14) The Rise of Ethnic Minorities in Films , August 15, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Banong บานง อัตลักษณ์ความเป็นพื้นถิ่นในวิถีมลายูสู่วิถีแบรนด์บานงจังหวัดยะลา (in Thai), September 2, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-16) "บานง" เครื่องแต่งกายของสตรีไทยมุสลิมชายแดนใต้ (in Thai) , retrieved March 30, 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-17) การแต่งกายสตรีภาคใต้ชายแดน บานง (PDF) (in Thai) , retrieved March 30, 2023 Further reading Conway, Susan, and Mūnnithi Čhēm ʻĒt Dapbœ̄nyū Thō̜msan. Power dressing: Lanna Shan Siam 19th century court dress. Bangkok: James H.W. Thompson Foundation, 2003. Conway, Susan. Thai Textiles . London: British Museum Press, 1992. Lu, Sylvia. Handwoven Textiles of South-East Asia . Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988. Meanmas, Chavalit. Costumes in ASEAN . Thailand: The National ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information of Thailand, 2000. Wee, C. J. Wan. Local cultures and the "new Asia": The State, Culture, and Capitalism in Southeast Asia. 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Laotian national costume Laotian women wearing xout lao . The Xout Lao ( Lao (/wiki/Lao_language) : ຊຸດລາວ ; pronounced [sūt (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) láːw] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) ) is a Laotian (/wiki/Laos) national costume (/wiki/National_costume) , worn by men, women, and children. Xout lao literally means 'Lao outfit'. Components [ edit ] Xout Lao is composed of different parts. The style varies between genders from regions to regions, and it often depends on the occasions. For instance, in formal settings men typically wear a white silk Nehru-style jacket (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) with a pha hang (/wiki/Pha_hang) with white knee-length socks and dress shoes. Men can also optionally wear a pha biang (/wiki/Pha_biang) with checkered patterns on their left shoulders. Women typically wear a sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) matching in colors with a pha biang (/wiki/Pha_biang) and a silk suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) . [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) ການນຸ່ງຖືຂອງແມ່ຍິງລາວກັບງານປະເພນີ ("Lao clothing in ceremonial events" in Lao) (http://www.ecom.org.la/teen/khao/13/11216) [ permanent dead link ] Further reading [ edit ] Dolly Brittan (1997). The People of Laos . New York: PowerKids Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 082-3951-24-3 . Edeltraud Tagwerker (2009). Siho and Naga--Lao Textiles: Reflecting a People's Tradition and Change . Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 363-1586-89-2 . External links [ edit ] Sinhs (Lao skirt fabric) (https://web.archive.org/web/20130723050939/http://www.gotlaos.com/silskma.html) See also [ edit ] Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Pha biang (/wiki/Pha_biang) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Chut thai (/wiki/Chut_thai) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Pha hang (/wiki/Pha_hang) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier 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This is the latest accepted revision (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes) , reviewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Vaani_Kapoor) on 20 July 2024 . Indian actress (b. 1988) For the Indian golfer, see Vani Kapoor (/wiki/Vani_Kapoor) . Vaani Kapoor Kapoor in 2023 Born ( 1988-08-23 ) 23 August 1988 (age 35) Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) , India Alma mater Indira Gandhi National Open University (/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University) Occupation Actress Years active 2013–present Vaani Kapoor (born 23 August 1988) [1] (#cite_note-1) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi films (/wiki/Hindi_films) . After completing a bachelor's degree in tourism studies, she made her acting debut with Yash Raj Films (/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films) ' romantic comedy film Shuddh Desi Romance (/wiki/Shuddh_Desi_Romance) (2013), for which she received the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) . [2] (#cite_note-Kapoor,_Vaani-2) After facing criticism for her performances in the company's romantic comedies Aaha Kalyanam (/wiki/Aaha_Kalyanam) (2014) and Befikre (/wiki/Befikre) (2016), Kapoor took a three-year hiatus. She has since played brief roles of the love interest in action films, such as War (/wiki/War_(2019_film)) (2019), and gained praise for starring as a transgender woman in the romantic comedy Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui (/wiki/Chandigarh_Kare_Aashiqui) (2021). Early life and education [ edit ] Kapoor was born in Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) , India, into a Punjabi Hindu (/wiki/Punjabi_Hindu) family. [3] (#cite_note-3) Kapoor's father Shiv Kapoor is a furniture exports entrepreneur and her mother Dimpy Kapoor is a teacher-turned marketing executive. She did her schooling from Mata Jai Kaur Public School (/wiki/Mata_Jai_Kaur_Public_School) in Ashok Vihar (/wiki/Ashok_Vihar) , North West Delhi (/wiki/North_West_Delhi) . Later she enrolled in Indira Gandhi National Open University (/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University) at Maidan Garhi, completing a bachelor's degree in tourism studies, after which she took up an internship with Oberoi Hotels & Resorts (/wiki/Oberoi_Hotels_%26_Resorts) in Jaipur (/wiki/Jaipur) , Rajasthan and later worked for ITC Hotel. She was signed by the Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) for modeling projects. [4] (#cite_note-interview-4) Career [ edit ] Early success and hiatus (2013–2017) [ edit ] Kapoor with her co-stars Sushant Singh Rajput (/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput) and Parineeti Chopra (/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra) promoting their film Shuddh Desi Romance (/wiki/Shuddh_Desi_Romance) in 2013 at Comedy Nights with Kapil (/wiki/Comedy_Nights_with_Kapil) Kapoor started her career in the Hindi film industry by signing a three films deal with Yash Raj Films (/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She was selected through an audition to play a supporting role in the romantic comedy Shuddh Desi Romance (/wiki/Shuddh_Desi_Romance) , alongside Sushant Singh Rajput (/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput) and Parineeti Chopra (/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra) . The film dealt with the subject of live-in relationships (/wiki/Live-in_relationship) ; it received positive feedback from critics, and Kapoor's portrayal of an outspoken girl, Tara, was praised. Mohar Basu of Koimoi wrote that Kapoor was "a pleasant debutant though she isn’t an overtly powerful actress" [6] (#cite_note-Basu-6) while Madhureeta Mukherjee of The Times Of India (/wiki/The_Times_Of_India) thought that she was "impressive, pretty and commands a good screen-presence". [7] (#cite_note-7) Shuddh Desi Romance collected ₹ (/wiki/Indian_rupee) 76 crore (/wiki/Crore) (US$9.8 million) at the box-office worldwide and emerged as a commercial success. [6] (#cite_note-Basu-6) At the 59th Filmfare Awards (/wiki/59th_Filmfare_Awards) , Kapoor was awarded with the Best Female Debut (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) award. [8] (#cite_note-filmfare-8) Kapoor's next release was the Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_Cinema) romantic comedy Aaha Kalyanam (/wiki/Aaha_Kalyanam) , an official remake of the 2010 Hindi film Band Baaja Baaraat (/wiki/Band_Baaja_Baaraat) . She was cast opposite Nani (/wiki/Nani_(actor)) and learned the Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) language for the film. [9] (#cite_note-9) Upon release, the film was panned by critics and her performance was poorly received. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2016, Kapoor appeared in Aditya Chopra (/wiki/Aditya_Chopra) 's romantic comedy Befikre (/wiki/Befikre) opposite Ranveer Singh (/wiki/Ranveer_Singh) , which was set in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [11] (#cite_note-11) She played Shyra Gill, a French tourist guide of Indian descent whose romantic liaisons with Singh's character leads to conflict between them. [12] (#cite_note-12) The received negative reviews from critics and was considered to be a box-office failure. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2017, she appeared in a music video titled "Main Yaar Manana Ni" by Yashita Sharma under the label of YRF (/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films) . War and beyond (2019–present) [ edit ] After a three-year break from films, she appeared in the action thriller War (/wiki/War_(2019_film)) , alongside Hrithik Roshan (/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan) and Tiger Shroff (/wiki/Tiger_Shroff) . It was by Siddharth Anand (/wiki/Siddharth_Anand) and once again produced by Yash Raj Films. [14] (#cite_note-14) War set the record for the highest-opening day collection for a Bollywood film in India of over 53.35 crores nett domestically [15] (#cite_note-15) and went on to become the highest-grossing Indian film of 2019 (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films) , earning over 475 crores Worldwide and 318 crores net domestically in India thus entering the 300 Crore Club. [16] (#cite_note-16) thereby being her most successful film so far. [17] (#cite_note-17) However, she was criticised for her limited screen space, and her presence was widely considered as mainly to add a glamour quotient. [18] (#cite_note-18) Kapoor in 2021 Kapoor next starred in the 2021 action thriller Bell Bottom (/wiki/Bell_Bottom_(2021_film)) alongside Akshay Kumar (/wiki/Akshay_Kumar) , which marked her first film not to be produced by Yash Raj Films. [19] (#cite_note-19) Similar to War , she played the brief role of the male lead's love interest. [20] (#cite_note-20) Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) noted, "Kapoor is charming as Akshay's onscreen wife, and for a change, she isn't there just as a trophy wife but complements his character well." [21] (#cite_note-21) In the same year, Kapoor starred in the romantic drama Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui (/wiki/Chandigarh_Kare_Aashiqui) opposite Ayushmann Khurrana (/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana) . She was praised for her portrayal of a transgender woman in the film. [22] (#cite_note-22) Writing for Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) , Hiren Kotwani opined that "Kapoor sinks her teeth into her character from the word go and gives a no-holds-barred performance" [23] (#cite_note-TOIreview-23) while also praising her chemistry with Khurrana. [23] (#cite_note-TOIreview-23) Kapoor next starred in Shamshera (/wiki/Shamshera) (2022), a period drama starring Ranbir Kapoor (/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor) and Sanjay Dutt (/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt) , which had negative critical reviews and poor box-office returns. [24] (#cite_note-release_date-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Writing for Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) opined, "Kapoor's character is not well fleshed out. Audiences may be bewildered to see her leave a fine dancing career and turn into a rebel". [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-:31-27) Kapoor will next star in the thriller series Mandala Murders . [28] (#cite_note-mandala-28) Media image [ edit ] Post her film debut, The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) named her the "Most Promising Female Newcomer" of 2013. [29] (#cite_note-29) Kapoor became the seventh most trended actress on Google (/wiki/Google) in India, in 2016. [30] (#cite_note-30) Kapoor is a celebrity endorser for several brands and products including Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , Lotus Herbals, AJIO (/wiki/Reliance_Retail) and Realme (/wiki/Realme) . [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Filmography [ edit ] Films [ edit ] Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2013 Shuddh Desi Romance (/wiki/Shuddh_Desi_Romance) Tara 2014 Aaha Kalyanam (/wiki/Aaha_Kalyanam) Shruthi Subramaniam Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) film [33] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-33) 2016 Befikre (/wiki/Befikre) Shyra Gill [34] (#cite_note-34) 2019 War (/wiki/War_(2019_film)) Naina Verma 2021 Bell Bottom (/wiki/Bell_Bottom_(2021_film)) Radhika Malhotra Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui (/wiki/Chandigarh_Kare_Aashiqui) Maanvi Brar [35] (#cite_note-35) 2022 Shamshera (/wiki/Shamshera) Sona [36] (#cite_note-36) 2024 Khel Khel Mein (/wiki/Khel_Khel_Mein_(2024_film)) † TBA Post-production [37] (#cite_note-37) Raid 2 (/wiki/Raid_2) † TBA Completed [38] (#cite_note-38) TBA Badtameez Gill † TBA Filming [39] (#cite_note-39) Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. TBA Mandala Murders † TBA Filming [28] (#cite_note-mandala-28) Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Singer(s) Label Ref. 2017 "Main Yaar Manana Ni" Yashita Sharma YRF (/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films) [40] (#cite_note-40) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Work Result Ref. 2013 BIG Star Entertainment Awards (/wiki/BIG_Star_Entertainment_Awards) Most Entertaining Film Debut (Female) Shuddh Desi Romance (/wiki/Shuddh_Desi_Romance) Won [41] (#cite_note-41) 2014 Filmfare Awards (/wiki/Filmfare_Awards) Best Female Debut (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Won [8] (#cite_note-filmfare-8) International Indian Film Academy Awards (/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy_Awards) Star Debut of the Year (Female) (/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Star_Debut_of_the_Year_%E2%80%93_Female) Won [42] (#cite_note-IIFA_2014-42) Star Guild Awards (/wiki/Star_Guild_Awards) Best Female Debut (/wiki/Producers_Guild_Film_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Won [43] (#cite_note-43) Zee Cine Awards (/wiki/Zee_Cine_Awards) Best Female Debut (/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Won [44] (#cite_note-44) Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role_%E2%80%93_Female) Nominated [45] (#cite_note-45) Screen Awards (/wiki/Screen_Awards) Best Female Debut (/wiki/Screen_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Nominated [46] (#cite_note-46) 2019 Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Screen_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) War (/wiki/War_(2019_film)) Nominated [47] (#cite_note-47) 2022 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (/wiki/Indian_Film_Festival_of_Melbourne) Disruptor in Cinema Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui (/wiki/Chandigarh_Kare_Aashiqui) Won [48] (#cite_note-48) Iconic Gold Awards (/wiki/Iconic_Gold_Awards) Powerback Performance of the Year Won [49] (#cite_note-49) 2023 Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards (/wiki/Pinkvilla_Style_Icons_Awards) Super Stylish Charismatic Diva — Won [50] (#cite_note-50) Bollywood Hungama Style Icons (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama_Style_Icons) Most Stylish Trend Setter (Female) — Nominated [51] (#cite_note-51) Most Stylish Mould Breaking Star (Female) — Won References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Vaani Kapoor: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday | eTimes" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Vaani-Kapoor) . The Times of India . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220110193648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Vaani-Kapoor) from the original on 10 January 2022 . Retrieved 10 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kapoor,_Vaani_2-0) Kapoor, Vaani (29 November 2013). "its 88!*sigh*" (https://twitter.com/Vaaniofficial/status/406677220682252288) . Twitter.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055549/https://twitter.com/Vaaniofficial/status/406677220682252288) from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lakhi, Navleen (19 October 2013). "Personal Agenda: Vaani Kapoor" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/personal-agenda-vaani-kapoor/story-OC3Gtg0iKiKbKgrahd8UaK.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160313131822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/personal-agenda-vaani-kapoor/story-OC3Gtg0iKiKbKgrahd8UaK.html) from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-interview_4-0) "Vaani Kapoor: Was VERY SCARED of the director of Shuddh Desi Romance" (https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-vaani-kapoor-was-very-scared-of-the-director-of-shuddh-desi-romance/20130904.htm) . Rediff . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190630140859/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-vaani-kapoor-was-very-scared-of-the-director-of-shuddh-desi-romance/20130904.htm) from the original on 30 June 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) " (https://archive.today/20141013160234/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/sep/180913-shuddh-desi-romance-more-challenging-than-fun-vaani-kapoor.htm/) 'Shuddh Desi Romance' more challenging than fun: Vaani Kapoor" (https://archive.today/20141013160234/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/sep/180913-shuddh-desi-romance-more-challenging-than-fun-vaani-kapoor.htm/) . Mid Day. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original (http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/sep/180913-shuddh-desi-romance-more-challenging-than-fun-vaani-kapoor.htm/) on 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Basu, Mohar (6 September 2013). "Shuddh Desi Romance Review" (http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/shuddh-desi-romance-review/) . Koimoi. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141015121144/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/shuddh-desi-romance-review/) from the original on 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Mukherjee, Madhureeta (6 September 2013). "Shuddh Desi Romance: Movie Review" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shuddh-desi-romance-movie-review/movie-review/22326739.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 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(https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865) . PINKVILLA . 7 April 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230411065217/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865) from the original on 11 April 2023 . Retrieved 11 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php) . Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php) from the original on 14 April 2023 . Retrieved 12 April 2023 . External links [ edit ] Vaani Kapoor (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5744729/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Bollywood (/wiki/Portal:Bollywood) Films (/wiki/Portal:Films) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Vaani Kapoor at Wikipedia's sister projects : Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vaani_Kapoor) from Commons Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15645408) from Wikidata v t e Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) 1989–2000 Juhi Chawla (/wiki/Juhi_Chawla) ( 1989 (/wiki/34th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Bhagyashree (/wiki/Bhagyashree) ( 1990 (/wiki/35th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Pooja Bhatt (/wiki/Pooja_Bhatt) ( 1991 (/wiki/36th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Raveena Tandon (/wiki/Raveena_Tandon) ( 1992 (/wiki/37th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Divya Bharti (/wiki/Divya_Bharti) ( 1993 (/wiki/38th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Mamta Kulkarni (/wiki/Mamta_Kulkarni) ( 1994 (/wiki/39th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Sonali Bendre (/wiki/Sonali_Bendre) & Tabu (/wiki/Tabu_(actress)) ( 1995 (/wiki/40th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Twinkle Khanna (/wiki/Twinkle_Khanna) ( 1996 (/wiki/41st_Filmfare_Awards) ) Seema Biswas (/wiki/Seema_Biswas) ( 1997 (/wiki/42nd_Filmfare_Awards) ) Mahima Chaudhry (/wiki/Mahima_Chaudhry) ( 1998 (/wiki/43rd_Filmfare_Awards) ) Preity Zinta (/wiki/Preity_Zinta) ( 1999 (/wiki/44th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Nandita Das (/wiki/Nandita_Das) ( 2000 (/wiki/45th_Filmfare_Awards) ) 2001–2009 Kareena Kapoor (/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor_Khan) ( 2001 (/wiki/46th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Bipasha Basu (/wiki/Bipasha_Basu) ( 2002 (/wiki/47th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Esha Deol (/wiki/Esha_Deol) ( 2003 (/wiki/48th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Lara Dutta (/wiki/Lara_Dutta) & Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) ( 2004 (/wiki/49th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Ayesha Takia (/wiki/Ayesha_Takia) ( 2005 (/wiki/50th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Vidya Balan (/wiki/Vidya_Balan) ( 2006 (/wiki/51st_Filmfare_Awards) ) Kangana Ranaut (/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut) ( 2007 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(/wiki/Sharvari) ( 2022 (/wiki/67th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Andrea Kevichüsa (/wiki/Andrea_Kevich%C3%BCsa) ( 2023 (/wiki/68th_Filmfare_Awards) ) Alizeh Agnihotri (/wiki/Alizeh_Agnihotri) ( 2024 (/wiki/69th_Filmfare_Awards) ) v t e IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female (/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Star_Debut_of_the_Year_%E2%80%93_Female) Kareena Kapoor (/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor_Khan) , Kim Sharma (/wiki/Kim_Sharma) , Preeti Jhangiani (/wiki/Preeti_Jhangiani) & Shamita Shetty (/wiki/Shamita_Shetty) (2001) Bipasha Basu (/wiki/Bipasha_Basu) & Gracy Singh (/wiki/Gracy_Singh) (2002) Esha Deol (/wiki/Esha_Deol) (2003) Amrita Rao (/wiki/Amrita_Rao) (2004) Ayesha Takia (/wiki/Ayesha_Takia) (2005) Vidya Balan (/wiki/Vidya_Balan) (2006) Kangana Ranaut (/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut) (2007) Deepika Padukone (/wiki/Deepika_Padukone) (2008) Asin (/wiki/Asin) (2009) Jacqueline Fernandez (/wiki/Jacqueline_Fernandez) & Mahi Gill (/wiki/Mahi_Gill) (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (/wiki/Sonakshi_Sinha) (2011) Parineeti Chopra (/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra) (2012) Yami Gautam (/wiki/Yami_Gautam) (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) Kriti Sanon (/wiki/Kriti_Sanon) (2015) Bhumi Pednekar (/wiki/Bhumi_Pednekar) (2016) Disha Patani (/wiki/Disha_Patani) (2017) Sara Ali Khan (/wiki/Sara_Ali_Khan) (2019) Ananya Panday (/wiki/Ananya_Panday) (2020) Sharvari Wagh (/wiki/Sharvari_Wagh) (2022) v t e Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut (/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Mahima Chaudhry (/wiki/Mahima_Chaudhry) (1998) Preity Zinta (/wiki/Preity_Zinta) (1999) Rinke Khanna (/wiki/Rinke_Khanna) (2000) Amisha Patel (/wiki/Amisha_Patel) (2001) Gracy Singh (/wiki/Gracy_Singh) (2002) Malini Sharma (/wiki/Malini_Sharma) (2003) Bhumika Chawla (/wiki/Bhumika_Chawla) (2004) Gayatri Joshi (/wiki/Gayatri_Joshi) (2005) Vidya Balan (/wiki/Vidya_Balan) & Konkona Sen Sharma (/wiki/Konkona_Sen_Sharma) (2006) Kangana Ranaut (/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut) (2007) Deepika Padukone (/wiki/Deepika_Padukone) (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (/wiki/Sonakshi_Sinha) (2011) Parineeti Chopra (/wiki/Parineeti_Chopra) (2012) Ileana D'Cruz (/wiki/Ileana_D%27Cruz) & Yami Gautam (/wiki/Yami_Gautam) (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) No Award (2015) Harshaali Malhotra (/wiki/Harshaali_Malhotra) & Bhumi Pednekar (/wiki/Bhumi_Pednekar) (2016) Ritika Singh (/wiki/Ritika_Singh) (2017) Nidhhi Agerwal (/wiki/Nidhhi_Agerwal) (2018) Janhvi Kapoor (/wiki/Janhvi_Kapoor) (2019) Tara Sutaria (/wiki/Tara_Sutaria) & Ananya Panday (/wiki/Ananya_Panday) (2020) No Award (2021) No Award (2022) Rashmika Mandanna (/wiki/Rashmika_Mandanna) (2023) Medha Shankr (/wiki/Medha_Shankr) & Alizeh Agnihotri (/wiki/Alizeh_Agnihotri) (2024) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/2723150688327412660002) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8Vj8pvXCWYXTJDFdPcP) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017125870) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved 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This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_textile&action=edit§ion=) . ( August 2021 ) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Green textiles are fabrics or fibres (/wiki/Textile) produced to replace environmentally harmful textiles and minimise the ecological impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) . Green textiles (or eco-textiles) are part of the sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) and eco-friendly (/wiki/Environmentally_friendly) trends, providing alternatives to the otherwise pollution-heavy (/wiki/Pollution) products of conventional textile industry (/wiki/Textile_industry) , which is deemed the most ecologically damaging industry (/wiki/Manufacturing) . Green textiles may also refer to clothing or accessories designed to use organic (/wiki/Organic_clothing) or recycled (/wiki/Recycling) materials, less packaging and more energy-efficient (/wiki/Efficient_energy_use) manufacturing. Types of Green Textiles [ edit ] Silk [ edit ] Silk is a traditional textile material made up of silk fibroin and sericin. [1] (#cite_note-1) The two materials in silk typically require prior separation before the silk can be further processed for clothing. Traditional textile methods involve soap, alkali, or both to degum textile silk. Ultrasonic degumming is a greener degumming process that is being researched. It includes degumming via sonification, which controls the rapid sol-gel transition of silk fibroin to form a hydrogel, regulating the protein structure to obtain protein-based materials. Hemp [ edit ] Hemp ( Cannabis sativa ) is a material used to produce fabrics at a lower cost than synthesis polymers. Hemp fibers are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and ester wax. The presence of cellulose allows hemp to have good water absorbency, comfort, and stability during textile processing. Ongoing research is being done on the incorporation of natural pomegranate extract into hemp fabrics to improve their dyeability and antibacterial properties. [2] (#cite_note-2) Lyocell [ edit ] Lyocell is a light cellulose fiber that is created by dissolving wood pulp. There are three general approaches to creating lyocell: physical blending, chemical reaction, and post-treatment. [3] (#cite_note-3) Lyocell is being favoured, rather than its predecessor, viscose fibre, because lyocell's manufacturing process does not involve volatile and odiferous carbon disulfide. Lyocell is 50% more absorbent than traditional cotton and requires less energy and water to produce, i.e. the chemicals used to produce the fibers are managed in a closed-loop system. [4] (#cite_note-4) Synthesis of Green Textiles [ edit ] Via Nanoparticles [ edit ] Green textiles are treated with green-synthesized nanoparticles (/wiki/Nanoparticle) . Nanoparticles are considered to be easy to synthesize, eco-friendly, and biocompatible in nature. Since textiles are host materials for the development of microbial infection, there is a need for antimicrobial clothing. Coating textile surfaces using nanoparticles or in-situ synthesis of nanoparticles with fabrics is an emerging tactic in yielding highly-finished green textiles. Types of Nanoparticles 1. Silver Nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles, also known as Nano Silver , are commonly used in biomedical fields due to their outstanding antimicrobial nature. [5] (#cite_note-5) They are also applicable in textiles, cosmetics, electronics, paints, the food industry, and medicinal fields. Nano Silver is synthesized by polysaccharides extracted from different marine macroalgae ( Colpomenia sinuosa , Jania rubins , 'Pterocladia capillacae , and Ulva fasciata ). Clusters of silver-poly(acrylates) can be synthesized via the reduction of Silver nitrate. [6] (#cite_note-6) Nano Silver is the most common nanoparticle used in green textiles. It is a natural antimicrobial agent that acts as a catalyst for deactivating fungi, viruses, and bacteria required for oxygen intake. It also does not harm the human body's chemistry. 2. Gold Nanoparticles Gold particles, called Collodial gold when dispersed in water, are used in the textile industry. Particle diameter varies from 1 to 100 nm. Textile functionalization using gold nanoparticles has improved in the recent years. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles is performed on cotton fabrics by in-situ synthesis for functionalization, popularized for cellulose material. [7] (#cite_note-7) It is treated by washing cotton fabric with HAuCl4 aqueous solutions in various concentrations. Gold particles were revealed with effective reduction of 4-nitrophenol by using Sodium borohydride. Cotton fabrics treated by gold nanoparticles resulted in improved antibacterial activity, UV-blocking ability of the fabric, and improved Raman signs of dyes on fabric. Schematic Diagram of Laccase-Catalyzed Oxidation [8] (#cite_note-8) Via Laccase (Textile-dyeing) [ edit ] Laccase is a multi-copper oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of one electron of a wide range of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds to radical forms. The enzyme requires a molecule of oxygen as a co-substrate for catalysis and yields water as the sole by-product. Laccase-catalyzed synthesis of dye molecules represents a greener choice to reduce the environmental footprint of conventional synthesis processes. Laccase is considered to meet the textile industry's needs in terms of productivity, as it has proven to efficiently color nylon and wool fibers. Laccase has also proven to be difficult in keeping a low purity and homogeneity of the produced dyes. Uses and Applications [ edit ] Green Chemistry in Wet Processing of Textiles [ edit ] Wet processing is the treatment of textile substrates with colorants and chemicals. [9] (#cite_note-9) In conventional wet processing of textiles, excessive amounts of toxic and hazardous chemicals are utilized, and extremely large amounts of water are consumed. Introduction of new bi- and multi-functional reactive dyes have significantly reduced energy and water consumption by at least half. This is caused by its enhanced properties in dye exhaustion, allowing for lower temperature conditions to be used. [10] (#cite_note-10) Discovery of biodegradable dyes with improved fixation qualities. Alternative dye options such as pre-reduced sulfur and water-insoluble dyes that do not require reducing agents have made dyeing processes much more eco-friendly. Green reducing agents such as sugar-based reducing agents are commonly used to replace non-eco-friendly reducing agents like sodium sulfate. [11] (#cite_note-11) Ionic liquids have been used as green solvents in making wet processing more sustainable. Research established that non-aqueous solvents could potentially replace water consumption in wet processing. [12] (#cite_note-12) This results in saving energy through indirect decrease in the usage of water. Ionic liquids possess high dissolving properties, are non-volatile, and have low vapor pressure which labelling them as recoverable green solvents that produces no emissions and are eco-toxic. [13] (#cite_note-13) Impacts [ edit ] Reduction of Water Pollution [ edit ] Via Neutralization Neutralization is the primary treatment where the suspended solids are eliminated via the technique of sedimentation, flotation, flocculation, and coagulation techniques. Anaerobic Bacteria The secondary treatment process is to utilize anaerobic bacteria, and microorganisms, on the surface of sewage waters. The role of this bacteria is to reduce the amount of sludge and the ability to produce methane gas. This in turn can be used as an alternative energy source. An additional advantage to this treatment is that phosphorus can be removed as well. [14] (#cite_note-14) Oxidation The tertiary treatment for water pollution is through the use of redox reactions. Using redox reactions, chemical oxidation can be used to remove the color and odor, organic and inorganic compounds from wastewater. This is treated using specific ranges of pH to precipitate. [15] (#cite_note-15) Carbon oxidation can also be utilized. By using activated carbons from a range of commercial carbon-based porous-material, organic micropollutants can be removed from wastewater. The benefit is that it does not generate oxidation byproducts, thus different from a usual oxidation process. See also [ edit ] Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Green chemistry (/wiki/Green_chemistry) Water pollution (/wiki/Water_pollution) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Zhu, L.; Lin, J.; Pei, L.; Luo, Y.; Li, D.; Huang, Z. Recent Advances in Environmentally Friendly and Green Degumming Processes of Silk for Textile and Non-Textile Applications. Polymers 2022, 14 (4), 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040659 (https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040659) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Inprasit, T.; Pukkao, J.; Lertlaksameephan, N.; Chuenchom, A.; Motina, K.; Inprasit, W. Green Dyeing and Antibacterial Treatment of Hemp Fabrics Using Punica Granatum Peel Extracts. International Journal of Polymer Science 2020, 2020, e6084127. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6084127 (https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6084127) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Edgar, K. J.; Zhang, H. Antibacterial Modification of Lyocell Fiber: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2020, 250, 116932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116932 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116932) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Edgar, K. J.; Zhang, H. Antibacterial Modification of Lyocell Fiber: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2020, 250, 116932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116932 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116932) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jadoun, S.; Verma, A.; Arif, R. Chapter 22 - Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Textile Applications. In Green Chemistry for Sustainable Textiles; Ibrahim, N., Hussain, C. M., Eds.; The Textile Institute Book Series; Woodhead Publishing, 2021; pp 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85204-3.00016-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85204-3.00016-6) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Falletta, E.; Bonini, M.; Fratini, E.; Nostro, A. L.; Pesavento, G.; Becheri, A.; Nostro, P. L.; Canton, P.; Baglioni, P. Clusters of Poly(acrylates) and Silver Nanoparticles: Structure and Applications for Antimicrobial Fabrics. ACS Publications. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8035814 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8035814) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Jadoun, S.; Verma, A.; Arif, R. Chapter 22 - Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Textile Applications. In Green Chemistry for Sustainable Textiles; Ibrahim, N., Hussain, C. M., Eds.; The Textile Institute Book Series; Woodhead Publishing, 2021; pp 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85204-3.00016-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85204-3.00016-6) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Wang, J.; Feng, J.; Jia, W.; Chang, S.; Li, S.; Li, Y. Lignin Engineering through Laccase Modification: A Promising Field for Energy Plant Improvement. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2015, 8 (1), 145. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0331-y (https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0331-y) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Wet-Processing - GOTS. https://global-standard.org/certification-and-labelling/who-needs-to-be-certified/wet-processing (https://global-standard.org/certification-and-labelling/who-needs-to-be-certified/wet-processing) (accessed 2022-12-02). ^ (#cite_ref-10) Saxena, S.; Raja, A. S. M.; Arputharaj, A. Challenges in Sustainable Wet Processing of Textiles. In Textiles and Clothing Sustainability: Sustainable Textile Chemical Processes; Muthu, S. S., Ed.; Textile Science and Clothing Technology; Springer: Singapore, 2017; pp 43–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2185-5_2 (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2185-5_2) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Gulzar, T.; Farooq, T.; Kiran, S.; Ahmad, I.; Hameed, A. 1 - Green Chemistry in the Wet Processing of Textiles. In The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology; Shahid-ul-Islam, Butola, B. S., Eds.; The Textile Institute Book Series; Woodhead Publishing, 2019; pp 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102491-1.00001-0 (https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102491-1.00001-0) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Zhang, Y.; Bakshi, B. R.; Demessie, E. S. Life Cycle Assessment of an Ionic Liquid versus Molecular Solvents and Their Applications. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (5), 1724–1730. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0713983 (https://doi.org/10.1021/es0713983) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Earle, M. J.; Seddon, K. R. Ionic Liquids. Green Solvents for the Future. Pure and Applied Chemistry 2000, 72 (7), 1391–1398. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071391 (https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071391) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Encourage Textile Manufacturers to Reduce Pollution" (https://www.nrdc.org/issues/encourage-textile-manufacturers-reduce-pollution) . NRDC . Retrieved 2022-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Ranjan, Amit (2020-03-14). "Water Issues in Bangladesh: Growing Pollution and Mismanagement" (https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2020.1749456) . Asian Affairs . 51 (2): 328–346. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/03068374.2020.1749456 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068374.2020.1749456) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0306-8374 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-8374) . 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Traditional North American garment For the Jewish garment, see Kapoteh (/wiki/Kapoteh) The River Road by Cornelius Krieghoff (/wiki/Cornelius_Krieghoff) , 1855 (Three habitants wearing capotes) A capote ( French: [kapɔt] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ) or capot ( French: [kapo] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ) is a long wrap-style wool (/wiki/Wool) coat with a hood. From the early days of the North American fur trade (/wiki/North_American_fur_trade) , both indigenous peoples (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples) and European Canadian (/wiki/European_Canadian) settlers fashioned wool blankets into "capotes" as a means of coping with harsh winters. [1] (#cite_note-1) The garments served as winter outerwear for First Nations (/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada) , the habitants (/wiki/Habitants) and voyageurs (/wiki/Voyageurs) of New France (/wiki/New_France) , the Métis (/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)) of the Red River Colony (/wiki/Red_River_Colony) , and the British settlers (/wiki/British_Canadians) , traders, and trappers (/wiki/Trapping) of British North America (/wiki/British_North_America) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The Hudson's Bay Company (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company) (HBC) sold capotes, called blanket coats , made out of the company's "point" blankets (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket) . [3] (#cite_note-northwest_journal-capots-3) These were sold at HBC trading posts (/wiki/Trading_posts) starting the early 18th-century, and were popular among traders for their "wrap" style, which was easy to move and hunt in. [4] (#cite_note-4) The Canadian Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) , originally made from HBC blankets, [5] (#cite_note-5) serves as a functional equivalent of the Hudson's Bay Company blanket coat. [6] (#cite_note-6) The Hudson's Bay blanket coat served as a template for the Mackinaw jacket. [ citation needed ] The English language adopted the French word capote at least as early as 1812. [7] (#cite_note-7) Habitant capote [ edit ] A Habitant in a capote, 1778. In the early 1600s, French sailors traded their capotes to the Micmac (/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people) in North America. By 1619, the French habitants were also wearing capotes. Fifty years later, the habitants wore an altered form of the capote, possibly based on the then fashionable justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) , or on the French military (/wiki/Military_of_New_France) uniforms of soldiers stationed in New France at the time, such as the Carignan-Salières Regiment (/wiki/Carignan-Sali%C3%A8res_Regiment) . The altered knee length version had no buttons and was worn with a military sash ( Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) ). [3] (#cite_note-northwest_journal-capots-3) [8] (#cite_note-8) The habitant capot was no longer the sailors' capot nor the soldiers' capote , but something distinct, combining features from both. [9] (#cite_note-Royal_Society_of_Canada-9) Capot is the Quebec French (/wiki/Quebec_French) word that described this unique winter jacket. From capot came the verb encapoter or s'encapoter also in Quebec French (meaning to put on a capot and other winter accessories before going out). [9] (#cite_note-Royal_Society_of_Canada-9) Métis capote [ edit ] The Metis man's winter attire was the capote; a thigh length coat with full length sleeves which could come with or without a hood or cape. Most had small shoulder decorations made of red stroud. To keep the coat closed there were both thongs and buttons or a sash. — Lawrence J. Barkwell (/wiki/Lawrence_J._Barkwell) [10] (#cite_note-metis_culture-10) The Surveyor: Portrait of Captain John Henry Lefroy (/wiki/The_Surveyor:_Portrait_of_Captain_John_Henry_Lefroy) ca. 1845 by Paul Kane (/wiki/Paul_Kane) . Lefroy is wearing a Métis/voyageur outfit consisting of a capote, a sash, a fire bag, mittens on a string, leggings, garters and moccasins. His companion is also wearing a capote, a sash and a fire bag. [10] (#cite_note-metis_culture-10) "Red stroud" refers to the "Stroudwater Scarlet", cloth produced in the English town of Stroud (/wiki/Stroud#History) , which was used for the uniform of the British Army (/wiki/Red_coat_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)) . [11] (#cite_note-11) The Métis capotes of the Red River area were made of leather or wool. [10] (#cite_note-metis_culture-10) Those made of leather were often decorated with beads and silk embroidery in floral designs. [12] (#cite_note-12) The wool capotes were of different colors; blue was preferred by the Catholic Métis and white by the Protestant Métis while grey was worn by both. [10] (#cite_note-metis_culture-10) A sash was worn around the waist and a fire bag was either tucked in the folds of the sash or hung around the neck by a shoulder strap. A fire bag was used for carrying flints, steel and tinder to start a fire as well as tobacco, pipe, knife and other personal items [13] (#cite_note-13) as most capotes had no pockets. William H. Keating described a group of Métis buffalo hunters (/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt) he encountered at Pembina (/wiki/Pembina,_North_Dakota) by the Red River (/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North) in 1823. All of them have a blue capote with a hood, which they use only in bad weather; the capote is secured round their waist by a military sash; they wear a shirt of calico or painted muslin, moccassins and leather leggings fastened round the leg by garters ornamented with beads,&c. The Bois brulés (/wiki/Bois-Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9s) often dispense with a hat; when they have one, it is generally variegated in the Indian manner, with feathers, gilt lace, and other tawdry ornaments. — William Keating 1824 [14] (#cite_note-Keating1824-14) In Canadian culture [ edit ] In the latter half of the 19th century the blanket coat was popularized amongst the European-descended population of Canada to the extent that it was looked on as national dress (/wiki/National_dress) . Blanket coats had been used for some time before by those with outdoor occupations, but in this period the cut and construction of the coat started to follow changing European and American fashions and became more widely used. [15] (#cite_note-Palmer2004-15) The popularity of the coat was part of a wider movement to adopt aspects of the culture of indigenous people (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) in order to establish a Canadian identity that was separate from both British and United States identities. [16] (#cite_note-16) Two elite groups were important in establishing the blanket coat's popularity. One was the Montreal Snow Shoe Club (/wiki/Montreal_Snow_Shoe_Club) , which adopted the blanket coat as required equipment. [17] (#cite_note-17) Snow shoeing was another activity adopted from indigenous people and for a time became immensely popular as a sport. The other group was a succession of Governors General of Canada (/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada) photographed wearing blanket coats. Perhaps even more significant for spreading the coat as a fashion was its wearing by the wives of Governors General, known as viceregal consorts (/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada) . Initially considered a male garment, by this period it was being made in versions for women and children. [18] (#cite_note-18) Gallery [ edit ] Métis in capotes hunting buffalo in the Red River area (1822) Hurons de la Jeune Lorette , Québec, Canada c. 1838. Blue trimmed white capote and sash Habitant in winter dress, by Frances Anne Hopkins (/wiki/Frances_Anne_Hopkins) (1858) Members of the Montreal Snow Shoe Club (/wiki/Montreal_Snow_Shoe_Club) in 1877 in capotes and sashes Members of the Montreal Snow Shoe Club in 1886 in capotes and sashes Capote for scout on raiding party, Siksika, early 1900s, wool from Hudson's Bay Company blanket William Jackson (Little Blackfeet) on white horse, Siksika ( Blackfoot (/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy) ), Montana. c. 1900s. Traditional capote made with a Hudson's Bay point blanket (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket) See also [ edit ] Canada portal (/wiki/Portal:Canada) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "the native canadian" (http://www.nativecanadian.ca/Canadiana/HBCPoint100.htm) . Nativecanadian.ca . Retrieved October 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat" (http://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/fashion-pop/hudsons-bay-point-blanket-coat) . HBC Heritage . Retrieved 7 April 2022 ^ Jump up to: a b "Capots (Art. III. Capots, with some Side Lights on Chiefs' Coats & Blankets, 1774-1821, by A. Gottfred.)" (http://www.northwestjournal.ca/XIII3.htm) . Northwest Journal Online . Retrieved 2014-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat" (http://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/fashion-pop/hudsons-bay-point-blanket-coat) . HBC Heritage . Retrieved 7 April 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Reedstrom, Ernest Lisle (1991). Ernest L. Reedstrom's Scrapbook of the American West . Caxton Printers. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870043031 . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . The original mackinaw coats were made from Hudson's Bay "Point" blanket. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Grady, Wayne (/wiki/Wayne_Grady_(author)) (1998). Chasing the Chinook: On the Trail of Canadian Words and Culture . Toronto: Viking. pp. 163–164. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780670882434 . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . The mackinaw blanket jacket is the old North West Company's equivalent to the Hudson's Bay Company blanket coat. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "capote" (https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=capote) . Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) (Online ed.). Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . (Subscription or participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site of Canada (The Capote)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131023042442/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ab/rockymountain/natcul/natcul2/08.aspx#) . Parks Canada. Archived from the original (http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ab/rockymountain/natcul/natcul2/08.aspx) on 2013-10-23 . Retrieved 2014-01-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b Déliberations Et Mémoires de la Société Royale Du Canada . Royal Society of Canada. 1885. p. 21 . Retrieved 2014-04-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Metis Culture: A pictorial essay on the Metis capote" (https://www.scribd.com/doc/45986728/Capote) . Laurence J. Barkwell . Retrieved 2014-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "History" (http://stroud-textile.org.uk/history/) . Stroudwater Textile Trust . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Floral Beadwork: A Métis Cultural Heritage to Rediscover" (http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-476/Floral_Beadwork:_A_M%C3%A9tis_Cultural_Heritage_to_Rediscover_.html) . Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America . Retrieved 2014-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Royal Alberta Museum Online Exhibitions: A Métis Fire Bag" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140308030518/http://www.royalalbertamuseum.ca/onlineExhibit/southesk/redRiver_fireBag.cfm) . Archived from the original (http://www.royalalbertamuseum.ca/onlineExhibit/southesk/redRiver_fireBag.cfm) on 2014-03-08 . Retrieved 2014-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-Keating1824_14-0) William Hypolitus Keating (1824). Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's river ... &c., performed in ... 1823 . p. 44 . Retrieved 2014-04-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-Palmer2004_15-0) Eileen Stack (2004). "Very picturesque and very Canadian: the blanket coat and Anglo-Canadian identity in the second half of the nineteenth century", in "Fashion--A Canadian Perspective" edited by Alexandra Palmer . University of Toronto Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8020-8590-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Stack, p. 33 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Stack, p. 18 ^ (#cite_ref-18) Stack, p. 21 External links [ edit ] Look up capote (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capote) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cmhg.gc.ca: Compagnies franches de la Marine winter dress between 1690 and 1700 (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201221407/http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/image-170-eng.asp?page_id=215) University of Oregon.edu: Metis textiles (http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/collections/web-galleries/metis-textiles-image-index) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161222222223/http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/collections/web-galleries/metis-textiles-image-index) 2016-12-22 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Smithsonian Institution.edu: Metis capote (without a hood) (http://nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/arctic-subarctic/191253.html) Smithsonian Institution.edu: Portrait of Robert Kennicott in 1862 wearing a Metis/voyageur outfit (see image 4) (http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/profiles/Kennicott/01603504.jpg) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130103213157/http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/profiles/Kennicott/01603504.jpg) 2013-01-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) — in this Carte de visite (/wiki/Carte_de_visite) Robert Kennicott (/wiki/Robert_Kennicott) is wearing a double breasted capote with buttons tied at the waist with a metis sash with a marten (/wiki/Marten) fur fire-bag tucked in. His pants are trimmed with ribbon on the outside seams and on the cuffs. The pants are tied just below the knees with garters ending in tassels and on his feet are beaded or embroidered moccasins. On his head is a toque. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capote (garment) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Capote_(garment)) . v t e Hudson's Bay Company (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company) Current holdings Hudson's Bay (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)) Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) Saks Off 5th (/wiki/Saks_Off_5th) SaksWorks (/wiki/SaksWorks) Zellers (/wiki/Zellers) (1978–2020, 2023–present) Former holdings Shop-Rite (/wiki/Shop-Rite_(Canada)) (1972–1982) Designer Depot (/wiki/Designer_Depot) (2004–2008) Fortunoff (/wiki/Fortunoff) (2008–2009) Fields (/wiki/Fields_(department_store)) (1978–2012) I. G. 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Christophe Coppens Born ( 1969-11-21 ) 21 November 1969 (age 54) Nationality Belgian Website christophecoppens.com (http://www.christophecoppens.com) Christophe Coppens (born 21 November 1969) is a Belgian artist and opera director, living and working in Belgium. Trained initially as a theatre director, Coppens started his own label as an accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) designer at the age of 21, a career that would span over 20 years with several outlets, international press following and buyers the world over, and that he would combine and nurture with his first stunts and solo shows as an artist. History [ edit ] Deer Cape & hat, from Coppens's haute couture collection 'Dream Your Dream', Winter 2005 Christophe Coppens initially studied drama at the Brussels Conservatoire/Conservatorium, and whilst pursuing a path as actor and director - quite by chance and following an invitation to Paris from a renowned fashion magazine – developed a global career on the edge of fashion, design and art. During the 20 years which followed, he made many collections of fashion accessories, had collaborations in the music, fashion and design world, all whilst developing his work as an artist. Coppens created his first experimental hat collection in 1990 which was picked up from the start by international buyers and press. Through the years his activities extended to complete accessories collections for men and women and opening outlets in Antwerp, Bruges and Brussels. He would also present his collections twice a year during Paris and Japan Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week) . Alongside he worked on collaborations for the fashion shows of international renowned designers making hats for the likes of Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) , [1] (#cite_note-1) Guy Laroche (/wiki/Guy_Laroche) , JuunJ and Manish Arora (/wiki/Manish_Arora) , and he created one of a kind presentations for high-end world class retailers Charivay (New York City), Frank et Fils (Paris) and Joyce Boutique (/wiki/Joyce_Boutique) (Hong Kong and Paris), among others. In Japan he found distribution and representation in fashion group HP France. In addition Coppens has made accessories for pop stars such as Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Grace Jones (/wiki/Grace_Jones) , Scissor Sisters (/wiki/Scissor_Sisters) and Beth Ditto (/wiki/Beth_Ditto) , and he has worked most closely with Róisín Murphy (/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Murphy) , [2] (#cite_note-2) particularly on all the costumes worn by the performer during her 2008/09 Overpowered world tour. Coppens presented his first couture accessories collection in 2006 during Paris haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) Fashion Week, displaying spectacular theatrical skills and the surreal undertone that has become his signature style since the early beginnings. That same year HP France opened his first shop in Tokyo, and he presented his couture collection during Japan Fashion Week. In 2010 he was named Royal Warrant Holder in Belgium (/wiki/Royal_warrant_of_appointment#Belgium) , recognition that came after more than 15 years making accessories for the Belgian royal family (/wiki/Belgian_royal_family) . At the end of 2011, to celebrate his 20th anniversary as a milliner (/wiki/Milliner) and artist, Coppens opened an exhibition to show and auction some of his most outstanding couture pieces and artworks, hosted by Pierre Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) & Associates in Brussels. [3] (#cite_note-3) In early 2012, following this event, he launched a retrospective book Homework encompassing these pieces and other highlights of his career. [4] (#cite_note-4) The book was listed among The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ' "Summer's 2012 must-reads". 2012 would also mark a very important episode in his career, when, after 21 years of making work on the edge of art and fashion Coppens decided to close his company to focus exclusively on his work as an artist. At this point his label was sold in 140 shops worldwide, his name was heard among fashion connoisseurs and he had become arguably one of the most celebrated milliners in Japan. Coppens expressed his view on this transition in the exhibition "Everything Is Local: Landscape 1" at the prestigious Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen) in Rotterdam. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) The show is a journey through the first six months following this violent break, how to deal with loss, letting go of the past and looking at the future. In 2015 Coppens was appointed head of a new Master Program at the Sandberg Instituut (/w/index.php?title=Sandberg_Instituut&action=edit&redlink=1) [ nl (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandberg_Instituut) ] , Amsterdam. [9] (#cite_note-9) That same year he designed the costumes for Pascal Dusapin (/wiki/Pascal_Dusapin) 's opera (/wiki/Opera) To Be Sung at De Munt (/wiki/La_Monnaie) , Brussels. [10] (#cite_note-10) and also designed 15 new masks for Róisín Murphy (/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Murphy) 's world tour. In March 2017 Coppens returned to the theatre and directed his first opera at De Munt/La Monnaie in Brussels, Janáček (/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek) 's Foxie! The Cunning Little Vixen (/wiki/The_Cunning_Little_Vixen) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2018 he directed Bartok's Bluebeard's Castle and The Miraculous Mandarin at De Munt/La Monnaie, Norma in 2021. At Noord Nederlands Toneel CC directed Dorian, a new play written by Javier Barcala based on the Oscar Wilde novel "The Picture Of Dorian Gray". From 2013 till 2017 he lived and worked in Los Angeles. From 2017 till 2019 in Madrid. In October 2019 he moved back to Belgium. Art exhibitions [ edit ] Solo shows [ edit ] 2001 – The Dollhouse – Museum Charlier Brussels, Belgium 2002 – The Dollhouse II: Life Goes On – Brakke Grond Amsterdam, Netherlands 2003 – The Dollhouse III: Return to the Dollhouse – Z33 Hasselt, Belgium 2005 – Dream Your Dream – Yoyogi Stadium Tokyo, Japan 2006 – Dream Your Dream II – Gallery Joyce Paris, France 2008 – No References – Platform 21 Amsterdam, Netherlands [13] (#cite_note-13) 2011 – Barbra – Highlight Gallery San Francisco, USA 2011 – CC 20 years – Pierre Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) Auction House Brussels, Belgium 2013 – The Hills Are Alive : Landscape 2 – Tokyo, Japan 2013 – Everything is Local : Landscape 1 – Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen) Rotterdam, Netherlands 2014 – Early Paintings HPGallery NYC, USA 2015 – Works On Paper Stephane Simoens Gallery Knokke, Belgium 2016 – 50 Masks Made In America at Please Do Not Enter Gallery Los Angeles, USA [14] (#cite_note-14) 2016 – The Treasure at Joyce Gallery, Hongkong [15] (#cite_note-15) 2019 – ESWC in Huis De Uil, Temse, Belgium 2021 - A Lovely Little Shitshow, Zwart Huis Gallery, Brussels, Belgium 2023 - Playdate, Zwart Huis Gallery, Brussels, Belgium Group exhibitions [ edit ] 2009 – The Art Of Fashion – Boijmans Van Beuningen Rotterdam, Netherlands 2011 – ARRRGH Monsters in Fashion – Athens, Greece 2011 – The Art Of Fashion – Wolfsburg Museum, Germany 2014 – The Future Of Fashion Is Now - Boijmans Van Beuningen Rotterdam, Netherlands 2020 - Kette und Schuss - CC De Binder Puurs, Belgium 2021 - Belgicart - Stichting Ijsberg Damme, Belgium 2021 - Look! - Marta Museum Herford, Germany 2021 - Kunstenfestival Damme, Belgium 2021 - The 10 Kids Trail - KMSKA Antwerp, Belgium 2024 - Gideon Invites - Home Before Dark / De Uitstalling / Zwartberg, Belgium/ March - June 2024 2024 - Les Liaisons Désireuses - Kasteel d-Ursel / Hingene, Belgium/ May - October 2024 Opera [ edit ] 2017 The Cunning Little Vixen|Foxie!- Leoš Janáček at De Munt/La Monnaie in Brussels 2018 Bluebeard's Castle - Béla Bartók at De Munt/La Monnaie in Brussels 2018 The Miraculous Mandarin - Béla Bartók at De Munt/La Monnaie in Brussels 2021 Norma - Vincenzo Bellini at De Munt/La Monnaie in Brussels 2024 Turandot - Giacomo Puccini at De Munt/La Monnaie in Brussels Books [ edit ] Home Work published by Lido ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789491301087 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789491301087) [16] (#cite_note-16) No References published by d'jonge Hond ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789089100634 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789089100634) Fashion and Accessories published by Artez/Terra ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789058976772 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058976772) Not a Toy published by Pictoplasma Berlin ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783942245029 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783942245029) Werken met woorden published by Ludion ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789055448197 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789055448197) Art & Fashion published by Kerber Art ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783866785380 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783866785380) The Art of Fashion published by Bojmans Van Beuningen ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789069182407 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789069182407) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Issey Miyake & Christophe Coppens = Magic! (http://blog.tlmagazine.be/2011/10/issey-miyake-christophe-coppens-magic/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Christophe Coppens Women Of The Fields... (http://loft965.com/2011/09/23/roisin-murphy-releases-a-video-for-christophe-coppens-springsummer-2012-collection/) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Christophe Coppens – 20 Ans de création (http://www.pba-auctions.com/html/index.jsp?id=8542) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Homework by Christophe Coppens: a remarkable book (http://rizzolibookstore.com/title/christophe-coppens-home-work/) Archived (https://archive.today/20131020155052/http://rizzolibookstore.com/title/christophe-coppens-home-work/) 2013-10-20 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Christophe Coppens dazzles in Rotterdam (http://www.deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws.english/videozone_ENG/1.1571540) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Christophe Coppens: Everything is Local" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131024164821/http://www.arttube.nl/en/Boijmans/Christophe_Coppens#.Ukncq-DongI) . Archived from the original (http://www.arttube.nl/en/Boijmans/Christophe_Coppens#.Ukncq-DongI) on 2013-10-24 . Retrieved 2013-10-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Christophe Coppens – Everything is Local, Landscape Part 1" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131020162756/http://www.boijmans.nl/en/7/calendar-exhibitions/calendaritem/1269/christophe-coppens) . Archived from the original (http://www.boijmans.nl/en/7/calendar-exhibitions/calendaritem/1269/christophe-coppens) on 2013-10-20 . Retrieved 2013-10-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Coppens makes a cut with designing cuts (http://www.sleek-mag.com/miscellaneous/2013/03/coppens-makes-a-cut-with-designing-cuts/) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sandberg Instituut" (http://sandberg.nl/fashionmatters) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "La Monnaie ¦ de Munt ¦ Opera ¦ to be Sung" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151210183616/http://www.demunt.be/nl/opera/571/To-Be-Sung) . Archived from the original (http://www.demunt.be/nl/opera/571/To-Be-Sung) on 2015-12-10 . Retrieved 2015-12-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) " (http://www.lamonnaie.be/en/program/161-the-cunning-little-vixen) The Cunning Little Vixen " (http://www.lamonnaie.be/en/program/161-the-cunning-little-vixen) . La Monnaie / De Munt . Retrieved 2016-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "A Hat Designer for Rock Stars Turns to Opera" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/arts/music/a-hat-designer-for-rock-stars-turns-to-opera.html) by Hettie Judah, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , 22 March 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Christophe Coppens Demystifies Couture (http://design.nl/item/christophe_coppens_demystifies_couture) ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Christophe Coppens' Art Exhibit Features a Demon-Like Trump Mask" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/christophe-coppens-art-exhibit-features-893817) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) " (http://www.joyce.com/fashion-article/launches-joyce-cabinet-with-artist-christophe-coppens/) "The Treasure" by artist Christophe Coppens" (http://www.joyce.com/fashion-article/launches-joyce-cabinet-with-artist-christophe-coppens/) . Joyce . Retrieved 2016-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Christophe Coppens (http://rizzolibookstore.com/title/christophe-coppens-home-work/) Home Work Archived (https://archive.today/20131020155052/http://rizzolibookstore.com/title/christophe-coppens-home-work/) 2013-10-20 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.christophecoppens.com/) Christophe Coppens (https://www.facebook.com/christophe.coppens) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) http://instagram.com/christophecoppens (https://instagram.com/christophecoppens) Publications Art Tube NL (https://web.archive.org/web/20131024164821/http://www.arttube.nl/en/Boijmans/Christophe_Coppens#.Ukncq-DongI) https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/christophe-coppens-art-exhibit-features-893817 (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/christophe-coppens-art-exhibit-features-893817) https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/arts/music/a-hat-designer-for-rock-stars-turns-to-opera.html?_r=0 (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/arts/music/a-hat-designer-for-rock-stars-turns-to-opera.html?_r=0) https://www.wsj.com/articles/where-art-and-fashion-meet-1395272585?tesla=y (https://www.wsj.com/articles/where-art-and-fashion-meet-1395272585?tesla=y) https://parismatch.be/culture/scene/148281/quy-a-t-il-dans-la-tete-de-christophe-coppens-video (https://parismatch.be/culture/scene/148281/quy-a-t-il-dans-la-tete-de-christophe-coppens-video) https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/10/01/exuberante-dorian-in-uitzinnig-decor-a2040562 (https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/10/01/exuberante-dorian-in-uitzinnig-decor-a2040562) https://www.trouw.nl/cultuur/-dorian-is-een-wellustige-aanklacht-tegen-kunstvermarkting~a64f51bf/ (https://www.trouw.nl/cultuur/-dorian-is-een-wellustige-aanklacht-tegen-kunstvermarkting~a64f51bf/) [1] (https://www.lesoir.be/161822/article/2018-06-10/un-mandarin-trash-et-un-barbe-bleue-classe) https://www.lalibre.be/culture/scenes/foxie-transformation-reussie-par-christophe-coppens-58d0304acd705cd98e106141 (https://www.lalibre.be/culture/scenes/foxie-transformation-reussie-par-christophe-coppens-58d0304acd705cd98e106141) https://www.current-obsession.com/the-way-of-the-future-4/ (https://www.current-obsession.com/the-way-of-the-future-4/) https://www.forumopera.com/foxie-la-petite-renarde-rusee-bruxelles-ne-regardez-pas-la-renarde-qui-passe (https://www.forumopera.com/foxie-la-petite-renarde-rusee-bruxelles-ne-regardez-pas-la-renarde-qui-passe) PBA Auctions (http://www.pba-auctions.com/html/index.jsp?id=8542) Weekend / Le Vif (http://weekend.levif.be/tendance/lifestyle/expo/la-nouvelle-vie-de-christophe-coppens/article-4000260462120.htm) Design NL (http://design.nl/item/christophe_coppens_demystifies_couture) Rizzoli Bookstore (https://archive.today/20131020155052/http://rizzolibookstore.com/title/christophe-coppens-home-work/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Opera (/wiki/Portal:Opera) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000058694253) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/83534959) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrYyjBr346Bjm4x79bh3) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2009007168) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p317329898) Artists RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/118495) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/14772631X) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐97869dcb7‐hqvp6 Cached time: 20240624184728 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.436 seconds Real time usage: 0.617 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3538/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27907/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2096/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 54965/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.274/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5704073/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 571.541 1 -total 38.08% 217.657 1 Template:Infobox_person 19.38% 110.788 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 18.66% 106.652 1 Template:Reflist 17.18% 98.191 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 16.28% 93.052 1 Template:Authority_control 12.16% 69.500 7 Template:ISBN 11.69% 66.806 5 Template:Cite_web 8.97% 51.291 7 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 6.27% 35.835 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40844239-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624184728 and revision id 1219320422. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christophe_Coppens&oldid=1219320422 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christophe_Coppens&oldid=1219320422) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Belgian artists (/wiki/Category:Belgian_artists) Belgian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Belgian_fashion_designers) Belgian milliners (/wiki/Category:Belgian_milliners) Belgian costume designers (/wiki/Category:Belgian_costume_designers) Belgian opera directors (/wiki/Category:Belgian_opera_directors) 1969 births (/wiki/Category:1969_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Hidden categories: Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Facebook ID not in Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Facebook_ID_not_in_Wikidata) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with RKDartists identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_RKDartists_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers) Place of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Santini_SMS) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Santini_SMS) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Santini_SMS) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Santini SMS" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Santini+SMS%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Santini+SMS%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Santini+SMS%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Santini+SMS%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Santini+SMS%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Santini+SMS%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Santini_SMS##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santini_SMS&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Santini SMS" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Santini+SMS%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Santini+SMS%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Santini+SMS%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Santini+SMS%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Santini+SMS%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Santini+SMS%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Italian cycling clothes brand Santini Cycling Product type Cycling clothing Owner Santini spa Country Italy Introduced 1965 Markets Worldwide Website www (http://www.santinicycling.com) .santinicycling (http://www.santinicycling.com) .com (http://www.santinicycling.com) Santini Cycling is a cycling clothes brand of the Italian (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) clothing production company Santini Maglificio Sportivo. Established in 1965 in Bergamo (/wiki/Bergamo) , Santini was born from Pietro Santini's deep passion for cycling (/wiki/Cycling) . Proudly made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) , each garment is the result of dedicated work by a team of cycling enthusiast designers. History [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Santini_SMS) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Pink jersey (/wiki/Pink_jersey) for the leader in the Giro d'Italia (/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia) Santini Cycling is an icon in the cycling apparel industry, with a history that spans years of dedication to the art of producing technical clothing for cyclists worldwide. Santini's story began in 1965 when Pietro Santini founded the company under the name Santini Maglificio Sportivo. After the initial years, where production was dedicated to general wool garments, the company moved towards sportswear, and cycling apparel, in particular. This happened thanks to Pietro Santini’s deep passion for cycling as a sport and the strong friendship with Felice Gimondi. The 1970s [ edit ] The 1970s marked a significant shift for Santini Cycling. During this era, the company began to experiment with innovative materials like Lycra for cycling shorts, gradually replacing the traditional wool with synthetics. An even more significant breakthrough was the introduction of synthetic, anti-bacterial paddings, gradually replacing the traditional chamois. 1977 is the year of the first international cycling team sponsored by Santini, named Peugeot/Esso-Michelin. The beginning of sponsorships Peugeot/Esso-Michelin was the first real international team sponsorship for Santini and was a huge leap forward for the company in terms of distribution and brand visibility. Another important invention was the introduction of the use of Polyamide in the manufacture of jerseys to increase their aerodynamic effect. And in 1979 Santini started producing coloured shorts: before that time this garment was traditionally black. The 1980s [ edit ] At the beginning of the 1980’s the sublimatic printing process was invented and Santini was one of the first producers to introduce it in the world of professional cycling. As cycling teams needed a way to include more sponsor logos on their apparel, the traditional embroidery process proved both time-consuming and impractical. 1984 sees the launch of the Iconic Team La Vie Claire jersey. The team La Vie Claire colours were based on the artwork of Piet Mondrian, giving them a unique appearance in the peloton. The design is considered one of the most memorable jersey designs in cycling history. Manufactured by Santini, it is still very popular with cycling fans all over the World. Santini became the official supplier of the UCI World Championship in 1988 and started producing the World Cup jerseys for all the various events. More teams and more races meant greater visibility for cycling as a sport, this led to new partnerships with high profile sponsors that demanded accurate brand representation. New skills and technology which enabled a faster way to produce cycling apparel was fully embraced by Santini to cope with this demand, firmly placing the company at the forefront of the industry. The 1990s [ edit ] The ‘90s saw the introduction of new highly breathable and windproof membrane technologies. Santini was the first to introduce Gore Windstopper fabrics into cycle clothing. The soft-shell Windstopper fabric was ideally suited to cycling, providing a rider with a highly breathable and stretchable fabric, offering wind protection, warmth and thanks to a DWR coating, a high level of water resistance too. 1992 saw Italian cyclist Gianni Bugno triumph at the World Road Championships in Benidorm, Spain, wearing a Santini jersey, successfully defending his world title. It was a period when cyclists began to see significant advantages from using technologically advanced materials. 1993 marked the first year in which Santini became the official technical sponsor of the Giro d’Italia and supplier of the Maglia Rosa, an association that lasted until 2017, with every Maglia Rosa proudly made in Italy. In 1998 Santini became the official supplier to the Mercatone-Uno team. Marco Pantani would achieve greatness by winning both the Giro and Tour back-to-back that year becoming the first Italian rider to win the Tour since the great Felice Gimondi. The years when Pantani raced for Mercatone-Uno generated a huge level of national sporting pride, pushing Italian bike racing to the forefront of the world stage again, cementing his place as one of the greatest Italian sportsmen that ever lived. The 2000s [ edit ] The collaboration with Australian cycling began in 2000 and continues to this day. Santini devoted considerable resources to research and development of advanced fabrics and manufacturing technologies to create high-performance cycling apparel. In 2002 Santini became technical clothing partner of the iconic Mapei-Quickstep team. The design of the jersey became legendary, and it is still nowadays a true icon of cycling recognized by all cycling fans all over the world. In 2007 the team Lampre-Fondital was one of the strongest team in the peloton winning 31 World Tour races. The jersey design, thanks to a combination of flashy blue and pink colours, became quickly famous and it is still nowadays a milestone of cycling. The 2010s [ edit ] 2015 marked Santini’s fiftieth anniversary. Fifty years of manufacturing some of the world’s most famous cycling jerseys; with a heritage bounded undeniably to the very history of the sport of road racing. This authenticity and proud legacy led the company this same year to become the official clothing partner of Eroica, the international, world famous vintage cycling event. This collaboration saw Santini reprising original production methods to design an entire line of vintage replica wool cycling garments; some of which were based on precise items manufactured decades before. Successful collaborations with high-profile cycling teams like Trek-Segafredo led to the introduction of apparel that could provide protection in adverse weather conditions. One result of this research was the introduction of anti-abrasion Impact shorts, used by the Trek-Segafredo team at the Tour de France. These shorts represented a significant leap in cycling apparel innovation. The 2020s [ edit ] 2019 saw Santini partner with the Ironman Group, the world’s leading triathlon and multi-sport series organization. Santini became the official supplier of all technical apparel to all Ironman events; plus, in collaboration developed a series of co-branded capsule collections showcasing some of the worlds most advanced triathlon apparel. In 2021, Santini Cycling established a prestigious partnership with the Tour de France and the Tour de France Femmes avec Zwift. As part of this collaboration, the jerseys worn by classification leaders in these iconic races proudly bear the Santini name. Santini also sponsors other significant cycling events like Paris-Roubaix, Liège-Bastogne-Liège, Fleche Wallone, Paris Tour, and important stage races such as Paris-Nice and Criterium du Dauphiné. On these occasions, Santini creates special collections to celebrate the values and importance of these races. In 2021, Santini invested in a new headquarters in the heart of the city of Bergamo (/wiki/Bergamo) . Santini renovated an old factory, creating a genuine campus where the office building and the production facility are surrounded by over 10,000 square meters of park. Teams [ edit ] Santini cycling is and was also the cycling clothes sponsor of a number of cycling teams including: LIDL-TREK (/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)) Tour de Tietema (/wiki/TDT%E2%80%93Unibet_Cycling_Team) Nippo–Vini Fantini (/wiki/Nippo%E2%80%93Vini_Fantini) Boels–Dolmans (/wiki/Boels%E2%80%93Dolmans) Belkin Pro Cycling Team (/wiki/Belkin_Pro_Cycling_Team) La Vie Claire (/wiki/La_Vie_Claire) Mapei (/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)) Mercatone Uno (/wiki/Mercatone_Uno) Acqua & Sapone (/wiki/Acqua_%26_Sapone) Selle Italia (/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano) Lampre–Fondital (/wiki/Lampre%E2%80%93Fondital) / Lampre-NGC (/wiki/Lampre-NGC) Team Katusha (/wiki/Team_Katusha) Diquigiovanni–Androni Giocattoli (/wiki/Diquigiovanni%E2%80%93Androni_Giocattoli) Vacansoleil–DCM (/wiki/Vacansoleil%E2%80%93DCM) Slovakian national team Australian national team Irish national team CatfordCC Equipe/Banks AMKO Sport (/w/index.php?title=AMKO_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1) (1982) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) See also [ edit ] Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Transport portal (/wiki/Portal:Transport) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Hans Vonk" (http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8168) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "UV DTF Printer" (https://www.dtflinko.com/top-5-uv-dtf-printers-for-startups/) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santini SMS (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Santini_SMS) . Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/santini_cycling/) Official website (http://www.santinicycling.com/) Strava (https://www.strava.com/clubs/133446) YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRII0xg5mndCBd50WT7CayA) Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/santinicyclingwear) Komoot (https://www.komoot.com/it-it/user/santinicycling) TikTok (https://www.tiktok.com/@santini_cycling) LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/company/1535582/admin/feed/posts/) v t e Italian bicycle (/wiki/Bicycle) manufacturers Current 3T Cycling (/wiki/3T_Cycling) Abici (/wiki/Abici) ALAN (/wiki/ALAN) Askoll (/wiki/Askoll) Atala (/wiki/Atala_(company)) Basso (/wiki/Basso_Bikes) Battaglin Cicli (/w/index.php?title=Battaglin_Cicli&action=edit&redlink=1) Benotto (/w/index.php?title=Benotto&action=edit&redlink=1) Bianchi (/wiki/Bianchi_(company)) Borile (/wiki/Borile) Bottecchia (/wiki/Bottecchia) Carnielli (/wiki/Carnielli) Carrera Podium (/w/index.php?title=Carrera_Podium&action=edit&redlink=1) C.B.T. 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(/wiki/Emilio_Bozzi) Frejus (/wiki/Frejus) Italvega (/wiki/Italvega) Maffeis (/wiki/Maffeis) Maino (/w/index.php?title=Maino_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) Masi (/wiki/Masi_Bicycles) Pogliaghi (/wiki/Pogliaghi) Prinetti & Stucchi (/wiki/Prinetti_%26_Stucchi) Romani Rossin (/wiki/Rossin) Components 3T Cycling (/wiki/3T_Cycling) Ambrosio (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_(Fahrradhersteller)) Campagnolo (/wiki/Campagnolo) Cinelli (/wiki/Cinelli) Columbus (/wiki/Columbus_(company)) DM Telai (/w/index.php?title=DM_Telai&action=edit&redlink=1) Fulcrum Wheels (/wiki/Fulcrum_Wheels) Gipiemme (/w/index.php?title=Gipiemme&action=edit&redlink=1) Italmanubri (/w/index.php?title=Italmanubri&action=edit&redlink=1) Marzocchi (/wiki/Marzocchi) Miche (/wiki/Miche_(company)) Modolo (/wiki/Modolo) Paioli (/w/index.php?title=Paioli&action=edit&redlink=1) Pirelli (/wiki/Pirelli) Selle Royal (/wiki/Selle_Royal) Vittoria (/wiki/Vittoria_S.p.A.) 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Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli 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American fashion designer Julie Chaiken Born Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , Michigan, United States Alma mater University of California, Los Angeles (/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles) New York University Stern School of Business (/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business) Occupation Entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) Julie Chaiken is an American entrepreneur and fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . She is best known as the founder of Chaiken, a San Francisco-based clothing line. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-Style-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life and education [ edit ] Chaiken, who was born in Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , grew up in Northern California (/wiki/Northern_California) , the daughter of Carole Chaiken, who raced, bred, and trained horses, and Donald Chaiken, a real estate developer. [4] (#cite_note-4) She attended high school in Lafayette, California, and received a BA (/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree) in history from the University of California, Los Angeles (/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles) , in 1989. [ citation needed ] Her interest in entertainment prompted Chaiken to move to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) following graduation; she worked in the original programming department at the USA Network (/wiki/USA_Network) before deciding to pursue an MBA (/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration) . Enrolling at the New York University Stern School of Business (/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business) , Chaiken earned an MBA in corporate finance (/wiki/Corporate_finance) in 1993. [5] (#cite_note-CFDA-5) Career [ edit ] In 1994, recognizing the then-limited clothing options available to fashion-forward women, Chaiken teamed with a friend, Pamela Capone, to found Chaiken and Capone. "I wanted to create something that spoke to who I am, and I came up with the idea of a clothing company to create clothes for women like myself," Chaiken said in an interview in 2004. [6] (#cite_note-NYU-6) Chaiken and Capone's first offering included a successful line of pants, which were described as "revolutionizing the pants market." [2] (#cite_note-Style-2) [7] (#cite_note-Truth_Plus-7) [8] (#cite_note-stylelist-8) [9] (#cite_note-HauteLiving-9) Initially, Capone focused on design while Chaiken focused on the business and business strategy. In 1998, she bought out Capone; by 1999, the line was being carried in more than 400 boutiques and high-end retailers, [9] (#cite_note-HauteLiving-9) including Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , and Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) . Chaiken, while primarily focused on growing the company, subsequently expanded her role as CEO to include clothing and accessory design. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-7x7-11) In 2001, at the request of Chaiken clients including Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) and Vendela (/wiki/Vendela) , Chaiken created a maternity line, Chaiken With Child. Chaiken and Capone's signature pants, with elastic in the waistband, and an "emphatic lack of ugly front pouches," were successful and orders at high-end department mandated wide production. "Business school 101 is find a need and fill it," Chaiken said. The Chaiken with Child spring collection in 2012 represented 15% of Chaiken and Capone's overall sales. [12] (#cite_note-Time-12) in 2008, Chaiken—a single mother of two—went on a two-year hiatus. Returning to the company in 2010, she reconfigured her late-1990s dress line Anonymity to include all categories and relaunched it through QVC (/wiki/QVC) . [13] (#cite_note-13) A ready-to-wear collection returned to the market in 2010 and, although successfully relaunched as Chaiken and Capone, [2] (#cite_note-Style-2) the company became known as simply Chaiken in 2012. [11] (#cite_note-7x7-11) [14] (#cite_note-fashionetc-14) [15] (#cite_note-Harper's-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2014, she was honored as a "Woman to Watch" by Jewish Women International. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2015, she retired from fashion and is currently focusing on her family and her philanthropic work. Philanthropy [ edit ] Chaiken served eight years on the board of directors for the Center for Reproductive Rights (/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights) , an international non-profit organization which uses the law to advance reproductive freedom as a fundamental human right (/wiki/Human_right) that all governments are legally obligated to protect, respect, and fulfill. [18] (#cite_note-18) Chaiken is also on the board of The Chaiken Family Foundation. She is currently the Leadership Council Co-Chair for Planned Parenthood Federation of America. She is a founding board member of The Weekend To Be Named Later, [19] (#cite_note-19) which she co-organized with Nancy Lublin (/wiki/Nancy_Lublin) , the founder of Dress for Success (/wiki/Dress_For_Success_(organization)) . LinkedIn (/wiki/LinkedIn) 's Reid Hoffman (/wiki/Reid_Hoffman) , also a co-organizer, describes the event as a "Franklin-inspired gathering of ambitious friends, to brainstorm ways to change the world." [20] (#cite_note-20) Personal life [ edit ] Although frequently in New York, Chaiken lives in Marin County in Northern California. She has two children. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of New York University people (/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_people) List of University of California, Los Angeles people (/wiki/List_of_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_people) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) De Carlo, Lauren (December 16, 2004). "A Decade of Chaiken" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/a-decade-of-chaiken-589759?full=true) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved October 21, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Minkoff, Jessica. "A Business With Legs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140111175845/http://www.style.com/stylefile/tag/julie-chaiken/) . Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) . Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/stylefile/tag/julie-chaiken/) on January 11, 2014 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Fishman, Alana. "Lookbook Love: Chaiken Spring 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140424080249/http://www.luckymag.com/style/2012/12/Chaiken-Spring-2013-Lookbook) . Spring, 2013 . Lucky. Archived from the original (http://www.luckymag.com/style/2012/12/Chaiken-Spring-2013-Lookbook) on April 24, 2014 . Retrieved October 21, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Aronovsky, Aron Nathan (July 12, 2013). "Carole C. Chaiken" (https://jweekly.com/2013/07/12/deaths115/) . J Weekly (/wiki/J_Weekly) . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-CFDA_5-0) "CFDA Members" (http://www.cfda.com/members?member_id=575&tab=q#!julie-chaiken) . CFDA . Retrieved October 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYU_6-0) "Alumni In The News: Julie Chaiken, 1993" (http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/include/printview.cfm?doc_id=5324&docTitle=Julie%20Chaiken%2C%20MBA%201993) . 2004 . NYU School of Business . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Truth_Plus_7-0) Staff (April 21, 2011). "Sartorial Stars: Julie Chaiken of Chaiken and Capone" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140111174211/http://truthplusblog.com/2011/04/21/sartorial-stars-julie-chaiken-of-chaiken-and-capone/) . Truth Plus . Archived from the original (http://truthplusblog.com/2011/04/21/sartorial-stars-julie-chaiken-of-chaiken-and-capone/) on January 11, 2014 . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-stylelist_8-0) Marsh, Lisa. "Designer Julie Chaiken Dishes on Chaiken and Capone's Return to Retail" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140111174346/http://main.stylelist.com/2011/01/04/chaiken-and-capone-return-to-retail/) . Stylelist . Archived from the original (http://main.stylelist.com/2011/01/04/chaiken-and-capone-return-to-retail/) on January 11, 2014 . Retrieved October 29, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sprauve, Angella (April 1, 2013). "The Perfect Fit: Julie Chaiken Launches New Collection" (http://hauteliving.com/2013/04/the-perfect-fit/348959/) . Haute Living (/wiki/Haute_Living) . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Staff. "Chaiken: Racked SF" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150412114612/http://sf.racked.com/tags/chaiken) . 2012 . Racked: Shopping and Styling Intelligence. Archived from the original (http://sf.racked.com/tags/chaiken) on April 12, 2015 . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Durbin, Samantha (August 11, 2011). "Do Call It a Comeback: Chaiken and Capone" (http://www.7x7.com/style-design/do-call-it-comeback-chaiken-and-capone#/0) . 7x7 (/wiki/7x7_(magazine)) . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Time_12-0) Bower, Amanda. "Expect the Best" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140111174224/http://thestorkmagazine.com/2008/12/18/expect-the-best/) . The Stork . Archived from the original (http://thestorkmagazine.com/2008/12/18/expect-the-best/) on January 11, 2014 . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "QVC Expands New York Fashion Week Presence Launches First NYC Pop-Up Location" (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=an4akoSqbX6A) . Bloomberg (Via PR Newswire). July 7, 2010 . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-fashionetc_14-0) Schnicker, Lauren (January 10, 2011). "Chaiken and Capone Makes a Comeback for Spring 2011" (http://fashionetc.com/news/fashion/181-chaiken-and-capone-spring-2011) . Fashion Etc . Retrieved October 29, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Harper's_15-0) King, Joyann (January 20, 2011). "Julie Chaiken's Back! Chaiken Relaunches for Spring" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-designers/chaiken-relaunch-spring-2011-012011) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) C Fashion Staff (March 14, 2013). "Busy Body" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130322231338/http://www.magazinec.com/?p=26899) . California Style . Archived from the original (http://www.magazinec.com/?p=26899) on March 22, 2013 . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "2014 Women to Watch Honorees" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150413022348/http://www.jwi.org/page.aspx?pid=3931#sthash.nPjPQPIU.atSRAgJL.dpbs) . jwi.org . Jewish Women International. Archived from the original (http://www.jwi.org/page.aspx?pid=3931#sthash.nPjPQPIU.atSRAgJL.dpbs) on April 13, 2015 . Retrieved September 17, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Our Mission" (http://reproductiverights.org/en/about-us/mission) . 2013 . The Center for Reproductive Rights . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Schomer, Stephanie (May 2011). "Tony Blair's Secret Club And Other Clubs We Want To Crash" (http://www.fastcompany.com/1747581/tony-blairs-secret-club-and-other-clubs-we-want-crash) . Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company) . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Hoffman, Reid; Cashnocha, Ben (Spring 2013). "The Start-Up of You" (http://www.hesselbeininstitute.org/knowledgecenter/journal.aspx?ArticleID=958) . Leader to Leader Journal . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "The Long View" (http://www.oprah.com/home/Julie-Chaikens-San-Francisco-Home/7) . Oprah.com (/wiki/Oprah.com) . Spring 2013 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Kaplan, Julie (July 28, 2008). "Chaiken to Relocate to San Francisco" (http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/retail-features/chaiken-to-relocate-to-san-francisco-1659883) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . 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Australian sports equipment manufacturer Not to be confused with Boksa (/wiki/Boksa_(disambiguation)) . Boxa Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) Founded 2001 ; 23 years ago ( 2001 ) Founder Anthony Mundine (/wiki/Anthony_Mundine) Headquarters Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Area served Worldwide Products Boxing gloves (/wiki/Boxing_glove) and helmets (/wiki/Helmet) Owner Anthony Mundine (/wiki/Anthony_Mundine) Website boxa.com.au (https://boxa.com.au/) Boxa is an Australian boxing (/wiki/Boxing) , mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) and clothing brand that was founded in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) in 2001. World boxing champion and former professional rugby league (/wiki/Rugby_league) footballer Anthony Mundine (/wiki/Anthony_Mundine) started the brand as a boxing gloves (/wiki/Boxing_glove) and helmets (/wiki/Helmet) company, but it eventually branched out into clothing (/wiki/Clothing) as well and a Boxa Bar cafe (/wiki/Coffeehouse) in Hurstville (/wiki/Hurstville) . The Boxa Bar was destroyed by fire in November 2013. At the time the fire was being investigated by police and being treated as suspicious. [1] (#cite_note-1) Sponsorships [ edit ] In addition to Mundine advertising his own company's sportswear, several celebrity athlete friends of Mundine also endorse Boxa products. Athletes [ edit ] Blake Ferguson (/wiki/Blake_Ferguson_(rugby_league)) Sonny Bill Williams (/wiki/Sonny_Bill_Williams) Quade Cooper (/wiki/Quade_Cooper) National teams [ edit ] Alexandria Rovers (/wiki/Alexandria_Rovers) [2] (#cite_note-2) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of fitness wear brands (/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands) List of sporting goods manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sporting_goods_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Suspicious fire destroys Anthony Mundine cafe the Boxa Bar at Hurstville in Sydney (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-14/suspicious-fire-destroys-anthony-mundine-cafe/5092152) on ABC News, 14 Nov 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Boxa teams up with Alex Rovers (https://southsydneyherald.com.au/boxa-teams-up-with-alex-rovers/#.Umn-7kq4bcs) by Perry Johnstone on The South Sydney Herald , 4 May 2013 External links [ edit ] Official website (https://boxa.com.au/) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) 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Use of School Uniforms by Country Uniforms are widespread Uniforms are not common School uniforms in different countries School uniform (/wiki/School_uniform) is a practice that dates to the 16th century in England. Charity schools such Christ's Hospital (/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital) , founded in 1552 in London, were among the first schools (/wiki/School) to use a uniform (/wiki/Uniform) for their students (/wiki/Student) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The earliest documented proof of institutionalised use of a standard academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) dates back to 1222 when the Archbishop of Canterbury (/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury) ordered wearing of the cappa clausa . [2] (#cite_note-2) The practice of wearing school uniform has been adopted by many other countries, and is now common in many parts of the world. Uniforms can be regarded as promoting social equality among students and an esprit de corps (/wiki/Esprit_de_corps) , but have also been criticised for promoting a form of uniformity characteristic of militarism. The decision as to whether to implement school uniform policy or not is a controversial one and also polarised in societies and countries. In countries such as the United Kingdom, South Africa and a number of Asian nations, school children have to wear approved school uniforms that conform to the uniform policy of their school. In modern Europe, Britain, Malta and Ireland stand out as the only countries where school uniform is widely adopted by state schools and generally supported by national and local governments, although there is no legislation governing school uniform in the U.K. (/wiki/United_Kingdom) [3] (#cite_note-3) There are some independent schools and state schools that do not have school uniforms: their pupils are at liberty to dress in a way considered to be appropriate by the school, themselves and their parents or guardians. Afghanistan [ edit ] In the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan) , Afghan schoolgirls were required to wear white headscarves and black knee-length dresses over leggings. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2017, President Ashraf Ghani (/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani) blocked a directive by the Ministry of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Afghanistan)) obliging girls aged 12 and over to wear floor-length tunics. [5] (#cite_note-5) Albania [ edit ] School uniforms have been compulsory in Albanian high schools since 2009. [6] (#cite_note-6) Algeria [ edit ] Algerian primary school students are obliged to wear an apron over their clothes. These are colour-coded by gender: blue for boys, pink for girls. [7] (#cite_note-7) Andorra [ edit ] School uniforms are not generally worn in Andorra. Their use is confined to the principality’s international schools. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Angola [ edit ] Uniforms are required in Angolan public and private schools. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Anguilla [ edit ] Anguillan schools oblige students to wear uniforms. [12] (#cite_note-12) Antigua and Barbuda [ edit ] School uniforms are ubiquitous in Antiguan and Barbudan schools. In 2004, the School Uniform Grant Programme was introduced to help citizens meet the associated costs. [13] (#cite_note-13) Argentina [ edit ] Argentinian (/wiki/Argentina) primary school students have traditionally worn white smocks as uniforms. Teacher Matilde Filgueiras (/w/index.php?title=Matilde_Filgueiras&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilde_Filgueiras) ] pioneered the garment's design in 1915, which were made mandatory nationwide in 1942. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Aruba [ edit ] Aruban schools generally oblige students to wear uniform polo shirts, while pants and skirts must meet certain requirements. [16] (#cite_note-16) In September 2021, students at Colegio Arubano (/wiki/Colegio_Arubano) successfully protested against changes to the school dress code they felt were overly restrictive. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Armenia [ edit ] In the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) , students wore school uniform. Since independence in 1991, their use has largely declined in Armenian public schools. [19] (#cite_note-19) Australia [ edit ] Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) and Julia Gillard (/wiki/Julia_Gillard) with students at an Australian high school in 2011. In Australia, each school or school system can set its own uniform policy. Wearing a uniform is compulsory in most Australian private and all Catholic schools, as well as in most public schools, as well as primary schools. Uniforms usually have a colour scheme based on the school colours. Uniform and appearance are generally strictly enforced in private and Catholic schools, though less so in public schools, which generally allow their students a reasonable amount of leeway. Most, if not all, private schools have the school logo incorporated in the uniform ensemble, typically on the tie and the blazer breast pocket. For boys, the uniforms generally include a button-up or polo shirt with either shorts (/wiki/Short_pants) (especially for summer wear) or long trousers, usually in grey or navy blue or the school colour. Some schools allow boys to wear shorts only in younger years, and they must wear long trousers once they are a senior (17-18). At others, even older boys wear shorts in summer due to the heat. [20] (#cite_note-20) Where short trousers are to be worn, socks in school colours (more commonly white) are often required. Girls' uniforms generally include a checkered or striped dress (usually sleeveless or short-sleeved) worn over a blouse for summer and, in most secondary schools, girls wear a skirt as well as a button-up or polo shirt in winter with a blazer and tie. In a number of schools, girls are also permitted to wear a button-up or polo shirt and dark trousers. In public schools, the uniform is usually a polo shirt for juniors and a different one for seniors and trousers or skirt. This set may be complemented by a school tie (/wiki/Necktie) and, typically, a v-neck jumper (pullover or sweater) or a blazer. In the summer, boys usually do not wear ties, pullovers, or blazers. Instead, they wear a short-sleeved version of the shirt and short trousers. A neck-tie, blazer, and hat are also common in private and Catholic schools. In most high schools a PE (/wiki/Physical_education) uniform is the norm for sports days only. At many high schools, children are required to change into and out of their PE uniform around the PE lesson. The PE uniform usually consists of shorts and a polo shirt, as well as a light weatherproof rain jacket (mainly at private or Catholic schools), usually made of polyester, for winter and wet weather and sometimes a netball skirt for girls. It is common for students in their final year of primary school or secondary school to have their own jersey, jumper or jacket to denote their final-year status. Christmas Island [ edit ] School uniform is compulsory at Christmas Island District High School (/wiki/Christmas_Island_District_High_School) , the island's only secondary school. [21] (#cite_note-21) Cocos (Keeling) Islands [ edit ] School uniform is compulsory at Cocos Islands District High School (/wiki/Cocos_Islands_District_High_School) , the territory's only secondary school. [22] (#cite_note-22) Norfolk Island [ edit ] School uniform is compulsory at Norfolk Island Central School, the island's only school. [23] (#cite_note-23) Austria [ edit ] Austrian public schools do not generally employ dress codes. [24] (#cite_note-24) Azerbaijan [ edit ] School uniforms are mandatory across the Azerbaijani public school system. [25] (#cite_note-25) Bahamas [ edit ] As a former British colony, school uniforms are worn throughout Bahamian public and private schools. [26] (#cite_note-26) Bahrain [ edit ] Uniforms are mandatory in all Bahraini public schools. Prior to 2011, this only applied to girls' schools and boys' elementaries. In January 2011, the Ministry of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bahrain)) announced uniforms would be required in boys' middle and high schools in the subsequent academic year. [27] (#cite_note-27) Bangladesh [ edit ] School uniforms are mandatory in all public and private schools (up to 12th standard) in Bangladesh. While the colour and exact cut of the uniform depend on school regulations and policies, male students in Bangladesh are usually expected to wear full/half sleeve shirts with trousers and female students are expected to wear skirts/trousers with shirts or salwar kameez with belts and dupattas. The uniform rule only applies to students of primary, secondary, and higher secondary education. Although there are no uniforms for university students in Bangladesh, they are expected to follow the respective dress codes of their institutions. The rationale behind the uniform policy of Bangladesh is that the authorities want to protect the students from class stratification that can become apparent when students are given the choice to dress as they like. In addition, authorities believe that students should not misuse their time in trying to dress up for school. Barbados [ edit ] School uniforms are mandatory in Bajan schools. [28] (#cite_note-28) Belarus [ edit ] In August 2022, education minister Andrei Ivanyets (/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Ivanyets&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ru (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87) ] announced plans for every Belarusian school to have its own compulsory school uniform by 2023. [29] (#cite_note-29) Belgium [ edit ] As of 2018, less than ten Belgian schools (principally Catholic institutions such as Collège Saint-Benoît de Maredsous (/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt_de_Maredsous) ) enforced compulsory school uniform policies. [30] (#cite_note-30) Belize [ edit ] School uniform is mandatory in Belizean schools. [31] (#cite_note-31) Traditionally, many students' uniforms were custom-made by local seamstresses and tailors. [32] (#cite_note-32) Benin [ edit ] School uniform is ubiquitous in Beninese schools. In June 2018, Minister of Secondary Education Mahougnon Kakpo (/wiki/Mahougnon_Kakpo) announced khaki-coloured uniforms would be worn by students in both public and private secondary schools. [33] (#cite_note-33) Bermuda [ edit ] As a British Overseas Territory, schools uniforms are ubiquitous in Bermudan schools. [34] (#cite_note-34) Bhutan [ edit ] Bhutanese schoolchildren wear uniforms based on the country's national dress: gho (/wiki/Gho) for male students and kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) for female students. [35] (#cite_note-35) Bolivia [ edit ] Schools uniforms are worn in most Bolivian schools. [36] (#cite_note-36) However, schools cannot legally stop students who refuse to wear uniform from attending classes. [37] (#cite_note-37) Bosnia and Herzegovina [ edit ] In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) , some schools enforced a mandatory uniform consisting of a navy blue "apron". [38] (#cite_note-SFRY-38) As of 2013, several primary schools in Republika Srpska (/wiki/Republika_Srpska) regions had introduced uniforms, consisting of logoed T-shirts and sweatshirts. [39] (#cite_note-39) Botswana [ edit ] School uniforms are widespread in Botswanan schools. In October 2021, the Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry announced a ban on the importation of school uniform. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) Brazil [ edit ] There is no legal requirement for school uniforms in Brazil. On a state-by-state or city-by-city basis, governments may issue uniforms to public school pupils but may not require their use. [42] (#cite_note-42) Private schools are free to set their own uniform policy. Brazilian school uniforms can vary widely by school. There are many schools that opt for a more elegant outfit, while others opt for a simpler one (social shirt, shorts). In this country, where schools have set a uniform, it is the student's obligation to wear it. Most schools in Brazil (/wiki/Education_in_Brazil) choose the use of uniforms. The average Brazilian school uniform for boys is a T-shirt with the school's logo, sweatpants or Bermuda shorts and a sweatshirt or hoodie. The uniform for girls is very similar, but instead leggings or short shorts are worn, although ballerina pants are also popular. Girls may also wear mini-skirts/skirts. Most schools require trainers. British Virgin Islands [ edit ] Both public high schools on the British Virgin Islands, Elmore Stoutt High School (/wiki/Elmore_Stoutt_High_School) and The Virgin Islands School of Technical Studies, enforce uniform policies. [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) Brunei [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in Bruneian public and religious schools. [45] (#cite_note-45) Boys: shirt, pants, songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Girls: Baju kurung (/wiki/Baju_kurung) , hijab Bulgaria [ edit ] School uniform is not widely worn in Bulgarian public schools, although several schools adopted compulsory uniform policies in the 2010s. [46] (#cite_note-46) Burkina Faso [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in all Burkinabè public and private schools. [47] (#cite_note-47) Burundi [ edit ] School uniforms are compulsory for school children in Burundi (/wiki/Burundi) . [48] (#cite_note-48) Burundi, like most African countries, has a compulsory school uniform policy. Burundi's school uniform policy dates back to the colonial days. During those days, chiefs' sons wore a white uniform and all other children wore khaki. [49] (#cite_note-49) The uniform policy is still in force in Burundi to date. However, schools decide on what uniform the pupils wear. It is also argued that the cost of buying the school uniform and poverty, especially in the rural areas, negatively affect school enrollment. [50] (#cite_note-50) Cambodia [ edit ] School children wearing uniforms in Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia) This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/School_uniforms_by_country) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) In Cambodia, students of all ages (pre-school to college) wear school uniforms. [51] (#cite_note-51) The uniforms differ by school and age level. Generally, boys wear a white dress shirt and a pair of shorts. The colour and length of the shorts varies at each school. Male college students wear the same kind of uniform, but instead of shorts, they wear black dress trousers. Girls usually wear white blouses and a skirt. Their skirts vary in colour and length depending upon the school and their ages. Generally, the younger students wear long skirts that almost reach their ankles and older students, particularly in college, wear shorter ones. Skirts are generally blue or black but may be other colours as well, depending on the school. Some schools also have alternative uniforms that students of both sexes wear every other day. These often consist of a coloured shirt and slacks. High school girls must wear black or blue long skirts. High school boys wear long black or blue trousers. The white shirt can be short-sleeved or long-sleeved for both sexes. High school students are also required to wear name tags on the left-hand side of their shirts. Cameroon [ edit ] School uniforms are worn universally in Cameroonian schools. [52] (#cite_note-52) Canada [ edit ] French-language secondary schools uniforms on sale at a warehouse store in Montreal, Quebec (/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec) . In Canada, provinces have exclusive jurisdiction over education and schools and decision with regard to mandatory uniforms are generally left to either school boards or individual schools. In general, public schools, who may have a dress code, do not have mandatory uniforms. The exception is Quebec, where French-language primary and secondary schools, especially in Montreal and Quebec City, have gradually been adopting mandatory uniform codes since the mid- 2000s. [53] (#cite_note-53) By 2015, 21 of the 29 secondary schools of Montreal's main French-language school board had implemented mandatory uniform code. [54] (#cite_note-54) In the province's English public school sector most high schools have gradually adopted such a code, some waiting until 2022 [55] (#cite_note-55) and 2023 [56] (#cite_note-56) to do so. In the rest of Canada, school uniforms are not required in most public schools or separate schools (/wiki/Separate_schools) , except in exceptional circumstances such as school performances or international field trips. However, the majority of Catholic high schools in southern Ontario (/wiki/Southern_Ontario) (Grade 9-12) do require uniforms. [57] (#cite_note-57) These uniforms generally have long- or short-sleeved shirts with the school logo or crest near the collar and trousers or kilted skirts. Schools often allow girls the option of choosing to wear a skirt or trousers. Some schools also mandate dress shoes and a particular type and length of socks to go with the uniform. A cardigan sweater, vest, or blazer may be part of the ensemble, particularly in winter. Additionally, as of 2011, the Toronto Catholic District School Board (/wiki/Toronto_Catholic_District_School_Board) has implemented an Appropriate Dress Code of navy blue and white in all elementary separate schools that do not already have their own uniforms. [58] (#cite_note-TCDSB-58) Otherwise, specific regulations and policies regarding school-appropriate dress and the extent of dress code enforcement will vary by school. Uniforms are used in most private schools, and also in special or alternative programs of public and Catholic schools. Cape Verde [ edit ] School uniform is worn in Cape Verdean schools from pre-school through secondary school. [59] (#cite_note-59) Cayman Islands [ edit ] All Caymanian primary and high schools, whether government-funded or private, have specified school uniforms, as well as shoe and hat policies. [60] (#cite_note-60) Central African Republic [ edit ] In April 1979, Bokassa I (/wiki/Jean-Bedel_Bokassa) ordered the arrest of a group of students protesting the extravagant cost of their mandatory school uniforms, over 100 of whom were later murdered. Public anger over the massacre contributed to Bokassa's subsequent overthrow (/wiki/Operation_Caban) in September 1980. [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) As of 2006, school uniforms are widely worn in Central African secondary schools. [63] (#cite_note-63) Chad [ edit ] A school uniform prescribed by the Ministry of National Education is compulsory in Chadian public and private schools. [64] (#cite_note-64) Chile [ edit ] Main article: Chilean school uniform (/wiki/Chilean_school_uniform) In Chile, most schools have a uniform. Until 1930, it was uncommon for students to wear a uniform. Under the government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_del_Campo) , all students became obliged to wear a school uniform. During the administration of Eduardo Frei Montalva (/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva) , a unified uniform was introduced for all public and private schools and other education centers. Today, these uniforms have disappeared in private schools, who prefer to use a customised one. China [ edit ] Chinese high school students in their summer school uniforms. Uniforms are a common part of the schools in China (/wiki/Education_in_China) . Almost all secondary schools as well as some elementary schools require students to wear uniforms. Uniforms in mainland China usually consist of five sets: 2 formal sets and 3 everyday sets. A formal set is worn on Mondays or special occasions (school anniversaries, school ceremonies, etc.) They consist of a white collared shirt with a sweater on top and a skirt for girls or a suit for boys. There is one formal set for summer and one set for winter. Everyday uniforms for boys in the winter usually consist of a zippered sweater (/wiki/Sweater) and trousers and a collared shirt (usually white). Thinner materials are worn in the spring and fall and short or long trousers may be worn in the summer. The everyday uniforms for girls are very similar to the boys' uniform. It is relatively common for there to be some kind of sponsored advertisement on some non-formal school uniform shirts, though this trend has fluctuated in recent years. Hong Kong [ edit ] Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) as School Uniform. Note- uniform is plain - markings are signatures (/wiki/Signatures) of owner's classmates. The vast majority of schools in the former British colony adopted uniforms similar to that of British schools, while Catholic schools in Hong Kong usually follow the tradition of Catholic school uniforms (/wiki/Catholic_school_uniform) . A number of older Christian girls' schools established around the midpoint of the 20th century, however, retain the heritage of using the Chinese cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) as their uniform, such as St. Stephen's Girls' College (/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Girls%27_College) , True Light Middle School (/wiki/True_Light_Middle_School_of_Hong_Kong) , Ying Wa Girls' School (/wiki/Ying_Wa_Girls%27_School) , and Heep Yunn School (/wiki/Heep_Yunn_School) . [65] (#cite_note-auto-65) Sailor suits (/wiki/Sailor_suit) are also used as uniforms in some kindergartens for boys and girls, and secondary schools but for girls only, for example the Bishop Hall Jubilee School (/wiki/Bishop_Hall_Jubilee_School) and New Method College (/wiki/New_Method_College) . St Paul's Girls' College, now St Paul's Co-educational College (/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Co-educational_College) , introduced a cheongsam as its uniform in 1918, making it Hong Kong's first school uniform. [66] (#cite_note-66) True Light Girls' College (/wiki/True_Light_Girls%27_College) was the first Hong Kong secondary school to have a cheongsam uniform. [65] (#cite_note-auto-65) While Hong Kong campuses of British public schools use hats for reasons of tradition, most Hong Kong schools have no hats in their uniforms. [67] (#cite_note-67) Macau [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in Macanese schools from kindergarten onwards. [68] (#cite_note-68) Colombia [ edit ] Colombian primary school students with their teacher. In Colombia, all students are required to wear uniforms in public and private schools. Uniforms in Colombia consist of two sets, one for everyday use and a sports one for physical education. Everyday uniforms for girls generally include a knee-length skirt, a white T-shirt with a vest, and white calf-length socks. For boys, the uniform generally includes dark-coloured long trousers and a short- or long-sleeved shirt. The shoes for both girls and boys are black lace-up shoes (sometimes the shoes may be dark blue or wine-coloured, depending on the uniform colours) and the shirts usually have the school's symbol at the left side. The sports uniform includes sweatpants, a collared T-shirt, and white sports shoes. The designs and the colours of the uniforms depend on the school's colours and the principal's preference. Comoros [ edit ] Comorian schools require uniforms. [69] (#cite_note-69) Democratic Republic of the Congo [ edit ] School uniform is compulsory in Congolese schools. Controversially, many schools oblige students' parents to buy uniforms directly from the institutions. [70] (#cite_note-70) Republic of the Congo [ edit ] In October 2016, the Ministry of Education instituted a standardised uniform in all public and private schools across the Republic of the Congo. [71] (#cite_note-71) Cook Islands [ edit ] Owing to its British colonial heritage, schools in the Cook Islands require uniforms. [72] (#cite_note-72) Costa Rica [ edit ] School uniform is mandatory in Costa Rica from pre-school through secondary school. [73] (#cite_note-73) Croatia [ edit ] In Croatian schools, children generally do not wear uniforms. Their use is confined to independent schools, such as those operated by the parent-run Rino Institut. [74] (#cite_note-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) Cuba [ edit ] All Cuban school students are obliged to wear uniforms. [76] (#cite_note-76) Curaçao [ edit ] School uniforms are compulsory in Curaçaoan public schools. [77] (#cite_note-77) Cyprus [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in Cypriot schools. [78] (#cite_note-78) Student organisation PEOM campaigns for the abolition of school uniforms. [79] (#cite_note-79) Czech Republic [ edit ] School uniforms are not in use in Czech public schools but are in several private schools. [80] (#cite_note-80) Denmark [ edit ] Herlufsholm School (/wiki/Herlufsholm_School) is the only school in Denmark with a compulsory school uniform. [81] (#cite_note-81) Djibouti [ edit ] Uniform is compulsory in Djiboutian schools. In 2020, presidential decree N° 267/2018 imposed a standardised beige uniform in all high schools. [82] (#cite_note-82) Dominica [ edit ] Uniform is mandatory in Dominican schools. When the island's schools were closed during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica) , education minister Octavia Alfred (/wiki/Octavia_Alfred) announced students would be obliged to wear their uniforms while participating in online classes. [83] (#cite_note-83) Dominican Republic [ edit ] School uniform is mandatory in Dominican public schools. All students wear khaki pants, regardless of sex or gender identity. [84] (#cite_note-84) Students nationwide wore blue shirts until 2017 when the Ministry of Education introduced a colour-coded system of polo shirts based upon a school's geographical location: [85] (#cite_note-85) Central Cibao: burgundy Northern Cibao: golden yellow South Region: turquoise blue East Region: green Greater Santo Domingo (/wiki/Greater_Santo_Domingo) : royal blue [86] (#cite_note-86) The new shirts were issued free to students at a reported cost of RD$ (/wiki/Dominican_peso) 639,576,485.00. [87] (#cite_note-87) East Timor [ edit ] School uniforms were compulsory during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor (/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor) . [88] (#cite_note-88) Following independence, the use of uniforms persisted. [89] (#cite_note-89) Ecuador [ edit ] School uniforms are mandatory in Ecuadorian public schools. [90] (#cite_note-90) In April 2018, the Ministry of Education ruled skirts cannot be made compulsory for female students. [91] (#cite_note-91) Egypt [ edit ] In the late 20th century, Egyptian schoolgirls predominantly wore an "apron" ( Arabic: المريلة almarilati ) — a type of smock — while their male peers wore shirts and pants. More recently, unisex polo shirts and pants have grown in popularity. [92] (#cite_note-92) [93] (#cite_note-93) El Salvador [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/School_uniforms_by_country) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( March 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Salvadoran school students celebrating independence day In El Salvador, all students from public schools and private schools are required to wear uniforms. Equatorial Guinea [ edit ] All Equatoguinean school students must wear uniforms. [94] (#cite_note-94) Eritrea [ edit ] School uniforms are mandatory in Eritrea. [95] (#cite_note-95) Estonia [ edit ] In the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) , mandatory school uniforms were introduced in the late 1950s. Uniforms were initially abandoned at the end of the 1980s but had already come back into use in some schools by the mid-1990s. [96] (#cite_note-96) This trend continued into the 2010s. [97] (#cite_note-97) [98] (#cite_note-98) Eswatini [ edit ] School uniforms are compulsory in all Emaswati schools. [99] (#cite_note-99) In July 2000, Senator Majahenkhaba Dlamini instructed the education minister to issue a directive compelling schoolgirls aged eleven and older to wear knee-length uniform skirts, ostensibly to fight the spread of HIV/AIDS (/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini) . [100] (#cite_note-100) [101] (#cite_note-101) Ethiopia [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in Ethiopian schools. [102] (#cite_note-102) Fiji [ edit ] Uniform is compulsory in Fijian public schools. In January 2022, the Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Heritage_and_Arts_(Fiji)) relaxed this rule for the first three months of the academic year. [103] (#cite_note-103) Finland [ edit ] In the mid-20th century, the former Hallituskatu Girls' School enforced a compulsory school uniform. [104] (#cite_note-104) According to the Board of Education (/wiki/Board_of_Education) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opetushallitus) ] , under current Finnish law, public school students cannot be obliged to wear school uniforms. [105] (#cite_note-105) France [ edit ] School uniforms have not been compulsory in state schools in France since 1968. Uniforms have not been enforced in French schools, a few exceptions (such as Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur (/wiki/Maison_d%27%C3%A9ducation_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur) , les Écoles TUNON, and Vatel). Xavier Darcos (/wiki/Xavier_Darcos) , a former teacher and Minister of Education (/wiki/Department_of_Education) from 2007 to 2009, is an advocate of the reintroduction of uniforms: "This is not outrageous. This removes the visible differences in social status or wealth. This is an additional factor of integration". [106] (#cite_note-106) The wearing of any religious symbols, such as a hijab or turban, has been banned (/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools) in French schools since 2004. Since March 2012, the students of the Boarding School of Excellence Sourdun (/wiki/Sourdun) wear a uniform with the insignia of their establishment. Les lycées de la défense, formerly known as military schools (/wiki/Military_school#France) , require their students to wear uniforms. In 2024, The French government made some moves to bring back School uniforms by running tests in a few cities. [107] (#cite_note-107) [108] (#cite_note-108) [109] (#cite_note-109) French Guiana [ edit ] French Guianan schools enforce a standardised uniform of coloured T-shirts and blue pants. [110] (#cite_note-110) French Polynesia [ edit ] In 2012, French Polynesia (/wiki/French_Polynesia) 's Minister of Education Tauhiti Nena (/wiki/Tauhiti_Nena) ordered the overseas collectivity (/wiki/Overseas_collectivity) 's public schools to adopt mandatory uniform policies. [111] (#cite_note-111) The following October, the Court of Administrative Law annulled the order, by which stage 24 schools had adopted uniform policies. [112] (#cite_note-112) As of August 2015, 13 schools retained these policies. [113] (#cite_note-113) Guadeloupe [ edit ] Use of uniforms and dress codes have become widespread in Guadeloupean schools. [114] (#cite_note-114) Martinique [ edit ] As of 2014, a third of the 345 schools on the French overseas department (/wiki/Overseas_department) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique) impose a non-compulsory uniform policy. [115] (#cite_note-115) New Caledonia [ edit ] In 2017, uniform polo shirts were made compulsory for students attending all 96 primary schools in New Caledonia's South Province (/wiki/South_Province,_New_Caledonia) . [116] (#cite_note-116) Réunion [ edit ] As of 2012, Collège Sainte-Geneviève in Saint-André (/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9,_R%C3%A9union) is the only Réunionese school to operate a uniform policy: students are obliged to wear logoed white T-shirts. [117] (#cite_note-117) Saint Barthélemy [ edit ] Collège Mireille-Choisy, Saint Barthélemy's only public secondary school, enforces a dress code requiring students to wear a logoed T-shirt and prohibiting certain types of legwear and footwear. [118] (#cite_note-118) Saint Martin [ edit ] Uniforms are worn in Saint-Martinois schools. [119] (#cite_note-119) [120] (#cite_note-120) Gabon [ edit ] School uniforms are widely worn in Gabon. A ban on Gabonese schools compelling students to buy uniforms directly from the institutions has led to some students making their own uniforms. [121] (#cite_note-121) The Gambia [ edit ] All pupils attending Gambians schools are required to wear uniforms. [122] (#cite_note-122) Germany [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/School_uniforms_by_country) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) German school children wearing voluntary "Schulkleidung" (2009). There is no tradition of wearing school uniforms in Germany, and today, almost all students of state schools, private schools or universities do not wear school uniforms. However, certain garments have been common to students in former times: From the 16th century, students (especially of secondary or grammar schools and similar institutions) were often subject to regulations that prescribed, for example, modest and not too stylish attire. In many cases these regulations were part of wider laws concerning the clothing of all citizens of certain social classes. A blue coat became a widespread obligatory status symbol of students of secondary schools; it fell out of use during the latter half of the 18th century. In more recent times, school uniforms in any real sense did not exist outside of convent schools and private boarding schools. At times, certain fashions became so widespread that they approached uniform status; this is true in particular for so-called student hats ( Schülermützen ) that became widespread from the 1880s on and remained somewhat popular until they were banned by the Nazis. Their wearing was advocated by teachers and the students themselves and occasionally made mandatory, but never on a national or statewide level. Another instance are the sailor suits (/wiki/Sailor_suits) that became fashionable around the turn of the 19th century. These, too, were not usually a prescribed uniform. [123] (#cite_note-123) The Nazis banned student hats – the last remaining, if voluntary, form of unified student clothing – because they considered them an attribute of class society. They did, however, institute mandatory membership in the uniformed Hitler Youth (/wiki/Hitler_Youth) ( HJ ) from 1936 until their fall. HJ uniforms were worn in the HJ training academies and in the Napolas (/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education) ; students of other schools sometimes wore them to school at their own discretion. [ citation needed ] In recent times, the introduction of school uniforms has been discussed, but usually the expression "uniform" (the word is the same in German) is avoided in favor of terms like "school clothing" ("Schulkleidung"). School clothing has been introduced in a small number of schools, for example in Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) -Sinstorf in 2000, and in Friesenheim (/wiki/Friesenheim_(Baden)) and Haag (Oberbayern) (/wiki/Haag_in_Obb) in 2005. In these cases the clothes are collections of shirts, sweaters, and the like, catering to contemporary fashion senses. Uniforms in a more traditional sense are almost never proposed in earnest. The debate on mandatory school uniforms intensified in Germany when two Muslim girls dressed in burkas arrived at a school in Bonn in 2006. The girls' actions were interpreted as political action and they were subsequently suspended from school. Then-Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries in an interview with the Welt am Sonntag stated that the simple solution to the issue under consideration is mandatory introduction of school uniforms for boys and girls across Germany. She further argued that school uniforms would help to prevent conflicts arising from religious or political differences. Her stance was supported by then-Minister Of Education Annette Schavan. The proposal was met with opposition from the teacher union and opposition political parties. The teacher union argued that school uniforms are not the solution for integration problems nor the issue of fashion obsession. The leader of the teacher union Heinz-Peter Meidinger also added that the school uniforms have been a controversial issue in Germany over the years. [124] (#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-124) Opposition to school uniforms [ edit ] A senior member of the Green Party, Krista Sager, also said that the introduction of school uniforms would be unacceptable state interference in religious matters. She then proposed that individual schools have to find their own solutions and rejected solutions imposed by government. She further noted that school uniforms are no longer up to date and their imposition would be rejected by the current generation of students. The Conference of Education Ministers, a body that decides on school policies, also kicked back against school uniforms. They cited historical reasons dating back to WWII with memories of Hitler Youth's uniform still fresh in people's minds. They also concluded that the imposition of school uniforms would be excessive government encroachment on personal liberty of pupils and parents. [125] (#cite_note-dw.de-125) However, a number of schools sell branded clothing that can be worn as a sign of school pride. [125] (#cite_note-dw.de-125) The Bildungsstreik (/w/index.php?title=Bildungsstreik&action=edit&redlink=1) movement fights against school uniforms due to their belief that it represents some kind of militarism (/wiki/Militarism) . [124] (#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-124) Ghana [ edit ] Students of a public school in Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) wearing their uniform School uniform of a private school in Ghana All children have to wear school uniforms in Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) . Pupils in public schools have the same type of school uniform with the school's emblem imprinted on the left chest. This helps to distinguish pupils of one school from the other. Private schools determine which uniforms their pupils wear. [126] (#cite_note-126) [127] (#cite_note-127) [128] (#cite_note-128) On April 11, 2019, the Director-General of the Ghana Education Service (/wiki/Ghana_Education_Service) , Prof Kwasi Opoku Amankwa (/wiki/Kwasi_Opoku_Amankwa) announced at a press conference in Accra that public Junior High School (/wiki/Junior_High_School) pupils will start wearing a new uniform beginning from the 2019–2020 academic year. [129] (#cite_note-129) The new uniform is primarily to distinguish the Junior High pupils from their peers at the primary level. The current brown and yellow khaki school uniform, locally referred to as Konkonte and nkate nkwan (groundnut soup) and worn by pupils at the basic level in public schools, was introduced over 30 years ago by the government. [130] (#cite_note-130) Georgia [ edit ] School uniforms are not widely worn in Georgian schools. They were once widespread in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) , but their use had largely faded by the late 1980s. [131] (#cite_note-131) Greece [ edit ] Uniforms ceased to be worn in Greek public schools in 1982. Their use is now confined to certain private and international schools. [132] (#cite_note-132) Grenada [ edit ] Uniforms are worn in all Grenadian public schools. [133] (#cite_note-133) The Grenadian government runs an annual School Uniform Voucher Programme to help students' families meet the associated costs. [134] (#cite_note-134) Guatemala [ edit ] School uniforms are widely worn in Guatemalan schools. [135] (#cite_note-135) However, in 2008, Álvaro Colom (/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Colom) prohibited the enforcement of mandatory uniforms in public schools. [136] (#cite_note-136) Guinea [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in Guinean public schools. [137] (#cite_note-137) Guinea-Bissau [ edit ] In October 2020, it was announced a standardized uniform would be introduced across all Bissau-Guinean public and private schools. [138] (#cite_note-138) Guyana [ edit ] Guyana has a long history of school uniforms being compulsory. Students attending public and private schools up to the secondary level are required to wear them. In some instances, this extends to those attending classes on Saturdays and during periods when schools are officially closed. [139] (#cite_note-139) The Guyanese government dispenses grants to assist students with uniform costs. [140] (#cite_note-140) Haiti [ edit ] School uniforms are compulsory in Haitian schools. [141] (#cite_note-141) Honduras [ edit ] On 18 March 2014, the National Congress of Honduras (/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras) approved a decree introducing a single uniform of white shirts and blue pants or skirts in all Honduran public schools. [142] (#cite_note-142) Hungary [ edit ] School uniforms are not currently worn in Hungarian public schools. In the Hungarian People's Republic (/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic) , the "school coat" ( Hungarian: iskolaköpeny ) was made compulsory for all schoolchildren in September 1973. [143] (#cite_note-143) Iceland [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in some Icelandic primary schools. [144] (#cite_note-144) [145] (#cite_note-145) India [ edit ] Indian school students in their summer uniform School girls in India in Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Salwar_kameez) uniforms Uniforms are compulsory in India in both public and private schools. The boys' uniforms are often made of a light-coloured shirt, long trousers usually blue, white or black, and those of the girls are often a shirt and a skirt. Most schools employ this form of uniform however Shalwar Kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_Kameez) is prescribed in some of the rural north Indian areas but rarely seen in urban areas. Many schools require students to wear uniform shoes, ties and ID cards, and comb their hair down and keep it clean and short. Long hair is tied in braids. Uniform is one of the most important components of school life and is taken very seriously in India. Many government-run schools across different states also provide free uniforms and school bags to the students. [146] (#cite_note-146) Some institutions also require the use of a tie, especially the schools run by private institutions, and the Indian education system does not prohibit the children on the ground of religion. There is no discrimination on the basis of religion in the field of education in India. That's why all the children are allowed to wear the same uniform, no matter what religion you belong to. However, most of the schools, whether public or private, prohibit students to have dyed hair or males to have a ponytail. Indonesia [ edit ] In Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , national school uniforms are mandatory for every student during Monday to Thursday. [147] (#cite_note-147) They can be simply described as below for each stage of education: Elementary schools or Sekolah Dasar ( SD ) students wear a white short-sleeve shirt with red shorts for male students, and below-knee skirts for females. Junior high schools or Sekolah Menengah Pertama ( SMP ) require navy blue shorts or trousers with a short-sleeve white shirt for male students. Females wear a below-knee-length or long navy blue skirt and short-sleeve white shirt. Senior high schools or Sekolah Menengah Atas ( SMA ) require blue-grey trousers with a short-sleeve white shirt. Females wear a below-knee-length or long blue-grey skirt, and wear short-sleeve or long-sleeve white shirts. [148] (#cite_note-148) Public schools in Indonesia tolerate religious freedoms. For example, Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) girls may opt to wear long-sleeve shirts, longer skirts, and jilbab (/wiki/Jilbab) to cover their heads. Some schools in Indonesia (/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia) also have a batik (/wiki/Batik) uniform, usually worn on Friday or Saturday. This kind of uniform consists of a batik short-sleeve or long-sleeve shirt, with long or short trousers for SMA and below-knee or long skirts for females. The motifs and colours of batik depend on the school. Some schools tend to issue ties and/or vests for their students. These ties and vests may vary from school to school in colour and sewing pattern, even among public schools. Nowadays, with the increase of private schools in Indonesia, most private schools have their own signature school uniform. Most consist of shirts with shorts or trousers for males, and skirts for females, only with differences on the colour. Every school has its own standard grooming. Males are not allowed to have long hair. Accessories are also normally prohibited for males, except for watches. Females are usually allowed to use simple accessories such as watches, earrings, and sometimes bracelets. Wearing nail polish is usually not allowed. Most schools pay attention to the shoes that can be worn. Black or white sneakers with white laces are the most common shoes. Few higher-level students, such as in SMA or SMK , are normally required to wear black leather shoes. Schoolgirls in Indonesia in 1971 The school badge is usually put on the right sleeve of a shirt, consist of school's name and location, and some have their own school's logo. Others prefer to wear the school's logo as a lapel or breast plastic or metal pin. The emblem of OSIS ( Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah ), or School's Intern Student Organization, is put on the shirt's left pocket. Students' names are usually on the right side of the shirt and embedded by sewing, ironing or as a detachable badge. Some schools (usually "SMP" and "SMA") distinguish the grade of their students by stripes on the official ties issued or an emblem below the school emblem (it can be stripes, chevrons or numbers). Since school year 2014/2015, elementary and middle schools are require the students to wear an Indonesian flag school badge sewn on top of their left pocket. [149] (#cite_note-149) The scouts (/wiki/Scouts) (pramuka) uniform is used in many schools in Indonesia at least once a week. It consists of light-brown short-sleeve or long-sleeve shirts, with dark-brown shorts or trousers, and below-knee skirts or longer for females. The common day to wear the scout uniform usually falls on Friday or Saturday. Furthermore, on certain occasions (usually on ceremonies or competitions), the uniform should be worn as full dress, with red and white scarf/tie, dark brown beret, rope, dagger and scout's stick. The scout uniform has two breast pockets. Above right pocket is the student's name. The Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia (/wiki/Gerakan_Pramuka_Indonesia) (Indonesian Scout Movement) logo is sewn on the left pocket (for male students). On the right sleeve there are scouting organization's location, number and logo, while on the left sleeve usually are the student's scouting team logo and chevrons denoting his/her grade. Male students wear International Scout Organization logo above their name and female students on their lapel. Ireland [ edit ] In Ireland (/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) , almost all primary and secondary schools require students to wear a uniform. These can vary from school to school but for the most part include trousers for male students, a skirt or pinafore for female students and a shirt, a jumper and a tie. In recent years many schools also offer the option of trousers for female students. Some schools require blazers rather than jumpers. Some primary schools now let their pupils wear a school tracksuit rather than a formal uniform. Primary and Secondary schools under the patronage of Educate Together (/wiki/Educate_Together) , have no school uniforms in their network of over 100 schools. [150] (#cite_note-150) In recent years there has been criticism, including by the Department of Education (/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Ireland)) of the requirement that a school uniform jumper must have the school crest or name imprinted onto it and of the practice where a school's uniform can only be bought from a certain supplier, which can markedly increase the price of a uniform. As well as rules regarding the wearing of a uniform, many schools have regulations regarding hair, footwear, the growth of facial hair for males, the wearing of makeup and the length of school skirts. [151] (#cite_note-151) Israel [ edit ] According to former Education Minister Limor Livnat (/wiki/Limor_Livnat) , about 1,400 Israeli public schools require pupils to wear uniforms. [152] (#cite_note-152) School uniforms used to be the norm in the state's early days, but have since fallen out of favor. However, in recent years, the number of schools using school uniforms has been increasing once more. Many teachers, parents and students are in favor of returning the school uniform to common use to prevent the deepening of the gap between affluent children and those less well-off. Nowadays school uniforms are mainly associated with "national religious" schools within the Israeli system of education (/wiki/Education_in_Israel) . [153] (#cite_note-153) Schools for Arab citizens of Israel (/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel) also frequently require uniforms: for girls, it is often a pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) to be worn over trousers and shirt. In the Haredi (/wiki/Haredi) or ultra-Orthodox school system, uniforms are compulsory in essentially all girls' schools. In the vast majority of these, the style adopted by the Beit Ya'akov (/wiki/Bais_Yaakov) network is used: a sky-blue, button-down, open-collar, loose-fitting blouse with an Oxford-blue, pleated skirt that comes to just below the knee and dark stockings. In cold weather, a Yale-blue sweater may be added. A small fraction of schools alter the colour scheme to pink and burgundy, while otherwise retaining the same overall appearance. In boys' schools there is usually not an identifiable school uniform, distinct from what is considered acceptable for ordinary street wear. However, the standards of acceptable street wear for boys and men in Haredi communities are so precise and exacting that in almost all cases all of the boys in a particular school will be dressed identically. In non-Haredi schools today, school uniforms in Israel consist only of a shirt with the school logo. In the summer, the uniform shirt is a simple T-shirt, while in the winter, the shirts worn are warm or hooded sweaters. Although the shirts are uniform, they usually come in various colours, and allow students to customize and express themselves even while wearing a uniform. The shirts sell for a very small amount of money, so that even the less well-off can acquire them. Italy [ edit ] In Italy, school uniforms are uncommon, partially because child uniforms are associated with the era of Benito Mussolini (/wiki/Benito_Mussolini) before World War II when children were placed according to their age into Italian Fascist (/wiki/Italian_Fascist) youth movements and had to wear uniforms inside and outside school. However, until the early 1960s many high schools required girls to wear black grembiule (resembling a doctor smock) on top of their clothes: no uniform was required for boys. Nowadays, many pre-schools advise parents to dress their children with a grembiulino , i.e., a small grembiule , usually shorter and more colourful, that can be purchased cheaply. Some elementary schools advise some kind of grembiule for the younger pupils. Sometimes girls are required to wear a pink or white grembiulino , while boys may be required to wear a short cotton jacket, usually blue or black. In other cases both boys and girls may be required to wear a more neutral blue grembiule . Some parents send their children to school in a grembiule even if the school does not require it. Poet and children's writer Gianni Rodari (/wiki/Gianni_Rodari) has described adult life as "a school without grembiule and school desk". [154] (#cite_note-154) In 2004 the Italian chapter of WWF (/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature) warned that synthetic grembiuli were harmful to pupils. [155] (#cite_note-155) In July 2008 Education Minister Mariastella Gelmini proposed the re-introduction of the compulsory smock in public schools, provoking a debate in the Italian press. [156] (#cite_note-156) In 2014, with the association of IT-PAN, the grembiuli wasn't needed after Iran [ edit ] Iranian schools generally employ uniform policies but students cannot legally be compelled to wear them. [157] (#cite_note-157) Iraq [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in Iraqi public schools. [158] (#cite_note-158) Ivory Coast [ edit ] In October 2003, the Ivorian government abolished the compulsory wearing of school uniforms in all schools. [159] (#cite_note-159) By 2012, compulsory school uniforms had been re-implemented. [160] (#cite_note-160) Japan [ edit ] Main article: Japanese school uniform (/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform) Japanese schoolgirls wearing knee-high loose socks (/wiki/Loose_socks) . Japan introduced school uniforms in the late 19th century. Today, school uniforms are almost universal in the public and private school systems. They are also used in some women's colleges. The Japanese word for uniform is seifuku ( 制服 ) . In the majority of elementary schools, students are not required to wear a uniform to school. Where they are required, many boys wear white shirts, short trousers, and caps. Young boys often dress more formally in their class pictures than they do other days of the school year. Girls' uniforms might include a grey pleated skirt and white blouse. Occasionally the sailor outfit is used for girls. The uniform codes may vary by season to work with the environment and occasion. It is common for boys and girls to wear brightly coloured caps to prevent traffic accidents. It is normal for uniforms to be worn outside of school areas. However, this is going out of fashion and many students are wearing casual dress. [ citation needed ] The Japanese junior- and senior-high-school uniform traditionally consists of a military style (/wiki/Gakuran) for boys and a sailor outfit (/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform#Sailor_outfit) for girls. These uniforms are based on Meiji era (/wiki/Meiji_era) formal military dress, themselves modeled on European-style naval uniforms. The sailor outfit replace the undivided hakama (/wiki/Hakama) (andon bakama 行灯袴) designed by Utako Shimoda (/wiki/Utako_Shimoda) between 1920 and 1930. [161] (#cite_note-161) While this style is still in use, many schools have moved to more Western-pattern parochial school (/wiki/Parochial_school) uniform styles. They consist of a white shirt, tie, blazer (/wiki/Blazer) or sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) with school crest, and tailored trousers (often not of the same colour as the blazer or sweater vest) for boys and a white blouse, tie, blazer with school crest, and tartan (/wiki/Tartan) skirt for girls. Much like the male uniform, the gakuran (/wiki/Gakuran) , the sailor outfit bears a similarity to military-styled naval (/wiki/Naval) uniforms. The uniform generally consists of a blouse (/wiki/Blouse) attached with a sailor-style collar and a pleated (/wiki/Pleat) skirt (/wiki/Skirt) . There are seasonal variations for summer and winter: sleeve length and fabric are adjusted accordingly. A ribbon is tied in the front and laced through a loop attached to the blouse. Several variations on the ribbon include ties, bolo ties (/wiki/Bolo_tie) , neckerchiefs (/wiki/Neckerchief) , and bows. Common colours are navy blue, white, grey, light green and black. Kogal (/wiki/Kogal) culture: Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) used as school uniform by Japanese schoolgirls. Left: winter uniform, right: summer uniform. Shoes, socks, and other accessories are sometimes included as part of the uniform. The socks are typically navy or white. The shoes are typically brown or black penny loafers (/wiki/Penny_loafer) . Although not part of the prescribed uniform, alternate forms of legwear (such as loose socks (/wiki/Loose_socks) , knee-length stockings, or similar) are commonly matched by more fashionable girls with their sailor outfits. Regardless of what type of uniform any particular school assigns its students, all schools have a summer version (usually consisting of a white dress shirt and dark slacks for boys and a reduced-weight traditional uniform or blouse and tartan skirt with tie for girls) and a sports-activity uniform (a polyester track suit for year-round use and a T-shirt and shorts for summer activities). Depending on the discipline level of their school, students may wear seasonal and activity uniforms in the same classroom during the day. Students may attempt to subvert the system of uniforms by wearing them incorrectly or by adding prohibited elements such as large loose socks (/wiki/Loose_socks) or badges. Miniskirts have been very popular in Japan, where they became part of school uniforms, and they came to be worn within the Kogal (/wiki/Kogal) culture. [162] (#cite_note-162) [163] (#cite_note-163) Jordan [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in Jordanian public schools. Male students in elementary and secondary schools wear khaki uniforms. Female elementary students wear blue uniforms and their secondary counterparts wear green ones. Girls are also allowed to wear jilbabs (/wiki/Jilbab) provided they're either grey or dark blue. [164] (#cite_note-164) Kazakhstan [ edit ] The first recorded use of school uniform in Kazakhstani schools was in 1918. [165] (#cite_note-165) In the Republic of Kazakhstan (/wiki/Kazakhstan) , uniforms are worn throughout the public education system. [166] (#cite_note-166) [167] (#cite_note-167) In January 2017, the Ministry of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(Kazakhstan)) announced a ban on the wearing of religious symbols in schools. [168] (#cite_note-168) Kenya [ edit ] School uniforms are generally compulsory in Kenyan public primary and secondary schools. [169] (#cite_note-Nation_2012-169) A 2018 World Bank study found that Kenyan students receiving subsidized school uniforms reduced absenteeism by 37%. [170] (#cite_note-Phwitiko_2019-170) Kiribati [ edit ] Uniforms are worn in I-Kiribati schools. [171] (#cite_note-171) Kosovo [ edit ] Some Kosovan schools require uniforms. [172] (#cite_note-172) [173] (#cite_note-173) 'Religious uniforms' are officially banned in Kosovan public schools. [174] (#cite_note-174) Kuwait [ edit ] Most schools in Kuwait have a uniform. [175] (#cite_note-175) Kyrgyzstan [ edit ] In 2015, school uniforms became mandatory in Kyrgyz public schools. [176] (#cite_note-176) Laos [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in Laotian schools. [177] (#cite_note-177) Latvia [ edit ] On 11 November 1928, a standardised school uniform was introduced across all Latvian schools: for girls, a dark blue dress with a white collar and dark apron; for boys, a dark suit with a high collar. Uniforms continued to be mandatory throughout the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic) era. After largely falling out of use following independence, many schools have readopted uniform policies in the early 21st century. [178] (#cite_note-178) Lebanon [ edit ] In Lebanon, most schools adopt school uniforms. They are usually composed of a shirt (usually with a pattern) and/or a polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) , a jumper, skirts for girls and trousers for boys. Some public schools do not require school uniforms. Lesotho [ edit ] In Lesotho school uniforms are still compulsory. [179] (#cite_note-179) Many poor families can not afford them, which is one of the reasons for the high dropout rate in primary schools. [180] (#cite_note-180) Liberia [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in Liberian schools. In October 2021, the Ministry of Education rebuked certain private and faith-based schools for compelling students to purchase uniforms directly from the institutions. [181] (#cite_note-181) Libya [ edit ] Uniforms are worn in Libyan schools. [182] (#cite_note-182) [183] (#cite_note-183) Liechtenstein [ edit ] School uniforms are not widely worn in Liechtenstein. In September 2011, a primary school in Triesen (/wiki/Triesen) adopted a voluntary uniform of logoed polo shirts following a campaign by the local parents' association. [184] (#cite_note-184) [185] (#cite_note-185) Luxembourg [ edit ] Luxembourg has no history of school uniforms in its public and private school systems. [186] (#cite_note-186) Madagascar [ edit ] Malagasy public and private schools require uniforms. [187] (#cite_note-187) Malawi [ edit ] In Malawi, school uniform is widespread but not necessarily compulsory. The UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) -backed government scheme Social Cash Transfer Programme frequently subsidizes the cost of uniform. [170] (#cite_note-Phwitiko_2019-170) On 29 June 2021, female members of the National Assembly (/wiki/National_Assembly_(Malawi)) dressed in primary school-style uniforms to promote girls' education. Minister of Education Agnes Nyalonje (/wiki/Agnes_Nyalonje) was sent out of the chamber for not complying with the dress code. [188] (#cite_note-188) Malaysia [ edit ] Main article: Malaysian school uniform (/wiki/Malaysian_school_uniform) In Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , school uniforms ( Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) : Pakaian Seragam Sekolah ) are compulsory for all students who attend public schools. Western-style school uniforms were introduced to present-day Malaysia in the late 19th century during the British colonial era. The present design was standardised beginning in January 1970. Today, school uniforms are almost universal in the public and private school systems. The uniforms at Malaysian public schools are as follows: [189] (#cite_note-189) Malaysian school girls in pinafores. Students are required to wear white socks and white shoes, or black socks and black shoes with the above uniform. For modesty reasons, most schools require female students who wear the baju kurung (/wiki/Baju_kurung) to wear a plain-coloured camisole (/wiki/Camisole) underneath. [190] (#cite_note-190) [191] (#cite_note-191) [192] (#cite_note-192) [193] (#cite_note-193) In addition to these, schools usually have badges that must be sewn or ironed on to the uniform — generally at the left chest. Some schools require students to sew their name tags in addition to the badge. For upper forms, students generally have to wear a school-specific tie, except those who are wearing the baju kurung. In Malaysia, Muslim girls tend to wear the baju kurung. Most of them start wearing a white tudung (Malaysian version of the Muslim headscarf or hijab) upon entering secondary school, for religious reasons. Non-Muslim girls tend to wear the pinafore. Some non-Muslim girls wear the baju kurung but without the tudung. Malaysian secondary school boys uniform. Muslim boys may wear baju melayu (/wiki/Baju_melayu) at school on Fridays, often with a songkok (/wiki/Songkok) hat, to be dressed for going to the mosque for prayers at lunchtime. Girls who choose to wear the pinafore, especially those attending co-ed schools, usually wear shorts under their pinafore to allow for carefree movement as the skirt only covers up to the knee. Those who wear the baju kurung tend not to wear shorts under their long skirt as their skirt covers their legs. [ citation needed ] Students who hold positions in schools such as School Prefects, Librarian and Head Class often wear different uniforms than regular students. Therefore, some schools have prescribed the wearing of Ties for students who have positions in the school and some schools require the wearing of Ties to all students. Some schools have ties as standard issue; even then, the ties are generally reserved for school events and public appearances, and are not part of the everyday school uniform. The tropical climate makes them uncomfortable. The hairstyle (/wiki/Hairstyle) of students is given attention by schools and the Ministry of Education. [194] (#cite_note-194) Schools do not allow students to dye their hair. For boys, there is usually a maximum length allowed, for example, the hair must be a few centimetres above the collar, and no sideburns are allowed. Violation of boys' hair regulations is often punished with a caning (/wiki/Caning) ; some offer the alternative of an enforced haircut at the school (although the result of the haircut may be deliberately made to be humiliating as part of the punishment). [195] (#cite_note-195) The use of hair gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) is prohibited in some of the stricter schools, to prevent excessive hairdressing. Girls' long hair must be properly tied up, often into a ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) . Some schools dictate the colour and type of hair accessories that can be used. Some prohibit even girls from having long hair. Wearing make up (/wiki/Make_up) in school is prohibited. Schools usually enforce their uniform code thoroughly, with regular checks by teachers and prefects. Students who fail to comply may be warned, given demerit points, publicly punished, sent home from school, or caned (/wiki/School_corporal_punishment) . [196] (#cite_note-196) Maldives [ edit ] School uniforms are widely worn in the Maldives. [197] (#cite_note-197) [198] (#cite_note-198) Mali [ edit ] Unlike most African countries, uniforms are not mandatory in Malian public schools. However, they are compulsory in private schools. [199] (#cite_note-199) Malta [ edit ] Children in Malta are obliged to wear school uniforms. [200] (#cite_note-200) Marshall Islands [ edit ] Marshallese schoolchildren wear uniforms. [201] (#cite_note-201) Mauritania [ edit ] In August 2021, education minister Maa El-ainine Ould Eyih announced a compulsory uniform would be imposed in all Mauritanian public schools. [202] (#cite_note-202) Mauritius [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/School_uniforms_by_country) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) School uniforms in Mauritius are generally compulsory. Mauritius being a former British colony, has been using the system from back then. The students have to wear uniforms from primary school until higher secondary level. However, there are a few private schools that are based on the French system and do not require the student to wear school uniform. Mexico [ edit ] Mexican schoolgirls wearing P.E. uniforms, 2010 In Mexico, students from all public primary and secondary schools, and some public high schools are required to wear uniform. Most private schools require uniform even since nursery school, however, many private secondary and high schools are opting to eliminate it. Mexican uniforms have the school's logo and colours. Most Mexican schools have 2 types of uniforms: one for P.E. and another for regular school days. Many public secondary schools have a different regular uniform for each grade, especially for girls. Uniforms usually consist of the following (but may vary by school): Regular Boys Polo shirt Vest or sweater Cloth trousers Socks Black shoes Girls Polo shirt Vest or sweater Knee-length skirt or dress (called jumper), pleated most of the time Knee high socks (white for most public schools) Black mary janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) (elementary school) / black laced shoes (secondary school) P.E. Note: The uniform is unisex most of the time. Polo or shirt Open sweatshirt Sweatpants socks and trainers (preferably white) Nowadays, a complete school uniform set cost can go up to US$98.39 for girls, and US$102.32 for boys, which contradicts the uniforms implementation original goal during the 1930s (/wiki/1930s) : to reduce clothing costs and avoid classism (/wiki/Classism) . [203] (#cite_note-203) On 2019, Mexico City's government announced a new Law that permitted pupils to choose whether to wear the trousers or skirt version of their regular uniform, regardless of their gender. If successful, this new practice might be implemented in other states of the republic. [204] (#cite_note-204) Federated States of Micronesia [ edit ] The use of school uniforms is sporadic in Micronesian public schools. Pohnpei [ edit ] Students at Bailey Olter High School (/wiki/Bailey_Olter_High_School) wear uniforms. [205] (#cite_note-205) Monaco [ edit ] School uniform has been compulsory in Monegasque primary schools since 2019. Students are obliged to wear white polo shirts bearing their school's crest. [206] (#cite_note-206) Moldova [ edit ] In 2018, the Democratic Party of Moldova (/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Moldova) called for all Moldovan schools to adopt school uniform policies. The Ministry of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Research_(Moldova)) backed the call but stressed uniforms could not be made mandatory. [207] (#cite_note-207) A survey of 300,000 students, teachers and parents recorded 82% of respondents as being in favour of introducing uniforms. [208] (#cite_note-208) Transnistria [ edit ] In October 2014, Vladimir Bodnar (/wiki/Vladimir_Bodnar) proposed the introduction of compulsory uniforms in Transnistrian schools. [209] (#cite_note-209) In April 2020, education minister Alla Nikolyuk renewed this proposal. [210] (#cite_note-210) Mongolia [ edit ] In Mongolia, school uniforms are widespread in the public school system. [211] (#cite_note-211) Montenegro [ edit ] In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) , some schools enforced a mandatory uniform consisting of a navy blue "apron". [38] (#cite_note-SFRY-38) In August 2016, education minister Damir Šehović launched a school uniform pilot programme at Savo Pejanović Primary School in Podgorica, consisting of compulsory polo shirts. [212] (#cite_note-212) Montserrat [ edit ] Students attending Montserrat Secondary School (/wiki/Montserrat_Secondary_School) , the island’s only high school, wear uniforms. [213] (#cite_note-213) Morocco [ edit ] Historically, Moroccan primary and secondary schools students have worn the "apron" ( Arabic: المريلة almarilati ). [214] (#cite_note-214) Mozambique [ edit ] Mozambican schools require students to wear uniforms. [215] (#cite_note-215) Myanmar [ edit ] Main article: School uniforms in Myanmar (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Myanmar) Students at a Basic Education School (public school) in Myanmar School uniforms (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Myanmar) are mandatory throughout public schools in Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) , from kindergarten until the 10th standard. [216] (#cite_note-216) The current uniform rule, known as the "White-Green", was mandated on 14 February 1966. [217] (#cite_note-217) From kindergarten to the 4th standard, the compulsory uniform for boys is a white shirt and green pants, which can be short or long. Shoes and Burmese sandals may be worn. The uniform for girls is similar, consisting of a white blouse and a skirt or pants. From the 5th standard until matriculation, traditional Burmese attire is considered appropriate school uniform. The uniform for boys is a white shirt (with an english collar or a mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) ) and a green sarong called a pahso (/wiki/Longyi#Design_and_style) , along with Burmese sandals. For girls, a traditional Burmese blouse (either the yinzi, with a front opening, or the yin hpon , with a side opening) and a green sarong called a htamein (/wiki/Longyi#Design_and_style) are worn, along with Burmese sandals. Public school teachers also have to wear the same traditional attire uniform as the students. Namibia [ edit ] School uniforms are common in almost every school in Namibia, both private and state. [218] (#cite_note-218) Nauru [ edit ] Nauruan schools require students to wear uniforms. [219] (#cite_note-219) Nepal [ edit ] School uniforms are compulsory in Nepal in both public and private schools. The boys' uniforms are made of shirt with long or short sleeves, long trousers with various colours set by their school and girls uniforms with similar colours are often a shirt and a skirt. Many schools require students to wear shoes, ties and ID cards, and schools has strict policies with hair styles and required to comb their hair down and keep it clean and short. Long hair is tied in braids. Uniform is one of the most important components of school life and is taken very seriously in Nepal. Netherlands [ edit ] School uniforms are very rare in the Dutch education system. [220] (#cite_note-220) Their use is confined to international and private schools. [221] (#cite_note-221) Bonaire [ edit ] Students of Scholengemeenschap Bonaire (/wiki/Scholengemeenschap_Bonaire) , the sole high school on Bonaire, are required to wear uniform. [222] (#cite_note-222) Saba [ edit ] Students of Saba Comprehensive School (/wiki/Saba_Comprehensive_School) , the sole high school on Saba, are required to wear uniform. [223] (#cite_note-223) Sint Eustatius [ edit ] Students of Gwendoline van Putten School (/wiki/Gwendoline_van_Putten_School) , the sole high school on Sint Eustatius, are required to wear uniform. [224] (#cite_note-224) New Zealand [ edit ] School boys in New Zealand Traditionally, many New Zealand intermediate (/wiki/Middle_school) and high schools (/wiki/High_school) , and state-integrated (/wiki/State-integrated_school) and private primary schools (/wiki/Primary_school) , have followed the British system of school uniforms, [225] (#cite_note-225) although it is common in state schools for the boy's uniform to have a jersey and grey short trousers (/wiki/Short_trousers) rather than a blazer with tie and long trousers. This usually consists of a variety of the following apparel: for boys, a business-style shirt with an official school tie, and long or short trousers; and for girls, a blouse, and a plain and/or plaid (/wiki/Plaid_(pattern)) (usually tartan (/wiki/Tartan) ) skirt, and in some schools, especially in the South Island (/wiki/South_Island) , kilts. Both sexes wear an 'official' school jersey. Blazers and jackets are of varied colours according to the school - dark or light blue, grey, crimson, scarlet, green or black. Some follow the British practice of having contrasting colours edging the lapels and jacket fronts. Caps have generally been discarded since the 1970s but in many primary schools there is a compulsory broad-brimmed floppy hat, in the school colours, to help prevent sunburn. Where short trousers are worn, boys are usually required to wear long socks, and garters are compulsory in many schools to hold socks up. [226] (#cite_note-226) Since 1990 an increasing number of schools, especially in the North Island, include sandals as the standard summer footwear. Many schools also allow students to attend barefoot, with a relatively large number of students choosing to do so. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a tendency for the traditional uniform to be replaced by cheaper and more 'modern' options: polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) , [227] (#cite_note-227) polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) tops, or a complete doing away with uniforms in favour of mufti. Intermediate schools usually provide the option of skirts or culottes for girls and sometimes shorts while boys will wear shorts. Bike shorts or tights are sometimes worn under girls' skirts and dresses. [ citation needed ] Some high schools have introduced trousers as an option for girls instead of skirts, however demand is low with several Christchurch (/wiki/Christchurch) high schools estimating only 1% of girls at their respective schools wear trousers. [228] (#cite_note-228) Tokelau [ edit ] All three schools in Tokelau enforce uniform policies. [229] (#cite_note-229) [230] (#cite_note-230) [231] (#cite_note-231) Nicaragua [ edit ] On 18 September 1979, an administrative decree introduced a mandatory uniform of white shirts and blue pants or skirts in all Nicaraguan public and private schools. [232] (#cite_note-232) Niger [ edit ] Uniforms are worn widely in Nigerien schools. [233] (#cite_note-233) Nigeria [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/School_uniforms_by_country) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( November 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) School uniforms are used in Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) for all public and private schools (/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria) from nursery school through primary and secondary school. This originally came with the introduction of western education by Christian missionaries and the tradition continued during the colonial era (/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria) up till the current era of independence. Some schools have so-called mufti days where this requirement is voided. Niue [ edit ] Niue's sole primary and secondary schools both require uniforms. [234] (#cite_note-234) [235] (#cite_note-235) North Korea [ edit ] All North Korean (/wiki/North_Korea) students in schools are required to wear uniforms. Makeup is prohibited until graduation from high school. [236] (#cite_note-236) Dress codes in universities vary with some requiring uniforms and others requiring formal wear. Norway [ edit ] School uniforms are generally absent from the Norwegian education system, except in certain international schools. [237] (#cite_note-237) [238] (#cite_note-238) North Macedonia [ edit ] In September 2014, school uniform was made compulsory for all elementary students in the Municipality of Aerodrom (/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality,_Skopje) in Skopje. [239] (#cite_note-239) Several secondary schools in Skopje also enforce uniform policies. [240] (#cite_note-240) Oman [ edit ] In March 2019, the Ministry of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Oman)) announced Omani public school students would be required to wear dishdashas (/wiki/Thawb) for the 2019/2020 academic year. [241] (#cite_note-241) Pakistan [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/School_uniforms_by_country) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( November 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Primary schoolgirls in Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) The school uniforms are compulsory in most schools in Pakistan. Both the public and the private schools have mandated uniforms. Boys uniforms are often made of a light-coloured shirt, long trousers usually brown or blue. The girls often wear Shalwar Qameez suit or in some schools shirt and skirt. Palau [ edit ] School uniform is compulsory for Palauan schoolchildren. [242] (#cite_note-242) Papua New Guinea [ edit ] Papua New Guinean schools generally require uniforms. [243] (#cite_note-243) Palestine [ edit ] Palestinian schoolchildren are required to wear uniform. [244] (#cite_note-244) Gaza Strip [ edit ] Since 2009, the Islamist Hamas (/wiki/Hamas) administration in the Gaza Strip has periodically pressured girls' secondary schools to adopt more conservative uniform policies, such as requiring students to cover their hair. [245] (#cite_note-245) [246] (#cite_note-246) [247] (#cite_note-247) [248] (#cite_note-248) Panama [ edit ] School uniform is mandatory in Panamanian schools. A Ministry of Education decree temporarily relaxing these rules for the 2022 academic year caused controversy, with parents fearing it would lead to a rise in bullying. [249] (#cite_note-249) [250] (#cite_note-250) Paraguay [ edit ] Paraguayan schools started to introduce uniforms at the end of the 19th century. [251] (#cite_note-251) Peru [ edit ] School uniforms are used in Peru. Almost all private schools, especially the British ones, use schools uniforms. [ citation needed ] Philippines [ edit ] This section is missing information about year school uniforms were introduced to the Philippines.. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:School_uniforms_by_country) . ( June 2023 ) Female high school students in school uniform at Licab (/wiki/Licab) , Nueva Ecija (/wiki/Nueva_Ecija) School uniforms ( Filipino (/wiki/Filipino_language) : uniporme or kasuotang pampáaralán , "school attire"), are commonplace in public schools and required in private schools. Some private schools allow civilian clothing on special days, typically parties, school holidays or last day of school before a break. There is usually no uniform in universities and progressive schools, except for official athletic wear in physical education classes, and in specific schools such as the University of Santo Tomas (/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas) . Schools usually have two sets of uniform, a regular uniform and a physical education (PE) uniform, the latter worn once a week (usually Fridays): Regular uniform Boys Plain white or collared polo shirt with chest pocket, usually short-sleeved with school insignia. Some private schools may add a necktie, and use a long-sleeved shirt over a vest or blazer. Pants or shorts (usually black, navy blue or khaki). Shorts usually worn up to elementary level. White or black socks, and black leather shoes Girls Short-sleeved collared blouse (usually with sailor or Peter Pan collar), usually with necktie or ribbon matching the colours of the skirt, or worn with jumper dress or blazer Plain or plaid skirt, usually pleated and covers the knees Plain or plaid jumper dress, usually pleated and covers the knees (some schools) Collared dress with necktie or ribbon (some schools) White socks and black shoes (preferably Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) or ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) ) Physical education uniform (unisex) T-shirt with school seal, crest or logo Sweatpants ("jogging pants"), usually in primary school colour Sneakers (usually white) Muslim girls in some higher institutions are often required to wear a white hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , and may be allowed much longer skirts than Christian girls. Elementary and high school students at both private and public schools also wear Scouting uniforms at least once a week (usually Thursdays). Boy Scouts (/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_the_Philippines) wear a Boy Scout T-shirt or khaki Boy Scout polo shirt and khaki pants or shorts, black leather shoes and socks, and a neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) with carabao (/wiki/Carabao) fastener (colour depends on age level). The baseball cap is optional. Girl Scouts (/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_Philippines) wear a Girl Scout T-shirt and dark green shorts (usually for Twinkler and Star Scouts) or a dark green collared knee-length Girl Scout dress, worn with black shoes and white socks, a yellow neckerchief and fastener and an optional green baseball hat. Members of secondary school CAT cadet units and ROTC units of the National Service Training Program in institutions of higher education wear as a general rule military style attire depending on circumstances (The other two tracks of the NSTP are not required to wear such uniforms). The material for these usually loose uniforms are often light and suited to the country's tropical climate (e.g. cotton). In 2008, the Department of Education (/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)) ordered that students are no longer required to wear uniforms. This was to enable poorer families to save money for basic needs. [252] (#cite_note-252) Poland [ edit ] School uniforms are not compulsory in Poland and absent from the vast majority of Polish schools. In the People's Republic of Poland (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland) , uniform ceased to be compulsory in most schools during the 1980s due to economic issues. Since then, there has been made only one effort to reintroduce uniform into Polish schools - by the former minister of education Roman Giertych (/wiki/Roman_Giertych) , in 2006. It was then decided that school uniform would not be enforced by the state onto the whole country, but would be a matter decided upon by the principal (/wiki/Head_teacher) of each school respectively. Initially this was meant to permit only a dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) , but this was later modified in 2007 to address school uniform. From 2007, all primary schools (/wiki/Primary_school) and middle schools (/wiki/Gimnazjum#Countries_with_gymnasium_schools) were to enforce compulsory uniform, whilst high schools (/wiki/Liceum#Poland) and other forms of further education were given the choice to decide on their own. The appearance of school uniform was decided upon locally, which meant that "uniform" in most schools consisted of a jacket or shirt only - selected by the school management purely to avoid breaking regulations (the rest of clothing was still up to the students to decide). By mid-2008, compulsory school uniforms were repealed and it remains so to this day. Portugal [ edit ] Students are required to wear uniforms at most Portuguese private schools, especially those in Lisbon and Porto. Use in state schools is rare. [253] (#cite_note-253) Qatar [ edit ] Qatari public and private schools require students to wear uniform. [254] (#cite_note-254) [255] (#cite_note-255) Romania [ edit ] School uniforms were introduced to Romania in 1897 by academician Theodor Costescu (/wiki/Theodor_Costescu) when they worn by students in Turnu Severin (/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin) . Its use broadened in tandem with Spiru Haret (/wiki/Spiru_Haret) 's educational reforms in the 1900s. Uniforms fell out of favour somewhat in the 1990s due to their association with the Socialist Republic of Romania (/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania) . [256] (#cite_note-256) [257] (#cite_note-257) In August 2022, Minister of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Romania)) Sorin Cîmpeanu (/wiki/Sorin_C%C3%AEmpeanu) spoke in favour of making school uniform mandatory in Romanian schools. [258] (#cite_note-258) Russia [ edit ] Uniform for high school students model 1954 (In use 1954–1962). During the Soviet period (/wiki/Soviet_Union) , a standardised "universal" school uniform was worn by all schools. Originally of a military style with peaked cap and high collared tunic, by the 1980s boys wore a functional dark blue pattern with shoulder patches. For formal occasions such as the first day of term, girls wore white lace collars and aprons dating back to the reign of Catherine the Great (/wiki/Catherine_the_Great) . During the initial post Soviet period from 1994 to 2013, the mandatory uniform policy was abandoned and pupils generally wore casual clothing such as jeans, T-shirts and sweaters. However, uniforms were reintroduced under a new education law in September 2013. [259] (#cite_note-one-europe.info-259) Among the supporters of the new uniform law of 2013, arguments included tackling social inequality, but also putting an end to the controversial problem of whether school students are allowed to wear traditional religious clothing to school. [260] (#cite_note-260) Each school can now choose its own uniform. [259] (#cite_note-one-europe.info-259) Also, there are many instances in which schools do not enforce the rules on school uniform. Generally, schools without school uniforms enforce dress-code, with "business-casual" style of clothes. Rwanda [ edit ] Most Rwandan schools enforce a uniform policies. In general, girls are made to wear skirts and dresses while boys wear shorts or trousers. [261] (#cite_note-261) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha [ edit ] Saint Helena [ edit ] Prince Andrew School (/wiki/Prince_Andrew_School_(Saint_Helena)) , Saint Helena's sole secondary school, requires students to wear uniform. [262] (#cite_note-262) Ascension Island [ edit ] Two Boats School (/wiki/Two_Boats_School) , Ascension Island's only school, requires students to wear uniform. [263] (#cite_note-263) Tristan da Cunha [ edit ] St. Mary's School (/wiki/St._Mary%27s_School,_Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas) , Tristan da Cunha's only school, does not require students to wear uniform. Saint Kitts and Nevis [ edit ] School uniform is mandatory in Kittian and Nevisian schools. The government operates a School Uniform Assistance Programme to help citizens meet the associated costs. [264] (#cite_note-264) Saint Lucia [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in Saint Lucian schools. [265] (#cite_note-265) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [ edit ] Vincentian schools enforce strict uniform policies. [266] (#cite_note-266) [267] (#cite_note-267) Samoa [ edit ] School uniforms are mandatory in Samoan schools. [268] (#cite_note-268) São Tomé and Príncipe [ edit ] São Toméan schools require students to wear uniforms. [269] (#cite_note-269) Saudi Arabia [ edit ] In August 2015, ahead of the 2015-16 academic year, new standardised uniforms were introduced for all girls studying in Saudi public schools, Quran memorization schools and schools for illiterate adult women. [270] (#cite_note-270) Serbia [ edit ] In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) , some schools enforced a mandatory uniform consisting of a navy blue "apron" ( Serbian: кецеља kècelja ). [38] (#cite_note-SFRY-38) In 2016, Minister of Education Mladen Šarčević (/wiki/Mladen_%C5%A0ar%C4%8Devi%C4%87) called for the introduction of uniforms in Serbian schools. [271] (#cite_note-271) In September 2017, at least 100 primary schools had adopted school uniforms. [272] (#cite_note-272) Since then, the municipality of Medijana (/wiki/Medijana) has annually provided cohorts of new primary school students with uniforms at the start of the academic year. [273] (#cite_note-273) [274] (#cite_note-274) Senegal [ edit ] In 2021, the Senegalese government announced plans to generalise the wearing of compulsory school uniforms in all public and private schools by 2023. [275] (#cite_note-275) Seychelles [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in Seychellois schools. In January 2006, Director General of Schools Jeanne Simeon (/wiki/Jeanne_Simeon) announced standardised uniforms for primary schools based on region, with each having its own uniform colour: North (Anse Etoile, Beau Vallon, Bel Ombre, Glacis and La Retraite): Big and small blue-green stripes East (Anse Royale, Anse Aux Pins, Cascade and Takamaka): Red stripes Central (Bel Eau, Mont Fleuri, La Rosière and Plaisance): Red with small squares West (Anse Boileau, Baie Lazare, Grand Anse Mahe and Port Glaud): Blue stripes Inner Islands (Baie Ste Anne, Grand Anse Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette): Small dark-green squares All secondary school students wear white poplin blouses and shirts. Boys in all schools wear khaki pants while girls wear blue skirts. [276] (#cite_note-276) Sierra Leone [ edit ] Uniforms are prevalent in Sierra Leonean schools. At present, most uniforms are made from poplin or cotton, although there are a few private primary schools that use locally-produced gara tie-dyed cloth. [277] (#cite_note-277) Sint Maarten [ edit ] School uniforms are compulsory in Sint Maarten schools. [278] (#cite_note-278) Slovakia [ edit ] In Slovakia, use of school uniforms is confined to private and international schools. [279] (#cite_note-279) Slovenia [ edit ] In the Socialist Republic of Slovenia (/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia) , schoolchildren were obliged to wear the red-starred blue cap and red scarf of the Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Union_of_Pioneers_of_Yugoslavia) . Since 1991, use of school uniform in Slovenia has been limited to private institutions, such as British International School of Ljubljana (/wiki/British_International_School_of_Ljubljana) . [280] (#cite_note-280) Solomon Islands [ edit ] Solomon Islander schoolchildren wear uniforms. [281] (#cite_note-281) Somalia [ edit ] In the Somali Democratic Republic (/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic) era, uniforms were worn widely in Somali schools. [282] (#cite_note-282) Somaliland [ edit ] In the autonomous Republic of Somaliland (/wiki/Republic_of_Somaliland) , school uniforms are mandatory. [283] (#cite_note-283) South Africa [ edit ] Typical example of an assembly in a South African school. All students are in uniform, with a sharp difference between the sexes. Students of Sinenjongo High School (/wiki/Sinenjongo_High_School) in Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) . As in many other former British colonies, most South African private and public schools have a uniform, and it is compulsory in all public schools and in the vast majority of private schools for children above pre-school level. [284] (#cite_note-284) Uniform types vary less between public and private schools than they do across regions, where schools in more rural areas tend to forgo the daily wearing of ties and/or blazers for boys and girls regardless of their public or private nature. However, many of these same schools will have a "number ones" uniform for special occasions that include such items. In cities such as Cape Town, on the other hand, it is more common to see formal apparel required in public and private schools on a daily basis. Many schools across South Africa also provide the choice between a summer and winter uniform, with khaki uniforms and brown shoes being very common in the summer. Although many schools allow girls to also wear trousers (especially during winter months) South African law has not required gender neutrality in school dress codes and a distinction between girls' and boys' uniforms remains. Boys of all ages are normally required to wear grey or khaki long or short trousers (/wiki/Short_trousers) with socks, and the socks are usually long when worn with shorts, as in the illustration (right). Until recently, the straw boater was a common accessory in affluent public and private high schools, although these have now become optional in some cases. [285] (#cite_note-285) Nearly all schools, public or fee paying, have sports' kits (uniforms) that often allow bare feet for junior schools, regardless of the season. South Korea [ edit ] Main article: Korean school uniform (/wiki/Korean_school_uniform) South Korean school uniform Almost all South Korean secondary (/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea#Secondary_education) students wear a uniform called " gyobok " ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 교복, 校服). The majority of elementary schools, except some private ones, do not have uniforms; however, the uniform is strictly monitored from the start of middle school and up. Based on Western-style ones, the South Korean uniform usually consists of a shirt, blazer and tie, with skirts for girls and trousers for boys. More recently, the uniform is often worn by celebrities who target the younger, teen audience to sell entertainment products. The school uniform and school setting is frequently used as a venue for romance. As a result, the uniform has become something akin to an expression of fashion among students. Name tags that are worn usually have different colours per grade. Oftentimes the writing is in black or white, whereas the background is coloured. South Sudan [ edit ] Students are required to wear uniforms in many schools across South Sudan. [286] (#cite_note-286) Spain [ edit ] Some of this article's listed sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) may not be reliable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. ( November 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) In Spain (/wiki/Spain) , the use of school uniforms is not compulsory in public schools at any specific point. Their usage is decided upon by school boards, with parents' thoughts and opinions taken into account. It is customary to wear uniforms in private schools, where typically girls wear shirts emblazoned with the school's emblem and a jersey skirt, while boys wear a white shirt and tie on top with trousers or shorts on bottom. [287] (#cite_note-287) Sri Lanka [ edit ] It is mandatory for Sri Lankan school students to wear a uniform regardless of them attending a government, semi-government or private school. In most government and semi-government schools, boys will wear a short-sleeved white shirt and navy blue shorts when they are in the junior grades. This will later transition to white shorts and then to white trousers towards the latter part of the school life. A tie is not always worn, but may be worn for special school events along with a long-sleeved shirt. Proper black dress shoes and socks are also a part of this uniform. Certain schools also require the uniform to have the school's insignia stitched to a corner of the pocket of the shirt. Girls who attend government and semi-government schools will wear a white one-piece dress. This may or may not have sleeves. Certain schools make wearing a tie mandatory for girls and some may have a plastic badge or the school's insignia stitched to the dress. Proper dress shoes and socks are mandatory in most schools. On special occasions, students who bear a post in a sports team, club, or association would wear a blazer that would normally be white and having accents based on the school colours. In privately run schools, the suit is very similar but the colours might differ. They range from khaki and dark green to bright blue. Sudan [ edit ] Sudanese schoolchildren are required to wear uniforms. [288] (#cite_note-288) Suriname [ edit ] School uniform is compulsory in Surinamese schools. [289] (#cite_note-289) Sweden [ edit ] Uniforms are exceptionally rare in Swedish schools, being limited to independent and international schools such as Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket (/wiki/Sigtunaskolan_Humanistiska_L%C3%A4roverket) and the Nordic International School. In 2017, the Swedish Schools Inspectorate ruled students at Nordic International School's Norrköping campus could not be disciplined for not complying with the school's uniform policy. [290] (#cite_note-290) [291] (#cite_note-291) Switzerland [ edit ] In Switzerland, use of school uniforms is limited to international and other private schools. [292] (#cite_note-292) Syria [ edit ] Up until 2003, public school students in Ba'ath Party (/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party) -governed Syria wore military khaki-coloured uniforms. In April 2003, the Ministry of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Syria)) announced plans to replace these with unified blue uniforms for all elementary students; pink and blue uniforms for intermediate schools students; and gray, blue and pink uniforms for secondary school students. [293] (#cite_note-293) In September 2003, the new uniforms were implemented as planned. [294] (#cite_note-294) Taiwan [ edit ] High school girls in uniform during a school ceremony in Taiwan. As Taiwan experienced a long period of Japanese colonial rule, it is influenced by Japanese culture and the uniform style can be said to be close. However the school uniforms in the two countries are not identical. There are a total of 471 Taiwanese high schools. All schools have two sets of uniforms, a summer uniform and a uniform for winter. According to the provisions, sportswear is worn. Summer Elementary school (Chinese: 國小)：White short trousers and shirts are most common for the boys, while girls will wear a pleated skirt Junior high school (Chinese: 國中)：Males wear short-sleeved shirts with shorts. Females wear shirts with pleated skirts or skirt trousers. Some schools have sailor uniforms. Senior high school (Chinese: 高中)：Short sleeved shirts with long trousers for males, pleated skirts for females in public schools; private schools will always have skirts Winter Long trousers and long sleeved shirts are worn in most schools. In the past, many schools had khaki uniforms but this has been phased out with the exception of a few schools. See also: Uniform Map (/wiki/Uniform_Map) Tajikistan [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in Tajikistani public schools. [295] (#cite_note-295) Tanzania [ edit ] School uniforms are a mandatory requirement in Tanzanian schools. [296] (#cite_note-296) Thailand [ edit ] Main article: School uniforms in Thailand (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Thailand) Works related to Student Uniform Act, BE 2551 (2008) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Student_Uniform_Act,_BE_2551_(2008)) at Wikisource Thai students wearing school uniforms Uniforms are compulsory for all students with very few variations from the standard model throughout the public and private school systems, including colleges and universities. The dress code in primary and secondary grades for boys comprises dark blue, khaki, or black shorts with a white open-collar short-sleeved shirt, white ankle socks or long dark socks, and brown or black trainers. Female students, wear a knee-length dark blue or black skirt, and a pale white blouse with a loosely hanging bow tie. The bow tie is dropped in favour of an open-necked pale blue shirt from Matthayom 4. The girls' uniform is complemented by white ankle socks and black school shoes. The student's name, number, and name of the school are often embroidered on the blouse or shirt. Some independent or international schools have uniforms more closely resembling British school uniform standards, and boys in senior high school grades may be allowed to wear long trousers. The standard dress for children in kindergarten is a red skirt and white blouse for girls, and red short trousers and a white shirt for boys. In all Thai schools, one day per week, usually Wednesday, is dedicated to scouting, when beige scout uniforms for boys and dark green guide uniforms are the rule, both wearing yellow neckerchiefs. The hairstyle of students is also given attention by schools and the Ministry of Education. Males are not allowed to have long hair. Some prohibit even girls from having long hair. [297] (#cite_note-297) [298] (#cite_note-298) The use of accessories is prohibited for males, while females are sometimes allowed to use simple accessories. Some schools dictate the colour and type of hair accessories that females can use. Thailand however has a few international schools that do not require uniforms. Togo [ edit ] Upon independence in 1960, Togolese public schools retained the mandatory khaki-coloured uniforms that were introduced during French colonial rule. [299] (#cite_note-299) [300] (#cite_note-300) Tonga [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/School_uniforms_by_country) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( November 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Royal New Zealand Navy (/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy) Petty Officer Richard Boyd dances with Tongan (/wiki/Tonga) school children during a Pacific Partnership (/wiki/Pacific_Partnership) 2009 community service project at Faleloa Primary School (/w/index.php?title=Faleloa_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1) . In Tonga all schools require a uniform. Uniforms are usually in the colours of their respective churches and Red for Government Schools. Catholic schools are usually light blue, Wesleyan (Royal Blue), Anglican (Navy Blue) and LDS Schools (Green). A ta'ovala (/wiki/Ta%27ovala) bordered with school colours and a tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) are usually worn by boys with a white button-up shirt. Pupils usually wear shorts and a white button up shirt. Nearly all Tongan secondary schools require girls to wear a pinafore dress with a white shirt, except for Catholic schools, which allow a striped blouse and skirt. Pupils are usually required to wear Roman sandals in English-medium schools, and thongs (/wiki/Flip-flops) (flip-flops) in most other schools. Trinidad and Tobago [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in all Trinidadian and Tobagonian public schools. [301] (#cite_note-301) [302] (#cite_note-302) Tunisia [ edit ] As of 2017, Tunisian public high schools enforce dress codes which apply exclusively to female students, obliging them to wear long blue gilets. [303] (#cite_note-303) Turkey [ edit ] Turkish school uniforms. Up until 2012, school uniforms were used in all public and private institutions. There were several exceptions and most kindergartens did not require school uniforms. The uniforms varied in their appearance; primary schools used one-piece blue uniforms, while in secondary and high schools boys wore dark grey trousers with white shirts, jackets and a tie. Girls had skirts and shirts coloured like the boys' uniform, plus a tie. Most private institutions have their own uniforms. School uniforms for primary schools were black until the 1990s. None of the universities or higher-education institutes have uniforms. School uniforms abolished in 2012 and schools gave a poll to families to select uniform or casual cloths. Dress code says that students' shoulder should be covered, girls cannot wear leggings or miniskirts. This caused a controversy in Western cities since some students were wearing miniskirts, shorts and leggings. New law says that students can wear hijabs at school but it's prohibited to wear makeup, tattoos, piercings, dyed hair, etc. [304] (#cite_note-304) School uniforms have a long history in Turkey. They were first introduced because normal clothing would give hints about the child's family's economic situation. In order to prevent groupings amongst children from different social classes, uniforms were accepted. However, school uniforms were officially abolished on 27 November 2012, when the Turkish Ministry of Education (/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)) suddenly abolished the nationwide uniform requirement in schools (international/foreign schools are excluded) and lifted the headscarf ban for religious imam-hatip schools, prompting fierce criticism from opposition parties, unions and educators. Opponents claim that economic differences cause pedagogical traumas for children and that permitting headscarves harms secular education. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan) defended the move, saying education in uniform has drawn complaints for many years. But students attending minority schools (Greeks, Jews, and Armenians), which are also part of the Turkish Ministry of Education, have been excluded from this change, and are still required to wear school uniforms. [305] (#cite_note-305) Turkmenistan [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in Turkmenstani schools. Girls’ uniforms are entirely based on national costumes. They include bright green, ankle-length dresses decorated with embroidery. Male and female students must wear takhyas (/wiki/Taqiyah) . Girls sport two long braids, and those with short hair attach fake plaits to their takhyas to meet the requirements. The strict dress code was imposed under President Saparmurat Niyazov (/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov) . The obligation to wear national costume is unpopular among some ethnically non- Turkmen (/wiki/Turkmens) students. [306] (#cite_note-306) Turks and Caicos Islands [ edit ] School uniforms are worn by students at all levels throughout the Turks and Caicos Islands. [307] (#cite_note-307) [308] (#cite_note-308) Tuvalu [ edit ] Section 10.2.1 of Tuvalu's National Education Policy obliges all children attending public schools to wear the approved national school uniform. [309] (#cite_note-309) Uganda [ edit ] Most Ugandan public and private schools have uniforms from kindergarten through secondary school. These mostly range from dresses, skirts and blouses, pinafores, blazers, neckties for female students to shirts and trousers or shorts, blazers and neckties for male students. A few schools allow female students to wear pants. A few international schools do not enforce school uniforms. [310] (#cite_note-310) Ukraine [ edit ] In June 2019, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy (/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy) repealed a 1996 decree that had obliged Ukrainian secondary school students to wear compulsory uniforms. [311] (#cite_note-311) United Arab Emirates [ edit ] Uniforms are compulsory in many schools across the United Arab Emirates. [312] (#cite_note-312) In June 2013, the Abu Dhabi Education Council standardised the uniforms for pupils in public schools across Abu Dhabi. [313] (#cite_note-313) Uniforms include options for varying weather conditions. [1] (http://www.adec.ac.ae/en/MediaCenter/Pages/Downloads.aspx) Boys in Kindergarten and Cycle 1 (Grades 1 to 5) can wear either a long-sleeved shirt and trousers or a short-sleeved shirt and shorts. Tie, winter blazer, and cardigan are optional. Boys in Cycle 2 and Cycle 3 (Grades 6 to 12) wear a kandoora (/wiki/Kandoora) (traditional white robe) and ghetra (/w/index.php?title=Ghetra&action=edit&redlink=1) (head scarf). Pullover sweater or blazer are optional Girls in Kindergarten or Cycle 1 (Grades 1 to 5) wear a long sleeved shirt with either a school dress or skirt. Cardigan, blazer, and scarf are optional. Girls in Cycle 2 or 3 (Grades 6 to 12) wear a long sleeved shirt with a choice of a skirt or two different styles of dress plus a scarf. Cardigan or blazer are optional. These are only for the schools with the Arabic curriculum, not the other schools. Private schools in the UAE require a school uniform. It can range from a T-shirt or a simple white/black polo bearing the school logo to a more complete uniform with a button up shirt worn with a skirt, shorts or trousers. In the British schools, there is a blouse and either a skirt or trousers for the girls or a button up shirt with trousers. Shirts bear the school logo. Certain schools have certain codes on the use of makeup (some don't condone it at all) and the sporting of bracelets/jewellery. United Kingdom [ edit ] While school uniform is common in the United Kingdom, there is no legislation enforcing it in any of the three separate legal jurisdictions of England & Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and enforcement of school uniform policy and dress codes is generally for individual schools to determine. [314] (#cite_note-314) However, schools do have to take into account equality legislation in dress policies to prevent discrimination on grounds such as age, sex, race, disability, religion or belief and sexual orientation. [315] (#cite_note-315) School uniforms are required to tolerate religious freedoms, e.g. allowing male Sikhs to wear turbans and female Muslims to wear headscarves. [316] (#cite_note-316) England [ edit ] Main article: School uniforms in England (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_England) English boys in modern school uniform with school shoes removed In 2011, more than 90% of English secondary schools had a compulsory uniform. [317] (#cite_note-317) School uniforms were first introduced on a large scale [ citation needed ] during the reign of King Henry VIII (/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England) . [318] (#cite_note-History-318) The uniforms of the time were referred as "bluecoats", as they consisted of long trench-coat-style jackets dyed blue. Blue was the cheapest available. The first school to introduce this uniform was Christ's Hospital (/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital) in London (now in Sussex). [319] (#cite_note-319) The Elementary Education Act 1870 (/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870) introduced free primary education for all children. The popularity of uniforms increased, and eventually most schools had a uniform. [318] (#cite_note-History-318) During this period most uniforms reflected the trends of the age, with boys wearing short trousers (/wiki/Short_trousers) and blazers until roughly the age of puberty and then long trousers from about 14 or 15. Girls mainly wore blouses (/wiki/Blouse) , tunic dress and pinafores. [318] (#cite_note-History-318) [320] (#cite_note-320) [321] (#cite_note-321) These uniforms continued until the 1950s when after the Butler reforms (/wiki/Education_Act_1944) secondary education was made free and the school leaving age was raised to 15. These reforms encouraged schools to implement uniform codes that were similar to other schools. Distinct "summer" and "winter" uniforms were sometimes required, particularly for girls, for whom dresses were mandated for summer and gymslips for winter. [318] (#cite_note-History-318) In the 21st century, the typical primary school uniform is fairly casual while secondary school uniform is often formal. Uniform in primary school is generally a polo shirt or T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) , a jumper with the school logo, and trousers or shorts or a skirt. The typical secondary school uniform is a blazer, white shirt or blouse, a tie, trousers or skirt, and black shoes. Some primary schools have more formal uniform, with tie and blazer, and for secondary schools to require only a jumper. Uniforms sometimes match the school colours, but are most commonly found in blue, black and grey. Scotland [ edit ] Scottish secondary school pupils in school uniform Scottish law (/wiki/Scottish_law) is not specific on the question of school uniform. Generally, the school must provide information on its policy on clothing and uniform and the Education Authority must provide written information on its general policy on wearing school uniform. Some Education Authorities do not insist on students wearing a uniform as a precondition to attending and taking part in curricular activities. [322] (#cite_note-Gourock_High_School-322) A child that simply refuses to wear the school uniform can be disciplined by the school if it thinks that academic or disciplinary problems might be caused by the refusal. Punishments include (but are not limited to), isolation, detention or parental contact. Many schools do have a policy covering the wearing of school clothing. The policy may state that certain items must be worn and that other items cannot be worn, for example, jeans. Schools must take religious and cultural requirements into account when drawing up a school uniform policy. [323] (#cite_note-323) Although the way that the uniforms are worn is usually not an issue, some state schools may have regulation on the subject (e.g. height of ties, whether the shirt is tucked in or not), the selection of clothes worn, whether they follow the policy, can be very strict. For example, in black and white uniform schools, wearing colours such as grey or wearing white shoes is forbidden. However, in schools that only use a basic uniform (e.g. jumper and trousers) the policy is often less strict. Wales [ edit ] The Welsh Assembly Government (/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government) issued detailed guidance to governing bodies on uniform and appearance policies that begins by making explicit, "There is no education legislation specifically covering the wearing of school uniform or other aspects of appearance such as hair colour and style, and the wearing of jewellery and makeup. However, as part of its responsibility for the conduct of the school, a governing body can specify a uniform that pupils are required to wear and other rules relating to appearance." [324] (#cite_note-324) Northern Ireland [ edit ] The most common secondary school uniform in Northern Ireland is a shirt, blazer and sweater with a tie and a skirt or trousers. The uniform (most likely the sweater and tie) may change after Year 12 (final year of compulsory education). The uniform in primary school is similar to those used in the Republic of Ireland. United States [ edit ] Most schools in the United States do not require uniforms. More traditional private schools and other specialized schools sometimes require an informal uniform, called a standardized dress code. Policy regarding school-appropriate dress, and the extent of enforcement, will vary by school and school district. Progressive private schools (/wiki/Progressive_education) do not require school uniforms. Advocacy for school uniforms increased in the 1990s after President (/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) Clinton (/wiki/Bill_Clinton) advocated for them. [325] (#cite_note-Oppenheimernewyorker-325) A study conducted in 2000 found that only 23% of public, private, and sectarian schools had any sort of uniform policy in the United States at or before 2000. [326] (#cite_note-326) The schools that do require uniforms, or a more common standard (/wiki/Standardized) dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) in inner city neighborhoods, tend to be more casual than those in Britain or other commonwealth nations. Commonly, students wear collared, buttoned shirts, with a tie for boys and a tie for girls, worn with khaki trousers, and a belt, depending on the age of the school's student body. Skirts of a modest length are occasionally an option for girls. Mark Oppenheimer of The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) characterized school uniforms as "relatively new" as they did not have an extensive history there compared to the United Kingdom. [325] (#cite_note-Oppenheimernewyorker-325) Dress codes vary widely among private schools, although a Catholic school uniform (/wiki/Catholic_school_uniform) tends to keep the shirt and tie. [327] (#cite_note-naesp.com-327) The proportion of U.S. public schools requiring uniforms had increased from 3% in 1996 to 25% in 2010. [ citation needed ] As of 2016 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_by_country&action=edit) , 4% of the public schools with below 25% of the students being allowed to take free or reduced lunch had mandatory uniforms. 53% of the schools with 75% of the students being allowed to take free or reduced lunch had mandatory uniforms. Oppenheimer concluded, based on school uniforms being more common in schools with student bodies from low income backgrounds, that mandatory uniforms "have really become a feature of poor schools." [325] (#cite_note-Oppenheimernewyorker-325) However in 2019 and 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic, many districts have removed, changed or relaxed their uniform policies. [328] (#cite_note-328) [329] (#cite_note-329) [330] (#cite_note-330) Most schools with district wide policies rarely enforce the uniform. It is common to see students wearing non uniform clothes or hoodies over their uniform shirts. Many schools advertise that they require uniforms on their website however on their social media posts, many students aren't wearing it. [ citation needed ] Research studies and legislation [ edit ] According to Oppenheimer, "When independent researchers have tried to quantify [claims that school uniforms are effective], they have had mixed results." [325] (#cite_note-Oppenheimernewyorker-325) The National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) conducted a phone survey of 755 principals in 2000, which revealed that 21% of public schools had a uniform policy; 23% had firm plans to create one. [331] (#cite_note-331) Adolfo Santos, a political science professor at the University of Houston–Downtown (/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Downtown) , stated that many Hispanic communities in the United States (/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States) choose uniforms because many immigrants originate from countries with schools requiring uniforms. [332] (#cite_note-332) Sylvan I. Alleyne, Velma LaPoint, Jennifer Lee and Harold W. Mitchell of The Journal of Negro Education (/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_Education) stated that little empirical research exists regarding how effective school uniforms are in enhancing academic performance and social environments, and that little research exists regarding teachers' beliefs regarding issues related to dress codes, especially so regarding racial and ethnic minorities. [333] (#cite_note-Alleyne418-333) In the United States, literature regarding public school student clothing and behavior cites anecdotal viewpoints from teachers. The literature discussed opinions on faculty, staff, and other employees on how to deal with student dress issues. [334] (#cite_note-Alleyne418419-334) A 2003 article of The Journal of Negro Education said that research and reports regarding the beneficial impact of school uniforms was not conclusive. Despite the federal government of the United States (/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) issuing a set of guidelines encouraging school uniforms in public schools, as of 2003 political support varied. [335] (#cite_note-Alleyne419-335) In 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District (/wiki/Long_Beach_Unified_School_District) , in Southern California (/wiki/Southern_California) , required school uniforms in all elementary and middle schools. However the district no longer requires uniforms anymore. This began a trend for uniforms in American elementary (/wiki/Primary_education) public schools, especially in urban (/wiki/Urban_area) school districts and in low income districts as well. President Clinton (/wiki/Bill_Clinton) praised the idea in his 1996 State of the Union Address (/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address) , saying that "if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms." [2] (https://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/New/other/sotu.html) Oppenheimer examined the study and argued that "the city had taken many other measures to reduce violence at the same time, so it’s hard to tease out how much uniforms mattered." [325] (#cite_note-Oppenheimernewyorker-325) American Samoa [ edit ] All public school students in American Samoa wear school uniforms. [336] (#cite_note-336) Guam [ edit ] Since 2008, Board Policy 401 has made school uniform mandatory in all Guam Department of Education (/wiki/Guam_Department_of_Education) public schools. [337] (#cite_note-337) Northern Mariana Islands [ edit ] In 2009, Hopwood Middle School (/wiki/Hopwood_Middle_School) on Saipan introduced a mandatory school uniform, requiring students to wear blue or gold shirts. [338] (#cite_note-338) Puerto Rico [ edit ] In Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) , the Department of Education (/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Department_of_Education) requires all students to wear school uniforms, with only medical exemptions. [339] (#cite_note-339) US Virgin Islands [ edit ] Schools on the United States Virgin Islands (/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) require uniforms. [340] (#cite_note-340) Some schools require female students to wear skirts. [341] (#cite_note-341) Uruguay [ edit ] School children in Uruguay Uniforms are compulsory in all Uruguayan public schools. The design has been the same since the 1900s, a white coat with a blue ribbon on the neck. It was implemented to promote social equity amongst students of different social backgrounds. Uzbekistan [ edit ] In August 2017, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev (/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev) proposed the introduction of a standardized compulsory uniform across all Uzbek public primary and secondary schools. [342] (#cite_note-342) In August 2018, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan (/wiki/Government_of_Uzbekistan) formally adopted a resolution to enforce the new uniform policy beginning in the 2019/20 school year. [343] (#cite_note-343) In July 2022, Minister of Public Education Baxtiyor Saidov (/w/index.php?title=Baxtiyor_Saidov&action=edit&redlink=1) [ uz (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxtiyor_Saidov) ] announced the standardized uniform policy will be implemented gradually through 2025. [344] (#cite_note-344) Vanuatu [ edit ] School uniforms are widely worn in Ni-Vanuatu schools. [345] (#cite_note-345) Vietnam [ edit ] School uniforms of Lawrence S. Ting Memorial School (/wiki/Lawrence_S._Ting_Memorial_School) in the 7th District, Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) A group of high school girls in white áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Most schools in Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) require uniforms. The rules on uniforms vary between schools and areas. The most common type of uniform consists of a white shirt with the school emblem on the left sleeve and navy/black trousers for boys or skirts for girls, with a red scarf (/wiki/Red_scarf) for students from grade 3 to grade 9. Many schools (usually private or famous public schools) have their own designed uniforms, which often include bows, ties or vests/blazers. [346] (#cite_note-346) The white áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) , representing the purity and innocence of youth, is used by high school girls in Vietnam, but nowadays, most schools only require it for important events or ceremonies, since wearing áo dài is uncomfortable for daily use. The image of a high school girl with nón lá (/wiki/N%C3%B3n_l%C3%A1) and white áo dài on a bicycle is considered symbolic. There are also uniforms for physical education in Vietnamese schools. This usually includes shirts and tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) . Both outfits have the school emblem on the chest. The tracksuits are popular in the north, where they are often worn in the winter, even outside of gym activity. There are no specific shoes for Vietnamese students. However, flip-flops, slippers, and especially high heels are forbidden. Sandals and boots are allowed, although students normally wear sneakers or flats to school. Dyed hair, nail polish and make-up are explicitly banned in virtually all schools. Venezuela [ edit ] School uniforms are used in Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) . [347] (#cite_note-347) By Venezuelan decree, uniforms are required at all schools in all grades. [348] (#cite_note-348) Boys wear navy trousers and girls wear navy skirts or trousers, depending on the school. The shirts have short sleeves and the colour varies by the level in which the student is. Students in nursery wear yellow shirts, while students in kindergarten wear red shirts. From first to sixth grade, students wear white polo shirts. From seventh to ninth grade they wear light blue polo shirts, and from tenth to eleventh grade they wear beige polo shirts. These shirts are to be stuffed inside the trousers with a black belt. Black dress shoes are the norm in public school, however some private schools can be more flexible with the shoes to be worn. Yemen [ edit ] Uniforms are worn in Yemeni schools. [349] (#cite_note-349) Zambia [ edit ] School uniforms are ubiquitous across Zambian government and private schools. [350] (#cite_note-350) Zimbabwe [ edit ] School uniforms are worn in most Zimbabwean schools, but these policies are not legally mandated. [351] (#cite_note-351) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Schools portal (/wiki/Portal:Schools) Uniform fetishism (/wiki/Uniform_fetishism) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) see Scott, Jenny (5 September 2014). "The history of school uniforms" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-29047752) . BBC News . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brunsma, David L. "A Brief History of School Uniforms and Dress Code". The School Uniform Movement and what it Tells Us about American Education . pp. 3 ff. ^ (#cite_ref-3) McCourt, Laura (4 January 2013). "School Uniform Policy in Scotland, England, Wales and the Republic of Ireland briefing paper 48/13" (http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2013/education/4813.pdf) (PDF) . Northern Ireland Assembly . Northern Ireland Assembly Research and Information Service . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Agerholm, Harriet (21 March 2017). "Afghanistan scraps plans for new ultra-conservative girls' school uniform" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/afghansitan-girls-school-uniform-scrap-plan-ultra-conservative-muslim-islam-gender-womens-rights-a7641686.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Cole, Diana (19 March 2017). "Afghan Women Say No To The Dress" (https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/03/19/520306787/afghan-women-say-no-to-the-dress) . National Public Radio . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Te gjithe nxenesit ne shkolle me uniforma" (https://top-channel.tv/2009/09/18/te-gjithe-nxenesit-ne-shkolle-me-uniforma/) . Top Channel (in Albanian). 18 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hasnaoui, Karima. "Ecole, le port du tablier et sa couleur font polémique" (https://radioalgerie.dz/news/fr/article/20180903/149377.html) . Radio Algérienne (in French) . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "COMMUNICATION" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921160329/https://britishcollegeandorra.com/en/communication) . The British College of Andorra . Archived from the original (https://britishcollegeandorra.com/en/communication) on 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . All students from Nursery to Year 11 are required to wear a uniform. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "How to prepare for back to school?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921160557/https://agorainternationalandorra.com/how-to-prepare-for-back-to-school/) . Agora Andorra International School . 3 September 2021. Archived from the original (https://agorainternationalandorra.com/how-to-prepare-for-back-to-school/) on 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Soares, Isaías (7 April 2015). "Conselho Consultivo reconhece necessidade de melhoria na qualidade de ensino" (https://novojornal.co.ao/sociedade/interior/conselho-consultivo-reconhece-necessidade-de-melhoria-na-qualidade-de-ensino-2025.html) . Novo Jornal (in Portuguese) . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Preço das propinas está a ser analisado" (https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/detalhes.php?id=276581) . Jornal de Angola (in Portuguese). 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "STATEMENT ON TEXTBOOKS, SCHOOL UNIFORMS AND SCHOOL SUPPLIES" (https://theanguillian.com/2020/09/statement-on-textbooks-school-uniforms-and-school-supplies/) . The Anguillian . 9 September 2020 . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Lovell, Harold E. (23 January 2014). "Antigua and Barbuda 2014 Budget Statement" (https://issuu.com/antiguabarbuda0/docs/antigua_and_barbuda_2014_budget_sta/) . Government of Antigua and Barbuda. p. 129 . Retrieved 28 August 2022 . The Government has spent about $25 million on the School Uniform Grant Programme since it started in 2004. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Rivero, Guadalupe (21 August 2019). "Hacia un uniforme sin género en las escuelas" (https://www.clarin.com/entremujeres/hogar-y-familia/uniformes-escuelas-colegios-ropa-genero_0_ZvvruHXph.html) . Clarín (in Spanish) . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Matilde Figueiras, la maestra que impuso el guardapolvo blanco en las escuelas" (http://abc.gob.ar/matilde-figueiras-de-diaz-la-maestra-que-impuso-el-guardapolvo-blanco-en-las-escuelas) . abc.gob.ar (in Spanish). 20 March 2019 . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Gielkens, Lobke. "Op Aruba gaat de schoolbel om 7u30! Jep, dat is dus al om half 8 's ochtends!" (https://maisonslash.be/nl/storyteller/de-school-aruba) . Maison Slash (in Dutch) . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Leerlingenprotest tegen uniformregels op Aruba" (https://antilliaansdagblad.com/aruba/24337-leerlingenprotest-tegen-uniformregels%20op%20Aruba) . Antilliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 17 September 2021 . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Colegio arubano past kledingregels aan" (https://antilliaansdagblad.com/aruba/24729-colegio-arubano-past-kledingregels-aan) . Antilliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 23 November 2021 . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Դպրոցական համազգեստ. հատո՞ւկ, թե՞ ըստ ճաշակի" (https://a1plus.am/hy/article/32772) . a1plus.am (in Armenian). 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) See e.g. School uniform price list (http://www.dobsons.com.au/static_site/pdf/St%20Kevins%20College.pdf) making a distinction between summer uniform and winter uniform. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Christmas Island District High School" (https://www.goodschools.com.au/compare-schools/in-christmas-island-6798/christmas-island-district-high-school) . goodschools.com.au . Retrieved 27 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Cocos Islands District High School" (https://www.goodschools.com.au/compare-schools/in-cocos-island-6799/cocos-islands-district-high-school) . goodschools.com.au . Retrieved 27 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Norfolk Island Central School" (https://www.goodschools.com.au/compare-schools/in-norfolk-island-2899/norfolk-island-central-school/) . goodschools.com.au . Retrieved 27 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Midgley, Emma (30 March 2021). "Ten things you will notice as a parent with a child at school in Austria" (https://www.thelocal.at/20210330/ten-things-you-will-notice-as-a-parent-with-a-child-at-school-in-austria/) . thelocal.at . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . Children in Austria do not wear uniforms, pretty much any outfit goes at school... ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Yeni məktəbli forması: ekspertlər və valideynlər nədən narazıdır?" (https://azedu.az/az/news/57704-yeni-mektebli-formasi-ekspertler-ve-valideynler-neden-narazidir) . azedu.az (in Azerbaijani). 26 July 2022 . Retrieved 28 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Lee, David (11 September 2014). "BACK TO SCHOOL BAHAMAS" (https://www.hgchristie.com/blog/2014/09/11/back-to-school-bahamas/) . hgchristie.com . Retrieved 28 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Toumi, Habib (23 January 2011). "Bahrain school boys to wear uniforms from next year" (https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-school-boys-to-wear-uniforms-from-next-year-1.750993#) . Gulf News . Retrieved 13 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "School uniforms required for new term" (https://www.nationnews.com/2020/08/19/school-uniforms-required-for-new-term/) . NationNews . 19 August 2020 . Retrieved 28 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Единая школьная форма, недоборы в вузы и миграция абитуриентов - все фейки развеял министр образования" (https://www.tvr.by/news/obshchestvo/edinaya_shkolnaya_forma_nedobory_v_vuzy_i_migratsiya_abiturientov_vse_feyki_razveyal_ministr_obrazov/) . Belarus-1 (in Belarusian). 3 August 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Marie (1 September 2019). "Rentrée scolaire : L'uniforme revient à la mode" (https://fr.metrotime.be/belgique/rentree-scolaire-luniforme-revient-la-mode) . Metro (in French) . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) " (https://amandala.com.bz/news/bout-time-parents-break/) "Bout time parents get a break!" (https://amandala.com.bz/news/bout-time-parents-break/) " (https://amandala.com.bz/news/bout-time-parents-break/) . Amandala . 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "More hands on deck for school uniforms" (https://amandala.com.bz/news/hands-deck-school-uniforms/) . Amandala . 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Amoussou, Cedric (21 June 2018). "Enseignement secondaire au Bénin : L'uniforme Kaki désormais exigé pour les établissements privés (note)" (https://lanouvelletribune.info/2018/06/enseignement-secondaire-au-benin-luniforme-kaki-desormais-exige-pour-les-etablissements-prives/) . La Nouvelle Tribune (in French) . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Hendrickson, Sékou (25 August 2021). "School uniform campaign launched with $80,000 target" (https://www.royalgazette.com/campaigns/news/article/20210825/school-uniform-campaign-launched-with-80000-target/) . The Royal Gazette . Retrieved 13 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Wongmo, Chimi (12 August 2021). "4 reasons that make Bhutanese school life unique" (https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/4-reasons-that-make-bhutanese-school-life-unique) . Daily Bhutan . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Bolivia" (https://www.afs.ch/it/countries/bolivia/) . AFS Intercultural Programs . 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2023 . You will probably wear a school uniform... ^ (#cite_ref-37) Manzaneda, Laura (27 January 2017). "Recuerdan que uniforme escolar no es obligatorio" (https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/local/20170127/recuerdan-que-uniforme-escolar-no-es-obligatorio) . Los Tiempos (in Spanish) . Retrieved 4 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Apostolovski, Aleksandar (26 February 2017). "Униформисана носталгија" (https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/375058/Uniformisana-nostalgija) . Politika (in Serbian) . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Vasić, Bojana (5 February 2013). "Uniformama protiv podjela" (https://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/drustvo/Uniformama-protiv-podjela/178522) . Nezavisne novine (in Serbian) . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Botswana bans school uniform imports" (https://www.panapress.com/Botswana-bans-school-uniform-imp-a_630703928-lang2.html) . Panafrican News Agency. 13 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Molelo, Laone (22 January 2022). "Gov't ban on importation of school uniform boost local tailors" (https://www.sundaystandard.info/govt-ban-on-importation-of-school-uniform-boost-local-tailors/) . Sunday Standard . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Costa, Marina Morena (10 March 2011). "Um em cada quatro alunos de escola estadual recebe uniforme" (https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/educacao/um-em-cada-quatro-alunos-de-escola-estadual-recebe-uniforme/n1238146989999.html) . Último Segundo (in Brazilian Portuguese) . 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Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "- The Cambodia Charitable Trust" (http://www.cctnz.org.nz/education-projects) . 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Malloum, Amina (29 August 2019). "Rentrée scolaire 2019: l'uniforme, tout un symbole" (https://www.crtv.cm/2019/08/rentree-scolaire-2019-luniforme-tout-un-symbole/) . Cameroon Radio Television (in French) . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "L'Uniforme à l'école publique" (https://www.lesoleil.com/2009/06/17/luniforme-a-lecole-publique-f703bf0bba086bac1717d6fe5732704c/) . 17 June 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-54) Champagne, Sara (25 January 2016). "L'Uniforme obligatoire en voie de devenir la norme dans les écoles publiques" (https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/education/201601/25/01-4943420-luniforme-obligatoire-en-voie-de-devenir-la-norme-dans-les-ecoles-publiques.php) . La Presse . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Beaconsfield High School implements mandatory dresswear - Montreal | Globalnews.ca" (https://globalnews.ca/news/8849176/beaconsfield-high-school-mandatory-dresswear/) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "John Rennie High School will wear uniforms — but not everyone is on board - Montreal | Globalnews.ca" (https://globalnews.ca/news/9910140/john-rennie-high-school-uniforms/) . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Owen Sound Sun Times" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023756/http://www.owensoundsuntimes.com/2010/01/19/st-marys-committee-asks-parents-about-uniforms) . Archived from the original (http://www.owensoundsuntimes.com/2010/01/19/st-marys-committee-asks-parents-about-uniforms) on 7 November 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-TCDSB_58-0) "Dress Code in TCDSB Schools" (https://www.tcdsb.org/FORPARENTS/DressCode/Pages/default.aspx) . TCDSB . 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"A tale of two cities in uniforms: the story behind green school ties, tartan skirts and blue cheongsams" (https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education/article/2136302/tale-two-cities-uniforms-story-behind-green-school-ties) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . Retrieved 10 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Wordie, Jason (5 May 2017). "Hong Kong's school-uniform culture: a history of conformity" (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2092722/hong-kongs-school-uniform-culture-history-conformity) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . Retrieved 10 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "澳门校服 ：整洁规范展少年风采，百年坚守育爱国情怀" (https://www.sohu.com/a/439253955_120850286) . Sohu.com (in Chinese). 20 December 2020 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) Ibrahim, Mounawar (21 September 2019). "La rentrée scolaire : Les préoccupations des parents" (https://masiwa-comores.com/non-classe/la-rentree-scolaire-les-preoccupations-des-parents/) . 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Archived from the original (https://www.unocha.org/story/yemen-wearing-school-uniform-no-longer-dream) on 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 13 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-350) Kambilima, Timothy (15 May 2015). "School uniform no longer uniform" (http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/school-uniform-longer-uniform/) . Zambia Daily Mail . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-351) Jena, Nunurai (5 January 2017). "Wearing school uniform not mandatory: Official" (https://www.newsday.co.zw/2017/01/wearing-school-uniform-not-mandatory-official/) . Newsday . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . Bibliography [ edit ] Alleyne, Sylvan I., Velma LaPoint, Jennifer Lee and Harold W. Mitchell. "Black Educators' Views on Middle School Students' Dress and Uniforms: Addressing Challenges from Commercialism." The Journal of Negro Education (/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_Education) . Vol. 72, No. 4, Commercialism in the Lives of Children and Youth of Color: Education and Other Socialization Contexts (Autumn, 2003), pp. 418–426. Available at (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3211193) JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR) , Available at (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203094855/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/12941871/black-educators-views-middle-school-students-dress-uniforms-addressing-challenges-from-commercialism) EBSCOHost (/wiki/EBSCOHost) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to School uniforms by country (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:School_uniforms_by_country) . 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Indian actress and model (born 1994) Urvashi Rautela Rautela in 2018 Born ( 1994-02-25 ) 25 February 1994 (age 30) Haridwar (/wiki/Haridwar) , Uttarakhand (/wiki/Uttarakhand) , India Occupations Actress model Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Diva 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Diva_2015) Miss Tourism Queen Of The Year International 2011 Miss Teen India 2009 Years active 2013–present Major competition(s) Miss Diva 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Diva_2015) (Winner) Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) (Unplaced) I Am She-Miss Universe India 2012 (/wiki/I_Am_She-Miss_Universe_India) (Winner) Miss Tourism Queen Of The Year International 2011 (Winner) Indian Princess 2011 (Winner) Miss Asian Supermodel 2011 (Winner) Miss Teen India 2009 (Winner) Urvashi Rautela (born 25 February 1994) is an Indian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who predominantly works in Hindi films (/wiki/Hindi_cinema) . She gained prominence after winning the title of Miss Diva- Miss Universe India 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Diva_2015) , and representing India at Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) . She began her modelling career at the age of 15 and also previously won the title of Miss Teen India 2009. Rautela made her acting debut in 2013 with Singh Saab the Great (/wiki/Singh_Saab_the_Great) (2013) and has since appeared in some notable films like Sanam Re (/wiki/Sanam_Re) (2016), Great Grand Masti (/wiki/Great_Grand_Masti) (2016), Hate Story 4 (/wiki/Hate_Story_4) (2018) and Pagalpanti (/wiki/Pagalpanti_(2019_film)) (2019). She made her debut in the Kannada film (/wiki/Kannada_cinema) industry with Mr. Airavata (/wiki/Mr._Airavata) in 2014. Her foray into Tamil cinema (/wiki/Tamil_cinema) came in 2022 with The Legend (/wiki/The_Legend_(2022_film)) . Early life and education Rautela was born on 25 February 1994, in Haridwar (/wiki/Haridwar) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-25thBDay-2) to Meera Rautela and Manwar Singh Rautela, [3] (#cite_note-Background-3) in a Garhwali (/wiki/Garhwali_people) Rajput (/wiki/Rajput) family. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Her hometown is Kotdwar (/wiki/Kotdwar) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Rautela was educated at St. Joseph's Convent School in Kotdwar. She is an alumna of Gargi College (/wiki/Gargi_College) , Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Pageantry career Various pageants and fame (2009–2015) Rautela's journey in the fashion industry began at the age of 15 when she got her first major break at Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week. She also won the title of Miss Teen India 2009. As a teenage model, she walked the ramp as a showstopper for Lakme Fashion Week, Amazon Fashion Week, Bombay Fashion Week, and Dubai Fashion Week. [3] (#cite_note-Background-3) In 2011, Rautela won Indian Princess 2011 and Miss Asian Supermodel 2011. She also won the title of Miss Tourism Queen of the Year 2011 which took place in China, making her the first Indian woman to win this pageant. [9] (#cite_note-9) She was also offered Ishaqzaade (/wiki/Ishaqzaade) but turned it down as she wanted to prioritise her focus on the Miss Universe pageant. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2012, Rautela won the coveted crown of I AM She – Miss Universe India (/wiki/I_Am_She%E2%80%93Miss_Universe_India) along with the special award for Miss Photogenic. However, she had to relinquish her crown because she was underage at that time. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2015, she participated in Indian pageantry once again and won the title. [13] (#cite_note-13) She represented India in Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) , however she did not place. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-timesofindia-15) Acting career Debut and early career (2013–2017) Urvashi Rautela attending the Hello Hall of Fame Awards Rautela made her Hindi film debut with the film Singh Saab The Great (/wiki/Singh_Saab_The_Great) where she starred as the female lead opposite Sunny Deol (/wiki/Sunny_Deol) . Following the release of the film, Urvashi appeared in Yo Yo Honey Singh (/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh) 's international video album Love Dose , which was released in October 2014. [16] (#cite_note-16) Soon after, she ventured into the Kannada cinema and made her debut with the film Mr. Airavata (/wiki/Mr._Airavata) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Although the film received negative reviews from critics, Urvashi's dance sequence was praised. Sunayana Suresh, writing for Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) noted, "Urvashi is expressive and leaves her mark in the few scenes and songs she appears in, especially with her dancing." [18] (#cite_note-18) Later, she appeared in two other Hindi films, Sanam Re (/wiki/Sanam_Re) and Great Grand Masti (/wiki/Great_Grand_Masti) , both of which had average box office collections. She also featured in two music videos in 2016. Laal Dupatta with Mika Singh (/wiki/Mika_Singh) and Anupama Raag, and Gal Bann Gayi along with Vidyut Jammwal (/wiki/Vidyut_Jammwal) . [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2017, Rautela starred in a special dance sequence Haseeno Ka Deewana in the film Kaabil (/wiki/Kaabil) . [20] (#cite_note-20) Her performance received compliments from Amitabh Bachchan Amitabh Bachchan (/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Apart from that, she made a special appearance in a Bangladeshi film (/wiki/Bangladeshi_film) Porobashinee (/wiki/Porobashinee) . Various roles and further career (2018–present) Urvashi in 2023 In 2018, she appeared in the revenge drama Hate Story 4 (/wiki/Hate_Story_4) . Rachit Gupta of the Times of India commented on her performance, stating, "Urvashi Rautela has the main role and her character has plenty to offer. She starts off as a girl dancing in a strip club, but as the story unfolds, her character gets plenty of twists, turns and reveals. There's a lot on her table and the pretty actress handles the myriad emotions and shades with ease." [22] (#cite_note-22) In February 2019, Rautela appeared in Anees Bazmee (/wiki/Anees_Bazmee) 's comedy film Pagalpanti (/wiki/Pagalpanti_(2019_film)) which received unfavorable reviews and was a box-office flop. [2] (#cite_note-25thBDay-2) [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2020, she starred in Virgin Bhanupriya (/wiki/Virgin_Bhanupriya) a comedy-drama (/wiki/Comedy-drama) directed by Ajay Lohan and produced by Shreyans Mahendra Dhariwal. The film was released on ZEE5 (/wiki/ZEE5) due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [24] (#cite_note-24) Rautela made her Tamil debut with the film The Legend (/wiki/The_Legend_(2022_film)) , alongside Saravanan Arul. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2023, she also featured in an item number in the Telugu film Waltair Veerayya (/wiki/Waltair_Veerayya) , starring popular actors Chiranjeevi and Ravi Teja (/wiki/Ravi_Teja) . [27] (#cite_note-27) In the same year, she made another special appearance in a song for the Telugu film Agent (/wiki/Agent_(film)) . [28] (#cite_note-28) She appeared in a song in Skanda (/wiki/Skanda_(film)) (2023). [29] (#cite_note-29) Upcoming films Rautela completed shooting for the film Dil Hai Gray , which is a remake of the Tamil film Thiruttu Payale 2 (/wiki/Thiruttu_Payale_2) . She is also set to make her lead debut in Telugu films with the film Black Rose . [30] (#cite_note-30) Rautela is set to make her Hollywood debut with a Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) film tentatively titled Renata Fonte alongside Michele Morrone (/wiki/Michele_Morrone) . The film will be directed by Barbara Bialowas and produced by Netflix and Tomasz Mandes. [31] (#cite_note-31) In March 2024 Rautela posted a poster of the upcoming JNU: Jahangir National University (/wiki/JNU:_Jahangir_National_University) [32] (#cite_note-32) In the media Urvashi also launched her own app to provide fans with information about herself. [33] (#cite_note-33) In addition, she was honoured with the title of Youngest Most Beautiful Woman in the Universe 2018 by the government and tourism of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands) , and she received the Uttarakhand Maharatna Award from the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand (/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttarakhand) . [34] (#cite_note-34) On 24 October 2020, Urvashi became the first Indian woman to walk the runway (/wiki/Runway_show) for the Emirati label Amato at the official calendar of the Arab Fashion Week, an event endorsed by the Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) -based Arab Fashion Council (/wiki/Arab_Fashion_Council) . [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) She was also awarded the title of Global Icon in Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) . Filmography Films Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Title Role Language Notes Ref. 2013 Singh Saab the Great (/wiki/Singh_Saab_the_Great) Minnie Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) 2015 Mr. Airavata (/wiki/Mr._Airavata) Priya Kannada (/wiki/Kannada) Kannada debut Bhaag Johnny (/wiki/Bhaag_Johnny) Herself Hindi Special appearance (/wiki/Item_number) in the song "Daddy Mummy". 2016 Sanam Re (/wiki/Sanam_Re) Akanksha / Mrs. Pablo Great Grand Masti (/wiki/Great_Grand_Masti) Ragini 2017 Kaabil (/wiki/Kaabil) Herself Special appearance in the song "Haseeno Ka Deewana" Porobashinee (/wiki/Porobashinee) Herself Bengali Special appearance in the song "Challobay"; Bangladeshi film (/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh) 2018 Hate Story 4 (/wiki/Hate_Story_4) Tasha Hindi [38] (#cite_note-38) 2019 Pagalpanti (/wiki/Pagalpanti_(2019_film)) Kavya [39] (#cite_note-39) 2020 Virgin Bhanupriya (/wiki/Virgin_Bhanupriya) Bhanupriya Awasthi [40] (#cite_note-40) 2022 The Legend (/wiki/The_Legend_(2022_film)) Madhumitha Tamil Tamil debut [41] (#cite_note-Suri-41) 2023 Waltair Veerayya (/wiki/Waltair_Veerayya) Herself Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) Telugu debut; Special appearance in the song "Boss Party" [42] (#cite_note-42) Agent (/wiki/Agent_(film)) Herself Special appearance in the song "Wild Saala" [43] (#cite_note-43) Bro (/wiki/Bro_(2023_film)) Sithra Manjari Special appearance in the song "My Dear Markendeya". [44] (#cite_note-44) Skanda (/wiki/Skanda_(film)) Herself Special appearance in the song "Cult Mama" [45] (#cite_note-45) 2024 JNU: Jahangir National University (/wiki/JNU:_Jahangir_National_University) Richa Sharma Hindi [46] (#cite_note-46) TBA NBK109 † [47] (#cite_note-47) TBA Dil Hai Gray † 2024 Hindi Completed [48] (#cite_note-48) TBA Black Rose † TBA Telugu Delayed [49] (#cite_note-49) TBA Welcome To The Jungle † 2024 Hindi [50] (#cite_note-50) TBA Kasoor 2 † 2025 Hindi [51] (#cite_note-51) Music videos Year Title Singer(s) Ref. 2014 Love Dose Yo Yo Honey Singh (/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh) [52] (#cite_note-52) 2016 Laal Dupatta Mika Singh (/wiki/Mika_Singh) and Anupama Raag (/wiki/Anupama_Raag) [53] (#cite_note-53) Gal Ban Gayi Yo Yo Honey Singh (/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh) , Meet Bros (/wiki/Meet_Bros) and Neha Kakkar (/wiki/Neha_Kakkar) . [54] (#cite_note-54) 2019 Bijli Ki Taar Tony Kakkar (/wiki/Tony_Kakkar) [55] (#cite_note-55) 2020 Ek Diamond Da Haar Meet Bros (/wiki/Meet_Bros) [56] (#cite_note-56) Woh Chaand Kaha Se Laogi Vishal Mishra (/wiki/Vishal_Mishra_(composer)) [57] (#cite_note-57) 2021 Teri Load Ve Singga [58] (#cite_note-58) Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si Ajay Keswani [59] (#cite_note-59) Doob Gaye Guru Randhawa (/wiki/Guru_Randhawa) [60] (#cite_note-60) Versace Baby Mohamed Ramadan (/wiki/Mohamed_Ramadan_(actor_and_singer)) [61] (#cite_note-61) 2023 Hum Toh Deewane Yasser Desai (/wiki/Yasser_Desai) [62] (#cite_note-62) 2024 Vigdiyan Heeran Yo Yo Honey Singh (/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh) [63] (#cite_note-63) TBA Untitled† Jason Derulo (/wiki/Jason_Derulo) Filming [64] (#cite_note-64) Television Year Title Role Ref. 2016 Sex Chat with Pappu & Papa Cameo in Episode 3 2018–2019 The Dance Project Dancer in Episode 2 and 7 [65] (#cite_note-65) 2023 Inspector Avinash (/wiki/Inspector_Avinash) Poonam Mishra [41] (#cite_note-Suri-41) Awards and nominations Year Award Film Category Result Ref. 2013 Screen Awards (/wiki/Screen_Awards) Singh Saab The Great (/wiki/Singh_Saab_The_Great) Best Female Debut (/wiki/Screen_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Nominated [66] (#cite_note-66) References ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet Urvashi Rautela, Miss India Universe 2015" (https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-achiever-meet-urvashi-rautela-miss-india-universe-2015/20151214.htm) . Rediff . 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2019 . ^ a b Indo-Asian News Service (25 February 2019). "Urvashi Rautela posts 25th birthday selfie with Justin Bieber and Hailey Baldwin: I am about to faint" (https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/urvashi-rautela-posts-25th-birthday-selfie-with-justin-bieber-and-hailey-baldwin-i-am-about-to-faint-1464445-2019-02-25) . India Today . Retrieved 11 September 2019 . ^ a b "In Pics: Urvashi Rautela's journey from teen model to world's sexiest supermodels list" (https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-in-pics-urvashi-rautela-s-journey-from-teen-model-to-world-s-sexiest-supermodels-list-2871914/urvashi-rautela-background-2871915) . DNA India . 30 January 2021 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Manushi Chillar And Urvashi Rautela React To Swara Bhaskar's Open Letter" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190525032345/https://bollywoodtoday.in/manushi-chillar-and-urvashi-rautela-reacts-to-swara-bhaskars-open-letter/) . bollywoodtoday.in . 29 January 2018. Archived from the original (https://bollywoodtoday.in/manushi-chillar-and-urvashi-rautela-reacts-to-swara-bhaskars-open-letter/) on 25 May 2019 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . I am a Rajput myself, I respect Rani Padmini and I really don't want to comment much on the film as I haven't seen it. But all I can say is that trolling is such a common thing, it happens to everyone. During Filmfare it happened with me ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Did you know that Urvashi Rautela hails from the royal family of Garhwal, Uttarakhand?" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/know-urvashi-rautela-hails-royal-family-garhwal-uttarakhand/) . Bollywood Hungama . 31 July 2020 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Urvashi visits hometown Kotdwar" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Urvashi-visits-hometown-Kotdwar/articleshow/49557097.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . TNN. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Delhi University is the best and I'm lucky to be its alumna: Urvashi Rautela" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-university-is-the-best-and-i-m-lucky-to-be-its-alumna-urvashi-rautela/story-dd6RctllwMxdffxjQB7FbN.html) . Hindustan Times . 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Urvashi Rautela says she'd right swipe for Varun Dhawan on Tinder" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/urvashi-rautela-says-she-d-right-swipe-for-varun-dhawan-on-tinder/story-BiLtZR3pDTctWmLmsv9GQJ.html) . Hindustan Times . 8 December 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Five unmissable facts about Urvashi Rautela you didn't know!" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-universe/five-unmissable-facts-about-urvashi-rautela-you-didnt-know/eventshow/89804143.cms) . Femina Miss India . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 31 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "उर्वशी रौतेला को इश्क़जादे में मिला था ये किरदार, फिर क्यों नहीं किया काम" (https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-urvashi-rautela-says-she-was-offered-gauhar-khan-role-from-film-ishaqzaade-17525980.html) . jagran.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "I was offered Ishaqzaade when I was 16: Urvashi Rautela - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-universe/i-was-offered-ishaqzaade-when-i-was-16-urvashi-rautela/articleshow/50022454.cms) . Femina Miss India . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Miss Universe mix-up: India's Rautela had to relinquish crown in 2012" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/miss-universe-mix-up-india-s-rautela-also-had-to-relinquish-crown-in-2012/story-bYIyuwzBi1TuBYpWbbh4iI.html) . Hindustan Times . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Actress Urvashi Rautela crowned Miss Diva 2015" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actress-urvashi-rautela-crowned-miss-diva-2015/) . The Indian Express . 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Urvashi Rautela crowned Miss Diva 2015" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-actress-urvashi-rautela-crowned-miss-diva-2015-2136646) . DNA (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . Press Trust of India. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-timesofindia_15-0) "Ahmedabad celebrates the best of food" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-celebrates-the-best-of-food/articleshow/46419915.cms) . The Times of India . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Kumar, Hemanth (15 January 2017). "I am a big fan of Yo Yo Honey Singh: Urvashi Rautela" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-am-a-big-fan-of-Yo-Yo-Honey-Singh-Urvashi-Rautela/articleshow/45427575.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Urvashi Rautela replaces Erica Fernandes in Darshan film" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Urvashi-Rautela-replaces-Erica-Fernandes-in-Darshan-film/articleshow/41942547.cms) . The Times of India . 8 September 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Suresh, Sunayana (14 May 2016). "Mr Airavatha Movie Review" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mr-airavatha/movie-review/49213640.cms) . The Times of India . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Yo Yo Honey Singh's Peppy Number Gal Ban Gayi Is What You Need on Your Playlist Now" (https://www.news18.com/news/movies/yo-yo-honey-singhs-peppy-number-gal-ban-gayi-is-what-you-need-on-your-playlist-now-1290356.html) . news18.com . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Urvashi Rautela Carries 'Kaabil' Song 'Haseeno Ka Deewana' on Her Shoulder Sans Side Dancers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200213191333/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/urvashi-rautela-carries-kaabil-song-haseeno-ka-deewana-on-her/article_4298d7ba-c698-11e6-a427-8bfdc30465df.html) . indiawest.com . Archived from the original (http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/urvashi-rautela-carries-kaabil-song-haseeno-ka-deewana-on-her/article_4298d7ba-c698-11e6-a427-8bfdc30465df.html) on 13 February 2020 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Amitabh Bachchan compliments Urvashi Rautela for new version of 'Haseeno Ka Deewana' (https://www.mid-day.com/articles/amitabh-bachchan-compliments-urvashi-rautela-haseeno-ka-deewana-kaabil/17848177) " (https://www.mid-day.com/articles/amitabh-bachchan-compliments-urvashi-rautela-haseeno-ka-deewana-kaabil/17848177) . mid-day.com . 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Gupta, Rachit (19 June 2018). "Hate Story 4 Movie Review" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/hate-story-4/movie-review/63233743.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 3 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "John Abraham pushes release date of Pagalpanti to make way for Nikhil Advani's Marjaavaan" (https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-pushes-release-date-of-pagalpanti-to-make-way-for-nikkhil-advanis-marjaavaan/articleshow/71002154.cms) . Mumbai Mirror . 5 September 2019 . Retrieved 11 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Rajpal, Roktim (19 July 2020). "Have amazing memories of working with Darshan: Urvashi Rautela" (https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/have-amazing-memories-of-working-with-darshan-urvashi-rautela-863031.html) . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 14 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "The Legend is back! Saravanan's film co-starring Urvashi Rautela to release on OTT on THIS date" (https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-legend-is-back-saravanans-film-co-starring-urvashi-rautela-to-release-on-ott-on-this-date-2341843-2023-03-02) . India Today . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Legend Saravanan and Urvashi Rautela to shoot in Iceland for the Tamil-Hindi bilingual" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/legend-saravanan-and-urvashi-rautela-to-shoot-in-iceland/articleshow/86007466.cms) . The Times of India . 7 September 2021 . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Urvashi In Between Chiranjeevi And Ravi Teja" (https://m.greatandhra.com/movies/news/urvashi-in-between-chiranjeevi-and-ravi-teja-124953) ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Urvashi Rautela signs a massive spy action thriller film 'Agent' - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-universe/urvashi-rautela-signs-a-massive-spy-action-thriller-film-agent/articleshow/99663212.cms) . Femina Miss India . Retrieved 25 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Urvashi Rautela to romance Ram Pothineni in Boyapati Srinu’s 120 CR Pan-Indian film" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/urvashi-rautela-to-romance-ram-pothineni-in-boyapati-srinus-120-cr-pan-indian-film-replaces-kiara-advani/articleshow/95118669.cms) ^ (#cite_ref-30) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/black-rose-urvashi-rautela-looks-deep-dark-and-enticing-in-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/78275621.cms) 'Black Rose': Urvashi Rautela looks deep, dark and enticing in the first look poster" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/black-rose-urvashi-rautela-looks-deep-dark-and-enticing-in-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/78275621.cms) . The Times of India . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 23 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Urvashi Rautela to make her Hollywood debut with a Netflix film alongside '365 Days' actor Michele Morrone" (https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/urvashi-rautela-to-make-her-hollywood-debut-with-a-netflix-film-alongside-365-days-actor-michele-morrone) . Free Press Journal . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Poster of new film 'JNU: Jahangir National University' sparks debate on social media" (https://www.deccanherald.com/india/poster-of-new-film-jnu-jahangir-national-university-sparks-debate-on-social-media-2933405) . Deccan Herald . PTI. 12 March 2024 . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Urvashi Rautela's app will provide an insight into her personal life, see photos" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/urvashi-rautela-app-will-provide-an-insight-into-her-personal-life-see-photos-4758097/) . The Indian Express . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Whoaa! Urvashi Rautela crowned as the youngest most beautiful woman in the Universe 2018" (http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-whoaa-urvashi-rautela-crowned-as-the-youngest-most-beautiful-woman-in-the-universe-2018-2619761) . Daily News and Analysis . 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Urvashi Rautela becomes first Indian woman to turn showstopper at Arab Fashion Week" (https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/urvashi-rautela-becomes-first-indian-woman-to-turn-showstopper-at-arab-fashion-week-video-664229) . indiatvnews.com . 12 November 2020 . Retrieved 2 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Urvashi Rautela showstopper at Arab Fashion Week" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/12/urvashi-rautela-showstopper-at-arab-fashion-week-2222807.html) . The New Indian Express . 12 November 2020 . Retrieved 2 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Bollywood actress, model Urvashi Rautela becomes first Indian woman to walk Arab Fashion Week" (https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-actress-model-urvashi-rautela-becomes-first-indian-woman-to-walk-arab-fashion-week-1.1605171467144) . Gulf News . 12 November 2020 . Retrieved 2 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) R, Manishaa (13 September 2017). "Revealed: Urvashi Rautela plays a supermodel in 'Hate Story 4' (https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-revealed-urvashi-rautela-plays-a-supermodel-in-hate-story-4-2545041) " (https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-revealed-urvashi-rautela-plays-a-supermodel-in-hate-story-4-2545041) . DNA India . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Urvashi Rautela wraps up her next comedy 'Pagalpanti' in London" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/urvashi-rautela-wraps-up-her-next-comedy-pagalpanti-in-london/articleshow/69080239.cms) . The Times of India . 28 April 2019 . Retrieved 7 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Urvashi Rautela starrer Virgin Bhanupriya to release on June 12, 2020" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/urvashi-rautela-starrer-virgin-bhanupriya-release-june-12-2020/) . Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) . 13 March 2020 . Retrieved 14 March 2020 . ^ a b Suri, Ridhi (11 March 2021). "Urvashi Rautela to play lead in big-budget Tamil sci-fi film" (https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/urvashi-rautela-to-play-lead-in-big-budget-tamil-sci-fi-film-690328) . India TV . Retrieved 13 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Urvashi Rautela to sizzle in Waltair Veerayya" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/tollywood/041122/urvashi-rautela-to-sizzle-in-waltair-veerayya.html) ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Urvashi Rautela on 'Agent's Wild Saala says, "For my director Surender Reddy only, I uttered SAALA 40 Lakh Times..." (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/urvashi-rautela-on-agents-wild-saala-says-for-my-director-surender-reddy-only-i-uttered-saala-40-lakh-times-/articleshow/99781971.cms) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/urvashi-rautela-on-agents-wild-saala-says-for-my-director-surender-reddy-only-i-uttered-saala-40-lakh-times-/articleshow/99781971.cms) . The Times of India . 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Bro: Urvashi Rautela expresses profound gratitude for 10 million views on 'My Dear Markandeya' (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/bro-urvashi-rautela-expresses-profound-gratitude-for-10-million-views-on-my-dear-markandeya/articleshow/101733530.cms) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/bro-urvashi-rautela-expresses-profound-gratitude-for-10-million-views-on-my-dear-markandeya/articleshow/101733530.cms) . The Times of India . 13 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "BoyapatiRapo Teaser: Ram Pothineni starrer promises a mass entertainer with heavy dialogues and action" (https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/boyapatirapo-teaser-ram-pothineni-starrer-promises-a-mass-entertainer-with-heavy-dialogues-and-action-1221141) . PINKVILLA . 15 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Urvashi Rautela Shares First-look Poster Of JNU: Jahangir National University" (https://www.news18.com/movies/urvashi-rautela-shares-first-look-poster-of-jnu-jahangir-national-university-8814363.html) . News18 . 13 March 2024 . Retrieved 13 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Fatima, Syeda Eba (19 December 2023). "Team wraps up the NBK109 shoot in Ooty earlier than planned due to poor weather" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/team-wraps-up-the-nbk109-shoot-in-ooty-earlier-than-planned-due-to-poor-weather-101702974083562.html) . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Urvashi Rautela, Vineet Kumar Singh and Akshay Oberoi starrer 'Dil Hai Gray' to release in July" (https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/urvashi-rautela-vineet-kumar-singh-akshay-oberoi-starrer-dil-hai-gray-to-release-in-july20220406230724/) . ANI News . 6 April 2022 . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/black-rose-urvashi-rautela-looks-deep-dark-and-enticing-in-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/78275621.cms) 'Black Rose': Urvashi Rautela looks deep, dark and enticing in the first look poster" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/black-rose-urvashi-rautela-looks-deep-dark-and-enticing-in-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/78275621.cms) . The Times of India . 23 September 2020 . Retrieved 13 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Urvashi Rautela Hospitalised with 'Severe' Fracture Post Injury on NBK109 Set; Her Latest Post Raises Suspicion" (https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/urvashi-rautela-hospitalised-with-severe-fracture-post-injury-on-nbk109-set-her-latest-post-raises-suspicion-enn24071001525) . ETV Bharat News . 10 July 2024 . Retrieved 20 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) " (https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kasoor-aftab-shivdasani-urvashi-rautela-film-2557783-2024-06-25) 'Kasoor': Aftab Shivdasani teams up with Urvashi Rautela for romantic-horror film" (https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kasoor-aftab-shivdasani-urvashi-rautela-film-2557783-2024-06-25) . India Today . 25 June 2024 . Retrieved 20 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "GR8! TV Magazine - Urvashi Rautela excited about her 'Love Dose' video with Yo Yo Honey Singh" (https://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=2595) . gr8mag.com . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Mika Singh and Urvashi Rautela will be featured in Lal Dupatta song" (https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/mika-singh-and-urvashi-rautela-will-be-featured-in-lal-dupatta-song-1282647/) . Patrika News (in Hindi). 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Gal Ban Gayi: Sukhbir, Yo Yo Honey Singh give us back an old favourite, watch video" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/gal-ban-gayi-song-sukhbir-yo-yo-honey-singh-meet-brothers-vidyut-jamwal-watch-video-3019752/) . The Indian Express . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "India is listening to Tony Kakkar's "Bijli Ki Taar" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-tony-kakkars-bijli-ki-taar-6005622/) " (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-tony-kakkars-bijli-ki-taar-6005622/) . The Indian Express . 18 September 2019 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) सिंह, नंदन (26 February 2021). "Urvashi Rautela के सॉन्ग 'एक डायमंड का हार लेदे यार' का जबरदस्त धमाल, Video 75 मिलियन के पार" (https://ndtv.in/bollywood/urvashi-rautela-song-ek-diamond-da-haar-lede-yaar-video-viral-on-internet-2378184) . NDTVIndia (in Hindi) . Retrieved 21 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Purkayastha, Pallabi Dey (27 November 2020). "Urvashi Rautela's a total stunner in 'Who Chaand Kaha Se Laaogi' (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/urvashi-rautelas-a-total-stunner-in-who-chaand-kaha-se-laaogi/articleshow/79453408.cms) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/urvashi-rautelas-a-total-stunner-in-who-chaand-kaha-se-laaogi/articleshow/79453408.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Retrieved 21 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Urvashi Rautela features in 'Top 10 sexiest models in the world' list" (https://zeenews.india.com/people/urvashi-rautela-features-in-top-10-sexiest-models-in-the-world-list-2338496.html) . Zee News . 29 January 2021 . Retrieved 13 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Ramsay, Amit; Handoo, Ritika (5 March 2021). "Urvashi Rautela looks ravishing in 'Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si' song - Watch" (https://zeenews.india.com/music/urvashi-rautela-looks-ravishing-in-ek-ladki-bheegi-bhaagi-si-song-video-goes-viral-watch-2345950.html) . Zee News . Retrieved 31 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Urvashi Rautela and Guru Randhawa flaunt their sizzling chemistry in 'Doob Gaye' song, becomes No1 trending video on YouTube – Watch" (https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/buzz/urvashi-rautela-and-guru-randhawa-flaunt-their-sizzling-chemistry-in-doob-gaye-song-becomes-no1-trending-video-on-youtube-watch-2358825.html) . Zee News . 1 May 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) "VIRAL PHOTO: Urvashi Rautela poses with python as she wishes fans on Eid" (https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-viral-photo-urvashi-rautela-poses-with-python-as-she-wishes-fans-on-eid-versace-baby-mohamed-ramadan-2890312) . DNA India . 14 May 2021 . Retrieved 13 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Hum Toh Deewane Song Out: रोमांटिक ट्रैक 'हम तो दिवाने' में Elvish Yadav और उर्वशी रौतेला की केमिस्ट्री ने लगाई आग, रिलीज होने के कुछ घंटों में 8 मिलियन से पार हुए व्यूज" (https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-and-urvashi-rautela-hum-to-deewane-crossed-8-million-views-within-few-hours-of-its-release-2494564) . ABP News (in Hindi). 15 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Honey Singh and Urvashi Rautelas highly anticipated Vigdiyan Heeran is here! Check it out" (https://mirchi.in/stories/music/honey-singh-and-urvashi-rautelas-highly-anticipated-vigdiyan-heeran-is-here-check-it-out/108513480) . mirchi.in . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/jalebi-baby-singer-jason-derulo-collaborates-with-urvashi-rautela-for-his-next/articleshow/90515550.cms) 'Jalebi Baby' singer Jason Derulo collaborates with Urvashi Rautela for his next" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/jalebi-baby-singer-jason-derulo-collaborates-with-urvashi-rautela-for-his-next/articleshow/90515550.cms) . The Times of India . 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "Urvashi Rautela performs Flamenco for on The Dance Project" (https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/urvashi-rautela-performs-flamenco-for-on-the-dance-project-20034176) . Mid-Day (/wiki/Mid-Day) . 30 November 2018 . Retrieved 21 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "20th Annual Screen Awards 2014: The complete list of nominees" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140108104623/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/20th-annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees/444093-8-66.html) . 8 January 2014. Archived from the original (http://ibnlive.in.com/news/20th-annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees/444093-8-66.html) on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2021 . External links Urvashi Rautela (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5856898/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Urvashi Rautela (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/urvashi-rautela/filmography/) at Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Bollywood (/wiki/Portal:Bollywood) Films (/wiki/Portal:Films) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Urvashi Rautela at Wikipedia's sister projects : Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urvashi_Rautela) from Commons Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901587) from Wikidata Awards and achievements Preceded by New Title Reina Hispanoamericana India (/wiki/Reina_Hispanoamericana) 2022 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Noyonita Lodh (/wiki/Noyonita_Lodh) Miss Diva Universe (/wiki/Miss_Diva_Universe) 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Diva_-_2015) Succeeded by Roshmitha Harimurthy (/wiki/Roshmitha_Harimurthy) v t e Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) national titleholders AGO : Whitney Shikongo (/wiki/Whitney_Shikongo) ARG : Claudia Barrionuevo (/wiki/Claudia_Barrionuevo) ARU : Alysha Boekhoudt (/wiki/Alysha_Boekhoudt) AUS : Monika Radulovic (/wiki/Monika_Radulovic) AUT : Amina Dagi (/wiki/Amina_Dagi) BAH : Toria Nichole Penn (/wiki/Toria_Nichole_Penn) BOL : Romina Rocamonje (/wiki/Romina_Rocamonje) BRA : Marthina Brandt (/wiki/Marthina_Brandt) BUL : Radostina Todorova (/wiki/Radostina_Todorova) CHN : Jessica Xue (/wiki/Jessica_Xue) COL : Ariadna Gutiérrez (/wiki/Ariadna_Guti%C3%A9rrez) CRI : Brenda Castro (/wiki/Brenda_Castro) CUR : Kanisha Sluis (/wiki/Kanisha_Sluis) CZE : Nikol Švantnerová (/wiki/Nikol_%C5%A0vantnerov%C3%A1) DNK : Cecilie Wellemberg (/wiki/Cecilie_Wellemberg) DOM : Clarissa Molina (/wiki/Clarissa_Molina) SLV : Idubina Rivas (/wiki/Idubina_Rivas) FIN : Rosa-Maria Ryyti (/wiki/Rosa-Maria_Ryyti) FRA : Flora Coquerel (/wiki/Flora_Coquerel) GEO : Janet Kerdikoshvili (/wiki/Janet_Kerdikoshvili) DEU : Sarah-Lorraine Riek (/wiki/Sarah-Lorraine_Riek) GHN : Hilda Akua Frimpong (/wiki/Hilda_Akua_Frimpong) GBR : Narissara France (/wiki/Narissara_France) GRE : Mikaela Fotiadis (/wiki/Mikaela_Fotiadis) GUA : Jeimmy Aburto (/wiki/Jeimmy_Aburto) GYN : Shauna Ramdyhan (/wiki/Shauna_Ramdyhan) HAI : Lisa Drouillard (/wiki/Lisa_Drouillard) HUN : Nikoletta Nagy (/wiki/Nikoletta_Nagy) IND : Urvashi Rautela IDN : Anindya Kusuma Putri (/wiki/Anindya_Kusuma_Putri) IRL : Joanna Cooper (/wiki/Joanna_Cooper) ISR : Avigail Alfatov (/wiki/Avigail_Alfatov) JAM : Sharlene Rädlein (/wiki/Sharlene_R%C3%A4dlein) JPN : Ariana Miyamoto (/wiki/Ariana_Miyamoto) KOR : Kim Seo-yeon (/wiki/Kim_Seo-yeon) KOS : Mirjeta Shala (/wiki/Mirjeta_Shala) MYS : Vanessa Tevi (/wiki/Vanessa_Tevi) MEX : Wendolly Esparza (/wiki/Wendolly_Esparza) MNG : Maja Čukić (/wiki/Maja_%C4%8Cuki%C4%87) MMR : May Barani Thaw (/wiki/May_Barani_Thaw) NED : Jessie Jazz Vuijk (/wiki/Jessie_Jazz_Vuijk) NZL : Samantha McClung (/wiki/Samantha_McClung) NIC : Daniela 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Promotional concert by Lady Gaga For the concert tour, see ArtRave: The Artpop Ball (/wiki/ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball) . ArtRave Promotional concert by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) Promotional poster for the event Location Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) , New York, U.S. Venue Duggal Greenhouse Associated album Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) Start date November 10, 2013 End date November 11, 2013 Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) concert chronology Born This Way Ball (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Ball) (2012–2013) ArtRave (2013) Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Live_at_Roseland_Ballroom) (2014) ArtRave (stylized as artRAVE ) was a two-day event hosted by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) from November 10–11, 2013, as part of the promotional campaign for her third studio album (/wiki/Studio_album) , Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) (2013). The event, held in a large warehouse in the Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) in New York, served as an album release party and included a press conference (/wiki/Press_conference) and a live performance. During the press conference, Gaga revealed "the world's first flying dress", called the Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) , confirmed plans to stage a performance in space in 2015, and introduced new works by Marina Abramović (/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87) , Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin (/wiki/Inez_van_Lamsweerde_and_Vinoodh_Matadin) , Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) , and Robert Wilson (/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)) . The warehouse contained a giant statue of Gaga created by Koons on one side and other artworks, while screens all around displayed videos of Gaga's performances with Abramović. There were contortionists, a DJ booth, as well as free food and drink for the assembled crowd. The event was to have been sponsored by American Express (/wiki/American_Express) , however they backed out at the last moment failing to come to terms regarding ArtRave's production. Gaga performed a concert which was streamed live on Vevo (/wiki/Vevo) and later rebroadcast through the website's syndication partners. The set list consisted of songs from Artpop . On November 11, Clear Channel (/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications) aired a half-hour special called Album Release Party with Lady Gaga , hosted by Ryan Seacrest (/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest) on more than 150 radio stations throughout the United States. On November 19, The CW (/wiki/The_CW) aired a television special with footage from the album release party. ArtRave received generally positive reviews from critics who noted the enormity of the production, as well as Gaga's performance and enthusiasm; the launch of Volantis was generally criticised. Background and conception [ edit ] Lady Gaga collaborated with multiple artists, including Marina Abramović (/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87) and Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) for the project. Development of Lady Gaga's third studio album, Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) , began shortly after the release of her second one, Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)) in 2011. By the following year, Gaga started collaborating with producers Fernando Garibay (/wiki/Fernando_Garibay) and DJ White Shadow (/wiki/DJ_White_Shadow) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [2] (#cite_note-DJWS-2) [3] (#cite_note-albumname-3) In the meantime, she began presenting tracks to her record company and hoped to announce the album's working title by September 2013; [4] (#cite_note-4) a revelation that was actually disclosed one month earlier. [5] (#cite_note-ds2-5) The artist later claimed that Artpop was her first "real album" comparing herself to a "phoenix rising from the ashes", which reflected her heightened confidence in writing material for the album compared to her previous efforts. [6] (#cite_note-6) Gaga recruited artist Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) for the project in early 2013; the two had met previously at a Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) fashion event three years earlier, where Gaga had a live performance. According to Koons, Gaga "just kind of grabbed ahold of me and gave me a big hug around my waist and replied, 'You know, Jeff, I've been such a fan of yours, and when I was a kid just hanging out in Central Park I would talk to my friends about your work'." [7] (#cite_note-Koonsmtv-7) In addition to Interscope Records (/wiki/Interscope_Records) notifying mainstream media outlets about upcoming releases for Artpop in July 2013, Gaga announced plans for a multimedia (/wiki/Multimedia) software application (/wiki/Application_software) which "combines music, art, fashion, and technology with a new interactive worldwide community." [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-ARTPOPAnnouncements-9) A public announcement, posted on July 12, 2013, revealed plans for an ArtRave event the night before the release of Artpop , unveiling projects Gaga had been working on in collaboration with her creative team, the Haus of Gaga, Dutch photographer duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) , avant -garde theater director Robert Wilson (/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)) , performance artist Marina Abramović (/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87) , and Koons. [10] (#cite_note-BBDate-10) [11] (#cite_note-NMEDate-11) The announcement featured Gaga covering her bare breasts with her arms, with her forearm "Artpop" tattoo (/wiki/Tattoo) in plain sight, wearing a visor (/wiki/Visor) designed by London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) alumna Isabell Yalda Hellysaz. [12] (#cite_note-12) Another promotional image showed Gaga with long brown hair, sporting a pair of spectacles, sitting completely naked on a chair crafted from motherboards as she displays her unicorn thigh tattoo. [13] (#cite_note-13) Development and sponsors [ edit ] ArtRave was held at Duggal Greenhouse in the Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) (pictured in 2007). The event was held at the reportedly "top secret" [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [15] (#cite_note-Baggs-15) Duggal Greenhouse, a large warehouse in the Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) in Brooklyn, New York. [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) It spanned two days, starting with a press conference on November 10 and extending into the morning of November 11, 2013, the album's release date in the United States. [17] (#cite_note-itunesUS-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) New York's OneNine Design company was responsible for the event planning and the production. [19] (#cite_note-19) Gaga also employed the Roschman Dance group to perform during the party and the event. [20] (#cite_note-20) The interior of the yard was strewn with art pieces and art works. There was a food truck and open bar, and at one end there was a white stage with a spiral staircase. Opposite the stage, across the room, stood a giant statue of Gaga depicted naked, with her hands covering the breasts, created by Koons. In between her spread legs, Koons' characteristic blue gazing ball was placed; the statue was photographed and used in the album cover design for Artpop . [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Between the stage and the Gaga sculpture stood four other statues created by Koons In flagrante delicto (/wiki/In_flagrante_delicto) , [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) as well as the open bars where contortionists (/wiki/Contortionists) performed their intricate moves. The area was surrounded by large video screens which displayed Gaga's work with Abramović (showing the singer stumbling through a forest naked), Inez and Vinoodh, as well as with Wilson. [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Adjacent to the main space, there was a side area which featured an art installation called Binary Room , by artist Benjamin Rollins Caldwell (/wiki/Benjamin_Rollins_Caldwell) , consisting of a room with all the furniture and flooring made up of old computer parts. Another room was dedicated to the display and usage of the Artpop app, as well as the fashions created by the Haus of Gaga for the ArtRave. [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) There were personnel dressed in matching future-esque uniforms to walkthrough (/wiki/Software_walkthrough) the app and its uses, including "the ability to read auras, create animated 3D Gifs (/wiki/GIF) and remix Gaga's music." [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) ArtRave was an "extravagant spectacle" according to Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) ' s Andrew Hampp. However, he also noted that though the event did not have any sponsors, Gaga "was part of a select group of artists who have firmly thrown their branding lot in with the tech–music innovation space". Projects like Creators with Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) and Intel (/wiki/Intel) , as well as artists like will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) , Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) and Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) were cited as precedents for crafting events and merging music and technology with art. [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) Gaga, who had been named a creative director of Polaroid Corporation (/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation) in 2010, had been involved in technical projects like Backplane with her former manager Troy Carter (/wiki/Troy_Carter_(music_industry)) ; Gaga separated from Carter a few days before the ArtRave. But Hampp believed that the explicit nature of the art works and the videos being shown had deprived Gaga of the opportunity of any "overt" sponsorship for the event. He explained that Billboard had reached out to three executives from American Express (/wiki/American_Express) (AmEx), the company which was supposed to sponsor ArtRave but had "backed out" due to creative differences. Speaking off the record, the executives confirmed that AmEx had been slated to bear the expenses of the event as well as the live streaming (/wiki/Streaming_media) . They later issued an apology statement: American Express had been in discussions to potentially live stream Lady Gaga's performance during Sunday's ArtRave event. American Express decided not to proceed with the live stream because of an inability to reach a mutual agreement on the production of the event. However, American Express honored its commitments to Lady Gaga and her team, and the event was able to proceed without an official role for American Express. Lady Gaga is an incredible artist and we hope to work together in the future. [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) Press conference [ edit ] See also: TechHaus Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) Gaga hosted a press conference, where she introduced Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) , a battery-powered vehicle described as "the world's first flying dress." [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) The white vehicle, described by Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) as a "hover dress", [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) features a central column to which the wearer is clamped by a safety harness, in turn covered by a white plastic "dress". The column also houses the batteries and other equipment. Six lifting fan units are mounted on booms in a hexagonal formation radiating from the top of the column, giving the device the ability to hover three feet above the ground. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) The dress was designed by TechHaus, the Haus of Gaga's technology branch, and it took them two years to create. [24] (#cite_note-Shenton-24) Gaga promoted the dress by tweeting (/wiki/Twitter) earlier in the day, "At 6pm EST today we will beta test Volantis with the world. We invite you into our creative process during her initial stages of lift off." For the demonstration, she transitioned from a white astronaut suit down to black tights and a black body wrap. [24] (#cite_note-Shenton-24) According to Amy Phillips from Pitchfork Media (/wiki/Pitchfork_Media) , "[Volantis] roared to life and lurched forward a few feet, hovering. Then it did the same thing, backwards. Then it stopped. That was it." [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Hampp reported that "one attendee disparagingly referred to [it] as a 'Zamboni with fans'." [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) Gaga quipped that the dress was "maybe a small step for Volantis... but a big-time step" for her. The singer also announced plans to stage the first musical performance from space, [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) following previous reports about her singing at Zero G Colony, a music festival scheduled to occur at Spaceport America (/wiki/Spaceport_America) in New Mexico in 2015. [25] (#cite_note-25) The concert was later cancelled when a test flight for the project crashed. [26] (#cite_note-26) Concert and broadcast [ edit ] Gaga performing on ArtRave Following the press conference, Gaga performed a live-streamed (/wiki/Live-streamed) concert that included songs from Artpop . [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) She appeared at 12:45 a.m., more than an hour after her expected start time of 11:30 p.m. [27] (#cite_note-Panisch-27) Traffic overload to the music video (/wiki/Music_video) website Vevo (/wiki/Vevo) , which had exclusive rights to broadcast the concert portion of the event, [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [15] (#cite_note-Baggs-15) was given as the reason for her delay. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Following the site's crash, Gaga tweeted, "We're working on fixing the Livestream, there's A LOT of traffic. If Vevo does not work in your territory, fear not, we're posting video." Subsequently, she posted of her fans: "Only little monsters can crash Vevo. *face palm*." [24] (#cite_note-Shenton-24) The live broadcast was available on-demand (/wiki/Video_on_demand) through various Vevo platforms in the: United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [28] (#cite_note-28) Immediately following the initial broadcast, which began at 11:30 p.m. on November 10, the event was rebroadcast continuously for 48 hours. [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) Prior to the official concert, DJs Madeon (/wiki/Madeon) , White Shadow and Lady Starlight (/wiki/Lady_Starlight) played for the crowd. [29] (#cite_note-huff-29) The concert started with Gaga performing two songs, beginning with " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) " and then " Artpop (/wiki/Artpop_(song)) ". [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) Next she performed " Venus (/wiki/Venus_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " followed by choreographed performances of "Manicure" and " Sexxx Dreams (/wiki/Sexxx_Dreams) ". She then performed " Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " and " Dope (/wiki/Dope_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " with a live band. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) " Applause (/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " and " Do What U Want (/wiki/Do_What_U_Want) " served as an encore (/wiki/Encore) ; R. Kelly (/wiki/R._Kelly) 's vocals from the latter song were supplied by a backing track. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Koons' sculpture of Gaga served as her backdrop. The stage and the performers' costumes were solid white. Gaga wore a "clown-like" white mask with black-and-white buoys. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) It was designed by Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) for his Spring/Summer 2007 collection, and was the dress that had made him famous. [30] (#cite_note-30) She also made other costume changes throughout the night, including a set of three dresses during her performance of "Applause". [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) On November 11, Clear Channel (/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications) broadcast a half-hour special called Album Release Party with Lady Gaga , hosted by Ryan Seacrest (/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest) , and available on more than 150 radio stations throughout the United States. [32] (#cite_note-spin-32) Video on demand access was available through Vevo's syndication partners, including YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) , beginning on November 14. The CW (/wiki/The_CW) aired a television special with footage from the album release party on November 19. [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [33] (#cite_note-Grow-33) Critical reception [ edit ] Gaga's dress designed by Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) for the opening performance of " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) ". Marisa G. Muller from Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) compared the outfit to Michelin Man (/wiki/Michelin_Man) , the symbol of the Michelin tire company. [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) Amy Phillips of Pitchfork Media (/wiki/Pitchfork_Media) commended Gaga's performance saying that it was "amazing as usual – a master class in over-the-top theatrics, campy gender-bending, and cheeky fun... But it was almost beside the point. The whole Gaga machine, the whole Gaga world we were immersed in – that was the point. It was overwhelming, all consuming. Something even the best album promo cycles only dream of being." Phillips wondered how Gaga would be able to "top" the ArtRave event and listed it as an unprecedented promotional tool for an artist's album release cycle. [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) 's Andrew Hampp and Jason Lipshutz compared Gaga's outfit to a "bizarro" version of Jack Box (/wiki/Jack_Box) , the mascot for Jack in the Box (/wiki/Jack_in_the_Box) , and wrote that the lip-synched portion of her performance was "more pop art than artistic pop music." [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Hampp and Lipshutz summarized their experience by writing, "Even if the 'ARTPOP' live show still needs a bit of tinkering to fully captivate, Lady Gaga showed on Sunday night that she knows how to meld low art and high art at a party." [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Michael Baggs of Gigwise (/wiki/Gigwise) described the concert as "sparse but impressive" and wrote that Gaga appeared "wide-eyed and slightly manic... but impressed with live vocals and a hugely energetic performance." [15] (#cite_note-Baggs-15) Writing for Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) , Marisa G. Muller noted that Gaga spoke of the artists and the personnel involved with the event continuously throughout the night, and "[despite] being more than an hour late, Gaga made her tight-knit audience of little monsters feel special... Sober, Gaga was still at her outlandish peak." [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) David Drake of Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) found the ArtRave to be quite a production but like all things Gaga does he found it to be a "blend of the high-brow and the trashy, depth and superficiality, the thoughtful and the impulsive, and lots of other contradictions that make you think about the nature of philosophy and life and art." He gave a positive review of the main show, praising the sound system, the performances of "Gypsy" and "Do What U Want", and deduced that: "Perhaps this kind of ambition is music's future, at least for a certain breed of artist. Although Artpop doesn't sound retro per se, Lady Gaga's project as a whole does feel like a reaction to the idea that as far as the music goes, there's nothing new under the sun." [34] (#cite_note-complexreview-34) Carl Swanson of New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine was amazed by the ArtRave, from the Volantis display to the actual party area, and added that "[the] event, mostly staged for Gaga's cameras as well as those of the feverishly Instagramming (/wiki/Instagram) guests, was surprisingly well organized for something so manifestly difficult. The idea was clearly to be in control of it." However, he noticed a bit of "vulnerability" in Gaga as she performed onstage. Swanson relegated Gaga's lectures about Koons and their collaboration as "borderline gibberish", adding that: "It's less of a collaboration than a feeling that she is searching to attach herself to something bigger than herself, something less evanescent than pop, or maybe just something to contain herself before she flames out completely, like a hashtag (/wiki/Hashtag) in the wind." [35] (#cite_note-nymagreview-35) Kia Makarechi of The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) was critical of the set up when Gaga had to wade through a crowd to reach the stage, but wrote that "[o]nce Gaga took the stage, however, all was nearly forgotten. The singer worked through the new album with an impressive commitment to weirdness." [29] (#cite_note-huff-29) Nick Murray of Spin (/wiki/Spin_(magazine)) magazine criticized the "underwhelming display" of Volantis and found that Gaga's ideas about "changing the world" with the album and the technology were "both dry and ridiculous, vaguely utopian but overly confident in the liberating power of technology, and just when the whole thing was beginning to seem more and more like a farce, [Gaga] cannily explained that beyond whether the Volantis is ever mass-produced, 'the important thing is about the possibilities'." [36] (#cite_note-spinreview-36) Set list [ edit ] " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) " " Artpop (/wiki/Artpop_(song)) " " Venus (/wiki/Venus_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " "MANiCURE" " Sexxx Dreams (/wiki/Sexxx_Dreams) " " Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Dope (/wiki/Dope_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " Encore " Applause (/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Do What U Want (/wiki/Do_What_U_Want) " Source: [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) See also [ edit ] 2013 in art (/wiki/2013_in_art) 2013 in aviation (/wiki/2013_in_aviation) Performance art (/wiki/Performance_art) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:1_1-0) Shewey, Don (July 30, 2013). "Lady Gaga's 'ARTPOP': What We Know So Far" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eight-things-we-know-about-lady-gagas-artpop-20130730) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131127124958/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eight-things-we-know-about-lady-gagas-artpop-20130730) from the original on November 27, 2013 . Retrieved February 21, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-DJWS_2-0) Vena, Jocelyn (November 28, 2011). "Lady Gaga 'Doing Prep' for Tour, Next Album" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141211093036/http://www.mtv.com/news/1675019/lady-gaga-next-album-tour/) . MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1675019/lady-gaga-next-album-tour/) on December 11, 2014 . Retrieved January 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-albumname_3-0) Vena, Jocelyn (December 6, 2011). "Lady Gaga Says Next Album Is 'Beginning to Flourish' (https://web.archive.org/web/20140507183044/http://www.mtv.com/news/1675458/lady-gaga-next-album/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140507183044/http://www.mtv.com/news/1675458/lady-gaga-next-album/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1675458/lady-gaga-next-album/) on May 7, 2014 . Retrieved January 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Carley, Brennanan (July 12, 2012). "Lady Gaga Teases New Album News" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/483555/lady-gaga-teases-new-album-news) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524145532/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/483555/lady-gaga-teases-new-album-news) from the original on May 24, 2013 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ds2_5-0) Rowley, Alison (August 5, 2012). "Lady GaGa's new album to be called 'ARTPOP' (http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a397438/lady-gagas-new-album-to-be-called-artpop/) " (http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a397438/lady-gagas-new-album-to-be-called-artpop/) . Digital Spy . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151212104109/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a397438/lady-gagas-new-album-to-be-called-artpop/) from the original on December 12, 2015 . Retrieved August 6, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Iandoli, Kathy (February 9, 2013). "Lady Gaga Promises "Fun, Dirty Dance Music" On 'Artpop' (http://idolator.com/7440120/lady-gaga-artpop-details) " (http://idolator.com/7440120/lady-gaga-artpop-details) . Idolator (/wiki/Idolator_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131101164852/http://www.idolator.com/7440120/lady-gaga-artpop-details) from the original on November 1, 2013 . Retrieved September 14, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Koonsmtv_7-0) Ehrlich, Brenna (November 8, 2013). "Lady Gaga's ARTPOP Cover: Artist Jeff Koons Explains What It All Means" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161126133843/http://www.mtv.com/news/1717125/lady-gaga-artpop-album-art-jeff-koons/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1717125/lady-gaga-artpop-album-art-jeff-koons/) on November 26, 2016 . Retrieved November 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Harrison, Lily (July 31, 2013). "Lady Gaga Reveals Lyrics to Upcoming 'Applause' Single, Talks ARTPOP App Details" (http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/444381/lady-gaga-reveals-lyrics-to-upcoming-applause-single-talks-artpop-app-details) . E!. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved July 31, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-ARTPOPAnnouncements_9-0) Kaufman, Gil (July 31, 2013). "Lady Gaga Announces (https://web.archive.org/web/20141026221325/http://www.mtv.com/news/1710440/lady-gaga-artpop-announcement/) ARTPOP Release Date, New Single" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141026221325/http://www.mtv.com/news/1710440/lady-gaga-artpop-announcement/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1710440/lady-gaga-artpop-announcement/) on October 26, 2014 . Retrieved July 31, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBDate_10-0) Brandle, Lars (July 12, 2013). "Lady Gaga's 'ARTPOP' Album, App to Arrive This November" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1570766/lady-gagas-artpop-album-app-to-arrive-this-november) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131225041810/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1570766/lady-gagas-artpop-album-app-to-arrive-this-november) from the original on December 25, 2013 . Retrieved August 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-NMEDate_11-0) Renshaw, David (July 7, 2013). "Lady Gaga confirms 'ARTPOP' release date and app details" (http://www.nme.com/news/music/lady-gaga-197-1259124) . NME (/wiki/NME) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved August 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Vagliate, Dreva (July 12, 2013). "LCF Alumn design featured on Lady Gaga album artwork" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193017/http://blogs.arts.ac.uk/fashion/2013/07/12/lcf-alumn-design-featured-on-lady-gaga-album-artwork/) . University of the Arts London (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.arts.ac.uk/fashion/2013/07/12/lcf-alumn-design-featured-on-lady-gaga-album-artwork/) on October 29, 2013 . Retrieved July 12, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Lady Gaga Goes Naked for 'ARTPOP' Promo" (http://www.rap-up.com/2013/07/26/lady-gaga-goes-naked-for-artpop-promo/) . Rap-Up (/wiki/Rap-Up) . July 26, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201123/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/07/26/lady-gaga-goes-naked-for-artpop-promo/) from the original on October 29, 2013 . Retrieved August 10, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Spangler, Todd (November 8, 2013). "Vevo to Live-Stream Lady Gaga Concert Exclusively on Nov. 10" (https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/vevo-to-live-stream-lady-gaga-concert-exclusively-on-nov-10-1200809119/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032701/http://variety.com/2013/digital/news/vevo-to-live-stream-lady-gaga-concert-exclusively-on-nov-10-1200809119/) from the original on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Baggs, Michael (November 11, 2013). "Watch: Lady Gaga streams New York Artrave concert online in full" (http://www.gigwise.com/news/85906/Watch-Lady-Gaga-streams-New-York-Artrave-concert-online-in-full) . Gigwise (/wiki/Gigwise) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anderson, Kyle (November 11, 2013). 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161212222614/http://pitchfork.com/thepitch/132-lady-gagas-artrave-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-extravagant-album-launch/) from the original on December 12, 2016 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hampp, Andrew (November 12, 2013). "How Lady Gaga Pulled Off the Impossible: A Multimillion Dollar 'ARTPOP' Release Party Without Sponsorship" (http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/branding/5785849/how-lady-gaga-pulled-off-the-impossible-a-multimillion-dollar) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161110203416/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/branding/5785849/how-lady-gaga-pulled-off-the-impossible-a-multimillion-dollar) from the original on November 10, 2016 . Retrieved December 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hampp, Andrew; Lipshutz, Jason (November 11, 2013). "Lady Gaga's artRAVE Party: 'ARTPOP' Performance, Flying Dress & Costumes Galore" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5785708/lady-gagas-artrave-party-artpop-performance-flying-dress-costumes) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160610163218/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5785708/lady-gagas-artrave-party-artpop-performance-flying-dress-costumes) from the original on June 10, 2016 . Retrieved December 3, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Shenton, Zoe (November 11, 2013). "Lady Gaga debuts flying dress called Volantis at Artpop album launch party" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/lady-gaga-debuts-flying-dress-2719417) . Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 5, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Gocobachi, Pamela (November 6, 2013). "Lady Gaga to become first artist to perform in outer space" (http://www.ew.com/article/2013/11/06/lady-gaga-to-become-first-artist-to-perform-in-outer-space) . Entertainment Weekly . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160820045446/http://www.ew.com/article/2013/11/06/lady-gaga-to-become-first-artist-to-perform-in-outer-space) from the original on August 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Louise, Maryam (November 2, 2014). "Update: Virgin Galactic Halloween Crash Cancels Lady Gaga's" (http://www.inquisitr.com/1579196/update-virgin-galactic-halloween-crash-cancels-lady-gagas-wedding-in-outer-space/) . The Inquisitr . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161215080354/http://www.inquisitr.com/1579196/update-virgin-galactic-halloween-crash-cancels-lady-gagas-wedding-in-outer-space/) from the original on December 15, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-Panisch_27-0) Panisch, Alex (November 8, 2013). "Lady Gaga's Secret 'artRave' To Be Live-Streamed On Sunday" (http://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2013/11/08/lady-gagas-secret-artrave-be-live-streamed-sunday) . Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141017182825/http://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2013/11/08/lady-gagas-secret-artrave-be-live-streamed-sunday) from the original on October 17, 2014 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Lady Gaga Planning 'ArtRave' Album Party" (https://www.mtv.co.uk/news/2gtu2k/lady-gaga-planning-artrave-album-party) . MTV News. November 9, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141011000538/http://www.mtv.co.uk/lady-gaga/news/lady-gaga-planning-artrave-album-party) from the original on October 11, 2014 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Makarechi, Kia (November 11, 2013). "Lady Gaga Throws 'artRave,' Takes Off In Flying Dress" (http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/artrave-lady-gaga-artpop-flying-dress_n_4254387) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220112307/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/artrave-lady-gaga-artpop-flying-dress_n_4254387) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Wardlaw, Jack (March 6, 2014). "Gareth Pugh – Magnificent Madness" (http://eqview.com/gareth-pugh-magnificent-madness/) . EQView . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Muller, Marissa G. (November 11, 2013). "Lady Gaga Shows Off Flying Dress at 'ArtRave' (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-shows-off-flying-dress-at-artrave-20131111) " (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-shows-off-flying-dress-at-artrave-20131111) . Rolling Stone . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161104032823/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-shows-off-flying-dress-at-artrave-20131111) from the original on November 4, 2016 . Retrieved December 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-spin_32-0) McGovern, Kyle (November 11, 2013). "Watch Lady Gaga's 'ArtRave' Concert Live-Stream" (http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-concert-live-stream-artpop/) . Spin (/wiki/Spin_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150403082542/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-concert-live-stream-artpop/) from the original on April 3, 2015 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Grow_33-0) Grow, Kory (November 8, 2013). "Lady Gaga Plans 'ArtRave' Party, Talks About Weed and Sex Life" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-plans-artrave-party-talks-about-weed-and-sex-life-20131108) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131111065341/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-plans-artrave-party-talks-about-weed-and-sex-life-20131108) from the original on November 11, 2013 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-complexreview_34-0) Drake, David (November 11, 2013). "Lady Gaga's artRave: An Expensive Multimedia Extravaganza" (http://www.complex.com/music/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-review) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170628094404/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-review) from the original on June 28, 2017 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-nymagreview_35-0) Swanson, Carl (November 11, 2013). "Lady Gaga's Art Rave — a Pop Artist in Search of Something Bigger" (http://www.vulture.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-art-pop.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161110064145/http://www.vulture.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-art-pop.html) from the original on November 10, 2016 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-spinreview_36-0) Murray, Nick (November 11, 2013). "Lady Gaga Flies (Sorta), Sings, and Vogues at Multimillion-Dollar 'ArtRave' (http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) " (http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) . Spin . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to ArtRave (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ArtRave) . 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Tahounia Rubel Born ( 1988-02-20 ) February 20, 1988 (age 36) Gondar (/wiki/Gondar) , Ethiopia Occupations Model singer television personality presenter Modeling information Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Agency MC2 Model Management (Tel Aviv) Vision Models (Cape Town) Tahounia Rubel ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : טהוניה רובל , often written as Tahuonia or Tahunia ; born February 20, 1988) is an Israeli (/wiki/Israelis) fashion model, singer, and television personality. She became widely known as the first person of Ethiopian (/wiki/Ethiopia) origin to win HaAh HaGadol (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol) (the Israeli version of Big Brother ), in the fifth season (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol_5) . [1] (#cite_note-haaretz1-1) Biography [ edit ] Tahounia Rubel was born in Gondar (/wiki/Gondar) , Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) , to an Ethiopian-Jewish (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews) family. Her name "Tahounia" derives from the word meaning "staying for a prolonged term" in Amharic (/wiki/Amharic_language) . Rubel moved to Israel (/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia) with her family when she was three, under the widely known immigration drive called Operation Solomon (/wiki/Operation_Solomon) . She served as a Driving Course Instructor in the Logistics Corps (/wiki/Logistics_Corps) of the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) . During her military service, she completed 12 years of schooling. In 2012, Rubel went to London (/wiki/London) , where she lived for eight months in a models apartment. She has since led campaigns for familiar designer brands in London (/wiki/London) , including Sleek Makeup, MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) and Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) for Glamour magazine (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . She has also been likened to a young Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2012, Rubel was named "The Israeli Supermodel" in an Israeli beauty pageant, becoming the first woman of Ethiopian origin to win a local beauty pageant. She subsequently represented Israel at the World Supermodel Pageant in Fiji (/wiki/Fiji) , but missed a place in the final. In 2013, Rubel won the fifth series of HaAh HaGadol (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol) (the Israeli version of Big Brother (/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)) ) and worth NIS one million. [1] (#cite_note-haaretz1-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) Roni Maili, one of the houseguests in the show who was eliminated later because of aggressive behavior, made racist comments about her. [4] (#cite_note-jpost1-4) [5] (#cite_note-thehollywoodreporter1-5) In September 2013, Rubel participated in a special fundraiser broadcast of Latet (/wiki/Latet) on Channel 2 (/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)) and she was chosen to voice-over an animated character in a TV commercial (/wiki/TV_commercial) for Klik of Unilever (/wiki/Unilever) company. In October 2013, Rubel was invited with her family to the president's residence, where President Shimon Peres (/wiki/Shimon_Peres) held a salute ceremony honoring Ethiopian Jews (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews) in celebration of Sigd (/wiki/Sigd) . The same month, she performed Eyal Golan (/wiki/Eyal_Golan) 's song Kol HaHalomot ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew) : כל החלומות, "All The Dreams") on the Israeli reality TV program HaKokhav HaBa (/wiki/HaKokhav_HaBa) (the Israeli version of Rising Star ). A 45-minute documentary film (/wiki/Documentary_film) about Rubel, Tahounia - By Herself , was produced by Galit Gutman (/wiki/Galit_Gutman) . It reveals Rubel's most intimate moments in the span of eight months and tells about her tough childhood, until entering the HaAh HaGadol (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol) (the Israeli version of Big Brother ). The documentary was broadcast on May 15, 2014 on Channel 2 (/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)) to 611.3 thousand viewers and it was the second highest rating for that day. A few days later it was broadcast in Europe and the United States on the Israeli Network (/wiki/Israeli_Network) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2021, she took part in the second season of the Israeli production (/wiki/The_Singer_in_the_Mask) of The Masked Singer (/wiki/The_Masked_Singer) as the Babushka (/wiki/Matryoshka_doll) and was the eighth contestant eliminated. See also [ edit ] Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Ethiopian Jews in Israel (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel) Yityish Titi Aynaw (/wiki/Yityish_Titi_Aynaw) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Izikovich, Gili (2013-08-28). "Ethiopian-born contestant wins Israel's 'Big Brother' (http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/.premium-1.543867) " (http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/.premium-1.543867) . Haaretz . Retrieved 2013-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Tahounia - Ethiopian Model Makes Good in London - A Young Iman" (http://www.sourcewire.com/news/71480/tahounia-ethiopian-model-makes-good-in-london-a) . SourceWire. 2013-04-24 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Ethiopia-Born Model Wins Israel's 'Big Brother' (http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/ethiopia-born-model-wins-israels-big-brother/2013/08/29/) " (http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/ethiopia-born-model-wins-israels-big-brother/2013/08/29/) . The Jewish Press. 2013-08-29 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-jpost1_4-0) Brown, Hannah (2013-05-30). "Really annoying 'reality' shows" (http://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Entertainment/Really-annoying-reality-shows-314844) . Jpost . Retrieved 2013-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-thehollywoodreporter1_5-0) Caspi, David (2013-07-11). "Racism, Homophobia Stir Controversy on Israeli 'Big Brother' (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/racism-homophobia-stir-controversy-israeli-583215) " (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/racism-homophobia-stir-controversy-israeli-583215) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Tahounia - By Herself (http://tin.tv/site/article/%D7%97%D7%93-%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99/tahunia-by-herself) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tahounia Rubel . Tahounia Rubel (https://www.facebook.com/tahuonia.rubel) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) Tahounia Rubel (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6013742/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Tahounia Rubel at Zone Models (http://www.zone-models.com/2014/Zoom.aspx?model_id=641) Tahounia Rubel at MC2 Model Management (https://web.archive.org/web/20140103140517/http://www.mc2models.com/tel-aviv/celeb-s/tahounia-rubel) Tahounia Rubel at Vision Models Cape Town (http://www.visionmodels.co.za/details.aspx?modelID=729016&subid=9666&int=1) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/2472149068527565730008) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007423511805171) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐5ljhq Cached time: 20240720164453 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.503 seconds Real time usage: 0.634 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2393/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26602/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2805/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32093/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.364/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22416757/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 593.037 1 -total 40.53% 240.371 1 Template:Infobox_model 18.17% 107.747 1 Template:Lang-he 17.43% 103.358 1 Template:Reflist 15.04% 89.174 5 Template:Cite_web 9.86% 58.450 1 Template:Authority_control 7.03% 41.709 1 Template:Infobox 5.57% 33.033 1 Template:Height 5.45% 32.312 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 5.29% 31.396 1 Template:Flatlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41264245-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164453 and revision id 1123044899. 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Italian blogger, businesswoman, fashion designer and model (b. 1987) Chiara Ferragni Ferragni in 2023 Born ( 1987-05-07 ) 7 May 1987 (age 37) Cremona (/wiki/Cremona) , Italy Occupations Social media (/wiki/Social_media) personality businesswoman fashion designer model Years active 2009−present Height 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Spouse Fedez (/wiki/Fedez) ( m. 2018 ; sep. 2024) Partner(s) Tony Effe (/wiki/Tony_Effe) (2024) Andrea Bisciotti (2024) Children 2 Parent Marina Di Guardo (/wiki/Marina_Di_Guardo) (mother) Website theblondesalad (http://theblondesalad.com) .com (http://theblondesalad.com) Chiara Ferragni ( Italian: [ˈkjaːra (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ferˈraɲɲi] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ; born 7 May 1987) is an Italian blogger (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) , businesswoman, fashion designer and model who has collaborated with fashion and beauty brands [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) through her blog The Blonde Salad . [3] (#cite_note-as-3) Biography [ edit ] Ferragni was born in the northern city of Cremona (/wiki/Cremona) in 1987. [4] (#cite_note-4) Ferragni is the oldest of three daughters of a dentist from Cremona. Her mother Marina Di Guardo (/wiki/Marina_Di_Guardo) is an Italian writer from Sicily (/wiki/Sicily) who also worked as deputy director of the Blumarine fashion house. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) At the age of 16, she was hired by the Beatrice model agency in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . She modeled for the agency for a couple of years and then quit, due to "other goals to reach in my life". [7] (#cite_note-7) She started her fashion blog (/wiki/Blog) "The Blonde Salad" in October 2009 with an ex-boyfriend, Riccardo Pozzoli. [8] (#cite_note-8) In December 2011, she was profiled as the Blogger of the Moment in Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) , while a law student at Bocconi University (/wiki/Bocconi_University) . [9] (#cite_note-9) As of 2016 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiara_Ferragni&action=edit) she had not obtained her university degree. [10] (#cite_note-10) In December 2013, she published an Italian language (/wiki/Italian_language) blog (/wiki/Blog) , titled The Blonde Salad . [11] (#cite_note-11) She modelled for Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) in a November 2013 shoot for an ad campaign (/wiki/Ad_campaign) . [12] (#cite_note-12) In December 2013 she collaborated with Steve Madden (/wiki/Steve_Madden) to design a nine-shoe collection for Spring 2014. [13] (#cite_note-13) Her business ventures grossed about $8 million (mostly from her Chiara Ferragni Collection footwear) in 2014. [14] (#cite_note-TBSCFTFAaFL-14) Her television credits include the Italian TRL Awards (/wiki/TRL_Awards) as a presenter, and a guest appearance on the Italian variety show Chiambretti Night (/w/index.php?title=Chiambretti_Night&action=edit&redlink=1) [ it (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiambretti_Night) ] . [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) She also appeared on Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) as a guest judge during season 13 (/wiki/Project_Runway_(season_13)) in August 2014. [17] (#cite_note-17) In January 2015, her blog and shoe line, Chiara Ferragni Collection, became a case study at Harvard Business School (/wiki/Harvard_Business_School) . [18] (#cite_note-18) In March, Ferragni was selected for the cover of the April 2015 Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) España , becoming the first fashion blogger to appear on any Vogue cover. [19] (#cite_note-19) Chiara appeared on Lucky (/wiki/Lucky_(magazine)) magazine alongside Nicole Warne and Zanita Whittington. [20] (#cite_note-20) In January 2016, Pantene (/wiki/Pantene) announced Ferragni was its new global ambassador. [21] (#cite_note-21) Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) created a Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) version of Ferragni in September 2016, one wearing a white T-shirt, black leather jacket, jeans and Chiara Ferragni Collection shoes and the other wearing a head to toe Chanel look. [22] (#cite_note-22) As of 31 July 2017 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiara_Ferragni&action=edit) , Ferragni had 10 million followers on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . Because of her broad following, she was able to earn about $12,000 for a sponsored post to Instagram. [23] (#cite_note-23) She also used her social media (/wiki/Social_media) followership to campaign against the far right party in Italy. [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2017, Ferragni was chosen to design costumes for the 4th edition of Intimissimi (/wiki/Intimissimi) on ice. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) On 26 July 2017, she opened her first Chiara Ferragni Collection store in Milan. [27] (#cite_note-27) In June 2020, the Italian rapper Baby K (/wiki/Baby_K_(artist)) released the summer hit " Non mi basta più (/wiki/Non_mi_basta_pi%C3%B9) " featuring Chiara Ferragni. Ferragni and her husband raised €3 million in 24 hours through a fundraiser to support the San Raffaele Hospital (/wiki/San_Raffaele_Hospital) in Milan during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy) . [28] (#cite_note-28) In April 2021, Ferragni joined the Board of Directors of Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) Group. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) In May 2021, Ferragni unveiled the Nespresso × Chiara Ferragni collection on her social media. A temporary pop-up cafe was set up in celebration of the capsule. [31] (#cite_note-31) In 2022, she announced the launch of her own line of fragrance. [32] (#cite_note-32) Legal issues [ edit ] In December 2023, the Italian Competition Authority (/wiki/Italian_Competition_Authority) (Italian: Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato ( AGCM)) announced Ferragni and companies under her control must pay a fine of 1.075 million euros following a probe into unfair and misleading commercial practices. [33] (#cite_note-:0-33) The probe and resulting sanctions were the result of partnership between Ferragni and the Italian food company Balocco (/wiki/Balocco_(company)) in 2022 to market a Ferragni-branded Balocco pandoro, which is a cake-like bread popular in Italy at Christmas. The pandoro was marketed claiming that the sale of the pandoro was benefiting bone cancer research at the Regina Margherita hospital in Turin. The antitrust authority ruled that when buying a Ferragni-branded Balocco pandoro cake, customers were misled into thinking that by purchasing the product, they were contributing to charity donations to fund bone cancer research at the Regina Margherita hospital in Turin, further suggested by the price differential of over 9 euros for a Ferragni-branded Balocco pandoro cake, when a comparable Balocco pandoro costs under 4 euros. [33] (#cite_note-:0-33) The regulator said no part of the retail price paid or revenues raised from sales were donated to charity. Whilst Balocco had made a one-off donation of 50,000 euro to the hospital months before launching the Ferragni-branded pandoro, no portion of the price paid by customers nor revenues raised through sales of the product were donated to charity. Despite Ferragni being paid over 1 million euros for the branding initiative and related promotional activities, the regulator said customers were also misled into thinking Ferragni was contributing to the charity when neither Ferragni nor any of the sanctioned companies under Ferragni's control donated any money to the Turin hospital. [34] (#cite_note-34) Ferragni has suffered significant financial losses and very serious damage to his image which have undermined her credibility as a public figure and influencer and for this reason many brands have given up and closed collaboration contracts. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) Fabio Maria Damato was held responsible for the communication and management failure in the legal dispute called pandoro-gate by the media, and partly also for Ferragni's marital and financial failure, a reason for conflict and friction with her ex-husband because Fedez (/wiki/Fedez) couldn't stand him at work and proximity, and was terminated on June 13, 2024, effective June 16, 2024. [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) Recognition [ edit ] Year Title 2011 "One of the Biggest Breakout Street-Style Stars of the Year" by The New York Magazine [41] (#cite_note-41) 2013 Business of Fashion (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) ' s 500 most influential fashion people [42] (#cite_note-42) 2014 Bloglovin' (/wiki/Bloglovin%27) Best Personal Style blog Award (third consecutive year) [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) 2015 Bloglovin' Award for Blogger of the Year [45] (#cite_note-45) 2015 Forbes 30 Under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30) [46] (#cite_note-46) 2017 Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) "Top Fashion Influencers" list [47] (#cite_note-47) 2018 One of "the most influential moms in the fashion industry" by Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) [48] (#cite_note-48) Personal life [ edit ] Ferragni and Italian rapper Federico Lucia, known as Fedez (/wiki/Fedez) , started dating in late 2016 and got married on 1 September 2018 in Noto (/wiki/Noto) , Sicily. [49] (#cite_note-49) They have two children. [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) They live in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [52] (#cite_note-52) They separated in early 2024. Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2014 Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) Guest judge Episode: "Rock the Wedding" 2019 Chiara Ferragni - Unposted Herself Documentary 2020 Making the Cut (/wiki/Making_the_Cut_(2020_TV_series)) Judge 6 episodes Germany's Next Top Model (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Top_Model) Guest judge Episode: "Kalander Girls" 2021–present The Ferragnez: The Series Herself Docuseries (/wiki/Docuseries) 2023 Sanremo Music Festival 2023 (/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_2023) Co-host Annual music festival Discography [ edit ] Singles Title Year Charts Album IT "Non mi basta più" ( Baby K (/wiki/Baby_K_(artist)) featuring Chiara Ferragni) 2020 3 Donna sulla Luna References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Blonde Salad's Chiara Ferragni is Pantene's new Global Ambassador" (https://fashionmagazine.com/beauty/pantene-chiara-ferragni/) . 26 January 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "CHIARA FERRAGNI REDESIGNS TWO ICONIC ACCESSORIES FOR A LUXURY ITALIAN LABEL" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a42766/chiara-feraggni-for-tods/) . 18 July 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-as_3-0) Vince, Jessica (10 December 2013). "From Blogger To Model: The Blonde Salad Lands Guess' Christmas Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131215171401/http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/the-blonde-salad-blogger-for-guess-christmas-campaign) . Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) . Archived from the original (http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/the-blonde-salad-blogger-for-guess-christmas-campaign) on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rebecca Arnold, 30-Second Fashion: The 50 key modes, garments, and designers (Ivy Press, 2017), p. 132 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fiamma Sanò (1 February 2015). "Così è nato il fenomeno Ferragni" (http://www.grazia.it/stile-di-vita/interviste/cosi-e-nato-il-fenomeno-ferragni) . Grazia . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Latilla, Antonella (1 September 2018). "Perché Chiara Ferragni e Fedez si sono sposati a Noto, in Sicilia" (https://www.gossipetv.com/chiara-ferragni-fedez-perche-matrimonio-in-sicilia-noto-370363) . Gossip e Tv (in Italian) . Retrieved 20 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Two Even Share a Dog, Matilda" (https://www.popsugar.com/fashion/photo-gallery/40807847/embed/40808372/Two-Even-Share-Dog-Matilda) . 9 April 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Paola Paoloni, Rosa Lombardi, Advances in Gender and Cultural Research in Business and Economics (Springer, 2018), p. 294 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Frankfort, Lauren (December 2011). "Blogger Of The Moment: The Blonde Salad" (https://archive.today/20131212012326/http://www.teenvogue.com/careers/fashion-careers/2011-06/the-blonde-salad-blogger-profile/?intro) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Archived from the original (http://www.teenvogue.com/careers/fashion-careers/2011-06/the-blonde-salad-blogger-profile/) on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "10 domande a chiara ferragni, influencer e global ambassador pantene" (http://www.gioia.it/bellezza/capelli/interviste/a250/chiara-ferragni-influencer-testimonial-pantene-intervista/) . Gioia! . 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) The Blonde Salad. Consigli di stile dalla fashion blogger più seguita del web (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. 2013. p. 187. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-04-62681-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 963878750 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/963878750) . Archived (https://archive.today/20190904212437/https://southernmail.storiediritratti.it/4551-the-blonde-salad-consigli-di-stile-dalla-fashion-blogger-pi%C3%B9-seguita-del-web) from the original on 4 September 2019. , Free e-book, registration required. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ferragni, Chiara (4 December 2013). "Guess holiday campaign: behind the scenes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151122165150/http://www.theblondesalad.com/2013/12/guess-holiday-campaign-behind-the-scenes.html) . The Blonde Salad (/wiki/The_Blonde_Salad) . Archived from the original (http://www.theblondesalad.com/2013/12/guess-holiday-campaign-behind-the-scenes.html) on 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "STYLE CRUSH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140822203124/http://www.stevemadden.com/world/mag_article.jsp?categoryId=3277&entity=78) . Archived from the original (http://www.stevemadden.com/world/mag_article.jsp?categoryId=3277&entity=78) on 22 August 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-TBSCFTFAaFL_14-0) Strugatz, Rachel (9 September 2014). "The Blonde Salad's Chiara Ferragni Talks Fifth Anniversary and Footwear Launch" (http://wwd.com/accessories-news/digital/the-blonde-salads-chiara-ferragni-talks-fifth-anniversary-and-footwear-launch-7888047/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Misha Burton and Chiara Ferragni" (https://www.televisionando.it/articolo/le-10-interviste-shock-del-chiambretti-night-su-youtube/51625/?refresh_ce) . televisionando.it (in Italian). 27 May 2011. Archived (https://archive.today/20190904214017/https://www.televisionando.it/articolo/le-10-interviste-shock-del-chiambretti-night-su-youtube/51625/?refresh_ce) from the original on 4 September 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Mazzù, Marco Francesco; Costabile, Michele (28 October 2015). Future Marketing Leaders /1 . Antonio Tombolini. p. 141. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-98924-71-4 . Archived (https://archive.today/20190904214553/https://www.google.it/search?tbm=bks&hl=it&q=%22escono+articoli+su+di+lei+e+riceve+inviti+a+trasmissioni+televisive+come+quella+di+chiambretti%22%23spf=1567633547574) from the original on 4 September 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Lubitz, Rachel (27 August 2014). "TV highlights: 'Project Runway' hosts an unconventional wedding dress challenge" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/tv-highlights-project-runway-hosts-an-unconventional-wedding-dress-challenge/2014/08/27/2c667182-2df7-11e4-9b98-848790384093_story.html) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Keinan, Anat, Kristina Maslauskaite, Sandrine Crener, and Vincent Dessain, "The Blonde Salad." (http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=48520) , "Harvard Business School Case 515-074", January 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Horniacek, Julia (17 March 2015). "Chiara Ferragni Is The First Blogger to Cover 'Vogue,' Gigi Hadid Takes Miami" (http://fashionista.com/2015/03/chiara-ferragni-covers-vogue-spain) . Fashionista.com . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Sutton, Samantha (9 April 2016). "27 Things You Didn't Know About Style Star Chiara Ferragni" (https://www.popsugar.com/fashion/photo-gallery/40807847/image/40808634/Chiara-One-First-Bloggers-Cover-American-Magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Fashion Canada (26 January 2016). "@FashionCanada status update" (https://twitter.com/FashionCanada/status/692134944114642946) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Maxine Eggenberger. "FROM BLOGGER TO BARBIE: THE WORLD'S FIRST FASHION BLOGGER BARBIE" (http://www.look.co.uk/fashion/from-blogger-to-barbie-551451) . look.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "The highest-paid Instagram influencers, including one star who gets £14,000 per post" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/0/highest-paid-instagram-influencers-including-one-star-gets-14000/picture-instagram-user-chiara-ferragni/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Rome, Wanted in (15 September 2022). "Italian influencer Chiara Ferragni urges her 27 million followers to vote (against the far right)" (https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/italy-chiara-ferragni-urges-followers-to-vote.html) . Wanted in Rome . Retrieved 14 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) FashionNetwork.com. "Chiara Ferragni to design costumes for Intimissimi on Ice show" (http://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Chiara-Ferragni-to-design-costumes-for-Intimissimi-on-Ice-show,839889.html#.Wc0Vhp_RaHs) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Sortino, Massimiliano (15 June 2017). "Chiara Ferragni creative designer Intimissimi on Ice 2017" (http://www.vogue.it/en/fashion/news/2017/06/15/chiara-ferragni-creative-designer-intimissimi-on-ice-2017/) . Vogue.it . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) FashionNetwork.com. "Italian fashion blogger Chiara Ferragni opens first store in Milan" (http://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Italian-fashion-blogger-Chiara-Ferragni-opens-first-store-in-Milan,854280.html#.WfhwYMhJaUk) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Coronavirus, la raccolta fondi lanciata da Chiara Ferragni e Fedez raggiunge i 3 milioni in 24 ore: tutti i vip che hanno fatto donazioni" (https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/03/10/coronavirus-la-raccolta-fondi-lanciata-da-chiara-ferragni-e-fedez-raggiunge-i-3-milioni-in-24-ore-tutti-i-vip-che-hanno-fatto-donazioni/5731433/) . Il fatto quotidiano. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "StackPath" (https://theblondesalad.com/en/chiara-ferragni/chiara-ferragni-joins-the-tods-group-board-of-directors/) . theblondesalad.com . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Chiara Ferragni To Join Tod's Board of Directors" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/luxury/chiara-ferragni-to-join-tods-board-of-directors) . The Business of Fashion . 10 April 2021 . Retrieved 27 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Carrera, Martino (9 June 2021). "Chiara Ferragni Adds Her Pop-Tinged Flavor to Nespresso Capsule Collection, Temporary Cafè in Milan" (https://wwd.com/eye/lifestyle/chiara-ferragni-nespresso-capsule-collection-temporary-cafe-milan-1234839328/) . WWD . Retrieved 11 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Angelini Beauty to create the first fragrance of influencer Chiara Ferragni" (https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/angelini-beauty-to-create-the,19909) . Premium Beauty News . Retrieved 14 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "La pubblicità del pandoro Balocco che è costata un milione a Chiara Ferragni: ecco perché l'Antitrust ha multato l'influencer" (https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/12/15/news/la_pubblicita_del_pandoro_balocco_che_e_costata_un_milione_a_chiara_ferragni_ecco_perche_lantitrust_ha_multato_linfluencer-421665455/) . la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 December 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Armellini, Alvise (15 December 2023). "Top influencer Ferragni fined $1.2 mln for misleading Christmas cake advert" (https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/top-influencer-ferragni-fined-12-mln-christmas-cake-advertising-case-2023-12-15/) . Reuters . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Chiara Ferragni, ricavi crollati del -40%: l'azienda cerca nuovi soci per 6 milioni" (https://tg24.sky.it/economia/2024/04/26/chiara-ferragni-ricavi) . tg24.sky.it. tg24.sky.it. 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Perché a Chiara Ferragni servono 6 milioni di euro per ripartire dopo la crisi" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/it/star/gossip-news/a60631687/chiara-ferragni-patrimonio-buco-6-milioni-addio-fabio-maria-damato/) . cosmopolitan.com. cosmopolitan.com. 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Ferragni, nuove accuse: nel mirino 11 milioni di follower. "Account falsi o inattivi" (https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/personaggi/met-dei-suoi-follower-falsa-credibilit-ferragni-sempre-pi-2268647.html) " (https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/personaggi/met-dei-suoi-follower-falsa-credibilit-ferragni-sempre-pi-2268647.html) . ilgiornale.it. ilgiornale.it. 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Chiara Ferragni cambia manager, via Fabio Maria Damato" (https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/people/chiara-ferragni-via-fabio-maria-damato-nuovi-manager_83455401-202402k.shtml) . tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Chiara Ferragni scarica il manager Fabio Maria Damato, lui si sfoga sui social: "Me ne sono andato io" (https://www.libero.it/magazine/news/chiara-ferragni-licenzia-manager-fabio-maria-damato-chi-sostituisce-126787) " (https://www.libero.it/magazine/news/chiara-ferragni-licenzia-manager-fabio-maria-damato-chi-sostituisce-126787) . libero.it. libero.it. 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Nuova separazione per la Ferragni: il manager Fabio Damato lascia le società della influencer" (https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2024/06/nuova-separazione-per-la-ferragni-il-manager-fabio-damato-lascia-le-societa-della-influencer-f536eda8-2230-47f6-8882-05d0e2addd6e.html) . rainews.it. rainews.it. 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Cowles, Charlotte (25 March 2011). "Slideshow: The Week in Street Style" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2011/03/slideshow_the_week_in_street_s_16.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "BoF500" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/bof500/search?collections=2%2C1%2C6%2C7%2C10&nationalities=107&tags=6) . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Ximénez, Mario (8 September 2014). "Chiara Ferragni, Olivia Palermo y Gary Pepper triunfan en los Bloglovin Awards" (http://www.vogue.es/moda/news/articulos/chiara-ferragn-olivia-palermo-y-gary-pepper-triunfan-en-los-bloglovin-awards/20578) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Espana . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Schmidt, Chantelle (8 September 2014). "Aussie Blog Wins Best Photography At 2014 Bloglovin Awards" (http://www.thefashionspot.com/buzz-news/latest-news/458303-gary-pepper-wins-best-photography-2014-bloglovins-awards/) . The Fashion Spot . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Blogger Winners Announced At The Bloglovin' Awards 2015 During NYFW Presented By H&M" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150917002534/http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/23307/20150915/blogger-winners-announced-at-the-bloglovin-awards-2015-presented-by-h-m.htm) . Fashion Times . 15 September 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/23307/20150915/blogger-winners-announced-at-the-bloglovin-awards-2015-presented-by-h-m.htm) on 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "2015 30 Under 30: Art & Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150106160854/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/mkl45ehmdj/chiara-ferragni-27/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mkl45ehmdj/chiara-ferragni-27/) on 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Forbes Top Influencers: Instagram 'It' Girl Chiara Ferragni On Building A Fashion Empire" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2017/09/26/forbes-top-influencers-instagram-it-girl-chiara-ferragni-on-building-a-fashion-empire/#1f48fc793001) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . 2017/09/26 ^ (#cite_ref-48) Adducci, Jennie; Bell, Shannon (10 May 2018). "3 West Coast Influencers Who Make Motherhood Look Chic" (http://footwearnews.com/2018/influencers/designers/stylish-la-mothers-chiara-ferragni-chriselle-lim-akid-1202561243/) . Footwear News . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Logan, Elizabeth. "The Blonde Salad's Wedding Was As Glam As Expected" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/chiara-ferragni-fedez-wedding-photos) . W Magazine . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Chiara Ferragni Welcomes First Child, Leone, With Fedez" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135821/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/chiara-ferragni-gives-birth-leone) . www.wmagazine.com . 20 March 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/chiara-ferragni-gives-birth-leone) on 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Influencer Chiara Ferragni Gives Birth, Welcomes Baby No. 2 With Fedez" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210323202438/https://www.eonline.com/news/1251372/influencer-chiara-ferragni-gives-birth-welcomes-baby-no-2-with-fedez) . www.eonline.com . 23 March 2021. Archived from the original (https://www.eonline.com/news/1251372/influencer-chiara-ferragni-gives-birth-welcomes-baby-no-2-with-fedez) on 23 March 2021 . Retrieved 23 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Strolling around like a cool mum" (https://www.theblondesalad.com/talents/chiara-ferragni/stroller-cool-mums.html) . The Blonde Salad . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiara Ferragni (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chiara_Ferragni) . 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Fashion and folk costume of the Philippines This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . 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Find sources: "Fashion and clothing in the Philippines" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A Philippine lady, 1897 1890s woman wearing the Maria Clara dress The clothing style and fashion sense of the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) in the modern-day era have been influenced by the indigenous peoples (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines) , Chinese waves of immigration, the Spaniards, and the Americans, as evidenced by the chronology of events that occurred in Philippine history (/wiki/Philippine_history) . At present, Filipinos conform their way of dressing based on classic fashion or prevailing fashion trends. Apart from Western influence, the Philippine style of clothing was dictated by its climate. With a tropical climate (dry and rainy seasons), indigenous groups wore and to this day still wear colorful woven clothes, often with intricate beadwork and other ornam a type of a collarless shirt – which later became adorned with laces, trimmings, buttons, and a collar – was where from the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) evolved. On the other hand, the Bahag (/wiki/Bahag_(garment)) was a type of loincloth or G-string (/wiki/G-string) worn by certain indigenous groups. Some Filipinos wear T-shirts together with denim (/wiki/Denim) jeans (locally referred to as maong ) trousers for men and skirts for women. The "jeans and T-shirts" combination was introduced to the Filipinos by the Americans. [ according to whom? ] Some also wear Madras type of shorts called puruntongs (singular: puruntong , a type of pair of shorts or Capri pants) combined with sleeveless shirts or T-shirts. During the rainy season and cold evenings in December and January, some Filipinos wear hooded jackets. Evolution of Philippines fashion [ edit ] Pre-Spanish period [ edit ] An ancient form of Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) in Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) (c. 1500s) During the period before the Spanish arrived to the islands, the different tribes and kingdoms wore their respective clothing. The Filipino style of clothing had been dictated by the tropical climate in the Philippines, with a dry and rainy season. Early Filipinos – as well as the still extant tribal groups in the Philippines – wore colorful woven clothes, often with "intricate beadwork" and other ornaments. The men wore pants or a loincloth, as while women wore a robe-like dress. The Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) , showing the attire of a Classical period Filipino, made of silk (/wiki/Silk) and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . Prior to the emergence of the Spanish Philippines (/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521-1898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization) , the Tagalogs (/wiki/Tagalog_people) of Luzon already wore a garment that was a forerunner of the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) – the Baro . [1] (#cite_note-1) Earliest reference to the Baro was in the historical account describes that the Luzones (/wiki/Luzones) wore a sleeve-doublet of rough cotton cloth called kanga , reaching slightly below the waist. It was collarless and had an opening in front. The doublets indicated the social status and badge of courage of a man; red was for the Chiefs and the bravest, while black and white were for the ordinary citizens. Their loins were covered with colored Bahague between legs to mid-thigh. The early pre-Philippines (/wiki/Spanish_Philippines) clothing of the indigenous groups such as the Tagalogs (/wiki/Tagalog_people) and Visayans (/wiki/Visayan_people) included both the baro and saya made from silk in matching colours. This style was exclusively worn by the women from the upper caste, while those of lower castes wore baro made from pounded white bark fiber, and a floor-length wrap-around skirt. Women usually wore jewelry, such as gold necklaces and earrings, which symbolized wealth and beauty. In some tribes, women also wore tattoos signifying beauty, power and wealth. Attire of a young woman In contrast, the Visayans wore clothes similar to that of Indonesians and Malaysians. They wore a robe called Marlota or jacket called Baquero without a collar that reached the feet. The robes or jackets were brightly coloured. The Tagalogs and the Visayans bound their foreheads and temples with long, narrow strips of cloth called Putong . Necks were covered with gold necklaces, and wrists with golden armlets called Calombigas – these had intricate patterns. Others would wear precious stones. [2] (#cite_note-2) A fashion for a royal visayans The usual male headdress was the pudong , a turban; though in Panay (/wiki/Panay) , both men and women also wore a head cloth or bandana called saplung . Commoners wore pudong of rough abaca cloth wrapped around only a few turns so that it was more of a headband than a turban and was therefore called pudong-pudong – as the crowns (/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)) and diadems (/wiki/Diadem) on Christian images were later called. A red pudong was called magalong, and was the insignia of braves who had killed an enemy. When Humabon (/wiki/Rajah_Humabon) 's queen went to hear mass during Magellan's visit, she was preceded by three girls carrying one of her hats (/wiki/Hat) . A headdress (/wiki/Headdress) from Cebu with a deep crown, used by both sexes for travel on foot or by boat, was called sarok , which actually meant to go for water. [3] (#cite_note-PC-3) Left to right : [ 1 ] Silver‑inlaid Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) , San Pablo, Laguna (/wiki/San_Pablo,_Laguna) ; [ 2 ] Tortoise (/wiki/Tortoise) -shell and silver Salakot. The Islamic kingdoms in Mindanao (/wiki/Mindanao) especially the Maranao people (/wiki/Maranao_people) have a fashion article for the female called malong , which is a tubeskirt or a light blanket wrapped around the body. More prestigious clothes, lihin-lihin , were added for public appearances and especially on formal occasions – blouses (/wiki/Blouse) and tunics (/wiki/Tunics) , loose smocks with sleeves, capes, or ankle-length robes. [3] (#cite_note-PC-3) Spanish period [ edit ] When the Spaniards came and settled in the country, the fashion changed drastically as the Spanish culture influenced the succeeding centuries of Philippine history. The Spanish dissolved the kingdoms and united the country, resulting in a mixture of cultures from different ethnic groups and Spanish culture. Throughout the 16th century up to the 18th century, women wore a Hispanicized version of the Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) , composed of a bodice – called a camisa , often made in pineapple fiber or muslin – and a floor length skirt, while the men wore the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) , a collared and buttoned lace shirt or a suit. Filipino women's fashion, 1700s – 1840s By the 19th century, due to the continuing influence of the Western culture, the rising economy, globalization, and exposure from the European fashion scene, the women's clothing began to have a change; by the 1850s, women's clothing was now full wide skirts that usually have long train rather than the simple floor length skirts, a bodice called camisa which means blouse in English and a panuelo , a big square cloth folded triangularly and worn in the Philippines like a great ruffle or collar. The attire is composed of four pieces, namely the camisa, the saya, the pañuelo (a scarf, also spelled panuelo) and the tapis. Aetas, Peninsulares, Criollo, and Indios doing cockfight all in their attires. detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734) The camisa is a collarless chemise whose hem is at the waist, and is made from flimsy, translucent fabrics such as pineapple fiber and jusi. The sleeves of the camisa are similar to the so-called "angel wings", or shaped like bells that have cuffs. The pañuelo is a stiff covering for the neck, which acts as an accent piece because of embellishments added to it. The purpose of the pañuelo is related to modesty, used to cover the low-necked camisa'. The saya is a skirt shaped like a bubble with a length that begins from the waist reaching the floor. These are usually comprised either of single or double sheets, called "panels" or dos panos (lit. "two panels/layers"); some examples are made out of seven gores or siete cuchillos (lit. "seven knives"). The tapis is a knee-length over-skirt that hugs the hips. Tapis designs may be plain, and is usually made of opaque fabrics such as muslin and the madras cloth, and also is used for the purposes of modesty as it keeps the lower torso from showing due to the thinness of the saya. Also, when going to the church or attending mass, the women usually wore a veil above their heads, similar to other Catholic countries at that time. Depiction of 19th Century family belonging in the Principalia Class wearing typical Maria Clara dress and barong tagalog The men also continued to wear but a more intricate version barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) , a collarless shirt originated from the ethnic cloth called canga . Throughout the centuries the barong tagalog has evolved. Buttons and collars were added, as well as intricate designs on its pina fabric and laces. Underneath the transparent barong tagalog is the Camisa de Chino a type of shirt, usually in white that said to have been originated from the Chinese. The women wore this kind of fashion even after the Spanish Government (/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies) has already relinquished control to the United States. Today, this type of clothing is now called as the " Maria Clara (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) " dress, named after the character of Maria Clara from Dr. Jose Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere (/wiki/Noli_me_tangere_(novel)) who became a symbol of the traditional Filipino woman, known as modest, elegant and conservative. American Era (1900s–1920s) [ edit ] Filipino women dressed for church in 1923 When the Americans came, the fashion remained the same for the first five years of the 20th century. But it has started to change and became more modern in contrast to the conservative style of the previous centuries as the Americans started to influence the modern Filipino culture. The women then wore the Traje de Mestiza , the more modern version of the Maria Clara (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) . It had bigger sleeves and a narrower floor length skirt with a long train called saya de cola and replaced the full wide skirt reflecting the Edwardian Fashion of the West. By the 1920s, the style of the skirt still remained, influenced by the flapper dress; however, the wide sleeves had been flattened to butterfly sleeves (popularized by local couturier Pacita Longos), and the big pañuelo reduced its size. Such trends had gained prominence especially during the annual Manila Carnivals of the 1920s and through the 1930s. Some Filipino women who had lived in United States and in Europe wore the western 1920s fashion with loose dresses and knee length skirt. The traje de mestiza ensemble rose in popularity during the 1900s. This example (formerly owned by Doña Mercedes Zialcita y Nakpil) is from the late 1920s to the early 1930s, its silhouette influenced by the flapper dress (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) Men wore the Americana , the suit and coat worn in the West, mostly Americans (hence the name), replacing the traditional barong tagalog. Commonwealth Era and Second World War (1930s–1940s) [ edit ] By the 1930s, young adult women and children finally abandoned the typical "Traje de Mestiza" as everyday wear and started to wear floral printed dresses with mid-calf length shirts. Though many women embraced the western ideals, the typical "Traje de Mestiza" was not fully gone. The elders and middle aged women still wore the traditional dress while the young adults considered it only as a formal dress for events such as carnivals, galas, etc. Traje de mestiza during the 1910's In the 1930s, the Philippines was famous for its beauty pageants and carnivals that drew tourists from around the world, and resulted in influencing the fashion and beauty standards of the Filipino women. The women wore more elaborate and intricate dresses. The "Traje de Mestiza" was still popular to the people through the 1930s. Men's fashion remained the same as they continued to wear the "Americana" suit. When 1940s came, the Philippines saw the breaking out of World War II resulting in the shortage of tailoring shops, clothing boutiques and dressmaking factories as the country was occupied by the Japanese Empire. The austerity era started when rations were implemented and the women wore simpler clothing. The terno gradually disappeared and stopped being manufactured. Only the older people wore their old terno dresses. Clothing boutiques only sold monochromatic dresses, mostly in dark tones. The shirtwaist dresses of the previous decade also became popular in the 1940s with a simpler look. The men's fashion still remained unchanged but became a more casual as started abandoning the coat as a casual wear, and wore it only for formal wear. During the mid-1940s, the clothing boutiques, tailoring shops, and dressmakers stopped operation as the final chapter of the World War II occurred in the Philippines. The capital city of Manila was bombed and was left 80% destroyed, and was considered being the second most devastated capital city in World War II, [4] (#cite_note-4) next only to Warsaw. After the war, most of the people either lost their clothes or could not find new clothes. In 1946, the country began its reparation and Manila's restoration. However, the lack of dressmakers made the fashion of the 1930s and early 1940s remain popular for the rest of the decade. 1950s [ edit ] The Filipiniana/Terno gown, the modernized Traje de Mestiza rose to popularity as a formal attire during latter half of the 20th Century. When the decade started, the country saw the rise of economy, once again giving opportunities for people to have more necessities and live in the normal life. Women remained wearing the 1940s fashion during the first five years of the decade. By the late 1950s, women started to wear dresses and with floral prints and fuller knee-length skirts. The style was inspired by Christian Dior's "New Look" collection, [5] (#cite_note-5) characterized by a below-mid-calf length, full-skirt, pointed bust, small waist, and rounded shoulder line. Summer and Day dresses became popular, as well as the pencil skirts and cardigans. Men's fashion changed slightly as the men started wearing youthful clothing such as sweaters, colorful printed polos, pants and flannels. "Chinos" became popular as well as white tee shirt, tartan plaids. The drape cut suits remained popular for formal wear. The barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) became popular once again to be worn as a formal wear, popularized by the then-President Ramon Magsaysay. The Terno was rarely worn by young women everyday; however, it was still worn at formal events such as galas, national events, government parties and film festivals. 1960s [ edit ] Women at the Rizal Monument (/wiki/Rizal_Monument) , Manila, circa 1964 When the 1960s entered, most of the styles from the late 1950s still remained; however, due to the rise of British pop culture that spread in United States and other parts of the world, fashion started to change. A new kind of dress invented by Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) , called the miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) , mini dresses started to become popular and mod style fashions also emerged. Hair became very stylish as the hair were styled bigger and higher with the use of hairspray. By the mid-1960s, the hemlines rose and the clothes loosened, influenced by the mod culture. Men's fashion shifted towards a more youthful vibe, influenced by the rising Teenage culture seen in Hollywood and by various Teen-oriented Filipino films where they started wearing polos and pants, replacing the suit and coats. Suits and coats, as well as the barong tagalog, were now only worn during events and by the older men. 1970s [ edit ] With the popularity of the hippie culture in the late 1960s, many Filipinos embraced this culture which has continued until the early seventies. At the same time, the rise of Filipino Nationalism began and both movements influenced the way people lived and dressed. The early 1970s saw women start to abandon mini-dresses for a more modest clothing such as maxi skirts. Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) from the Victorian Era (/wiki/Victorian_Era) of the west also became popular as long sleeves, laces, and collars became popular in dresses. Bell bottom pants (/wiki/Bell_bottoms) started to become popular that would continue to the rest of the decade. Men also started to grow their hair long, the first time ever that such style became acceptable in post-colonial Filipino society. Men also wore Bell bottoms (/wiki/Bell_Bottoms) often in bright colors, similar to the women. The turtle neck (/wiki/Turtle_neck) became popular as well as sweater vests, colorful bright patterned polos and pants. By the mid-1970s, men started wearing t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , which replaced the formal look with a more laid-back look. Denim jeans (/wiki/Denim_jeans) also started to emerge, as well as sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirt) . When the disco culture emerged, the bell bottoms became a staple. It came up with different bright colors, as well as the polos and scarfs. Women started wearing sequined dresses, mostly in miniskirts and bell bottom jeans. T-shirts also became popular for women and the footwear called bakya became popular. 1980s [ edit ] Following the 1986 EDSA Revolution (/wiki/People_Power_Revolution) , Corazon Aquino favored western style power dressing and the simpler and more modest kimono in place of the terno. Due to the power dressing movement, women, usually young adults, also started to wear clothes with shoulder pads while teenagers started wearing neon colored clothes. Miniskirts also came back in popularity. Hairstyles were also emphasized as most women had their hair curled. Men's fashion had a shift as they started to wear brightly colored t-shirts or polo shirts and denim jeans for a casual look, throwing away the more formal look. Teenage boys also wore pastel and neon colored jackets, polos, pants, short shorts and t-shirts. Converse All-Stars shoes were also popular among the teenagers. Colorful short shorts for both teen boys and girls were also one of the huge trends that defined the decade. Sportswear also became popular for everyday clothing. Leggings rose to popularity as well as jogging pants, headbands and legwarmers. By 1989, a drastic change in style emerged; a trend having oversized shirts and pants were in style, paving way to the 1990s loose fashion. 1990s [ edit ] Fashion in the 1990s was a laid back version of the 1980s fashion. This decade saw the beginning of the influence of rock music to mainstream fashion. Despite being impractical for tropical weather, but also taking advantage on the increase of affordable air conditioners, men started to wear dark, simple and mostly oversized clothes, moving away to the brightly colored clothes of the 1980s. Women also wore loose, simple and casual clothing such as oversized shirts, denim shorts, denim jeans, simple blouses and sneakers. Skirts weren't as popular as denim throughout the decade. Men's hairstyles also changed as they grew their hair longer for the first time since the decade of the 1970s. Also, a hairstyle called cachupoy was considered popular among teenage boys. It was a straight hairstyle that has a middle parting at the center, most teen celebrities sported this kind of hairstyle. It was also the decade when people from all social classes wore the same style of clothes, with people having a hard time distinguishing who was from the upper class or from the lower class as everyone opted for a simple, laid-back style of dressing. 2000s [ edit ] 1990s fashion remained popular during the early years of the first decade of the 21st century. 2000s fashion was considered a mash up of different styles. In the first part of the decade, the concept of innerwear as an outerwear was popularized resulting in the popularity of spaghetti strap clothes. Men still followed the 1990s fashion with hip-hop inspired of clothing, wearing cargo pants and oversized T-shirts. By the mid 2000s, colorful clothes began to rise again. Men started wearing flannel and checkered polos. At the end of the decade, people saw the mixture of clothing from uggboots worn with short shorts and t-shirts to dresses worn over with leggings. It was characterized by bright colors, textures, patterns and a bunch of accessories. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, Jejemon (/wiki/Jejemon) style clothing consisting of oversized shirts with large prints and high crown hats became popular with teenagers. 2010s [ edit ] Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) Due to the development of social media, many Filipino women and men were exposed to different styles. Also due to the rising economy of the country for the first time since the 1986 People Power Revolution, as well as the constant building of shopping malls and shopping centers, many Filipinos began buying more clothes. The early 2010s began with a continuation of some of the late-2000s fashion; however; in 2011, a change began as people started to move away from the rock influenced 2000s fashion and create a more distinctive 2010s fashion. With the rise of social media, most of the women began wearing inspired clothes. Also, women became interested in 1960s fashion and began replicating that style. Men also began wearing preppy clothes inspired by the British boy band One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) who rose to fame in 2010. Skinny jeans and shorts proved to be popular among the men and these came up in different colors. In 2013, skater skirts became popular among teenage girls and they started wearing more feminine clothing. When the mid-2010s entered, women began wearing more modest clothing as the fashion brands started to market 1950s and 1960s inspired clothing. Denim pants was replaced by skirts and leggings. Men began to wear more formal clothes. Dresses replaced the casual t-shirts and jeans worn by the women while Chinos (/wiki/Chinos) replaced the denim pants worn by men. By the mid-2010s, many of the fashions from the mid-1960s and mid-1990s returned, clothing such as midi-skirts, denim jackets, knitted sweaters, boat shoes, etc. came back into fashion while fashion pieces like chokers gained prominence once again. Men's fashion also started to move away to the rock/hiphop-influenced styles of the past two decades and started to define a new style for men. 2010s hairstyles were often defined by; loose waves for women and slick-back hair for men. While beauty trends include having emphasis on the lips, and contoured cheeks, nude color palettes were also prominent for make-up. [6] (#cite_note-6) The late 2010s saw Mindanao-influenced designs, and a resurgence of interest for ternos and their redesigns for modern applications, with 2018 hosting the first TERNOCON. [7] (#cite_note-7) Traditional clothing by areas and regions [ edit ] Ethnic clothing was worn by the members of different ethnic tribes around the country before the Spanish colonized the islands. Today, they are still often worn during gatherings, festivals, and for cultural shows. Cordilleras [ edit ] The modern Ifugao youth in their traditional clothing. Igorot ethnic outfit [ edit ] The Igorots (/wiki/Igorot) are indigenous people from the Cordilleras. They are known for wearing a piece of clothing with intricate patterns woven by their own fellowmen. The men's clothing consists of red loincloth called wanes with tribal patterns, tattoos which is a symbol for bravery, and colorful bead necklaces. Women's clothing are usually similar to men's except that the women wear wrap-around skirt or called lufid and usually topless. In some parts of Cordilleras such as the Igorots in Benguet, women wrap their breasts with a very detailed wrap-around clothing. Baro't Saya [ edit ] The traditional Baro't Saya was worn by the lowland people in Filipinas. It includes the blouse called "baro" and a skirt called "saya". It is the Archetype of every Filipiniana dress that has evolved throughout the colonial era of the Philippines. Today, the dress represents the rural life in the Philippines. Urban areas [ edit ] Maria Clara Dress [ edit ] Main article: Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Being the capital which is also located in the lowland Urban area, Manila people often wore more elaborate version of Baro't Saya with wide full skirts rather than the simple skirt. Throughout the 17th–18th century, this clothing also became popular to the upper and middle class Filipinos from other parts of the country, mostly urban areas such as Cebu, Iloilo, Negros Occidental and many more. Today, it is now known as the Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) which represents the Spanish colonial history of the country as well as the aristocracy of the Filipino people. During the American period, the design drastically changed from a wide full skirt to a more modern look and then again changed into the current Filipiniana popularized by Imelda Marcos in the 1960s. Men wore barong tagalog but with also a more elaborate and intricate designs. Visayas [ edit ] Kimona and Patadyong [ edit ] In the islands of the Visayas regions, the Kimona represents Visayan clothing. Most Visayan lowland people wear the typical Kimona , a type of Baro't Saya blouse matching with a knee-length skirt. Kimona is typically a transparent piece of clothing made of pineapple fiber while the skirt is usually either floor-length or knee-length printed with the Patadyong pattern, hence getting the name Patadyong skirt. The dress is often accompanied with a handkerchief called tubao and is often placed above the right shoulder. Mindanao [ edit ] A men's clothing from Mindanao exhibiting at the Bunka Gakuen Costume Museum (/w/index.php?title=Bunka_Gakuen_Costume_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1) in Tokyo, Japan. In Mindanao, there is large minority of the people are practicing Islam, therefore following the Islamic culture. Women wear a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , a long-sleeved top and a floor-length skirt, while men wear polos and pants together with a hat called taqiyah . Non Islamic people follow Visayan-like fashion. Women's clothing [ edit ] Baro't Saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_Saya) (literally "Shirt and Skirt") is the Filipino style of women's clothing. Traditionally, it is composed of a blouse and a long skirt with a "panuelo". It evolved many variants, some are regional. The upper-class women wore more elaborate baro't saya sewn with beads and colorful designs. The skirt is also wider than what lower classes wore. These types of clothing that are "simple yet functional" that have both indigenous Filipino qualities and Spanish influence started to become prominent during the 16th-century in the Philippines. Such clothing, through the innovation of modern-day Filipino fashion designers, can be worn in the Philippines for formal occasions and office uniforms. These "national clothes" can be made from materials such as piña , jusi , abaca (/wiki/Abaca) , and Mindanao silk. [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Men's clothing [ edit ] barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) is a clothing worn by men. Having originated in Luzon, this clothing is may be made of pineapple fiber and is translucent, where an undershirt has to be worn together with dark pants. The "coat" or "suit", locally known as the " Amerikana (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) " or Americana (literally "American") was another type of clothing introduced to the Philippines by the Americans. Worn with a tie, it is used for formal occasions. [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Fashion designers [ edit ] Notable Filipino fashion designers include Pitoy Moreno (/wiki/Pitoy_Moreno) , Ito Curata (/wiki/Ito_Curata) , Inno Sotto (https://ph.asiatatler.com/people/inno-sotto) , Rajo Laurel, Kermit Tesoro (/wiki/Kermit_Tesoro) , Beatriz Tesoro, Christian Espiritu, Auggie Cordero, Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) , Ezra Santos, Mich Dulce (/wiki/Mich_Dulce) , Francis Libiran, Oliver Tolentino, Josie Natori (/wiki/Josie_Natori) , and Michael Cinco (/wiki/Michael_Cinco) . Moreno was known to design and create dresses for Philippine First Ladies. A newly emerging Filipino designer is Wolfram Philippines who introduced iconic Filipino wardrobes through the pop group BGYO (/wiki/BGYO) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Popular brands [ edit ] Bench, a Filipino clothing brand Filipino brands [ edit ] Philippine brand clothing that are popular in and outside the Philippines include Crispa , Bench (/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)) , Onesimus, Michel André, Penshoppe (/wiki/Penshoppe) , Loalde , Kamiseta (literally "T-shirt"), Maldita and Bayo . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) International brands [ edit ] Brands from abroad that are popular in the Philippines include Giordano (/wiki/Giordano_(clothing)) , Levi's (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , The Gap (/wiki/The_Gap,_Inc.) , Banana Republic (/wiki/Banana_Republic) and Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) First tier includes top designer's labels that are not common to average Filipinos, including Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) . Second tier showcases brands that are affordable to average Filipinos which include Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors_(brand)) , Nine West (/wiki/Nine_West) , Kate Spade (/wiki/Kate_Spade_New_York) , Longchamp (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) and Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) . Third tier are the high street brands that are a bit expensive for average Filipinos, including Comme des Garcons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(company)) , Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) , Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) . Fourth tier are affordable brands that are good quality, which includes, Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) , Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , and Aldo (/wiki/Aldo_(brand)) ". Fifth tier are brands that are very much affordable to an average Filipino and usually of a lower quality, Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , and Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) See also [ edit ] Philippine Fashion Week (/wiki/Philippine_Fashion_Week) Project Runway Philippines (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines) 2010s in Philippine Fashion (/wiki/2010s_in_Philippine_Fashion) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Barong Tagalog history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170710074926/http://www.barongsrus.com/barong/history-barong-tagalog-i-20.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.barongsrus.com/barong/history-barong-tagalog-i-20.html) on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) History of the Barong Tagalog by My Barong (http://mybarong2.com/history-barong-tagalog-art-99.html) ^ Jump up to: a b "Pre-Colonial Traditional Clothing" (https://pinoy-culture.tumblr.com/post/30479656512/pre-colonial-traditional-clothing-note-though) . Pinoy-Culture ~ A Filipino Cultural & History Blog . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Manila was known as the 'Pearl of the Orient.' Then World War II happened" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/19/manila-was-known-as-the-pearl-of-the-orient-then-world-war-ii-happened/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Retrieved July 14, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Story of Dior, The New Look Revolution" (https://www.dior.com/couture/en_gb/the-house-of-dior/the-story-of-dior/the-new-look-revolution/) . Retrieved July 14, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Yay or Nay: 50 Fashion and Beauty Trends We Spotted in Manila in 2016" (https://www.spot.ph/shopping/the-latest-shopping/68648/50-fashion-and-beauty-trends-2016-a00023-20161226-lfrm2) . SPOT.ph . December 26, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Philippines, Cultural Center of the. "TERNOCON: A Terno Making Convention and Contest for Regional Designers | Cultural Center of the Philippines" (https://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph/programs/archives/ternocon-a-terno-making-convention-and-contest-for-regional-designers/details) . TERNOCON: A Terno Making Convention and Contest for Regional Designers . Retrieved July 30, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Filipino Clothing and Various Influences" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131214181220/http://www.filipino-heritage.com/filipino-clothing.html) . Filipino-Heritage.com. Archived from the original (http://www.filipino-heritage.com/filipino-clothing.html) on December 14, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2013 . 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Type of uniform worn by basketball players Some national team uniforms at the FIBA Hall of Fame A basketball uniform is a type of uniform (/wiki/Uniform) worn by basketball (/wiki/Basketball) players. Basketball uniforms consist of a jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) that features the number and typically the last name of the player on the back, as well as shorts (/wiki/Shorts) and athletic shoes (/wiki/Athletic_shoes) . Within teams, players wear uniforms representing the team colors; the home team usually wears a lighter-colored uniform, while the visiting team wears a darker-colored uniform. Different basketball leagues have different specifications for the type of uniform that is allowed on the court. Early in the history of the sport, basketball was played in any type of athletic attire, but by the 1900s, special uniforms were developed and marketed to basketball players. The style, cut, and fit of basketball uniforms evolved throughout subsequent decades, often modeled after the general fashion trends of the day. History [ edit ] Jerseys and shorts [ edit ] The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, demonstrating uniforms of sleeveless jerseys and long pants Originally, basketball was played in any type of athletic attire, ranging from track suits (/wiki/Track_suit) to football (/wiki/American_football) uniforms. The first official basketball uniforms, as displayed in the Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(sports_equipment)) catalog of 1901, featured three types of pants: knee-length padded pants, similar to those worn for playing football, as well as shorter pants and knee-length tights. There were two types of suggested jersey, a quarter-length sleeve and a sleeveless version. [1] (#cite_note-Naismith1941-1) The long pants later evolved into medium-length shorts in the 1920s, and by the 1930s, the material used for jerseys changed from heavy wool (/wiki/Wool) to the lighter polyester (/wiki/Polyester) and nylon (/wiki/Nylon) . In the 1970s and 80s, uniforms became tighter-fitting and shorts were shorter, consistent with the overall fashion trends of these two decades. [2] (#cite_note-Raatma2012-2) At this time, women's basketball uniforms transitioned from longer-sleeved uniforms to tank-top (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) style jerseys similar to men's basketball uniforms, which more explicitly showed off players' muscle tone. [3] (#cite_note-McCullough2007-3) Michael Jordan's jersey and shoes during his tenure on Chicago Bulls In 1984, Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) asked for longer shorts and helped popularize the move away from tight, short shorts toward the longer, baggier shorts worn by basketball players today. [4] (#cite_note-LeBoutillier2011-4) [5] (#cite_note-Slade2013-5) Throughout the 1990s, basketball uniforms fell under the influence of hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) culture, with shorts becoming longer and looser-fitting, team colors brighter, and designs more flashy and suggestive of rappers' bling (/wiki/Bling) . [6] (#cite_note-Lane2007-6) At the turn of the 21st century, basketball uniforms became even more oversized and loose-fitting; the arm holes in women's basketball jerseys remained smaller than men's, but were wide enough to reveal the players' sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) . [3] (#cite_note-McCullough2007-3) Sleeved jersey [ edit ] Jae Crowder (/wiki/Jae_Crowder) and John Wall (/wiki/John_Wall) wearing the newly introduced sleeved basketball jerseys For the Christmas Day games of 2013, the NBA and its apparel partner Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) introduced a newly designed sleeved jersey with large team and NBA logos on the front. [7] (#cite_note-7) Marketers for the new uniforms realized that fans were unwilling to wear sleeveless jerseys in their day-to-day life and hoped the new sleeved jerseys would be more popular for everyday wear. [8] (#cite_note-wsj-8) However, it was also a "not-so-well-kept secret that the NBA wanted to implement jersey ads in the years following the introduction of sleeved jerseys" as the "sleeves allow more space for potential partners to add their corporate logos to jerseys" like association football (soccer). After the league deal with Adidas expired and Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) signed on as the new apparel partner, the sleeved jersey did not continue. [9] (#cite_note-sbnation.com-9) The sleeved jersey was controversial among players. LeBron James famously ripped the sleeves off during a prime time game against the New York Knicks (/wiki/New_York_Knicks) in 2015, but in the 2016 NBA Finals (/wiki/2016_NBA_Finals) James convinced his teammates to wear the sleeved jerseys in Game 5 and again in the title-clinching Game 7. [9] (#cite_note-sbnation.com-9) [10] (#cite_note-CavsAltUnis2015-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-CavaliersLogoSuite-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Shoes [ edit ] Basketball shoes by Adidas (left) and Nike (right) In 1903, a special basketball shoe with suction cups to prevent slippage was added to the official basketball uniform demonstrated in the Spalding catalog. [1] (#cite_note-Naismith1941-1) Over the decades, different shoe brands and styles were popular as basketball shoes: Chuck Taylor All-Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) and Keds (/wiki/Keds) in the 1960s and 1970s; Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) and Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) leather high-tops (/wiki/High-tops) in the late 1970s and 1980s; and Air Jordans (/wiki/Air_Jordans) in the 1990s. [4] (#cite_note-LeBoutillier2011-4) Now most athletes wear shoes from the brand they are signed with and some even have their own signature shoes. The first person to have their own signature shoe was Walt "Clyde" Frazier (/wiki/Walt_Frazier) when he teamed up with Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) in 1973. Other brands that have made signature shoes for players include, Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) (with their most popular being with Stephen Curry (/wiki/Stephen_Curry) ), Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) (with their most popular being with Shaquille O'Neal (/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal) ), New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) (with their most popular being with Kawhi Leonard (/wiki/Kawhi_Leonard) ), and Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) (with their most popular being Klay Thompson (/wiki/Klay_Thompson) ). [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Accessories [ edit ] In the 1970s, Slick Watts (/wiki/Slick_Watts) and Bill Walton (/wiki/Bill_Walton) began to wear headbands, which soon became popular with other players. Rick Barry (/wiki/Rick_Barry) popularized wrist-bands, and other players soon created variations, such as bands that covered their forearms or biceps. These were used to wipe off sweat, or simply worn as fashion statements. [4] (#cite_note-LeBoutillier2011-4) In 2001, Allen Iverson popularized the arm sleeve (/wiki/Basketball_sleeve) , originally used to help his bursitis (/wiki/Bursitis) in his right elbow. [17] (#cite_note-17) Women's [ edit ] Women's team in 1907 wearing wool skirts 1948 Italian team with the new polyester and nylon uniforms In the 19th-century what women wore was controlled by men. When they played women wore floor-length wool skirts. In the '20s they introduced a shorter version of the wool-skirts. In the '30s the movement towards baggy button-able shorts. The '40s and '50s were a huge turning point for women's uniform. As production became cheaper the wool uniforms were replaced by more functional polyester and nylon's. During this time belted satin shorts were also progressively being used. Going into the '60s the skirts were starting to disappear and shorts with elastic waistbands were introduced. Finally from 1980 till now women's uniform are now similar to men's. As they began to wear loose longline shorts, and skirts were eliminated entirely. [18] (#cite_note-Evans-18) Modern day [ edit ] United States basketball [ edit ] Rules and regulations [ edit ] In professional basketball leagues today, teams playing at home typically wear lighter-colored uniforms than the visiting team. [19] (#cite_note-HarariOminsky2002-19) As of the 2017–18 season (/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBA_season) , the NBA has eliminated the distinction between designated "home" and "away" uniforms. The home team is now allowed to wear any uniform color it chooses, while its opponent may wear any color that sufficiently contrasts with the home team's choice. [20] (#cite_note-20) In the NBA (/wiki/NBA) , basketball shorts must fall at least 1 inch above the knee, and T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirts) cannot be worn under the jersey – however, they are permitted in American college basketball (/wiki/College_basketball) . Some NBA and WNBA (/wiki/WNBA) teams have allowed sponsors' logos to appear on their uniforms. [21] (#cite_note-nytWNBA-21) Material [ edit ] Uniforms are made of wicking (/wiki/Capillary_action) material designed to absorb sweat and ensure that it evaporates faster. [2] (#cite_note-Raatma2012-2) They are the product of a four-year study researching professional basketball players, who identified the need for fewer seams, lighter weight, and faster drying and cooling in their jerseys. [5] (#cite_note-Slade2013-5) International basketball leagues [ edit ] The main difference between U.S. basketball uniforms and those of other countries is the appearance of sponsorship iconography; European basketball uniforms are often covered in the logos of their sponsors (similar to association football), while the U.S. uniforms (like other major U.S. pro sports) feature the team wordmark/logo front and center. [22] (#cite_note-bleacherreport-22) For the 2017–18 season, some U.S. teams have started putting sponsorship logos on their jerseys on the upper left of the jersey which is a maximum of 2.5 inches by 2.5 inches. [23] (#cite_note-23) Women's [ edit ] 2× WNBA MVP Candace Parker (/wiki/Candace_Parker) Women's uniforms today are similar to the men's uniform. It is common now to see Lycra compression shorts, sweat-wicking polyester vests, lightweight jerseys and breathable baggy shorts. In the WNBA the women are allowed to chose which styles and fabrics best suits them. [18] (#cite_note-Evans-18) See also [ edit ] Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b James Naismith (1941). Basketball: Its Origin and Development . U of Nebraska Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8032-8370-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lucia Raatma (1 January 2012). The Curious, Captivating, Unusual History of Sports . Capstone Press. p. 13. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4296-7537-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sarah McCullough (2007). Construction of the Female Athletic Body: A Study of Women's Sport Uniforms . pp. 76–78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-549-26375-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Nate LeBoutillier (1 January 2011). The Best of Everything Basketball Book . Capstone. pp. 58 (https://archive.org/details/bestofeverything0000lebo/page/58) -59. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4296-5468-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b Suzanne Slade (1 January 2013). The Technology of Basketball . Capstone. pp. 20–21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4296-9956-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lane2007_6-0) Jeffrey Lane (1 December 2007). Under the Boards: The Cultural Revolution in Basketball . U of Nebraska Press. p. 41 (https://archive.org/details/underboardscultu0000lane/page/41) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8032-0755-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Patt, Jason (25 December 2013). "NBA Christmas Day uniforms 2013: Teams to wear new sleeved jerseys" (https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2013/12/25/5243450/2013-nba-christmas-jerseys) . SBNation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-wsj_8-0) Holmes, Elizabeth (13 November 2013). "NBA Christmas Jerseys—Now With Sleeves" (https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304243904579195860755097586) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The rise and fall of the NBA's sleeved jerseys" (https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2017/10/6/16203076/nba-sleeved-jerseys-nike-lebron-james) . 6 October 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-CavsAltUnis2015_10-0) "Cavs Unveil Three New Alternate Uniforms for 2015-16 Season" (http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/news/releases/jersey-announcement-151021) . NBA.com/Cavaliers . NBA Media Ventures, LLC. October 21, 2015 . Retrieved October 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Cavs wearing sleeved jerseys in Game 7" (https://www.si.com/nba/2016/06/19/nba-finals-game-7-cavs-black-sleeved-jerseys-warriors) . SI.com . 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 2017-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Vardon, Joe (4 June 2017). "Cavaliers wearing black jerseys for Game 2: 2017 NBA Finals" (http://www.cleveland.com/cavs/index.ssf/2017/06/cavaliers_wearing_black_jersey.html) . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2017-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-CavaliersLogoSuite_13-0) "Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look" (http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/releases/updated-logo-170531) . NBA.com/Cavaliers . NBA Media Ventures, LLC. May 31, 2017 . Retrieved June 13, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Boone, Kyle (1 June 2017). "LOOK: Cavs unveil new logos, add black to color scheme before start of NBA Finals" (http://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/look-cavs-unveil-new-logos-add-black-to-color-scheme-before-start-of-nba-finals/) . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Bowers, Brendan. "From Chuck Taylor to LeBron X: Year-by-Year Evolution of NBA Sneakers" (https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1519230-from-chuck-taylor-to-lebron-x-year-by-year-evolution-of-nba-sneakers) . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2023-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Dodson, Aaron (2019-02-05). "The forgotten history of Puma basketball" (https://andscape.com/features/the-forgotten-history-of-puma-basketball/) . Andscape . Retrieved 2023-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Tillery, Michael. "The Allen Iverson Sleeve: How the Philadelphia 76ers star influenced fashion and culture in American sports" (https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/the-allen-iverson-sleeve-how-philadelphia-76ers-star-influenced-fashion-culture-american-sports) . www.sportskeeda.com . Retrieved 2023-04-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b Evans, Georgina. "SKIRTS AND THE SLAM DUNK: THE HISTORY OF WOMEN'S BASKETBALL UNIFORMS" (https://www.ambushdesign.com/en-gb/stories/skirts-and-the-slam-dunk-the-history-of-womens-basketball-uniforms) . Retrieved May 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-HarariOminsky2002_19-0) P. J. Harari; Dave Ominsky (1 October 2002). Basketball Made Simple: A Spectator's Guide . First Base Sports, Inc. p. 10. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-884309-13-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Whitaker, Lang (July 18, 2017). "NBA, Nike unveil new uniforms for 2017-18 season" (http://www.nba.com/article/2017/07/18/nba-nike-new-uniforms) . NBA.com . Retrieved October 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-nytWNBA_21-0) Sandomir, Richard (31 May 2009). "In W.N.B.A., Jersey Sponsorship Could Set New Standard" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/sports/basketball/01wnba.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-bleacherreport_22-0) O'Brien, Dan. "NBA Debate: Should the NBA Put Advertisements on Jerseys?" (http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1124800-nba-debate-should-the-nba-put-advertisements-on-jerseys) . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "An ongoing list of every NBA sponsor patch for 2017-18 season" (https://www.sbnation.com/2017/7/26/16036162/nba-jersey-patch-sponsor-tracker-2017-season) . 26 July 2017. 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American actress and singer (born 1998) Maya Hawke Hawke in 2019 Born Maya Ray Thurman Hawke ( 1998-07-08 ) July 8, 1998 (age 26) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Education Juilliard School (/wiki/Juilliard_School) Occupations Actress singer-songwriter Years active 2016–present [1] (#cite_note-1) Parents Ethan Hawke (/wiki/Ethan_Hawke) (father) Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) (mother) Relatives Levon Hawke (/wiki/Levon_Hawke) (brother) Robert Thurman (/wiki/Robert_Thurman) (maternal grandfather) Nena von Schlebrügge (/wiki/Nena_von_Schlebr%C3%BCgge) (maternal grandmother) Maya Ray Thurman Hawke (born July 8, 1998) [2] (#cite_note-ET-Online-2) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is the daughter of Hollywood actors Ethan Hawke (/wiki/Ethan_Hawke) and Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) . She began her career in modelling, and subsequently made her screen debut as Jo March (/wiki/Jo_March) in the 2017 BBC adaptation (/wiki/Little_Women_(2017_TV_series)) of Little Women (/wiki/Little_Women) . Hawke gained recognition for starring as Robin Buckley (/wiki/List_of_Stranger_Things_characters#Robin_Buckley) in the Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) science fiction series Stranger Things (/wiki/Stranger_Things) (2019–present). She appeared in the films Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood) (2019), Fear Street Part One: 1994 (/wiki/Fear_Street_Part_One:_1994) (2021), Do Revenge (/wiki/Do_Revenge) (2022), Asteroid City (/wiki/Asteroid_City) (2023), and Maestro (/wiki/Maestro_(2023_film)) (2023), and had a voice role in Inside Out 2 (/wiki/Inside_Out_2) (2024). As a musician, she has released the albums Blush (/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)) (2020), Moss (/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)) (2022), and Chaos Angel (/wiki/Chaos_Angel) (2024). Early life [ edit ] Hawke was born on July 8, 1998, [2] (#cite_note-ET-Online-2) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , the older of two children born to actors Ethan Hawke (/wiki/Ethan_Hawke) and Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) . [3] (#cite_note-vogue-3) Her parents met on the set of Gattaca (/wiki/Gattaca) (1997), married in May 1998, [4] (#cite_note-4) and divorced in 2005. [5] (#cite_note-people2005-5) Hawke has a brother, Levon (/wiki/Levon_Hawke) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-sydney-7) She also has two half-sisters by her father's second wife, Ryan Shawhughes. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) She has another half-sister from her mother's ex-fiancé, financier (/wiki/Financier) Arpad Busson (/wiki/Arpad_Busson) . [10] (#cite_note-10) On her father's side, Hawke is a distant cousin of playwright Tennessee Williams (/wiki/Tennessee_Williams) . [11] (#cite_note-11) On her mother's side, she is a granddaughter of Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhist) scholar Robert Thurman (/wiki/Robert_Thurman) and model Nena von Schlebrügge (/wiki/Nena_von_Schlebr%C3%BCgge) . [12] (#cite_note-nyt-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Schlebrügge's mother, Birgit Holmquist, was also a model, having posed for Axel Ebbe's (/w/index.php?title=Axel_Ebbe&action=edit&redlink=1) [ sv (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Ebbe) ] statue Famntaget , currently in Smygehuk (/wiki/Smygehuk) in Sweden. [14] (#cite_note-14) Hawke has dyslexia (/wiki/Dyslexia) , [15] (#cite_note-15) which resulted in her changing schools frequently during her primary education before she was finally enrolled at Saint Ann's School (/wiki/Saint_Ann%27s_School_(Brooklyn)) , a private school in Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) , New York that emphasizes artistic creativity and does not grade work. The artistic environment eventually led her to acting. [7] (#cite_note-sydney-7) Hawke also took part in summer studies at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art) in London and the Stella Adler Studio of Acting (/wiki/Stella_Adler_Studio_of_Acting) in New York. [16] (#cite_note-16) She studied toward a BFA in acting at the Juilliard School (/wiki/Juilliard_School) for one year before dropping out after accepting her role in Little Women (/wiki/Little_Women_(2017_TV_series)) . [7] (#cite_note-sydney-7) Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] Like both her mother and grandmother, Hawke modelled for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) at the beginning of her career. [3] (#cite_note-vogue-3) [17] (#cite_note-17) She was also chosen as the face of the British fashion retailer AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) ' 2016/2017 collection. [7] (#cite_note-sydney-7) In 2017, she starred as one of several faces in a video campaign for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) 's underwear range, directed by Sofia Coppola (/wiki/Sofia_Coppola) . [18] (#cite_note-18) In September, 2022, Hawke modelled for Calvin Klein's FW22 Underwear campaign. [19] (#cite_note-19) Acting [ edit ] Hawke was Sofia Coppola's choice to play the title role of The Little Mermaid (/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid) in Universal Pictures (/wiki/Universal_Pictures) 's live-action adaptation. However, the producers preferred actress Chloë Grace Moretz (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz) . This and other conflicts ultimately led to Coppola leaving the project. [20] (#cite_note-variety-20) Moretz eventually dropped out as well. [21] (#cite_note-21) Hawke at the 2019 Toronto Film Festival (/wiki/Toronto_Film_Festival) premiere of Human Capital (/wiki/Human_Capital_(2019_film)) Hawke made her acting debut in 2017 as Jo March (/wiki/Jo_March) in the BBC (/wiki/BBC) miniseries adaptation (/wiki/Little_Women_(2017_TV_series)) of Little Women (/wiki/Little_Women) . [22] (#cite_note-22) [7] (#cite_note-sydney-7) In September 2018, she starred in thriller Ladyworld (/wiki/Ladyworld) , directed by Amanda Kramer. [23] (#cite_note-ladyworld-23) Hawke later broke out with her performance as Robin Buckley in the third season (/wiki/Stranger_Things_(season_3)) of Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) 's Stranger Things (/wiki/Stranger_Things) , which released in 2019. [24] (#cite_note-Stranger-Things-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Also that year, Hawke played Linda Kasabian/'Flowerchild' (/wiki/Linda_Kasabian) in Quentin Tarantino (/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino) 's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood) , [26] (#cite_note-OUaTiH-26) and co-starred in Marc Meyers (/wiki/Marc_Meyers) ' thriller film Human Capital (/wiki/Human_Capital_(2019_film)) , which is based on Stephen Amidon (/wiki/Stephen_Amidon) 's 2004 novel of the same name. In 2020, Hawke starred in Gia Coppola (/wiki/Gia_Coppola) 's sophomore film, Mainstream (/wiki/Mainstream_(film)) , alongside Andrew Garfield (/wiki/Andrew_Garfield) . [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) In the same year, she guest starred in the fifth episode of the miniseries The Good Lord Bird (/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)) , which stars her father, Ethan Hawke (/wiki/Ethan_Hawke) . She stars as Annie Brown, the daughter of her father's character. [29] (#cite_note-tglb-29) In June, she appeared in Italian Studies (/wiki/Italian_Studies_(film)) , written and directed by Adam Leon (/wiki/Adam_Leon) and co-starring Vanessa Kirby (/wiki/Vanessa_Kirby) . It premiered in the Tribeca Film Festival (/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival) and later released on January 14, 2022. [30] (#cite_note-italianstudies-30) Later that month, she appeared as Heather in the Netflix horror film Fear Street Part One: 1994 (/wiki/Fear_Street_Part_One:_1994) . [31] (#cite_note-Fear_Street-31) In 2021, she also starred in a spin-off podcast series based on her Stranger Things character, Rebel Robin: Surviving Hawkins . [32] (#cite_note-32) She starred in another scripted podcast series, The Playboy Interview , in which she plays Helen Gurley Brown (/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown) . [33] (#cite_note-33) In 2022, Hawke starred in Netflix's dark comedy film Do Revenge (/wiki/Do_Revenge) alongside Camila Mendes (/wiki/Camila_Mendes) . [34] (#cite_note-34) In April 2022, she was cast in Bradley Cooper (/wiki/Bradley_Cooper) 's biographical film about Leonard Bernstein (/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein) , Maestro (/wiki/Maestro_(2023_film)) , co-starring Cooper and Carey Mulligan (/wiki/Carey_Mulligan) . [35] (#cite_note-Maestro-35) In May, it was reported that she had been cast in the upcoming film The Kill Room (/wiki/The_Kill_Room) alongside her mother Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) and Samuel L. Jackson (/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson) . [36] (#cite_note-Ritman_2022-36) In July, it was announced that she would guest star in Disney (/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation) 's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur (/wiki/Moon_Girl_and_Devil_Dinosaur) , which premiered in 2023. [37] (#cite_note-mgndd-37) She appeared in the Wes Anderson (/wiki/Wes_Anderson) romantic (/wiki/Romance_film) dramedy (/wiki/Comedy_drama) Asteroid City (/wiki/Asteroid_City) (2023) which premiered at the 76th Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2023_Cannes_Film_Festival) to positive reviews. [38] (#cite_note-Hogan_2021-38) She voiced the character Anxiety in the 2024 Pixar (/wiki/Pixar) animated film Inside Out 2 (/wiki/Inside_Out_2) , the sequel to the 2015 film Inside Out (/wiki/Inside_Out_(2015_film)) . [39] (#cite_note-Inside_Out_2-39) In February 2024, it was reported that Hawke would be set to star in a Billy Wilder (/wiki/Billy_Wilder) biopic titled Wilder & Me. [40] (#cite_note-40) Music [ edit ] Hawke has said that folk music (/wiki/Folk_music) has influenced her music career including artists like Leonard Cohen (/wiki/Leonard_Cohen) , Patti Smith (/wiki/Patti_Smith) and Joni Mitchell (/wiki/Joni_Mitchell) . [41] (#cite_note-41) [38] (#cite_note-Hogan_2021-38) She takes inspiration from "great lyricists" like Cohen and Bob Dylan (/wiki/Bob_Dylan) as, according to her, "music is the best way to communicate poetry". [42] (#cite_note-42) In August 2019, Hawke released her first two singles, "To Love a Boy" and "Stay Open". [43] (#cite_note-Debut-43) The songs were written and recorded by Hawke and Grammy Award (/wiki/Grammy_Award) -winning singer-songwriter Jesse Harris (/wiki/Jesse_Harris) . [44] (#cite_note-44) Hawke performed a series of headlining gigs around New York City in early 2020, her first ever solo live performances as a musician. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-:0-46) In each of these shows, Hawke was supported by Benjamin Lazar Davis (/wiki/Benjamin_Lazar_Davis) , Tōth (/wiki/Rubblebucket) , Will Graefe and Nick Cianci respectively. [47] (#cite_note-47) [46] (#cite_note-:0-46) On March 18, 2020, Hawke released the first single "By Myself" and announced her debut album titled Blush (/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)) [48] (#cite_note-:2-48) amid the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests (/wiki/2020_Black_Lives_Matter_protests) . Hawke wrote, "I feel like this is not a time for self-promotion. It is a time for activation, education and self-examination." [49] (#cite_note-49) The album's second single, "Coverage", was released on April 22, 2020, [50] (#cite_note-Strauss_2020-50) before its music video directed by Maya's father Ethan Hawke (/wiki/Ethan_Hawke) was released on the 28th. [51] (#cite_note-51) Initially set for release on June 19, 2020, Blush (/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)) was delayed to August 21, 2020. [52] (#cite_note-52) [46] (#cite_note-:0-46) To support the release of Blush , Hawke appeared as a musical guest for the first time in her career on The Today Show (/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)) in late August 2020. [53] (#cite_note-53) On June 29, 2022, alongside the release of the single "Thérèse", Hawke announced her second album Moss (/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)) , which was released on September 23, 2022. [54] (#cite_note-54) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2018 Ladyworld (/wiki/Ladyworld) Romy [55] (#cite_note-Elle20180402-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) 2019 Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood) "Flower Child" (/wiki/Linda_Kasabian) [26] (#cite_note-OUaTiH-26) Human Capital (/wiki/Human_Capital_(2019_film)) Shannon Hagel [57] (#cite_note-57) As They Slept Margaret Short film [58] (#cite_note-58) Memory Xperiment: Kathy Acker Kathy Acker (/wiki/Kathy_Acker) [59] (#cite_note-59) 2020 Mainstream (/wiki/Mainstream_(film)) Frankie [60] (#cite_note-60) 2021 Italian Studies (/wiki/Italian_Studies_(film)) Erin [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) Fear Street Part One: 1994 (/wiki/Fear_Street_Part_One:_1994) Heather Watkins [31] (#cite_note-Fear_Street-31) 2022 Bay of Cadiz Woman Short film [63] (#cite_note-63) Do Revenge (/wiki/Do_Revenge) Eleanor Levetan [64] (#cite_note-64) 2023 Asteroid City (/wiki/Asteroid_City) June Douglas [65] (#cite_note-65) Maestro (/wiki/Maestro_(2023_film)) Jamie Bernstein [35] (#cite_note-Maestro-35) Wildcat (/wiki/Wildcat_(2023_film)) Flannery O'Connor (/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor) Also producer [66] (#cite_note-66) The Kill Room (/wiki/The_Kill_Room) Grace [36] (#cite_note-Ritman_2022-36) 2024 Inside Out 2 (/wiki/Inside_Out_2) Anxiety (voice) [39] (#cite_note-Inside_Out_2-39) Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2017 Little Women (/wiki/Little_Women_(2017_TV_series)) Jo March Main role [55] (#cite_note-Elle20180402-55) 2018 Orchard House: Home of Little Women Herself Documentary special 2019–present Stranger Things (/wiki/Stranger_Things) Robin Buckley (/wiki/List_of_Stranger_Things_characters#Robin_Buckley) Main role ( season 3 (/wiki/Stranger_Things_(season_3)) –present) [24] (#cite_note-Stranger-Things-24) 2020 The Good Lord Bird (/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)) Annie Brown Miniseries [67] (#cite_note-67) 2022 The Last Movie Stars (/wiki/The_Last_Movie_Stars) Herself TV documentary 2023 Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur (/wiki/Moon_Girl_and_Devil_Dinosaur) Abyss (/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_A#Abyss) (voice) Episode: "Moon Girl's Day Off" [68] (#cite_note-68) [69] (#cite_note-69) Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Artist Album Notes Ref. 2020 "By Myself" Maya Hawke Blush (/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)) "Is There Something in the Movies?" Samia (/wiki/Samia_(musician)) The Baby [70] (#cite_note-70) "Generous Heart" Maya Hawke Blush Also co-director 2021 "Blue Hippo" Maya Hawke Non-album single 2022 "Thérèse" Maya Hawke Moss (/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)) [71] (#cite_note-71) "Sweet Tooth" Maya Hawke Moss [72] (#cite_note-72) 2024 "Missing Out" Maya Hawke Chaos Angel [73] (#cite_note-73) Podcast [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2021 Rebel Robin: Surviving Hawkins Robin Buckley Main role The Playboy Interview Helen Gurley Brown (/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown) [74] (#cite_note-74) Discography [ edit ] Studio albums [ edit ] Blush (/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)) (2020) Moss (/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)) (2022) Chaos Angel (/wiki/Chaos_Angel) (2024) Singles [ edit ] Year Title Album Ref. 2019 "To Love a Boy" / "Stay Open" Non-album single [75] (#cite_note-75) [76] (#cite_note-76) 2020 "By Myself" Blush (/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)) [77] (#cite_note-DeLeo_2020-77) "Coverage" [50] (#cite_note-Strauss_2020-50) "So Long" "Generous Heart" [78] (#cite_note-78) 2021 "Blue Hippo" Non-album single [79] (#cite_note-79) 2022 "Thérèse" Moss (/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)) [80] (#cite_note-80) "Sweet Tooth" [81] (#cite_note-81) "Luna Moth" [82] (#cite_note-82) 2023 "Coming Around Again" Non-album single [83] (#cite_note-83) 2024 "Missing Out" Chaos Angel [84] (#cite_note-84) Awards and nominations [ edit ] For her work on Stranger Things (/wiki/Stranger_Things) , Hawke was nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Drama_Series) at the 26th Screen Actors Guild Awards (/wiki/26th_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards) . [85] (#cite_note-26th-SAGW-85) Year Award Category Work Result Ref 2019 45th Saturn Awards (/wiki/45th_Saturn_Awards) Best Supporting Actress in Streaming Presentation Stranger Things (/wiki/Stranger_Things) Won [86] (#cite_note-86) [87] (#cite_note-IMDB_(Index_source_only)-87) 2019 Hunter Mountain Film Festival Best Actress As They Slept Won [87] (#cite_note-IMDB_(Index_source_only)-87) 2019 Women's Image Network Awards Best Actress in a MFT Movie / Mini-Series Little Women Won [88] (#cite_note-wia2018-88) [87] (#cite_note-IMDB_(Index_source_only)-87) 2022 2nd Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards (/wiki/2nd_Hollywood_Critics_Association_TV_Awards) Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Series, Drama Stranger Things (/wiki/Stranger_Things) Nominated [89] (#cite_note-auto-89) [87] (#cite_note-IMDB_(Index_source_only)-87) 2023 2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards (/wiki/2023_MTV_Movie_%26_TV_Awards) Best Duo (with Camila Mendes (/wiki/Camila_Mendes) ) Do Revenge (/wiki/Do_Revenge) Nominated [89] (#cite_note-auto-89) [87] (#cite_note-IMDB_(Index_source_only)-87) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Marissa O. Miller (2016). "Maya Hawke Stars in AllSaints Fashion Campaign" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/maya-hawke-allsaints-campaign-uma-thurman-daughter) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Retrieved February 9, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chestang, Raphael (February 21, 2017). "Uma Thurman Opens Up About the 'Worst Decision' She's Made in Turning Down a Role" (http://www.etonline.com/movies/211045_uma_thurman_opens_up_about_the_worst_decision_she_made_turning_down_a_role) . Entertainment Tonight . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130207/http://www.etonline.com/movies/211045_uma_thurman_opens_up_about_the_worst_decision_she_made_turning_down_a_role) from the original on February 5, 2018 . Retrieved February 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Markes, Olivia (December 26, 2017). "Maya Hawke On Little Women And Following Her Parents Footsteps" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/maya-hawke-on-little-women-and-following-her-parents-footsteps) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171226110845/http://www.vogue.co.uk/article/maya-hawke-on-little-women-and-following-her-parents-footsteps) from the original on December 26, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cheng, Kipp; Chang, Suna (May 15, 1998). "Monitor" (https://ew.com/article/1998/05/15/monitor-228/) . Entertainment Weekly . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235659/http://ew.com/article/1998/05/15/monitor-228/) from the original on December 27, 2017 . Retrieved March 28, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-people2005_5-0) Silverman, Stephen M. (October 7, 2005). "Uma Calls Split from Ethan 'Excruciating' (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1115532,00.html) " (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1115532,00.html) . People . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140304134039/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1115532,00.html) from the original on March 4, 2014 . Retrieved July 17, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Blair, Olivia (January 21, 2020). "Uma Thurman Attended The Dior Show With Her Grown Up Son And We Can See The Resemblance" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/a30605929/uma-thurman-son-levon-thurman-hawke/) . Elle . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220320194813/https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/a30605929/uma-thurman-son-levon-thurman-hawke/) from the original on March 20, 2022 . Retrieved April 19, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mulkerrins, Jane (December 22, 2017). "Maya Hawke, daughter of Hollywood royalty, on scaring men and making Little Women" (http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/maya-hawke-daughter-of-hollywood-royalty-on-scaring-men-and-making-little-women-20171213-h04dvj.html) . Sydney Morning Herald . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171225212935/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/maya-hawke-daughter-of-hollywood-royalty-on-scaring-men-and-making-little-women-20171213-h04dvj.html) from the original on December 25, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ethan Hawke and wife welcome daughter Clementine" (http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-07-23-ethan-hawke_N.htm) . USA Today . Associated Press. July 23, 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140331144109/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-07-23-ethan-hawke_N.htm) from the original on March 31, 2014 . Retrieved February 5, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Report: Ethan Hawke Welcomes A Baby Girl" (https://www.accessonline.com/articles/report-ethan-hawke-welcomes-a-baby-girl-104942) . Access Hollywood . August 6, 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123415/http://www.accessonline.com/articles/report-ethan-hawke-welcomes-a-baby-girl-104942/) from the original on December 27, 2017 . Retrieved August 6, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Uma Thurman Daughter's Name Revealed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130718025138/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/10/17/uma-thurman-arpad-busson-name-daughter-rosalind-arusha-arkadina-altalune-florence/) . People . October 17, 2012. Archived from the original (http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/10/17/uma-thurman-arpad-busson-name-daughter-rosalind-arusha-arkadina-altalune-florence/) on July 18, 2013 . Retrieved July 17, 2013 . 'I would like to announce Uma and Arki's daughter's name for the first time officially: Rosalind Arusha Arkadina Altalune Florence Thurman-Busson, better known to family and friends as Luna,' the actress's rep Gabrielle Kachman tells People exclusively. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Carr, David (January 10, 2013). "In His Comfort Zone" (http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/theater/in-his-comfort-zone.html) . The New York Times . 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"Jennifer Kaytin Robinson's Netflix Teen Comedy 'Strangers' Adds 7 to Cast, Including Austin Abrams, Alisha Boe, Jonathan Daviss" (https://variety.com/2021/film/news/strangers-jennifer-kaytin-robinson-netflix-cast-1235004721/) . Variety . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921235418/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/strangers-jennifer-kaytin-robinson-netflix-cast-1235004721/) from the original on September 21, 2022 . Retrieved July 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "Maya Hawke Films Asteroid City in Madrid, Plus Benedict Cumberbatch, Bella Hadid and More" (https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/entertainment-celebrity/maya-hawke-films-asteroid-city-in-madrid-plus-benedict-cumberbatch-bella-hadid-and-more/ss-AAPpEnR?li=BBnb2gh) . People . October 12, 2021. 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220820193637/https://www.nme.com/news/music/maya-hawke-dentist-reflective-sweet-tooth-video-3291436) from the original on August 20, 2022 . Retrieved August 20, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) Dunworth, Liberty (February 15, 2024). "Maya Hawke announces new album 'Chaos Angel' with reflective single 'Missing Out' (https://www.nme.com/news/music/maya-hawke-announces-new-album-chaos-angel-with-reflective-single-missing-out-3587971) " (https://www.nme.com/news/music/maya-hawke-announces-new-album-chaos-angel-with-reflective-single-missing-out-3587971) . NME . Retrieved March 6, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) White, Peter (June 24, 2021). "Rosanna Arquette, Taye Diggs, Gael Garcia Bernal, Maya Hawke To Star In 'Playboy Interview' Podcast" (https://deadline.com/2021/06/rosanna-arquette-taye-diggs-gael-garcia-bernal-maya-hawke-to-playboy-interview-podcast-1234780552/) . Deadline . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220813215658/https://deadline.com/2021/06/rosanna-arquette-taye-diggs-gael-garcia-bernal-maya-hawke-to-playboy-interview-podcast-1234780552/) from the original on August 13, 2022 . Retrieved August 20, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) Almeida, Nicole (August 26, 2019). "Today's Song: Maya Hawke Revinents the Love Song in "To Love A Boy" (https://atwoodmagazine.com/tlabmh-maya-hawke-to-love-a-boy-song-review/) " (https://atwoodmagazine.com/tlabmh-maya-hawke-to-love-a-boy-song-review/) . Atwood Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220519224137/https://atwoodmagazine.com/tlabmh-maya-hawke-to-love-a-boy-song-review/) from the original on May 19, 2022 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Bloom, Madison (August 19, 2019). " (https://pitchfork.com/news/stranger-things-maya-hawke-shares-video-for-new-song-to-love-a-boy-watch/) "Stranger Things"' Maya Hawke Shares Video for New Song "To Love a Boy": Watch" (https://pitchfork.com/news/stranger-things-maya-hawke-shares-video-for-new-song-to-love-a-boy-watch/) . Pitchfork . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220802154146/https://pitchfork.com/news/stranger-things-maya-hawke-shares-video-for-new-song-to-love-a-boy-watch/) from the original on August 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-DeLeo_2020_77-0) DeLeo, Isabella (March 18, 2020). "Maya Hawke Announces Her Debut Album (https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/maya-hawke/maya-hawke-shares-new-single-by-myself-and-announc/) Blush , Shares New Single "By Myself" (https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/maya-hawke/maya-hawke-shares-new-single-by-myself-and-announc/) " (https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/maya-hawke/maya-hawke-shares-new-single-by-myself-and-announc/) . Paste (/wiki/Paste_(magazine)) . 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220711170721/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/maya-hawke-returns-with-new-single-blue-hippo) from the original on July 11, 2022 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) Kenneally, Cerys (June 30, 2022). "Maya Hawke announces second album with new song "Thérèse" (https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/maya-hawke-announces-second-album-with-new-song-therese) " (https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/maya-hawke-announces-second-album-with-new-song-therese) . The Line of Best Fit . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922050318/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/maya-hawke-announces-second-album-with-new-song-therese) from the original on September 22, 2022 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) Kenneally, Cerys (August 16, 2022). "Maya Hawke unveils new cut "Sweet Tooth" (https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/maya-hawke-unveils-new-cut-sweet-tooth) " (https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/maya-hawke-unveils-new-cut-sweet-tooth) . The Line of Best Fit . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220820164730/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/maya-hawke-unveils-new-cut-sweet-tooth) from the original on August 20, 2022 . Retrieved August 20, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) Holden, Finlay (September 21, 2022). "Maya Hawke has shared a new single, 'Luna Moth', ahead of her second album, 'MOSS' (https://readdork.com/news/maya-hawke-single-lunar-moss/) " (https://readdork.com/news/maya-hawke-single-lunar-moss/) . Dork . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921152109/https://readdork.com/news/maya-hawke-single-lunar-moss/) from the original on September 21, 2022 . Retrieved September 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Hawke, Maya (June 25, 2023). "Coming Around Again" (https://mayahawke.bandcamp.com/track/coming-around-again) . Bandcamp . Retrieved September 23, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) Hawke, Maya (February 14, 2024). "Missing Out" (https://mayahawke.bandcamp.com/track/coming-around-again) . Bandcamp . Retrieved September 23, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26th-SAGW_85-0) Nordyke, Kimberly; Lewis, Hilary; Howard, Annie; Chuba, Kirsten (January 19, 2020). "SAG Awards: 'Parasite' Wins Top Film Prize; 'Crown' and 'Mrs. Maisel' Named Best Drama, Comedy Series" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-sag-awards-winners-complete-list-1269687/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-female-actor-a-leading-role-1269689) . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416121753/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-sag-awards-winners-complete-list-1269687/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-female-actor-a-leading-role-1269689) from the original on April 16, 2021 . 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"The Women's Image Awards has announced its 2018 nominations" (https://www.goldderby.com/article/2018/womens-image-awards-nominations-mary-queen-of-scots-little-women-lead/) . goldderby.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171835/https://www.goldderby.com/article/2018/womens-image-awards-nominations-mary-queen-of-scots-little-women-lead/) from the original on September 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 7, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Verhoeven, Beatrice (July 7, 2022). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2022-hollywood-critics-association-broadcast-cable-tv-nominations-1235176458/) 'This Is Us,' 'Succession,' 'Severance' Lead 2022 HCA TV Nominations" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2022-hollywood-critics-association-broadcast-cable-tv-nominations-1235176458/) . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Albanian television personality and Miss Albania (born 1987) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Floriana Garo" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Floriana+Garo%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Floriana+Garo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Floriana+Garo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Floriana+Garo%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Floriana+Garo%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Floriana+Garo%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Floriana Garo Born ( 1987-02-15 ) 15 February 1987 (age 37) Durrës (/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs) , Albania (/wiki/Albania) Nationality Albanian Alma mater City College of New York (/wiki/City_College_of_New_York) Occupation(s) Spokesperson, Television presenter, journalist Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Partner Enis Daci Children Adia Daci, Priam Daci Relatives Sofokli Garo and Teuta Garo Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss World Albania 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Major competition(s) Miss World Albania 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania) (Winner) Miss World 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) (Unplaced) Website florianagaro (http://florianagaro.al) .al (http://florianagaro.al) Floriana Garo (born 15 February 1987) is an Albanian television personality and former Miss Albania. She represented Albania in the Miss World 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) beauty pageant. [1] (#cite_note-1) Garo was the first host of the entertainment show Jo Vetem Mode on TV Klan (/wiki/TV_Klan) as well as the first weather presenter (/wiki/Weather_presenter) on Albania's ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(Albania)) . In addition, she has also been the brand ambassador (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) for Albania's Cortefiel (/wiki/Cortefiel) clothing since 2011. Early life and education [ edit ] Born in Durres (/wiki/Durres) , she is the daughter of college professor Sofokli Garo and Teuta Garo, a physician. In 2002, she and her family moved to the United States where she lived for eight years. Garo is a graduate of the City College of New York (/wiki/City_College_of_New_York) having studied international relations (/wiki/International_relations) and played on the university volleyball team, winning Player of the Year in 2007 and 2009. She is fluent in English, Albanian, Italian, and French. Career [ edit ] Jo Vetem Modë [ edit ] “Jo vetem mode”, in English “Not only fashion”, is a lifestyle show in Albania, which airs on national TV Klan (/wiki/TV_Klan) . The 60 minute program, which started on February 16, 2013 is hosted and written by Floriana Garo. It is currently in its 4th Season with 28.9 shares rating. “Jo vetem mode” featured profiles of Albanian celebrities, athletes and politicians among which the First Lady of Albania (/wiki/First_Lady_of_Albania) , Odeta Nishani (/wiki/Odeta_Nishani) , Minister of Defense Mimi Kodheli (/wiki/Mimi_Kodheli) , Politician/Lawyer Spartak Ngjela (/w/index.php?title=Spartak_Ngjela&action=edit&redlink=1) , Lazio’s football player Lorik Cana (/wiki/Lorik_Cana) , the captain of the US Olympic Volleyball team Donald Suxho (/wiki/Donald_Suxho) , the famous clothing designer Ema Savahl (/w/index.php?title=Ema_Savahl&action=edit&redlink=1) , supermodel Angela Martini (/wiki/Angela_Martini) , etc. “Jo vetem mode” had a great influence in promoting tourism and new cultures by featuring interesting tourist destinations for Albanians to explore as well as promote Albania’s wonderful landscapes. The show explored new and luxurious travel and leisure destinations in Albania and Europe such as Sueno Deluxe resort in Turkey, Radika Ski resort in Macedonia, Queen ELizabeth Cruiseship, Sunshine hotel in Greece, Splendor Hotel in Dhërmi (/wiki/Dh%C3%ABrmi) , Albania, etc. “Jo vetem mode” took viewers inside some of the most important buildings in Albania such as the Palace of the Brigades, the new Ministry of Culture, Prime Minister’s Office as well as inside the residences of the Ambassador of Brazil and the ambassador of Kuwait in Albania. The program covered the latest fashion and cultural events such as the World Fashion week in Paris, Geraldina Sposa Bridal shows, Miss Universe Albania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania) , the annual Presidential ball, etc. In addition, it informed people of interesting activities to try in Albania such as helicopter rides, horseback riding, paragliding, wine tours and hiking in the Albanian Alps. “Jo vetem mode” was a point of reference for everyone who appreciates beauty, wanted to be inspired, and was looking for new and interesting things to do in Albania and beyond. The show was watched by Albanians all over the world through the Digital Platforms and has hundreds of thousands of views on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Other activities [ edit ] Floriana Garo Floriana was the first director and host of "Jo vetem mode" lifestyle show on the national TV Klan. She was also the first weather presenter for ABC News Albania (/wiki/ABC_News_Albania) . She represented Albania in Miss World 2012 in Ordos, China. This experience jump started her television career and made her even more well known for the Albanian public. In 2012, Garo presented a concert during the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania (/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Independence_of_Albania) in Nene Teresa Square (/wiki/Commemorations_of_Mother_Teresa##Mother_Teresa_in_Albania) (Mother Teresa Square). She co-presented Miss Globe (/wiki/Miss_Globe_Organisation) 2013 along with Gent Bejko and in November 2013, she presented the book fair in Tirana. Garo is the official spokesmodel (/wiki/Spokesmodel) for Cortefiel (/wiki/Cortefiel) Albania clothing brand. She has been in various television commercials for this brand. She modeled for Geraldina Sposa bridal shows in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Garo has been on the covers of "Living", "Icon", "VIP", " Coffee", Shije , Mapo Madame , Jeta and Klan magazines. Personal life [ edit ] In 2017 Floriana moved to Geneva to start a family with her husband, Swiss-Albanian lawyer Enis Daci. The couple has two children, Adia and Priam. Since January 2021, Garo has moved to Tirana (/wiki/Tirana) a second time with her family to contribute in the Democratic Party as the official campaign Spokesperson in the parliamentary elections. See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) List of Albanians (/wiki/List_of_Albanians) List of City College of New York alumni (/wiki/List_of_City_College_of_New_York_alumni) List of television presenters (/wiki/List_of_television_presenters) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Press release (24 July 2012). "CCNY-Groomed Miss Albania Shoots for the Stars – Floriana Garo, Class of 2011, Is Miss World Contestant" (http://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/Floriana-Garo-wins-Miss-Albania.cfm) . City University of New York (/wiki/City_University_of_New_York) . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . External links [ edit ] florianagaro (http://florianagaro.al) .al (http://florianagaro.al) , her official website Floriana Garo at Modelisto (http://al.modelisto.com/Wiki/Floriana-Garo/) Jo Vetem Mode v t e Miss World 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) national titleholders Floriana Garo Jessica Kahawaty (/wiki/Jessica_Kahawaty) Amina Dagi (/wiki/Amina_Dagi) Laura Beyne (/wiki/Laura_Beyne) Tara Teng (/wiki/Tara_Teng) Yu Wenxia (/wiki/Yu_Wenxia) Silvana Sánchez (/wiki/Silvana_S%C3%A1nchez) Cipriana Correia (/wiki/Cipriana_Correia) Maria Luisa Vicuña (/wiki/Maria_Luisa_Vicu%C3%B1a) Delphine Wespiser (/wiki/Delphine_Wespiser) Marie-Noëlle Ada (/wiki/Marie-No%C3%ABlle_Ada) Arti Cameron (/wiki/Arti_Cameron) Kelly Cheung (/wiki/Kelly_Cheung) Vanya Mishra (/wiki/Vanya_Mishra) Ines Putri (/wiki/Ines_Putri) Shani Hazan (/wiki/Shani_Hazan) Lee Yvonne (/wiki/Lee_Yvonne) Mariana Berumen (/wiki/Mariana_Berumen) Shristi Shrestha (/wiki/Shristi_Shrestha) Nathalie den Dekker (/wiki/Nathalie_den_Dekker) Damiete Charles Granville (/wiki/Damiete_Charles_Granville) Maricely González (/wiki/Maricely_Gonz%C3%A1lez) Queenierich Rehman (/wiki/Queenierich_Rehman) Weronika Szmajdzińska (/wiki/Weronika_Szmajdzi%C5%84ska) Janelee Chaparro (/wiki/Janelee_Chaparro) Elizaveta Golovanova (/wiki/Elizaveta_Golovanova) Bojana Lečić (/wiki/Bojana_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87) Nives Orešnik (/wiki/Nives_Ore%C5%A1nik) Atong Demach (/wiki/Atong_Demach) Vanessa Herrmann (/wiki/Vanessa_Herrmann) Gabriella Ferrari (/wiki/Gabriella_Ferrari) Vũ Hoàng My (/wiki/V%C5%A9_Ho%C3%A0ng_My) Sophie Moulds (/wiki/Sophie_Moulds) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐v7qx9 Cached time: 20240715022029 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.519 seconds Real time usage: 1.021 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6394/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 63610/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9577/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18724/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.294/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7798501/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 628.948 1 -total 35.76% 224.914 1 Template:Miss_World_2012_delegates 35.43% 222.826 1 Template:Navbox 28.20% 177.353 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 23.36% 146.926 33 Template:Flagicon 12.17% 76.518 1 Template:Reflist 10.59% 66.636 1 Template:Cite_web 9.53% 59.915 1 Template:BLP_sources 8.63% 54.253 1 Template:Ambox 7.96% 50.044 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41582914-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715022029 and revision id 1207534993. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floriana_Garo&oldid=1207534993 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floriana_Garo&oldid=1207534993) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1987 births (/wiki/Category:1987_births) Albanian models (/wiki/Category:Albanian_models) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Albanian expatriates in the United States (/wiki/Category:Albanian_expatriates_in_the_United_States) Albanian female models (/wiki/Category:Albanian_female_models) Albanian showgirls (/wiki/Category:Albanian_showgirls) Albanian television personalities (/wiki/Category:Albanian_television_personalities) City College of New York alumni (/wiki/Category:City_College_of_New_York_alumni) Miss World 2012 delegates (/wiki/Category:Miss_World_2012_delegates) Models from Tirana (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Tirana) Television weather presenters (/wiki/Category:Television_weather_presenters) Albanian women television presenters (/wiki/Category:Albanian_women_television_presenters) 21st-century Albanian people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Albanian_people) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) BLP articles lacking sources from July 2014 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_July_2014) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Use dmy dates from July 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2014) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
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Soviet Era field cap Ways of wearing the OKZK cap The OKZK cap is a balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) -like khaki (/wiki/Khaki) field cap (/wiki/Field_cap) that was issued by the Soviet Army (/wiki/Soviet_Army) as part of the NBC suit (/wiki/NBC_suit) OKZK ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : общевойсковой комплексный защитный костюм , lit. (/wiki/Literal_translation) 'combined arms complex protective suit'). Structure [ edit ] The OKZK cap is made of a thick cotton fabric that includes a layer of fabric impregnated with a chemical absorbent. The back of the cap has a buttoning system to attach a protective veil that can also be buttoned up. Keeping in line with its intended NBC purpose, the left side of the veil has a button held opening that is meant to enable the connection of a gas mask (/wiki/Gas_mask) filter, should the wearer want to use one in conjunction with the cap. [1] (#cite_note-1) This opening allowed it to be compatible with a number of different protective gear including: the PMK gas mask (/wiki/PMK_gas_mask) , the R-2 half-mask respirator, and a pair of flash protective OPF goggles. [2] (#cite_note-2) Usage [ edit ] In reality, the cap was always used along with the OKZK uniform by drivers and chemical corps. It was later issued to civil defense depots, seeing use by liquidator (/wiki/Chernobyl_liquidators) cleanup crews during the Chernobyl disaster (/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster) response. It is often erroneously referred to as "Syriyka" or "kepka Afghanka" in English-speaking countries, coming directly from erroneous commercial names and the belief that they were first issued for overseas use in desert or tropical climates such as Syria, Angola, Vietnam, and Cuba, and eventually during the earliest stages of the Soviet–Afghan War (/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War) . See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Afghanka (/wiki/Afghanka) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Russian/ Soviet Gas Masks" (https://www.donordie.com/russian-ussr-gas-masks) . DonOrDie.com . Retrieved 11 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "40th Army - Reenacting Group" (https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=937434446717009&id=687238301736626) . Facebook . Retrieved 29 September 2020 . [ better source needed ] NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐dpkqv Cached time: 20240710211647 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.261 seconds Real time usage: 0.364 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 600/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8990/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1120/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10204/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13842467/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 341.674 1 -total 36.19% 123.667 1 Template:Reflist 27.11% 92.632 1 Template:Lang-ru 23.41% 79.983 2 Template:Cite_web 17.57% 60.022 1 Template:Short_description 10.45% 35.721 2 Template:Pagetype 9.43% 32.228 1 Template:Better_source_needed 8.62% 29.443 1 Template:Fix 8.53% 29.140 1 Template:Portal 5.84% 19.968 1 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41618281-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710211647 and revision id 1138527645. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OKZK_cap&oldid=1138527645 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OKZK_cap&oldid=1138527645) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Military hats (/wiki/Category:Military_hats) Soviet military uniforms (/wiki/Category:Soviet_military_uniforms) Hidden categories: All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2023) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images) Articles containing Russian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text)
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Soft trousers made for athletic or leisure purposes This article is about the clothing. For the song by Childish Gambino (/wiki/Childish_Gambino) , see Sweatpants (song) (/wiki/Sweatpants_(song)) . For the fictional character, see Superior Donuts (TV series) § Main (/wiki/Superior_Donuts_(TV_series)#Main) . "Sweats" redirects here. For the condition, see Night sweats (/wiki/Night_sweats) . For perspiration, see sweating (/wiki/Sweating) . For other medical condition, see Hyperhidrosis (/wiki/Hyperhidrosis) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sweatpants) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sweatpants" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sweatpants%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sweatpants%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sweatpants%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sweatpants%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sweatpants%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sweatpants%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Three young men wearing traditional gray sweatpants Sweatpants are a casual (/wiki/Casual_attire) variety of soft trousers (/wiki/Trousers) intended for comfort (/wiki/Comfort) or athletic (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) purposes, although they are now worn in many different situations. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa they are known as tracksuit bottoms or trackies . In Australia and New Zealand, they are also commonly known as trackpants , tracky daks or joggers . [1] (#cite_note-1) They are also referred to as jogging pants in Canada. History [ edit ] The first pair of sweatpants was introduced in the 1920s by Émile Camuset (/wiki/%C3%89mile_Camuset) , the founder of Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) . These were simple knitted gray jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) pants that allowed athletes to stretch and run comfortably. [2] (#cite_note-2) Sweatpants became commonplace at the Olympic Games (/wiki/Olympic_Games) by the late 1930s, and were seen on many athletes in the decades that followed. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) introduced the tracksuit (/wiki/Tracksuit) that combined the sweatpants with a track top in 1964, which helped popularize athletic fashion. [4] (#cite_note-4) The rise of fitness culture (/wiki/Fitness_culture) , as well as the birth of hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) in 1980s America, led to the popularization of sweatpants as both leisurewear and streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) . [5] (#cite_note-:02-5) College students also contributed to sweatpants' rise in popularity in the United States. Since the 1910s, "sportswear" has been a staple in college campus style and in the 1970s and 80s designers began reimagining the " jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) knit fabric that had been used for gym garb" into clothes for students' everyday wear. [6] (#cite_note-6) Despite their rise in popular culture, sweatpants were often criticized in mainstream media in the 1990s and early 2000s; in the American sitcom Seinfeld (/wiki/Seinfeld) , the title character, Jerry, tells his friend "you're telling the world you've given up" when he appears in sweatpants. Fashion shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) and the resulting increase in remote work (/wiki/Remote_work) . Sales of sweatpants have increased since 2019, [7] (#cite_note-7) and many high-end fashion brands have moved toward creating simpler, athletic-casual inspired looks. [8] (#cite_note-8) Design [ edit ] Sweatpants are usually made from stretchy knitted jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) fabrics of differing weights, including single jersey, double jersey, fleeceback jersey, and loopback jersey (terry). They are a pull-on style pants and often have a flexible elasticated waistband (/wiki/Waistband) with a drawstring closure. They may or may not have a fly and pockets. Some sweatpants can also feature elasticized cuffs at the hem (/wiki/Hem) of the leg. Sweatpants are traditionally ash gray (/wiki/Ash_gray) in color but are now available in most colors. Traditionally quite "baggy" and loose, sweatpants are now also available in more form-fitting shapes; moreover, they have flexibility and comfort. [ citation needed ] Culture [ edit ] At one time, these pants were only worn for sporting events and at home. Now, they are available in many fashionable styles and are worn in a variety of public situations. Because of their comfort and fashion, they have become a popular choice of clothing. Sweatpants may come from many different materials and in many forms including thick and thin. Sweatpants are sometimes associated with certain lifestyles such as gym culture (/wiki/Gym_culture) or hip-hop culture (/wiki/Hip-hop_culture) . [9] (#cite_note-9) This niche-specific perception of sweatpants since the 1980s has at times resulted in extensive dress code regulations with some outlets outright banning the wearing of sweatpants on their premises, including some German cafés and a substantial number of nightclubs worldwide. [10] (#cite_note-10) Variations [ edit ] Woman wearing tearaway pants There are many variations on sweatpants design that have evolved to define their own categories of athletic pants. These variations include fashion pants , windpants , tearaway pants , and muscle pants . [ citation needed ] Fashion pants [ edit ] Fashion pants typically refers to fashion conscious sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) . These pants are often made from a variety of materials, like velvet (/wiki/Velvet) or satin (/wiki/Satin) , and in many color combinations or patterns. One distinguishing characteristic is that fashion pants generally lack the elastic band at the ankles. They are considered a form of athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) wear. [11] (#cite_note-11) Windpants [ edit ] Windpants are similar to sweatpants but are lighter and shield the wearer from cold wind rather than insulate. Windpants are typically made of polyester or nylon, with a liner made of cotton or polyester. The nylon material's natural friction against both itself and human legs makes "swooshing" sounds during walking. Windpants often have zippers on each ankle, letting athletes unzip the end of each leg, allowing the pants to be pulled over their footwear. [ citation needed ] Tearaway pants [ edit ] Tearaway pants , also known as breakaway pants , rip-off pants , or popper pants are closely related to windpants. Tearaway pants are windpants with snap fasteners (/wiki/Snap_fastener) running the length of both legs. The snaps allow athletes to remove their tearaway pants in a timely manner to compete in some sports. Basketball and track and field are the two sports most commonly associated with tearaway pants. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Pryor, Lisa (25 October 2002). "In her tracky daks, a Hollywood star turns invisible" (https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/in-her-tracky-daks-a-hollywood-star-turns-invisible-20021025-gdfr8o.html) . Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Naomi Watts: 'I look like a completely different person when I just wake up and get my tracky daks on' ^ (#cite_ref-2) VanHooker, Brian (24 November 2017). "The Cultural History of Sweatpants" (https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/the-cultural-history-of-sweatpants) . MEL Magazine (/wiki/MEL_Magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_3-0) "The Cultural History of Sweatpants" (https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/the-cultural-history-of-sweatpants) . MEL Magazine . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Guzzetta, Marli (2019). "Athleisure Used to Be Just an Outfit. Here's How It Became a Lifestyle" (https://www.inc.com/magazine/201906/marli-guzzetta/athleisure-athletic-wear-clothing-apparel-brands-tracksuit-yoga-pants.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-:02_5-0) "The Cultural History of Sweatpants" (https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/the-cultural-history-of-sweatpants) . MEL Magazine . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Clemente, Deirdre (2014). Dress Casual: How College Students Redefined American Style . UNC Press Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4696-1408-3 . [ page needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-7) Elan, Priya (25 April 2020). "No sweat: how tracksuit bottoms became the height of lockdown fashion; Sales of sweatpants soar as fashionistas embrace the joys of an elasticated waistline in their working-from-home outfits" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/apr/25/no-sweat-how-tracksuit-bottoms-became-the-height-of-lockdown-fashion) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Hunt, Kenya (10 February 2021). "Sweatpants are no longer 'a defeat.' Every day you get dressed is a win" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/10/sweatpants-are-no-longer-defeat-every-day-you-get-dressed-is-win/) . The Washington Post . Gale (/wiki/Gale_(identifier)) A651370688 (https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA651370688) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Germany: Stuttgart cafe bans sweatpants" (http://www.dw.com/en/germany-stuttgart-cafe-bans-sweatpants/a-41504760) . Deutsche Welle (/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) McLennan-Dillabough, Sarah (1 November 2013). "Mediating Access: The Utilization of Status Evaluation Processes in the Work of Bouncing" (https://doi.org/10.18357%2Ftar41201312682) . The Arbutus Review . 4 (1): 45–62. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.18357/tar41201312682 (https://doi.org/10.18357%2Ftar41201312682) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sportswomen's Apparel Around the World . New Femininities in Digital, Physical and Sporting Cultures. 2021. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-030-46843-9 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-46843-9) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-030-46842-2 . 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Fashion in Russia and the Soviet Union This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( March 2015 ) ”Two Russian Beauties” by Filipp Malyavin (/wiki/Filipp_Malyavin) (c.1905) Russian fashion is diverse and reflects contemporary fashion norms as well as the historical evolution of clothing across the Russian Federation (/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia) . Russian fashion is thought to be influenced by the state's socialist ideology (/wiki/Socialism) , the various cultures within Russia, and the cultures of surrounding regions. History of Soviet fashion [ edit ] A USSR stamp, Painting. Date of issue: 22 August 1988. Designer: A. Zharov., Michel 5861, Scott B137 10+5 K. multicoloured. "Portrait of O.K. Lansere" ( Z.E. Serebryakova (/wiki/Zinaida_Serebriakova) , 1910) The New Economic Policy (1920s) [ edit ] The New Economic Policy (/wiki/New_Economic_Policy) 's authorization of private business allowed Western fashion to enter the Soviet Union. [1] (#cite_note-1) However, Bolshevik (/wiki/Bolshevik) ideology opposed Western fashion consumption as an intrinsically capitalist practice. Western fashion emphasized both economic status and gender differences in a system that sought to deemphasize both. [2] (#cite_note-Bartlett-p13-2) In the early 1920s, Party (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) -sanctioned magazines like Rabotnitsa (/wiki/Rabotnitsa) ("The Working Woman") and Krest’yanka ("The Peasant Woman") offered discourse on fashion. Covers displayed women in plain work clothes, yet the magazines often contained advertisements for private companies selling stylish attire. [3] (#cite_note-3) By 1927, however, the magazines’ message was consistent: women should be judged on their capability for work, not their appearance. Fashion, as a beauty aid, was therefore considered bourgeois (/wiki/Bourgeois) and detrimental to socialist society. [4] (#cite_note-4) In its place, the state commissioned projects to engineer a new Soviet type of dress, which drew on traditional clothing, constructivist (/wiki/Constructivism_(art)) forms, and technological facilities. [2] (#cite_note-Bartlett-p13-2) Constructivists like Varvara Stepanova (/wiki/Varvara_Stepanova) and Alexander Rodchenko (/wiki/Alexander_Rodchenko) agreed that fashion driven by the market was inherently harmful. [5] (#cite_note-5) They employed the simple geometry of cubism (/wiki/Cubism) to design clothing that was functional, easily mass-produced, and sometimes unisex (/wiki/Unisex) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Due to a lack of adequate material and machinery, however, this prozodezhda , or "production clothing", did not appeal to the proletariat (/wiki/Proletariat) audience for which it was intended. [7] (#cite_note-7) Designs were only available to the most privileged members of the intelligentsia (/wiki/Intelligentsia) , who ultimately preferred Western fashion to the highly experimental prozodezhda . [8] (#cite_note-8) Further information on jewelry produced between 1922 and 1991: Soviet jewelry (/wiki/Soviet_jewelry) Stalin Era (1930s-1950s) [ edit ] During the Stalin era (/wiki/Stalin_era) , anti-fashion sentiments dissipated. Party-sanctioned magazines now promoted fashion and beauty as necessary parts of a Soviet woman's life. Rabotnitsa included fashion advice in almost every issue and regularly reported on new fashion houses opening across the Soviet Union. [9] (#cite_note-Attwood-p164-9) Krest’yanka even organized traveling shows to bring fashion to the countryside. [10] (#cite_note-10) The promoted aesthetics were highly varied, ranging from urban polish to ornate decoration. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) This new interest in fashion was connected to Joseph Stalin (/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) ’s assertion that "life has become better and more cheerful". [13] (#cite_note-Attwood-p132-13) Persistent images of plain women and quaint peasants were thought to propagate the capitalist (/wiki/Capitalist) view that socialism engenders poverty. [9] (#cite_note-Attwood-p164-9) Fashionable and beautiful clothes were a signal of culture and quality of life equal (or superior) to that under capitalism. Stakhanovites (/wiki/Stakhanovites) , as foremost examples of successful workers, were expected to adhere to particularly high standards of appearance. They were often photographed wearing fine clothing even as they went to the factory. [13] (#cite_note-Attwood-p132-13) In reality, the touted fashions were beyond most citizens’ means. Soviet industry was unable to produce fashionable clothing in significant quantity, and what did exist was not available for general sale. [14] (#cite_note-14) During World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , the Soviet fashion industry went on hiatus. [15] (#cite_note-15) If the average Soviet citizen desired a particularly stylish item of clothing, they were usually forced to commission a private tailor. [16] (#cite_note-16) Day-to-day fashion was often self-produced, and magazines consistently advised women to take a do-it-yourself (/wiki/Do_it_yourself) (DIY) approach to their appearance. [17] (#cite_note-17) Khrushchev Era (1950s-1960s) [ edit ] The Khrushchev Thaw (/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw) brought a greater representation of Western fashion to domestic media. Journalists (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) were sent abroad to report on the latest international fashion trends. [18] (#cite_note-18) However, state-owned fashion institutions and magazines moderated these trends for Soviet audiences. Fashion "crazes" were rejected in favor of classic, long-running styles. [19] (#cite_note-19) In addition, moderation and modesty were stressed. [20] (#cite_note-20) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) ’s signature style, for example, was particularly admired as a symbol of timelessness and simple sophistication. [21] (#cite_note-21) An article in the New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) from 1959 slammed Soviet fashions as unremarkable, "clumsy copies" of outdated Western forms. [22] (#cite_note-22) Availability of these styles, however, was on the rise. Shops like the newly reopened GUM department store (/wiki/GUM_(department_store)) now carried the new fashions, albeit at high prices. [23] (#cite_note-Attwood-p145-23) Where previous generations reminisced about the ‘Great Patriotic War’ and Joseph Stalin's ' red terror (/wiki/Red_terror) ', the 50s and 60s, gave rise to the ‘Sputnik generation’ and the notorious stilyagi (/wiki/Stilyagi) ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : стиляги ) who championed a new, youthful wave in popular culture. [24] (#cite_note-:1-24) In the Mid-1950s, the Soviet government enacted an anti-stilyagi campaign through "public censure, humiliation and shame" for being influenced by and promoting excessively Western fashion norms. [24] (#cite_note-:1-24) In previous generations, fashion had not been a focal point for Soviet ideologists and was often viewed as an "anomaly in socialism" by these circles. [25] (#cite_note-:2-25) However, at the turn of the Second World War (/wiki/Second_World_War) , during the Khrushchev Thaw (/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw) , authorities became aware of fashion as a ‘natural force’ in society; particularly as more women became interested in dressing well. [26] (#cite_note-26) Therefore, fashion became an avenue through which the Soviet government would, primarily, seek to rebuild a war-torn nation and revitalise the efforts of promoting pro-Party sentiment. [27] (#cite_note-Tsipursky_2018_13-27) The symbol of the post-War "New Soviet People" would thus emerge, wherein trendy youths would help construct the modernist image of a new communist utopia [27] (#cite_note-Tsipursky_2018_13-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) and subsequently help fight counterculture movements like the stilyagi from the pop-cultural front. The institution of fashion in the Khrushchev Era was characterised by a system of state-financed Parallel Organisations. [29] (#cite_note-29) There are indications that Khrushchev, while still opposing the excessive nature of art and architecture in Western culture, was lenient in his judgement towards fashion and the clothing industry. [30] (#cite_note-:0-30) In 1964, Khrushchev oversaw the Fourth Session of the Supreme Council of the USSR that promoted measures towards The Communist Party Program in the field of Raising the People’s Prosperity . [30] (#cite_note-:0-30) He declared: Working people want to acquire clothes and shoes that have an up-to-date style and beautiful color and that correspond to the season and to fashion. This is a good thing. But the Third Party Program to which he referred (adopted at the Twenty-Second Party Congress in 1961), and which promised the arrival of full communism in the 1980s, made no mention of the notion of fashion. As for clothing consumption, it was only meant to satisfy the "rational needs of reasonable people". [31] (#cite_note-31) From the early 1960s to the late 1980s, the USSR would develop the largest system of fashion design and marketing in the Socialist World; with 30 regional fashion houses employing over 2802 designers. [25] (#cite_note-:2-25) The state's new approach towards fashion was carefully calculated. The promotion of exorbitant fashion that occurred in the Stalin era, and the contrast to actual availability, had led to public resentment. In the Khrushchev era (/wiki/Khrushchev_era) , the state-owned clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) was still unable to produce mass amounts of fashionable clothing. [32] (#cite_note-32) However, simplified fashions, rejection of excess, and high prices gave the industry a measure of control over consumer demand. [23] (#cite_note-Attwood-p145-23) By the early 1960s, the middle class' standards of appearance had risen such that Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) street fashion was nearly indistinguishable from that in a Western city. [33] (#cite_note-33) At the same time, counterculture (/wiki/Counterculture) fashion movements grew among elite youths. The stilyagi (/wiki/Stilyagi) , or "style hunters", originally based their look on media portrayals of Western (especially American) fashions. Men wore items such as Hawaiian shirts (/wiki/Hawaiian_shirts) , sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) , narrow slacks, and pointed shoes, while female stilyagi wore miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirts) and maintained a childlike demeanor. These styles were labeled as "excessive", and Komsomol (/wiki/Komsomol) groups would sometimes raid stilyagi hideouts and cut off their hair and pant legs. [34] (#cite_note-34) To some historians, the Khrushchev era, thus, represented an ideological shift largely promoted by international contacts through commodity exchange; [35] (#cite_note-35) signifying the new current of Western values, at least, in relations to cultural expression. However, these views are controversial with some scholars taking aim at the growth of collective surveillance from the Soviet government and the emergence of ‘volunteer policing’ that increased the "prevalence of social control at the daily level under Khrushchev". [24] (#cite_note-:1-24) Brezhnev Era (1970s-1980s) [ edit ] By the end of the 1960s, Soviet fashion institutions, like the centralized fashion bureau ODMO (All-Union House of Prototypes), were embracing increasingly novel Western trends. [36] (#cite_note-36) At the same time, there was still a need to establish distinctively Soviet fashions. "Space fashion," for example, fit directly into state ideology by glorifying a triumph of Soviet science (/wiki/Soviet_science) . [37] (#cite_note-37) Reality, however, differed from ODMO's designs. Soviet industry could not keep up with the demand for fashionable goods, and supply in USSR shops was worse than in other socialist countries. [38] (#cite_note-38) The public was also dissatisfied with the available items. For example, Soviet women so disliked promoted designs involving Russian ethnic prints (/wiki/Textile_printing) that the style ultimately became more popular in the West than in the Soviet Union itself. [39] (#cite_note-39) The middle class increasingly idealized Western fashion, as it was visible but not easily obtainable. [40] (#cite_note-40) American-made blue jeans (/wiki/Jeans) were an especially desirable item. [41] (#cite_note-41) Secondhand stores (/wiki/Second-hand_shop) were one source of Western fashion, as visitors from the West could import goods and sell them for high profits. The retail chain Beriozka (/wiki/Beriozka) also sold some Western clothing, but only to the privileged few who could pay in hard currency or foreign exchange certificates. Foreign exchange certificates and Western clothing were also available on the black market (/wiki/Black_market) . [42] (#cite_note-42) Gorbachev Era (1980s) [ edit ] Under perestroika (/wiki/Perestroika) , varied fashion became acceptable. In 1987, Gorbachev (/wiki/Gorbachev) allowed a Russian edition of Burda Fashion (/wiki/Burda_Style) magazine to be produced and distributed. [43] (#cite_note-43) The next year, Zhurnal mod (/w/index.php?title=Zhurnal_mod&action=edit&redlink=1) began a new run as the first "proper" fashion magazine in the Soviet Union. In content, it was virtually indistinguishable from a Western fashion magazine, although ODMO provided all the styles. [44] (#cite_note-44) When the nineteenth party conference met in the summer of 1989, they passed a resolution to increase the production of consumer goods. Fashionable clothes were mentioned specifically in the proceedings. [45] (#cite_note-45) Despite advocates for fashion at the highest level of bureaucracy, real changes in production failed to take place. The Ministry of Light Industries set quotas for the creation of new products, but textile factories recycled older patterns and products instead. [46] (#cite_note-46) Meanwhile, relaxation of censorship under glasnost (/wiki/Glasnost) made the middle class even more aware of their Western counterparts. They felt that they deserved fashionable clothing as a status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) , but still could not easily obtain it. [47] (#cite_note-47) One of the brightest representatives of this era is a Russian designer Vyacheslav (Slava) Zaitsev (/wiki/Vyacheslav_Zaitsev) . In this era, Russian media in the field of fashion and culture were born, for example, the Magazine "Krestyanka" and others. Modern era (1990s-2010s) [ edit ] The collapse of the USSR (/wiki/Collapse_of_the_USSR) in 1991 resulted in the flooding of the consumer market with imported American and European designer clothing, especially blue jeans (/wiki/Blue_jeans) . [48] (#cite_note-48) Neon colors such as hot pink (/wiki/Hot_pink) , orange, turquoise (/wiki/Turquoise_(color)) or electric blue, acid wash (/wiki/Acid_wash) denim, rhinestone (/wiki/Rhinestone) or sequin (/wiki/Sequin) dresses, black leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) , and geometric printed clothing featuring triangles, zigzags (/wiki/Zigzag) , lozenges (/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)) and lightning bolts (/wiki/Lightning_strike) were particularly popular in Yeltsin (/wiki/Yeltsin) 's Russia during the early to mid 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_Russian_fashion) . [49] (#cite_note-49) Skater fashion (/wiki/Skater_subculture) was particularly popular among teenagers in many former Warsaw Pact (/wiki/Warsaw_Pact) countries. [50] (#cite_note-50) Russian fashion during the 2000s and 2010s generally followed Western trends, with slim fitting grey or navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) suits being particularly popular among professional men. At the same time, however, some traditional accessories such as the ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) or astrakhan cap (/wiki/Astrakhan_cap) made a comeback as part of a backlash against the West, due to many Russians rediscovering their national pride. [51] (#cite_note-51) Modern fashion could not do without the support of Russian fashion media: Fashion Collection, FashionTV (/wiki/FashionTV) Russia, InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) Russia, Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Russia, Melon Rich, Moda.ru, La Boheme Magazine (/wiki/La_Boheme_Magazine) and many others. Historiography [ edit ] Djurdja Bartlett highlights the difference between the production and consumption of fashion in the USSR (including satellite states such as Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland and Yugoslavia) and argued that production through Soviet-style five year plans slowed the development of fashion initially, when comparing these instances with the capitalist West. [52] (#cite_note-52) However, she makes clear that this changed during the post-war period when counter-culture movements began idolising "self-expression by means of clothing". [53] (#cite_note-53) Olga Gurova discussed for the post-War and Khrushchev period how rather than producing new clothes, citizens would re-use old and worn-out clothes from the post-War period "when eagerness to acquire new fashion prevailed". [54] (#cite_note-54) Larissa Zakharova addressed this fact too and stated this individualistic element of ‘DIY-ing’ clothes was symbolic of Western fashion influence. Zakharova also argued that aside from the individual production of clothes, the fashion industry operated as an arm of state apparatus influenced by Soviet policy and ideology. Both of these modes existing in conjunction demonstrate the "various contradictions" of the Thaw era. [55] (#cite_note-55) In her paper ‘Dior in Moscow’, Zakharova further addresses how the Khrushchev administration tried to bolster the fashion culture in the Soviet Union by providing luxurious items inspired by the haute-couture fashion houses of the West but, at the same time, using this as precedence to secure a tighter grip over Soviet fashion houses. [56] (#cite_note-56) Historians Mila Oiva, Anna Ivanova and Elena Huber placed women at the forefront of shifting fashion trends. [57] (#cite_note-Binder-57) How socialist fashion moved from abject functionality ( funktsional’nost ) to a desire for stylish items that coincided with the Western ‘haute-couture’ fashion houses largely has to do with the reimagination of the Soviet working woman as a woman that dresses "well and elegantly". [57] (#cite_note-Binder-57) See also [ edit ] Deconstruction (fashion) (/wiki/Deconstruction_(fashion)) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Astrakhan cap (/wiki/Astrakhan_cap) Lenin hat (/wiki/Lenin_hat) Stilyagi (/wiki/Stilyagi) 1950s in Russian fashion (/wiki/1950s_in_Russian_fashion) 1960s in Russian fashion (/wiki/1960s_in_Russian_fashion) 1970s in Russian fashion (/wiki/1970s_in_Russian_fashion) 1990s in Russian fashion (/wiki/1990s_in_Russian_fashion) 2010s in Russian fashion (/wiki/2010s_in_Russian_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Djurdja Bartlett, FashionEast: The Spectre That Haunted Socialism (Cambridge: MIT Press (/wiki/MIT_Press) , 2010), 28. ^ Jump up to: a b Bartlett, FashionEast , 13. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lynne Attwood, Creating the New Soviet Woman (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 67. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Attwood, New Soviet Woman , 68. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bartlett, FashionEast , 24. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Bartlett, FashionEast , 15. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bartlett, FashionEast , 22. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bartlett, FashionEast , 26. ^ Jump up to: a b Attwood, New Soviet Woman , 164. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Attwood, New Soviet Woman , 133. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Bartlett, FashionEast , 72. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Bartlett, FashionEast , 64-65. ^ Jump up to: a b Attwood, New Soviet Woman , 132. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Attwood, New Soviet Woman , 134. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Bartlett, FashionEast , 82. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Attwood, New Soviet Woman , 135. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Bartlett, FashionEast , 244. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Bartlett, FashionEast , 141. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Bartlett, FashionEast , 174. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Olga Vainshtein, "Female Fashion, Soviet Style: Bodies of Ideology" in Russia—Women—Culture , ed. Helena Goscilo and Beth Holmgren (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 70. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Bartlett, FashionEast , 248. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Bartlett, FashionEast , 139. ^ Jump up to: a b Bartlett, FashionEast , 145. ^ Jump up to: a b c Tsipursky, "Fighting Western Fashion", 19. ^ Jump up to: a b Gronow, Jukka; Zhuravlev, Sergey (2015), "The Early Years of the Moscow, All-Union Fashion House", Fashion Meets Socialism , Fashion industry in the Soviet Union after the Second World War, vol. 20, Finnish Literature Society, pp. 78–91, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789522226655 , JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) j.ctvggx2cr.7 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvggx2cr.7) ^ (#cite_ref-26) Zhuravlev, Gronow. Fashion Meets Socialism: Fashion Industry in the Soviet Union after the Second World War . p. 126. ^ Jump up to: a b Tsipursky (2018). Fighting Western Fashion . p. 13. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Crane, Diana (2000). Fashion and Its Social Agendas . University of Chicago Press. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7208/chicago/9780226924830.001.0001 (https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226924830.001.0001) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780226117997 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Stecker, Pamela (1996), "The nature of Clothing and Fashion", The Fashion Design Manual , Macmillan Education UK, pp. 35–40, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-1-349-15162-2_3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-15162-2_3) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781349151646 ^ Jump up to: a b Zakharova, Larissa (2010). Dior in Moscow: a Taste for Luxury in Soviet Fashion under Khrushchev . Northwestern University Press. p. 97. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Cubbin, Tom (2016). "Dekorativnoe Iskusstvo SSSR (Decorative Arts in the USSR) (1957–93)". The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design : 351–352. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5040/9781472596178-bed-d031 (https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472596178-bed-d031) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781472596178 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Bartlett, FashionEast , 150. ^ (#cite_ref-33) Bartlett, FashionEast , 184. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Christoph Neidhart, Russia’s Carnival: The Smells, Sights, and Sounds of Transition (Lanham, Maryland: Rowmand and Littlefield, 2003), 49. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Gurova, Olga (1 January 2016), "3 Ideology of Consumption in the Soviet Union", Communism and Consumerism , BRILL, pp. 68–84, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/9789004303973_004 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004303973_004) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789004303973 ^ (#cite_ref-36) Bartlett, FashionEast , 213. ^ (#cite_ref-37) Bartlett, FashionEast , 214. ^ (#cite_ref-38) Bartlett, FashionEast , 216. ^ (#cite_ref-39) Bartlett, FashionEast , 230. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Vainshtein, "Female Fashion," 73. ^ (#cite_ref-41) Neidhart, Russia's Carnival , 50. ^ (#cite_ref-42) Bartlett, FashionEast , 267. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Neidhart, Russia's Carnival , 48. ^ (#cite_ref-44) Bartlett, FashionEast , 236. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Neidhart, Russia's Carnival , 44. ^ (#cite_ref-46) Bartlett, FashionEast , 223. ^ (#cite_ref-47) Bartlett, FashionEast , 240. ^ (#cite_ref-48) Menzel, Rebecca (2004). Jeans in der DDR: vom tieferen Sinn einer Freizeithose (in German). Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-86153-335-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "1990s Russian fashion" (http://rbth.com/arts/2014/04/08/getting_it_right_and_getting_it_wrong_the_heady_style_of_the_heady_1990s_35759.html) . 8 April 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071139/https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/04/08/getting_it_right_and_getting_it_wrong_the_heady_style_of_the_heady_1990s_35759.html) from the original on 28 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Raspopina, Sasha. "Soviet skaters" (http://calvertjournal.com/articles/show/7882/skateboarding-ussr-soviet-skating) . The Calvert Journal . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170809041408/http://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/7882/skateboarding-ussr-soviet-skating) from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Russian hats" (http://rbth.com/arts/2014/01/28/russian_winter_hats_ushanka_kubanka_petushok_33635.html) . 28 January 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145231/http://rbth.com/arts/2014/01/28/russian_winter_hats_ushanka_kubanka_petushok_33635.html) from the original on 25 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Bartlett (2010). FashionEast: The Spectre That Haunted Socialism . p. 32. ^ (#cite_ref-53) Binder, Eva (22 March 2018). "Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Culture in the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1985". Zeitschrift für Slawistik . 63 (1): 183–187. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1515/slaw-2018-0011 (https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fslaw-2018-0011) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2196-7016 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2196-7016) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 67827296 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67827296) . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Binder (26 October 2013). "Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Culture in the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1985" (http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=5185&view=pdf) . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Binder. "Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Culture in the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1985" (http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=5185&view=pdf) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Zakharova, Larissa (2010), "Dior in Moscow", Pleasures in Socialism , Northwestern University Press, pp. 95–119, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/j.ctv43vtgm.7 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv43vtgm.7) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810164741 ^ Jump up to: a b Binder. "Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Culture…" (http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=5185&view=pdf) . 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Overview of fashion in the Federal Republic of Germany Berlin Fashion Week (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Germany (/wiki/Germany) plays an important role in the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) , along with France (/wiki/French_fashion) , the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , the United States (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) , Italy (/wiki/Italian_fashion) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) , and Japan (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) . German fashion is known for unconventional young designers and manufacturers of sports and outdoor clothing, ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and custom-made (/wiki/Made_to_measure) creations. [1] (#cite_note-1) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , the country's capital city, is also a fashion capital of the world and the home of Berlin Fashion Week (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) , the country's main event where young and creative German fashion designers showcase unique creations. [2] (#cite_note-fashionunited-2) Other important cities to the German fashion landscape are Munich (/wiki/Munich) , [3] (#cite_note-3) Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) and Cologne (/wiki/Cologne) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Smaller places such as Herford (/wiki/Herford) , Metzingen (/wiki/Metzingen) , Herzogenaurach (/wiki/Herzogenaurach) , Schorndorf (/wiki/Schorndorf) , Chemnitz (/wiki/Chemnitz) , Albstadt (/wiki/Albstadt) and Detmold (/wiki/Detmold) . [5] (#cite_note-5) are also important design and production hubs of the German fashion industry. Cities [ edit ] Berlin [ edit ] Berlin Fashion Week (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) ( Berliner Modewoche ) is a fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) held twice annually (in January and July) in Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) . Since its establishment in July 2007 it has gained great international attention for its many creative young designers who are flourishing in the fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) of Berlin. [6] (#cite_note-6) Since July 2011, the event has taken place part in front of the Brandenburg Gate (/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate) . Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) is the main sponsor of the fashion week. Zalando SE (/wiki/Zalando_SE) is a publicly traded German online retailer of shoes, fashion and beauty active across Europe, headquartered in Berlin. The company was founded in 2008 by David Schneider and Robert Gentz and has more than 51 million active users in 25 European markets. Zalando is active in a variety of business fields – from multi-brand online shopping (including their own brands), the shopping club Lounge by Zalando, outlets in 12 German cities, as well as logistics and marketing offers for retailers. In 2022, Zalando generated revenue of 10.3 billion Euro, with roughly 16,000 employees. Düsseldorf [ edit ] Königsallee (/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsallee_(D%C3%BCsseldorf)) Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) has been the fashion (/wiki/Fashion) capital of Germany for decades (/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)) ; it is also a major cultural center for the art scene. Berlin, Germany's 'fashion capital' until 1945, lost its position because of its special location (/wiki/History_of_Berlin) within the Soviet occupation zone (/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone) . After the monetary reform (/wiki/Monetary_reform) of June 20, 1948, fashionable clothes trends gained importance. Igedo (/wiki/Igedo) organised fashion shows staged in Düsseldorf starting in March 1949. [7] (#cite_note-7) There are a number of schools dedicated to fashion design in Düsseldorf, among them Akademie Mode & Design ( de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Akademie_Mode_%26_Design) ), Design Department , and Mode Design College . [8] (#cite_note-8) The Königsallee is an urban boulevard (/wiki/Boulevard) and is noted for both the landscaped canal (/wiki/Canal) that runs along its center, as well as for the fashion showrooms (/wiki/Showroom) and luxury (/wiki/Luxury_good) retail stores (/wiki/Retail_stores) located along its sides. Nicknamed Kö ( German pronunciation: [køː] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) ⓘ (/wiki/File:De-K%C3%B6.ogg) ) by locals, the Königsallee is one of Germany's busiest upscale shopping (/wiki/Shopping) streets. [9] (#cite_note-9) Economy [ edit ] In around 1,300 companies with more than 130,000 employees, a revenue of 28 billion Euro is generated by the German textile industry. Almost 44 percent of the products are exported. The textile branch thus is the second largest producer of consumer goods (/wiki/Consumer_good) in Germany, after food production. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Adidas [ edit ] Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) ´s factory in Herzogenaurach (/wiki/Herzogenaurach) This section is an excerpt from Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) . [ edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adidas&action=edit) ] Adidas AG (/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft) ( German pronunciation: [ˈʔadiˌdas] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) ⓘ (/wiki/File:De-Adidas.ogg) ; stylized in all lowercase (/wiki/All_lowercase) since 1949) [12] (#cite_note-12) is a German athletic apparel and footwear corporation (/wiki/Corporation) headquartered in Herzogenaurach (/wiki/Herzogenaurach) , Bavaria (/wiki/Bavaria) , Germany. It is the largest sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) manufacturer in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , and the second largest in the world, after Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) It is the holding company (/wiki/Holding_company) for the Adidas Group, which also owns an 8.33% stake of the football club Bayern München (/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich) , [15] (#cite_note-15) and Runtastic (/wiki/Adidas_Runtastic) , an Austrian fitness technology company. Adidas's revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion. [16] (#cite_note-Adidas_FY2018-16) The company was started by Adolf Dassler (/wiki/Adolf_Dassler) in his mother's house. He was joined by his elder brother Rudolf (/wiki/Rudolf_Dassler) in 1924 under the name Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ("Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory"). Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes (/wiki/Track_spikes) ) for multiple athletic events. To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear, he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber. Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens (/wiki/Jesse_Owens) to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics) . In 1949, following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers, Adolf created Adidas and Rudolf established Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) , which became Adidas's business rival. [17] (#cite_note-Adidas_history-17) The three stripes (/wiki/Three_stripes) are Adidas's identity mark, having been used on the company's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid. The branding, which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports (/wiki/Karhu_Sports) for the equivalent of €1,600 and two bottles of whiskey, [18] (#cite_note-Adidas_smit-18) [19] (#cite_note-Adidas_ChadwickArthur2007-438-19) became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as "The three stripes company". [18] (#cite_note-Adidas_smit-18) [19] (#cite_note-Adidas_ChadwickArthur2007-438-19) Puma [ edit ] Puma (/wiki/Puma) ´s world headquarters in Herzogenaurach (/wiki/Herzogenaurach) This section is an excerpt from Puma (brand) (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) . [ edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puma_(brand)&action=edit) ] World headquarters in Herzogenaurach (/wiki/Herzogenaurach) Puma SE (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) is a German multinational corporation (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) who design and manufacture athletic and casual footwear, apparel, and accessories, headquartered in Herzogenaurach (/wiki/Herzogenaurach) , Bavaria (/wiki/Bavaria) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) . Puma is the third largest sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) manufacturer in the world. [20] (#cite_note-Puma_(brand)_top3-20) The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler (/wiki/Rudolf_Dassler) (1898–1974). In 1924, Rudolf and his brother Adolf "Adi" Dassler (/wiki/Adolf_Dassler) had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ('Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory'). The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated (/wiki/Dassler_brothers_feud) until they agreed to split in 1948, forming two separate entities, Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) and Puma. Following the split, Rudolf originally registered the newly established company as Ruda (derived from Rudolf Dassler, as Adidas was based on Adi Dassler), but later changed the name to Puma . Puma's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered, along with the company's name, in 1948. Puma's shoe and clothing designs feature the Puma logo and the distinctive "Formstrip" which was introduced in 1958. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmit200933-21) Other Brands [ edit ] A Hugo Boss store Other famous fashion brands include MCM (/wiki/MCM_Worldwide) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Escada (/wiki/Escada) , JOOP! (/wiki/JOOP!) , Bruno Banani (/wiki/Bruno_Banani) , Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) , Triumph (/wiki/Triumph_International) , Schiesser (/wiki/Schiesser) , Closed (/wiki/Closed_GmbH) , Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) , Valisere (/wiki/Valisere) , Jack Wolfskin (/wiki/Jack_Wolfskin) , Ulla Popken (/wiki/Ulla_Popken) , Buffalo (/wiki/Buffalo_(footwear)) , Rohde (/wiki/Rohde_Shoes) , Marc O'Polo (/wiki/Marc_O%27Polo) , Tom Tailor (/wiki/Tom_Tailor) , s.Oliver (/wiki/S.Oliver) , Esprit (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) , Wunderkind (/wiki/Wunderkind_(fashion)) , Seidensticker (/w/index.php?title=Seidensticker&action=edit&redlink=1) , Windsor. (/w/index.php?title=Windsor.&action=edit&redlink=1) , Jaques Britt (/w/index.php?title=Jaques_Britt&action=edit&redlink=1) , Naketano (/w/index.php?title=Naketano&action=edit&redlink=1) . There are also various agencies hosting multiple German brands and designers at once, such as zLabels Berlin . [22] (#cite_note-22) Also the big department stores like Kaufhof (/wiki/Kaufhof) and Karstadt (/wiki/Karstadt) , retail chains like Peek & Cloppenburg (/wiki/Peek_%26_Cloppenburg) , Ulla Popken (/wiki/Ulla_Popken) and NewYorker (/wiki/NewYorker) or mail order and online shops like Otto (/wiki/Otto_GmbH) and Zalando (/wiki/Zalando) have various in-house fashion brands. See also: Category:Clothing companies of Germany (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Germany) Fairs [ edit ] The Bread & Butter (/wiki/Bread_%26_Butter_(tradeshow)) in Berlin [23] (#cite_note-23) is a leading trade fair for street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) and ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) trends, twice annually during Berlin Fashion Week. [2] (#cite_note-fashionunited-2) [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) The Igedo (/wiki/Igedo) fair Collection Première Düsseldorf in Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) (CPD) was the world's dominating fashion fair for years. [26] (#cite_note-26) Designers [ edit ] Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) Renowned fashion designers from Germany are e.g. Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss_(fashion_designer)) , Wolfgang Joop (/wiki/Wolfgang_Joop) , Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander) , Michael Michalsky (/wiki/Michael_Michalsky) , Etienne Aigner (/wiki/Etienne_Aigner) , Tomas Maier (/wiki/Tomas_Maier) , Robert Geller (/wiki/Robert_Geller) , Philipp Plein (/wiki/Philipp_Plein) , Rudolph Moshammer (/wiki/Rudolph_Moshammer) , Torsten Amft (/wiki/Torsten_Amft) , Uli Herzner (/wiki/Uli_Herzner) , Gabriele Strehle, Christoph Tisch, Marc Engelhard, [27] (#cite_note-27) Willy Bogner (/wiki/Willy_Bogner_Jr.) , Rudolf (/wiki/Rudolf_Dassler) and Adi Dassler (/wiki/Adolf_Dassler) . [28] (#cite_note-28) See also: List of fashion designers § Germany (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#Germany) , and Category:German fashion designers (/wiki/Category:German_fashion_designers) Media [ edit ] Important fashion media of Germany include the German Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) , Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , Jolie (/wiki/Jolie_(magazine)) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) , Life&Style and Sleek magazines. The German fashion magazine with the longest continued tradition is Burda Style (/wiki/Burda_Style) , that was first published by Aenne Burda (/wiki/Aenne_Burda) in 1950, who also established the major Bauer Media Group (/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group) . Also various general women magazines and tabloids like Joy (/wiki/Joy_(magazine)) , Brigitte (/wiki/Brigitte_(magazine)) , Petra , Gala and Bunte (/wiki/Bunte) are influential in regards to fashion perception. As for television, FashionTV (/wiki/FashionTV) can be received via cable or satellite. Various casting shows reach a large audience in Germany, including Germany's Next Topmodel (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel) by Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) . Also on ProSieben (/wiki/ProSieben) , the series Fashion Hero (/wiki/Fashion_Star) starring Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) was looking for fashion design talents. The Shopping Queen format at VOX (/wiki/VOX_(German_TV_channel)) stars designer Guido Maria Kretschmer, it provides five contestants with 500 EUR to buy them a fashion outfit and styling in four hours, to compete with each other. Agencies [ edit ] Important modeling agency (/wiki/Modeling_agency) locations in Germany are Berlin ( izaio, CORE Artist Management, Seeds Models, Viva Models, OneEins ), Munich ( Louisa Models (/wiki/Louisa_Models) , Most Wanted Models, Munich Models (/wiki/Munich_Models) , Nova Models, Talents München, Vivienne Models ) and Hamburg ( CORE Artist Management, MGM Models, iconic management, m 4 models, Mega Models, Model Management, Modelwerk (/w/index.php?title=Modelwerk&action=edit&redlink=1) , Most Wanted Models, Place Models, PMA Models ). Also agencies in Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) and Zurich (/wiki/Zurich) host models based in Germany, as well as major global agencies like IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) , DNA, Elite (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) , Models 1 (/w/index.php?title=Models_1&action=edit&redlink=1) and NEXT (/wiki/NEXT_Model_Management) . [29] (#cite_note-29) Models [ edit ] There is a range of fashion models from Germany that made it to international fame, such as Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) , Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , Diane Kruger (/wiki/Diane_Kruger) , Eva Padberg (/wiki/Eva_Padberg) , Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) , Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) , Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) , Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) , Manon von Gerkan, Birte Glang (/wiki/Birte_Glang) , Nico (/wiki/Nico) , Uschi Obermaier (/wiki/Uschi_Obermaier) , Carola Remer (/w/index.php?title=Carola_Remer&action=edit&redlink=1) , Franziska Knuppe (/wiki/Franziska_Knuppe) , Vanessa Hegelmaier (/wiki/Vanessa_Hegelmaier) , Lena Gercke (/wiki/Lena_Gercke) , Sara Nuru (/wiki/Sara_Nuru) , Barbara Meier (/wiki/Barbara_Meier) , Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) , Claudia Ciesla (/wiki/Claudia_Ciesla) , Aslı Bayram (/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_Bayram) , Shermine Shahrivar (/wiki/Shermine_Shahrivar) , Evelyn Sharma (/wiki/Evelyn_Sharma) , Victoria Jancke, Marten Laciny (/wiki/Marteria) , Nico Schwanz and Lars Burmeister (/wiki/Lars_Burmeister) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Franziska Knuppe (/wiki/Franziska_Knuppe) Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) See also: Category: German models (/wiki/Category:German_models) Education [ edit ] Fashion education in Germany is centered on art schools, universities (/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany) and the major fashion manufacturers. [31] (#cite_note-31) Academic institutions that offer courses in fashion design include: Multiple locations Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) , Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) , Munich (/wiki/Munich) : AMD Academy of Fashion and Design (/wiki/AMD_Academy_of_Fashion_and_Design) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Leipzig (/wiki/Leipzig) , Schwerin (/wiki/Schwerin) : Design Hochschule [34] (#cite_note-34) Berlin Berlin University of the Arts (/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts) (UDK) Berlin University of the Arts (/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts) [35] (#cite_note-35) HTW Berlin (/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Wirtschaft) Lette-Verein Berlin (/wiki/Lette-Verein) Fashion and Design School Weissensee (/wiki/Weissensee_(Berlin)) Academy of Arts [36] (#cite_note-36) Atelier Chardon Savard Berlin (https://www.atelier-chardon-savard.net/?Mobile) Others Bremen (/wiki/Bremen) : University of the Arts Bremen (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_Bremen) Düsseldorf: Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf) Halle (/wiki/Halle/Saale) : Giebichenstein Castle Academy of Arts (/wiki/Giebichenstein_Castle) Hamburg: HAW Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg_University_of_Applied_Sciences) Karlsruhe (/wiki/Karlsruhe) : Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Karlsruhe) Munich: Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich) Nuremberg (/wiki/Nuremberg) : Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Nuremberg) References [ edit ] Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Germany) on the Culture of Germany (/wiki/Culture_of_Germany) History (/wiki/History_of_Germany) History of Germany (/wiki/History_of_Germany) Science and Technology (/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany) ( List of German inventions and discoveries (/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries) ) People (/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Germany) Demographics (/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany) Germans (/wiki/Germans) Poles (/wiki/Poles_in_Germany) Russians 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(/wiki/Portal:Germany) v t e Stern Magazine (https://web.archive.org/web/20140202100230/http://www.stern.de/lifestyle/mode/style-extra-deutsche-mode-602238.html) Style-Extra - Deutsche Mode (German) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Stars tragen deutsche Mode Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141028181113/http://www.vogue.de/mode/star-style/mode-trends-stars-tragen-deutsche-mode) 2014-10-28 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ( Stars wear German fashion ), Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , August 12, 2013, retrieved January 18, 2014 (German) ^ Jump up to: a b "Berlin as a fashion capital: the improbable rise" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844) . Fashion United UK . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Munich - The stuff dreams are made of (https://www.welt.de/print/wams/vermischtes/article1349heisgay1278/Der-Stoff-aus-dem-die-Traeume-sind.html) (German), Welt ^ (#cite_ref-4) Men’s Fashions in Cologne (http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2440) , Cologne developed into the capital of men’s fashion in the Federal Republic; twice a year, it was the site of International Men’s Fashion Week [Internationale Herrenmodewoche]. , GHDI ^ (#cite_ref-5) Die deutsche Mode kommt aus der Provinz ( The German fashion also comes from the province ), Brigitte, Issue 15/2012, retrieved January 18, 2014 (German) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Berlin as a fashion capital: the improbable rise" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844) . Fashion United UK . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Verkaufs- und Modewoche Düsseldorf (source: Der Spiegel (/wiki/Der_Spiegel) 2/1950 (https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145426/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html) 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion Schools" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160406223337/http://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/fashion-shopping/fashion/fashion-schools/) . www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de . Archived from the original (https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/fashion-shopping/fashion/) on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Shoppingstraßen in Deutschland: Kö nur noch Nummer Zwei" (https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/duesseldorf-koe-landet-bei-luxuseinkaufstrassen-auf-platz-zwei_aid-23964129) . rp-online.de (in German) . Retrieved 2022-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "BMWI Branchenfokus Textil und Bekleidung" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141101200743/http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/branchenfokus,did=196528.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/branchenfokus,did=196528.html) on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "2014 Annual Economic Report" (http://www.bmwi.de/EN/Service/publications,did=641134.html) . Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy BMWi . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The History of Adidas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130317011942/http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=4465) . On This Day In Fashion . Archived from the original (http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=4465) on 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Adidas, Deutsche Telekom, Infineon: German Equity Preview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121106120858/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ah3ZhaeNWMdM) . Bloomberg L.P. (/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.) 16 January 2008. Archived from the original (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ah3ZhaeNWMdM) on 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Ranking of the largest sporting goods manufacturers worldwide in 2009, based on revenue" (https://www.statista.com/statistics/271302/the-largest-sportswear-manufacturers-worldwide-by-revenue/) . Statista.com . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Allianz steigt nach Adidas und Audi beim FC Bayern München ein" (https://www.autohaus.de/nachrichten/schadenbusiness/triple-a-teilhaber-allianz-steigt-nach-adidas-und-audi-beim-fc-bayern-muenchen-ein-2775793) . Autohaus.de (in German). 2014-02-13 . Retrieved 2021-12-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-Adidas_FY2018_16-0) "Adidas Annual Report 2018" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190624060640/https://report.adidas-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/adidas_Annual_Report_GB-2018-EN.pdf) (PDF) . Adidas Group . Archived from the original (https://report.adidas-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/adidas_Annual_Report_GB-2018-EN.pdf) (PDF) on 24 June 2019 . Retrieved 25 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Adidas_history_17-0) "History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150208215436/http://www.adidas-group.com/en/group/history/) . Adidas Group . Archived from the original (http://www.adidas-group.com/en/group/history/) on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Smit, Barbara (2007). Pitch Invasion, Adidas, Puma and the making of modern sport . Penguin. p. 44. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-14-102368-7 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chadwick, Simon & Arthur, Dave (2007). International Cases in the Business of Sport . Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 438. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7506-8543-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puma_(brand)_top3_20-0) Maguire, Lucy (7 February 2022). "CEO Bjørn Gulden on the big Puma comeback" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220207075923/https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/ceo-bjorn-gulden-on-the-big-puma-comeback) . Vogue Business (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/ceo-bjorn-gulden-on-the-big-puma-comeback) on 2022-02-07 . Retrieved 2022-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmit200933_21-0) Smit 2009 (#CITEREFSmit2009) , p. 33. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "zLabels" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150305213409/http://zlabels.de/index_en.php) . Archived from the original (http://zlabels.de/index_en.php) on 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "B&b -BBB" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120730155209/http://www.breadandbutter.com/summer2012-therock/home) . B&b . Archived from the original (http://www.breadandbutter.com/) on 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Bread & Butter Berlin" (http://10times.com/bread-butter-berlin) . 10times . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Bread & Butter Berlin(BBB) confirms its position as the leading international trade fair and trademark. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Bread & Butter Berlin" (http://www.the-gild.com/blog/bread-and-butter-berlin) . TheGild . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . (BBB), the leading international trade event for progressive, contemporary clothing brands ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Messedatenbank - AUMA" (http://www.auma.de/_pages/MessenDeutschland/MessenDeutschland.aspx?sprache=d) . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "In Style & Fashion" (https://www.pinterest.de/engelhard2455/design/) . 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-28) German Fashion Designers (http://www.vogue.de/tags/d/deutsche-designer) (de), Vogue magazine, retrieved 30 October 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-29) Fashion agencies in Germany (http://www.vogue.de/fashion-shows/models/models-modelagenturen-karriere-als-model) , Vogue magazine ^ (#cite_ref-30) German Fashion Models (http://www.vogue.de/tags/d/deutsche-models) (de), Vogue magazine, retrieved 30 October 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-31) Studying fashion in Germany (http://www.mode-studieren.de/mode-studiengaenge-deutschland/) (de) ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Fashion - AMD" (http://www.amdnet.de/programm/fashion/) . AMD . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) About AMD Academy (https://www.notjustalabel.com/school/amd-hamburg) , notjustalabel.com ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Designschule Schwerin: Gamedesign, Modedesign, Kommunikationsdesign" (http://www.designschule.de/) . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Studiengang Design - Universität der Künste Berlin" (http://www.design.udk-berlin.de/) . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Weißensee Kunsthochschule Berlin" (http://www.kh-berlin.de/en.html) . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Bibliography [ edit ] Smit, Barbara (2009). Sneaker Wars . New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-124658-6 . 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Italian fashion designer (born 1971) Massimiliano Giornetti (born 29 October 1971 in Carrara (/wiki/Carrara) ) is an Italian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . He has been the creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of the luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) company Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) from 2004 to 2016, and the creative director at the Hong Kong luxury fashion house Shanghai Tang (/wiki/Shanghai_Tang) since 2018. Education and career [ edit ] A graduate in English language and literature, he attended the fashion design course at the Polimoda (/wiki/Polimoda) [ when? ] in Florence, and has worked with the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) and the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Giornetti's career in the fashion industry began in Rome (/wiki/Rome) where he worked for a year with designer Anton Giulio Grande on the development of the ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collections; he later worked as a designer for a knitwear company specializing in cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) . Salvatore Ferragamo [ edit ] Giornetti began working in the men's division at Salvatore Ferragamo in July 2000, becoming creative director in 2004. [2] (#cite_note-2) In January 2010, he began designing the women's ready-to-wear collection, and after a few months he was appointed creative director for the entire Ferragamo label, becoming the company's first creative director. [ citation needed ] In 2011, Giornetti presented the first Salvatore Ferragamo women's resort collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) with an intimate show held in the former residence of heiress, philanthropist and art collector Doris Duke (/wiki/Doris_Duke) (one of the last mansions on Millionaire's Row (/wiki/Millionaire%27s_Row) of New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) 's Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) ). [ citation needed ] He left the brand in March 2016. [3] (#cite_note-Citation1:2016:TheNY-3) Writes The New York Times , "When his collections were well received, Mr. Giornetti was often praised for polish and poise, but this could be a double-edged sword. Guy Trebay, the men’s wear fashion critic for The New York Times , reviewing Mr. Giornetti’s most recent men’s wear collection in January [2016], faulted it for 'an excess of correctness.'" [3] (#cite_note-Citation1:2016:TheNY-3) Collections [ edit ] In 2012, Salvatore Ferragamo was involved in a project combining art and history. The company sponsored the Saint Anne (/wiki/Saint_Anne) – Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) 's Ultimate Masterpiece exhibition at the Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) museum in Paris (/wiki/Paris) between 29 March and 25 June 2012. To mark the occasion, Giornetti presented the Salvatore Ferragamo women's resort 2013 collection in the Louvre's Denon Wing (/w/index.php?title=Denon_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1) , marking the first time that the museum had opened its internal spaces for a fashion show. [4] (#cite_note-4) Supermodels, including Bianca Balti (/wiki/Bianca_Balti) , Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) , Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) , and Karmen Pedaru (/wiki/Karmen_Pedaru) , paraded on a 140-metre (460-foot) catwalk in front of over 500 VIP guests. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2013, Salvatore Ferragamo was the title sponsor of the inaugural evening of the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts (/wiki/Wallis_Annenberg_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts) in Beverly Hills, California (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) , where Giornetti presented the Salvatore Ferragamo spring/summer 2014 collection, highlighted by evening gowns (/wiki/Evening_gown) designed especially for the occasion and inspired by the brand's founding in Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) almost 100 years ago. [6] (#cite_note-6) Awards [ edit ] This section of a biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) does not include (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any references or sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources: "Massimiliano Giornetti" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Massimiliano+Giornetti%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Massimiliano+Giornetti%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Massimiliano+Giornetti%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Massimiliano+Giornetti%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Massimiliano+Giornetti%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Massimiliano+Giornetti%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) November 2011: GQ Spain (/wiki/GQ) – "Man of the Year" award for best designer November 2012: Marie Claire Spain (/wiki/Marie_Claire) – "Best accessory collection" of the year award August 2013: "City of Carrara award for excellence – category Made in Italy" November 2013: GQ Mexico (/wiki/GQ) – International Designer of the year [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of Italians (/wiki/List_of_Italians) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ramshaw, Emily (21 September 2013). "Family Affair: How Ferragamo Is Taking Over" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140130022849/http://www.flare.com/fashion/family-affair-how-ferragamo-is-taking-over/) . Flare (/wiki/Flare_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.flare.com/fashion/family-affair-how-ferragamo-is-taking-over/) on 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Wilson, Anamaria (30 October 2012). "Fashion's Best Kept Secret" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-photography/ferragamo-massimiliano-giornetti-fashion-shoot-1112#slide-1) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Schneier, Matthew (24 March 2016), "Ferragamo Parts Ways With Its Designer" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/w-salvatore-ferragamo-haute-bohemians/) , The New York Times ^ (#cite_ref-4) Morris, Bob (13 November 2012). "Ferragamo's Italian Renaissance" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/spotlight/massimiliano-giometti-interview) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Martin, J.J. (18 November 2012). "Massimiliano Giornetti –The Ferragamo Fit" (http://nuvomagazine.com/magazine/winter-2012/the-ferragamo-fit) . NUVO . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Haskell, Rob. "Ferragamo's L.A. Story – With Help from Well-Heeled Friends, the Italian Fashion House Revisits Its Hollywood Roots" (http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2014/01/salvatore-ferragamo-hollywood-los-angeles/) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Massimiliano Giornetti, dalla moda al design" (https://www.lanazione.it/massa-carrara/cronaca/massimiliano-giornetti-dalla-moda-al-design-1.4506528) . La Nazione (/wiki/La_Nazione) . 24 March 2019 . Retrieved 2 January 2021 . Rodale, Inc. (October 2008). Best Life . Rodale, Inc. pp. 34–. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1548-212X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-212X) . 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Italian clothing company OTB, S.p.A. Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) ( S.p.A. (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni) ) Industry Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 2002 ; 22 years ago ( 2002 ) Founder Renzo Rosso (/wiki/Renzo_Rosso) Headquarters Via dell'Industria, 2, Breganze (/wiki/Breganze) , Veneto (/wiki/Veneto) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Area served Worldwide Key people Renzo Rosso (/wiki/Renzo_Rosso) ( President (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) ) Ubaldo Minelli ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Revenue 1,9 mlrd € [1] (#cite_note-1) (2023) Number of employees Over 7,000 (2023) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) List of subsidiaries (#Subsidiaries) Website www (https://www.otb.net/) .otb (https://www.otb.net/) .net (https://www.otb.net/) Only The Brave, S.p.A. , commonly known as OTB Group , is an Italian holding (/wiki/Holding_company) multinational corporation (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) specializing in luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) , headquartered in Breganze (/wiki/Breganze) . The company was founded in 2002 by Renzo Rosso (/wiki/Renzo_Rosso) as a holding company (/wiki/Holding_company) for Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) and future acquisitions of fashion houses. OTB Group is the parent company of a number of brands, including Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) , Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) , Marni (/wiki/Marni_(clothing)) , Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) , and Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) . The company recorded an annual revenue of €1.9 billion [2] (#cite_note-2) in 2023. Ubaldo Minelli has been CEO of the company since 2017. [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] After acquiring complete control of Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) in 1985, OTB's founder Renzo Rosso (/wiki/Renzo_Rosso) continued to grow his portfolio through the acquisition of Staff International, a fashion production, logistics, and marketing company, in October 2000. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2002, OTB Group was founded as a holding company (/wiki/Holding_company) to invest in fashion designers and companies that lacked financial stability, but produced designs deemed creative and promising by Rosso. [5] (#cite_note-5) Then, the company acquired French luxury fashion house Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) in 2002 and Dutch luxury fashion house Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) in 2008. In 2011, Brave Kid was founded as a subsidiary of OTB Group that specializes in the product development, production, and distribution of licensed premium children's clothing and accessories. Brave Kid holds license agreements with Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) , John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) , Dsquared² (/wiki/Dsquared2) , Marni (/wiki/Marni_(fashion_house)) , [6] (#cite_note-6) N21 and Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Italian luxury fashion house Marni (/wiki/Marni_(clothing)) was acquired in 2012, [8] (#cite_note-8) followed by Amiri in 2019 and Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) in 2021. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2023, OTB Group acquired a majority stake in leather goods manufacturer Frassineti, long-term supplier of the Jil Sander brand. [10] (#cite_note-10) Subsidiaries [ edit ] A list of OTB Group's wholly or partially owned brands and subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiaries) . [11] (#cite_note-11) AMIRI (/wiki/Mike_Amiri) Brave Kid Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) Marni (/wiki/Marni_(clothing)) Staff International Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) Philanthropy [ edit ] OTB Foundation [ edit ] OTB Foundation is a not-for-profit (/wiki/Nonprofit_organization) organization founded in 2008 to contribute to the sustainable development of less advantaged areas. In 2009, Rosso, together with Millennium Promise (/wiki/Millennium_Promise) , started supporting the development of the Only The Brave Millennium Village, in Dioro, Mali (/wiki/Dioro,_Mali) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Established in 2005, Millennium Promise non-profit organization solely committed to supporting the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals to halve extreme poverty by 2015. In February 2012, Rosso was invited by the Permanent Mission (/wiki/Permanent_Mission) of Italy (/wiki/Italy) to the United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) to host a press conference at The United Nations together with Jeffrey Sachs (/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs) , Director of The Earth Institute (/wiki/The_Earth_Institute) at Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) and Special Advisor to The United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon) , about the progress of Millennium Promise and OTB Foundation. [13] (#cite_note-13) The Brave Circle Fund was created in 2012 to help people hit by the 2012 earthquakes in Emilia-Romagna (/wiki/Emilia-Romagna) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [14] (#cite_note-wwd.com-14) A personal endowment of 5 million euros was dedicated to setting up a micro-credit program for local people and small and medium enterprises who need help in reconstructing homes and businesses, but who normally would not have access to the traditional banking system because of their lack of guarantees. [14] (#cite_note-wwd.com-14) At launch, Rosso said the aim was to fund "700–800 projects with €5,000–50,000 each." In June 2008, Rosso donated HK$2,000,000 (or US$250,000) to the Special Relief Fund established by UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) for children affected by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake (/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake) . [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Redazione (16 February 2024). "Nel 2023 il fatturato di Otb sale a 1,9 miliardi, +10%" (https://www.ansa.it/veneto/notizie/2024/02/16/nel-2023-il-fatturato-di-otb-sale-a-19-miliardi-10_fd2fb3a3-3734-428b-9b14-39224316071b.html) . Ansa (in Italian) . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Zargani, Luisa (16 February 2024). "Diesel Parent OTB Reports 2023 Sales Gains, CEO Confirms IPO Plans" (https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/diesel-parent-otb-2023-sales-gains-ceo-confirms-ipo-plans-1236194851/) . WWD . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Zargani, Luisa. "Ubaldo Minelli to Helm OTB" (https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/otb-only-the-brave-renzo-rosso-holding-new-ceo-ubaldo-minelli-11062186/) . www.com . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Otb tiene nel 2014 grazie a Staff International – Pambianconews notizie e aggiornamenti moda, lusso e made in Italy" (https://www.pambianconews.com/2015/05/04/otb-tiene-nel-2014-grazie-a-staff-international-174034/) . 4 May 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "History of Diesel SpA" (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/diesel-spa-history/) . fundinguniverse.com . 2001 . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Muret, Dominique (12 January 2015). "Marni changes partners for its children's line" (https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/marni-changes-partners-for-its-children-s-line,454979.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Muret, Dominique (15 November 2016). "Trussardi recruits new partner for junior line" (https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Trussardi-recruits-new-partner-for-junior-line,753516.html) . FashionNetwork.com . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Zargani, Luisa (26 October 2016). "OTB Buys Paula Cademartori Brand" (https://wwd.com/business-news/mergers-acquisitions/otb-buys-paula-cademartori-brand-renzo-rosso-10691114/) . wwd.com . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Renzo Rosso's OTB buys Jil Sander brand" (https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2021/03/05/renzo-rossos-otb-buys-jil-sander-brand_c476f15a-e2c5-4ff9-87f5-c6112faf8116.html) . ansa.it. ansa.it. 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 5 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Elisa Anzolin (4 May 2023), Italy's fashion group OTB buys leather manufacturer Frassineti (https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/italys-fashion-group-otb-buys-leather-manufacturer-frassineti-2023-05-04/) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Brands of the OTB Group" (https://www.otb.net/) . otb.net . Retrieved 1 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Di Drusco, Di Fabia (25 May 2012). "The goals of Renzo Rosso" (https://www.vogue.it/uomo-vogue/people-stars/2012/05/the-goals-of-renzo-rosso) . vogue.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Renzo Rosso e Jeffrey Sachs insieme per il Mali" (http://america24.com/news/renzo-rosso-e-jeffrey-sachs-insieme-per-il-mali) . 14 February 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b "Renzo Rosso Creates Fund to Help with Earthquake Relief" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/helping-hand-6114889) . 26 July 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Renzo Rosso Creates Fund to Help with Earthquake Relief" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/helping-hand-6114889/) . 26 July 2012. 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Clothing style For the racehorse, see Normcore (horse) (/wiki/Normcore_(horse)) . Examples of normcore clothing Normcore is a unisex (/wiki/Unisex) fashion trend (/wiki/Fashion_trend) characterized by unpretentious, average-looking clothing. Normcore fashion includes jeans, T-shirts, sweats, button-downs, and sneakers. History [ edit ] The word "normcore" first appeared in a 2008 guest strip by Ryan Estrada for the webcomic (/wiki/Webcomic) Templar, Arizona (/wiki/Templar,_Arizona) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-On_the_origins_of-2) In 2013, the word was employed by trend forecasting (/wiki/Trend_forecasting) group K-HOLE (/wiki/K-HOLE_(trend_forecasting_group)) in a report titled "Youth Mode: A Report on Freedom". [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-Guardian_17_December_2014-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) As used by K-HOLE, the word referred to an attitude, not a code of dress. It was intended to mean "finding liberation in being nothing special". [9] (#cite_note-Dazed-9) In 2014, an article in New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine by author Fiona Duncan (/wiki/Fiona_Alison_Duncan) [10] (#cite_note-10) conflated normcore with what K-HOLE referred to as "ActingBasic", a concept which involved dressing neutrally to avoid standing out. It was this misunderstanding of normcore that gained popular usage. [7] (#cite_note-Guardian_17_December_2014-7) [9] (#cite_note-Dazed-9) That same year, "normcore" was named runner-up for neologism (/wiki/Neologism) of the year by the Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . [7] (#cite_note-Guardian_17_December_2014-7) In 2016, the word was added to the AP Stylebook (/wiki/AP_Stylebook) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Fashion [ edit ] Normcore wearers are people who do not wish to distinguish themselves from others by their clothing. [12] (#cite_note-12) This does not mean that they are unfashionable people who wear whatever is easiest, but rather that they consciously choose clothes that are functional and undistinguished. The "normcore" trend has been interpreted as a reaction to ever-changing fashion trends, as normcore clothes are generally seen as timeless and unaffected by trends. [13] (#cite_note-NZZ_30_May_2014-13) Normcore clothes are unisex (/wiki/Unisex) and are usually casual items (/wiki/Casual_wear) such as hoodies, T-shirts, polo shirts, short-sleeved buttoned shirts, sweatpants, chinos, jeans, shorts, and sneakers; items such as suit jackets, ties, blouses, boots, and dress shoes are avoided. [13] (#cite_note-NZZ_30_May_2014-13) The characters featured on the sitcom Seinfeld (/wiki/Seinfeld) (1989–1998) are frequently cited as exemplifying the aesthetics and ethos of normcore fashion. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Clothes that meet the "normcore" description are mainly sold by large fashion and retail chains such as The Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , [16] (#cite_note-Gap's_normcore_ads-16) Jack & Jones (/wiki/Jack_%26_Jones) , Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) , Jigsaw (/wiki/Jigsaw_(clothing_retailer)) , and Esprit (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) . They are generally cheaply produced in East Asian (/wiki/East_Asia) countries. Many other retailers such as Marc O'Polo (/wiki/Marc_O%27Polo) , Woolrich (/wiki/Woolrich) , Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) , Closed (/wiki/Closed_GmbH) , and Scotch & Soda (/wiki/Scotch_and_Soda_(clothing)) produce normcore-like clothes combined with individual design ideas. [13] (#cite_note-NZZ_30_May_2014-13) Menocore [ edit ] A variation on this concept for women has been called "menocore" from menopause (/wiki/Menopause) . It is loose and comfortable clothing, usually in light or neutral colors, that fits a variety of informal social situations. The style suggests that the wearer is mature, self-confident, and not seeking attention from men. Designer brands associated with this style of dress include Eileen Fisher (/wiki/Eileen_Fisher) , J. Jill (/wiki/J._Jill) , and Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-:0-19) Columnist Sara Tatyana Bernstein has said that the style suggests that the wearer has leisure time and wealth, giving it class connotations (/wiki/Social_class) , and that it can be stereotyped as the style of a woman who is middle-aged or older and already wealthy enough that she does not need the kind of job that would require more formal clothing. The style may also be adopted by women outside the stereotype as an aspirational style to suggest that they wish to eventually attain the financial security, leisure, and other lifestyle elements available to older and wealthier women. [19] (#cite_note-:0-19) See also [ edit ] Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Plain dress (/wiki/Plain_dress) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Friedman, Nancy (March 3, 2014). "Word of the Week: normcore" (http://nancyfriedman.typepad.com/away_with_words/2014/03/word-of-the-week-normcore.html) , Fritinancy . Retrieved January 12, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-On_the_origins_of_2-0) "On the origins of "normcore", The Eyeopener" (https://theeyeopener.com/2019/11/on-the-origins-of-normcore/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Williams, Alex (April 2, 2014). "The New Normal" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/03/fashion/normcore-fashion-movement-or-massive-in-joke.html) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved June 7, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Duncan, Fiona (February 26, 2014). "Normcore: Fashion for Those Who Realize They’re One in 7 Billion" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/02/normcore-fashion-trend.html) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 7, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Cochrane, Lauren (February 27, 2014). "Normcore: The Next Big Fashion Movement?" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/fashion-blog/2014/feb/27/normcore-the-next-big-fashion-movement) , The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved June 7, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Frank, Thomas (April 27, 2014). "Hipsters, They're Just Like Us! 'Normcore,' Sarah Palin, and the GOP's Big Red State Lie" (http://www.salon.com/2014/04/27/hipsters_they%E2%80%99re_just_like_us_normcore_sarah_palin_and_the_gops_big_red_state_lie/) , Salon (/wiki/Salon_(website)) . Retrieved June 7, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c Benson, Richard (December 17, 2014). "Normcore: how a spoof marketing term grew into a fashion phenomenon" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/dec/17/normcore-spoof-marketing-term-fashion-phenomenon) . Retrieved December 18, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Tschorn, Adam (May 18, 2014). "Normcore Is (or Is It?) a Fashion Trend (or Non-Trend or Anti-Trend)" (http://www.latimes.com/style/la-ig-normcore-20140518-story.html) , Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved January 4, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b Gorton, Thomas. "Everyone's getting normcore wrong, say its inventors" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/19118/1/everyones-got-normcore-totally-wrong-say-its-inventors) . Dazed (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 18, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Normcore: Fashion for Those Who Realize They're One in 7 Billion" (https://www.thecut.com/2014/02/normcore-fashion-trend.html) . The Cut . February 26, 2014 . Retrieved April 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "AP style changes take effect with debut of redesigned Stylebook" (http://www.ap.org/Content/Press-Release/2016/AP-style-changes-take-effect-with-debut-of-redesigned-Stylebook) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . June 1, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ferrier, Morwenna (June 21, 2014). "The End of the Hipster: How Flat Caps and Beards Stopped Being So Cool" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/jun/22/end-of-the-hipster-flat-caps-and-beards) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved July 8, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c van Rooijen, Jeroen (May 30, 2014). "Trendthema "Normcore": Die Mittelpracht" (http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/panorama/die-mittelpracht-1.18312015) . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung) . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Kim, Eun Kyung (March 5, 2014). "Normcore: 'Seinfeld' look turns bland into fashion trend" (http://www.today.com/style/normcore-seinfeld-look-turns-bland-fashion-trend-2D79317923) . Today.com . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/06/normcore_n_4912788.html) Real Meaning Of Normcore, The Fashion Trend That Went Oddly Viral" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/06/normcore_n_4912788.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . March 6, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Gap's_normcore_ads_16-0) Franzen, Carl (August 28, 2014). "Watch David Fincher's normcore ads for The Gap" (https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/28/6079587/watch-david-finchers-normcore-ads-the-gap) . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Ross, Harling (June 8, 2018). "Menocore is the New Normcore, and It's a Lot More Comfortable" (https://repeller.com/menocore-fashion-trend/) . Repeller . Retrieved November 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Burger, Kevyn (November 14, 2018). "With 'menocore' style, middle age is all the rage" (https://apnews.com/article/57c58276907c480e8fc2b1ab93cb79b2) . AP NEWS . Retrieved November 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bernstein, Sara Tatyana (October 18, 2017). "Dressing Older Is About Wealth" (https://www.racked.com/2017/10/18/16453412/menocore-wealth-age-eileen-fisher) . Racked . Vox Media . Retrieved October 21, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Listen to this article ( 2 minutes ) Duration: 2 minutes and 9 seconds. 2:09 This audio file (/wiki/File:En-normcore-article.ogg) was created from a revision of this article dated 3 October 2014 ( 2014-10-03 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits. ( Audio help (/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help) · More spoken articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles) ) Look up normcore (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/normcore) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Farrell, Aimee (March 21, 2014). "Meet Norma Normcore" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/03/21/normcore-fashion-vogue---definition) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events 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(/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal 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Clothes worn by fashion bloggers "What's in my bag?" redirects here. For the web series, see Amoeba Music § YouTube channel (/wiki/Amoeba_Music#YouTube_channel) . An outfit of the day (commonly abbreviated OOTD [1] (#cite_note-1) ) is where fashion bloggers (/wiki/Fashion_blog) show what clothes (/wiki/Clothes) (or outfits) they wear on a particular day or occasion. The video mentions where each article of clothing, jewelry, and accessories is from. The intent is for the audience to view their outfit and buy the products they are wearing, show off style, or give outfit inspiration. These are often found on social media websites, such as Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) , Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , and Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) , as well as various videos on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) and TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Mostly used by a younger female demographic, an outfit of the day may feature different clothes, accessories and shoes. Similar to these blogs are known as "outfit(s) of the week" (OOTW), where the blogger will display what they plan to wear during a whole week (or several days). Outfit is even abbreviated to "fit" in these videos. Brands will use famous influencers to promote their products using the "outfit of the day" tactic. If the audience sees their favorite celebrity (/wiki/Celebrity) , vlogger (/wiki/Vlogger) , or blogger (/wiki/Blogger) wearing this product, they will most likely buy it. This tactic has increased sales for many brands. Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) has a recurring segment on YouTube that shows "Every outfit (fill in celebrity name here) wears in a week." "Outfit of the day" has become so popular that the average person will post them. It expresses one's fashion sense and style to their followers. "Outfit of the day" is also seen in "Get ready with me" videos. "Get ready with me" (commonly abbreviated GRWM) is a video where influencers get ready for the day with the audience. In these videos, influencers talk about their plans for the day, what makeup products they are using to get ready, and the "Outfit of the day" they are wearing. These videos are personable and engaging with the audience. Famous TikToker Alix Earle (/wiki/Alix_Earle) started the trend of GRWM. "Outfit of the Day" videos started as early as 2010 but gained popularity in 2019. See also [ edit ] Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Felix von Keudell (2012). The Internet: The Book Of Revelations, Volume 5 . Books on Demand. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3848254538 . Retrieved May 16, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Leah Gonzalez (March 21, 2014). "Zappos Creates Personalized Shopping Experience For Instagram's #OOTD Fans" (http://www.psfk.com/2014/03/zappos-instagram-clothing-recommendations.html#!N9cKa) . PSFK . Retrieved May 17, 2014 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American model (born 1995) Gigi Hadid Hadid in 2018 Born Jelena Noura Hadid ( 1995-04-23 ) April 23, 1995 (age 29) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. Education Malibu High School (/wiki/Malibu_High_School) Occupations Model television personality Years active 1997–present Partner Zayn Malik (/wiki/Zayn_Malik) (2015–2021) Children 1 Parents Mohamed Hadid (/wiki/Mohamed_Hadid) (father) Yolanda Hadid (/wiki/Yolanda_Hadid) (mother) Relatives Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) (sister) Modeling information Height 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) [1] (#cite_note-1) Hair color Blonde [2] (#cite_note-models.com-2) Eye color Blue-green [2] (#cite_note-models.com-2) Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) (New York) [3] (#cite_note-3) Jelena Noura " Gigi " Hadid ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ dʒ iː dʒ i h ə ˈ d iː d / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) JEE -jee hə- DEED ; born April 23, 1995) is an American fashion model and television personality. In 2016, she was named International Model of the Year by the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) . [4] (#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4) Throughout her career, Hadid has made at least 50 appearances in international Vogue . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Models.com ranks her as one of the "New Supers." [11] (#cite_note-11) Since 2017, Hadid has been one of the highest-paid models (/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_models) in the world, earning $20 million. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Born in Los Angeles, she began her career as a child model for Baby Guess. She signed to IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) in 2013 and made her New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) debut the next year. Hadid has appeared in numerous high fashion (/wiki/Haute_couture) campaigns and editorials, and is a spokesmodel for Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) . Early life Jelena Noura Hadid was born on April 23, 1995, [14] (#cite_note-YolandaFamily-14) in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , to Palestinian (/wiki/Palestinians) -American real-estate developer Mohamed Hadid (/wiki/Mohamed_Hadid) and Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) -American former model Yolanda Hadid (/wiki/Yolanda_Hadid) (née van den Herik). [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-nytimesconstruction-16) Through her father, she claims descent from Zahir Al-Umar (/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar) , Prince of Nazareth (/wiki/Nazareth) and Sheik (/wiki/Sheikh) of Galilee (/wiki/Galilee) . [17] (#cite_note-Fortune-17) [18] (#cite_note-ANGE-18) Her younger sister, Bella (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , and younger brother, Anwar, are also models. [19] (#cite_note-19) Additionally, she has two older paternal half-sisters, Marielle and Alana. [14] (#cite_note-YolandaFamily-14) [20] (#cite_note-20) She and her siblings were raised on a ranch in Santa Barbara (/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California) . [21] (#cite_note-21) The family moved to Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) after ten years. [22] (#cite_note-22) Hadid has stated that "Gigi" was a childhood nickname that was also used by her mother while growing up in the Netherlands. She began using it in school to avoid confusion with a girl in her class named "Helena". [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2013, Hadid graduated from Malibu High School (/wiki/Malibu_High_School) , where she was captain of the varsity volleyball team, as well as an equestrian (/wiki/Equestrianism) . [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-marcus-25) After high school, she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to study criminal psychology at The New School (/wiki/The_New_School) . She suspended her studies to focus on her modeling career. [26] (#cite_note-26) Career 1997–2012: Early work Hadid's modeling career began when she was two years old, [27] (#cite_note-27) after Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) co-founder Paul Marciano (/wiki/Paul_Marciano) discovered her. She appeared in Baby Guess ads before stopping to concentrate on school. She returned to modeling in 2011 [28] (#cite_note-28) and then resumed working with Marciano, becoming the face of a 2012 Guess campaign. As an adult, she has shot three campaigns with Guess. [25] (#cite_note-marcus-25) [29] (#cite_note-29) 2013–2016: Breakthrough After signing to IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) in 2013, Hadid made her New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) debut in February 2014, walking for Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) . [30] (#cite_note-brannigan-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) In the same month, she made a high fashion (/wiki/High_fashion) break, appearing on the cover of Carine Roitfeld (/wiki/Carine_Roitfeld) 's CR Fashion Book . [32] (#cite_note-32) On July 15, 2014, she starred alongside actor and model Patrick Schwarzenegger (/wiki/Patrick_Schwarzenegger) in designer Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) 's Eyewear autumn/winter campaign. [33] (#cite_note-33) She co-hosted the Daily Front Row (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) ' s Fashion Media Awards event held in New York City on September 5, 2014. [34] (#cite_note-34) She has also starred in campaigns for Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) F/W 2014, Tom Ford Velvet Orchard Fragrance and Tom Ford Beauty 2014. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) She was featured on the cover of Galore magazine in 2014. [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) Hadid in 2016 Hadid appeared in the 2015 Pirelli Calendar (/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar) . [40] (#cite_note-40) Also in 2015, she was the brand ambassador for Australian fashion swimwear label Seafolly. In January 2015, she was named the Daily Front Row ' s Model of the Year [41] (#cite_note-Hendrix-41) and a Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) brand ambassador (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) . [42] (#cite_note-42) In March 2015, she and her then-boyfriend Cody Simpson (/wiki/Cody_Simpson) were featured as a part of fashion photographer Mario Testino's (/wiki/Mario_Testino) project "Towel Series." By May 2015, she [43] (#cite_note-43) had walked for designers Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , and Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) . [44] (#cite_note-44) She appeared in the music video for Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) 's song " Bad Blood (/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Taylor_Swift_song)) ", released the same month. Hadid starred in another music video for Scottish DJ Calvin Harris (/wiki/Calvin_Harris) 's song " How Deep Is Your Love (/wiki/How_Deep_Is_Your_Love_(Calvin_Harris_and_Disciples_song)) " released in August the same year. [45] (#cite_note-45) She has made several appearances alongside her sister Bella. In December 2015, she made her first appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) . [46] (#cite_note-46) Hadid has appeared on the covers of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) (United States, Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) , Italy (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , Britain (/wiki/British_Vogue) , Japan, Spain, Australia, Brazil, the Netherlands (/wiki/Vogue_Nederland) , Germany, China (/wiki/Vogue_China) ), Schön! (/wiki/Sch%C3%B6n!_Magazine) , [47] (#cite_note-47) Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , W Magazine (/wiki/W_Magazine) and Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) , as well as The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) (Canada), Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) (United States, Malaysia). [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) She has shot editorials for VMAN (/wiki/VMAN) , Elle (United States), Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) , Cleo (/wiki/Cleo_(magazine)) , Vogue , Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) , Paper Magazine , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) and V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . She has starred in campaigns for Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Penshoppe (/wiki/Penshoppe) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) F/W 2015, Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) , Max Mara, and Stuart Weitzman (/wiki/Stuart_Weitzman) . [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) In 2016, she walked for Versace, Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Diane Von Furstenberg (/wiki/Diane_Von_Furstenberg) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , Fenty x Puma (/wiki/Rihanna) , Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) , and Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) . [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) In January 2016, she became the global brand ambassador for Tommy Hilfiger, fronting campaigns for underwear, apparel and fragrances. [58] (#cite_note-58) In April 2016, Hadid starred in an interactive campaign including a commercial for the BMW M2 (/wiki/BMW_2_Series_(F22)) . [59] (#cite_note-59) She hosted the 2016 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards (/wiki/2016_iHeartRadio_Much_Music_Video_Awards) in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) on June 19, 2016. [60] (#cite_note-60) She co-designed a capsule collection with Tommy Hilfiger called Gigi by Tommy Hilfiger , which was released in the fall of 2016 at New York Fashion Week. [61] (#cite_note-61) During the Fall 2016 Fashion Weeks in New York, Milan and Paris, she opened five shows and closed seven. [62] (#cite_note-62) In October, her boot collection for Stuart Weitzman (/wiki/Stuart_Weitzman) titled the Gigi Boot was revealed, [63] (#cite_note-63) and she became a brand ambassador for Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) , fronting the #PerfectNever campaign. [64] (#cite_note-64) On November 20, 2016, she hosted the American Music Awards (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2016) alongside Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) alum Jay Pharoah (/wiki/Jay_Pharoah) . [65] (#cite_note-65) She received backlash for an impression of Melania Trump (/wiki/Melania_Trump) during the show, and later apologized. [66] (#cite_note-66) In December 2016, she made her second appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) , earning her wings for the first time, [67] (#cite_note-67) and in the same month she won the award for International Model of the Year at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) , presented to her by Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) . [4] (#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4) 2017–present: Further recognition and brand collaborations Hadid with her sister, Bella (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , at the Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Fall Winter 2017 show at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , Skylight Clarkston Square, February 15, 2017 Hadid started off the Spring/Summer campaign season starring in Fendi and Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) campaigns. [68] (#cite_note-68) She also was the face of the S/S 2017 campaign for Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) accessories, Stuart Weitzman [69] (#cite_note-69) and DSQUARED (/wiki/Dsquared%C2%B2) 2 . [70] (#cite_note-70) The second Tommy Hilfiger and Hadid ready-to-wear collection was presented in February 2017 for the Spring season. [71] (#cite_note-71) She was the photographer of the Versus (Versace) (/wiki/Versus_(Versace)) Spring/Summer 2017 campaign which featured her then-boyfriend, singer Zayn Malik (/wiki/Zayn_Malik) , and model Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) . [72] (#cite_note-72) She also photographed a special summer edition of V Magazine titled Gigi's Journal , which featured Polaroids (/wiki/Polaroid_camera) of fashion industry colleagues, celebrities and close friends. [73] (#cite_note-73) She was featured on four March 2017 Vogue covers: American, British, Chinese, and the inaugural edition of Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) . [74] (#cite_note-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) She also appeared on the covers for CR Fashion Book (Spring/Summer 2017), Jolie (/wiki/Jolie_(magazine)) (April 2017) and The Daily (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) (Spring 2017). [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) [80] (#cite_note-80) She featured on the May 2017 covers for the Dutch editions of Vogue , Cosmopolitan and Glamour as well as the June/July 2017 cover of American Harper's Bazaar . [81] (#cite_note-auto-81) [82] (#cite_note-82) She has starred in editorials for American Vogue (April 2017) and LOVE Magazine (Spring/Summer 2017). Hadid in a campaign for Stuart Weitzman (/wiki/Stuart_Weitzman) in 2017 She scored her second American Vogue cover in August 2017, sharing it with her then-boyfriend, Zayn Malik. [83] (#cite_note-Vogue170713-83) The third Tommy Hilfiger and Hadid collection was presented in September 2017. [84] (#cite_note-84) During Fall/Winter 2017 Fashion Month in New York, Milan and Paris, she opened the shows for Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , Anna Sui, Versus (Versace), Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) and Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) ; and closed the shows for Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) , Moschino, Max Mara and Anna Sui. She also released the first season of two new collaborations with Vogue Eyewear and Messika Jewelry. [81] (#cite_note-auto-81) At the Daily Front Row's (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) third annual Fashion Los Angeles Awards, she was honored for the Best Design Debut for her collection with Tommy Hilfiger. [85] (#cite_note-85) She ended 2017 by being named one of Glamour 's Women of the Year, alongside Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) , Muzoon Almellehan (/wiki/Muzoon_Almellehan) and others. [86] (#cite_note-86) She started 2018 with multiple high fashion campaigns, including Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) , Moschino, Versace and Fendi. She also went on to release her second collaboration with both Vogue Eyewear and Messika Jewelry. [87] (#cite_note-modelsGH-87) In February, during fashion week, she presented the fourth and last season of her capsule collection with Tommy Hilfiger in Milan. [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) She appeared on many different international Vogue covers in 2018, including British Vogue in March, [90] (#cite_note-90) Vogue Italia in May and Vogue Brazil in September. [91] (#cite_note-91) She also scored multiple American covers, including the Harper's Bazaar May issue, [92] (#cite_note-92) V Magazine 's Fall Preview Cover V114, [93] (#cite_note-93) and W Magazine . She also covered LOVE Magazine 's 10th Anniversary edition, [94] (#cite_note-94) Chaos 69 , and Chaos True Originals – Disney Special . In November 2018, she announced her first collaboration with Reebok designing sneakers for the brand, starting with limited release on December 7 and the full collection to be released later in February 2019. [95] (#cite_note-95) She also returned to the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) for the third time in the same month. [96] (#cite_note-96) In early 2019, she appeared on more international Vogue covers, including Vogue Czechoslovakia , Vogue Arabia , and Vogue Hong Kong . [87] (#cite_note-modelsGH-87) In October 2019, she filmed an episode for Food Network (/wiki/Food_Network) cooking competition Beat Bobby Flay (/wiki/Beat_Bobby_Flay) . She teamed up with chef Anne Burrell (/wiki/Anne_Burrell) against chef and restaurateur Bobby Flay (/wiki/Bobby_Flay) . The episode aired in June 2020. [97] (#cite_note-97) She guest-starred in an episode of Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? (/wiki/Scooby-Doo_and_Guess_Who%3F) that aired on October 1, 2020, on streaming service Boomerang (/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)) . [98] (#cite_note-98) In August 2022, Hadid revealed that she would be launching her first solo clothing line, Guest in Residence. [99] (#cite_note-:0-99) [100] (#cite_note-:1-100) [101] (#cite_note-101) In 2023, Hadid and Tan France (/wiki/Tan_France) co-hosted the reality fashion competition Next In Fashion . [102] (#cite_note-102) The show was released through Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) on March 3, 2023. [103] (#cite_note-103) Activism The neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) of this section is disputed (/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Gigi_Hadid##) . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met (/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove) . ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Hadid at the amFAR (/wiki/AmfAR,_The_Foundation_for_AIDS_Research) Gala in 2015 In January 2016, Hadid participated in MasterChef (/wiki/MasterChef_(U.S._TV_series)) and raised $25,000 for Global Lyme Alliance. [104] (#cite_note-104) In October 2016, she joined other celebrities in supporting the BBC (/wiki/BBC) 's Children in Need (/wiki/Children_in_Need) 's T-shirt philanthropy project. The shirt, designed by Giles Deacon (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) , sold for $15 with 70% of all the proceeds going to the charity. [105] (#cite_note-105) In January 2017, after former President Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) signed Executive Order 13780 (/wiki/Executive_Order_13780) (commonly known as a "Muslim Ban"), Hadid and her sister, Bella, protested among others in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [106] (#cite_note-106) Hadid announced in May 2018 that she would be working closely with UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) to help children around the world. On August 25, she went on her first mission with UNICEF to visit their programing in Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) . The trip fell on the eve of the one-year anniversary of the Rohingya refugee crisis (/wiki/2015_Rohingya_refugee_crisis) . [107] (#cite_note-107) On May 3, 2020, Hadid and other celebrities joined forces to play a virtual charity tennis match on Facebook Gaming (/wiki/Facebook_Gaming) . Organized by IMG Tennis, the participants all received $25,000 to donate to a charity of their choice. The winners received an additional $1 million to donate. Hadid played for the non-profit organization Feeding America (/wiki/Feeding_America) . [108] (#cite_note-108) In June 2020, Hadid auctioned off some of her clothes as part of a charity auction organized by British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) that benefitted NHS Charities Together (/wiki/NHS_Charities_Together) and the NAACP (/wiki/NAACP) . [109] (#cite_note-109) Hadid has shown support for the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) movement. A percentage of the sales from her quarantine editorial with V Magazine , Gigi's Journal Part II , were donated to four organizations; the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation) , the NAACP, the ACLU (/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union) , and Campaign Zero (/wiki/Campaign_Zero) . The organizations also received personal donations from Hadid. [110] (#cite_note-110) In 2022, Hadid pledged to donate her earnings from the Fall 2022 shows to help Ukrainian victims of the Russian invasion (/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) and Palestinians. Vogue magazine (/wiki/Vogue_(Magazine)) reported Hadid's donations to Ukraine but omitted Palestine, for which it received criticism. [111] (#cite_note-111) [112] (#cite_note-112) [113] (#cite_note-113) Hadid is a long-time supporter of Palestine (/wiki/State_of_Palestine) and the Free Palestine movement. [114] (#cite_note-114) [115] (#cite_note-115) Bella Hadid and Gigi Hadid have donated $1 million to Palestinian relief agencies. [116] (#cite_note-116) Personal life Hadid is Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) . [117] (#cite_note-117) [118] (#cite_note-118) She revealed in 2014 that she has Hashimoto's thyroiditis (/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis) . [119] (#cite_note-Gigi_Hadid_reveals_she_has_a_type_of_thyroid_issue_called_Hashimoto's_Disease-119) Hadid has discussed her struggles with social anxiety (/wiki/Social_anxiety) [120] (#cite_note-120) [121] (#cite_note-ElleInterview-121) which she attends psychotherapy (/wiki/Psychotherapy) to help manage. [121] (#cite_note-ElleInterview-121) Ukrainian self-styled prankster Vitalii Sediuk (/wiki/Vitalii_Sediuk) lifted her off the ground from behind in 2016 under the pretense of a prank, [122] (#cite_note-Vitalii_Sediuk:_'It's_not_sexual_assault'_says_self-styled_prankster-122) [123] (#cite_note-Vitalii_Sediuk_Confirms_Gigi_Hadid_Ambush:_Has_Nothing_to_Do_With_High-123) and she was commended on how she defended herself from him. [124] (#cite_note-124) [125] (#cite_note-125) On November 7, 2022, Hadid deleted her Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) account, saying on Instagram, "For a long time, but especially with its new leadership, it's becoming more and more of a cesspool of hate & bigotry, and its not a place I want to be a part of." [126] (#cite_note-126) Relationships Hadid was in an on-again, off-again relationship (/wiki/On-again,_off-again_relationship) with Australian singer Cody Simpson (/wiki/Cody_Simpson) . The pair first met in 2013 when she appeared in his music video for "Surfboard". They began dating later that year before their breakup in 2014. They reunited a few months later before splitting for a second time in May 2015. [127] (#cite_note-127) [128] (#cite_note-128) She appeared in Simpson's music video for "Flower" in February 2015. [129] (#cite_note-129) Hadid was in a relationship with American singer Joe Jonas (/wiki/Joe_Jonas) from June to October 2015. She co-directed Jonas' band DNCE (/wiki/DNCE) 's music video for " Cake by the Ocean (/wiki/Cake_by_the_Ocean) ". [130] (#cite_note-130) [131] (#cite_note-131) She began dating English singer Zayn Malik (/wiki/Zayn_Malik) in late 2015; they broke up and reconciled multiple times. [132] (#cite_note-132) [133] (#cite_note-133) [134] (#cite_note-134) [135] (#cite_note-135) She appeared in Malik's music video for " Pillowtalk (/wiki/Pillowtalk_(song)) ." They starred on the August 2017 cover of American Vogue , [83] (#cite_note-Vogue170713-83) making them the third couple to appear together on a Vogue cover. It courted controversy because of Vogue misnaming them as gender fluid, for which Vogue apologized. [136] (#cite_note-136) They also did a Versus (Versace) campaign as a couple, with Hadid as the photographer. [137] (#cite_note-137) [138] (#cite_note-138) In April 2020, she confirmed that she and Malik were expecting their first child during an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon) , after rumors began to circulate of her pregnancy. [139] (#cite_note-139) [140] (#cite_note-140) Their daughter was born in September 2020. [141] (#cite_note-141) The family spent a majority of their time on a farm in rural New Hope, Pennsylvania (/wiki/New_Hope,_Pennsylvania) , where Hadid's mother and younger sister, Bella, also own land. [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-143) In October 2021, Malik entered a no-contest (/wiki/Nolo_contendere) plea to four charges of harassment against Hadid's mother, Yolanda (/wiki/Yolanda_Hadid) . He was sentenced by a Pennsylvania court to 360 days of probation as well as counseling for anger management and domestic violence. [144] (#cite_note-144) Hadid and Malik reportedly ended their relationship after the incident. [145] (#cite_note-145) Legal issues In late January 2019, Hadid was sued by the independent photo agency business Xclusive for sharing an October 2018 photo of herself without the photographer's permission. [146] (#cite_note-people-feb-10-146) In 2017, photographer Peter Cepeda took a photo of her, which she later posted on Instagram. He filed a lawsuit against her the following September and it was later settled outside of court. [146] (#cite_note-people-feb-10-146) On July 10, 2023, Hadid was arrested in the Cayman Islands (/wiki/Cayman_Islands) under charges of importation of drugs and drug paraphernalia after customs (/wiki/Customs) and border control (/wiki/Border_control) discovered a small amount of marijuana (/wiki/Marijuana) , along with "smoking utensils", to be among her belongings when she touched down at the Owen Roberts International Airport (/wiki/Owen_Roberts_International_Airport) . [147] (#cite_note-147) Although determined that the possession of the marijuana was for personal use only, Hadid was nonetheless charged with importation-related crimes. She was later processed, fined $1,000, and released. [148] (#cite_note-148) In 2017, Hadid attempted to travel to Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) to participate in the 2017 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) but ultimately could not, as her Chinese visa (/wiki/Visa_(document)) was reportedly revoked after an online video showing her doing a slant-eyes gesture in imitation of Buddha (/wiki/Gautama_Buddha) was criticized as racist by Chinese internet (/wiki/Internet_in_China) users. [149] (#cite_note-149) [150] (#cite_note-scmpafp-150) Filmography Film and television Year Title Role Notes 2012 Virgin Eyes Andrea Short film 2012–2016 The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Beverly_Hills) Herself Multiple appearances (season 3–6) 2015 Those Wrecked by Success Herself Short film 2016 MasterChef (/wiki/MasterChef_(U.S._TV_series)) Herself Episode: "MasterChef Celebrity Showdown" 2016 RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) Guest judge Episode: season 8 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_8)) , week 5 2016 Lip Sync Battle (/wiki/Lip_Sync_Battle) Herself Episode: "Gigi Hadid vs. Tyler Posey (/wiki/Tyler_Posey) " 2016 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards (/wiki/2016_iHeartRadio_Much_Music_Video_Awards) Host 2016 American Music Awards (/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2016) Host 2018 Ocean's 8 (/wiki/Ocean%27s_8) Herself Cameo 2018 Pirelli Calendar (/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar) Herself Short film by Albert Watson 2020 Beat Bobby Flay (/wiki/Beat_Bobby_Flay) Herself Episode: "Superchef, Supermodel" 2020 Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? (/wiki/Scooby-Doo_and_Guess_Who%3F) Herself Episode: "A Moveable Mystery" 2021–2023 Never Have I Ever (/wiki/Never_Have_I_Ever_(TV_series)) Herself (voice) 2 episodes [151] (#cite_note-151) 2023 Next In Fashion Co-host Season 2 Music videos Year Title Artist Role 2014 "Surfboard" Cody Simpson (/wiki/Cody_Simpson) Herself 2014 "Simplethings" Miguel (/wiki/Miguel_(singer)) Love interest 2015 " Bad Blood (/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) Slay-Z 2015 " Flower (/wiki/Flower_(Cody_Simpson_song)) " Cody Simpson (/wiki/Cody_Simpson) Herself (cameo) 2015 " How Deep Is Your Love (/wiki/How_Deep_Is_Your_Love_(Calvin_Harris_and_Disciples_song)) " Calvin Harris (/wiki/Calvin_Harris) and Disciples (/wiki/Disciples_(production_team)) Girl in love 2015 " Gasoline (/wiki/Gasoline_(Halsey_song)) " Halsey (/wiki/Halsey_(singer)) Herself 2015 " Cake by the Ocean (/wiki/Cake_by_the_Ocean) " DNCE (/wiki/DNCE) Director 2016 " Pillowtalk (/wiki/Pillowtalk_(song)) " Zayn (/wiki/Zayn_Malik) Girlfriend 2020 " One More Time (/wiki/One_More_Time_(Daft_Punk_song)) " ( V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) version) [152] (#cite_note-152) Daft Punk (/wiki/Daft_Punk) Animated version of herself Music releases Year Title Artist Role 2007 " The Little Drummer Boy (/wiki/The_Little_Drummer_Boy) " on Noël (/wiki/No%C3%ABl_(Josh_Groban_album)) Josh Groban (/wiki/Josh_Groban) Backing vocals 2007 " I'll Be Home for Christmas (/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Home_for_Christmas) " on Noël (/wiki/No%C3%ABl_(Josh_Groban_album)) Josh Groban (/wiki/Josh_Groban) Backing vocals Awards and nominations Gigi Hadid award nominations Year Association Category Result 2015 First Annual Fashion Los Angeles Awards (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) [153] (#cite_note-153) Model of The Year Won 2015 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) [154] (#cite_note-154) Choice Model (/wiki/2015_Teen_Choice_Awards#Miscellaneous) Nominated 2016 TRL Awards (/wiki/TRL_Awards) [155] (#cite_note-155) Best Look Won 2016 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) [156] (#cite_note-156) Choice Female Hottie Nominated 2016 British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) [4] (#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4) International Model of the Year Won 2017 Third Annual Fashion Los Angeles Awards (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) [157] (#cite_note-157) Best Design Debut Won 2017 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) [158] (#cite_note-158) Choice Model (/wiki/2017_Teen_Choice_Awards#Miscellaneous) Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) [159] (#cite_note-159) Choice Model (/wiki/2018_Teen_Choice_Awards#Miscellaneous) Won See also Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References ^ (#cite_ref-1) https://www.imgmodels.com/new-york/women/3358-gigi-hadid (https://www.imgmodels.com/new-york/women/3358-gigi-hadid) ^ Jump up to: a b Rosie, Miss (May 7, 2012). "Daily Duo: Gigi" (https://models.com/newfaces/dailyduo/20466) . Models.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150905154157/http://models.com/newfaces/dailyduo/20466) from the original on September 5, 2015 . Retrieved April 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Gigi Hadid – Model" (https://www.models.com/model/gigi-hadid) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211128123229/https://www.models.com/model/gigi-hadid) from the original on November 28, 2021 . Retrieved February 4, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Gigi Hadid wins international model of the year at 2016 Fashion Awards" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/38218565/gigi-hadid-wins-international-model-of-the-year-at-2016-fashion-awards) . BBC News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161222220534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/38218565/gigi-hadid-wins-international-model-of-the-year-at-2016-fashion-awards) from the original on December 22, 2016 . 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Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230609030937/https://mashable.com/article/never-have-i-ever-season-4-review-netflix) from the original on June 9, 2023 . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-152) Mamo, Heran (July 16, 2020). "Gigi Hadid Stars in Animated Tribute Video for Daft Punk's 'One More Time': Watch" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/9419796/gigi-hadid-daft-punk-one-more-time-tribute-video) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200812093643/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/9419796/gigi-hadid-daft-punk-one-more-time-tribute-video) from the original on August 12, 2020 . Retrieved August 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-153) Roche, Eddie (January 14, 2015). "Gigi Hadid Signs With Maybelline, Nabs Model of the Year Award" (http://fashionweekdaily.com/gigi-hadid-signs-with-maybelline-nabs-model-of-the-year-award-2/) . FashionWeekDaily.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150320151950/http://fashionweekdaily.com/gigi-hadid-signs-with-maybelline-nabs-model-of-the-year-award-2/) from the original on March 20, 2015 . Retrieved April 29, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) "Wave 2 Nominees" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160411172500/http://www.teenchoice.com/article/wave-2-nominees) . Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards) ( Fox Broadcasting (/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting) ). November 12, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.teenchoice.com/article/wave-2-nominees) on April 11, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-155) "Vincitori 2016" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160622135808/http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori-2016/) . MTV. Archived from the original (http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori-2016/) on June 22, 2016 . Retrieved January 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-156) "First Wave of 'Teen Choice 2016' Nominees Announced and #' Voted Surfboard Revealed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161101204958/http://www.teenchoice.com/article/first-wave-of-%E2%80%9Cteen-choice-2016%E2%80%9D-nominees-announced-and-1-voted-surfboard-revealed) . Teen Choice Awards (Fox Broadcasting). Archived from the original (http://www.teenchoice.com/article/first-wave-of-%E2%80%9Cteen-choice-2016%E2%80%9D-nominees-announced-and-1-voted-surfboard-revealed) on November 1, 2016 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-157) Lesueur, Ellery (April 3, 2017). "Yolanda Hadid Named Mother of the Year and Accepts Gigi Hadid's Fashion Award For Her" (https://www.eonline.com/news/840915/yolanda-hadid-named-mother-of-the-year-and-accepts-gigi-hadid-s-fashion-award-for-her) . E! Online . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170406023305/http://www.eonline.com/news/840915/yolanda-hadid-named-mother-of-the-year-and-accepts-gigi-hadid-s-fashion-award-for-her) from the original on April 6, 2017 . Retrieved April 29, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-158) Vulpo, Mike (July 12, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal 'Second Wave' of Nominations" (http://www.eonline.com/news/866031/teen-choice-awards-2017-reveal-second-wave-of-nominations) . E! (/wiki/E!) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170712220210/http://www.eonline.com/news/866031/teen-choice-awards-2017-reveal-second-wave-of-nominations) from the original on July 12, 2017 . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-159) Douglas, Esme. "Teen Choice Awards 2018: See the full list of winners" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180813151232/https://ew.com/awards/2018/08/12/teen-choice-awards-winners-list/) . EW (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived from the original (https://ew.com/awards/2018/08/12/teen-choice-awards-winners-list/) on August 13, 2018 . Retrieved August 13, 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gigi Hadid (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gigi_Hadid) . Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20140220080656/http://www.gigihadid.com/) at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (archived February 20, 2014) Gigi Hadid (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4676882/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Gigi Hadid at Models.com (http://models.com/models/gigi-hadid) Gigi Hadid (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/gigi_hadid/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Gigi Hadid at Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/gigihadid/) Gigi Hadid at IMG Models (https://www.imgmodels.com/gigihadid/sydney/women/portfolio) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180117015620/http://www.imgmodels.com/gigihadid/sydney/women/portfolio) January 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) v t e 2010–2019 Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) 2010 Sarah Brandner (/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Brandner&action=edit&redlink=1) * Abigail Clancy 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Herrington (/wiki/Danielle_Herrington) Robin Holzken (/w/index.php?title=Robin_Holzken&action=edit&redlink=1) Samantha Hoopes (/wiki/Samantha_Hoopes) Haley Kalil (/wiki/Haley_Kalil) Camille Kostek (/wiki/Camille_Kostek) Tara Lynn (/wiki/Tara_Lynn) Hunter McGrady (/wiki/Hunter_McGrady) Kelsey Merritt (/wiki/Kelsey_Merritt) Raine Michaels (/w/index.php?title=Raine_Michaels&action=edit&redlink=1) Alex Morgan (/wiki/Alex_Morgan) Brooks Nader (/wiki/Brooks_Nader) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) Veronica Pome'e (/w/index.php?title=Veronica_Pome%27e&action=edit&redlink=1) Paulina Porizkova (/wiki/Paulina_Porizkova) Megan Rapinoe (/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) Jasmine Sanders (/wiki/Jasmine_Sanders) Paige VanZant (/wiki/Paige_VanZant) Lindsey Vonn (/wiki/Lindsey_Vonn) Erin Willerton (/w/index.php?title=Erin_Willerton&action=edit&redlink=1) bold indicates cover model; * appeared in bodypainting (/wiki/Bodypainting) by Joanne Gair (/wiki/Joanne_Gair) Authority 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigi_Hadid&oldid=1235669342 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigi_Hadid&oldid=1235669342) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1995 births (/wiki/Category:1995_births) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) American female equestrians (/wiki/Category:American_female_equestrians) American female models (/wiki/Category:American_female_models) American people of Dutch descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Dutch_descent) American people of Palestinian descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Palestinian_descent) American women television personalities (/wiki/Category:American_women_television_personalities) Female models from New York (state) (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_New_York_(state)) Hadid family (/wiki/Category:Hadid_family) IMG Models models (/wiki/Category:IMG_Models_models) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Female models from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Los_Angeles) The New School alumni (/wiki/Category:The_New_School_alumni) Television personalities from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Television_personalities_from_Los_Angeles) Muslims from California (/wiki/Category:Muslims_from_California) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from December 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages) Use American English from October 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2022) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Use mdy dates from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from July 2024 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_July_2024) All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers)
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Italian luxury fashion house This article is about the Italian fashion house. For its founder, see Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli) . Brunello Cucinelli S.p.A. Brunello Cucinelli shop in Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) Company type Società per Azioni (/wiki/S.p.A._(corporation)) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) BIT (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) : BC (https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/azioni/scheda/IT0004764699.html?lang=en) ISIN (/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number) IT0004764699 Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 1978 ; 46 years ago ( 1978 ) Headquarters 6 Piazza Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa, ( Solomeo (/wiki/Solomeo) ), Perugia (/wiki/Perugia) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Key people Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli) (President and CEO) Revenue €503.6 million [1] (#cite_note-fashionnetwork_956215-1) (2017) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) €50.975 million (2015) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) €33.338 million (2015) Number of employees 1,365 (2015 average) Website Official website (https://shop.brunellocucinelli.com/) Brunello Cucinelli S.p.A. (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_Azioni) ( Italian pronunciation: [bruˈnɛllo (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) kutʃiˈnɛlli] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ) is an Italian luxury fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) brand (/wiki/Brand) which sells menswear (/wiki/Menswear) , women's wear and accessories in Europe, North and South America and East Asia. [2] (#cite_note-reuters_Profile-2) The company was founded by Brunello Cucinelli in 1978. History [ edit ] Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli) started his couture house in 1978 with a specialty for Mongolian (/wiki/Mongolia) cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) garments for women. [3] (#cite_note-3) In June 2014, owner Brunello Cucinelli, transferred the ownership of Fedone S.r.l. (which owned 61.56% of the fashion brand) to a new trust, Esperia Trust Company S.r.l., in a move to benefit his daughters and pursue his philanthropic work. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2017, Brunello Cucinelli recorded 500 million euro in sales, 35% of which in North America (/wiki/North_America) . The company owns 94 of its 124 branded stores worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-fashionnetwork_956215-1) In January 2017, the company launched an ecommerce (/wiki/Ecommerce) website. [5] (#cite_note-5) In January 2018, the founder, Brunello Cucinelli, sold 4 million shares of his company (owned through his holding Fedone S.r.l.), and brought his participation down to 51% of the company's capital. [6] (#cite_note-6) Through this move, 6% of the company (worth 100 million euros) was invested in his family's charitable fund. [7] (#cite_note-7) In May 2018, the company opened its second store in Mexico. Both Mexican stores are located in the country's capital. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2022, Brunello Cucinelli joined Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) in investing in cashmere supplier Cariaggi Lanificio [9] (#cite_note-9) and bought a 43 percent stake in the company. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2023, the brand increased its sales by 24% compared to 2022, to 1.14 billion euros. The last quarter of the year recorded the highest results, with sales up +15.6% to 321 million euros. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2024, Brunello Cucinelli strengthened its production line in Italy with the acquisition of the Sartoria Eugubina sewing workshop and the construction of a new factory to meet the increasing consumer demand. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Other activities [ edit ] In 2022, Brunello Cucineeli entered into a licensing agreement with EssilorLuxottica (/wiki/EssilorLuxottica) on luxury eyewear for men and women. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2023, Brunello Cucinelli started its first entry into the world of perfume as it introduced two scents designed with Euroitalia, a company specialized in the creation and distribution of luxury fragrances. [16] (#cite_note-16) Organization [ edit ] Cucinelli controls the company through Fedone Srl. [17] (#cite_note-17) Cucinelli's family trust (/wiki/Family_trust) owns 57% of the company's stock, which went public (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) in 2012 at €7.75 per share. [18] (#cite_note-Jeffrey_Podolsky-18) In 2014, Cucinelli set up a trust to benefit his daughters, Camilla and Carolina, in order to guarantee a proper handover of his namesake company. [19] (#cite_note-19) The company is headquartered in a 14th-century castle (/wiki/Castle) on the top of a hill in the middle of Umbria (/wiki/Umbria) , an area known as the "green heart" of Italy (/wiki/Environment_of_Italy) . [20] (#cite_note-20) The company donates 20% of profits (/wiki/Profit_(accounting)) to its charitable foundation, and pays workers wages (/wiki/Wages) that are 20% higher than the industry average. [21] (#cite_note-21) The company's 1,300 employees (of whom 800 work in Solomeo) do not punch a time clock; after-hours e-mails are not allowed. [18] (#cite_note-Jeffrey_Podolsky-18) As of June 2017, the company has a market capitalization (/wiki/Market_capitalization) of over €1.6 billion. [22] (#cite_note-22) See also [ edit ] Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b (in Spanish) Jennifer Braun, Brunello Cucinelli alcanza los 500 millones de euros en 2017 (https://mx.fashionnetwork.com/news/Brunello-Cucinelli-alcanza-los-500-millones-de-euros-en-2017,956215.html#.XGrkzehKjIU) , Fashionnetwork.com , 8 March 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-reuters_Profile_2-0) "Profile: Brunello Cucinelli SpA" (https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=BCU.MI) . reuters.com (/wiki/Reuters.com) . 28 Mar 2014 . Retrieved 30 Mar 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) (in Spanish) Brunello Cucinelli se esfuerza para exportar el gusto italiano por el mundo (https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/Brunello-Cucinelli-esfuerza-exportar-italiano_0_345766425.html) , elDiario.es , 14 January 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Brunello Cucinelli transfers whole company stake to trust (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brunello-trust/brunello-cucinelli-transfers-whole-company-stake-to-trust-idUSKBN0F02RO20140625) , Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) , 25 June 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sandra Salibian, Brunello Cucinelli Launches New Digital Platform (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/brunello-cucinelli-launches-new-digital-platform-10770878/) , wwd.com (/wiki/Wwd.com) , 30 January 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-6) (in Spanish) Brunello Cucinelli reduce su participación en la empresa hasta el 51% (https://www.modaes.com/empresa/brunello-cucinelli-reduce-su-participacion-en-la-empresa-hasta-el-51-es.html) , www.modaes.com , 11 January 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Rachel Sanderson, Brunello Cucinelli sells €100m stake for charitable foundation (https://www.ft.com/content/5a0abc66-f620-11e7-8715-e94187b3017e) , ft.com , 10 January 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-8) (in Spanish) Brunello Cucinelli se refuerza en México y hace doblete en la capital del país (https://www.modaes.com/empresa/brunello-cucinelli-se-refuerza-en-mexico-y-hace-doblete-en-la-capital-del-pais.html) , modaes.com , 25 May 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Chanel et Brunello Cucinelli s'allient auprès d'un fournisseur de cachemire" (https://www.journalduluxe.fr/fr/mode/chanel-brunello-cucinelli-cachemire-cariaggi) . Journal du Luxe . 24 May 2023 . Retrieved 2 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Luisa Zargani (14 March 2022), Brunello Cucinelli Buys Stake in Cariaggi (https://wwd.com/business-news/mergers-acquisitions/brunello-cucinelli-buys-stake-cariaggi-1235133679/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Brunello Cucinelli a boosté ses ventes de +24% en 2023" (https://www.journalduluxe.fr/fr/mode/brunello-cucinelli-ventes-2023) . Journal du Luxe . 11 January 2024 . Retrieved 29 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Brunello Cucinelli, peu affecté par les aléas du luxe, signe des ventes 2023 en hausse de 24%" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Brunello-cucinelli-peu-affecte-par-les-aleas-du-luxe-signe-des-ventes-2023-en-hausse-de-24-,1592194.html#nicklas-skovgaard) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 29 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Brunello Cucinelli renforce sa chaîne de production en Italie" (https://www.journalduluxe.fr/fr/mode/brunello-cucinelli-chaine-approvisionnement-production-italie-usine-sartoria-eugubina) . Journal du Luxe . 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Brunello Cucinelli annonce le rachat de l'atelier de couture Sartoria Eugubina et la construction d'une usine" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/premiumContent,1619496.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 2 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Luisa Zargani (22 March 2024), Brunello Cucinelli Extends Gentle Luxury to Eyewear with EssilorLuxottica (https://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/brunello-cucinelli-eyewear-essilorluxottica-gentle-luxury-1236269020/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Brunello Cucinelli se met au parfum" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Brunello-cucinelli-se-met-au-parfum,1501268.html#nicklas-skovgaard) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 29 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Luisa Zargani (26 June 2014), Brunello Cucinelli Establishes Trust (https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/brunello-cucinelli-establishes-trust-7765877/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ Jump up to: a b Jeffrey Podolsky, "The Cucinelli Philosophy: Understated Brunello Cucinelli has become a billionaire on elegant casual wear" (http://www.barrons.com/articles/the-cucinelli-philosophy-1448685067) . Barron's (/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)) , November 28, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Luisa Zargani (26 June 2014), Brunello Cucinelli Establishes Trust (https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/brunello-cucinelli-establishes-trust-7765877/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Michael Williams, acontinuouslean.com Brunello Cucinelli’s Italian Shangri-la (http://www.acontinuouslean.com/2011/06/07/brunello-cucinellis-italian-shangri-la/) June 7, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Om Malik, Brunello Cucinelli (https://luxoory.ir/) 2015/04/27 ^ (#cite_ref-22) Listed stock (http://investor.brunellocucinelli.com/en/shareholders/listed-stock) investor.brunellocucinelli.com Accessed: June 2017 External links [ edit ] Official site (https://shop.brunellocucinelli.com/) "Brunello Cucinelli Clothes Can Make You a Better Man. Provided You’re Very, Very Rich." (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/fashion/brunello-cucinelli-clothes-can-make-you-a-better-man-provided-youre-very-very-rich.html) JON CARAMANICA, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , April 1, 2015 Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunello_Cucinelli_(brand)&action=edit) . v t e This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion industry executive Sebastian Suhl Born ( 1967-12-05 ) December 5, 1967 (age 56) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Nationality American (/wiki/United_States) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) Education Colorado College (/wiki/Colorado_College) , ESADE (/wiki/ESADE_Business_School) Occupation CEO Years active 1997 - present Employer(s) Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) , Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) Sebastian Suhl (born 1967 in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , USA (/wiki/United_States) ) is an American fashion executive who was instrumental in Prada’s (/wiki/Prada) retail expansion and 2011 IPO (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) and who later became CEO of Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) . Suhl was CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of the Milanese luxury brand Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) from 2020 to 2023. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Previously he facilitated Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) ’s international brand expansion as the Managing Director of global markets from 2017. He was CEO of the New York-based fashion company Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) from September 2014. Suhl was CEO of French fashion House Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , also part of the LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Group, from early 2012. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-european-3) From 2001 to 2011 he held various positions in Prada Group (/wiki/Prada) , the latest as Chief Operating Officer (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) . Education [ edit ] After earning a Bachelor's degree (/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree) in world political economy from Colorado College (/wiki/Colorado_College) (USA) in 1989, Suhl completed his Master's in Business Administration (/wiki/Master%27s_Degree_in_Business_Administration) at Esade (/wiki/ESADE_Business_School) in Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) in 1992. [4] (#cite_note-business-4) [3] (#cite_note-european-3) Career [ edit ] Suhl started his career in 1992 as a senior auditor with Deloitte & Touche (/wiki/Deloitte) in Barcelona, before moving to Paris in 1996 to take up a position as engagement manager at strategy consultancy firm, Solving International. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [5] (#cite_note-5) [3] (#cite_note-european-3) [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) In 1997 Suhl was co-founder (/wiki/Co-founder) and managing director at Thimister, a start up couture house. Two years later, in 1999, he was appointed director of business development at Courreges (/wiki/Courreges) . [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) During the early 2000s Suhl carried on his career at Prada Group (/wiki/Prada) (which incorporates the Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Church’s and Car Shoe brands). In 2001 he was appointed General Manager (/wiki/General_manager) in France. In 2005, he became Chief Executive Officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Asia Pacific & China for the Prada Group, in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [4] (#cite_note-business-4) [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) In 2009 he was appointed Prada Group’s Chief Operating Officer (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) and moved to Milan (/wiki/Milan) . Suhl was involved in the success of the IPO (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) of the brand on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange) in 2011. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-cpp-9) Suhl joined Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , the LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) -owned label, in 2012. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Suhl had planned to open 24 new stores within the year 2014. [12] (#cite_note-12) In September 2014, he was appointed CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , [13] (#cite_note-13) coinciding with Jacobs's departure from Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) and announcement that he would concentrate on his own brand. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [4] (#cite_note-business-4) [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) In 2018 Suhl joined Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) as Managing Director (/wiki/Managing_Director) – Global Markets. In this role, Suhl was in charge of the global commercial function – retail (/wiki/Retail) , e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) and sales. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In 2020 Suhl was appointed CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of Italian house Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Trussardi had recently been acquired by an Italian private equity fund and Suhl was tasked with the revival of the house. He named new creative directors and set out a new brand identity. [17] (#cite_note-17) He also reopened the historic Palazzo Trussardi in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , [18] (#cite_note-18) in a joint venture with Michelin chef (/wiki/Michelin_chef) Giancarlo Perbellini. [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2023, as the brand underwent an internal restructuring, he left the maison together with the resignation of the entire board of directors. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Public speaking [ edit ] Suhl has spoken at the Financial Times Business of Luxury Summit in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) [20] (#cite_note-20) as well as the Business of Design Week (/wiki/Business_of_Design_Week) Forum in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [3] (#cite_note-european-3) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Nast, Condé (2023-03-03). "Trussardi board resigns and CEO exits as brand repositions" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/trussardi-board-resigns-ceo-sebastian-suhl-exits) . Vogue Business . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zargani, Luisa (2017-11-20). "Exclusive: Sebastian Suhl Is Joining Valentino" (https://wwd.com/feature/sebastian-suhl-joining-valentino-11053405/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sebastian Suhl," (http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/sebastian-suhl/) EuropeanCEO.com (http://www.europeanceo.com/) , April 17, 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Sebastian Suhl," (http://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/sebastian-suhl) BusinessOfFashion.com (http://www.businessoffashion.com/) , retrieved November 3, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Givenchy change de patron" (https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2012/03/08/97002-20120308FILWWW00689-givenchy-change-de-patron.php) . Le Figaro (in French). 2012-03-08 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Miles Socha, "Marc Jacobs Appoints New CEO," (http://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/marc-jacobs-appoints-new-ceo-7803928/?src=nl/newsAlert/20140717-2) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , July 18, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Sebastian Suhl | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/sebastian-suhl) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Appointment of Sebastian Suhl as CEO of Givenchy Couture" (https://www.lvmh.com/news-documents/press-releases/appointment-of-sebastian-suhl-as-ceo-of-givenchy-couture/) . LVMH . 2012-03-05 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-cpp_9-0) "Sebastian Suhl COO of PRADA Group resigns," (http://www.cpp-luxury.com/sebastian-suhl-coo-of-prada-group-resigns/) CPP-Luxury.com (http://www.cpp-luxury.com/) , December 1, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Third of Prada managers leave after IPO" (https://www.ft.com/content/f0bb5cb2-0bb4-11e2-b8d8-00144feabdc0) . Financial Times . 2012-10-07 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Givenchy nomme à sa tête l'ancien directeur des opérations de Prada" (https://investir.lesechos.fr/actu-des-valeurs/la-vie-des-actions/givenchy-nomme-a-sa-tete-lancien-directeur-des-operations-de-prada-1641337) . Investir (in French). 2012-03-14 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Job moves: Executives aim to deliver the goods" (https://www.ft.com/content/02c5d3be-a33d-11e1-ab98-00144feabdc0) . www.ft.com . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Friedman, Vanessa (2014-07-18). "Marc Jacobs Gets a New C.E.O.: Why It Matters" (https://archive.nytimes.com/runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/18/marc-jacobs-gets-a-new-ceo-why-it-matters/) . On the Runway Blog . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Croft, Claudia (2023-11-16). "Meet the uncompromising designer whose business brings in almost $1bn a year" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meet-the-uncompromising-designer-whose-business-brings-in-almost-1bn-a-year-f3snqnw9j) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Marc's New Man" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/marc-jacobs-appoints-new-ceo-sebastian-suhl) . British Vogue . 2014-07-17 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Zargani, Martino Carrera,Luisa; Carrera, Martino; Zargani, Luisa (2020-10-09). "Trussardi Names Sebastian Suhl CEO" (https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/trussardi-names-sebastian-suhl-ceo-1234630601/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Zargani, Luisa (2022-02-07). "Trussardi CEO Sebastian Suhl Reveals New Brand Identity" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/trussardi-ceo-sebastian-suhl-reveals-new-brand-identity-1235062240/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Zargani, Luisa (2022-11-09). "Palazzo Trussardi Reopening as Lifestyle Hub of Fashion, Food, Culture" (https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/palazzo-trussardi-reopening-lifestyle-hub-fashion-food-culture-1235412456/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Veneziani, Maria Teresa (2022-11-13). "Trussardi, riapre il palazzo del lifestyle in Piazza Scala, tra moda e chef stellati" (https://www.corriere.it/moda/22_novembre_13/trussardi-riapre-palazzo-lifestyle-piazza-scala-moda-chef-stellati-bf840c3e-632e-11ed-bcf5-ba13826ce8c8.shtml) . Corriere della Sera (in Italian) . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "ABOUT THE FT" (https://aboutus.ft.com/press_release/madonna-is-luxury-icon-at-financial-times-business-of-luxury-summit-in-los-angeles) . aboutus.ft.com . 2010-06-17 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . 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American businessman Daniel E. Koshland Sr. Born 1892 San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) Died 1979 (aged 86–87) Nationality American Education BS University of California, Berkeley (/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) Occupation Businessman Known for CEO of Levi Strauss & Co. (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) Spouses Eleanor Haas (until her death) Lucile Heming Children with Haas: -- Daniel E. Koshland Jr. (/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr.) --Frances Koshland Geballe --Phyllis Koshland Friedman Parents Corinne Schweitzer Marcus Koshland Family Simon Koshland (/wiki/Simon_Koshland) (grandfather) Daniel E. Koshland Sr. (1892–1979) was an American businessman who served as CEO of Levi Strauss & Co. (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) Biography [ edit ] Koshland was born to a Jewish (/wiki/American_Jews) family in San Francisco, the son of Marcus Koshland and Corinne Schweitzer. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) He was the grandson of Simon Koshland (/wiki/Simon_Koshland) , one of the most successful wool merchants in San Francisco who also taught Koshland's father the trade. Koshland graduated from Lowell High School (/wiki/Lowell_High_School_(San_Francisco)) in San Francisco and graduated with a B.A. in Economics from the University of California, Berkeley (/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) . [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) After graduation he worked as a banker in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and in 1917, returned to San Francisco where he attended the US Army officer training program at the Presidio (/wiki/Presidio) . [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) He was not allowed to transfer to the Intelligence Corps overseas during World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) because of his German last name and instead served at Governor's Island (/wiki/Governor%27s_Island) , New York. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) In 1922, he returned to San Francisco where he joined his brother-in-law Walter A. Haas Sr. (/wiki/Walter_A._Haas_Sr.) at Levi Strauss & Co. (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) which was at the time a small manufacturer of work clothing and a small drygoods wholesaler. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) Koshland's tenure at Levi Strauss – along with that of his brother-in-law – is widely credited with saving the company leading it through the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) , racial integration at its factories, the global popularization of the Levi brand, and the creation of the Levi Strauss Foundation. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Koshland served as CEO of Levi Strauss & Co. from 1955 to 1958. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) Philanthropy [ edit ] In 1948, he established the San Francisco Foundation (/wiki/San_Francisco_Foundation) . Koshland served with various charities in varying capacities in the San Francisco area including the Industrial Welfare Commission; the Human Rights Commission; the San Francisco Juvenile Probation Committee; Planned Parenthood (/wiki/Planned_Parenthood) ; Mount Zion Hospital; the Community Chest (/wiki/Community_Chest_(organization)) ; the United Bay Area Crusade; the Citizen's Lobby for Freedom and Fair Play; the San Francisco Development Commission on Low-Cost Housing; the Council on Civic Unity; and the American Red Cross (/wiki/American_Red_Cross) . He organized the business community to create jobs for World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) refugees and served as the national vice chairman of the United Negro College Fund (/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund) . He was active in the founding of Brandeis University (/wiki/Brandeis_University) and promoted the development low-cost community colleges specifically the College of San Mateo (/wiki/College_of_San_Mateo) and Cañada College (/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ada_College) . [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) Several awards have been dedicated in his honor including the Jewish Community Federation's Haas/Koshland Award, the Koshland Young Leader Award of the San Francisco Foundation (/wiki/San_Francisco_Foundation) , and the Butler Koshland Fellowships. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) Personal life [ edit ] In 1918, [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) he married his cousin Eleanor Haas [3] (#cite_note-3) (Eleanor's mother Fanny was Koshland's aunt), daughter of Haas family patriarch Abraham Haas (/wiki/Abraham_Haas) . They had three children: Daniel E. Koshland Jr. (/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr.) (married to Marian Elliot Koshland (/wiki/Marian_Koshland) ), Frances "Sissy" Koshland Geballe (married to Theodore H. Geballe (/wiki/Theodore_H._Geballe) ), and Phyllis Koshland Friedman. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) Eleanor would later be diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis) and would devote a good portion of her philanthropy toward people with disabilities. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) After the death of his first wife, he married Lucile Heming in 1959. [1] (#cite_note-BKFellowship-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Butler Koshland Fellowships: "Daniel E. Koshland Sr. (http://bkfellowships.org/daniel-e-koshland-sr/) retrieved April 21, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-2) JWeekly: "Daniel Koshland, biologist and philanthropist, dies at 87" by Joe Eskenazi (http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/33009/daniel-koshland-biologist-and-philanthropist-dies-at-87/) July 27, 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Los Angeles Times: "Daniel Koshland Jr., 87; UC Berkeley molecular biologist" (http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-me-koshland26jul26,0,4443926.story?page=2#axzz2zKtXjiw4) July 26, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "CISAC faculty member appointed to endowed chair" (https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/news/cisac_faculty_member_appointed_to_endowed_chair_20050204) . Stanford University (/wiki/Stanford_University) Center for International Security and Cooperation. February 4, 2005. The Theodore and Frances Geballe Professorship was established in 1990 through gifts from Professor Theodore Geballe, an internationally recognized physicist, and his wife, Frances Koshland Geballe, a member of one of San Francisco's pioneer families. ^ (#cite_ref-5) The Regents of The University of California: "Lucile Heming Koshland – Citizen Participation in Government" An Interview Conducted by Harriet Nathan (http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/koshland_lucile_heming__w.pdf) 1971 External links [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Business and economics portal (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) San Francisco Bay Area portal (/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐h7fxx Cached time: 20240623151622 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.350 seconds Real time usage: 0.488 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1964/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13020/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2918/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12439/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.211/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4967794/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 458.282 1 -total 39.21% 179.693 1 Template:Infobox_person 26.03% 119.294 1 Template:Reflist 22.13% 101.395 1 Template:Cite_web 17.48% 80.098 1 Template:Short_description 10.94% 50.128 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 10.00% 45.830 17 Template:Main_other 9.99% 45.785 21 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.12% 41.794 2 Template:Pagetype 8.24% 37.771 1 Template:Death_year_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42540902-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623151622 and revision id 1201880570. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_E._Koshland_Sr.&oldid=1201880570 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_E._Koshland_Sr.&oldid=1201880570) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1892 births (/wiki/Category:1892_births) 1979 deaths (/wiki/Category:1979_deaths) American philanthropists (/wiki/Category:American_philanthropists) Haas family (/wiki/Category:Haas_family) University of California, Berkeley alumni (/wiki/Category:University_of_California,_Berkeley_alumni) Levi Strauss & Co. people (/wiki/Category:Levi_Strauss_%26_Co._people) Koshland family (/wiki/Category:Koshland_family) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from September 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2016) Use American English from September 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2016) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
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Sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) This is a list of shoe styles and designs . A shoe (/wiki/Shoe) is an item of footwear (/wiki/Footwear) intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration. The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally, fashion (/wiki/Fashion) has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones. Contemporary footwear varies widely in style, complexity and cost. Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand. Traditional handicraft (/wiki/Handicraft) shoemaking has now been largely superseded in volume (/wiki/Quantity) of shoes produced by industrial mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) of footwear, but not necessarily in quality (/wiki/Quality_(business)) , attention to detail, or craftsmanship (/wiki/Artisan) . Shoe styles [ edit ] Shoe designers have described a very large number of shoe styles, including the following: Leather ballet shoes (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) , with feet shown in fifth position (/wiki/Glossary_of_ballet#Positions_of_the_feet) . A cantabrian albarca (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarca) is a rustic wooden shoe in one piece, which has been used particularly by the peasants of Cantabria (/wiki/Cantabria) , northern Spain (/wiki/Green_Spain) . [1] (#cite_note-Las_albarcas_en_El_Diario_Montañés-1) [2] (#cite_note-Gran_Enciclopedia_de_Cantabria-2) A black derby shoe (/wiki/Derby_shoe) with a Goodyear welt (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) and leather sole Abaca slippers (/wiki/Abaca_slippers) Abarka (/wiki/Abarka) Air Forces (/wiki/Air_Force_(shoe)) Avarca (/wiki/Avarca) Bakya (/wiki/Bakya) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Ballet boot (/wiki/Ballet_boot) Ballet flat (/wiki/Ballet_flat) Ballet shoe (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) Pointe shoe (/wiki/Pointe_shoe) Bast shoe (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Biblical sandals (/wiki/Biblical_sandals) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Boat shoe (/wiki/Boat_shoe) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Australian work (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) Beatle (/wiki/Beatle_boot) Bovver (/wiki/Bovver_boot) Caulk (/wiki/Caulk_boots) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_boots) Chap (/wiki/Chap_boot) Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) Chukka (/wiki/Chukka_boot) Desert (/wiki/Chukka_boot#Desert_boot) Combat (/wiki/Combat_boot) Desert combat (/wiki/Desert_combat_boot) Jungle (/wiki/Jungle_boot) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) Dress (/wiki/Dress_boot) Engineer (/wiki/Engineer_boot) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Go-go (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Gutals (/wiki/Gutals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Hiking (/wiki/Hiking_boot) Hip (/wiki/Hip_boot) Jackboot (/wiki/Jackboot) Jodhpur (/wiki/Jodhpur_boot) Jump (/wiki/Jump_boot) Knee-high (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Mountaineering (/wiki/Mountaineering_boot) Rigger (/wiki/Rigger_boot) Safari (/wiki/Safari_boot) Sheepskin (/wiki/Sheepskin_boots) Thigh-high (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) Tzangion (/wiki/Tzangion) Ugg (/wiki/Ugg_boots) Brogan (/wiki/Brogan_(shoes)) Brogue (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creeper (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Buskin (/wiki/Buskin) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Calceus (/wiki/Calceus) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Chopine (/wiki/Chopine) Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Cleats (/wiki/Football_boot) Climbing shoe (/wiki/Climbing_shoe) Clog (/wiki/Clog) British clog (/wiki/Clog_(British)) Turkish clogs (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) (British English), pump (American English), or d'Orsay pumps (/wiki/D%27Orsay_pumps) Crocs (/wiki/Crocs) Cross country running shoe (/wiki/Cross_country_running_shoe) Cycling shoe (/wiki/Cycling_shoe) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Diabetic shoe (/wiki/Diabetic_shoe) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Duckbill (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Driving moccasins (/wiki/Driving_moccasins) Earth shoe (/wiki/Earth_shoe) Elevator shoes (/wiki/Elevator_shoes) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Espadrille (/wiki/Espadrille) Flamenco shoe (/wiki/Flamenco_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Furlane (/wiki/Furlane_(shoe)) Galesh (/wiki/Galesh) Galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Ghillies (/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)) Giveh (/wiki/Giveh) Gomusin (/wiki/Gomusin) Haferlschuh (/wiki/Haferlschuh) Hanfu footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Heelys (/wiki/Heelys) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_footwear) High-top (/wiki/High-top) Hiking shoes (/wiki/Hiking_boot#Types) A traditional galesh (/wiki/Galesh) High-heeled shoes (/wiki/High-heeled_footwear) with a stiletto heel (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) A woman wearing jelly shoes (/wiki/Jelly_shoes) Girl wearing sandals held to the feet by both thong and straps. A soft-soled moccasin (/wiki/Moccasin) A pair of men's Blue branded side-gusset slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Venetian (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) loafers Hnyat-phanat (/wiki/Hnyat-phanat) Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Hwa (/wiki/Hwa) Jazz shoe (/wiki/Jazz_shoe) Jelly shoes (/wiki/Jelly_shoes) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Jipsin (/wiki/Jipsin) Jutti (/wiki/Jutti) Kitten heel (/wiki/Kitten_heel) Klomp (/wiki/Klomp) Kolhapuri chappal (/wiki/Kolhapuri_Chappal) Kung fu shoe (/wiki/Kung_fu_shoe) Light-up shoes (/wiki/Light-up_shoes) Loafer, see Slip-on (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Mary Jane (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Moccasin (/wiki/Moccasin) Monk shoe (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Motorcycle boot (/wiki/Motorcycle_boot) Mukluk (/wiki/Mukluk) Mule (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Multani Khussa (/wiki/Multani_Khussa) Namaksin (/wiki/Namaksin) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Opanak (/wiki/Opanak) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Organ shoes (/wiki/Organ_shoes) Orthopaedic footwear (/wiki/Orthopaedic_footwear) Over-the-knee boot (/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot) Oxford shoe (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Paduka (/wiki/Paduka) Pampootie (/wiki/Pampootie) Patten (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoe (/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe) Penny loafer, see Slip-on (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Peranakan beaded slippers (/wiki/Peranakan_beaded_slippers) Peshawari chappal (/wiki/Peshawari_chappal) Pigache (/wiki/Pigache) Platform shoe (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Plimsoll (/wiki/Plimsoll_shoe) Pointinini (/wiki/Pointinini) Poulaine (/wiki/Poulaine) Pulhoer (/wiki/Pulhoer) Racing flat (/wiki/Racing_flat) Racing shoes (/wiki/Racing_shoes) Riding boots (/wiki/Riding_boots) Rocker bottom shoe (/wiki/Rocker_bottom_shoe) Roller shoe (/wiki/Roller_shoe) Rope-soled shoe (/wiki/Rope-soled_shoe) Russian boot (/wiki/Russian_boot) Sabot (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) Saddle shoe (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Sailing boots (/wiki/Seaboot) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Coiled sewn (/wiki/Coiled_sewn_sandals) Ho Chi Minh (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_sandals) Saltwater (/wiki/Saltwater_sandals) Toe shoe Self-tying shoes (/wiki/Self-tying_shoes) Skate shoe (/wiki/Skate_shoe) Ski boot (/wiki/Ski_boot) Slide (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slingback (/wiki/Slingback) Slip-on (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) , or loafers Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers_(footwear)) Trail running shoes (/wiki/Trail_running#Equipment) Snow boot (/wiki/Snow_boot) Soccus (/wiki/Soccus) Spectator shoe (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Spool heel (/wiki/Spool_heel) Steel-toe boot (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Stiletto heel (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) Tap shoes (/wiki/Tap_shoe) T-bar sandal (/wiki/T-bar_sandal) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Toe shoe (/wiki/Minimalist_shoe) Tsarouchi (/wiki/Tsarouhi) Turnshoe (/wiki/Turnshoe) Upanah (/wiki/Upanah) Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) Valenki (/wiki/Valenki) Veldskoen (/wiki/Veldskoen) Venetian-style shoe (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Walk-Over shoes (/wiki/Walk-Over_shoes) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Water shoe (/wiki/Water_shoe) Wedge (/wiki/Wedge_(footwear)) Wellington boot (/wiki/Wellington_boot) Wholecut (/wiki/Wholecut) Winklepicker (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wörishofer (/wiki/W%C3%B6rishofer) Wrestling shoe (/wiki/Wrestling_shoe) Xiuhuaxie (/wiki/Xiuhuaxie) Zori (/wiki/Zori) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Lists portal (/wiki/Portal:Lists) Calceology (/wiki/Calceology) Cordwainer (/wiki/Cordwainer) Horseshoe (/wiki/Horseshoe) List of boots (/wiki/List_of_boots) List of footwear designers (/wiki/List_of_footwear_designers) Locomotor effects of shoes (/wiki/Locomotor_effects_of_shoes) Shoeshiner (/wiki/Shoeshiner) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Shoe store (/wiki/Shoe_store) Shoe tossing (/wiki/Shoe_tossing) Shoes on a table (/wiki/Shoes_on_a_table) Sneaker collecting (/wiki/Sneaker_collecting) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Las_albarcas_en_El_Diario_Montañés_1-0) "Las albarcas en El Diario Montañés" (http://www.eldiariomontanes.es/prensa/20060927/cantabria/albarcas_20060927.html) (in Spanish). 27 September 2006 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gran_Enciclopedia_de_Cantabria_2-0) Linares Argüelles, Mariano; Pindado Uslé, Jesús; Aedo Pérez, Carlos (1985). "Tomo I". Gran Enciclopedia de Cantabria . Santander, Cantabria (/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria) : Editorial Cantabria. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 84-86420-01-6 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Shoes (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shoes) at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Footwear (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Footwear) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoes (/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe) Saddle shoes (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Slingbacks (/wiki/Slingback) Other shoes Driving moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin#Driving_moccasins) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) Platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Self-tying shoes (/wiki/Self-tying_shoes) Slides (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slippers (/wiki/Slipper) ( Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) ) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Veldskoens (/wiki/Veldskoen) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Wooden footwear (/wiki/Clog) Bakya (/wiki/Bakya) British clogs (/wiki/Clog_(British)) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Klompen (/wiki/Klomp) Namaksin (/wiki/Namaksin) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Padukas (/wiki/Paduka) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Sabot (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Boots Military Ammunition boots (/wiki/Ammunition_boot) 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Israeli beauty pageant titleholder (born 1993) Doron Matalon Born Doron Matalon ( 1993-05-20 ) 20 May 1993 (age 31) Beit Aryeh-Ofarim (/wiki/Beit_Aryeh-Ofarim) , West Bank (/wiki/West_Bank) Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) [1] (#cite_note-1) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Israel 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) (Winner for Miss Universe) Hair color Brown Eye color Green Major competition(s) Miss Israel 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) (Winner for Miss Universe) Miss Universe 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2014) (Unplaced) Doron Matalon ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : דורון מטלון , born 20 May 1993) is an Israeli beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder who won the title of Miss Israel 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Israel) for Miss Universe 2014. She represented her country at the Miss Universe 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2014) pageant. Personal life [ edit ] Doron Matalon was born and raised in Beit Aryeh-Ofarim (/wiki/Beit_Aryeh-Ofarim) . Her father is a manager at IBM (/wiki/IBM) and her mother is a kindergarten teacher. The meaning of her name is "gift" in both Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew) and Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) . She served as a sergeant in the Northern Command of the Israeli army. [2] (#cite_note-2) In December 2011, Matalon gained national publicity after a sex segregation (/wiki/Sex_segregation) incident on a Jerusalem bus. She said a 45-year-old Haredi (/wiki/Haredi) man demanded she move to the back of the bus, threatening her and calling her a prostitute, but she refused. The incident was covered extensively by the Israeli media, and she became a symbol of women's empowerment. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Matalon pressed charges, and the man was later convicted of sexually harassing her. [5] (#cite_note-5) Pageantry [ edit ] Miss Israel 2014 [ edit ] Matalon was crowned as the Miss Universe Israel 2014 together with Mor Mamman who was crowned as the official Miss Israel at the pageant. The Miss Israel pageant was held at the Congress Center in Haifa (/wiki/Haifa) . [ citation needed ] Miss Universe 2014 [ edit ] Matalon competed in the Miss Universe 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2014) pageant and finished unplaced. See also [ edit ] Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Miss Universe Israel 2014 - Doron Matalon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151220170243/http://missuniverse.com/members/profile/661342/year:2014) . Archived from the original (http://missuniverse.com/members/profile/661342/year:2014) on 2015-12-20 . Retrieved 2015-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Doron's official info on facebook (https://www.facebook.com/doron.matalon/about) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Israeli female soldier accosted for rebuffing Haredi bus segregation (http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-female-soldier-accosted-for-rebuffing-haredi-bus-segregation-1.404158) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Israeli Beauty Queen Doron Matalon Defies Ultra-Orthodox Jew on Gender-Segregated Bus (http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/israeli-beauty-queen-doron-matalon-defies-ultra-orthodox-jew-gender-segregated-bus-1439279) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jewish man convicted of sexual harassment after calling female soldier a whore (https://web.archive.org/web/20201214134111/http://www.yourjewishnews.com/2014/03/n31795.html/Ultra-Orthodox) Awards and achievements Preceded by Yityish Titi Aynaw (/wiki/Yityish_Titi_Aynaw) Miss Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) 2014 Succeeded by Avigail Alfatov (/wiki/Avigail_Alfatov) v t e Miss Universe 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2014) national titleholders ALB : Zhaneta Byberi (/wiki/Zhaneta_Byberi) AGO : Zuleica Wilson (/wiki/Zuleica_Wilson) ARG : Valentina Ferrer (/wiki/Valentina_Ferrer) AUS : Tegan Martin (/wiki/Tegan_Martin) AUT : Julia Furdea (/wiki/Julia_Furdea) BEL : Anissa Blondin (/wiki/Anissa_Blondin) BOL : Claudia Tavel (/wiki/Claudia_Tavel) BRA : Melissa Gurgel (/wiki/Melissa_Gurgel) VGB : Jaynene Jno Lewis (/wiki/Jaynene_Jno_Lewis) BUL : Kristina Georgieva (/wiki/Kristina_Georgieva) CAN : Chanel Beckenlehner (/wiki/Chanel_Beckenlehner) CHI : Hellen Toncio (/wiki/Hellen_Toncio) CHN : Hu Yanliang (/wiki/Hu_Yanliang) COL : Paulina Vega (/wiki/Paulina_Vega) CRI : Karina Ramos (/wiki/Karina_Ramos) HRV : Ivana Mišura (/wiki/Ivana_Mi%C5%A1ura) CUR : Laurien Angelista (/wiki/Laurien_Angelista) DOM : Kimberly Castillo (/wiki/Kimberly_Castillo) EGY : Lara Debbana (/wiki/Lara_Debbana) SLV : Patricia Murillo (/wiki/Patricia_Murillo) FIN : Bea Toivonen (/wiki/Bea_Toivonen) FRA : Camille Cerf (/wiki/Camille_Cerf) GBN : Maggaly Nguema (/wiki/Maggaly_Nguema) GEO : Ana Zubashvili (/wiki/Ana_Zubashvili) GER : Josefin Donat (/wiki/Josefin_Donat) GHA : Abena Appiah (/wiki/Abena_Appiah) GBR : Grace Levy (/wiki/Grace_Levy) GUM : Brittany Bell (/wiki/Brittany_Bell) GUA : Ana Luisa Montufar (/wiki/Ana_Luisa_Montufar) HAI : Christie Désir (/wiki/Christie_D%C3%A9sir) HUN : Henrietta Kelemen (/wiki/Henrietta_Kelemen) IND : Noyonita Lodh (/wiki/Noyonita_Lodh) IDN : Elvira Devinamira (/wiki/Elvira_Devinamira) IRL : Lisa Madden (/wiki/Lisa_Madden) ISR : Doron Matalon ITA : Valentina Bonariva (/wiki/Valentina_Bonariva) JAM : Kaci Fennell (/wiki/Kaci_Fennell) JPN : Keiko Tsuji (/wiki/Keiko_Tsuji) KAZ : Aiday Isaeva (/wiki/Aiday_Isaeva) KEN : Gaylyne Ayugi (/wiki/Gaylyne_Ayugi) KOR : Yoo Ye-bin (/wiki/Yoo_Ye-bin) LEB : Saly Greige (/wiki/Saly_Greige) MYS : Sabrina Beneett (/wiki/Sabrina_Beneett) MUS : Pallavi Gungaram (/wiki/Pallavi_Gungaram) MMR : Sharr Htut Eaindra (/wiki/Sharr_Htut_Eaindra) NED : Yasmin Verheijen (/wiki/Yasmin_Verheijen) NIC : Marline Barberena (/wiki/Marline_Barberena) NGA : Queen Celestine (/wiki/Queen_Celestine) NOR : Elise Dalby (/wiki/Elise_Dalby) PAN : Yomatzy Hazlewood (/wiki/Yomatzy_Hazlewood) PAR : Sally Jara (/wiki/Sally_Jara) PER : Jimena Espinoza (/wiki/Jimena_Espinoza) PHL : Mary Jean Lastimosa (/wiki/Mary_Jean_Lastimosa) POR : Patrícia Da Silva (/wiki/Patr%C3%ADcia_Da_Silva) PUR : Gabriela Berrios (/wiki/Gabriela_Berrios) SRB : Anđelka Tomašević (/wiki/An%C4%91elka_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87) SGP : Rathi Menon (/wiki/Rathi_Menon) SVK : Silvia Prochádzková (/wiki/Silvia_Proch%C3%A1dzkov%C3%A1) SVN : Urška Bračko (/wiki/Ur%C5%A1ka_Bra%C4%8Dko) ESP : Desirée Cordero (/wiki/Desir%C3%A9e_Cordero_Ferrer) LCA : Roxanne Nicholas (/wiki/Roxanne_Didier_Nicholas) SWE : Camilla Hansson (/wiki/Camilla_Hansson) SUI : Zoé Metthez (/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_Metthez) TAN : Nale Boniface (/wiki/Nale_Boniface) THA : Allison Sansom (/wiki/Pimbongkod_Chankaew) TTO : Jevon King (/wiki/Jevon_King) TUR : 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Online clothing brand Lolly Wolly Doodle Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Children's and women's clothing Founded Lexington, North Carolina (/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina) , US, (2008) Founder Brandi Tysinger-Temple Headquarters Lexington, North Carolina (/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina) , US Number of locations 4 [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) Area served US Key people Sherry Frydenlund, CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Dan Frydenlund (/w/index.php?title=Dan_Frydenlund&action=edit&redlink=1) , directors (/wiki/Board_of_directors) Revenue $11 million Number of employees 250 [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) Website www (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com) .lollywollydoodle (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com) .com (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com) Lolly Wolly Doodle was an American company that manufactures women's and children's clothing for sale online (/wiki/Online_shopping) . It was founded in 2008 in Lexington, North Carolina (/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina) , and is now owned by investment firm Stage Fund. After investments by venture capitalists (/wiki/Venture_capital) such as Revolution Growth (/wiki/Revolution_LLC) , it expanded to include production facilities in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . Most of its products are sold through via Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) . [2] (#cite_note-Company_history_page-2) History [ edit ] 2006–08: eBay [ edit ] The company was founded in 2008 by Brandi Temple. Dissatisfied with the clothing options available for young girls in retail stores and reluctant to pay boutique (/wiki/Boutique) prices, Temple began sewing (/wiki/Sewing) clothes for her daughters. [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) Realizing she had an excess of fabric after a sewing session, Temple offered additional clothing items in the same style for sale on eBay (/wiki/EBay) , rather than let the material be wasted. The company name, Lolly Wolly Doodle, was derived from a children's song " Polly Wolly Doodle (/wiki/Polly_Wolly_Doodle) " and was a nickname Temple used for her niece named Lolly. By the end of 2008, the eBay store was consistently supplementing Temple's household income, leading her to officially incorporate (/wiki/Incorporation_(business)) Lolly Wolly Doodle. [2] (#cite_note-Company_history_page-2) 2008–10: Move to Facebook [ edit ] In 2010, the company sent patterns to a Chinese company for quality evaluation, but the received dresses did not meet their standards. [2] (#cite_note-Company_history_page-2) As a result, these dresses were offered at a discounted price on the company's Facebook page instead of their usual eBay store. According to a 2013 interview with Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) , Brandi Temple said that they sold out the discounted dresses quickly on Facebook, generating more sales in one day than they typically did on eBay in a month. [3] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_story-3) Consequently, the company transitioned their online store from eBay to Facebook. 2010–12: Expansion [ edit ] As the company expanded, Temple considered selling the company due to its rapid growth. She was connected with New York venture capitalist (/wiki/Venture_capital) Shana Fisher of High Line Venture Partners, an early supporter of successful startups like MakerBot (/wiki/MakerBot) , Vine (/wiki/Vine_(software)) and Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) . [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) Fisher advised Temple that she had significantly undervalued the company, suggesting it could be worth as much as $100 million. Fisher then invested $100,000 and organized a seed round (/wiki/Seed_money) of funding that raised $1.4 million. This capital enabled the move of LWD's production from Temple's home to a 4,000-square-foot former tire warehouse in Lexington. [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) Emily Hickey, formerly of HotJobs (/wiki/Yahoo!_HotJobs) , joined as the company's chief operating officer. The company continued to grow, prompting a move to a 19,000-square-foot facility by September 2012. By then, LWD had amassed 300,000 Facebook fans. [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) 2013–2017: Revolution investment [ edit ] The success of Lolly Wolly Doodle on Facebook attracted attention from business and tech media, particularly as other businesses such as JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) pulled back their operations on the same platform. Kara Swisher (/wiki/Kara_Swisher) noted LWD's innovative flash sale (/wiki/Flash_sale) -like approach with just-in-time (/wiki/Lean_manufacturing) retail elements. [4] (#cite_note-Swisher_column-4) In 2013 Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) listed the companies' founders, Brandi Temple and Emily Hickey, among its "30 Startup People To Watch This Year". [5] (#cite_note-30_Startup_People-5) In June 2013, Steve Case (/wiki/Steve_Case) , founder of AOL (/wiki/AOL) , invested $20 million in the company through his venture capital firm, Revolution LLC (/wiki/Revolution_LLC) . Case and another former AOL executive, Donn Young, joined the Lolly Wolly Doodle board of directors. The funds were primarily used to move to a larger production facility and to launch a mobile app and extend sales to Instagram and Pinterest. [6] (#cite_note-Entrepreneur_article-6) In 2013 the company generated $11 million in revenue. By 2014, it had four facilities and 250 employees. The primary focus for 2014 was developing customized software to optimize the company's operations. [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) In September 2017, Lolly Wolly Doodle was acquired by Dan Frydenlund, the CEO of Stage Fund. [7] (#cite_note-buyout-7) 2018: Outsourcing [ edit ] Lolly Wolly Doodle discontinued manufacturing in Lexington, North Carolina (/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina) , and moved most of the manufacturing overseas, and moved operation to other US cities, including Atlanta. [8] (#cite_note-dp2-8) Business model [ edit ] Despite selling through various online platforms, including its own website and other social networks, it is estimated that Lolly Wolly Doodle conducts about 80 percent of its business via its Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) page. [3] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_story-3) Since larger, established retailers have mostly been unable to generate significant sales from their Facebook presence, e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) analysts have studied Lolly Wolly Doodle's business model (/wiki/Business_model) to understand its success. [3] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_story-3) [4] (#cite_note-Swisher_column-4) [9] (#cite_note-Inc._sidebar-9) Once an order is processed, the garment is manufactured using the just-in-time (/wiki/Just_in_time_(business)) production method: If traditional garment manufacturing is a pretty straightforward assembly-line affair, the seamstresses at Lolly work more like short-order cooks in a diner where the menu changes daily. In one room, a dozen people cut fabric according to order tickets that flow through in real time (/wiki/Real-time_business_intelligence) —15 size-2 aqua (/wiki/Aqua_(color)) chevron (/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)) Charlotte dresses here, a single size-6 salmon (/wiki/Salmon_(color)) Ruffle dress there. On the sewing floor, efficiency comes from how the orders are bundled (not necessarily by garment or size but, because many items share attributes, by the type of sewing required) and minimizing how many people or machines have to touch a garment. [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) Donn Davis, a former America Online (/wiki/America_Online) executive now on Lolly Wolly Doodle's board (/wiki/Board_of_directors) , says that Temple has "reinvent[ed] apparel much as Dell (/wiki/Dell) reinvented the PC industry. It's affordable custom [manufacturing] in real time with little inventory risk." [1] (#cite_note-Inc._Story-1) Analysts suggest that Lolly Wolly Doodle primarily benefits from the social feedback loop (/wiki/Feedback_loop) on Facebook, which significantly informs its marketing (/wiki/Marketing) and inventory (/wiki/Inventory) management strategies. [3] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_story-3) The feedback from customers eliminates the need for traditional market research (/wiki/Market_research) and informs the design choices, helping to identify successful designs and discard less popular ones. Popular designs move into larger-scale production, with some outsourced overseas. This approach minimizes overstock issues often faced by traditional retailers. However, some observers [3] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_story-3) note potential limitations. The model largely works due to Lolly Wolly Doodle's manageable scale, and the requirement for customers to post their email addresses in comments for orders could potentially invite inappropriate use of information. Despite these reservations, some other companies have adopted similar business models, demonstrating the potential broader application of this strategy. Brands [ edit ] Dress made by Lolly Wolly Doodle The company uses the Lolly Wolly Doodle name for most of its lines. For girls, it makes primarily dresses and capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) sets, with a few swimwear pieces. [10] (#cite_note-Girls'_line-10) Boys' clothingis primarily shortalls (/wiki/Shortall) , T-shirt sets and bathing trunks. [11] (#cite_note-Boys'_line-11) An extensive babywear (/wiki/Infant_clothing) line [12] (#cite_note-Babys'_line-12) is complemented with tops, skirts and dresses (primarily maxi (/wiki/Maxi_dress) length) for adult women. [13] (#cite_note-adult_line-13) The company also offers customized clothing (/wiki/Bespoke) via their Designed by Me service. Users of the website choose details of a girls' dress; it is then made and shipped to them within three weeks. A Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) login is required. [14] (#cite_note-Designed_by_Me-14) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Internet portal (/wiki/Portal:Internet) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) List of companies of the United States by state § North Carolina (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state#North_Carolina) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Foster, Tom (June 2014). "The Startup That Conquered Facebook Sales" (http://www.inc.com/magazine/201406/tom-foster/lolly-wolly-doodle-explosive-growth-from-facebook-sales.html?cid=sy01304) . Inc. (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) Retrieved June 11, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Tysinger-Temple, Brandi (2014). "What a Journey" (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com/pages/what-a-journey) . Lolly Wolly Doodle . Retrieved June 11, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kucera, Danielle (March 5, 2013). "Lolly Wolly Doodle Shows How to Profit From Social: Tech" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150110112415/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-05/lolly-wolly-doodle-shows-how-to-profit-from-social-tech.html) . Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) . Archived from the original (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-05/lolly-wolly-doodle-shows-how-to-profit-from-social-tech.html) on January 10, 2015 . Retrieved December 31, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Swisher, Kara (/wiki/Kara_Swisher) (October 30, 2012). "Lolly Wolly Doodle's Brandi Temple Talks Facebook-Fueled, Real-Time Retail" (http://allthingsd.com/20121030/lolly-wolly-doodles-brandi-temple-talks-facebook-fueled-real-time-retail/) . All Things Digital (/wiki/All_Things_Digital) . Retrieved June 13, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-30_Startup_People_5-0) Shontell, Alyson; Dickey, Megan Rose (January 17, 2013). "30 Startup People To Watch This Year" (http://www.businessinsider.com/30-people-to-watch-this-year-in-tech-2013-1#brandi-temple-and-emily-hickey--lolly-wolly-doodle-2) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved June 13, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Entrepreneur_article_6-0) Eha, Brian Patrick (June 19, 2013). "Why Steve Case Is Betting Millions on Lolly Wolly Doodle" (http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/227089) . Entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 13, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-buyout_7-0) Coley, Ben (September 19, 2017). "Colorado company purchases Lolly Wolly" (http://www.the-dispatch.com/news/20170919/colorado-company-purchases-lolly-wolly) . The Dispatch . Retrieved December 31, 2017 . Sherry Frydenlund took over as CEO. The company has since undergone a complete restructuring and is positioned for growth once again. ^ (#cite_ref-dp2_8-0) Ben Coley (September 28, 2018). "Lolly Wolly Doodle no longer made in Lexington" (http://www.the-dispatch.com/news/20180928/lolly-wolly-doodle-no-longer-made-in-lexington) . The Dispatch . Retrieved September 28, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Inc._sidebar_9-0) Foster, Tom (June 2014). "How a Small-Town Manufacturer Predicts Hits With Facebook" (http://www.inc.com/magazine/201406/tom-foster/lolly-wolly-doodle-business-model.html) . Inc. (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) Retrieved June 16, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Girls'_line_10-0) "Girls Dresses & Clothing" (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com/collections/girls) . Lolly Wolly Doodle. 2014 . Retrieved June 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Boys'_line_11-0) "Girls Dresses & Clothing" (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com/collections/boys) . Lolly Wolly Doodle. 2014 . Retrieved June 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Babys'_line_12-0) "Girls Dresses & Clothing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121025234828/http://www.lollywollydoodle.com/collections/baby) . Lolly Wolly Doodle. 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com/collections/baby) on October 25, 2012 . Retrieved June 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-adult_line_13-0) "Girls Dresses & Clothing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140625064630/http://www.lollywollydoodle.com/collections/moms) . Lolly Wolly Doodle. 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.lollywollydoodle.com/collections/moms) on June 25, 2014 . Retrieved June 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Designed_by_Me_14-0) "Designed by Me" (http://designedbyme.lollywollydoodle.com/) . Lolly Wolly Doodle. 2014 . Retrieved June 19, 2014 . 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Visual representation of clothing with digital software This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Digital_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_fashion&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_fashion&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may lend undue weight (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight) to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_fashion&action=edit) by rewriting it in a balanced fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance) that contextualizes different points of view. ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Digital fashion garments can be posed and composited onto photographs which can then be uploaded to social media to showcase the outfit. Digital Fashion is a field of fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) that relies on 3D software (/wiki/3D_computer_graphics) or artificial intelligence (/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) to produce hyper-realistic, data-intensive digital 3D garment simulations that are digital-only products or digital models for physical products. [1] (#cite_note-1) Digital garments can be worn and presented in virtual environments, social media, online gaming, virtual reality (/wiki/Virtual_reality) (VR), and augmented reality (/wiki/Augmented_reality) (AR) platforms. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) The field contributes to the development of a more sustainable future for the fashion industry It has often been praised as an answer to ethical and creative concerns of traditional fashion by promoting innovation, reducing waste, and encouraging conscious consumption. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) Digital fashion is also the interplay between digital technology (/wiki/Digital_electronics) and couture. Human AI (/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) is an intersection of technology and human representation. Where human value is emphasized and enhanced by technology and the possibilities of discovering design. Information and communication technologies (/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies) (ICTs) have been deeply integrated both into the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) , as well as within the experience of clients and prospects. Such interplay has happened at three main levels. ICTs are used to design and produce fashion products, while also the industry organization leverages onto digital technologies. ICTs impact marketing, distribution and sales. ICTs are extensively used in communication activities with all relevant stakeholders, and contribute to co-create the fashion world. The fashion industry in general has paved the way for digital fashion to be introduced with more technology being in the industry like virtual dressing rooms and the gamification (/wiki/Gamification) of the fashion industry. Digital fashion is also seen in many different online fashion retail websites. It may be seen on common websites you shop on. This evolution in the fashion industry has called for more education and research of digital fashion which will also be discussed in this article . Design, production, and organization [ edit ] Among the many applications available to fashion designers to model the fusion of creativity with digital avenues, the Digital Textile Printing (/wiki/Digital_textile_printing) can be mentioned here. Digital textile printing [ edit ] Digital textile printing has brought together the worlds of fashion, technology, art, chemistry, and printing to produce a new process for printing textiles on clothing. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Digital printing is a process in which prints are directly applied to fabrics (/wiki/Textile) with printer, reducing 95% the use of water, 75% the use of energy, and minimizing textile waste. (/wiki/Textile) The main advantage of digital printing is the ability to do very small runs of each design (even less than 1 yard). [4] (#cite_note-4) Digital Textile printing also offers other benefits such fast printing speeds that help the time and space needed to print different patterns on garments of choice. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Example of digital textile printing using an Inkjet printer to create a butterfly design on a t-shirt using water-based color ink. Digital Textile printing is “probably the greatest innovation of 21-st century fashion" as declared by Christina Binkley in the Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . The “vastly improved digital printing technologies allow designers to innovate while beefing up their brands (/wiki/Brand) “. [ citation needed ] Brands such as Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Pucci or Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) are using this technology to invent their design ideas on fabric. Marketing, distribution, and sales [ edit ] While all digital channels can be used in order to market and sell fashion completely online ( eCommerce (/wiki/ECommerce) ), they usually are implemented in connection with offline channels (so-called " omni-channel (/wiki/Omnichannel) "). Here, virtual (/wiki/Virtual_reality) and augmented reality (/wiki/Augmented_reality) is playing a crucial role. The fashion industry has faced its own problems including pollution and fabric waste (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) , which has resulted in a shift to more sustainable methods like digital fashion. The industry is also constantly being intertwined with digital media and has allowed for the use of digital tools within the business itself and with consumers. [5] (#cite_note-5) Two of the ways digital fashion is utilized with consumers is through virtual dressing rooms (/wiki/Virtual_dressing_room) and virtual cosmetic counters. Prospects and clients can use ICTs - own computers, tablets and smartphones - to virtually simulate fitting rooms and cosmetics counters, and see how they look in specific outfits and makeup. [6] (#cite_note-6) Customers can give any look and decide on what to suits and buy products. Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) , the beauty specialty retailer, and ModiFace, an augmented reality virtual makeover technology provider, today announced the launch of a 3D Augmented Reality Mirror that can simulate cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) on a user's face in real-time and in 3D. The new patented technology, created by ModiFace, tracks the precise location of a user's facial features and applies eye shadow colors directly on the video feed from a camera. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Oftentimes beauty retailers will feature virtual fitting rooms to allow users to experience the look of their product before committing to a purchase. Some examples are color contact retailers Freshlook, which allows users to simulate contact lens wear in their color contacts studio before purchase. [9] (#cite_note-9) Colorful Eyes also offers a virtual color contact lens try on room. [10] (#cite_note-10) The 3D printing service is very advance now a days and due to high demand of 3d printed t shirs it is difficult to find a good vendor for your apparel. There is some good vendors who provide manufacturing and prinitng services on apparel [11] (#cite_note-11) Virtual dressing room [ edit ] A virtual dressing room (/wiki/Virtual_dressing_room) [12] (#cite_note-12) (also often referred to as virtual fitting room and virtual changing room although they do perform different functions) is the online equivalent of the near-ubiquitous in-store changing room (/wiki/Changing_room) – that is, it enables shoppers to try on clothes to check one or more of size, fit or style, but virtually rather than physically. The multimedia communication company Eyemagnet developed the Virtual Dressing Room for the Hallensteins (/wiki/Hallenstein_Brothers) menswear chain. The changing room is transformed to a single panel which reflects the user. These users can then use simple arm and hand gestures to ‘try on’ any apparel in the store, take a photo of any selected outfit and have it sent to their mobile phone. Newer versions of this technology eliminate the arm-waving altogether. [13] (#cite_note-13) Fashion retailer Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) installed a Kinect (/wiki/Kinect) -powered virtual fitting room at its Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) store. Created by AR Door, the Augmented Fitting Room system overlays 3D augmented reality clothes on the customer. Simple gestures and on-screen buttons let users "try on" different outfits. [14] (#cite_note-14) However, the high variability of virtual fit platforms to predict consumer clothes sizes called into question the accuracy of these systems in their current form. [15] (#cite_note-OVF_1-15) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) is among the brands that have incorporated ground-breaking AR technology that allows customers to try on shoes virtually. This function incorporated in 2019 into both Nike's mobile app and retail stores is called "Nike Fit" and was created so that costumers can accurately determine their shoe size, as according to their website “three out of every five people are likely wearing the wrong size shoe”. [16] (#cite_note-16) In June 2020, Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) partnered up with Snapchat (/wiki/Snapchat) and unveiled a filter that allowed users to test how the brand's shoes looked on their feet. [17] (#cite_note-17) Communication and experience co-creation [ edit ] Fashion is also a matter of socially negotiating what is "in" or "out", fashionable or not. In other words, fashion items do not only play on the economic market of physical goods, but also - and sometimes even more importantly - on the semiotic market of the production of social tastes and customs. [18] (#cite_note-18) Thanks to social media, and to all services offered by the so-called web2.0 (/wiki/Web_2.0) , laypeople can contribute to co-create the fashion world, shaping tastes, customs, and fashion-related values. Social media in general has catapulted the impact fashion has on our everyday lives and values. Fashion has taken a central role is mass production and is constantly evolving due to the ever-lasting digital transformation. [19] (#cite_note-19) Social media has also helped evolved to a point where not only can brands reach consumers, but consumers can reach brands as well. TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) for example started a trend in 2020 with #GucciModelChallenge. [20] (#cite_note-20) This creates a space where the brand is gaining awareness from their consumers in the ever-changing digital age (/wiki/Digital_Age) . Gamification [ edit ] Gaming (/wiki/Video_game) has played an important role in fostering digital aspects of the fashion world, first beginning with dress up games that used avatars (/wiki/Avatar_(computing)) and allowed players to select garments. Nevertheless, it seems it will now move on to the real world and start using avatars of real people. [21] (#cite_note-21) Garments from luxurious brands have been copied and adapted into the aesthetics of games such as the quarantine-released Animal Crossing: New Horizons (/wiki/Animal_Crossing:_New_Horizons) and The Sims (/wiki/The_Sims) . [22] (#cite_note-22) As to the former, users found themselves filled with time during the COVID-19 confinement (/wiki/Quarantine) and recreated outfits from a great variety of fashion brands, including Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) and Versace (/wiki/Versace) . Moreover, it became a platform for users to showcase their costume designs. [23] (#cite_note-23) In April 2019, Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) collaborated with simulation game The Sims in a capsule collection that featured signature Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) garments. [24] (#cite_note-24) The collection was made available to shop and the campaign was set against the backdrop of a Sims-like atmosphere. [25] (#cite_note-25) Furthermore, in May 2019, Nike partnered up with Fortnite (/wiki/Fortnite) to include their iconic Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) sneakers. In similar fashion, in May 2020, Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) designed 6 of the brand's favorite looks for Nintendo's Animal Crossing: New Horizons in a partnership with Instagram user @AnimalCrossingFashionArchive (https://www.instagram.com/AnimalCrossingFashionArchive/) . [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) They were made available to download. Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) also collaborated with the account and provided 20 looks from the house's SS (Spring/Summer) and F/W (Fall/Winter) 2020 collections. [ citation needed ] Similarly the other luxury brands mentioned, Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) partnered with game League of Legends (/wiki/League_of_Legends) to create skins for characters within the game. [28] (#cite_note-28) Digital fashion in various different video games allow users to express themselves beyond their avatar and combine the self-expression of fashion into the digital gaming realm. Digital fashion education and research [ edit ] Nowadays, the fashion industry needs experts in digital fashion, equipped with the above-sketched knowledge and competences. Several Bachelor (/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree) and Master (/wiki/Master%27s_degree) programs in Fashion have in recent years integrated Digital Fashion courses. [29] (#cite_note-29) An example is Ravensbourne University (/wiki/Ravensbourne_University_London) 's 'Digital Technology for Fashion Pathway,' launching October 2021. [30] (#cite_note-30) This new pathway will offer BA Fashion students the option to specialise in digital fashion with a focus on emerging technologies within this field. The Ravensbourne BA Fashion Class of 2020 paved the way for this new offering by collaborating with the gaming department and launching a digital fashion game live and in partnership with Twitch (/wiki/Twitch_(service)) in July 2020, and featured in Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) as 'Visionary.' [31] (#cite_note-31) In 2021, University for the Creative Arts (/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts) became the first major arts university to launch a new postgraduate higher education degree in Digital Fashion, the first Master's course of its kind in the UK. [32] (#cite_note-32) This new course allows creative researchers to learn how to create garments which are completely free from the material world, and how to fit them digitally to a client – whether they are a model for a virtual catwalk, a social media influencer looking to boost their reach, a gaming avatar in need of a fashion edge or a movie character being given a bespoke costume. [33] (#cite_note-33) While there are not (yet) dedicated scientific journals devoted to the topic, several research activities have been done in the field. Among them, a dedicated conference has taken place in 2015 in Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) . SComS - Studies in Communication Sciences, a Swiss-based Communication Journal, has published a special thematic section on Fashion communication: Between tradition and digital transformation . [34] (#cite_note-34) In July 2019, a conference titled FACTUM19 - Fashion Communication: between tradition and future digital developments has taken place in Ascona (/wiki/Ascona) ( Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) ), whose proceedings are published by Springer (/wiki/Springer_Publishing) . [35] (#cite_note-35) During FACTUM19, a document titled "Fashion Communication Research. A way ahead" has been published. [36] (#cite_note-36) Fashion is closely related with Art (/wiki/Art) and Heritage. Several museums related to fashion have started to make their appearance in the past thirty years. Examples are the Museum Christian Dior Granville, the Museum Cristobal Balenciaga, The Armani Silos, The Museum Audemars Piguet. [37] (#cite_note-37) Among the most important initiatives to digitize fashion history (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) , thus making such heritage available to researchers, practitioners and all interested people, two projects can be mentioned: Europeana Fashion [38] (#cite_note-38) and We Wear Culture [39] (#cite_note-39) by Google Arts and Culture (/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture) . The rise of digital fashion during COVID-19 [ edit ] Since the beginning of the 2020 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , the fashion industry has suffered strong economic losses, as sales plummeted and jobs were lost, but it has since learned to digitally recover through virtual clothing, catwalks, and showrooms. [40] (#cite_note-40) Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, fashion is among the industries that have been forced to adapt their commercial and creative strategies to better suit the social distancing (/wiki/Social_distancing) measures. [41] (#cite_note-41) Therefore, the digital channel has since seen a rise in use, offering live shopping and has been highlighted as the only way to overcome physical barriers. [42] (#cite_note-:0-42) It is also believed that these changes will prevail in years to come, as reported by WGSN. [42] (#cite_note-:0-42) Among these circumstances, new digital fashion houses were born, looking to push the boundaries of design, innovation and sustainability: Tribute Brand (/wiki/Tribute_Brand) , The Fabricant, Auroboros and RTFKT. [43] (#cite_note-43) Once events only attended by selected people, catwalks and showrooms have become more accessible through live streaming and virtual fashion shows. Thus, they have resulted in high fashion becoming more procurable to the general public. Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) was renamed “Milan Digital Fashion Week” [44] (#cite_note-44) and the New York version (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) prioritized outdoor spaces to further prevent the spread and set the maximum capacity at 50. [45] (#cite_note-45) The British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) also took upon the opportunity to show this year's designs online. [46] (#cite_note-46) In a historic moment at London Fashion Week 2021, the digital fashion house Auroboros became the first brand to present a solely virtual collection at a major international fashion week. [47] (#cite_note-47) Consequently, many celebrities decided to watch fashion shows that they used to attend front row from the comfort of their own homes and showed their glamorous looks from their Instagram pages. [48] (#cite_note-48) In 2021, big virtual fashion events are becoming more common. An example of this is the International digital Fashion Week. With this event, there is the largest virtual fashion show being held with over 100 designers in the fashion industry being represented. This has occurred as a result to the COVID-19 pandemic. [49] (#cite_note-:1-49) However, now digital fashion has a chance to thrive in a new technology and fashion fusion industry. The importance of fashion films has also been stressed as a medium to creatively show designers' upcoming collections. As a result, methods that were only used by digital focused houses such as The Fabricant are expected to become the norm. Therefore, 3D experiences have gained momentum. As a matter of fact, high-profile models such as Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) have already incorporated such advanced and revolutionary practices into their curriculum, as seen in an Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) post that displays the star getting a full body 3D scan (/wiki/3D_scanning) for a Mugler (/wiki/Mugler) Spring Summer 2021 film. [ citation needed ] [50] (#cite_note-50) The video shows her in a gold outfit as Pegasus (/wiki/Pegasus) , against the backdrop of a fantasy-filled world. [51] (#cite_note-51) Other embraced formats include avatar videogames such as Zepeto, which Louboutin (/wiki/Christian_Louboutin) partnered up with to showcase their SS21 collection. This way, attendees could create personalized avatars and view the brand's latest designs. On June 15, Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) also resorted to digital fashion and created a virtual showroom [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) hosted by the avatar of creative director Oliver Rousteing (/wiki/Olivier_Rousteing) , who posted on Instagram his face getting 3D scanned, adding "#future". [ citation needed ] Additionally, for their SS21 show, Italian streetwear brand GCDS (/wiki/GCDS) recreated a 3D runway with cutting-edge technology and avatars that displayed the digitally rendered clothes. [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) They even incorporated the celebrity avatars of Dua Lipa (/wiki/Dua_Lipa) , Anwar Hadid, Chiara Ferragni (/wiki/Chiara_Ferragni) and Fedez (/wiki/Fedez) , to name a few. [ citation needed ] They were shown sitting front row in the audience as if it had been a traditional show. It was referred to by the brand as the "first digital front row". [ citation needed ] The role of avatar influencers (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) such as Lil Miquela (/wiki/Lil_Miquela) and Noonoouri has been emphasized as well and definitely had an impact on the fashion industry during the pandemic, as they encouraged sales with the promotion of fashion brands. [56] (#cite_note-HC_1-56) One advantage of the digitalization of fashion is being eco-friendly, as it reduces fabric waste. Opposing beliefs state that clothing is only meant to be worn in real life, and that the process involved with sewing has always been sacred. [57] (#cite_note-57) The Emergence of the NFT Clothes Industry [ edit ] NFTs (/wiki/Non-fungible_token) , unique digital assets that use blockchain technology to verify ownership and provenance, have been embraced by various industries for their ability to create, trade, and tokenize digital content. The NFT clothes industry is a natural extension of this trend, applying the same concept to digital fashion items. As virtual worlds, gaming platforms, and online social spaces become increasingly popular, the demand for customizable digital avatars and unique virtual outfits has grown. NFT clothes cater to this demand, offering users a way to stand out in the digital crowd. [58] (#cite_note-58) [ citation needed ] The rise of the NFT clothes industry presents both opportunities and challenges for the traditional fashion sector. On the one hand, it allows designers to explore new creative possibilities without the constraints of physical materials and production costs. This opens up the potential for collaborations with digital artists and programmers, paving the way for more innovative designs and a broader audience reach. [59] (#cite_note-59) The NFT clothes industry can promote sustainability by reducing waste, pollution, and resource consumption associated with physical fashion production. [60] (#cite_note-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) AI and the Fashion Industry [ edit ] With the emergence of AI in all creative fields, fashion is not excluded. Ai is being used to create better-selling designs, improve marketing costs, personalization brand and consumer communications, and overall speed up the design and selling processes. [62] (#cite_note-:02-62) See also [ edit ] History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Särmäkari, N., & Vänskä, A. (2022). ‘Just hit a button!’ – fashion 4.0 designers as cyborgs, experimenting and designing with generative algorithms. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education , 15 (2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2021.1991005 ^ Jump up to: a b "Digital Fashion: The Way Forward for Sustainability?" (https://www.textileconsult.co.uk/2023/07/31/digital-fashion-the-way-forward-for-sustainability/) . Textile Consult . Retrieved May 11, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Moltchanova, Julia (23 June 2011). "Digital Textile Printing" (https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/33821/DTP_JMoltchanova.pdf?...1) (PDF) . Theseus.fi – via Metropolia. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion Marketer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210424/http://fashion-marketer.com/2014/06/12/digital_printing/) . Archived from the original (http://fashion-marketer.com/2014/06/12/digital_printing/) on 2014-07-14 . Retrieved 2014-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Noris, Alice; Nobile, Tekila Harley; Kalbaska, Nadzeya; Cantoni, Lorenzo (2021-01-02). "Digital Fashion: A systematic literature review. A perspective on marketing and communication" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20932685.2020.1835522) . Journal of Global Fashion Marketing . 12 (1): 32–46. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/20932685.2020.1835522 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20932685.2020.1835522) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2093-2685 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2093-2685) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 230600615 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230600615) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "New tech lets retailers give head-to-toe virtual makeovers" (https://www.retailcustomerexperience.com/articles/new-tech-lets-retailers-give-head-to-toe-virtual-makeovers/) . www.retailcustomerexperience.com . October 3, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "ModiFace" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140608043852/http://modiface.com/news.php) . 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Retrieved 2020-12-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/may/21/its-a-way-to-live-out-fantasies-how-animal-crossing-became-fashions-new-catwalk) 'It's a way to live out fantasies': how Animal Crossing became fashion's new catwalk" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/may/21/its-a-way-to-live-out-fantasies-how-animal-crossing-became-fashions-new-catwalk) . The Guardian . 2020-05-21 . Retrieved 2020-12-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Arts, Electronic (2019-04-16). "Introducing Moschino x The Sims" (https://www.ea.com/games/the-sims/the-sims-4/news/moschino-collection?setLocale=en-us) . Electronic Arts Inc . Retrieved 2020-12-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Shaw, Sophie (2019-04-15). "Virtual and Reality Merge in Moschino X The Sims Capsule Collection" (https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a27149290/moschino-the-sims-capsule-collection/) . CR Fashion Book . Retrieved 2020-12-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Dazed (2020-05-05). "Marc Jacobs drops six cute looks on Animal Crossing" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/49114/1/marc-jacobs-drops-six-cute-looks-animal-crossing-valentino-instagram) . Dazed . Retrieved 2020-12-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Marc Jacobs (@marcjacobs) posted on Instagram • May 2, 2020 at 6:16pm UTC" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B_sfj81jrOp) . Instagram . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/B_sfj81jrOp/) on 2021-12-24 . Retrieved 2020-12-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Nguyen, Terry (2022-01-21). "What's the point of digital clothes?" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22893254/digital-fashion-metaverse-real-clothes) . Vox . Retrieved 2022-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Master Programmes | Digital Fashion Communication Research" (https://digitalfashion.ch/list-of-masters/) . digitalfashion.ch . Retrieved 2017-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Ravensbourne To Launch Digital Technology for Fashion Course" (https://wwd.com/business-news/technology/ravensbourne-university-london-digital-technology-for-fashion-course-1234786838) . 24 March 2021 . Retrieved 2021-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Visionary Fashion University Creates Visionary Online Game to Showcase Graduates Collections" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/brookerobertsislam/2020/07/13/visionary-fashion-university-creates-interactive-online-game-to-showcase-graduates-collections/?sh=19554e85298a) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 2020-07-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Digital fashion designers sought for UK's first degree in virtual couture" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/feb/23/digital-fashion-designers-uk-degree-digital-couture-gaming-tech) . TheGuardian.com (/wiki/TheGuardian.com) . 23 February 2021 . 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Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 510–515. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-030-61671-7_47 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-61671-7_47) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-030-61671-7 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 226336704 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226336704) . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Menon, Maya (2021-08-17). "Cyber couture: 8 digital fashion houses to shop for virtual clothing now" (https://vogue.sg/digital-fashion-houses/) . Vogue Singapore . Retrieved 2024-05-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Milan Digital Fashion Week 2020" (https://milanofashionweek.cameramoda.it/en/) . milanofashionweek.cameramoda.it . Retrieved 2020-12-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Governor Cuomo Announces New York Fashion Week to Take Place in September with Limited or No Spectators" (https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-new-york-fashion-week-take-place-september-limited-or-no-spectators) . Governor Andrew M. Cuomo . 2020-08-25 . 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Italian ready-to-wear manufacturer For the actress, see Genevieve Nnaji (/wiki/Genevieve_Nnaji) . Genny Company type Subsidiary Industry Fashion Founded 1962 ; 62 years ago ( 1962 ) Ancona (/wiki/Ancona) , Marche, Italy Founder Arnaldo Girombelli and Donatella Girombelli Headquarters Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy Area served Worldwide Key people Sara Cavazza Facchini ( Creative Director (/wiki/Creative_Director) ) Mathias Facchini ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Products Women's ready-to-wear, accessories, Fashion Jewelry, Leather goods, shoes, perfumes, eyewear Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Swinger International S.p.A. Website www.genny.com (http://www.genny.com/) Genny is an Italian ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) manufacturer founded in Ancona (/wiki/Ancona) in 1962 by Arnaldo Girombelli. History [ edit ] Born in Ancona, Arnaldo Girombelli was the owner of a boutique (/wiki/Boutique) with an adjacent small tailor workshop for skirts and blouses in his hometown. After gradually expanding the workshop and increasing the number of seamstresses, in 1962 he founded a label for his creations, "Genny", named after his eldest daughter. [1] (#cite_note-repubblica-1) [2] (#cite_note-book-2) In the second half of the 1960s Genny started to have a large success thanks to a line of pleated oblique skirts obtained through a new treatment technique of cloth, [1] (#cite_note-repubblica-1) then in 1973 it introduced a youthful line, "Byblos", and Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) became its designer. [1] (#cite_note-repubblica-1) [3] (#cite_note-agazine-3) Later, Guy Paulin and his assistant Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) replaced Versace at Byblos, while Versace launched another Genny's experimental line, "Complice". [3] (#cite_note-agazine-3) In 1983, Byblos became an independent company. [2] (#cite_note-book-2) After the death of Girombelli, his wife Donatella became the chairwoman of the group. [3] (#cite_note-agazine-3) In 2001 Prada (/wiki/Prada) acquired the label, and Genny stopped its production in 2004. [4] (#cite_note-frr-4) In 2011 the label was acquired by Swinger International S.p.A., which decided to relaunch the brand and appointed Gabriele Colangelo as the new designer. [4] (#cite_note-frr-4) On July 21, 2018, the brand received Tao Award for fashion during the Taomoda event in Taormina (/wiki/Taormina) . [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Fabrizio De Marinis (8 July 1988). "Una fortuna nelle pieghe della gonna" (http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/08/una-fortuna-nelle-pieghe-della-gonna.html) . La Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Richard Harrison Martin (1995). Contemporary Fashion . St. James Press, 1995. pp. 76, 195. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1558621733 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Gross (11 March 1991). "A portrait of Genny" (https://books.google.com/books?id=K-kCAAAAMBAJ&q=Genny++++++ancona&pg=PA18) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . pp. 18–19 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Eric Wilson (September 22, 2011). "Genny Is Back on the Runway" (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/genny-is-back-on-the-runway/?scp=1&sq=genny&st=cse) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Carrera, Martino (2018-07-23). "Genny Receives Tao Award for Fashion" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/genny-receives-tao-award-fashion-1202763162/) . WWD . Retrieved 2018-07-24 . 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This article uses bare URLs (/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs) , which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot (/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) . Please consider converting them to full citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles) to ensure the article remains verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates (/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles#Examples) and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week&defaults=y) ( documentation (/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill) ) and Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) ( documentation (/wiki/User:Citation_bot) ) . ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kuala+Lumpur+Fashion+Week%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week Genre clothing and fashion exhibitions Date(s) August Frequency each summer [ clarification needed ] Location(s) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) Inaugurated 2013 Founder Andrew Tan Website www.klfashionweek.com (http://www.klfashionweek.com/) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week , held in August in Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) , capital city of Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , is a series of summer events (generally lasting five days) where international fashion collections are shown to buyers, the press and the general public. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week was created in 2013 as a platform for Malaysian designers to present and showcase their ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) collections, with the hopes of highlighting the strengths and creativity of Malaysia's Fashion Industry to local and international consumers. [ citation needed ] Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week is held at the Pavilion Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Pavilion_Kuala_Lumpur) in Malaysia in August and attracts more than 150,000 people. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week is reserved for fashion professionals and can only be attended by invitation or accreditation. [ citation needed ] Journalists, bloggers, and buyers are accredited by the organizers of the event and the ready-to-wear brands who select any guests they choose to invite. Each year, organizers decide which five brands will present their collections while featuring a mix of other exciting designers. KLFW showcases designs never seen before, providing viewers with a first-hand look at designs. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) History [ edit ] KLFW was created by Mr. Andrew Tan, who was invited to an event in Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) , London (/wiki/London) , for the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange (/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Fashion_Exchange&action=edit&redlink=1) , which encourages emerging designers to display their talents and showcase it to the world. [ citation needed ] Through support of Tourism Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week had its chance to travel the world. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week involves ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) fashion. Ready-to-wear focuses on designing clothes that are immediately marketable. Months after KLFW you will find majority of the designs ready for purchase in stores. [6] (#cite_note-blisssaigon-6) 2019 KLFW [ edit ] Andrew Tan, the founder of KLFW, showcased batik (/wiki/Batik) as a contemporary element in fashion through the Fashion Forward Batik Initiative. [ citation needed ] Kit Woo's Utilitarian unisex collection consisting of abstract shapes, patchwork detailing and oversized fits in denim with a pop of color. Designers highlighted support for sustainable and ethical fashion aligning with Airasia (/wiki/Airasia) , the Commonwealth Fashion Council (/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Fashion_Council&action=edit&redlink=1) of UK, and the United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) ' sustainable development goal. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) http://www.glamasia.com/2016/05/31/need-know-kuala-lumpur-fashion-week-16/ (http://www.glamasia.com/2016/05/31/need-know-kuala-lumpur-fashion-week-16/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Veera, Sushma (9 November 2016). "KL Fashion Week RTW 2016: A contrast of strength and femininity from Sher and Lin" (https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/11/187166/kl-fashion-week-rtw-2016-contrast-strength-and-femininity-sher-and-lin) . NST Online . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ihsan, Syida Lizta Amirul (1 February 2017). "A new hope" (https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/02/208750/new-hope) . NST Online . ^ (#cite_ref-4) India, The Hans (20 August 2016). "Local designer represents India at Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week" (https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2016-08-20/Local-designer-represents-India-at-Kuala-Lumpur-Fashion-Week/249438) . www.thehansindia.com . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170629004309/http://www.elle.my/fashion/News/Isetan-and-KL-Fashion-Week-collaborate-for-the-first-time) . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.my/fashion/News/Isetan-and-KL-Fashion-Week-collaborate-for-the-first-time) on 2017-06-29 . Retrieved 2017-02-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "All You Need to Know About the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week" (https://blisssaigon.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-kuala-lumpur-fashion-week/) . BlissSaigon . Retrieved 1 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "All The Highlights Of Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week 2019" (https://www.clozette.co/article/klfw-2019-shows-5808) . www.clozette.co . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐lfrn6 Cached time: 20240713215916 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.403 seconds Real time usage: 0.510 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1843/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51568/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3663/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36404/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.273/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5138440/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 461.059 1 -total 27.34% 126.072 1 Template:Reflist 23.90% 110.201 6 Template:Cite_web 20.78% 95.820 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 20.03% 92.342 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 19.48% 89.818 1 Template:Navbox 18.80% 86.684 1 Template:Infobox 18.56% 85.591 2 Template:Ambox 17.39% 80.168 1 Template:Cleanup_bare_URLs 7.59% 35.011 4 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43362948-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713215916 and revision id 1156856003. 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Find sources: "Vitale Barberis Canonico" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vitale+Barberis+Canonico%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vitale+Barberis+Canonico%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vitale+Barberis+Canonico%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vitale+Barberis+Canonico%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vitale+Barberis+Canonico%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vitale+Barberis+Canonico%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Vitale Barberis Canonico S.p.A. Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) ( S.p.A. (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni) ) Industry Textiles (/wiki/Textile_industry) Founded 1663 ; 361 years ago ( 1663 ) Headquarters Pratrivero (/wiki/Pratrivero) , Italy Website vitalebarberiscanonico (https://vitalebarberiscanonico.com/) .com (https://vitalebarberiscanonico.com/) The fabric mill in the 1940s Vitale Barberis Canonico ( VBC ) is an Italian (/wiki/Economy_of_Italy) fabric mill (/wiki/Fabric_mill) that was established in 1663. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is located in Pratrivero (/wiki/Pratrivero) , about 50 miles northeast of Turin (/wiki/Turin) in the Piedmont (/wiki/Piedmont) region of northwest Italy (/wiki/Northwest_Italy) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The company has remained a family-owned business (/wiki/Family-owned_business) for 13 generations. [3] (#cite_note-3) Francesco Barberis Canonico is the current creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The company's facilities in 2000 Vitale Barberis Canonico sells around half under its own name and half under other brands, including many English and Italian merchants. The company's largest customer is the Italian fabric mill and luxury menswear fashion house Ermenegildo Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) . In 2012, the wool mill was chosen by the Ferrari (/wiki/Ferrari) brand for the "tailor-made" project, which includes the possibility of personalizing one's car with Vitale Barberis Canonico fabrics. In 2013, the year of the 350th anniversary of the wool business of the Barberis Canonico family, the wool mill became a member of Gli Henokiens (/wiki/Gli_Henokiens) , the international association reserved for family businesses with at least two hundred years of history. In 2016, the company, which opened a historical archive for trendy fabrics from the 19th century onwards, exported 80% of the 9 million meters produced per year. [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Luciano Barbera (/wiki/Luciano_Barbera) Marzotto (/wiki/Marzotto) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Vitale Barberis Canonico (http://www.vitalebarberiscanonico.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Suitsupply (/wiki/Suitsupply) Vitale Barberis Canonico (http://us.suitsupply.com/en_US/vitale-barberis-canonico.html) ^ (#cite_ref-3) J Crew (/wiki/J_Crew) Vitale Barberis Canonico (https://www.jcrew.com/flatpages/barberis-video.jsp) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Francesco Barberis Canonico (https://www.alainelkanninterviews.com/francesco-barberis-canonico/) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Frey, Meagan (2012). "Making a Change With Dr. Joseph Ferrari" (https://dx.doi.org/10.24839/1092-0803.eye16.4.22) . Eye on Psi Chi . 16 (4): 22–23. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.24839/1092-0803.eye16.4.22 (https://doi.org/10.24839%2F1092-0803.eye16.4.22) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1092-0803 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1092-0803) . External links [ edit ] Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Media related to Vitale Barberis Canonico (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) at Wikimedia Commons Official website (https://vitalebarberiscanonico.com/) v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris tweed (/wiki/Harris_tweed) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himroo (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Irish linen (/wiki/Irish_linen) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kerseymere (/wiki/Kerseymere) Khādī (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB) Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) Kijōka-bashōfu (/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) 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Port Harcourt International Fashion Week Status active Genre clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Annually Venue Aztech Arcum Location(s) Port Harcourt, Rivers State (/wiki/Port_Harcourt,_Rivers_State) Country Nigeria Years active 2013 – present Inaugurated 2013 Most recent September 2013 Next event September 2014 Activity Meet & Greet Exhibitions Fashion Shows Workshops Fashion Competitions Organised by Neo Mantra Ltd and Bruno Creazioni Company Website nativeandvogue (http://nativeandvogue.com) .com (http://nativeandvogue.com) Port Harcourt International Fashion Week (alternatively known as Native & Vogue ) is an annual clothing and fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_Week) held in the oil capital of Nigeria, Port Harcourt (/wiki/Port_Harcourt) . This event, a part of fashion in Nigeria (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) , first took place in 2013 and continues to be jointly organized by Neo Mantra Ltd and Bruno Creazioni Company. The event lasts three days. Its principal sponsor is the Rivers State government (/wiki/Rivers_State_government) . [1] (#cite_note-tide1-1) The Fashion Week is intended for local and international fashion models and designers to display their talents. [2] (#cite_note-models-2) It also provides emerging designers a platform to develop their creative expressions. Since its initiation in 2013, the yearly event has showcased several of Africa's top designers such as Paul Van Zyl, Adebayo Jones, Frank Osodi, Ituen Basi (/wiki/Ituen_Basi) and Mai Atafo. [3] (#cite_note-designers-3) Former Miss World, Agbani Darego (/wiki/Agbani_Darego) has served as host for the international exhibition. [4] (#cite_note-agbani_hosts-4) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events#Africa) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-tide1_1-0) "Rivers Launches Into World Fashion Map …As Native, Vogue Debuts" (http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2013/07/05/rivers-launches-into-world-fashion-map-as-native-vogue-debuts/) . The Tide (/wiki/The_Tide_(Nigeria)) . Port Harcourt (/wiki/Port_Harcourt) : Rivers State Newspaper Corporation. 5 July 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050924/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2013/07/05/rivers-launches-into-world-fashion-map-as-native-vogue-debuts/) from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-models_2-0) Edozie, Victor (27 July 2014). "International models for Port Harcourt Int'l Fashion week" (http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/the-arts/17601-international-models-for-port-harcourt-int-l-fashion-week) . Dailytrust.com.ng (/wiki/Daily_Trust) . Port Harcourt (/wiki/Port_Harcourt) : Media Trust Limited. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053256/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/the-arts/17601-international-models-for-port-harcourt-int-l-fashion-week) from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-designers_3-0) "Vogue Port Harcourt International Fashion Week" (http://www.africafashionweekny.com/2013/09/frank-osodi-of-africa-fashion-week-new-york-native-vogue-international-fashion-week-port-harcourt-september-20th-22nd-2013/) . Africafashionweekny.com. 19 September 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041242/http://www.africafashionweekny.com/2013/09/frank-osodi-of-africa-fashion-week-new-york-native-vogue-international-fashion-week-port-harcourt-september-20th-22nd-2013/) from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-agbani_hosts_4-0) "Agbani to host International Fashion Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130914035358/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/agbani-to-host-international-fashion-week/) . The Punch (/wiki/The_Punch) . 14 September 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/agbani-to-host-international-fashion-week/) on 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . External links [ edit ] Native&Vogue (https://x.com/nativeandvogue) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Port Harcourt International Fashion Week official website (http://nativeandvogue.com) v t e Port Harcourt (/wiki/Port_Harcourt) Education (/wiki/Category:Education_in_Port_Harcourt) Emarid College (/wiki/Emarid_College) Hallel College (/wiki/Hallel_College) Brookstone School Secondary (/wiki/Brookstone_School_Secondary) Charles Dale Memorial International School (/wiki/Charles_Dale_Memorial_International_School) Archdeacon Crowther Memorial Girls' School (/wiki/Archdeacon_Crowther_Memorial_Girls%27_School) Jephthah Comprehensive Secondary School (/wiki/Jephthah_Comprehensive_Secondary_School) Marygold International School (/wiki/Marygold_International_School) Niger Delta Science School (/wiki/Niger_Delta_Science_School) Norwegian International School (/wiki/Norwegian_International_School_(Port_Harcourt)) Port Harcourt Polytechnic (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Polytechnic) Tantua International Group of Schools (/wiki/Tantua_International_Group_of_Schools) Topline Schools (/wiki/Topline_Schools) University of Port Harcourt (/wiki/University_of_Port_Harcourt) University of Science and Technology (/wiki/Rivers_State_University_of_Science_and_Technology) See also: List of schools in Port Harcourt (/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Port_Harcourt) Geography (/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Port_Harcourt) Aggrey Road (/wiki/Aggrey_Road) Bonny Island (/wiki/Bonny_Island) Eleme (/wiki/Eleme,_Nigeria) Obio Akpor (/wiki/Obio-Akpor) Oyigbo (/wiki/Oyigbo) Rumuokoro (/wiki/Rumuokoro) Healthcare (/wiki/Category:Healthcare_in_Port_Harcourt) Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (/wiki/Braithwaite_Memorial_Specialist_Hospital) Dental and Maxillofacial Hospital (/wiki/Rivers_State_Dental_and_Maxillofacial_Hospital) Kelsey Harrison Hospital (/wiki/Kelsey_Harrison_Hospital) Meridian Hospital (/wiki/Meridian_Hospital) Military Hospital (/wiki/Military_Hospital,_Port_Harcourt) Rehoboth Specialist Hospital (/wiki/Rehoboth_Specialist_Hospital) University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (/wiki/University_of_Port_Harcourt_Teaching_Hospital) See also: List of hospitals in Port Harcourt (/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Port_Harcourt) History (/wiki/Category:History_of_Port_Harcourt) Lewis Vernon Harcourt (/wiki/Lewis_Vernon_Harcourt,_1st_Viscount_Harcourt) Invasion (/wiki/Invasion_of_Port_Harcourt) Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 (/wiki/Sosoliso_Airlines_Flight_1145) Bus electrocution (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_bus_electrocution) 2022 stampede (/wiki/2022_Port_Harcourt_stampede) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Harcourt) Mass media (/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Port_Harcourt) Newspapers (/wiki/Category:Newspapers_published_in_Port_Harcourt) National Network (/wiki/National_Network_(newspaper)) The Tide (/wiki/The_Tide_(Nigeria)) Television (/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Africa) Rivers State Television (/wiki/Rivers_State_Television) Radio (/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Port_Harcourt) 89.9 FM (/wiki/Garden_City_Radio_89.9) 91.7 FM (/wiki/91.7_FM_(Port_Harcourt)) 93.7 FM (/wiki/Rhythm_93.7_FM_Port_Harcourt) 94.1 FM (/wiki/Wazobia_FM_94.1) 99.1 FM (/wiki/Radio_Rivers_99.1) Neighbourhoods (/wiki/Category:Neighbourhoods_in_Port_Harcourt) Borokiri (/w/index.php?title=Borokiri,_Port_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1) D-line (/wiki/D-line,_Port_Harcourt) Diobu (/wiki/Diobu,_Port_Harcourt) Elelenwo (/w/index.php?title=Elelenwo,_Port_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1) New GRA (/wiki/New_GRA,_Port_Harcourt) Old GRA (/wiki/Old_GRA,_Port_Harcourt) Shell RA (/wiki/Shell_Residential_Area) Trans Amadi (/w/index.php?title=Trans_Amadi,_Port_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1) Transportation Port Harcourt International Airport (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Airport) NAF Base (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_NAF_Base) Tourist attractions (/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Port_Harcourt) Annual events (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Port_Harcourt) Carniriv (/wiki/Carniriv) Port Harcourt Book Festival (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Book_Festival) Port Harcourt Fashion Week Landmarks (/wiki/Category:Landmarks_in_Port_Harcourt) Corpus Christi Cathedral (/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Cathedral_(Port_Harcourt)) Isaac Boro Park (/wiki/Isaac_Boro_Park) Port Harcourt Cemetery (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Cemetery) Port Harcourt Golf Club (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Golf_Club) Port Harcourt Pleasure Park (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Pleasure_Park) Port Harcourt Refining Company (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company) Port Harcourt Zoo (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Zoo) Entertainment venues (/wiki/Category:Entertainment_venues_in_Port_Harcourt) Adokiye Amiesimaka Stadium (/wiki/Adokiye_Amiesimaka_Stadium) Asia Town (/wiki/Asia_Town_(restaurant)) Liberation Stadium (/wiki/Liberation_Stadium) Obi Wali International Conference Centre (/wiki/Obi_Wali_International_Conference_Centre) Port Harcourt Tourist Beach (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Tourist_Beach) Sharks Stadium (/wiki/Sharks_Stadium) Silverbird Cinema (/wiki/Silverbird_Cinema_(Port_Harcourt)) 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week&oldid=1221123808 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week&oldid=1221123808) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Nigeria (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Nigeria) Culture in Port Harcourt (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Port_Harcourt) Recurring events established in 2013 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2013) Annual events in Nigeria (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Nigeria) Tourist attractions in Port Harcourt (/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Port_Harcourt) Annual events in Port Harcourt (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Port_Harcourt) 2013 establishments in Nigeria (/wiki/Category:2013_establishments_in_Nigeria) 2010s establishments in Rivers State (/wiki/Category:2010s_establishments_in_Rivers_State) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Hidden categories: EngvarB from September 2017 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_September_2017) Use dmy dates from September 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2017)
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