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Lace making machine, based on the bobbinet The Pusher machine was a lace making machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) , based on the bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) , that was invented in 1812 Samuel Clark and James Mart. Context [ edit ] In 1812 Samuel Clark and James Mart(sic) constructed a machine that was capable of working a pattern and net at the same time. A pusher operated each bobbin and carriage independently, allowing almost unlimited designs and styles. The machine, however, was slow, delicate, costly and could produce only short "webs" of about two by four yards. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahin1922-1) There is no record of the original specifications, but its origin is referenced in two patent applications made to improve it lodged in 1825, by Joseph Crowder of New Radford (/wiki/Radford,_Nottingham) [2] (#cite_note-2) and his associates Messrs Hall and Day. Variations on the basic machine were the Crowder and Day's improved pusher and Kendall and Morley's machine . [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw198697-3) The machine was modified by John Synyer in 1829. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelkin1867293-4) to allow for bullet holes to be inserted in the plain twist net. A modification was made in 1831 to copy blondes, Marmaduke Miller adder a device to add loops and purls to the lace in 1827. Production had its heyday in the 1850s and ceased around 1870-1880. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw198696–98-5) Machine [ edit ] The warp beam was at the top, and the work roller at the bottom. There was a sley and a guide bar. The carriages with their bobbins (brass bobbins) slid on a concave comb (bolt). In the 1825 modification, the carriages were suspended from an upwardly arching comb. The carriages are propelled by individual pusher rods which strike the ears on the carriage. There was pusher bar (later there were four) but there is a fetcher bar (locker bar) which act in conjunctions with the pushers. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw198698,_99-6) It was slow and in the early machine, 14 actions were required to form each course; in 1825 this had been reduced to ten. The bobbins were necessarily small and this restricted the length of a single piece to about 4 metres. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw198698,_99-6) The actions were controlled by an organ barrel until the adoption of the Jacquard process in 1839. This was achieved by James Wright of Radford. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw1986100-7) Product [ edit ] The bobbinet was best producing straight net, but the Pusher was slow and could be used to imitate handlace of any complexity though could't put in liners leaving the impression of sharpness from the lace. When in William IV (/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom) reign, tatting and putting on fancies became popular, the Pusher was in great demand. The pusher was particularly good at making large shawls (/wiki/Shawl) or capes in the style of Chantilly lace (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) . It could replicate the grille or half-stitch which defeated the Leavers machine. It could be hand lined using a Cornely machine. Lace was dependent on fashion. In 1867 women stopped wearing shawls, and the Franco-Prussian War (/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War) cut off the trade with France there was market for this lace. The redundant Pushers were scrapped. In 1920, a retailer was advertising ' Real Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) ' machine lace produced on a Pusher in Lyon (/wiki/Lyon) , France, and in 1959 there were a 'narrow range of silk nets' being produced on Pushers in Lyon. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw1986105-8) References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahin1922_1-0) Mahin 1922 (#CITEREFMahin1922) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tilloch, Alexander; Taylor, Richard, eds. (January–June 1825). "List of New Patents" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRunBDM0_-8C&pg=PA472) . The Philosophical Magazine and Journal . 65 . London: 472 . Retrieved 31 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw198697_3-0) Earnshaw 1986 (#CITEREFEarnshaw1986) , p. 97. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFelkin1867293_4-0) Felkin 1867 (#CITEREFFelkin1867) , p. 293. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw198696–98_5-0) Earnshaw 1986 (#CITEREFEarnshaw1986) , pp. 96–98. ^ Jump up to: a b Earnshaw 1986 (#CITEREFEarnshaw1986) , pp. 98, 99. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw1986100_7-0) Earnshaw 1986 (#CITEREFEarnshaw1986) , p. 100. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw1986105_8-0) Earnshaw 1986 (#CITEREFEarnshaw1986) , p. 105. Bibliography [ edit ] Earnshaw, Pat (1986). Lace Machines and Machine Laces . Batsford. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0713446846 . Farrell, Jeremy (2007). "Identifying Handmade and Machine Lace" (http://www.dressandtextilespecialists.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Lace-Booklet.pdf) (PDF) . DATS (Dress and Textile Specialists) in partnership with the V&A. Felkin, William. A history of the machine-wrought hosiery and lace manufacturies . Longmans, G.Keen, and co. 1867. Mahin, Abbie C. "Pusher Lace: An Early American Machine-Made Fabric" (https://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/articles/nb22_lac.pdf) (PDF) . The Bulletin of the Needle and Bobbin Club . 6 (1922): 5 . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lacemaking machines (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lacemaking_machines) . v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7xgx9 Cached time: 20240720172221 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.350 seconds Real time usage: 0.506 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1274/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41655/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1646/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26770/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.239/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5398523/52428800 bytes Number of 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Italian actress and model Laura Forgia Born Laura Lena Forgia ( 1982-10-09 ) 9 October 1982 (age 41) Angera (/wiki/Angera) Nationality Italian Other names Lena Harva (stage name) Education University of Insubria (/wiki/University_of_Insubria) Occupations Showgirl model actress television presenter Modeling information Height 1.74 [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-tutto_tv-3) m (5 ft 9 in) Hair color Blond (/wiki/Blond) Eye color Blue (/wiki/Eye_color#Blue) Laura Forgia , (born Laura Lena Forgia , 9 October 1982, in Angera (/wiki/Angera) ), sometimes known as Lena Harva , is an Italian showgirl (/wiki/Showgirl) , model (/wiki/Model_(person)) , actress (/wiki/Actress) and television presenter (/wiki/Television_presenter) . She was born to an Italian (/wiki/Italy) father and Swedish (/wiki/Swedish_people) mother. [4] (#cite_note-4) Television [ edit ] Year Title Network Notes References 2007–08 Talent1 Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) Co-presenter [5] (#cite_note-rai-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-celeb_club-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Talent1 Night, la notte dei talenti [9] (#cite_note-9) 2008 Veline Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) Competitor [7] (#cite_note-celeb_club-7) [10] (#cite_note-10) Artù Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) Assistant [3] (#cite_note-tutto_tv-3) 2009 Documentario (/wiki/Documentary_film) in Corea (/wiki/Korea) Sky Invited [5] (#cite_note-rai-5) [3] (#cite_note-tutto_tv-3) Scherzi a parte (/wiki/Scherzi_a_parte) Italia 1 Acted [3] (#cite_note-tutto_tv-3) [11] (#cite_note-casting_news-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) 2009–10 Oktagon (/wiki/Oktagon) Italia 1, Dahlia TV (/wiki/Dahlia_TV) Invited [3] (#cite_note-tutto_tv-3) Cuork - Viaggio al centro della coppia La7 (/wiki/La7) Acted 2010 Sai cosa c'è di nuovo? Canale 10, Odeon 24 (/wiki/Odeon_24) Presenter 2010–11 L'almanacco del Gene Gnocco Rai 3 (/wiki/Rai_3) Acted [13] (#cite_note-13) Le Iene (/wiki/Le_Iene) Italia 1 2011 Saturday Night Live from Milano (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_from_Milano) [3] (#cite_note-tutto_tv-3) 2011–16 L'eredità (/wiki/L%27eredit%C3%A0) Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) "Professoresse" member [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-television_ando-16) [17] (#cite_note-psw_net-17) [18] (#cite_note-donna_trendy-18) [19] (#cite_note-sassi_live-19) [20] (#cite_note-rai2-20) 2011 Soliti ignoti - Identità nascoste Hidden identity: "professoressa a L'eredità " [16] (#cite_note-television_ando-16) [17] (#cite_note-psw_net-17) 2012 Premio TV - Premio regia televisiva 2012 Received an award with Carlo Conti (/wiki/Carlo_Conti) for her appearances as a "professoresse" in L'eredità [18] (#cite_note-donna_trendy-18) [19] (#cite_note-sassi_live-19) [20] (#cite_note-rai2-20) 2013 La prova del cuoco Wins in the green pepper team in the kitchen [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Premio TV - Premio regia televisiva 2013 Received an award with Carlo Conti for her appearances as a "professoresse" in L'eredità [18] (#cite_note-donna_trendy-18) [19] (#cite_note-sassi_live-19) [20] (#cite_note-rai2-20) 2014 Premio TV - Premio regia televisiva 2014 Temptation Island Canale 5 Temptress [23] (#cite_note-rai3-23) [24] (#cite_note-melty-24) Temptation Island e poi [24] (#cite_note-melty-24) Tale e Quale Show Rai 1 As Emma Bunton (/wiki/Emma_Bunton) of the Spice Girls (/wiki/Spice_Girls) along with the "professoresse" and Gabriele Cirilli [23] (#cite_note-rai3-23) 2015 Pechino Express (/wiki/Pechino_Express) Rai 2 Finalist (fourth along with Eleonora Cortini (/wiki/Eleonora_Cortini) as "Le professoresse") [25] (#cite_note-25) [5] (#cite_note-rai-5) 2016–17 Cultura moderna Italia 1, Mediaset Extra (/wiki/Mediaset_Extra) Co-presenter [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) 2017 Tiki Taka - Il calcio è il nostro gioco Italia 1 Opinionist [28] (#cite_note-28) 2017 Sbandati Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) "Panelist" and special guest 2017–2018 I fatti vostri Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) Presenter 2018–2019 La palestra in casa (tutorial Pomeriggio Cinque (/wiki/Pomeriggio_Cinque) ) Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) Protagonist Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2008 Medici miei (/wiki/Medici_miei) Patient [11] (#cite_note-casting_news-11) 2009 La vita presa a calci [29] (#cite_note-mr_sound-29) [30] (#cite_note-vegastar-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) 2010 The Night of the Zombies Vania Co-leading role [11] (#cite_note-casting_news-11) [29] (#cite_note-mr_sound-29) [30] (#cite_note-vegastar-30) Angel of Evil (/wiki/Angel_of_Evil) Minor role [33] (#cite_note-33) [30] (#cite_note-vegastar-30) 2011 Agata e Simona Simona Short film; Lead role [34] (#cite_note-34) 2012 Camera Café Ingrid Guest 2016 Maremmamara Marta [35] (#cite_note-35) Il mondo di mezzo Gaia Lead role [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) 2017 Figli randagi [40] (#cite_note-40) Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Ref. 2016 Jacky Greco feat. Snoop Dogg (/wiki/Snoop_Dogg) , Arlissa & JakkCity "Blow" [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Others [ edit ] Year Title Notes Ref. 2016 A casa delle proff ToTape channel co-founded and co-managed with Eleonora Cortini [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Profilo artista: Laura Forgia" (http://www.castingnews.eu/artisti/LauraForgia/profilo.asp) . castingnews.eu (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Scheda di Laura Forgia tentatrice di Temptation Island" (http://www.ilblogdiuominiedonne.net/2014/07/scheda-laura-forgia-tentatrice-temptation-island/?preview=true) . ilblogdiuominiedonne.net (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Professoresse L'Eredità 2016 Nomi: chi sono e come si chiamano, età" (http://www.tutto-tv.it/professoresse-eredita-nomi-669) . tutto-tv.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Laura Forgia: origine svedese" (http://realityshow.blogosfere.it/post/327125/leredita-le-professoresse-di-carlo-conti-sono-nuove-ludovica-caramis-eleonora-cortini-francesca-fich) . realityshow.blogosfere.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Le professoresse di Pechino Express" (http://www.rai.it/dl/portali/site/articolo/ContentItem-446227f7-3e6a-4105-9a43-2c84b5b92a9a.html) . rai.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Le professoresse di Pechino Express 2015: Laura Forgia ed Eleonora Cortini" (http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/120256/le-professoresse-di-pechino-express-2015-laura-forgia-ed-eleonora-cortini#more-120256) . davidemaggio.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Veline" (http://www.celebclub.biz/ALFAVIDEO/CelebClub196_VEL08.htm) . celebclub.biz (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Laura Forgia a Talent1 nel 2008" (http://www.celebclub.biz/celebs_gallery.php?celeb=Laura_Forgia&dis1=Talent1_2008) . celebclub.biz (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Capodanno su Italia 1" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160821161302/http://www.musicroom.it/articolo/capodanno-su-italia-1/864/) . musicroom.it (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.musicroom.it/articolo/capodanno-su-italia-1/864/) on 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Laura Forgia a Veline" (http://img184.imagevenue.com/img.php?image=43206_veline_01_122_480lo.jpg) . img184.imagevenue.com . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lavori di Laura Forgia" (http://www.castingnews.eu/artisti/LauraForgia/lavori.asp) . castingnews.eu (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Le Professoresse di Pechino Express 2015: Laura Forgia ed Eleonora Cortini" (http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/120256/le-professoresse-di-pechino-express-2015-laura-forgia-ed-eleonora-cortini) . davidemaggio.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Il caso della settimana: il rapporto di coppia tra Diabolik ed Eva Kant" (http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-2f164cb9-971c-4659-aa8a-943830771082.html) . rai.tv (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "La "professoressa" Laura Forgia si congeda da "L'eredità" (http://www.chiccosedoc.com/la-professoressa-laura-forgia-si-congeda-leredita-oggi-scendero-questa-meravigliosa-nave-perche-arrivato-momento-cambiare-rotta/) " (http://www.chiccosedoc.com/la-professoressa-laura-forgia-si-congeda-leredita-oggi-scendero-questa-meravigliosa-nave-perche-arrivato-momento-cambiare-rotta/) . chiccosedoc.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "L'eredità con Fabrizio Frizzi: le professoresse scendono a 3" (http://realityshow.blogosfere.it/post/721109/leredita-2016-2017-professoresse-nuovi-giochi-anticipazioni) . realityshow.blogosfere.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Laura Forgia a i "Soliti ignoti - Identità nascoste" (http://static.televisionando.it/televisionando/fotogallery/979X0/121801/laura-forgia-a-i-soliti-ignoti.jpg) " (http://static.televisionando.it/televisionando/fotogallery/979X0/121801/laura-forgia-a-i-soliti-ignoti.jpg) . static.televisionando.it . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Laura Forgia - Soliti Ignoti - 19/11/11" (http://ilovecaps.pswnet.com/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1322070564) . ilovecaps.pswnet.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Premio Tv 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160417135959/http://cronaca.donnatrendy.com/premio-tv-2012-vincitore-fiorello-1874.html) . cronaca.donnatrendy.com (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://cronaca.donnatrendy.com/premio-tv-2012-vincitore-fiorello-1874.html) on 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lo stilista lucano Michele Miglionico veste Laura Forgia per il premio regia televisiva Oscar Tv 2013" (http://www.sassilive.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/terza-pagina/lo-stilista-lucano-michele-miglionico-veste-laura-forgia-per-il-premio-regia-televisiva-oscar-tv-2013/) . sassilive.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Premio regia televisiva 2014" (http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-1ba1e519-c138-4984-abc3-dc9bc481bb4b.html) . rai.tv (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "La prova del cuoco, 28 maggio 2013 - Sfida vinta dal peperone verde" (http://www.gossipetv.com/la-prova-del-cuoco-28-maggio-2013-antonella-clerici-e-il-suo-continuo-mal-di-testa-82076) . gossipetv.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "La prova del cuoco: 29 maggio 2013" (http://lericettedellaprovadelcuoco.blogspot.it/2013/05/linguine-con-vongole-lime-piselli-e.html) . lericettedellaprovadelcuoco.blogspot.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Tale e quale show del 31/10/2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160314050643/http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-b54ed833-bf50-4405-b880-7d611acc4539.html#p=) . rai.tv (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-b54ed833-bf50-4405-b880-7d611acc4539.html#p=) on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Temptation Island e poi" (http://www.melty.it/temptation-island-e-poi-gabriele-sonia-laura-forgia-a141674.html) . melty.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Pechino Express 4: Laura Forgia ed Eleonora Cortini, le "Professoresse" (http://www.chiccosedoc.com/pechino-express-4-laura-forgia-ed-eleonora-cortini-le-professoresse-video/) " (http://www.chiccosedoc.com/pechino-express-4-laura-forgia-ed-eleonora-cortini-le-professoresse-video/) . chiccosedoc.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Laura Forgia condurrà Cultura Moderna con Teo Mammucari" (http://www.vistomagazine.com/laura-forgia-cultura-moderna/) . vistomagazine.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Cultura Moderna, Antonio Ricci: "La Cultura in tv è atto contro natura" (http://www.rtl.it/notizie/articoli/cultura-moderna-antonio-ricci-la-cultura-in-tv-e-atto-contro-natura/) " (http://www.rtl.it/notizie/articoli/cultura-moderna-antonio-ricci-la-cultura-in-tv-e-atto-contro-natura/) . rtl.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Tiki Taka replica del 3 aprile 2017: Melissa Satta, Laura Lena Forgia, Martina Panagia, Pardo cala il tris" (http://www.peoplexpress.it/2017/04/04/tiki-taka-replica-del-3-aprile-2017-melissa-satta-laura-lena-forgia-martina-panagia-pardo-cala-tris/) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Laura Forgia - Carriera" (http://www.mrsound.it/artisti/ospiti-vip/item/92-laura-forgia) . mrsound.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Vegastar: Laura Forgia" (http://www.vegastar.it/artists/curriculum/id/312) . vegastar.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) " (http://www.agenziaimpress.it/la-vita-presa-a-calci-banca-mps-sponsorizza-un-film-sullarezzo-calcio/) "La vita presa a calci", Banca Mps sponsorizza un film sull'Arezzo Calcio" (http://www.agenziaimpress.it/la-vita-presa-a-calci-banca-mps-sponsorizza-un-film-sullarezzo-calcio/) . agenziaimpress.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Arriva "La vita presa a calci", il bene ed il male nel pallone" (http://www.ilcittadinoonline.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/arriva-la-vita-presa-a-calci-il-bene-ed-il-male-nel-pallone/) . ilcittadinoonline.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Laura conquista l'Eredità e diventa la "prof" di Conti" (http://www.laprovinciadivarese.it/stories/Homepage/229108_laura_conquista_leredit_e_diventa_la_prof_di_conti/) . laprovinciadivarese.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Laura Forgia" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7573733/) . imdb.com . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Scheda:Maremmamara" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4246364/) . imdb.com . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Laura Forgia ed Eleonora Cortini: e ora a L'Eredità ci riposiamo!" (http://tuttodipiu2014.altervista.org/laura-forgia-e-eleonora-cortini-e-ora-a-leredita-ci-riposiamo-doppia-intervista/?doing_wp_cron=1461663157.3598449230194091796875) . tuttodipiu2014.altervista.org (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Il mondo di mezzo" (http://www.notia.it/2015/08/cosenza-si-trasforma-nel-mondo-di-mezzo-nel-film-con-tony-sperandeo/) . notia.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Il mondo di mezzo" (http://www.festivalcinemaitaliano.com/o-mundo-do-meio-il-mondo-di-mezzo/) . festivalcinemaitaliano.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) " (http://www.film.it/news/televisione/dettaglio/art/scomparsi-dalla-tv-che-fine-hanno-fatto-chicca-e-giovanni-del-gf-13-47000/) "Il mondo di mezzo" con Matteo Branciamore, Laura Forgia, Tony Sperandeo, Nathalie Caldonazzo e Massimo Bonetti" (http://www.film.it/news/televisione/dettaglio/art/scomparsi-dalla-tv-che-fine-hanno-fatto-chicca-e-giovanni-del-gf-13-47000/) . film.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Laura Forgia nel film "Figli randagi" di Massimo Scaglione" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BLyqN4QDaSX) . instagram.com (in Italian). Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BLyqN4QDaSX/) on 2021-12-26 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Blow di Jacky Greco feat. Snoop Dogg, Arlissa & JakkCity directed by Claudio Zagarini e Chiara Feriani" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7tJkLCdeI4) . youtube.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Laura Forgia: la professoressa de "L'Eredità" outfit pop in sella a una bicicletta" (http://gentevip.it/gossip-news/laura-forgia-la-professoressa-de-leredita-outfit-pop-in-sella-a-una-bicicletta/139526/) . gentevip.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) " (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BBSkH3cCya2) "A casa delle proff" con Laura ed Eleonora" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BBSkH3cCya2) . instagram.com (in Italian). Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BBSkH3cCya2/) on 2021-12-26 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "A casa delle proff" (https://video-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t43.1792-2/12630531_1550137835299396_624632397_n.mp4?efg=eyJybHIiOjE1MDAsInJsYSI6MTAyNCwidmVuY29kZV90YWciOiJoZCJ9&rl=1500&vabr=280&oh=e2ccb476176c5723311d831e29304086&oe=580BE25E) . video-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . External links [ edit ] Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Laura Forgia (http://www.mymovies.it/biografia/?a=208563) at Mymovies.it (/wiki/Mymovies.it) (in Italian) Laura Forgia (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7573733/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Laura Forgia (https://www.instagram.com/laura_lena_forgia/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐vmhqk Cached time: 20240712185117 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.855 seconds Real time usage: 1.005 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4994/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 89396/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3658/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 172409/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.609/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19376604/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 942.397 1 -total 33.87% 319.173 1 Template:Reflist 30.33% 285.854 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.72% 270.618 44 Template:Cite_web 13.81% 130.172 1 Template:Infobox_model 13.57% 127.871 1 Template:In_lang 10.08% 94.987 1 Template:Short_description 8.66% 81.613 1 Template:Infobox 7.95% 74.886 40 Template:Pluralize_from_text 6.77% 63.767 33 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52865904-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712185117 and revision id 1221026319. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Forgia&oldid=1221026319 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Forgia&oldid=1221026319) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian showgirls (/wiki/Category:Italian_showgirls) Italian female models (/wiki/Category:Italian_female_models) 21st-century Italian actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_actresses) 1982 births (/wiki/Category:1982_births) Actors from Varese (/wiki/Category:Actors_from_Varese) Actresses from Lombardy (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Lombardy) Italian television presenters (/wiki/Category:Italian_television_presenters) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Italian women television presenters (/wiki/Category:Italian_women_television_presenters) Italian people of Swedish descent (/wiki/Category:Italian_people_of_Swedish_descent) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it))
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Italian showgirl, model, actress and television presenter Eleonora Cortini Born ( 1992-01-14 ) 14 January 1992 (age 32) Trieste (/wiki/Trieste) Nationality Italian Occupations Soubrette model actress television presenter Modeling information Height 1.71 [1] (#cite_note-altezza_epeso-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) m (5 ft 7 in) Hair color Brown (/wiki/Brown_hair) Eye color Green (/wiki/Eye_color#Green) Eleonora Cortini (born 14 January 1992, in Trieste (/wiki/Trieste) ) is an Italian Soubrette (/wiki/Soubrette) , model, actress and television presenter. Television [ edit ] Year Title Network Notes Ref. 2009 Il futuro? È uno show Regional Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) digital networks Event winner [3] (#cite_note-rai-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) 2010 Presenter 2010–11 Balla che ti passa Co-presenter [3] (#cite_note-rai-3) [5] (#cite_note-5) 2011–present L'eredità (/wiki/L%27eredit%C3%A0) Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) "Professoresse" member [6] (#cite_note-6) 2011 Soliti ignoti - Identità nascoste Hidden identity: "professoressa a L'eredità" 2012 Premio TV - Premio regia televisiva 2012 Received an award with Carlo Conti (/wiki/Carlo_Conti) for her appearances as a "professoresse" in L'eredità [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) 2013 Premio TV - Premio regia televisiva 2013 2014 Premio TV - Premio regia televisiva 2014 Tale e Quale Show As Melanie C (/wiki/Melanie_C) of the Spice Girls (/wiki/Spice_Girls) along with the "professoresse" and Gabriele Cirilli [10] (#cite_note-10) 2015 Pechino Express (/wiki/Pechino_Express) Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) Finalist (fourth along with Laura Forgia (/wiki/Laura_Forgia) as "Le professoresse") [11] (#cite_note-11) [3] (#cite_note-rai-3) 2018 Mezzogiorno in Famiglia (/w/index.php?title=Mezzogiorno_in_Famiglia&action=edit&redlink=1) Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) Guest Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2011 10 ragazze Luisa [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) 2015 Malizia e passione Short film [1] (#cite_note-altezza_epeso-1) Others [ edit ] Year Title Notes Ref. 2016 A casa delle proff ToTape channel co-founded and co-managed with Laura Forgia [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Altezza Eleonora Cortini" (http://www.altezzaepeso.it/celebrita/eleonora-cortini-8028) . altezzaepeso.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Quanto pesa Eleonora Cortini" (http://www.donnaglamour.it/quanto-pesa-eleonora-cortini/guide/) . donnaglamour.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Le Professoresse di Pechino Express" (http://www.rai.it/dl/portali/site/articolo/ContentItem-446227f7-3e6a-4105-9a43-2c84b5b92a9a.html) . rai.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "La borghigiana Eleonora Cortini, professoressa de "L'Eredità" testimonial di Avis Mugello" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130113043802/http://www.okmugello.it/borgo-san-lorenzo/la-borghigiana-eleonora-cortini-professoressa-de-leredita-testimonial-di-avis-mugello-foto/) . okmugello.it (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.okmugello.it/borgo-san-lorenzo/la-borghigiana-eleonora-cortini-professoressa-de-leredita-testimonial-di-avis-mugello-foto/) on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Vegastar: Eleonora Cortini" (http://www.vegastar.it/artists/curriculum/id/283) . vegastar.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Eleonora Cortini . I Soliti Ignoti - 24/10/11" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160312004742/http://ilovecaps.pswnet.com/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1319498679) . ilovecaps.pswnet.com (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://ilovecaps.pswnet.com/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1319498679) on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Premio Tv 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160417135959/http://cronaca.donnatrendy.com/premio-tv-2012-vincitore-fiorello-1874.html) . cronaca.donnatrendy.com (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://cronaca.donnatrendy.com/premio-tv-2012-vincitore-fiorello-1874.html) on 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Lo stilista lucano Michele Miglionico veste Laura Forgia per il premio regia televisiva Oscar Tv 2013" (http://www.sassilive.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/terza-pagina/lo-stilista-lucano-michele-miglionico-veste-laura-forgia-per-il-premio-regia-televisiva-oscar-tv-2013/) . sassilive.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Premio regia televisiva 2014" (http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-1ba1e519-c138-4984-abc3-dc9bc481bb4b.html) . rai.tv (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Tale e quale show del 31/10/2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160314050643/http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-b54ed833-bf50-4405-b880-7d611acc4539.html#p=) . rai.tv (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-b54ed833-bf50-4405-b880-7d611acc4539.html#p=) on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Pechino Express 4: Laura Forgia ed Eleonora Cortini, le "Professoresse" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150918173744/http://www.chiccosedoc.com/pechino-express-4-laura-forgia-ed-eleonora-cortini-le-professoresse-video/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150918173744/http://www.chiccosedoc.com/pechino-express-4-laura-forgia-ed-eleonora-cortini-le-professoresse-video/) . chiccosedoc.com (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.chiccosedoc.com/pechino-express-4-laura-forgia-ed-eleonora-cortini-le-professoresse-video/) on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Le ragazze del film - Eleonora Cortini è la quarta partendo da destra" (http://www.cinemaitaliano.info/show_img.php?type=fotonotizie&id=06813) . cinemaitaliano.info (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "10 ragazze" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160330023732/http://www.10ragazze.it/) . 10ragazze.it (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.10ragazze.it/) on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Scheda: 10 ragazze" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1874387/) . imdb.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) " (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BBSkH3cCya2) "A casa delle proff" con Laura ed Eleonora" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BBSkH3cCya2) . instagram.com (in Italian). Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BBSkH3cCya2/) on 2021-12-26 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "A casa delle proff" (https://video-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t43.1792-2/12630531_1550137835299396_624632397_n.mp4?efg=eyJybHIiOjE1MDAsInJsYSI6MTAyNCwidmVuY29kZV90YWciOiJoZCJ9&rl=1500&vabr=280&oh=e2ccb476176c5723311d831e29304086&oe=580BE25E) . video-mxp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net (in Italian) . Retrieved 13 Jan 2017 . External links [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film portal (/wiki/Portal:Film) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) Eleonora Cortini (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4391991/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐bcqmf Cached time: 20240713050223 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.466 seconds Real time usage: 0.585 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2554/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40205/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2795/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 66370/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.343/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9482469/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 552.518 1 -total 40.91% 226.034 1 Template:Infobox_model 33.30% 183.999 1 Template:Reflist 29.09% 160.710 16 Template:Cite_web 13.06% 72.154 1 Template:Short_description 12.62% 69.748 1 Template:Infobox 7.08% 39.141 2 Template:Pagetype 6.99% 38.632 1 Template:Hlist 5.87% 32.425 19 Template:Main_other 5.78% 31.915 1 Template:Convinfobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52866404-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713050223 and revision id 1221028914. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleonora_Cortini&oldid=1221028914 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleonora_Cortini&oldid=1221028914) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian showgirls (/wiki/Category:Italian_showgirls) Italian female models (/wiki/Category:Italian_female_models) 21st-century Italian actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_actresses) 1992 births (/wiki/Category:1992_births) Actors from Trieste (/wiki/Category:Actors_from_Trieste) Actresses from Friuli-Venezia Giulia (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia) Italian television presenters (/wiki/Category:Italian_television_presenters) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Italian women television presenters (/wiki/Category:Italian_women_television_presenters) Mass media people from Trieste (/wiki/Category:Mass_media_people_from_Trieste) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
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( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feeric_Fashion_Week&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Feeric Fashion Week Feeric Fashion Week closing gala takes place every year in The Small Square of Sibiu. Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Date(s) 17 to 22 July, 2018 Frequency Annual Location(s) Sibiu (/wiki/Sibiu) Country Romania (/wiki/Romania) Inaugurated 2008 Founder Mitichi Attendance Free Area Sibiu and surroundings Originating in 2008, Feeric Fashion Week is an international fashion event where designers from more than 20 countries and four continents showcase their work. It is based in Sibiu (/wiki/Sibiu) , Transylvania (/wiki/Transylvania) , Romania (/wiki/Romania) , and is covered by multiple fashion staples, including Vogue Italy (/wiki/Vogue_Italy) , Schön Magazine (/wiki/Sch%C3%B6n_Magazine) , and Euronews (/wiki/Euronews) . Vogue Italy has described it as one of the most important Romanian fashion events. [1] (#cite_note-1) Vogue Italy commended Feeric Fashion Week's creativity of transforming the most peculiar places in catwalk-ready settings. [2] (#cite_note-2) Schön Magazine called Feeric Fashion Week the greatest fashion week in Eastern Europe. [3] (#cite_note-3) The president of Feeric Fashion Week [4] (#cite_note-4) is Mitichi . The event is supported by The City Hall of Sibiu. Origin [ edit ] The first Feeric Fashion Week was created by the art director and fashion photographer Mitichi and took place in 2008. Feeric is the Romanian word for "magic", and the name originates from the beauty of the Small Square - a square popular with both locals and tourists. The first event was called "Feeric Fashion Show", a one-night outdoor event in the Small Square of Sibiu, created to attract attention to local fashion talent. The project was a success and developed into a bigger event. The second event was bigger, but still for one night; the same was true of the third event. Feeric then brought a runway built as a bridge over the road to Piata Mica (/wiki/Piatra_Mica) . The fourth event was renamed "Feeric Fashion Days" and held three days of events: fashion shows, exhibitions, conferences, workshops, and the different innovative places it started to outline itself as a very creative fashion project. The following year, 2012, Feeric became an international six-day event. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Consolidation as "Feeric Fashion Week" [ edit ] In 2016 the event became "Feeric Fashion Week", with nine days of fashion shows at places such as airports, railway depots, factories, castles, palaces, streets, rivers, and bridges. The actress Catrinel Marlon was the ambassador of the ninth event. [7] (#cite_note-7) Other notable events [ edit ] Feeric Gala [ edit ] Moment in Feeric Gala When the project began in 2008, there were three shows in the Small Square of Sibiu. Over time this event became the Feeric Gala, and is now the closing event of the week. Individual Show [ edit ] Individual fashion show in Boromir grain mill The Individual Show concept began in 2011, during the fourth event, and has become a popular event. "One of the strengths of this fashion event it’s definitely its locations: under the direction of founder Mitichi Preda, a little army of photographers, video makers, builders and assistants transformed, each time, the most random places in catwalk-ready settings. In this edition only, we’ve seen models walking down in the middle of the wood, through rural churches’ naves, in front of Hobbit Houses or on a rotating platform in the train depot (but last year they were also cat walking in the airport of Sibiu: runway, literally)". [8] (#cite_note-8) Feeric Venue Show [ edit ] The Redal Expo offers 3000 square meters, which is the headquarters of Feeric Fashion Week. Wheelchair model from Atipic Beauty, in Feeric Fashion Week Atipic Beauty [ edit ] Feeric Fashion Week hosts independent projects and supports them to develop. One of the projects is Atipic Beauty, a show featuring models in wheelchairs. "The event takes on fashion somewhat differently than most other fashion weeks, for instance, FFW Day One saw wheelchair bound models showcasing designs in association with Atipic Beauty, an organization for research into spinal cord injuries. Inclusive fashion that ebbs away at the superficial demeanour of the industry can’t be a bad thing. On that note, let’s touch on a couple of other highlights from this year’s FFW." [9] (#cite_note-9) Attendance [ edit ] Admission to shows at Feeric Fashion Week is free to the public, but is standing room only. Accredited journalists (/wiki/Journalist) and bloggers (/wiki/Bloggers) will have their seats, and photographers their place in their special area. Front-row seats at specific events are available by invitation only. Partners [ edit ] The main partner of the fashion week is The City Hall of Sibiu and international partners are Istituto Europeo di Design (/wiki/Istituto_Europeo_di_Design) [10] (#cite_note-10) Fashion Channel (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1) and Mad Mood Milano (/w/index.php?title=Mad_Mood_Milano&action=edit&redlink=1) Gallery [ edit ] The Small Square of Sibiu, during Feeric Fashion Week closing gala - 2016. Charles and Ron fashion show The Argentinian brand Sarah Jessy Jones showcase in Evangelic Church from Cristian, SIbiu Bianca Popp fashion show inside lions cage at Sibiu Zoo Fashion show inside in a pasta factory Model walking for Lavinia Ilies show Bridal show of Natalia Vasiliev inside the events hall of Astra Library Sibiu See also [ edit ] Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Feeric Fashion Week" (http://www.vogue.it/vogue-talents/news/2016/08/03/feeric-fashion-week/) . Vogue Italia . August 3, 2016. Il diario dell'evento moda più importante della Romania ^ (#cite_ref-2) {{One of the strengths of this fashion event it’s definitely its locations: under the direction of founder Mitichi Preda, a little army of photographers, video makers, builders and assistants transformed, each time, the most random places in catwalk-ready settings. In this edition only, we’ve seen models walking down in the middle of the wood, through rural churches’ naves, in front of Hobbit Houses or on a rotating platform in the train depot (but last year they were also catwalking in the airport of Sibiu: runway, literally).}} ^ (#cite_ref-3) {{Feeric, or Fashion as Enhancive Experience for Romanian and International Creators, Fashion Week is being hailed as the greatest fashion week in Eastern Europe. The accolade is however founded on a strong foundation; Feeric Fashion Week, hosted in the historic district of Sibui in Transylvania, Romania, has all the trappings of a great global fashion week venue. Breath-taking exhibition spaces and catwalks, thoroughfares steeped in history and of course the designers and their creations. If Transylvania can inspire Bram Stoker’s Count Dracula, it can without doubt serve as muse for any budding designer. According to myth, The Count was never seen in anything less than an impeccable black Tux, it seems Transylvania has been fashion forward for longer than we thought.}} ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Feeric Fashion Week" (http://www.feeric.ro) . Feeric . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Feeric fashion takes over Transylvanian city of Sibiu" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060326/http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/26/feeric-fashion-takes-over-transylvanian-city-of-sibiu) . 26 June 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/26/feeric-fashion-takes-over-transylvanian-city-of-sibiu) on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Feeric Fashion Week - Fashion in Romania" (http://schonmagazine.com/feeric-fashion-week-fashion-in-romania/) . 2 August 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-7) http://trendprivemagazine.com/catrinel-marlon-is-the-new-face-of-feeric-fashion-week-2016/ (http://trendprivemagazine.com/catrinel-marlon-is-the-new-face-of-feeric-fashion-week-2016/) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Feeric Fashion Week" (http://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-talents/news/2016/08/03/feeric-fashion-week-fashion-shows-in-balkans/) . 3 August 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Feeric Fashion Week | Fashion in Romania" (http://schonmagazine.com/feeric-fashion-week-fashion-in-romania/) . 2 August 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-10) http://assets.ied.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/06/IEDatFEERIC_FASHION_WEEK_REGULATION_A4.pdf (http://assets.ied.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/06/IEDatFEERIC_FASHION_WEEK_REGULATION_A4.pdf) [ bare URL PDF ] External links [ edit ] Feeric Fashion Week Official Site (http://www.feeric.ro/en/) Feeric Fashion Week official Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/feericfashion/) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐sl6vh Cached time: 20240712200207 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.681 seconds Real time usage: 1.063 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1157/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36609/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1434/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45141/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.451/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4795234/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 800.282 1 -total 33.95% 271.661 1 Template:Big_4_Fashion_Weeks 33.28% 266.306 1 Template:Navbox 30.51% 244.181 1 Template:Reflist 23.14% 185.203 6 Template:Cite_web 16.50% 132.020 1 Template:Cleanup_bare_URLs 13.97% 111.760 2 Template:Ambox 12.13% 97.112 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 10.39% 83.162 1 Template:Portal-inline 10.37% 82.950 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53028005-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712200207 and revision id 1217312818. 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Headdress used as crown in Southeast Asia Makuṭa Royal ballet of Cambodia (/wiki/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia) dancers wearing mokot ksatrey (left) and mokot ksat (right). Type Headwear (/wiki/Headwear) Material Varies Place of origin Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) The makuṭa ( Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit_language) : मुकुट ), variously known in several languages as makuta , mahkota , magaik , mokot , mongkut or chada (see § Etymology and origins (#Etymology_and_origins) below), is a type of headdress used as crowns (/wiki/Crown_(headgear)) in the Southeast Asian monarchies of today's Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia) and Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) , and historically in Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) ( Java (/wiki/Java) , Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) , and Bali (/wiki/Bali) ), Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) , Laos (/wiki/Laos) and Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) . They are also used in classical court dances in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Thailand; such as khol (/wiki/Lakhon_Khol) , khon (/wiki/Khon) , the various forms of lakhon (/wiki/Lakhon_(disambiguation)) , as well as wayang wong (/wiki/Wayang_wong) dance drama. They feature a tall pointed shape, are made of gold or a substitute, and are usually decorated with gemstones. As a symbol of kingship, they are featured in the royal regalia of both Cambodia and Thailand. Etymology and origins [ edit ] Lalitavistara (/wiki/Lalitavistara) bas-relief of Borobudur (/wiki/Borobudur) describing devas (/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)) (gods) wearing jatamakuta delighted listening to dharma (/wiki/Dharma) , 9th century Java. The crown, in its various forms, originated as headdresses symbolizing the jaṭāmakuṭa , the matted hair of an ascetic formed into the shape of a crown, often found in the iconography of Shiva (/wiki/Shiva) and Avalokiteśvara (/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) By the turn of the 1st millennia, Hindu-Buddhists of Dharmic civilization emanating from the Indian subcontinent were absorbed and adopted by Indianized Kingdoms (/wiki/Indianized_Kingdom) in Southeast Asia; from Mekong delta to coastal central Vietnam, from Java to Sumatra and Malay peninsula. Subsequently, the Sanskritization (/wiki/Sanskritization) took place in Southeast Asia, hand in hand with the adoption of the Hindu-Buddhist concept of kingship. Numbers of Sanskrit terms find their way into local languages in the region. The Pali (/wiki/Pali) / Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit) word makuṭa was faithfully adopted as makuta within Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_language) and Balinese language (/wiki/Balinese_language) to describe royal crown, and rendered as Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_alphabet) : مهکوتا and mahkota in Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) and Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_language) . The Khmer mokot ( មកុដ ), Burmese magaik ( မကိုဋ် ) and Thai mongkut ( มงกุฎ ) are derived from the same word too. While the Thai chada ( ชฎา ) is derived from Pali/Sanskrit jaṭā . Variants [ edit ] Cambodia [ edit ] Group of female figures with Apsara crown in side view mokot depicted on the southern gallery of the 12th-century temple of Angkor Wat (/wiki/Angkor_Wat) . Group of siting female figures with tall single-spire crown depicted on the southern gallery of the 12th century temple of Angkor Wat (/wiki/Angkor_Wat) . There are many types of mokot used in Cambodian tradition throughout its history. Most of mokot used for the Hindu (/wiki/Hinduism) deities and kings who embraced Hinduism represented Mount Meru (/wiki/Mount_Meru) or Prang (/wiki/Prang_(architecture)) whereas for Buddhists, mokot is taller with single-spire presenting chedi (/wiki/Stupa) (Buddhist stupa). In Royal Ballet of Cambodia (/wiki/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia) , the crown worn by a male royal character of the highest rank is called a mokot ksat and a mokot ksatrey for female characters. Indonesia [ edit ] Indonesia, especially Sumatra, Java, and Bali has adopted the Hindu-Buddhist concept of kingship as early as the 4th century CE. Thus the term makuta is loaned into Kawi language (/wiki/Kawi_language) or Old Javanese (/wiki/Old_Javanese) that subsequently become the ancestor of modern Javanese and Balinese languages. In Sumatra, the Old Malay (/wiki/Old_Malay) term also adopted makuta and in turn render to mahkota in modern Malay and Indonesian languages. The typical classical Javanese Hindu-Buddhist jatamakuta is evident in numbers of statues and bas-reliefs of 9th century candis (/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia) in Java, such as Mendut (/wiki/Mendut) , Borobudur (/wiki/Borobudur) and Prambanan (/wiki/Prambanan) . The Javanese makuta model is more faithfully modeled after the classic Indian crown, which consists of jamang or siger diadem or tiara worn on the forehead encircling the head, while the hair is arranged in a high bun, decorated with a golden ring securing the hair bun, and several golden ornaments. Mahkota Kutai , the golden crown of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate (/wiki/Kutai_Kartanegara_Sultanate) modelled after Javanese makuta style. The Javanese makuta crown is now used in traditional Wayang wong (/wiki/Wayang_wong) dance-drama performance. Balinese crown was also modeled after the crown of the Javanese style. The Makuta Binokasih Sanghyang Pake is the golden crown of classic Javanese makuta style, originally the crown of Sunda Kingdom (/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom) and has become the regalia of Sumedang Larang kingdom (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sumedang_Larang) . The royal crown of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate (/wiki/Kutai_Kartanegara_Sultanate) was designed in the classical Javanese style, which resembles a king's crown in the Wayang wong ( Wayang orang ) performance in Java. Malaysia [ edit ] In Malaysia, the makuta crown is used in traditional Menora (/wiki/Menora_(dance)) dance-drama, which is performed mainly in the northern states of Malaysia. The main Menora character, also known as the Menora, wore a makuta , a kind of high crown made of soft metal. In Malay, this kind of crown is called kecopong instead of the usual Malay word for crowns, mahkota . This makuta has 16 vertically rounded corners, with pom-poms, as well as pointed ears and decorative earrings. [3] (#cite_note-3) Myanmar [ edit ] The Mahamuni Buddha image (/wiki/Mahamuni_Buddha_Temple) in Mandalay is crowned with a crested magaik bejewelled with diamonds, rubies and sapphires. In pre-colonial Burmese kingdoms, the magaik was one of the five articles of regalia used during coronation ceremonies. The magaik also crowns prominent images of the Buddha. The magaik form of the hti (/wiki/Hti) , an umbrella that crowns Burmese pagodas (/wiki/Burmese_pagoda) , has nine tiers. [4] (#cite_note-4) In modern-day Myanmar, the magaik is worn by dancers when performing classical forms of Burmese dance (/wiki/Burmese_dance) . Thailand [ edit ] In Thailand, the headdress is known by two names: chada and mongkut , and feature a distinctive tall, pointed shape, which was probably acquired from the lomphok (/wiki/Lomphok) , a pointed cloth headdress of Persian origin, during the Ayutthaya period (/wiki/Ayutthaya_period) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In the Thai classical dance traditions of khon (/wiki/Khon) and the various forms of lakhon (/wiki/Lakhon_(disambiguation)) , the chada is worn by male characters of royal status, while the mongkut is worn by females. There are many variants of chada and mongkut , reflecting the status of the wearer as well as the occasion. As a symbol of divinity, the mongkut often appears in the iconography of the Buddha and in artistic depictions of devata (divine beings). As a symbol of kingship, the Great Crown of Victory ( Phra Maha Phichai Mongkut (/wiki/Phra_Maha_Phichai_Mongkut) ) forms part of the Regalia of Thailand (/wiki/Regalia_of_Thailand) . Other traditions [ edit ] Similar crowns are occasionally worn in the Champa (/wiki/Champa) apsara (/wiki/Apsara) traditions dance, and are occasionally worn as part of festival garb. See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Gallery [ edit ] Makuta Binokasih Sanghyang Pake , the crown of Sunda Kingdom (/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom) . Wayang wong (/wiki/Wayang_wong) Javanese dance drama performer wearing typical Javanese makuta crown. Princess Voralaksanavadi (/wiki/Voralaksanavadi) wearing a chada . Replica of the Great Crown of Victory (/wiki/Great_Crown_of_Victory) , Thailand. References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Makuṭa (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maku%E1%B9%ADa) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wongthes, Sujit (/wiki/Sujit_Wongthes) (15 January 2016). "นาฏศิลป์และดนตรี ของไทย กับ ของอาเซียน: เอกสารประกอบบรรยาย ที่มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏพระนครศรีอยุธยา" (http://www.sujitwongthes.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8.pdf) [Dance and music of Thailand and of ASEAN: Notes to a lecture at Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University] (PDF) (in Thai). Matichon . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Holt, John Clifford (1991). Buddha in the crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist traditions of Sri Lanka . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 42 (https://archive.org/details/buddhacrownavalo00holt/page/n58) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195362466 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Timeless spell of the Manora" (https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/03/217674/timeless-spell-manora) . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved November 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Steel hti go from strength to strength" (https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/5676-steel-hti-go-from-strength-to-strength.html) . The Myanmar Times . 2010-01-28 . Retrieved 2017-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Wattanasukchai, Sirinya (5 September 2012). "Hat trick&beyond" (http://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/news/310894) . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . v t e Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Hats (/wiki/Hat) caps (/wiki/Cap) General Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Easter (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Fez (hat) (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Stormy Kromer (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Trucker (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Military Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Mitznefet (/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Wrapped Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Crowns (/wiki/Crown) and bands Astral (/wiki/Astral_crown) Chaplet (/wiki/Chaplet_(headgear)) Circlet (/wiki/Circlet) Camp (/wiki/Camp_crown) Consort (/wiki/Consort_crown) Corolla (/wiki/Corolla_(headgear)) Coronation (/wiki/Coronation_crown) Coronet (/wiki/Coronet) Diadem (/wiki/Diadem) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_crown) Ferronnière (/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re) Fillet 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United States textile manufacturing company Cabot Hosiery Mills Industry Textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Headquarters Northfield (/wiki/Northfield,_Vermont) , Vermont (/wiki/Vermont) , U.S. Key people Ric Cabot, President and Chief Executive Officer Products socks (/wiki/Sock) Brands Darn Tough Revenue $50,000,000 (2016) Number of employees 200 (2016) Website www (http://www.darntough.com) .darntough (http://www.darntough.com) .com (http://www.darntough.com) Cabot Hosiery Mills is a textile manufacturer (/wiki/Textile_industry) located in Northfield, Vermont (/wiki/Northfield,_Vermont) , that makes socks (/wiki/Sock) under the "Darn Tough" label. First established in 1978, the company began manufacturing its "Darn Tough" socks in 2004. History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1978 by Marc Cabot, who had worked in the textile industry in New York State (/wiki/New_York_(state)) until he purchased and rebuilt a vacant mill in Northfield. [1] (#cite_note-7d-1) His son Ric Cabot joined the company in 1989. [1] (#cite_note-7d-1) Through the 1990s, Cabot Hosiery primarily manufactured socks for retail chains such as Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , which relabeled the product for sale under store brand names. [2] (#cite_note-bg-2) As retailers began looking to foreign manufacturers able to offer a lower price, Cabot Hosiery's sales declined from $7 million to $5 million annually, [1] (#cite_note-7d-1) leading the company to lay off about 40 workers. [2] (#cite_note-bg-2) By the early 2000s, the company owed several million dollars to its lenders, had defaulted on loans, and was late on tax bills. [1] (#cite_note-7d-1) [2] (#cite_note-bg-2) In 2004, Ric Cabot devised the strategy of selling socks designed for durability under an in-house name, leading to the launch of the "Darn Tough" brand that year after both Cabots invested additional personal equity into the business. [3] (#cite_note-3) The socks were initially distributed locally, but high demand, particularly among outdoor enthusiasts (/wiki/Outdoor_enthusiast) , led the company to reach distribution deals with national retailers, including REI (/wiki/Recreational_Equipment,_Inc.) and L.L. Bean (/wiki/L.L._Bean) . [2] (#cite_note-bg-2) The company also sold socks to the US military, which is required by law to purchase supplies from domestic producers, with sales to the armed forces making up as much as a third of all revenue. [1] (#cite_note-7d-1) [2] (#cite_note-bg-2) Driven by the "Darn Tough" brand, Cabot Hosiery's sales rose through the 2000s, and by 2012 the mill employed about 130 people. [2] (#cite_note-bg-2) During the first half of the 2010s, sales continued to rise by about 60% annually, and in 2015, with Ric Cabot by then having taken over the role of president and CEO from his father, the company announced a 100,000 square feet (9,300 m 2 ) expansion of its factory. [4] (#cite_note-vtd-4) As of 2016, annual sales for Cabot Hosiery were just under $50 million, and the company employed about 200 people, with plans to hire more as expansion continued. [2] (#cite_note-bg-2) [4] (#cite_note-vtd-4) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Sock and Awe" (http://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/sock-and-awe/Content?oid=2242205) . Seven Days. November 14, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "How to be Darn Tough" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/21/darn-tough/qYaTdRFEcFSIM35ZQVjUuM/story.html) . The Boston Globe. April 21, 2016 . Retrieved February 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Next-Stage Success: Cabot Hosiery Mills" (http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2012/11/05/next-stage-success-cabot-hosiery-mills.html) . Fox Business. November 5, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Darn Tough sock factory expansion will add 250 to 300 jobs in Northfield" (https://vtdigger.org/2015/02/08/darn-tough-sock-factory-expansion-will-add-250-300-jobs-northfield/) . VTDigger. February 8, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2017 . 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This article is about the Japanese cosmetics and personal care company. For other uses, see Kose (disambiguation) (/wiki/Kose_(disambiguation)) . Japanese cosmetics and personal care company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kos%C3%A9&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kosé Corporation Kosé's current logo, designed by Saul Bass (/wiki/Saul_Bass) in 1991 Kosé headquarters building in Tokyo Native name 株式会社コーセー Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Kabushiki kaisha (/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) TYO (/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange) : 4922 (https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=4922) ISIN (/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number) JP3283650004 Industry Personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) Founded Kita, Tokyo (/wiki/Kita,_Tokyo) (March 2, 1946 ; 78 years ago ( 1946-03-02 ) ) Founder Kozaburo Kobayashi Headquarters Nihonbashi (/wiki/Nihonbashi) , Chuo-ku, Tokyo (/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo) 103-8251 , Japan Area served Worldwide Key people Kazutoshi Kobayashi ( President (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) and CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Products Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Skin care products (/wiki/Skin_care) Hair care products (/wiki/Hair_care) Revenue ¥279,389 million (Mar 2021) [1] (#cite_note-1) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) ¥11,986 million (Mar 2021) [2] (#cite_note-2) Number of employees 14,403 (incl.temporary and part-time employees) (as of March 31, 2021) [3] (#cite_note-3) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Albion (/wiki/Albion_Co.,_Ltd.) Tarte Cosmetics (/wiki/Tarte_Cosmetics) Jill Stuart cosmetics (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) Website Official website (http://www.kose.co.jp/company/en/) Footnotes / references [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Kosé Corporation ( 株式会社コーセー , Kabushiki-kaisha Kōsē ) (stylized KOSÉ ) is a Japanese (/wiki/Japan) multinational (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) company that manufactures cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) , personal care products (/wiki/Personal_care_products) , and beauty products. It's headquartered in Chūō (/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) . [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1946 by Kozaburo Kobayashi with his son as the principal chemist. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1956, the company established Albion (/wiki/Albion_Co.,_Ltd.) , a manufacturer of premium cosmetics. Kosé and L’Oréal (/wiki/L%E2%80%99Or%C3%A9al) of France signed an agreement for technological cooperation, a joint venture that lasted until 2001. The company expanded its international presence in Asia during the 1960s to the 1980s. The company's name was changed to its present one in 1991. In 2000 it was listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange) . [ citation needed ] Kazutoshi Kobayashi, the founder's grandson, took over as the company's CEO in 2007. Under the leadership of the new CEO, Kosé introduced the Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) branded cosmetics after the company acquired global trademark rights for the brand in 2009. Kosé subsequently expanded into the European (/wiki/Europe) and North American (/wiki/North_America) markets when it acquired Tarte Cosmetics (/wiki/Tarte_Cosmetics) in 2014. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Advertising [ edit ] Kosé's products were advertised over the years by models and athletes including Shohei Ohtani (/wiki/Shohei_Ohtani) [10] (#cite_note-10) and Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) for its Decorté brand photographed by Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) , [11] (#cite_note-11) Yuzuru Hanyu (/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu) for Sekkisei [12] (#cite_note-ES05062022-12) [13] (#cite_note-MDR07282022-13) and Yui Aragaki (/wiki/Yui_Aragaki) , for the Esprique line of makeup. [14] (#cite_note-14) See also [ edit ] D.League (/wiki/D.League) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4922/ir_material_for_fiscal_ym5/99261/00.pdf (https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4922/ir_material_for_fiscal_ym5/99261/00.pdf) [ bare URL PDF ] ^ (#cite_ref-2) https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4922/ir_material_for_fiscal_ym5/99261/00.pdf (https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/4922/ir_material_for_fiscal_ym5/99261/00.pdf) [ bare URL PDF ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Corporate Profile | Company | KOSÉ Corporation – Company" (https://www.kose.co.jp/company/en/info/outline/) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Corporate Profile" (http://www.kose.co.jp/company/en/info/outline/) . KOSÉ Corporation . Retrieved February 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Company Profile" (http://asia.nikkei.com/Company/05HX7N-E) . Nikkei Asian Review (/wiki/Nikkei_Asian_Review) . Nikkei Inc. (/wiki/Nikkei_Inc.) Retrieved February 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "KOSE Corp Company Profile" (https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/kose-corp/) . GlobalData . Retrieved April 26, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Fine, Jenny B. (October 14, 2022). "Kosé Sets Its Sights on Global Expansion" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/kose-sets-sights-global-expansion-1235382825/) . BeautyInc . Retrieved November 1, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "History" (http://www.kose.co.jp/company/en/info/history/) . KOSÉ Corporation . Retrieved February 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "R&D and new products add an edge to Japanese cosmetics leader's global push" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170707040657/http://www.theworldfolio.com/interviews/rd-and-new-products-add-an-edge-to-japanese-cosmetics-leaders-global-push/3991/) . The Worldfolio . Worldfolio Ltd. Archived from the original (http://www.theworldfolio.com/interviews/rd-and-new-products-add-an-edge-to-japanese-cosmetics-leaders-global-push/3991/) on July 7, 2017 . Retrieved February 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "KOSÉ Corporation Announces New Global Ambassador, Shohei Ohtani, One of Baseball's Shining Stars in the US and Internationally" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/kose-corporation-announces-new-global-ambassador-shohei-ohtani-one-of-baseballs-shining-stars-in-the-us-and-internationally-301784775.html) . prnewswire.com . March 29, 2023 . Retrieved October 3, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Kate Moss Is The New Face Of Decorte" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/news/models/kate-moss-is-the-new-face-of-decorte.htm) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Fashion One Group. July 31, 2015 . Retrieved February 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-ES05062022_12-0) Mansi Jain (May 26, 2022). "Yuzuru Hanyu's Net Worth 2022 Compared to the World's Richest Figure Skater" (https://www.essentiallysports.com/us-sports-news-figure-skating-news-yuna-kim-yuzuru-hanyus-net-worth-2022-compared-to-the-worlds-richest-figure-skater/) . Essentially Sports . ^ (#cite_ref-MDR07282022_13-0) Hannah Tan-Gillies (July 28, 2022). "A Gift from the Earth: Sekkisei arrives at the Hainan Expo" (https://moodiedavittreport.com/a-gift-from-the-earth-sekkisei-arrives-at-the-hainan-expo/) . Moodie Davitt Report . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Aragaki Yui shows off her sexy lips in CM for 'ESPRIQUE' (http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2014/11/aragaki-yui-shows-off-her-sexy-lips-in-cm-for-esprique) " (http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2014/11/aragaki-yui-shows-off-her-sexy-lips-in-cm-for-esprique) . tokyohive . 6Theory Media, LLC. November 11, 2014 . Retrieved February 12, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Tokyo portal (/wiki/Portal:Tokyo) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Chemistry portal (/wiki/Portal:Chemistry) Official website (http://www.kose.co.jp/company/en/) (in English) v t e Japanese beauty practices (/wiki/Japanese_female_beauty_practices_and_ideals) Practices Hikimayu (/wiki/Hikimayu) Oshiroi (/wiki/Oshiroi) Irezumi (/wiki/Irezumi) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Teeth blackening (/wiki/Teeth_blackening) Cosmetic brands Isehan Cosmetics (/wiki/Isehan_Cosmetics) Kao Corporation (/wiki/Kao_Corporation) Kosé Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) Shu Uemura (/wiki/Shu_Uemura) SK-II (/wiki/SK-II) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000418083609) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/240003642) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjMgwHkrpRG4KWGY9k7ktC) National Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01171312) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6hs9q Cached time: 20240713190445 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.518 seconds Real time usage: 0.704 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2924/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 67361/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5846/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62333/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.365/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 24821262/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 648.241 1 -total 31.40% 203.526 1 Template:Infobox_company 29.96% 194.239 1 Template:Infobox 23.26% 150.781 1 Template:Reflist 15.54% 100.723 9 Template:Cite_web 13.64% 88.392 1 Template:Lang 11.62% 75.357 1 Template:Japanese_beauty 11.39% 73.858 1 Template:Navbox 7.35% 47.670 1 Template:About 6.70% 43.407 1 Template:Advert Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53167841-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713190445 and revision id 1228536313. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oya_(lace)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Oya" lace (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oya%22+lace) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oya%22+lace+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oya%22+lace&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oya%22+lace+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oya%22+lace) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oya%22+lace&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) İğne Oyası Oya , “Turkish lace”, is a Turkish word that means various forms of narrow lace trimmings, that is worn throughout the eastern and southern parts of the Mediterranean region, as well as Armenia. It is thought to date back as far as the 8th century BC, to the Phrygians of Anatolia. Some argue that the needlework and the decorate edging spread from 12th century Anatolia to Greece and from there via Italy to Europe. Oya appears in various forms and motifs, with the most beautiful examples made by aristocratic, urban and experienced women in the Ottoman palace. Today, it is still very popular among the Turkish elite and is highly sought after and very collectible. The craft of oya is a unique language for Turkish women. Oya is used on headdresses and scarves of women, undergarments and outer garments alike, and frequently on household textiles, such as the edges of towels, napkins, and table cloths; in the Aegean region even men’s headdresses were decked with layers upon layers of oya. Modern oya is also used in jewelry making. The basic types include the needle made oya (usually three-dimensional), the crochet oya and the hairpin oya. It is often combine with beads, sequins and other decorative pieces. Young girls, new brides traditionally conveyed their love, hopes, expectations and happiness through the oya they wore. Many motifs are inspired by nature, usually the flowers and fauna found in the Turkish countryside. As the craft evolved, various motifs began to take on certain symbolic meaning, almost like a secret language between the women. For example, women would wear oya with different flowers depending on their age; older women wore tiny wild flowers while young women and brides wore roses, jasmine, carnations, violets, fuchsia; yellow daffodils, signified hopeless love; a wife whose husband had gone abroad to work would warp wild rose oya around her head; a girl in love wore purple hyacinths. By the 21st century, machine made oya is available for sale, but is not as popular as the handmade version, thought to be more “alive”. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Oya, The Ancient Art of Needle Lace | Creative Knitting Blog" (http://www.creativeknittingmagazine.com/blog/?p=2024) . Creativeknittingmagazine.com . 2012-03-08 . Retrieved 2017-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Oya (Turkey)" (http://www.trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/index.php/component/k2/item/10388-oya) . Trc-leiden.nl . Retrieved 2017-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Oya, The Language of Anatolian Women" (http://www.turkishculture.org/textile-arts/oya-70.htm) . Turkishculture.org . Retrieved 2017-02-23 . v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐9dq9g Cached time: 20240721221247 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.247 seconds Real time usage: 0.344 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 474/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40898/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 149/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21122/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.171/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4361809/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 281.774 1 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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Piana Clerico" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Piana+Clerico%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Piana+Clerico%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Piana+Clerico%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Piana+Clerico%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Piana+Clerico%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Piana+Clerico%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Piana Clerico Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founded 1582 Headquarters Chiavazza, 82, 13900 Biella (/wiki/Biella) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Website www (http://www.pianaclerico1582.com) .pianaclerico1582 (http://www.pianaclerico1582.com) .com (http://www.pianaclerico1582.com) Piana Clerico is a traditional clothing (/wiki/Clothing) company in Biella (/wiki/Biella) city, Piedmont (/wiki/Piedmont) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , the family business (/wiki/Family_business) with tradition from 1582. [1] (#cite_note-1) The products [ edit ] The products include: [2] (#cite_note-2) raincoats belts waistcoats blouses pullovers jackets trousers skirts t-shirts sweaters underwear socks gloves ties scarves hats shoes slippers, etc. Well-known products are silk and gold yarn (/wiki/Yarn) ties. [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Piana Clerico 1582" (http://www.softplace.it/it/portfolio/siti-internet/piana-clerico-1582/piana-clerico-1582-181/1-15) (in Italian) . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "PIANA CLERICO SINCE 1582 Trademark Information" (http://www.trademarkia.com/piana-clerico-since-1582-77193086.html) . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Silk and gold yarn Tie" (http://www.seryolux.com/piana-clerico-silk-gold-yarn-tie) . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . External links [ edit ] Piana Clerico Official website (http://www.pianaclerico1582.com) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Australian sports clothing manufacturer Classic Sportswear Company type Privately held (/wiki/Privately_held) Industry Sports clothing (/wiki/Sports_clothing) manufacturer Founded 1934 ; 90 years ago ( 1934 ) Headquarters Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia Area served Oceania (/wiki/Oceania) Products Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , apparel (/wiki/Apparel) , sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Website Official website (http://www.classicsports.com.au/) Classic Sportswear , also simply known as Classic , is an Australian sports clothing (/wiki/Sports_clothing) manufacturer. The company was founded in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) in 1934, making them one of the oldest family owned sports clothing companies in Australia. [1] (#cite_note-classicsports-1) Classic Sportswear manufactures clothing for Australian rules football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) , basketball (/wiki/Basketball) , cricket (/wiki/Cricket) , rugby league (/wiki/Rugby_league) , rugby union (/wiki/Rugby_union) and soccer (/wiki/Association_football) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Classic notably supplies all five New Zealand Super Rugby (/wiki/Super_Rugby) teams: the Highlanders (/wiki/Highlanders_(rugby_union)) , Blues (/wiki/Blues_(Super_Rugby)) , Chiefs (/wiki/Chiefs_(rugby_union)) , Hurricanes (/wiki/Hurricanes_(rugby_union)) and Crusaders (/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby_union)) (replacing Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) ). [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of fitness wear brands (/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-classicsports_1-0) "About Us - Classic Sportswear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170304195830/http://www.classicsports.com.au/index.php/about-us) . classicsports.com.au. Archived from the original (http://www.classicsports.com.au/index.php/about-us) on 4 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "2017 CLASSIC SPORTSWEAR TEAMWEAR CATALOGUE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074816/http://www.classicsports.com.au/catalogues/17_TEAMWEAR_CAT/mobile/index.html#p=1) . www.classicsports.com.au . Archived from the original (http://www.classicsports.com.au/catalogues/17_TEAMWEAR_CAT/mobile/index.html#p=1) on 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Our Partners" (https://www.classicsports.com.au/our-partners/) . Classic Sportswear . Retrieved 8 May 2022 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.classicsports.com.au/) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. 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Hip-length coat of blanket-weight wool often in a plaid pattern Statue of Paul Bunyan (/wiki/Paul_Bunyan) wearing a mackinaw jacket, in Bangor, Maine (/wiki/Bangor,_Maine) The mackinaw jacket , also known as a mackinaw coat , [1] (#cite_note-1) is a short double-breasted (/wiki/Double-breasted) coat made of a thick heavy woollen material, generally with a red-and-black plaid (/wiki/Full_plaid) pattern. [2] (#cite_note-2) Etymology [ edit ] The word "mackinaw" is derived from the Odawa (/wiki/Ottawa_dialect) Ojibwe language (/wiki/Ojibwe_language) word "Mitchimakinak" meaning a large turtle. [3] (#cite_note-TAL-3) When French Canadian (/wiki/French_Canadians) fur traders transliterated the word, they spelled it as Michilimackinac (/wiki/Michilimackinac) but pronounced the final consonant as "aw" Rather than "c". The British (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain) later shortened the word and changed the spelling to match the French pronunciation: Mackinaw (though the French spelling was used for Fort Mackinac (/wiki/Fort_Mackinac) when constructed in 1780–81). [4] (#cite_note-4) Origin [ edit ] The origin of the mackinaw jacket is owed to the British Army (/wiki/British_Army) Captain Charles Roberts (/wiki/Charles_Roberts_(soldier,_died_1816)) , [5] (#cite_note-DCB-5) while commanding Fort St. Joseph (/wiki/St._Joseph_Island_(Ontario)#British_North_America_and_Fort_St._Joseph) along the St. Mary's River (/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Michigan%E2%80%93Ontario)) near Sault Ste. Marie (/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario) . Roberts was unable to obtain military-issued winter greatcoats (/wiki/Greatcoat) from his general headquarters (G.H.Q.) (/wiki/Headquarters_unit) located in Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) , Quebec, for the forty soldiers of the 10th Royal Veterans Battalion (/wiki/Royal_Veteran_Battalions) [6] (#cite_note-6) under his charge. [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) [8] (#cite_note-HBC-8) The date was November 20, 1811, and Captain Roberts, wrote a letter by candlelight (/wiki/Candle) to the then Captain Thomas Evans (/wiki/Thomas_Evans_(British_Army_officer)) , [9] (#cite_note-bio-9) adjutant general (/wiki/Adjutant_general) in Montreal, Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) , making a requisition, written as follows: "All hopes having now ceased of the arrival of the schooner Hunter (/wiki/HMS_General_Hunter) or any other vessel from Amherstburg (/wiki/Amherstburg) with the clothing of the detachment, I am this day obtaining, upon my requisition to the storekeeper of the Indian Department (/wiki/British_Indian_Department) , a consignment of heavy blankets, to make their greatcoats, a measure the severity of the climate strongly demands and one, I trust, the commander of the forces will not disapprove of when he is informed that not a remnant remains of the coats served out to them in the year 1807 and that they have received none since." – Captain Charles Roberts [10] (#cite_note-PC-10) To alleviate this health and safety (/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health) concern, Captain Roberts acquired a supply of 3.5-point Hudson's Bay point blankets (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket) [11] (#cite_note-11) and requisitioned John Askin Jr. (/wiki/John_Askin_Jr.) , [12] (#cite_note-DCB-1-12) a Métis (/wiki/M%C3%A9tis) and keeper of the King's stores at the fort, to design and manufacture forty woollen greatcoats (/wiki/Greatcoat) . [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) [8] (#cite_note-HBC-8) In response, Askin hired his spouse and eight to ten local Caucasian (/wiki/White_people) and Métis women to sew (/wiki/Sewing) the forty greatcoats, which were completed and presented to Roberts within two weeks. [10] (#cite_note-PC-10) Everyone agreed that the newly tailored greatcoats were of superior quality than the British Army standard issue greatcoats and helped to increase the morale of the King's soldiers. [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) 1936 HBC (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company) Catalogue On July 17, 1812, during the War of 1812 (/wiki/War_of_1812) , Roberts and his men defeated Captain Porter Hanks (/wiki/Porter_Hanks) [13] (#cite_note-Havighurst-13) and the 61 men of the 1st American Artillery Regiment [14] (#cite_note-14) during the siege of Fort Mackinac (/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) and then occupied Fort Mackinac (/wiki/Fort_Mackinac) [17] (#cite_note-17) located near present-day Mackinaw City, Michigan (/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan) . [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) [8] (#cite_note-HBC-8) Roberts ordered a new supply of Hudson's Bay point blankets from the British Indian Department (/wiki/British_Indian_Department) for the upcoming winter to manufacture more winter coats. The order called for blue coats; however, the number of blue blankets was inadequate and was supplemented with red and black-on-red tartan (/wiki/Tartan) pattern blankets. [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) This time Roberts had enlisted the aid of professional tailors and seamstresses (/wiki/Dressmaker) to produce the greatcoats. [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) A despatch (/wiki/Courier) runner advised that the long length of the greatcoat was impractical for the deep snow drifts when travelling between Mackinaw and Montreal and requested it be replaced by the shorter double-breasted (/wiki/Double-breasted) style, which became known as the mackinaw jacket . [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) [18] (#cite_note-TTS-18) At first, the mackinaw jacket was produced in blue and was later replaced by the more popular red and black tartan (/wiki/Tartan) pattern. [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) The new design of the mackinaw jacket was so beneficial for travelling through woods and trails that orders were received from people located from Fort William (/wiki/Fort_William_Historical_Park) to Penetanguishene (/wiki/Penetanguishene) . [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) More than a century later, when the Hudson's Bay Company (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company) began to commercially sell point blanket coats the mackinaw jacket remained popular with their customers. [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) [8] (#cite_note-HBC-8) [18] (#cite_note-TTS-18) "In regard to clothing for the body, I will say right here that the man who invented the mackinaw jacket or coat should have a medal if alive and if dead a monument; for in no other garment is there so much all-around common sense for outdoor work in cold weather." – A. F. Wallace [19] (#cite_note-19) Poem [ edit ] The mackinaw jacket created as a child of grim necessity for cold weather conditions had a short rhyme (/wiki/Rhyme) written about it, adapted from Alfred, Lord Tennyson (/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson) 's Charge of the Light Brigade (/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)) : When can it's glory fade? Stout little coat of plaid, All the north wondered. Honour the coat they made Down at the old stockade (/wiki/Stockade) , Still made by the hundred. [18] (#cite_note-TTS-18) [7] (#cite_note-WooleySketches-7) Modern times [ edit ] In modern times, the mackinaw jacket has proven to be effective as cold weather workwear (/wiki/Workwear) and popular among the blue-collar (/wiki/Blue-collar_worker) working class including farmers, fishermen (/wiki/Fisherman) , lumberjacks (/wiki/Lumberjack) , longshoremen (/wiki/Stevedore) , trappers (/wiki/Trapping) and outdoorsmen (/wiki/Outdoor_recreation) . [18] (#cite_note-TTS-18) The demand for the mackinaw jacket has decreased by the end of the 20th century; however, it continues to be manufactured by several companies including: C.C. Filson Co. (/wiki/Filson_(company)) and Johnson Woolen Mills (/wiki/Johnson_Woolen_Mills) . [18] (#cite_note-TTS-18) In popular culture [ edit ] Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) wearing mackinaw in On the Waterfront (/wiki/On_the_Waterfront) , 1954. In the 1954 movie On the Waterfront (/wiki/On_the_Waterfront) the actor Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) wore a mackinaw jacket. In Ernest Hemingway (/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway) 's short story, The Last Good Country , the character Nick Adam's wears a mackinaw jacket. [18] (#cite_note-TTS-18) On the 1970s television sitcom All in the Family (/wiki/All_in_the_Family) the character Archie Bunker (/wiki/Archie_Bunker) wears a mackinaw jacket on cold days. [18] (#cite_note-TTS-18) The fictional lumberjack Paul Bunyan (/wiki/Paul_Bunyan) is often depicted wearing a mackinaw jacket. The Ottawa Redblacks (/wiki/Ottawa_Redblacks) mascot Big Joe (/wiki/Big_Joe_(mascot)) wears a mackinaw jacket. The mackinaw jackets and shirts were often worn by Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) 's notorious Clark Park Gang (/w/index.php?title=Clark_Park_Gang&action=edit&redlink=1) during the late 1960s and early 1970s. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) The Mackinaw jacket is one of the best jackets acquirable in the game The Long Dark (/wiki/The_Long_Dark) and the best non-crafted jacket available on the hardest difficulty of an interloper. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Mackinaw cloth (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Collins Dictionary: mackinaw coat (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mackinaw-coat) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Oxford Dictionary: mackinaw (https://web.archive.org/web/20211021174740/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mackinaw) ^ (#cite_ref-TAL_3-0) Mencken, Henry Louis. (1945). The American Language: An Inquiry Into the Development of English in the United States (https://books.google.com/books?id=n37tIO4KhU8C&dq=%22mackinaw+jacket%22&pg=PA173) . pg. 173. Knopf (/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A Quick Guide to Spelling and Pronunciation in the Straits Area" (https://www.mackinawcity.com/quick-guide-spelling-pronunciation-straits-area/) . Mackinaw City, Michigan: Mackinaw Area Visitors Bureau. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved December 3, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-DCB_5-0) "Roberts, Charles" (http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/roberts_charles_5E.html) . Dictionary of Canadian Biography (/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography) . Retrieved 2021-11-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Abstracts of the 10th Royal Veteran Battalion's Standing Orders (https://www.warof1812.ca/10thrvb.htm) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Wooley, H. J. L. (1911). The (https://books.google.com/books?id=M6LhAAAAMAAJ) Sword of Old St. Joe . Chp V, pg 17–21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d HBC Heritage: Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat (https://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/fashion-pop/hudsons-bay-point-blanket-coat) ^ (#cite_ref-bio_9-0) Dictionary of Canadian Biography – Captain Evans (http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4415) ^ Jump up to: a b Parks Canada: The mackinaw coat – a Canadian invention (https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/stjoseph/info/bulletin/02) ^ (#cite_ref-11) The HBC Point Blanket: a Canadian icon and a symbol of colonialism (https://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/fashion-pop/hbc-point-blanket) ^ (#cite_ref-DCB-1_12-0) Farrell, David R. (1983). "Askin, John" (http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/askin_john_5E.html) . In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography (/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography) . Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press (/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press) . Retrieved 2015-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-Havighurst_13-0) Havighurst, Walter (1966). Three Flags at the Straits . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. (/wiki/Prentice_Hall) pp. 115–121 (https://archive.org/details/threeflagsatstra0000havi/page/115) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Sweeny, Alastair. (2012). Fire Along the Frontier: Great Battles of the War of 1812 (https://books.google.com/books?id=5F0XPgafMKEC&dq=%22war+of+1812%22+%221st+American+Artillery+Regiment%22&pg=PA85) . (Pg. 85) Dundurn Press (/wiki/Dundurn_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1459704336 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1459704336) , 1459704339 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1459704339) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (/wiki/Donald_Graves_(historian)) (1999). History The Incredible War of 1812 (pg. 72)] . Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-896941-13-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) War of 1812: The British Capture Fort Mackinac (https://web.archive.org/web/20040604104901/http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/events/mackinac.html) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Britain Captures Fort Mackinac (https://cmhg.gc.ca/cmh-pmc/page-373-eng.aspx) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Cutler, Charles L. (2002). Tracks that speak . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 25–26 (https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char/page/25) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0618065105 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) (1912). Fur-Fish-Game (/wiki/Fur-Fish-Game) magazine. page 114 " Proper Clothing for the Outdoor Man (https://books.google.com/books?id=XUQAAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22mackinaw+jacket%22&pg=PA114) ". A. R. Harding Publishing Company (/wiki/Arthur_Robert_Harding) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Chapman, Aaron (2016). The Last Gang In Town: The Epic Story of the Vancouver Police vs. The Clark Park Gang . Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781551526713 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Forbidden Vancouver - The Last Gang in Town (https://forbiddenvancouver.ca/special-events-vancouver/last-gang-in-town/) Links to related articles v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) 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Character created by David Bowie in 1971 Fictional character Ziggy Stardust David Bowie performing as Ziggy Stardust at Newcastle City Hall (/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall) in 1972 First appearance 1972 Last appearance October 1973 [1] (#cite_note-InterviewMag-1) Created by David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) Portrayed by David Bowie In-universe information Species Alien Gender Androgynous Occupation Rock star Ziggy Stardust is a fictional character created by English musician David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) , and was Bowie's stage persona (/wiki/Stage_persona) during 1972 and 1973. The eponymous character of the song " Ziggy Stardust (/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(song)) " and its parent album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars) (1972), Ziggy Stardust was retained for Bowie's subsequent concert tour (/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour) through the United Kingdom, Japan and North America, during which Bowie performed as the character backed by his band The Spiders from Mars (/wiki/The_Spiders_from_Mars) . Bowie continued the character in his next album Aladdin Sane (/wiki/Aladdin_Sane) (1973), which he described as "Ziggy goes to America". Bowie retired the character in October 1973 after one final show at The Marquee (/wiki/Marquee_Club) in London. [1] (#cite_note-InterviewMag-1) As conveyed in the title song and album, Ziggy Stardust is an androgynous (/wiki/Androgyny) , alien (/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life) rock star who came to Earth before an impending apocalyptic disaster to deliver a message of hope. After accumulating a large following of fans and being worshipped as a messiah, Ziggy eventually dies as a victim of his own fame and excess. The character was meant to symbolise an over-the-top, sexually liberated rock star and serve as a commentary on a society in which celebrities are worshipped. Influences for the character included English singer Vince Taylor (/wiki/Vince_Taylor) , Texan musician the Legendary Stardust Cowboy (/wiki/Legendary_Stardust_Cowboy) , and Japanese kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) theatre. Ziggy Stardust's exuberant fashion made the character and Bowie himself staples in the glam rock (/wiki/Glam_rock) repertoire well into the 1970s, defining what the genre would become. The success of the character and its iconic look flung Bowie into international superstardom. Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) wrote that Bowie's Ziggy Stardust was "the alter ego (/wiki/Alter_ego) that changed music forever and sent his career into orbit". [2] (#cite_note-Light-2) Ziggy Stardust's look and message of youth liberation are now representative of one of Bowie's most memorable eras. The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars became Bowie's second most popular album in terms of record sales. [3] (#cite_note-3) Fictional narrative [ edit ] " 'Ziggy' was my Martian messiah who twanged a guitar. He was a simplistic character. I saw him as very simple ... fairly like the character Newton I was to do in the film [ The Man Who Fell to Earth (/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth) ] later on. Someone who dropped down here, got brought down to our way of thinking, and ended up destroying his own self. Which is a pretty archetype story line." — Bowie on the character. [4] (#cite_note-Morse-4) Bowie explained that the character of Ziggy Stardust was conceived as an alien (/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life) rock star who arrives on an Earth that is dying due to a lack of natural resources. Around the world older people have lost touch with reality, while children have adopted a hedonistic way of life and no longer want rock music, as there is no electricity to play it. Ziggy is advised in a dream by the infinites (" black-hole (/wiki/Black-hole) jumpers") to write about the coming of a starman who will save the earth. Ziggy's tale of the starman is the first news of hope that the people have heard, so they latch onto it immediately. Ziggy soon gathers a large following and is worshipped as a prophet. According to Bowie, "He takes himself up to incredible spiritual heights and is kept alive by his disciples." The infinites eventually arrive, and tear Ziggy apart onstage. [5] (#cite_note-Burroughs-5) Much of the Ziggy Stardust story is told in the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars) , or appears in Bowie's writings as plans for a never-realised theatrical performance of the narrative. [6] (#cite_note-faq-6) Various songs on the album are written from the viewpoints of different characters. [7] (#cite_note-CBC-7) On the album, the Ziggy Stardust character is introduced directly on the third track, " Moonage Daydream (/wiki/Moonage_Daydream) ". [8] (#cite_note-8) However, the song " Ziggy Stardust (/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(song)) " is the central piece of the narrative of the album, presenting a complete "birth-to-death chronology" of the character. [9] (#cite_note-9) " Starman (/wiki/Starman_(song)) " is Ziggy's song prophesying the coming starman who will save the earth. [5] (#cite_note-Burroughs-5) According to author Michael Luckman, the song " Lady Stardust (/wiki/Lady_Stardust) " presents Ziggy meeting his disciples, playing before a crowd of worshippers, followed by "Star", in which he "reveal[s] his plan for intergalactic superstardom". [10] (#cite_note-10) Ziggy is torn apart onstage during the song " Rock 'n' Roll Suicide (/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Suicide) ". [5] (#cite_note-Burroughs-5) The song " Sweet Head (/wiki/Sweet_Head) ", recorded during the Ziggy / Hunky Dory (/wiki/Hunky_Dory) sessions, reference Ziggy directly as well, but the song was left off the album and went unreleased until 1989. [11] (#cite_note-11) The character was revisited by Bowie in his next album Aladdin Sane (/wiki/Aladdin_Sane) (1973), which topped the UK chart, and was his first number-one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the US during the earlier part of the Ziggy Stardust Tour (/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour) . [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Origins [ edit ] The character was inspired by English rock 'n' roll singer Vince Taylor (/wiki/Vince_Taylor) , whom Bowie met after Taylor had a breakdown and believed himself to be a cross between a god and an alien. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Bowie's lyrical allusions to Taylor include identifying Ziggy as a "leper messiah". [16] (#cite_note-16) Taylor was only part of the character's blueprint. [17] (#cite_note-17) In the 1960s Bowie had seen Gene Vincent (/wiki/Gene_Vincent) performing live wearing a leg-brace after a car accident, and observed: "It meant that to crouch at the mike, as was his habit, [Vincent] had to shove his injured leg out behind him to, what I thought, great theatrical effect. This rock stance became position number one for the embryonic Ziggy." [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Bowie biographers also propose that Bowie developed the concept of Ziggy as a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop (/wiki/Iggy_Pop) with the music of Lou Reed (/wiki/Lou_Reed) during a visit to the US in 1971. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars". [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199773–74-22) Bowie stated that with Ziggy Stardust, "I wanted to define the archetype messiah (/wiki/Messiah) rockstar. That's all I wanted to do. I used the trappings of kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) theatre, mime (/wiki/Mime) technique, fringe New York music." One of his main references was The Velvet Underground (/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground) . [7] (#cite_note-CBC-7) Bowie stated that Ziggy is meant to be an alien of some kind, [23] (#cite_note-7:30-23) possibly a Martian (/wiki/Martian) , [4] (#cite_note-Morse-4) and was based "very much on a Japanese concept". The character's Japanese influences provided a human connection, Bowie explained, as in Britain during the early 1970s Japan "still seemed like an alien society, but it was a human alien society." [23] (#cite_note-7:30-23) Bowie also stated that Ziggy Stardust was a product of his career-long ambition to combine rock music (/wiki/Rock_music) and theatre (/wiki/Theatre) , [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) and that at the time of creating the character he had viewed Ziggy as "a very positive artistic statement ... a grand kitsch (/wiki/Kitsch) painting. The whole guy." [26] (#cite_note-Goodbye-26) Bowie asserted elsewhere that Ziggy Stardust was born out of a desire to move away from the denim and hippies of the 1960s. [27] (#cite_note-27) Along these lines, some critics assert that Bowie's artificial concoction of a rock star persona was a symbolic critique of the artificiality seen in the rock world of the time. [28] (#cite_note-28) Bowie had previously created artificial stage personas in 1970 with his backing band Hype (/wiki/Hype_(band)) . Over a small series of shows which, while poorly received at the time, are now credited as the origin of glam rock (/wiki/Glam_rock) , [29] (#cite_note-Louder-29) the band performed in flamboyant costumes, each with an accompanying persona of a spoof (/wiki/Parody) superhero. Bowie, dressed in a blue cape, lurex tights, thigh boots and a leotard with colourful scarves sewn onto his shirt, was "Rainbowman". [29] (#cite_note-Louder-29) [30] (#cite_note-FAQ_p.129-30) Describing his costume as "very spacey", he later explained that his idea for the outfits was to counter the popular image of rock acts at the time, which was "all jeans and long hair". [30] (#cite_note-FAQ_p.129-30) The concept behind Rainbowman was recycled and reinvented as Ziggy Stardust. [31] (#cite_note-31) Name [ edit ] Bowie told Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) that the name "Ziggy" was "one of the few Christian names [he] could find beginning with the letter 'Z ' ". [32] (#cite_note-32) He later explained in a 1990 interview for Q (/wiki/Q_(magazine)) magazine that the Ziggy part came from a tailor's shop called Ziggy's that he passed on a train, and he liked it because it had "that Iggy [Pop] connotation but it was a tailor's shop, and I thought, Well, this whole thing is gonna be about clothes, so it was my own little joke calling him Ziggy. So Ziggy Stardust was a real compilation of things." [33] (#cite_note-Campbell_p.294-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) "Stardust" came from the Legendary Stardust Cowboy (/wiki/Legendary_Stardust_Cowboy) , the stage name of singer Norman Carl Odam, [33] (#cite_note-Campbell_p.294-33) [35] (#cite_note-35) whose music intrigued Bowie. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) Appearance [ edit ] A sequinned jumpsuit, one of the costumes designed by Kansai Yamamoto (/wiki/Kansai_Yamamoto) for Ziggy Stardust [38] (#cite_note-Ferrier-38) [39] (#cite_note-Thian-39) Hair [ edit ] As Ziggy Stardust, Bowie had a bright red mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) . [40] (#cite_note-Tony-40) The hairstyle was inspired by that of a model for Japanese designer Kansai Yamamoto (/wiki/Kansai_Yamamoto) that Bowie had seen in Honey (/wiki/Honey_(magazine)) magazine, [41] (#cite_note-Gorman-41) and modelled on three different images from Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) —a French issue inspired the front of the haircut, while the sides and back came from two different German copies. [42] (#cite_note-Hail-42) Bowie's mullet was cut and dyed by hairdresser Suzi Fussey, who accompanied the Ziggy Stardust tour until 1973. [43] (#cite_note-IBT-43) Fussey initially cut Bowie's hair in the style in January 1972, [44] (#cite_note-lab-44) and after experimenting with colour treatments on samples of Bowie's hair, dyed it a flaming red colour; [43] (#cite_note-IBT-43) Bowie recalled the dye colour was "Schwartzkopf red". [44] (#cite_note-lab-44) The dye contained 30 volume peroxide which gave Bowie's hair some lift, but Fussey then used an anti-dandruff treatment called Gard to help stiffen it and make it stand upright. [45] (#cite_note-Fearon-45) The haircut achieved widespread mainstream success in popular fashion, as Bowie himself stated in 1993, "[The Ziggy cut] became to hairdressing in the early seventies, what the Lady Di (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) cut was for the early eighties. Only with double the appeal, because it worked for both sexes." [46] (#cite_note-hair-46) Clothing [ edit ] Stage outfits for Ziggy Stardust designed by Freddie Burretti in 1972 Long and slender, Ziggy was dressed in glamorous outfits often with flared legs and shoulders, and an open chest. [40] (#cite_note-Tony-40) On the cover of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars) , Bowie appeared in a green suit of his own design, made by his tailor friend Freddie Burretti and seamstress Sue Frost. Produced in a geometric-patterned fabric, representing an integrated circuit, the bomber jacket and matching cuffed trousers were worn with knee-high, lace-up boots designed by Stan Miller. Similar outfits were made for Bowie's backing band The Spiders From Mars (/wiki/The_Spiders_From_Mars) ; [41] (#cite_note-Gorman-41) these costumes worn in early live performances were based on those sported by the Droogs in Stanley Kubrick (/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick) 's film A Clockwork Orange (/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)) . Bowie explained, "I wanted to take the hardness and violence of those Clockwork Orange outfits—the trousers tucked into big boots and the codpiece things—and soften them up by using the most ridiculous fabrics. It was a Dada (/wiki/Dada) thing—this extreme ultraviolence in Liberty (/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)) fabrics." In addition to his green suit, Bowie's costumes for early concerts were white satin trousers with a flock-patterned jacket, and a multi-coloured jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) that he also wore on Top of the Pops (/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops) . [47] (#cite_note-47) By August 1972, Bowie was introducing Kansai Yamamoto's designs as stage wear for the Ziggy character, [41] (#cite_note-Gorman-41) lent to him by Yamamoto's stylist friend, Yasuko Hayashi. [38] (#cite_note-Ferrier-38) [48] (#cite_note-Panisch-48) Bowie commissioned Yamamoto to design his 1973 U.K. tour costuming, and subsequently the U.S. tour costuming for the Aladdin Sane shows. [39] (#cite_note-Thian-39) In total, seven costumes were designed for Ziggy Stardust by Yamamoto. [49] (#cite_note-49) The collection he provided Bowie in April 1973 included a white robe with "David Bowie" written in Japanese, a silver leotard hung with a floor-length fringe of glass beads, a striped spandex bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) , and a multi-coloured kimono (/wiki/Kimono) that could be torn away to reveal a red loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) . [50] (#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50) Many of Yamamoto's stage wear designs for Bowie were "tear-away" outfits, influenced by hikinuki , the method of changing costumes quickly in kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) theatre. [39] (#cite_note-Thian-39) [48] (#cite_note-Panisch-48) Makeup [ edit ] An example of traditional Japanese kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) makeup The character had pale skin, described by Bowie as a "snow-white tan". [51] (#cite_note-51) Following the instruction Yamamoto gave to his models, [41] (#cite_note-Gorman-41) Bowie shaved off his eyebrows in late 1972, adding to Ziggy's alien visage. [52] (#cite_note-52) On Ziggy's forehead was a gold "astral sphere" suggested by make-up artist Pierre La Roche (who also applied the lightning flash to Bowie's face for the cover of Aladdin Sane ). [42] (#cite_note-Hail-42) When the Ziggy Stardust tour came to Japan in April 1973, Bowie met the kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) theatre star Bando Tamasaburo (/wiki/Bando_Tamasaburo) , who taught him about traditional Japanese makeup techniques. [50] (#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50) In a 1973 Mirabelle magazine article, La Roche explained that Bowie bought most of his make-up from a shop in Rome but acquired his "white rice powder" from "Tokyo's Woolworth's (/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)) equivalent". Bowie used a "German gold base in cake form" for the sphere, and would occasionally "outline that gold circle with tiny gold rhinestones, stuck on with eyelash glue". [42] (#cite_note-Hail-42) By the end of the Ziggy Stardust period in 1973, Bowie would spend at least two hours before each concert to have his makeup done. [42] (#cite_note-Hail-42) According to La Roche, for his last few English concerts, Bowie painted tiny lightning streaks on his cheek and upper leg. [53] (#cite_note-Style-53) Cultural impact [ edit ] "I wasn't at all surprised 'Ziggy Stardust' made my career. I packaged a totally credible plastic rock star." [54] (#cite_note-54) – David Bowie, in an interview with Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) By the time Bowie returned to Britain for the final leg of the Ziggy Stardust tour in May 1973 following the release of Aladdin Sane (/wiki/Aladdin_Sane) , he had become the biggest English rock star since the Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) almost a decade earlier, [55] (#cite_note-55) in terms of concert and record sales. [56] (#cite_note-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) Crowd reactions to Bowie during the Ziggy Stardust period have been likened to Beatlemania (/wiki/Beatlemania) , [58] (#cite_note-58) and the character's stardom as the height of his popularity dubbed "Ziggymania". [59] (#cite_note-59) [2] (#cite_note-Light-2) Rolling Stone described Ziggy Stardust as "the ultimate rock star": "He's a wild, hedonistic figure ... but at his core communicates peace and love". [2] (#cite_note-Light-2) Influencing the glam rock (/wiki/Glam_rock) genre and fashion wave, [60] (#cite_note-60) Bowie as Ziggy Stardust became one of the most iconic images of rock history [61] (#cite_note-Harrington-61) and pop culture. [62] (#cite_note-62) The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) wrote, "He was not only glam's principal architect, he was its most beautiful specimen." [61] (#cite_note-Harrington-61) Ziggy Stardust helped to popularise the mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(hairstyle)) in the 1970s, though the hairstyle was still without a name at the time. [63] (#cite_note-63) The "Ziggy" cut marked an "era-defining grooming change" as it went against the typical fashion of natural, long haircuts for men at the time and was also suited to either sex. GQ (/wiki/GQ) wrote that the "Ziggy" cut "remains one of the boldest and most stylish haircuts in history, from the way it spiked up on top and swooped down to a sort of mullet – but way cooler than a mullet – finish." [45] (#cite_note-Fearon-45) Retirement [ edit ] By July 1973, Bowie had been touring as Ziggy for 18 months. [50] (#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50) Due to the intense nature of his touring life, Bowie felt as though maintaining the Ziggy persona was affecting his own personality and sanity too much; acting the same role over an extended period, it became difficult for him to separate Ziggy Stardust from his own character offstage. [a] (#cite_note-66) Bowie was also beginning to reach a point of creative boredom and felt that he could no longer perform Ziggy with the same enthusiasm. [b] (#cite_note-68) There were also practical reasons behind his decision to retire the character: Bowie's record company RCA (/wiki/RCA_Records) refused to finance a third large US tour due to Bowie's management overspending in excess of $300,000 during the 1972 and 1973 tours, as well as disappointing record sales in the US. [50] (#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50) Bowie retired Ziggy Stardust during a live concert on 3 July 1973, at London's Hammersmith Odeon (/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon) in front of 3,500 fans. The concert featured an 18-song set, with Jeff Beck (/wiki/Jeff_Beck) joining the band for a medley of " The Jean Genie (/wiki/The_Jean_Genie) " and The Beatles' " Love Me Do (/wiki/Love_Me_Do) ". [67] (#cite_note-ultimate-69) Just before the final song of the concert, " Rock 'n' Roll Suicide (/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Suicide) ", [68] (#cite_note-OUP-70) Bowie announced, "Of all the shows on this tour, this particular show will remain with us the longest, because not only is it the last show of the tour, but it's the last show that we'll ever do." The fans and press took this to mean that Bowie was retiring entirely, causing much media attention. However, it only referred to the Ziggy Stardust persona and the Spiders from Mars backing band. [67] (#cite_note-ultimate-69) [69] (#cite_note-71) The final Ziggy concert was filmed by D. A. Pennebaker (/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker) and released in 1979 as the documentary Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars_(film)) [68] (#cite_note-OUP-70) and the audio on the live album Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust:_The_Motion_Picture) (released in 1983). [70] (#cite_note-72) Legacy [ edit ] The plaque on Heddon Street marking Bowie's album cover shoot Ziggy Stardust is widely considered Bowie's greatest creation. [61] (#cite_note-Harrington-61) [71] (#cite_note-73) In 2012, a plaque was unveiled by the Crown Estate (/wiki/Crown_Estate) at the site at which the iconic Ziggy Stardust album cover photograph was taken by Brian Ward on Heddon Street, London. [72] (#cite_note-Site-74) The unveiling was attended by original Spiders from Mars band members Woody Woodmansey (/wiki/Woody_Woodmansey) and Trevor Bolder (/wiki/Trevor_Bolder) , and was unveiled by Gary Kemp (/wiki/Gary_Kemp) . [73] (#cite_note-Press-75) The plaque was the first to be installed by the Crown Estate and is one of the few plaques in the country devoted to fictional characters. [72] (#cite_note-Site-74) In 2018, a statue (/wiki/Statue_of_David_Bowie) depicting a mature Bowie looking at his younger self as Ziggy Stardust was unveiled in Aylesbury (/wiki/Aylesbury) , the town where Bowie debuted the character in 1972. [74] (#cite_note-76) [75] (#cite_note-BBC_unveil-77) The statue stands in Aylesbury's Market Square, [75] (#cite_note-BBC_unveil-77) which Bowie referenced in " Five Years (/wiki/Five_Years_(David_Bowie_song)) ", the opening song of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars album. [76] (#cite_note-78) In 2015, the African butterfly species Bicyclus sigiussidorum (/wiki/Bicyclus_sigiussidorum) was named after the character due to its "glammy" appearance. [77] (#cite_note-BrattströmAduse-Poku2016-79) ( Sigiussidorum is a Latin rendering of "Ziggy Stardust".) [78] (#cite_note-80) Street art (/wiki/Street_art) depicting Ziggy Stardust Warsaw (/wiki/Warsaw) , Poland [79] (#cite_note-81) Brixton (/wiki/Brixton) , U.K. [80] (#cite_note-82) Salamanca (/wiki/Salamanca) , Spain [81] (#cite_note-83) In popular culture [ edit ] Music [ edit ] The 1976 cyberpunk (/wiki/Cyberpunk) rock opera (/wiki/Rock_opera) Starmania (/wiki/Starmania_(musical)) features a character called Ziggy. The British rock band Def Leppard (/wiki/Def_Leppard) referenced the character in their song Rocket on their 1987 album Hysteria (/wiki/Hysteria_(Def_Leppard_album)) . The Swedish band Gyllene Tider (/wiki/Gyllene_Tider) recorded a song called "Åh Ziggy Stardust (var blev du av?)" ("Ah Ziggy Stardust, what became of you?"), [83] (#cite_note-Miscellany-85) included on the 1990 re-release of their album Gyllene Tider (/wiki/Gyllene_Tider_(album)) . Ziggy Stardust was one of several pop icons Marc Almond (/wiki/Marc_Almond) dressed up as in the video for his 1995 single "Adored and Explored" and the cover of its follow-up single, "The Idol". [83] (#cite_note-Miscellany-85) The Omēga character, featured on the cover of Marilyn Manson (/wiki/Marilyn_Manson) 's 1998 album Mechanical Animals (/wiki/Mechanical_Animals) was based on Ziggy Stardust, aesthetically and story-wise. [84] (#cite_note-86) A cartoon version of Ziggy featured in the video for Boy George (/wiki/Boy_George) 's 2008 single "Yes We Can". [83] (#cite_note-Miscellany-85) Matt Sorum (/wiki/Matt_Sorum) made reference to the character in the song "What Ziggy Says" on his 2014 album Stratosphere (/wiki/Stratosphere_(Matt_Sorum_album)) . [83] (#cite_note-Miscellany-85) One of the pioneers of gothic rock, Bauhaus, has a song named "Ziggy Stardust". Film and television [ edit ] Fictional pop star Brian Slade and his space-age alter ego Maxwell Demon in the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine (/wiki/Velvet_Goldmine) were based on Bowie in his Ziggy Stardust period, [85] (#cite_note-87) though Bowie would dissociate himself from the film. [86] (#cite_note-88) In the 1999 comedy special Golden Years (/wiki/Golden_Years_(TV_programme)) , Ricky Gervais (/wiki/Ricky_Gervais) plays a Bowie impersonator named Clive Meadows who arrives at a business meeting as Ziggy Stardust. [87] (#cite_note-89) In the sixth episode (/wiki/Bowie_(Flight_of_the_Conchords)) of the 2007 sitcom Flight of the Conchords (/wiki/Flight_of_the_Conchords_(TV_series)) , the character Brett ( Bret McKenzie (/wiki/Bret_McKenzie) ) is visited by a dream version of Ziggy Stardust, among several other of Bowie's personas. [88] (#cite_note-90) The character of "Ziggy Stardust" in full costume appears in Zack Snyder (/wiki/Zack_Snyder) 's Watchmen (/wiki/Watchmen_(film)) . [89] (#cite_note-91) "Artie" (played by John McCrea (/wiki/John_McCrea_(actor)) ) in the 2021 film Cruella (/wiki/Cruella_(film)) was inspired by the character. [90] (#cite_note-92) In season 2 episode 4 of Big Little Lies (/wiki/Big_Little_Lies_(TV_series)) the character of Ziggy dresses up as Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy Stardust is also mentioned by name in the season 1 premiere. [91] (#cite_note-93) [92] (#cite_note-94) See also [ edit ] Major Tom (/wiki/Major_Tom) The Thin White Duke (/wiki/The_Thin_White_Duke) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-66) Bowie: "It was quite easy to become obsessed night and day with the character. I became Ziggy Stardust. David Bowie went totally out the window. Everybody was convincing me that I was a messiah ... I got hopelessly lost in the fantasy." [64] (#cite_note-64) "My whole personality was affected ... I thought I might as well take Ziggy to interviews as well. Why leave him on stage? Looking back it was very absurd. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity." [26] (#cite_note-Goodbye-26) [65] (#cite_note-65) ^ (#cite_ref-68) Bowie: "I had an awful lot of fun doing [Ziggy] ... but my performance on stage reached a peak. I felt I couldn't go on stage in the same context again ... if I'm tired with what I'm doing wouldn't it be long before the audience realised." [66] (#cite_note-67) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Trey (2017-11-20). "See Terry O'Neill's rare images of David Bowie's last show as Ziggy Stardust" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/see-terry-oneills-rare-images-david-bowies-last-show-ziggy-stardust) . Interview Magazine . Retrieved 2024-02-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Light, Alan (2016). " (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ziggy-stardust-how-bowie-created-the-alter-ego-that-changed-rock-55254/) 'Ziggy Stardust': How Bowie Created the Alter Ego That Changed Rock" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ziggy-stardust-how-bowie-created-the-alter-ego-that-changed-rock-55254/) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210524120349/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ziggy-stardust-how-bowie-created-the-alter-ego-that-changed-rock-55254/) from the original on 24 May 2021 . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Dee, Johnny (7 January 2012). "David Bowie: Infomania" (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/graphic/2012/jan/07/infomania-david-bowie) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140108173839/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/graphic/2012/jan/07/infomania-david-bowie) from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Morse (1998) (#CITEREFMorse1998) , p. 100 (https://books.google.com/books?id=bYKuiC4Hz2YC&pg=PT113) ^ Jump up to: a b c Copetas, Craig (28 February 1974). "Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/beat-godfather-meets-glitter-mainman-william-burroughs-interviews-david-bowie-92508/) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191225220056/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/beat-godfather-meets-glitter-mainman-william-burroughs-interviews-david-bowie-92508/) from the original on 25 December 2019 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-faq_6-0) Archived from "Frequently Asked Questions" (http://5years.com/faq.htm) . The Ziggy Stardust Companion . 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b David Bowie Explains Ziggy Stardust (YouTube) . 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"For David Bowie, Japanese style was more than just fashion" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/06/11/style/for-david-bowie-japanese-style-was-more-than-just-fashion/#.XtEWMzPityw) . The Japan Times (/wiki/The_Japan_Times) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Zanetta & Edwards (1986) (#CITEREFZanettaEdwards1986) , p. 112 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gorman, Paul (4 August 2015). "David Bowie: his style story, 1972-1973" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/aug/04/david-bowie-his-style-story-1972-1973) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Harris (2010) (#CITEREFHarris2010) , pp. 194-195 (https://books.google.com/books?id=erhBPRn_5hgC&pg=PT195) ^ Jump up to: a b Zara, Christopher (17 January 2016). "The Story Behind David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust Haircut, A Radical Red Revolution" (https://www.ibtimes.com/story-behind-david-bowies-ziggy-stardust-haircut-radical-red-revolution-2268718) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160121011607/https://www.ibtimes.com/story-behind-david-bowies-ziggy-stardust-haircut-radical-red-revolution-2268718) from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Celebrating David Bowie And The Beckenham Arts Lab" (https://www.davidbowie.com/2001/2001/03/25/celebrating-david-bowie-and-the-beckenham-arts-lab) . davidbowie.com . 26 November 2001. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602013332/https://www.davidbowie.com/2001/2001/03/25/celebrating-david-bowie-and-the-beckenham-arts-lab) from the original on 2 June 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2021 . Bowie: "Schwartzkopf red was the colour. I had [Fussey] cut my hair short in early January 1972. No dye. Layed flatish. I believe that it went red and stood up between the 20th and 25th of January 1972." ^ Jump up to: a b Fearon, Faye (21 March 2020). 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(1974–1976) (/wiki/Who_Can_I_Be_Now%3F_(1974%E2%80%931976)) A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) (/wiki/A_New_Career_in_a_New_Town_(1977%E2%80%931982)) Loving the Alien (1983–1988) (/wiki/Loving_the_Alien_(1983%E2%80%931988)) Spying Through a Keyhole (/wiki/Spying_Through_a_Keyhole) Clareville Grove Demos (/wiki/Clareville_Grove_Demos) The 'Mercury' Demos (/wiki/The_%27Mercury%27_Demos) Conversation Piece (/wiki/Conversation_Piece_(box_set)) Brilliant Live Adventures (/wiki/Brilliant_Live_Adventures) Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001) (/wiki/Brilliant_Adventure_(1992%E2%80%932001)) Concert videos The 1980 Floor Show (/wiki/The_1980_Floor_Show) Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars_(film)) Serious Moonlight (/wiki/Serious_Moonlight_(1983_film)) Glass Spider (/wiki/Glass_Spider) Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby (/wiki/Tin_Machine_Live:_Oy_Vey,_Baby) VH1 Storytellers (/wiki/VH1_Storytellers_(David_Bowie_album)) Reality: Tour Ed. 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Sport wearing FAIRTEX FAIRTEX® Logo Company type Private (/wiki/Private_Company) Industry Muay Thai (/wiki/Muay_thai) , Kickboxing Brand (/wiki/Kickboxing) , Brazilian jiujitsu (/wiki/Brazilian_jiujitsu) , Mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) Founded 1958 ; 66 years ago ( 1958 ) in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) Founder Banjong Busarakamwong , Ariyawat Busarakamwong (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C) (present) Headquarters Bang Lamung District (/wiki/Bang_Lamung_District) , Pattaya (/wiki/Pattaya) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) Area served Worldwide Products Martial arts equipment, sporting equipment, clothing, accessories Services Manufacturer, fighter management Website fairtex (http://fairtex.com/) .com (http://fairtex.com/) Fairtex is a Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) muay thai, boxing, mixed martial arts and clothing brand that was founded by Bunjong Busarakamwongse (better known as Mr. Philip Wong) [1] (#cite_note-1) in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) in 1958. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Fairtex won the Best MMA gloves (/wiki/MMA_gloves) Award at World MMA Awards (/wiki/World_MMA_Awards) in 2008. Fairtex is gloves partner of ONE Championship (/wiki/ONE_Championship) events since 2010 to present. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Fairtex is now headed by Mr. Philip Wong's son, Prem Busarabavonwongs at the brand's headquarters located in Pattaya, [6] (#cite_note-6) also the location of the Fairtex Training Center (/wiki/Fairtex_Gym) . See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Thailand portal (/wiki/Portal:Thailand) Fairtex Gym (/wiki/Fairtex_Gym) List of fitness wear brands (/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands) List of companies of Thailand (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Thailand) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Docto, Daniel C. (2006-06-15). "The King of Muay Thai, Mr. Philip Wong, wants to share — SEVEN Master Defensive Moves of Muay Thai Fairtex" (https://magazine.fighttimes.com/the-king-of-muay-thai-mr-philip-wong-wants-to-share-seven-master-defensive-moves-of-muay-thai-fairtex/) . Fight Times Magazine . Retrieved 2020-11-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fairtex History - Fairtex Australia - The Official Site For Fairtex in Australia. - Fairtex Australia The Official Site For Fairtex in Australia" (http://fairtexaustralia.com.au/fairtex-history/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fairtex History - Creating Muay Thai World Champions" (https://www.fightstoredublin.ie/fairtex-history/) . 22 November 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "How Fairtex Became The Gold Standard In Martial Arts" (https://www.onefc.com/features/how-fairtex-became-the-gold-standard-in-martial-arts/) . ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts . 2020-05-24 . Retrieved 2021-05-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "ONE x Fairtex Boxing Gloves (Black)" (https://sea.one.shop/products/one-x-fairtex-tight-fit-boxing-glove-black) . ONE.SHOP | The Official Online Shop of ONE Championship . Retrieved 2021-05-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "How Fairtex Became The Gold Standard In Martial Arts | ONE Championship - Features" (https://www.onefc.com/features/how-fairtex-became-the-gold-standard-in-martial-arts/) . ONE Championship - The Home Of Martial Arts . 2020-05-24 . Retrieved 2020-11-09 . TrueStore's Wikibrands [1] (#cite_note-7) External links [ edit ] Official website (https://fairtex.com/) Instagram (https://instagram.com/fairtexthailand?igshid=1ni9hzcadv4ft) This product (/wiki/Product_(business)) or company (/wiki/Company) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairtex&action=edit) . v t e ^ (#cite_ref-7) "TrueStore.eu" (https://www.truestore.eu/fairtex.php) . 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Italian-based fashion clothing brand Paul & Shark Industry Clothing Founded 1975 ; 49 years ago ( 1975 ) in Italy Founder Paolo Dini Headquarters Varese (/wiki/Varese) , Italy Key people Andrea Dini, CEO Paul & Shark is a luxury Italian (/wiki/Economy_of_Italy) clothing brand founded in 1975 by Paolo Dini, [1] (#cite_note-ITALIAN_STORY-1) son of mill owner Gian Ludovico Dini. [2] (#cite_note-Laura_Hawkins-2) It has 280 stores worldwide and is headquartered in Varese (/wiki/Varese) . [2] (#cite_note-Laura_Hawkins-2) Its CEO (/wiki/CEO) is Andrea Dini. [3] (#cite_note-3) The brand was inspired by the sail (/wiki/Sail) of an 18th-century clipper (/wiki/Clipper) , [2] (#cite_note-Laura_Hawkins-2) inscribed with the words "Paul & Shark" seen during Dini's visit to a small sailmaker's workshop in Maine (/wiki/Maine) . [1] (#cite_note-ITALIAN_STORY-1) In 2017, GQ (/wiki/GQ) called it "the sailing man's sailing gear". [4] (#cite_note-4) Its symbol is a shark (/wiki/Shark) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The company outfitted and sponsored Italian explorer Alex Bellini in his over 200 km cross-country skiing (/wiki/Cross-country_skiing) of the Vatnajökull (/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull) , the biggest glacier (/wiki/Glacier) in Europe. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli_(company)) Etro (/wiki/Etro) Brioni (/wiki/Brioni_(brand)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b paulshark.com An Italian Story (https://www.paulandshark.com/it_en/company.html) ^ Jump up to: a b c Laura Hawkins, Reef encounter: Paul & Shark drops anchor in London (http://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/paul-and-shark-opens-debut-london-flagship) Wallpaper* (/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)) 27 April 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Paul & Shark CEO Andrea Dini paid $20,000 for a zero-gravity experience (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/paul-shark-ceo-andrea-dini-paid-20000-for-a-zero-gravity-experience/articleshow/62374820.cms) Sujata Reddy, Economic Times (/wiki/India_Times) , January 5, 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Paul & Shark has finally docked in London | British GQ" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170430005433/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/gallery/paul-and-shark-regent-street-london) . gq-magazine.co.uk . Archived from the original (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/gallery/paul-and-shark-regent-street-london) on 2017-04-30 . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Morgan, Colleen. "The return of the shark: Paul & Shark introduces Autumn/Winter collection - The Moodie Davitt Report - The Moodie Davitt Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170303181314/https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/the-return-of-the-shark-paul-shark-introduces-autumnwinter-collection/) . moodiedavittreport.com . Archived from the original (https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/the-return-of-the-shark-paul-shark-introduces-autumnwinter-collection/) on 2017-03-03 . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) @paulsharkofficial #FreezeTheMoment (https://www.instagram.com/p/BQfGCmqAEuL/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Pawson, Helen. "Paul & Shark freezes the moment with Alex Bellini collaboration - The Moodie Davitt Report - The Moodie Davitt Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170310013036/https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/paul-shark-freezes-the-moment-with-alex-bellini-collaboration/) . moodiedavittreport.com . Archived from the original (https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/paul-shark-freezes-the-moment-with-alex-bellini-collaboration/) on 2017-03-10 . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.paulandshark.com/) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_%26_Shark&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion designer This article is about the fashion designer. For other uses, see Zaldy (disambiguation) (/wiki/Zaldy_(disambiguation)) . Zaldy Born Salvador Goco 1966 (age 57–58) Cheshire, Connecticut (/wiki/Cheshire,_Connecticut) , U.S. Education Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) ( BFA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts) ) Awards Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Programming (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Costumes_for_a_Variety,_Nonfiction,_or_Reality_Programming) ( 2017 (/wiki/69th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) , 2018 (/wiki/70th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) , 2019 (/wiki/71st_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) ) Zaldy Goco (born 1966), [1] (#cite_note-age-1) also known mononymously (/wiki/Mononymous_person) as Zaldy , [2] (#cite_note-2) is a Filipino-American [3] (#cite_note-3) fashion designer. In 1995, he was featured as a model in a British television advertisement for Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) . [4] (#cite_note-SundayTimesLevis-4) [5] (#cite_note-AdRespect-5) Zaldy was named one of Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) magazine's Out 100 in 2006. [6] (#cite_note-Out100-6) He was the costume designer for Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) 's This Is It (/wiki/This_Is_It_(concert_residency)) concerts, [7] (#cite_note-ThisIsIt2009-7) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) 's Monster Ball Tour (/wiki/Monster_Ball_Tour) , [8] (#cite_note-MonsterBall2011-8) and Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) 's Femme Fatale Tour (/wiki/Femme_Fatale_Tour) . [9] (#cite_note-FemmeFatale2011-9) Zaldy designed the costumes for the Cirque du Soleil (/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil) shows Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour (/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Immortal_World_Tour) , Michael Jackson: One (/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_One) , and Volta (/wiki/Volta_(Cirque_du_Soleil)) . [10] (#cite_note-CirqueduSoleil-10) He was also the head designer for Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) 's fashion line L.A.M.B. (/wiki/L.A.M.B.) [11] (#cite_note-NYT2005LAMB-11) He has received five Emmy nominations, winning in 2017, 2018, and 2019 for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Programming (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Costumes_for_a_Variety,_Nonfiction,_or_Reality_Programming) due to his work on RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) . [12] (#cite_note-Emmy-12) Early life [ edit ] Zaldy was born in Cheshire, Connecticut; his first name is Salvador but his parents called him Zaldy from birth. His grandmother sparked his interest in fashion. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Meter2014-13) Education [ edit ] Zaldy was a student at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) in the 1980s, though he completed his studies in 1990 at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2005-14) Modeling [ edit ] Zaldy walked runways for Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) , Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) , and Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) modeling women's clothing; he also modeled men's clothing in a Japanese advertising campaign for Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) . [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Meter2014-13) In 1995, Zaldy, in drag, starred in a Levi's television commercial. This advertisement was banned in the United States and was only shown late at night in the United Kingdom. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2007-15) This Levi's advertisement was noted as marking a rise in the prominence of drag in pop culture. [4] (#cite_note-SundayTimesLevis-4) [16] (#cite_note-Ekins1997-16) Photoshoots and red carpets [ edit ] Various celebrities have worn Zaldy's clothing in notable photoshoots or on red carpets. Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) wore a Zaldy dress on the cover of the November 2005 issue of Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . [17] (#cite_note-VanityFairNov2005-17) Film producer Lisa Maria Falcone, producer for 127 Hours (/wiki/127_Hours) , wore a Zaldy dress to the 83rd Academy Awards (/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards) . [18] (#cite_note-McLean2011-18) [19] (#cite_note-Nicholson2011-19) Kesha (/wiki/Kesha) wore a Zaldy dress to the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2012_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . [20] (#cite_note-Johnson2012-20) Chloe x Halle (/wiki/Chloe_x_Halle) both wore Zaldy to the 2016 BET Hip Hop Awards (/wiki/2016_BET_Hip_Hop_Awards) ; their stylist for the event, Zerina Akers (/wiki/Zerina_Akers) , said: "I always like to use young, new talent, because I feel like we see so much of the same thing in fashion and on the red carpet. I thought it was fresh." [21] (#cite_note-Bauck2016-21) Stage and concert performances [ edit ] The first stage costume Zaldy designed was for Lady Miss Kier (/wiki/Lady_Miss_Kier) , singer of Deee-Lite (/wiki/Deee-Lite) ; she saw him at a club wearing a catsuit studded with mirrors and asked him to make her a similar outfit. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKedves2013121-22) His first time designing stage outfits for an entire musical group was for Scissor Sisters (/wiki/Scissor_Sisters) 's 2006 performance for the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival) . [23] (#cite_note-Schweiger2006-23) Zaldy later designed the costumes for the Japanese band Exile (/wiki/Exile_(Japanese_band)) . [24] (#cite_note-JapanToday2010-24) RuPaul [ edit ] In the late 1980s, Zaldy met the American drag queen RuPaul (/wiki/RuPaul) at a night club in Union Square, Manhattan (/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan) . [25] (#cite_note-Phelps2018-25) He has designed his drag outfits since 1992. [26] (#cite_note-EW2012-26) [27] (#cite_note-WorkinIt-27) RuPaul wears Zaldy's outfits in the music video for his 1993 single " Supermodel (You Better Work) (/wiki/Supermodel_(You_Better_Work)) " and the Netflix series AJ and the Queen (/wiki/AJ_and_the_Queen) . [25] (#cite_note-Phelps2018-25) Zaldy designed RuPaul's suit for the 2019 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) . [28] (#cite_note-28) RuPaul's Drag Race [ edit ] Zaldy designs the gowns for RuPaul on RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) . He has three other team members and an assortment of other craftspeople such as painters, beaders, and graphic designers. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) For his work on Drag Race , Zaldy has received five Primetime Emmy Award (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award) nominations and three wins, in the category of Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Programming (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Costumes_for_a_Variety,_Nonfiction,_or_Reality_Programming) . He was first nominated for the 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards (/wiki/68th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) for the season 8 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_8)) premiere " Keeping It 100! (/wiki/Keeping_It_100!) " [31] (#cite_note-Emmy2016-31) and received a second nomination, alongside Perry Meek, for the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards (/wiki/69th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) for the season 9 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_9)) premiere " Oh. My. Gaga! (/wiki/Oh._My._Gaga!) " [32] (#cite_note-Emmy2017-32) Zaldy and Meek won this Emmy. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) He received a third nomination in this category in 2018 for the season 10 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_9)) premiere " 10s Across the Board (/wiki/10s_Across_the_Board) ". [35] (#cite_note-Emmy2018-35) In 2019 he also won an Emmy for the episode " Trump: The Rusical (/wiki/Trump:_The_Rusical) " alongside Art Conn, who designed Michelle Visage (/wiki/Michelle_Visage) 's outfit. [36] (#cite_note-Emmy2019-36) [37] (#cite_note-Variety2019-37) He also appeared as a guest judge alongside Kesha (/wiki/Kesha) on the season 9 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_9)) episode "Makeovers: Crew Better Work", [38] (#cite_note-38) and made a guest appearance in the season 12 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_12)) episode "You Don't Know Me." [39] (#cite_note-39) Zaldy also appeared as a guest judge on the RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 6 (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_6)) episode "Show Up Queen". Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Show Episode Result Ref. 2016 (/wiki/68th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) Primetime Emmy Award (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award) Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Programming (/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Costumes_for_a_Variety,_Nonfiction,_or_Reality_Programming) RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) Keeping It 100! (/wiki/Keeping_It_100!) " Nominated [31] (#cite_note-Emmy2016-31) 2017 (/wiki/69th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) " Oh. My. Gaga! (/wiki/Oh._My._Gaga!) " (Shared with Perry Meek) Won [32] (#cite_note-Emmy2017-32) 2018 (/wiki/70th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) " 10s Across the Board (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_10)) " Won [35] (#cite_note-Emmy2018-35) [40] (#cite_note-40) 2019 (/wiki/71st_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) " Trump: The Rusical (/wiki/Trump:_The_Rusical) " (shared with Art Conn) Won [36] (#cite_note-Emmy2019-36) [37] (#cite_note-Variety2019-37) 2020 (/wiki/72nd_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards) " I'm That Bitch (/wiki/I%27m_That_Bitch_(RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race)) " Nominated [41] (#cite_note-41) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-age_1-0) Feldman 2005 (#CITEREFFeldman2005) . "Zaldy, 38"; Van Meter 2014 (#CITEREFVan_Meter2014) . "It was early August [...] Zaldy was a preternaturally young-looking 48." ^ (#cite_ref-2) Van Meter 2014 (#CITEREFVan_Meter2014) . "Zaldy (he abandoned the use of his last name in high school)". ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kedves 2013 (#CITEREFKedves2013) , p. 116; Nepales 2009 (#CITEREFNepales2009) . ^ Jump up to: a b White, Roland (September 20, 1995). "What a Drag". The Sunday Times (London) . No. 8925. p. 14. ^ (#cite_ref-AdRespect_5-0) "Video Ad Library: Levi Strauss & Co. - Levi's - Taxi" (http://www.adrespect.org/common/adlibrary/adlibrarydetails.cfm?QID=16&ClientID=11064) . adrespect.org . ^ (#cite_ref-Out100_6-0) Breen, Matthew; Epstein, Jeffrey; Hicklin, Aaron; Jamieson, Graeme; Shenitz, Bruce; Tang, Jo-ey (December 2006). "OUT 100". Out . Vol. 15, no. 6. pp. 78–136. ^ (#cite_ref-ThisIsIt2009_7-0) Ortega, Kenny (director) (2009). Michael Jackson's This Is It (/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_This_Is_It) . Columbia Pictures. Event occurs at 1:44:48. Costume Designer for Michael Jackson: Zaldy ^ (#cite_ref-MonsterBall2011_8-0) Kennedy, Ted (director) (2011). Britney Spears Live: The Femme Fatale Tour (/wiki/Britney_Spears_Live:_The_Femme_Fatale_Tour) . HBO. Event occurs at 1:52:26. Costumes designed by [...] Zaldy ^ (#cite_ref-FemmeFatale2011_9-0) Gibson, Laurieann (director) (2011). Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Presents_the_Monster_Ball_Tour:_At_Madison_Square_Garden) . Media Blasters. Event occurs at 1:24:52. Zaldy: Costume Designer ^ (#cite_ref-CirqueduSoleil_10-0) "The Costume Workshop" (https://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/press/kits/corporate/cirque-du-soleil/costumeworkshop.aspx) . Cirque du Soleil . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202225623/https://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/press/kits/corporate/cirque-du-soleil/costumeworkshop.aspx) from the original on February 2, 2017 . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . Zaldy Goco: Michael Jackson THE IMMORTAL and Michael Jackson ONE and VOLTA ^ (#cite_ref-NYT2005LAMB_11-0) La Ferla, Ruth (September 15, 2005). "A Queen of Pop Is Ready For Roseland, but Not to Sing" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/fashion/thursdaystyles/a-queen-of-pop-is-ready-for-roseland-but-not-to-sing.html) . The New York Times . Vol. 154, no. 53, 338. p. G6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150529182628/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/fashion/thursdaystyles/a-queen-of-pop-is-ready-for-roseland-but-not-to-sing.html) from the original on May 29, 2015 . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Emmy_12-0) "Zaldy Goco" (http://www.emmys.com/bios/zaldy-goco) . Emmys . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160922044448/http://www.emmys.com/bios/zaldy-goco) from the original on September 22, 2016 . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Van Meter 2014 (#CITEREFVan_Meter2014) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2005_14-0) Feldman 2005 (#CITEREFFeldman2005) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2007_15-0) Carter 2007 (#CITEREFCarter2007) . ^ (#cite_ref-Ekins1997_16-0) Ekins, Richard (1997). Male Femaling: A Grounded Theory Approach to Cross-dressing and Sex-changing . London: Routledge. p. 164. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415106252 . ^ (#cite_ref-VanityFairNov2005_17-0) "Caption: On the Cover". Vanity Fair . No. 543. November 2005. p. 88. Beyonce Knowles wears a dress by Zaldy and a bracelet by Louis Vuitton. Hair and makeup products by L'Oral. Hair by Kimberly Kimble. Makeup by Francesca Tolot. Manicure by Lisa Logan. Styled by Andrea Lieberman. Photographed exclusively for V.F. by Patrick Demarchelier in New York City, August 11, 2005. ^ (#cite_ref-McLean2011_18-0) McLean, Bethany (July 2011). "Falcone Quest" (http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/07/falcones-201107) . Vanity Fair . Vol. 53, no. 7. This year, when 127 Hours was nominated for six Oscars, Lisa Maria wore to the award ceremony an elegant, one-shouldered column dress that was designed by her longtime friend Zaldy Goco. ^ (#cite_ref-Nicholson2011_19-0) Nicholson, Lucy (February 27, 2011). Lisa Maria Falcone, executive producer for best picture nominee "127 Hours", wearing a dress by Zaldy Goco, arrives at the 83rd Academy Awards in Hollywood, California, February 27, 2011 (Photograph). Reuters. Image ID: GM1E72S0LLH01. ^ (#cite_ref-Johnson2012_20-0) Johnson, Zach (September 12, 2012). "Ke$ha Unveils Glam Makeover at MTV Video Music Awards!" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-style/news/kesha-unveils-glam-makeover-at-mtv-video-music-awards-201269) . Us Weekly . "I wanted to look naked with some glitz on my bits," Ke$ha said of the Zaldy dress, which she accessorized with Prada shoes, a Marie Todd ring and Karma El Khalil rings and earrings. ^ (#cite_ref-Bauck2016_21-0) Bauck, Whitney (June 27, 2016). "Chloe x Halle Stylists Dish on the Teens' Coordinating BET Awards Looks: Exclusive" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7416703/chloe-x-halle-stylists-bet-awards-fashion-beyonce) . Billboard . Chloe was in a Zaldy dress and Steiger shoes. Halle wore a Zaldy dress as a top over Levi's Jeans with Off-White booties, and they both wore Messika jewelry. I always like to use young, new talent, because I feel like we see so much of the same thing in fashion and on the red carpet. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKedves2013121_22-0) Kedves 2013 (#CITEREFKedves2013) , p. 121. ^ (#cite_ref-Schweiger2006_23-0) Schweiger, Melissa (May 4, 2006). "Golden Boy: An hour before the Scissor Sisters were due to hit the stage to close out the Coachella Music and Arts Festival Sunday night, the band's trailer vibrated with energy" (http://wwd.com/eye/people/golden-boy-536758/) . Women's Wear Daily . Vol. 191, no. 95. p. 4. ^ (#cite_ref-JapanToday2010_24-0) "EXILE concert tour expected to draw 1.1 million fans" (https://japantoday.com/category/entertainment/exile-concert-tour-expected-to-draw-11-million-fans) . Japan Today . July 12, 2010. Meanwhile, Filipino fashion designer Zaldy Goco will be in charge of their costumes for the tour. Zaldy is well known for designing outfits for big stars, such as the late singer Michael Jackson and Rolling Stones singer Mick Jagger, 66. It is the first time for Goco to produce costumes for Asian stars. He said his costumes will match the tour's title of "FANTASY." ^ Jump up to: a b Phelps, Nicole (June 28, 2018). "Zaldy Is the Designer RuPaul Wouldn't Go Anywhere Without" (https://www.vogue.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-costume-designer-zaldy) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-EW2012_26-0) Stransky, Tanner (October 29, 2012). "RuPaul: A 'Drag Race' Dressing Room Tour" (http://ew.com/gallery/rupaul-drag-race-dressing-room-tour/dress-to-impress) . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-WorkinIt_27-0) RuPaul (2010). "Acknowledgments: Zaldy". Workin' It! RuPaul's Guide to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Style . Harper Collins. For the past eighteen years, he has created my most extraordinary ensembles. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Mizoguchi, Karen (May 6, 2019). "Sissy That Walk! RuPaul Fiercely Sashays on Met Gala Red Carpet for the First Time" (https://people.com/style/met-gala-2019-rupaul-fiercely-sashays-red-carpet/) . People . Retrieved May 7, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Hendrickson, Paula (June 19, 2017). "Emmys: It Takes a Village to Make Reality Competitions Pop" (https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/emmys-it-takes-village-to-make-reality-competitions-pop-1202469151/) . Variety . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Newbold, Alice (May 6, 2019). "Why RuPaul Decided Not To Attend The Met Gala 2019 In Drag" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/rupaul-met-gala) . British Vogue . Retrieved May 7, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Television Academy (/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences) (July 14, 2016). "68th Emmy® Awards Nominations for Programs Airing June 1, 2015 – May 31, 2016" (http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/68th-nominations-list-v7.pdf) (PDF) (Press release). ^ Jump up to: a b Television Academy (July 13, 2017). "2017 Emmy® Awards Nominations for Programs Airing June 1, 2016 – May 31, 2017" (http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/69th-nominations-list-v5.pdf) (PDF) (Press release). ^ (#cite_ref-33) Romano, Nick (10 September 2017). "2017 Creative Arts Emmy Winners Include Carpool Karaoke, (http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/09/creative-arts-emmy-awards-2017-winners-list/) RuPaul's Drag Race , (http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/09/creative-arts-emmy-awards-2017-winners-list/) SNL " (http://ew.com/tv/2017/09/09/creative-arts-emmy-awards-2017-winners-list/) . EW.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "2017 Creative Arts Awards Saturday" (https://www.emmys.com/news/awards-news/2017-creative-arts-awards-saturday) . Television Academy . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Television Academy (July 12, 2018). "2018 Emmy® Awards Nominations for Programs Airing June 1, 2017 – May 31, 2018" (http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/70th-nominations-list-v3.pdf) (PDF) (Press release). ^ Jump up to: a b Television Academy. "2019 Emmy® Awards Nominations Press Release" (https://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/71st-nominations-list-v1.pdf) (PDF) (Press release) . Retrieved July 17, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Littleton, Cynthia (15 September 2019). "Creative Arts Emmys: Full Winners List for Night 1" (https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/emmys-creative-arts-winners-reality-1203336092/) . Variety . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Sava, Oliver (May 26, 2017). "The Drag Race crew jumps in front of the camera for the makeover challenge" (https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/drag-race-crew-jumps-front-camera-makeover-challen-255984) . A.V. Club . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Fitzgerald, Christine (10 March 2020). "Let's Kiki About RuPaul's Drag Race Season 12, Episode 2" (https://socialitelife.com/lets-kiki-about-rupauls-drag-race-season-12-episode-2/) . Socialite Life . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Sanchez, Omar (8 September 2018). "Creative Arts Emmys: Winners List (Updating Live)" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/creative-arts-emmys-2018-winners-list-1138674/item/creative-arts-emmys-outstanding-costumes-variety-nonfiction-reality-programming-1138812) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Nordyke, Kimberly; Lewis, Hilary (September 14, 2020). "Creative Arts Emmys: All the Winners So Far | Hollywood Reporter" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/creative-arts-emmys-winners-list-updating-live) . The Hollywood Reporter . Works cited [ edit ] Carter, Lee (June 3, 2007). "Everyone loves Zaldy". The Independent . No. 901. pp. 52–53. Feldman, Jenny (July 2005). "Notes From the Underground: Zaldy Goco Spins a Darkly Beautiful Signature Collection of Victorian-Goth Coats and Dresses". Elle . Vol. 20, no. 11. p. 38. Kedves, Jan (2013). "Zaldy: Costume Designer, New York & Las Vegas". Talking Fashion: From Raf Simons to Nick Knight in their own Words . Munich: Prestel. pp. 116–121. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-7913-4823-0 . Nepales, Ruben V. (October 31, 2009). "Spotlight on two Fil-Ams in 'This Is it' (http://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer/20091031/283115655026395) " (http://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer/20091031/283115655026395) . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. G1 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . Van Meter, William (September 7, 2014). "Zaldy, Onetime Club Kid, Model and Costumer to Pop Stars, Returns to Fashion Week" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/fashion/zaldy-onetime-club-kid-model-and-costumer-to-pop-stars-returns-to-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . Vol. 163, no. 56, 617. p. 18ST . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . General references [ edit ] Amed, Imran (/wiki/Imran_Amed) (January 21, 2010). "Zaldy Goco talks about designing for Michael Jackson and Lady Gaga, Part I" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/bof-exclusive-zaldy-goco-talks-about-designing-for-michael-jackson-and-lady-gaga-part-i) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . Amed, Imran (January 21, 2010). "Zaldy Goco talks about designing for Michael Jackson and Lady Gaga, Part II" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/bof-exclusive-zaldy-goco-talks-about-designing-for-michael-jackson-and-lady-gaga-part-ii) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . Chermayeff, Catherine; David, Jonathan; Richardson, Nan (1995). "Mathu and Zaldy". Drag Diaries . Chronicle Books. pp. 62–74. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780811808958 . Gardner, Chris (June 7, 2018). "Inside 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Costume Exhibit Opening With Fan Favorites, Michelle Visage" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/inside-rupauls-drag-race-costume-exhibit-opening-1118181) . The Hollywood Reporter . Geiger, Daniel (February 3, 2014). "Lady Gaga's designer opens SoHo HQ". Crain's New York Business . Vol. 30, no. 5. p. 20. Kaplan, Julee (5 February 2008). "Zaldy Goes Contemporary for Everlast" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/zaldy-goes-contemporary-for-everlast-467608/) . WWD . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . Lee, Ashley (June 2, 2013). "Making Zombies With 'LED Guts' for Cirque's 'Michael Jackson One' (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-zombies-led-guts-cirques-575859) " (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-zombies-led-guts-cirques-575859) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . McDonald, Patrick (July 28, 2003). "High Brow: Interview with Zaldy" (http://www.papermag.com/high-brow-july-2003-1425152173.html) . Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . Mellors, Coco (October 20, 2009). "The fashion designer pop stars love: Zaldy" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/the-fashion-and-music-industri) . W Magazine . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . Peng, Elizabeth (May 2, 2016). "This Is What It Looks Like When Artificial Intelligence Designs a Dress for the Met Gala" (http://www.vogue.com/article/met-gala-2016-lisa-maria-falcone-dress-grasshopper-artificial-intelligence) . Vogue . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ' Pignatelli, Benedetta (August 19, 2015). "Susanne Bartsch. Amazing creativity" (http://www.vogue.it/people-are-talking-about/vogue-arts/2015/08/susanne-bartsch-amazing-creativity) . Italian Vogue . No. 780. p. 134. Shellhammer, Bradford (/wiki/Bradford_Shellhammer) (September 16, 2005). "Love. Angel. Music. Zaldy". HX Magazine . No. 732. p. 18. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1524-0339 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1524-0339) . WWD Staff (September 11, 2014). "Zaldy RTW Spring 2015" (http://wwd.com/runway/spring-ready-to-wear-2015/new-york/zaldy/review/#/slideshow/article/7903106/0) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . "New York toasts Pinoy fashion designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070513120947/http://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/docs/art_and_culture/archived/zaldy_goco.html) . Good News Pilipinas . Archived from the original (http://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/docs/art_and_culture/archived/zaldy_goco.html) on May 13, 2007. Further reading [ edit ] Allaire, Christian (August 26, 2020). "RuPaul's Longtime Collaborator, Zaldy, Talks His Emmy-Nominated Creations" (https://www.vogue.com/article/zaldy-rupauls-drag-race-emmys-interview) . Vogue . External links [ edit ] Cirque du Soleil (August 5, 2011). Michael Jackson THE IMMORTAL World Tour - Zaldy Goco on the Costumes - Cirque du Soleil . Cirque du Soleil (February 6, 2017). VOLTA : Meet the Costume Designer | by Cirque du Soleil . The Museum at FIT (April 15, 2016). Zaldy & Dr. Valerie Steele in Conversation . Official website (http://www.zaldynyc.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) LGBT (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/311679960) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/106202737X) People Deutsche Biographie (https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd106202737X.html?language=en) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐5bzzt Cached time: 20240717173856 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.770 seconds Real time usage: 0.894 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4307/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 102899/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2334/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 194687/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.533/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8056147/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 823.721 1 -total 34.69% 285.778 1 Template:Reflist 19.83% 163.304 16 Template:Cite_news 14.61% 120.385 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 11.40% 93.880 21 Template:Cite_web 10.17% 83.768 1 Template:Authority_control 8.45% 69.584 1 Template:Short_description 6.78% 55.881 5 Template:Sfn 4.68% 38.516 2 Template:Pagetype 4.33% 35.676 23 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54200811-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717173856 and revision id 1211336877. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_activism) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Fashion activism" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+activism%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+activism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+activism%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+activism%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_activism&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Using fashion as a medium for social and environmental change Fashion activism is the practice of using fashion (/wiki/Fashion) as a medium for social, political, and environmental change. The term has been used recurringly in the works of designers and scholars Lynda Grose (/wiki/Lynda_Grose) , Kate Fletcher, Mathilda Tham (/wiki/Mathilda_Hamilton) , Kirsi Niinimäki, Anja-Lisa Hirscher, Zoe Romano, and Orsola de Castro, as they refer to systemic social and political change through the means of fashion. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) It is also a term used by some fashion designers, one being Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The spectacle of fashion activism as street protest has also been a theme in Paris Catwalk (/wiki/Fashion_show) shows. The term is used by Céline Semaan (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Semaan_Vernon) , co-founder of the Slow Factory Foundation. According to Google Ngram Viewer (/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer) , the term's popularity takes off in the 1990s, even though signaling activism through the means of dress has been practiced much longer. In his book Dress-codes (2021), legal scholar Richard Thompson Ford stated that clothing has been designed and used with political intentions throughout the ages, and the documented evidence stretches at least back to the renaissance in the Western world. [6] (#cite_note-6) As with other forms of activism (/wiki/Activism) , the aim is to promote, impede, direct, or intervene into social arrangements of dress to lay claim to a certain political agenda as well as influence systemic change within the fashion industry. It merges popular styles of dress, from clothing and shoes, to headwear and accessories, with efforts to implement social and political change beyond the designated channels of influence offered by the local political system (/wiki/Political_system) , such as voting. The field of fashion activism spans practices across the boundaries of fashion commodities and the fashion system, to activate members of the public to take action in contested issues. That is, the activism includes awareness raising and civic mobilization, as well as behavior change and pushes for environmental as much as socio-political and systemic impact. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [7] (#cite_note-7) Fashion activism can be used as a form of protest (/wiki/Protest) , whether expressing dissent or support. The term, however, can suffer from being imprecise as much dressed forms of dissent clash with both the term "fashion" and "activism." For example, the use of traditional ethnic dress as a protest against "progressive" politics (or colonialism (/wiki/Colonialism) , or Universal Human Rights (/wiki/Human_rights) , or Feminism (/wiki/Feminism) ) may not be seen as "fashion." Likewise, the discarding of such traditional ethnic dress items in favor of dress with western connotations (such as pants) may not be "fashion" either, yet a powerful form of expressing political dissent. Another ambiguous element of the term concerns cause and effect (/wiki/Causality) ; for example, if wearing short skirts cause women's liberation, or if it is the effect of a liberation already having happened through other, more powerful, political means. Examples of everyday fashion activism [ edit ] Fashion activism can take place on catwalks (/wiki/Fashion_show) and in art galleries (/wiki/Art_gallery) , but the use of the term connotes garments donned in everyday life. Everyday examples of fashion activism in Western societies range from apparel with peace sign (/wiki/Peace_symbols) symbols that were popularized in the late 20th century, [8] (#cite_note-8) the use of military dress as anti-war activism amongst the hippies in the 1960s, the ' Make America Great Again (/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again) ' hats sported by Donald Trump supporters throughout and following the 2016 presidential campaign, [9] (#cite_note-9) and the controversial use of Hawaii shirts amongst proponents of the "Boogaloo" movement. [10] (#cite_note-10) 'Loud' vs 'quiet' activism [ edit ] Charles J. Thompson states that fashion activism becomes especially visible in clashing opposites, such as where the red 'Make American Great Again' hats and the knitted ' Pussyhats (/wiki/Pussyhat) ' act as clashing socio-cultural markers of opposing political views. [11] (#cite_note-11) These two opposing hats could be an example of protest-driven and explicitly political forms of dressed activism. Other scholars have put emphasis on forms of fashion activism that highlights reflection, repair, self-care, and reconciliation, through the means of dress - what they call 'quiet activism'. [12] (#cite_note-12) This type of non-confrontational and constructive activism resonate with the general approach of craftivism (/wiki/Craftivism) , and the works of Sarah P. Corbett (/wiki/Sarah_Corbett_(activist)) . Global tensions [ edit ] It is common to claim fashion activism as a Western phenomenon, even though it may take its most apparent form in expressing global tensions. Especially women's dress is heavily policed in countries such as Afghanistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, to name a few, and also in the US people have been brought to court for their choices of dress. [13] (#cite_note-13) Franz Fanon (/wiki/Frantz_Fanon) and Homi K. Bhabha (/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha) wrote that clothes are used to negotiate and resist occupation or colonial forces of assimilation as a form of hybridity (/wiki/Hybridity) . [14] (#cite_note-14) By wearing traditional dress populations challenge the formation of loyal colonial subjects. [15] (#cite_note-15) Wearing symbols of opposing sides in global conflicts is also a popular form of fashion activism, such as ethnic or religious insignia and army patches. Another example can be the Russian gymnast Ivan Kuliak who taped the letter “Z” to the front of his outfit in 2022 in support of the Russian side in the war in Ukraine. [16] (#cite_note-16) Slow factory [ edit ] Beyond the use amongst designers promoting sustainability and user engagement, the term has also more recently been re-coined by designer Céline Semaan (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Semaan_Vernon) in her work with the NYC-based fashion lab Slow Factory. [17] (#cite_note-17) In this context, items in her collections have been used as means of fashion activism; a 'Dignity Key' necklace with which people can show support for displaced Middle Eastern refugees, a 'Banned' scarf showing the universal impact of President Trump's Muslim ban, and a '1st Amendment Flight Jacket' collaboration with ACLU (/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union) , featuring the First Amendment (/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) text is written in Arabic, standing up to the rise in islamophobia in the United States (/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States) and hate crimes (/wiki/Hate_crime) against American Muslims. [18] (#cite_note-18) Social movements influencing fashion [ edit ] This section relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_activism##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_activism&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Fashion activism" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+activism%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+activism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+activism%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+activism%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+activism%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2023 ) This section contains close paraphrasing (/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing) of a non-free copyrighted source, https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/ (https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/) ( Copyvios report (https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&project=wikipedia&title=Fashion_activism&url=https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/) ) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_activism##) . Please help Wikipedia by rewriting this section (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_activism&action=edit) with your own words. ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Social and political movements have always been linked to fashion, as clothes provide the visual currency and message of the movements. Social movements in history [ edit ] Source: [19] (#cite_note-19) The Sans-Culottes: Late 18th Century France [ edit ] The French Revolution commoners, the working class of the 3rd state, were given the name "sans-culottes". It meant "without breeches" and was used to refer to the low-class populist revolutionaries due to their apparel featuring full-length trousers instead of aristocratic breeches over stockings. They used this fashion to stand up for their rights and fight against the monarchy. Their apparel choices became a symbol for the new freedoms of expression socially, politically, and economically, that the French Revolution promised. Women's suffrage movements in U.S. and Britain: early 1900s [ edit ] The 1900s were the start of women standing up for their rights, first being the right to vote. In 1913, 5,000 women marched in Washington D.C. demanding the right to vote. The suffragettes used fashion as a political and campaign tool; it advocated their cause while emphasizing a female appearance. Women began wearing comfortable, streamline clothing, such as trousers, which acted as a symbol for women's new place in society. Other new items such as tailored suits with a wide skirt became popular, as it was practical and respectable. The suffragettes were identified by three main colors that they wore to events: purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and yellow for virtue. Second-wave feminist movement: 1960s [ edit ] The rise of feminist power, as well as the continuous disappointment of women for the patriarchal system (gaining the right to vote and employment discrimination) led women to push it further with shorter hemlines on skirts. The mini skirt was a form of women's liberation and was interpreted as a form of political activism. Mary Quant is credited with designing the first mini-skirt. The liberation in the 1960s, from independence and sexual freedom were all expressed through the mini skirt. The Black Panthers movement: 1960s-70s [ edit ] The mid 1960s-70s was a time where African Americans were considered the bottom of the social hierarchy, driving them to fight these injustices and discrimination. Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton founded the Black Panthers Party in 1966, to campaign against racial discrimination. The total black look was a statement uniform of the party. It was a way to send a message about black pride and liberation. It was subtly modeled off of military attire; featuring a black leather jacket, black pants, dark sunglasses, and a black beret. By the 1970s, nearly two-thirds of the party was made up of women redefining the beauty standards for African American women. They were leaving their hair in a natural afro, to express their solidarity and protest conformist beauty standards. This type of fashion activism was a way for them to implement African elements in American society. Anti-Vietnam War movement and hippies: 1970s [ edit ] "Make love, not war", the philosophy of the hippie movement that was pervasive throughout the U.S. in the 1960s, helped spread the message of anti-war and counterculture. As a way of expressing their non-violent ideology, hippies dressed in colorful clothes, bell-bottoms, tie-dye apart, paisley prints, and black armbands. This became the self-identification of hippies. These garments symbolize life, love, peace, and disapproval of war, that are still known and acknowledged today. The black armbands represented the mourning of a friend, family, comrade or team member that died in the Vietnam War. Environmental social movement and the protest logo T-shirt: 1980s [ edit ] In 1984's London Fashion Week, British's fashion designer Katherine Hamnett wore a slogan t-shirt that read "58% don't want Pershing". This protest was in response to the installation of U.S. nuclear missiles in the United Kingdom. This protest drew attention form the public eye and called for action. Fashion design items that influenced socio-political events [ edit ] Popular items of clothing often comment on political events. Examples range from renaissance rebellion against sumptuary laws to the dresses of the courts commenting on current wars, to dress items part of women's and trans liberation in the 20th century. [20] (#cite_note-20) Bloomers [ edit ] The Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) , a garment suggesting unrestricted movement as opposed to the constructed figures of the Victorian age, were made popular by women's rights activists in the 1850s. They suggested a comfortable alternative to the constricting dresses worn by Western women at the time. Taking their name from their best-known advocate, the women's rights activist Amelia Bloomer (/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer) , they also came to symbolize the wider suffragette (/wiki/Suffragette) movement and dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) . [21] (#cite_note-21) The mini skirt [ edit ] The mini skirt made its debut in 1964 and quickly became a bastion of youth culture and defiance. [22] (#cite_note-LB_1-22) Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) , the London-based designer responsible for the skirt, sought to reflect an era that was “arrogant, aggressive, and sexy.” [23] (#cite_note-23) Accordingly, the mini skirt was a popular choice for independent and progressive women in the 1960s. During the violent protests and events of May 1968 in France (/wiki/May_1968_in_France) , the mini skirt became a symbol of female revolution and defiance. Andre Courrèges (/wiki/Andre_Courr%C3%A8ges) popularized the hemline in France. While the nostalgia of the 1970s saw a return to more conventional hemlines, the mini skirt persists as a symbol of women’s rights and sexual liberation to this day. The slogan T-shirt [ edit ] The slogan T-shirt has been favored by activists since its inception. Fueled by the DIY ethos of the punk era, Vivienne Westwood’s (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) subversive t-shirt designs brought the slogan aesthetic into the mainstream in the 1970s. In 1979, designer Katharine Hamnett (/wiki/Katharine_Hamnett) launched a label and line of shirts driven by the concept of ‘ right livelihood (/wiki/Right_livelihood) ;’ the shirt slogans were based on the central messages of Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) . The T-shirts were “designed to be seminal, to make people think, and then hopefully act,” Hamnett said in an interview. [24] (#cite_note-24) In recent years, slogan tees have become a staple in popular culture, from runways to stadiums. British designer Daniel W. Fletcher (/wiki/Daniel_W._Fletcher) organized an anti-Brexit sit-in with protesters wearing “stay” shirts and hoodies. Many prominent designers and labels such as Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Public School, Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) , and Slow Factory (https://slowfactory.com/) have produced slogans supporting women’s rights, gay rights, immigrants, refugees, and conservation efforts. The Keffiyeh [ edit ] The Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) is a traditional black and white scarf worn around the head or neck. According to design critic Hala Malak, the Keffiyeh dates back to pre-Islamic Sumer (/wiki/Sumer) . High priests would wear turbans and fishing nets when praying for prosperous fishing seasons; the integration of these two textiles eventually led to the classic fishnet pattern the Keffiyeh is known for. Following the 1936 Arab Revolt (/wiki/1936_Arab_Revolt) , the Keffiyeh became a symbol of political uprising and rebellion. It was not until the rise of Arafat (/wiki/Yasser_Arafat) in the 1960s that the scarf came to symbolize Palestinian solidarity. The scarf has appeared among many leftist groups and anti-war organizations. The scarf was appropriated as a fashion accessory in a 2007 Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) show. The Keffiyeh is a fashion staple in the west, although few are aware of its rich political history. [25] (#cite_note-25) Today, the Kaflab Foundation (http://www.kaflab.org/) works with artists and designers to explore and destigmatize Arab heritage and identity through the Keffiyeh. Serpican Naro [ edit ] Serpica Naro was an activist brand set up by Milan-based chain-worker activists in 2005. [26] (#cite_note-26) Its mission was to infiltrate the Milan Fashion Week to stage a protest over labor conditions in the fashion industry. By setting up a brand, utilizing made-up Japanese street credibility, the activists managed to convince the organizers of the fashion week the brand was legit and got a show booked on the official schedule. On the catwalk, the activists used garments to perform critiques of the working conditions across the fashion economy. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) See also [ edit ] Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Fletcher, Kate, (1971- ...)., Auteur. (2014). Sustainable fashion and textiles design journeys . Earthscan from Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-64456-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 879311916 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879311916) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b von Busch, Otto (2008). Fashion-able: Hacktivism and engaged fashion design . Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hirscher, A. L.; Niinimäki, K. (April 2013). " "Fashion activism through participatory design." ". In Proceedings of the Crafting the Future, 10th European Academy of Design Conference. : 17–19. ^ Jump up to: a b Gherardi, Silvia; Murgia, Annalisa (2013). " "Staging precariousness: The Serpica Naro catwalk during the Milan Fashion Week" ". Culture and Organization . 21 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Farra, Emily (August 19, 2019). "The Extinction Rebellion Activists of Stella McCartney's Campaign Advocate for "Complete Systemic Change" (https://www.vogue.com/article/stella-mccartney-extinction-rebellion-climate-change-campaign) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/stella-mccartney-extinction-rebellion-climate-change-campaign) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ford, Richard Thompson (2021). Dress codes : how the laws of fashion made history . New York: Simon & Schuster. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Fuad-Luke, Alastair (2013-06-17). Design Activism . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4324/9781849770941 (https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781849770941) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781849770941 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Raudenbush, Rachel. "Peace in Our Time: The Peace Sign as a Fashion Icon" (http://services.library.drexel.edu/static_files/dsmr/Raudenbush.pdf) (PDF) . Drexel University . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Givhan, Robin. "The MAGA hat is not a statement of policy. It's an inflammatory declaration of identity" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-maga-hat-is-not-a-statement-of-policy-its-an-inflammatory-declaration-of-identity/2019/01/23/9fe84bc0-1f39-11e9-8e21-59a09ff1e2a1_story.html) . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Pemberton, Nathan Taylor (2020-06-29). "What Do You Do When Extremism Comes for the Hawaiian Shirt?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/29/style/boogaloo-hawaiian-shirt.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Thompson, Charles J. (2022). 'College students' fashion activism in the age of Trump' in Paulicelli, Manlow & Wissinger (eds) The Routledge Companion to Fashion Studies . London: Routledge. pp. 184–192. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hackney, Fiona, Katie Hill, Clare Saunders, and Joanie Willett (2022). 'Changing the world, not just our wardrobes: a sensibility for sustainable clothing, care, and quiet activism.' in Paulicelli, Manlow, and Wissinger (eds) The Routledge Companion to Fashion Studies . London: Routledge. pp. 111–121. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) Robson, Ruthann (2013). Dressing constitutionally: hierarchy, sexuality, and democracy from our hairstyles to our shoes . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Fanon, Franz (1967). Black skin, white masks . New York: Grove Press. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Bhabha, Homi (1994). The Location of Culture . New York: Routledge. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Ingle, Sean (March 7, 2022). "Russian gymnast with 'Z' symbol on podium next to Ukrainian faces long ban" (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/mar/07/shocking-behaviour-russian-gymnast-shows-z-symbol-on-podium-next-to-ukrainian-winner) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Farra, Emily (23 April 2020). " (https://www.vogue.com/article/celine-semaan-slow-factory-interview-fashions-role-climate-crisis) "Fashion Creates Culture, and Culture Creates Action": Céline Semaan on the Industry's Role in Times of Crisis" (https://www.vogue.com/article/celine-semaan-slow-factory-interview-fashions-role-climate-crisis) . Vogue . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Semaan, Celine (6 June 2017). "This Fashion Collection Is a Direct Shot at Donald Trump's Muslim Ban" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/aclu-slow-factory-collab-donald-trump-muslim-ban-response) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 9 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "How Social Movements & Activism Influenced Fashion?" (https://www.thecollector.com/how-social-movements-activism-influenced-fashion-history/) . TheCollector . 2021-07-25 . Retrieved 2023-04-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Singer, Maya (September 17, 2020). "Power Dressing: Charting the Influence of Politics on Fashion" (https://www.vogue.com/article/charting-the-influence-of-politics-on-fashion) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Kat, Jungnickel (4 May 2018). Bikes and bloomers : Victorian women inventors and their extraordinary cycle wear . MIT Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-906897-75-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1082426799 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082426799) . ^ (#cite_ref-LB_1_22-0) Bourne, Leah (7 March 2022). "History Of The Miniskirt: How Fashion's Most Daring Hemline Came To Be" (https://stylecaster.com/fashion/fashion-news/252609/history-of-the-miniskirt) . 2023 SheMedia, LLC . Retrieved 30 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Here's How The Miniskirt Has Transformed Since The 1960s" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mini-skirt-evolution_n_6894040) . HuffPost . 2015-03-23 . Retrieved 2023-02-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Interview with Ethical Designer Katharine Hamnett" (https://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/351665-katharine-hamnett-interview/) . theFashionSpot . 2013-11-20 . Retrieved 2023-02-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Kim, Kibum (2007-02-11). "Where Some See Fashion, Others See Politics" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/11/fashion/shows/11KAFFIYEH.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-02-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Serpica's Story | Serpica Naro" (https://www.serpicanaro.com/serpica-story) (in Italian) . 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Italian luxury clothing company This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rubinacci) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Rubinacci" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rubinacci%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rubinacci%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rubinacci%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rubinacci%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rubinacci%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rubinacci%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Rubinacci Company type Family Business Industry Fashion Founded 1932 Founder Gennaro Rubinacci Headquarters Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) and London (/wiki/London) , Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Key people Mariano Rubinacci, Luca Rubinacci Products Men's tailoring, Classic Italian suits Services Bespoke tailoring and RtW collection Website marianorubinacci (http://marianorubinacci.net) .net (http://marianorubinacci.net) Rubinacci is an Italian luxury clothing company founded in Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) in 1932 by Gennaro Rubinacci under the name of the London House . [1] (#cite_note-1) The idea Rubinacci had was to create unstructured, unlined jackets meant to be worn outside of the office. Among his early clients were filmmaker Vittorio De Sica (/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica) and journalist Curzio Malaparte (/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The Rubinacci store in Milano History [ edit ] Luca Rubinacci is in charge of the brand’s ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) category The history of Rubinacci began with art collector Gennaro Rubinacci's own tailoring emporium; he opened London House , at 25 Via Filangieri. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1961, Gennaro's son, Mariano, took control of the company. In 1963, he changed its name to Rubinacci , maintaining the initials of the original name in the logo. Later, a branch was opened in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , in 1989, and in London in 2005. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) As of 2018, Luca Rubinacci, Gennaro's grandson, is the creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of Rubinacci, and responsible for launching the firm's ready-to-wear line. Exhibitions and exhibits [ edit ] Luca and Mariano Rubinacci represent the second and third generation of the family business Mariano Rubinacci established a museum of Neapolitan tailoring in Naples (/wiki/Naples) , featuring clothes from the 1930s, which has occasionally loaned items to the FIT (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York, and had an exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in 2014. [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Belvest (/wiki/Belvest) Isaia (/wiki/Isaia) Cesare Attolini (/wiki/Cesare_Attolini) Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) Cifonelli (/wiki/Cifonelli) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Schneider, Sven Raphael. "Rubinacci London House At New Address" (https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/rubinacci-london-house-new/) . Gentleman's Gazette . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Coggins, David (2016-09-20). "Get Suited by the Best Bespoke Tailor on Earth" (https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-rubinacci-bespoke-suit/) . www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2020-03-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Permanent Style" (https://www.permanentstyle.com/2010/08/interview-mariano-rubinacci.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Suit jacket styles" (https://www.suitsexpert.com/blog/mens-suit-styles/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Rubinacci goes to London" (https://www.vanityfair.it/fashion/news/16/03/10/rubinacci-entra-nella-collezione-permanente-del-victoria-and-albert-museum) . March 10, 2016. 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Mouth-veil worn by North African nomads Litham Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) man wearing a litham Type mouth-veil Material cloth Place of origin North Africa (/wiki/North_Africa) Manufacturer Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) , and Sanhaja (/wiki/Sanhaja) people Litham ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : لِثَام , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) : lithām , sometimes pronounced lifam ) is a mouth- veil (/wiki/Veil) which the Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) and other North African (/wiki/Berbers) nomads, particularly men, have traditionally used to cover the lower part of their face. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Role and significance [ edit ] The litham has served as protection from the dust and extremes of temperature characterizing the desert environment. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) In cases of blood feuds (/wiki/Feud#Blood_feuds) , it also served as protection against violence by making the wearer difficult to recognize. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Wearing of the litham is not viewed as a religious requirement, although it was apparently believed to provide magical protection against evil forces. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) History and practice [ edit ] Ancient African rock engravings depicting human faces with eyes but no mouth or nose suggest that the origins of litham are not only pre-Islamic but even pre-historic. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) The litham was commonly worn among the Berber Sanhaja (/wiki/Sanhaja) tribes in north-west Africa. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Its use by the Almoravids (/wiki/Almoravids) , who originated from a Sanhaja clan, gave it a political significance during their conquests in the 11th and 12th centuries. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) This practice gave rise to Almoravids being pejoratively nicknamed al-mulaththamun (the muffled ones). [2] (#cite_note-2) The Almohads (/wiki/Almohads) , who succeeded the Almoravids as the dominant dynasty in the North African region, opposed the practice of wearing the litham, claiming that it is forbidden for men to imitate women's dress, but they never managed to suppress its use. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) Among the Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg) , men wear the litham, also called tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) , while women go unveiled. [3] (#cite_note-twareg-3) Tuareg boys start wearing the litham at the onset of puberty and the veil is regarded as a mark of manhood. [3] (#cite_note-twareg-3) It is considered improper for a man to appear unveiled in front of elders, especially those from his wife's family. [3] (#cite_note-twareg-3) The Tuareg litham is made of several pieces of Sudanese cloth which are sewn together to yield a strip about four yards long. [4] (#cite_note-4) Tagelmust or Afrwal or litham [ edit ] Tagelmusts, worn by three Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg_people) men A tagelmust, worn by a man The tagelmust (also known as cheich , cheche and litham ) is an indigo (/wiki/Indigo_dye) -dyed cotton (/wiki/Cotton) litham, with the appearance of both a veil (/wiki/Veil) and a turban (/wiki/Turban) . The cloth may exceed 10 metres (33 ft) in length. It is mostly worn by Tuareg (/wiki/Tuareg_people) Berber (/wiki/Berbers) men, the Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_people) of the far northern Sahel region and the Songhai (/wiki/Songhai_people) . In recent times, other colors have come into use, with the indigo veils saved for use on special occasions. It usually has many layers that cover the head, and it drapes down to loosely cover the neck. It is worn by some French people as a scarf. [ citation needed ] The tagelmust covers the head. It prevents the inhalation of wind-borne sand (/wiki/Wind-borne_sand) by its wearers in the Sahara (/wiki/Sahara) region. [5] (#cite_note-5) The indigo is believed by many of the wearers to be healthy and beautiful, with a buildup of indigo in the skin of the wearer being generally considered to protect the skin, and denote affluence. [6] (#cite_note-JBP-6) Because of the scarcity of water, the tagelmust is often dyed by pounding in dried indigo instead of soaking it. The dye often permanently leaches (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leaching) into the skin of the wearer, and because of this, the Tuareg are often referred to as the "blue men of the desert". [7] (#cite_note-7) Among the Tuareg, men who wear the tagelmust are called Kel Tagelmust , or "People of the Veil". [8] (#cite_note-8) The tagelmust is worn only by adult males and taken off only in the presence of close family. Tuareg men often find shame in showing their mouth or nose to strangers or people of a higher standing than themselves and have been known to hide their features using their hands if a tagelmust is unavailable. The tagelmust has other cultural significance, since the manner in which it is wrapped and folded is often used to show clan and regional origin, the darkness to which it is dyed showing the wealth of the wearer. In literature and folklore [ edit ] A number of legends were invented to explain the custom of male veiling. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) When one fell in battle and lost his litham, his friends could not recognize him until it was put back on. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) The word litham and its derivatives have been widely used in Arabic literature, in particular by the poets, who commonly employed puns between the general meaning of litham as veil and the verbal root lathama , which means "to kiss". [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) In One Thousand and One Nights (/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights) women use the litham to disguise themselves as men. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) The classical dictionary Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzur (/wiki/Ibn_Manzur) treats lifam as a separate word, describing it as a mouth veil worn by women. [1] (#cite_note-EI2-1) See also [ edit ] Agal (accessory) (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Alasho (/wiki/Alasho) , a similar turban veil worn by Hausa men Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Hejazi turban (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Imama Turban (/wiki/Ammama) Islam and clothing (/wiki/Islam_and_clothing) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) , the Arabic term for a face veil worn by women Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) , worn by Mandaean men Sirwal (/wiki/Sirwal) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Types of hijab (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Björkman, W. (2012). "Lit̲h̲ām". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4672 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_4672) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) John L. Esposito, ed. (2009). "Murābiṭūn" (http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1210) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195305135 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Allen Fromherz (/wiki/Allen_James_Fromherz) (2008). "Twareg" (http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1626) . In Peter N. Stearns (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World . Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195176322 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Douglas Porch (2005). The Conquest of the Sahara . Macmillan. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780374128791 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chris Scott Budget Travel (2007-03-16). "The Sahara: Dry but never boring" (http://www.cnn.com/2007/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/03/16/sahara/index.html) . Cnn.com . Retrieved 2014-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-JBP_6-0) Balfour-Paul, Jenny (1997). Indigo in the Arab world (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 152. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7007-0373-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Tuareg" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203134239/http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/tuareg/) . Newsfinder.org. 2002-06-16. Archived from the original (http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/tuareg/) on 2014-02-03 . Retrieved 2014-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Indigenous Peoples of the World — the Tuareg" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070719165217/http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/hosted/tuareg/) . Archived from the original on July 19, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-04-03 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ (#cite_ref-9) The thousand and one nights, or, The Arabian nights' entertainments . Vol. 2. J. Murray. 1847. pp. 60, 143. Further reading [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Litham (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Litham) . Philippi, Dieter (2009). Sammlung Philippi: Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität . St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig. 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(/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Sufism (/wiki/Sufism) terminology Sufis Abdal (/wiki/Abdal) Ahl al-Khutwa (/wiki/Ahl_al-Khutwa) Al-Insān al-Kāmil (/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil) Bash Hezzab (/wiki/Bash_Hezzab) Dervish (/wiki/Dervish) Fakir (/wiki/Fakir) Hafiz (/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)) Hezzab (/wiki/Hezzab) Imam (/wiki/Imam) Khatib (/wiki/Khatib) Majzoob (/wiki/Majzoob_(Sufism)) Marabout (/wiki/Marabout) Mudaqiq 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(/wiki/Wali) Wasil (/wiki/Wasil_(Sufism)) Concepts Aayane (/w/index.php?title=Aayane&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Aayane Thabita (/w/index.php?title=Aayane_Thabita&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9) ] Aql (/wiki/Mind) Baqaa (/wiki/Baqaa) Dhawq (/wiki/Dhawq) Fana (/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)) Ghaflah (/wiki/Ghaflah) Hal (/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab_(Sufism)) Huwa (/wiki/Huwa) Ihsan (/wiki/Ihsan) Ishq (/wiki/Ishq) Ismul Azam (/wiki/Ismul_Azam) Lataif-e-Sitta (/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta) Maqam (/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)) Nafs (/wiki/Nafs) Qalb (/wiki/Qalb) Ran (/w/index.php?title=Ran_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Rūḥ (/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5) Sadr (/w/index.php?title=Sadr_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Yaqeen (/wiki/Yaqeen) Awrad (/wiki/Wird_(Sufism)) Dhikr (/wiki/Dhikr) Djamaa 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The Legendary House of Aviance Company type Ballroom House (/wiki/Ball_culture#Houses) Founded August 1989–Present (Founded in D.C (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) ) Founder Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) Headquarters New York City , US Key people Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) , Daddy Tony Aviance, Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) , John Aviance, Papa Joe Aviance, Jean-Philippe Aviance (/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Aviance) , Erickatoure Aviance (/wiki/Erickatoure_Aviance) , David Ohana Aviance, Tamsier Joof Aviance (/wiki/Tamsier_Joof_Aviance) , Gehno Aviance, William Aviance, Nita Aviance (/wiki/Nita_Aviance) Website House of Aviance (http://houseofaviance.com/) Aviance Records, LLC (http://aviancerecords.com/) Footnotes / references The Legendary/Iconic House of Aviance is known for its vogue dancers (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) , DJs, music, music producers (/wiki/Record_producer) , performances (/wiki/Performing_art) , runways (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) and fashion, and is one of the longest continuously active houses (/wiki/Ball_culture#Houses) in ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) . [1] (#cite_note-ericka-1) [2] (#cite_note-nita-2) [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [4] (#cite_note-mother_juan-4) The House of Aviance ( acronym (/wiki/Acronym) : HOA ) is one of the " legendary/iconic (/wiki/Ball_culture#Houses) " and major vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) - ball houses (/wiki/Ball_culture#Houses) in the United States, with its base in New York City. [5] (#cite_note-5) [2] (#cite_note-nita-2) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-avi_recs-7) It was founded in Washington, D.C., in 1989 by voguer (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) /dancer, record label owner (CEO/ A&R (/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire) ), nightclub host (/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)) , music artist (/wiki/Musician) and secretary Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) —one of the nightlife (/wiki/Nightlife) personalities of New York City. [4] (#cite_note-mother_juan-4) [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [8] (#cite_note-on_point-8) Since its founding, the House has played an integral part in U.S. and world ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) , especially U.S. nightlife. [7] (#cite_note-avi_recs-7) [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [8] (#cite_note-on_point-8) [1] (#cite_note-ericka-1) The House of Aviance is one of the longest continuously active Houses to have emerged from the ball scene and is sometimes referred to as "a working house" with membership from all walks of life, sexualities and genders. Its membership include dancers, musicians, DJs, drag queens (/wiki/Drag_queen) , performing artists (/wiki/Performance_art) , visual artists, singers, songwriters, music producers (/wiki/Record_producer) and engineers. [4] (#cite_note-mother_juan-4) [1] (#cite_note-ericka-1) The Legendary House of Aviance is especially known for its voguers, performances, runways (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) , fashion, [1] (#cite_note-ericka-1) music, music producers and DJs. [2] (#cite_note-nita-2) Its membership as of 2014 is just over 700 worldwide. [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) Most of its members are or have been part of nightlife in one way or another. [1] (#cite_note-ericka-1) The House has for a long time stopped competing ( walking [9] (#cite_note-9) ) in the ball scene, and as such, "is not exactly like the voguing houses of Jennie Livingston (/wiki/Jennie_Livingston) 's film Paris Is Burning , since it does not compete. The House of Aviance is something of a queer (/wiki/Queer) kinship network in which members serve as extended, pretended, and—some would argue—improved family that supports and enables its members." [8] (#cite_note-on_point-8) [10] (#cite_note-10) History [ edit ] The House of Aviance was founded in August 1989 by Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) . [4] (#cite_note-mother_juan-4) [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [8] (#cite_note-on_point-8) The House began in Washington, D.C., on 1420 Harvard Street before it was moved in 1993 to New York City by Mother Juan. [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) Since its move, New York has become its base, but it still plays an active role in New York and Washington, D.C.'s nightlife as well as other cities in the U.S. Since its inception, it has become one of the major Houses in New York's ballroom (/wiki/Ball_culture) and voguing (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) scene having won many trophies and cash prizes for their performances in ball competitions before the House ultimately stopped walking balls altogether. [2] (#cite_note-nita-2) [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [8] (#cite_note-on_point-8) Previously, The House of Aviance was called The House of Power . That remained the name for few weeks during its inception until Mother Juan decided to change it to The House of Aviance . According to Mother Juan, he was glancing at a vendor's cart on the streets of DC. The vendor was selling perfumes. As Mother Juan glanced at the cart, he remembered a commercial from his childhood days by Prince Matchabelli (/wiki/Prince_Matchabelli) . That commercial contained a tune (/wiki/Melody) with the lyrics (/wiki/Lyrics) : "We're going to have an Aviance Night." In an epiphany (/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)) , Mother Juan decided to rename the House to The House of Aviance . Since then, the name of the House has remained the same. [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) To commemorate their second anniversary, The House of Aviance threw its first ball on Sunday, August 11, 1991, titled "The Inferno Ball at Tracks DC" . Most of the notable New York and DC houses walked that night, including Aviance members. Some of the judges that night included the icons Dorian Corey (/wiki/Dorian_Corey) and Pepper LaBeija (/wiki/Pepper_LaBeija) , both featured in the acclaimed Paris Is Burning film a year earlier. [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [11] (#cite_note-11) Since its founding, Mother Juan Aviance has remained the "House Mother", and Daddy Tony Aviance the "House Father". [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [1] (#cite_note-ericka-1) As of 2017, they are two of the longest serving and continuously active house parents in ballroom house (/wiki/Ball_culture#Houses) history. The House of Aviance's first DJ was Jean-Philippe Aviance (/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Aviance) who went on to produce Go Bitch Go! – "Work This Pussy" (Original Bitch Mix) in 1991, Useless, Give Me Luv – Alcatraz and several other tracks. [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) Influences [ edit ] Voguing [ edit ] Main article: Voguing (/wiki/Voguing) The Aviance style of voguing is referred to as "Aviance Storytelling". It is based on graceful, sharp and elegant lines with great fluidity and a high degree of experimentation and individuality. [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [12] (#cite_note-john-12) Fluidity is key in Aviance Storytelling. The style is narrative in structure and form, punctuated by an "A" or heart-like motif (/wiki/Motif_(narrative)) in certain phrases symbolizing the name of the House or the House's logo ( The Sacred Heart of Aviance ). Music [ edit ] The House of Aviance through its multi-genre record label ( Aviance Records, LLC (/wiki/Aviance_Records,_LLC) ) has over the years produced house tracks (/wiki/House_music) like Avi'ously Aviance produced by David Ohana Aviance and featuring EJ Aviance (/w/index.php?title=EJ_Aviance&action=edit&redlink=1) , Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) , Perry Aviance and Mother Juan Aviance; OVAH by Erickatoure Aviance (/wiki/Erickatoure_Aviance) ; I Am Art by EJ Aviance; and the soulful track (/wiki/Soul_music) They Don't See —a collaboration between producer/remixer Call Me Cleve (Cleveland Allen) and vocalist Zhana Roiya. [13] (#cite_note-EV_AVI-13) One of the most highly acclaimed musicians to have emerged from The House of Aviance is Kevin Aviance with House anthems like Alive , Cunty (The Feeling) , Gimme More (Aviance) , and Din Da Da . [14] (#cite_note-14) The House of Aviance's first DJ Jean-Philippe Aviance (/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Aviance) 's 1991 track Go Bitch Go! – "Work This Pussy" (Original Bitch Mix) has been covered and released numerous times by some highly acclaimed DJs such as Armand Van Helden (/wiki/Armand_Van_Helden) in his 2014 Masterpiece . [15] (#cite_note-15) Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) ' 2013 track Work Bitch (/wiki/Work_Bitch) from her Britney Jean (/wiki/Britney_Jean) album is reported by critics (/wiki/Music_critics) like Barry Walters as a recreation of "the vogueing (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) vibe of gay/trans bitch tracks like Go Bitch Go's "(Work This) Pussy" [Go Bitch Go! – "Work This Pussy"] originally produced by Jean-Philippe Aviance in 1991. [16] (#cite_note-16) According to critic Christina Lee, Britney's Work Bitch track sounds more like RuPaul (/wiki/RuPaul) 's 1993 track Supermodel (You Better Work) (/wiki/Supermodel_of_the_World) . [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2009, DJs Chris Cox (/wiki/Chris_Cox_(DJ)) and Yiannis Mistress remixed Jean-Phillippe Aviance's (/wiki/Chris_Cox_(DJ)#2009) "Giv Me Luv" track starring Dihann Moore (/wiki/Chris_Cox_(DJ)#2009) . [18] (#cite_note-discogs-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) DJ/Producer David Ohana is a member of the House as well as business partner in Aviance Records. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2017, rapper (/wiki/Rapper) Prince Airick pays tribute to the House of Aviance in his single Act Up , [21] (#cite_note-21) and in 2022, the African American artist Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) pays homage to some of the legendary ballroom houses and can be heard chanting the name of the House of Aviance in her track Break My Soul (The Queens Remix) featuring Madonna — from her Renaissance era (/wiki/Renaissance_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) . In the same album, she officially credits the House of Aviance's "oldest daughter" Kevin Aviance on her Pure/Honey track whose vocals and 1996 track Cunty (The Feeling) were sampled in the intro to Beyoncé's new track. This track is "dedicated to 'pioneers who originate culture,' specifically queer Black artists." [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) Fashion [ edit ] "The Aviance look" is generally referred to as Avi'ously Aviance . [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) The style is flamboyant, big and glamorous. Coined phrases [ edit ] The House of Aviance is also known in the ballroom scene for their coined phrases which in essence describes their "look" (the Aviance look) in reference to their sense of fashion, their voguing style and performance. Some of these coined phrases include: "Avi'ously Aviance" : This is in reference to their sense of fashion – big, glamorous and flamboyant. The debut track released by Aviance Records is titled Avi'ously Aviance . [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [25] (#cite_note-avi_record-25) "Aviance Storytelling" : This is in reference to their voguing style – elegant, graceful, sharp, fluid, narrative in structure and form, and punctuated by an "A" or heart (/wiki/Heart) -like shaped motif (/wiki/Motif_(narrative)) in certain phrases, symbolizing Aviance or their House logo ( "The Sacred Heart of Aviance" ). [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) [12] (#cite_note-john-12) "Work. Fierce. Over. Aviance!" : This is the coined phrase and trademark of The House of Aviance's oldest daughter Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) . [26] (#cite_note-26) It is in reference to their runway (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) . "Avi'Who? Avi'What? It's Aviance darling!" (other variation: "Avi'What? Avi'Where? Isn't it Avi'ous darling!" ) : This is in reference to their music and the "fierceness" of the House in general. This chant can be heard on the first track released by Aviance Records titled Avi'ously Aviance . [25] (#cite_note-avi_record-25) [27] (#cite_note-AVi'What-27) Withdrawal from ball competitions [ edit ] My concern for the kids/members of the House far overshadows my desire for Ballroom fame ... Some of the kids are fragile and want and need to be accepted and/or belong, but if they make one wrong move on the runway they are verbally abused and humiliated in front of their peers. In my opinion, I think people should be treated with more dignity and respect than what I've witnessed in the Ballroom. But make no mistakes I love the concept and despite all the things I find objectionable about the Ballroom I do remember where I came from. — Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) " [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) Despite winning numerous trophies and cash prizes for their performances in ballroom competitions over the years, the House suddenly stopped walking. According to Mother Juan, he decided to stop his House kids from walking balls because of "Ballroom politics", unfair judging and the negative atmosphere of the ballroom, such as verbal abuse, intimidation and humiliation especially where kids "make one wrong move on the runway." [3] (#cite_note-Juan-3) Current role [ edit ] The House is still an active "working house" with over 700 members worldwide and regularly hold events/performances. [8] (#cite_note-on_point-8) Members still work or perform in their respective fields with support and guidance from house parents Mother Juan and Daddy Tony, as well as other family members. The House's oldest daughter, Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) , made special appearances in Wolfgang Busch (/wiki/Wolfgang_Busch) 's 2006 documentary How Do I Look (/wiki/How_Do_I_Look) . [28] (#cite_note-28) The documentary was a chronicle of the ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) in Harlem (/wiki/Harlem) . With the HIV and AIDS epidemic affecting the ballroom scene for decades, The House of Aviance is no exception, and the House and its membership has for years taken active roles in HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention as well as throwing charity events to support organisations like the GMHC (/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis) . [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Some notable members [ edit ] Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) – founder of HOA, House Mother , entrepreneur and voguer (U.S.) Daddy Tony Aviance – House Father Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) – nightlife personality, drag artist and musician (U.S.) Erickatoure Aviance (/wiki/Erickatoure_Aviance) – artist and nightlife personality (U.S.) [1] (#cite_note-ericka-1) [31] (#cite_note-eri-31) Jean-Philippe Aviance (/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Aviance) – DJ and music producer (U.S.) Tamsier Joof Aviance (/wiki/Tamsier_Joof_Aviance) – dancer/voguer, choreographer, radio personality and entrepreneur Nita Aviance (/wiki/Nita_Aviance) – former dancer turned DJ and a member of Carry Nation [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Kim Aviance (/wiki/Kim_Aviance) – performance and visual artist [34] (#cite_note-34) Gehno Aviance (/w/index.php?title=Gehno_Aviance&action=edit&redlink=1) – dancer/voguer, artist, movie and music producer, [35] (#cite_note-35) web designer, [36] (#cite_note-36) and DJ [37] (#cite_note-37) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) : "After Dark: Erickatoure Aviance, Artist And Nightlife Personality" by James Michael Nichols (August /24, 2014, updated February 02, 2016) [1] (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/24/erickatoure-aviance-after_n_5703627.html) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Thump : "We Asked Two Quintessential NYC Queer DJs About the Art of the All-Night Set" by Steve Weinstein (November 20, 2015) [2] (https://thump.vice.com/en_ca/article/we-asked-two-quintessential-nyc-queer-djs-about-the-art-of-the-all-night-set) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Mother Juan Aviance Bio and House of Aviance History" [in] the official website of The House of Aviance [3] (http://houseofaviance.com/) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Kevin Aviance at Pangea" (http://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/2546627) . brownpapertickets.com . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Desmond, Jane , "Dancing desires: choreographing sexualities on and off the stage" , University of Wisconsin Press (/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press) (2001), p. 435, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780299170509 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299170509) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Lewis, Darvin , "How Big Is Your Faith: The Gospel of Down Low Fiction" . p. 120, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781434833471 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434833471) (2008) [4] (https://books.google.com/books?id=YEjREFmJP7cC&pg=PA129) ^ Jump up to: a b "The Legendary House of Aviance in Aviance Records official website" (http://aviancerecords.com/) . aviancerecords.com . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Thotyssey : "On Point With: Mother Juan Aviance" (June 21st, 2017) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Susman, Tara ( Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) ), "The Vogue of Life: Fashion Culture, Identity, and the Dance of Survival in the Gay BalIs" , disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory, p. 118 (PDF p.3 ) [in] UKnowledge [5] (http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1220&context=disclosure) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Muñoz, José Esteban, "Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity" , NYU Press (2009), p. 75, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780814757284 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814757284) [6] (https://books.google.com/books?id=f1MTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75) ^ (#cite_ref-11) The flyer of The House of Aviance first ball can be seen in Mother Juan Aviance's Facebook page [7] (https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150284368849430&set=a.69627699429.68369.686409429&type=1&theater) ^ Jump up to: a b John Aviance bio [in] The House of Aviance official website [8] (http://houseofaviance.com/2013/10/03/john-aviance/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170805141810/http://houseofaviance.com/2013/10/03/john-aviance/) 2017-08-05 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-EV_AVI_13-0) "Untucked- 'I Am Art' EJ Aviance" [in] David Atlanta (March 11, 2013) [9] (http://davidatlanta.com/2013/03/untucked-i-art-ej-aviance/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150323015359/http://davidatlanta.com/2013/03/untucked-i-art-ej-aviance/) 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Venus, Volume 6, Issue 5" , Venus Magazine (2000), p. 19 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Music Times : "Armand Van Helden's 'Masterpeice' To Be Released Feb. 15 On Ministry of Sound" by Ryan Middleton (December 24, 2014) [10] (http://www.musictimes.com/articles/21679/20141224/armand-van-helden-masterpeice-released-feb-15-ministry-of-sound-tracklist.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Britney Spears Goes Blanker Than Usual on the Nightmarish 'Britney Jean'" by Barry Walters (December 3, 2013) [in] Spin [11] (http://www.spin.com/2013/12/britney-spears-britney-jean-worst-new-music/) ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Britney Spears' "Work Bitch" Hits The Web Early: Listen To The Club Banger That Works (Bitch)'" by Christina Lee (September 15, 2013) [in] IDOLATOR [12] (http://www.idolator.com/7484328/britney-spears-work-bitch) ^ (#cite_ref-discogs_18-0) "DJ Yiannis* – Reloaded (CD) at Discogs" (https://www.discogs.com/DJ-Yiannis-Reloaded/release/2260359) . discogs.com . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Beat Box – Dance /Electronic : "Success Of DJ Collections Will Reflect State Of Industry" by Michael Paoletta [13] (https://books.google.com/books?id=mA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Biography of David Ohana Aviance [in] Aviance Records official website [14] (http://aviancerecords.com/bio/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170707080901/http://aviancerecords.com/bio/) 2017-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-21) Out Magazine (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) , Premiere: Prince Airick Tributes Ballroom's House of Aviance in "Act Up" , by Justin Moran (27 October 2017) [15] (https://www.out.com/music/2017/10/27/premiere-prince-airick-tributes-ballrooms-house-aviance-act) (retrieved 6 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-22) Daw, Stephen, "Drag Icon Kevin Aviance on the ‘Validation of Being Heard’ With His Sample on Beyonce’s ‘Renaissance’" [in] Billboard Magazine (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) (8/3/2022). [16] (https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/kevin-aviance-beyonce-renaissance-interview-1235121457/) (retrieved 26 July 2023) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Rude, Mey, "Beyoncé's New 'Break My Soul Queens Remix' Shouts Out Ballroom Legends" [in] Out Magazine (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) (8 August 2022). [17] (https://www.out.com/music/2022/8/08/beyonces-new-break-my-soul-queens-remix-shouts-out-ballroom-legends#toggle-gdpr) (retrieved 26 July 2023) ^ (#cite_ref-24) Song, Sandra, "The 'Renaissance' of Kevin Aviance" [in] Paper Magazine (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) (16 August 2022). [18] (https://www.papermag.com/kevin-aviance-beyonce-2657864440.html#rebelltitem18) (retrieved 26 July 2023) ^ Jump up to: a b Avi'ously Aviance by David Ohana Aviance, feat. EJ Aviance, Kevin Aviance, Perry Aviance & Mother Juan Aviance (2014) on Itunes [19] (https://itunes.apple.com/bw/album/aviously-aviance-feat.-ej/id950691794) ^ (#cite_ref-26) Kevin Aviance [in] "Famous Gay African-American Men" [in] We Are Members [20] (http://www.wearemembersofthiscommunity.org/famous-gay-african-american-men.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170824073128/http://www.wearemembersofthiscommunity.org/famous-gay-african-american-men.html) 2017-08-24 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-AVi'What_27-0) Papa Joe Aviance bio [in] The House of Aviance official website [21] (http://houseofaviance.com/2013/10/03/papa-joe-aviance/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170805141853/http://houseofaviance.com/2013/10/03/papa-joe-aviance/) 2017-08-05 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Porter. Darwin ; Prince, Danforth , "Blood Moon's guide to gay and lesbian film" , Blood Moon Productions, Limited (2007), p. 247. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780974811871 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974811871) ^ (#cite_ref-29) "ON APRIL 10th – YOUTH HIV/AIDS AWARENESS DAY w/ DJ BOLO AVIANCE and MORE!" [in] Official House of Aviance Blog [22] (http://houseofaviance.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/on-april-10th-youth-hivaids-awareness.html) ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Avi'ously Aviance Glamatron Runway" (Glamatron fundraiser for GMHC) in Aviance Record's official YouTube Channel (2015) [23] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY04QKKBTmE) ^ (#cite_ref-eri_31-0) NBC New York (/wiki/NBC_New_York) : "Drag Queen Erickatoure Aviance: Nightlife Has "Changed Drastically" by Mawuse Ziegbe (April 15, 2010) [24] (http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/niteside/Drag-Performer-Erickatoure-Aviance-New-York-Superclubs-Are-Gone-Forever-90921864.html) ^ (#cite_ref-32) The New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) , The Carry Nation, a Downtown D.J. Duo, Drums Up a Hypnotic Beat', by Michael Musto, June 28, 2017 [25] (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/28/fashion/the-carry-nation-downtown-dj-duo-gay-clubs.html) ^ (#cite_ref-33) Thump – Vice, We Asked Two Quintessential NYC Queer DJs About the Art of the All-Night Set , by Steve Weinstein, November 20, 2015 [26] (https://thump.vice.com/en_us/article/xypy37/we-asked-two-quintessential-nyc-queer-djs-about-the-art-of-the-all-night-set) ^ (#cite_ref-34) Paper Mag, Catching Up With Past Nightlife Awards Winners: Happy Valley , by Abby Schreiber, 17 October 2013 [27] (http://www.papermag.com/catching-up-with-past-nightlife-awards-winners-happy-valley-1427113785.html) ^ (#cite_ref-35) Matthew, Terry, "Legendary Runway has a story that compels and a bassline that wants to eat you alive" [in] 5 Magazine. (12 May 2023) [28] (https://5mag.net/tracks/new-releases/one-a-pat-cleveland-legendary-runway/) (retrieved 26 July 2023) ^ (#cite_ref-36) Sanchez, Gehno. "One A Design" (https://www.oneadesign.net/) . One A Design . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Sanchez, Gehno. "Gehno Aviance" (https://houseofaviance.net/gehno-aviance/) . House of Aviance . United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) LGBT portal (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) Music portal (/wiki/Portal:Music) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) External links [ edit ] The House of Aviance official website [29] (http://houseofaviance.com/) The House of Aviance and Aviance Record's official blog [30] (http://houseofaviance.blogspot.co.uk/) Mother Juan Aviance's official YouTube Channel capturing HOA's performances and events over the years [31] (https://www.youtube.com/user/motherjuanaviance) Aviance Records, LLC official website [32] (http://aviancerecords.com/) Aviance Records, LLC official YouTube Channel [33] (https://www.youtube.com/user/aviancerecords) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The House of Aviance . v t e Ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) Culture Film and television Paris Is Burning (/wiki/Paris_Is_Burning_(film)) (1991) How Do I Look (/wiki/How_Do_I_Look) (2006) Kiki (/wiki/Kiki_(2016_film)) (2016) Strike a Pose (/wiki/Strike_a_Pose) (2016) My House (/wiki/My_House_(2018_TV_series)) (2018) Pose (/wiki/Pose_(TV_series)) (2018–2021) " Pilot (/wiki/Pilot_(Pose)) " Legendary (/wiki/Legendary_(TV_series)) (2020–2022) CBX: Canadian Ballroom Extravaganza (/wiki/CBX:_Canadian_Ballroom_Extravaganza) (2022) Dance Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) Language Banjee (/wiki/Banjee) Kiki (/wiki/Kiki_(social_gathering)) Throw shade (/wiki/Throw_shade) Yas (/wiki/Yas_(slang)) Slay (/wiki/Slay_(slang)) Houses and members The House of Amazon Amazon Leiomy (/wiki/Leiomy_Maldonado) (founder) The House of Aviance Mother Juan Aviance (/wiki/Mother_Juan_Aviance) (founder) Aviance Records (/wiki/Aviance_Records) (label) Erickatoure Aviance (/wiki/Erickatoure_Aviance) Jean-Philippe Aviance (/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Aviance) Kevin Aviance (/wiki/Kevin_Aviance) Kim Aviance (/wiki/Kim_Aviance) Nita Aviance (/wiki/Nita_Aviance) Tamsier Joof Aviance (/wiki/Tamsier_Joof_Aviance) The House of Corey Dorian Corey (/wiki/Dorian_Corey) (founder) The House of Dupree Paris Dupree (/wiki/Paris_Dupree) (founder & inventor of vogue) The House of Ebony Richard Ebony (co-founder) Larry Ebony (co-founder) The House of LaBeija (/wiki/House_of_LaBeija) Crystal LaBeija (/wiki/Crystal_LaBeija) (co-founder) Lottie LaBeija (co-founder) Kia LaBeija (/wiki/Kia_LaBeija) Pepper LaBeija (/wiki/Pepper_LaBeija) The House of Milan Kevin Milan (founder) The House of St. Laurent Chris St. Laurent (co-founder) Robbie St. Laurent (co-founder) Terry St. Laurent (co-founder) Octavia St. Laurent (/wiki/Octavia_St._Laurent) The House of Xtravaganza (/wiki/House_of_Xtravaganza) Hector Valle (founder) Angie Xtravaganza (/wiki/Angie_Xtravaganza) Danni Xtravaganza (/wiki/Danni_Xtravaganza) Hector Xtravaganza (/wiki/Hector_Xtravaganza) Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza (/wiki/Jose_Gutierez_Xtravaganza) Lorena Xtravaganza (/wiki/Lorena_Xtravaganza) Luis Camacho (/wiki/Luis_Camacho_(dancer)) Venus Xtravaganza (/wiki/Venus_Xtravaganza) Related topics African culture (/wiki/African_culture) African dance (/wiki/African_dance) African-American culture (/wiki/African-American_culture) African-American dance (/wiki/African-American_dance) Cross dressing ball (/wiki/Cross_dressing_ball) Imperial Court System (/wiki/Imperial_Court_System) " Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(Madonna_song)) " Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) African-American LGBT community (/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7hnpm Cached time: 20240720171100 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.460 seconds Real time usage: 0.586 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3039/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 52952/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3425/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 64781/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.251/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5466208/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 513.108 1 -total 32.50% 166.748 1 Template:Reflist 24.66% 126.552 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.87% 112.231 1 Template:Infobox 18.79% 96.398 5 Template:Cite_web 16.83% 86.344 3 Template:Navbox 16.59% 85.137 1 Template:Ball_culture 6.86% 35.184 1 Template:Main 5.99% 30.718 1 Template:Portal 5.64% 28.953 4 Template:ISBN Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54518920-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171100 and revision id 1228492906. 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UK sock and knitwear manufacturer Corgi Socks Company type Private Company Industry Retail (/wiki/Retailer) Founded Ammanford (/wiki/Ammanford) , Wales (/wiki/Wales) (1892 ; 132 years ago ( 1892 ) ) Headquarters Ammanford , Wales UK Key people Chris Jones, Co-Managing Director Lisa Wood, Co-Managing Director Products Socks, Knitwear Number of employees 50 (2017) Website www (https://www.corgisocks.com) .corgisocks (https://www.corgisocks.com) .com (https://www.corgisocks.com) Corgi Socks is the trading name of Corgi Hosiery Limited , a manufacturer of luxury socks (/wiki/Socks) and knitwear (/wiki/Knitwear) in hand-knitted wool (/wiki/Wool) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) and cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) . Its factory is located in Ammanford (/wiki/Ammanford) , Wales, UK where it currently employs around 50 people. [1] (#cite_note-1) The business is a subsidiary of Dewhurst Dent Plc, owners of Dents (/wiki/Dents) . [2] (#cite_note-BBerg-2) It has a reputation as a manufacturer of luxury socks and its customers include the British royal family (/wiki/British_royal_family) . [3] (#cite_note-swg-3) History of the business [ edit ] Corgi was founded in 1892. It began as a maker of socks for Welsh miners (/wiki/Mining_in_Wales) and moved on to making argyle pattern (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) socks for Brooks Brothers (/wiki/Brooks_Brothers) in 1939. [4] (#cite_note-PS-4) Corgi made socks for the British troops during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . [4] (#cite_note-PS-4) Over the years Corgi has gone in and out of different ownership, but has always been run by the Jones family. It was founded by Rhys Jones and is now run by his great, great grandchildren, siblings Chris Jones and Lisa Wood, [5] (#cite_note-hiscox-5) who took over from their father Huw Jones in 1997 and transitioned the business from making socks under other people's labels to growing the Corgi brand. [4] (#cite_note-PS-4) It has been a subsidiary of Dewhurst Dent PLC since 2008. [2] (#cite_note-BBerg-2) Corgi now makes knitwear under its own brand as well as for designers like Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) and Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) . [6] (#cite_note-WO-6) In 2015, the business expanded with a 3,000-square feet extension and new knitting machines. [6] (#cite_note-WO-6) Machinery and manufacture [ edit ] Corgi uses many older machines in its manufacturing, including rare 125-year-old Griswold hand-knitting machines, and links the toes of its socks by hand using traditional methods. [6] (#cite_note-WO-6) Knitwear is hand-framed and intricate intarsia (/wiki/Intarsia_(knitting)) designs can be created. [7] (#cite_note-7) In the media [ edit ] It was reported that Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) bought her socks from Corgi, [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) and Prince George (/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales) has a jumper made by the company. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) To raise funds for those impacted by the Manchester Arena bombing (/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing) , socks decorated with bees were made – bees being a symbol of Manchester (/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2012 the company was fined following mishandling of asbestos (/wiki/Asbestos) by contractors during renovations to the roof. [14] (#cite_note-14) Awards [ edit ] Corgi received a Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) from the Prince of Wales (now Charles III (/wiki/Charles_III) ) in 1989. [15] (#cite_note-RWHA-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [6] (#cite_note-WO-6) [17] (#cite_note-17) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) ITV, Report. "Is Wales working? Welsh manufacturing 'on the up' (http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2015-03-16/is-wales-working-welsh-manufacturing-on-the-up/) " (http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2015-03-16/is-wales-working-welsh-manufacturing-on-the-up/) . ITV News . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Corgi Hosiery Ltd.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=43325506) . www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-swg_3-0) Domachowski, Lucy. "Fibre rollout helps Corgi grow globally" (http://www.southwalesguardian.co.uk/news/15419676.Fibre_rollout_helps_Corgi_grow_globally/) . South Wales Guardian . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Crompton, Simon. "Corgi: Factory visit" (https://www.permanentstyle.com/2012/02/corgi-factory-visit.html) . Permanent Style . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-hiscox_5-0) Kiernan, Gerry (19 May 2016). "Inside the Royal Warrant holders – Prince Charles's favourite sock maker - Hiscox Business Blog" (https://www.hiscox.co.uk/business-blog/inside-royal-warrant-holders-corgi-hosiery/) . Hiscox Business Blog . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Pyke, Chris (11 July 2017). "How a Welsh family firm made headlines making socks for the Queen and a jumper for Prince George" (http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/socks-carmarthenshire-royal-seal-approval-13312696) . Wales Online . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Crompton, Simon. "CORGI: THE MACHINES" (https://www.permanentstyle.com/2012/02/corgi-the-machines.html) . Permanent Syle . Permanent Style . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Barrie, Joshua (4 May 2017). "The staggering amount the Queen spends on her socks" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/amount-queen-spends-socks-staggering-10248494) . The Mirror . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Carballo, Charlie (23 April 2017). "Queen Elizabeth Turns 91 — And You'll Never Guess How Much the Royals Spend on Socks" (http://footwearnews.com/2017/fashion/celebrity-style/queen-elizabeth-corgi-socks-341750/) . Footwear News . FN . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) TURRILL, KATRINA (21 April 2017). "Queen Elizabeth spends a whopping £16 on her socks - but WHERE does she get them" (http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/style/794925/socks-queen-elizabeth-corgi-hosiery-ltd) . Express . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Jessen, Monique. "Find Out Who Designed Prince George's Blue Jumper" (http://celebritybabies.people.com/2014/04/01/prince-george-blue-corgi-jumper-royal-photo/) . People Babies . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Dear, Alice (20 April 2017). "The Queen spends much more money on socks than royal fans could ever have imagined" (http://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/fashion/1054332/the-queen-socks-money-queen-elizabeth-second-fashion-shopping) . OK! . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Laurie, Daniel (6 June 2017). "Corgi Hosiery in Ammanford have created socks to raise funds for Manchester attack victims" (http://www.southwalesguardian.co.uk/news/15331354.Ammanford_business_joins_campaign_to_help_Manchester_attack_victims/) . South Wales Guardian . Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Corgi Hosiery fined over factory asbestos removal" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-17241152) . BBC News . 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-RWHA_15-0) "Corgi Hosiery Ltd" (https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/corgi-hosiery-ltd?back=%2Fdirectory%3Fquery%3Dcorgi) . www.royalwarrant.org . Royal Warrant Holders Association . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) RACHAEL, MISSTEAR (27 February 2015). "Luxury sock factory Corgi Hosiery's extension gets the royal seal of approval with a visit from Prince Charles" (http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/luxury-sock-factory-corgi-hosierys-8735173) . Wales Online . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Dodds, Laurence (20 April 2017). "The Queen spends much more money on socks than royal fans could ever have imagined" (http://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/fashion/1054332/the-queen-socks-money-queen-elizabeth-second-fashion-shopping) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . 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This article is about the Lebanese signer. For other people named Layal, see Layal (name) (/wiki/Layal_(name)) . Layal Abboud ليال منير عبود Abboud in Tabarja (/wiki/Tabarja) , July 2015 Pronunciation layāl ˈabˈboud Born Kaniseh (/wiki/Kniseh,_Tyre) , Tyre District (/wiki/Tyre_District) , South Governorate (/wiki/South_Governorate) Nationality Lebanese (/wiki/Lebanese_people) Education English literature (/wiki/English_literature) , translation (/wiki/Translation) , musical expression (/wiki/Musical_expression) Alma mater Lebanese University (/wiki/Lebanese_University) , BAU (/wiki/Beirut_Arab_University) , AUST (/wiki/American_University_of_Science_and_Technology) Occupations Singer sound-lyric poet dancer Police officer ( Winding up (/wiki/Dissolution_(law)) on 2005) Known for Folklore (/wiki/Lebanese_culture) entertaining (/wiki/Entertaining) Fit modeling (/wiki/Fit_model) Her interior tours and concerts (/wiki/List_of_tours_and_concerts_by_Layal_Abboud) Title Beauteous of Arab Songstresses ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : جميلة المطربات العرب ) by 2016 Miss Arab World (/wiki/Miss_Arab_World) Spouse ? ( m. 1998; div. 2009) Children 1 Awards Honorary Award by LAF (/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces) (2010-11-15-16) Musical career Genres Arabic Pop (/wiki/Arabic_pop_music) Lebanese Folk (/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon) Dance (/wiki/Dance_music) Years active 2007–present Labels Aya Production (2007–2010) Layal Production (2010–current) Lola's World (2017–current) Musical artist Layal Mounir Abboud ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : ليال منير عبود , pronounced [laj'ja:l (/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) ʕab'bu:d] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) ⓘ (/wiki/File:Ar-F-Layal_Abboud.ogg) ; is a Lebanese pop singer (/wiki/Pop_singer) , folk music (/wiki/Folk_music) entertainer (/wiki/Entertainer) , sound (/wiki/Sound_poetry) - lyric poet (/wiki/Lyric_poetry) , concert dancer (/wiki/Concert_dancer) , fit model (/wiki/Fit_model) and Muslim humanitarian (/wiki/Humanitarian) . [1] (#cite_note-Insight_Interview-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Born to a musical family in the Southern Lebanese (/wiki/South_Governorate) Tyrian (/wiki/Tyre_District) village of Kniseh (/wiki/Kniseh,_Tyre) , Abboud is a former ISF (/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces) officer (/wiki/Police_officer) and studied English literature (/wiki/English_literature) at Lebanese University (/wiki/Lebanese_University) , translation (/wiki/Translation) at Beirut Arab University (/wiki/Beirut_Arab_University) and musical expression (/wiki/Musical_expression) at the American University of Science and Technology (/wiki/American_University_of_Science_and_Technology) . She appeared for the first time in the Studio El-Fan (/wiki/Studio_El-Fan) series debuts as a South Lebanese (/wiki/South_Governorate) competitor from 2001 to 2002. Abboud's musical career flourished with the release of her first album Fi Shouq (/wiki/Fi_Shouq) ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : في شوق : on longing) published in late 2007. [4] (#cite_note-ليال_عبود_layal_abboud-4) Sings in different Arabic dialects (/wiki/Arabic_dialects) , famous for her presentation of Lebanese folklore music and internal summer concerts and tours (/wiki/List_of_tours_and_concerts_by_Layal_Abboud) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Abboud is a singer member in the Syndicate of Professional Artists in Lebanon (/wiki/Syndicate_of_Professional_Artists_in_Lebanon) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Early life and education [ edit ] Layal Abboud was born into a large Muslim family in the southern (/wiki/South_Governorate) village of Kanisah (/wiki/Kniseh,_Tyre) in Lebanon's Tyre District (/wiki/Tyre_District) . Abboud's father and mother, named Mounir and Maryam, had three brothers and six sisters between them. As a child Abboud started singing and dancing and was a fan (/wiki/Fan_(person)) of Egyptian (/wiki/Egypt) pop singer Amr Diab (/wiki/Amr_Diab) . [1] (#cite_note-Insight_Interview-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) Her father encouraged her and bought her a violin while she was six years old. [8] (#cite_note-8) Starting at age 14 she worked as a private tutor (/wiki/Private_tutor) for more than 13 students. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-El-Fann_Interview,_June_2,_2017-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Abboud studied English literature at the Lebanese University (/wiki/Lebanese_University) and translation in the Beirut Arab University (/wiki/Beirut_Arab_University) , graduating with a master's degree (/wiki/Master%27s_degree) . [12] (#cite_note-El-fann,_June_19,_2015-12) She went on to study music at the Lebanese National Higher Conservatory of music for two years. [13] (#cite_note-Al-Ittihad_Interview-13) Abboud served as an officer (/wiki/Police_officer) for the Lebanese Police Force (/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces) , working security for two years in the Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport (/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport) 's Inspection Department. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Musical career [ edit ] Abboud appeared on TV for the first time on the hit show Studio El-Fan (/wiki/Studio_El-Fan) as a competitor for its 2001–02 season. [13] (#cite_note-Al-Ittihad_Interview-13) She sang at various Beirut cafés and restaurants, eventually networking with musicians like Richard Najm, Tony Abi Karam, and Salim Salameh. [16] (#cite_note-16) Abboud went on to study music under Richard Najm, and in 2006 became a multi-instrumentalist (/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist) skilled in the oud (/wiki/Oud) , organ (/wiki/Organ_(music)) and guitar (/wiki/Guitar) . [13] (#cite_note-Al-Ittihad_Interview-13) [17] (#cite_note-17) Her first album, Fi Shouq (/wiki/Fi_Shouq) ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : في شوق : On Longing ) was released in late 2007. [4] (#cite_note-ليال_عبود_layal_abboud-4) In an interview with Egyptian media about her penchant (/wiki/Penchant) to music (/wiki/Music) , Abboud has stated, " Music (/wiki/Music) is my life (/wiki/Life) !" [1] (#cite_note-Insight_Interview-1) Abboud's inspirations include Ammar El Sherei (/wiki/Ammar_El_Sherei) , Baligh Hamdi (/wiki/Baligh_Hamdi) [1] (#cite_note-Insight_Interview-1) and Sabah (/wiki/Sabah_(singer)) [18] (#cite_note-Al_Rai_Interview-18) whom Abboud called the "ideal of my art career." [19] (#cite_note-19) In July 2014 Abboud also said that she is "very much drawn to French musicians, possibly because I’m a bit of a hopeless romantic." [1] (#cite_note-Insight_Interview-1) In addition to being a singer and musician, Abboud is also a poet and composer (/wiki/Composer) , though says that she refrains from publishing her poetry or compositions in order to focus on her musical career as advised by her manager Dory Shehade. [20] (#cite_note-OTV_interview,_26_June_2017-20) Business and fashion [ edit ] Layal Abboud dressed by Akel Fakih, performing for Eid al-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) ceremony, Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) ; July 18, 2015. In 2014, Abboud called Akel Fakih "the mastermind" behind the way she dresses in her professional, social, and daily life. In 2015, Akel Fakih said he works with Layal Abboud "in a very distinctive and upscale way, going on to say that, "there is a chemistry that brings me together in fashion. She trusts my opinion and tastes, and this is one of the reasons why Layal chose me in her concerts." [21] (#cite_note-21) Abboud has elaborated on her fashion team, saying, "Elie Samaan does my hair and makeup; my stylist is Serene Assaad, and my photographer is Hussein Salman." [22] (#cite_note-lbc_interview-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [1] (#cite_note-Insight_Interview-1) On 12 October 2017, She appeared publicly for the first as a fit and fashion model dressed and designed by Akl Fakih, in Design & Brands Event held at the Four Seasons Hotel of Beirut. [24] (#cite_note-24) Abboud is founder of Amman (/wiki/Amman) -based wedding planning company Loulou Secret. [12] (#cite_note-El-fann,_June_19,_2015-12) She also runs Layal Productions for her music. [13] (#cite_note-Al-Ittihad_Interview-13) Media issues [ edit ] Sometimes called a seductive artist (/wiki/Seduction) and femme fatale (/wiki/Femme_fatale) by Al Akhbar (/wiki/Al_Akhbar_(Lebanon)) and other critics, [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Abboud appeared on the program Bala Teshfir on the Al Jadeed (/wiki/Al_Jadeed) network in 2015, stating, "Being bold is not seduction". [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) She believes there is a bias against her and said, "I am a normal artist and contemporary with fashion (/wiki/Fashion_design) ." [30] (#cite_note-30) In 2016, counterfeit (/wiki/Counterfeit) images were published attributed to Abboud's likeness. She appointed attorney Haitham Tarshishi to file a lawsuit (/wiki/Lawsuit) against "all those involved in the forgery of a picture attributed to her through social media (/wiki/Social_media) sites, accompanied by words beyond the limits of fitness." [31] (#cite_note-31) In August 2016 the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (/wiki/Lebanese_Broadcasting_Corporation_International) reported that a suspect had been arrested. [32] (#cite_note-32) In April 2017, as a guest on the LBCI (/wiki/Lebanese_Broadcasting_Corporation_International) satirical (/wiki/Satire) program La-hon Wa-bas hosted by Hicham Haddad, Abboud condemned an issue of Nadine (/wiki/Nadine_(magazine)) magazine for its depiction of her chest and face shape (/wiki/Female_body_shape) with the words, "Bigger than this chest" emblazoned on its cover, based on her quote while she used Arabic word of ṣadr (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1#Arabic) which can be an invocation for conscience and heart. [33] (#cite_note-33) She accused the magazine of trying to increase readership by dumbing down (/wiki/Dumbing_down) and oversimplifying (/wiki/Oversimplification) its content. [22] (#cite_note-lbc_interview-22) [34] (#cite_note-34) Earlier in Jun 26, 2017 strongly criticized yellow-pens of Lebanese music journalists. [20] (#cite_note-OTV_interview,_26_June_2017-20) Personal life [ edit ] Moved to Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) in 2009. [20] (#cite_note-OTV_interview,_26_June_2017-20) Abboud cares about her physical health (/wiki/Physical_health) and elegance (/wiki/Elegance) . [22] (#cite_note-lbc_interview-22) [35] (#cite_note-35) In June 2017 she publicly confirmed that she had undergone rhinoplasty (/wiki/Rhinoplasty) , but that the rest of her features were not the result of plastic surgery, stating, "The secret of my beauty is sport". [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) She is an advocate for a public smoking ban (/wiki/Smoking_ban) for Lebanon, saying, "Smoking and non-smoking areas must be allocated". [38] (#cite_note-38) Having had an interest in sport and horseback riding (/wiki/Horseback_riding) since childhood, Abboud has four horses, which she keeps in the village of Tanbourit (/wiki/Tanbourit) in Lebanon's Sidon District (/wiki/Sidon_District) . Their names are Rim, Loulou, Khaybar (named after Khaibar-1 (/wiki/Khaibar-1) ) and Layal (named after her given name). [39] (#cite_note-El-Fann,_June_23,_2016-39) [22] (#cite_note-lbc_interview-22) Abboud is a practising Muslim. [40] (#cite_note-40) She fasts and abstains from performing during Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) , and holds the pre-dawn and post-sunset meals of Suhur (/wiki/Suhur) and Iftar (/wiki/Iftar) with her family. [41] (#cite_note-41) [12] (#cite_note-El-fann,_June_19,_2015-12) [18] (#cite_note-Al_Rai_Interview-18) [42] (#cite_note-42) Involved in philanthropic activities [43] (#cite_note-43) and has described herself as an "abnormal generous person." [20] (#cite_note-OTV_interview,_26_June_2017-20) On mid-January 2018, her home was burglarized and robbed of jewelry and cash, estimated at 100,000 US $ by her assistant. [44] (#cite_note-44) Marriage and family [ edit ] Abboud married at the age of sixteen in 1998 [20] (#cite_note-OTV_interview,_26_June_2017-20) and gave birth to her only son, Jad, in 2004. [45] (#cite_note-45) She eventually divorced (/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam) her husband, later describing the marriage as "very formal," adding, "My early marriage was the result of a love story. I am a romantic and dreamy woman." In June 2017 she said, "By respect among us, we divorced and I chose my career in art." [22] (#cite_note-lbc_interview-22) [10] (#cite_note-El-Fann_Interview,_June_2,_2017-10) In August 2017, Abboud spoke about her relation with a Lebanese diplomat, saying that it had ended because of their divergent career paths. [46] (#cite_note-46) On May 5, 2015, said there is a new love story (/wiki/Romance_(love)) in her life. [47] (#cite_note-47) About her relationship with her family, on June 15, 2017, said she was very much related to her father Mounir when lived between her family. But later when she grew up and had a son "who realized her mother's value", presented a song and gifted it to her mother, Maryam, which caused to her parents' return from staying in Saudi Arabia to Lebanon and decided to live close to each other. [48] (#cite_note-48) Discography [ edit ] Duration: 59 seconds. 0:59 Layal performing in Maimes Festival , Nabatieh Governorate (/wiki/Nabatieh_Governorate) on August 8, 2017. Studio albums [ edit ] 2008: Fi Shouq (/wiki/Fi_Shouq) 2011: Ma Ba'eesh Non-album singles [ edit ] This section of a biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) does not include (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any references or sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources: "Layal Abboud" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Layal+Abboud%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Layal+Abboud%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Layal+Abboud%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Layal+Abboud%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Layal+Abboud%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Layal+Abboud%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 2007: Winni Ya Winn 2007: Albi Yamma 2007: Tshoobi 2007: Abouya 2alli 2007: Aam Bihlamak 2007: Hawasi Kella 2007: Fi Shoo' 2008: Wad Al Hetta 2009: Shid El Jaroufe 2009: Bjnoun 2010: Lazem Taaraf 2010: BIBI 2010: Ahla Zaffe 2010: Dinyi Wlad 2010: Ma B3eesh 2010: Ya Tayr El Tayer 2012: Ya Ana Ya Ana 2013: Khashkhash hadid El Mohra 2014: Khaliha Bi Albi Tijrah Filmography [ edit ] Casting/Starring Satw Mosalas (2016) as cast member (/wiki/Cast_member) . [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Awards and commemorations [ edit ] February 14, 2010: Honorary Award by Lebanese Armed Forces (/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces) : Valentine's Day of 2010. [51] (#cite_note-51) November 23, 2011: Honorary Award by Lebanese Armed Forces (/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces) . [52] (#cite_note-52) March 6, 2012: Lebanese festival of cinema and television. [53] (#cite_note-53) June 15, 2014: Wazzani (/wiki/Wazzani) Folk Award. [54] (#cite_note-54) December 10, 2014: Best 2014 Arabic Song, A Golden Award by Cairo Mondial Festival of Art and Media : [55] (#cite_note-55) November 24, 2015: Honorary Award by Lebanese Armed Forces (/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces) . [56] (#cite_note-56) April 27, 2016: Honorary Award by Lebanese Armed Forces (/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces) . [57] (#cite_note-57) March 19, 2016 : Recognition Award by Viken Tchaparian. [58] (#cite_note-58) [59] (#cite_note-59) August 13, 2016 : Qousaya Folk Award [60] (#cite_note-60) August 28. 2016 : Maghdouché (/wiki/Maghdouch%C3%A9) Folk Award. [61] (#cite_note-61) September 22, 2016: Revered by Guy Aswad. [62] (#cite_note-62) April 17, 2017: 2017 Cultural Award for Artistic Creativity by Al-Aseel Association for Heritage Revival . [63] (#cite_note-63) [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) This award confused by Lebanese Music journalists (/wiki/Music_journalism) as an Authentic Award (/wiki/Authenticity_in_art) from Lebanese Ministry of Culture (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Lebanon)) . [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) May 11, 2017: AUL University (/wiki/Arts,_Sciences_and_Technology_University_in_Lebanon) Commemoration. [69] (#cite_note-69) July 19, 2017: Bziza (/wiki/Bziza) Folk Award. [70] (#cite_note-70) See also [ edit ] Music of Lebanon (/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon) List of Layal Abboud live performances (/wiki/List_of_Layal_Abboud_live_performances) List of female Lebanese singers (/wiki/List_of_female_Lebanese_singers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Layal Abboud" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053155/http://www.insight-egypt.com/celebrities/layal-abboud/july-16/214) . insight-egypt.com . Insight Publishing House Limited, UK. Archived from the original (http://www.insight-egypt.com/celebrities/layal-abboud/july-16/214) on 12 October 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Layal Abboud: The unworthy recipient of a cultural award" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165112/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/blogs/566856-layal-abboud-the-unworthy-recipient-of-a-cultural-award) . now.mmedia.me . The NOW team. Archived from the original (https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/blogs/566856-layal-abboud-the-unworthy-recipient-of-a-cultural-award) on 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "ليال عبود – Layal Abboud" (https://www.evobiography.com/ar/layal-abboud/) . موقع السيرة الذاتية للمشاهير www.evobiography.com . 16 November 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b "ليال عبود layal abboud" (http://asraroki.com/2016/04/ليال-عبود/) . asraroki.com/ . Asraroki . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The official lebanese Top 20 – Layal Abboud" (http://www.theofficiallebanesetop20.com/Layal_Abboud#&panel1-3) . The official lebanese Top 20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "layale abboud" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013446/http://alfananine.com/index/?p=1099&lang=en) . Syndicate of Professional Artists In Lebanon (/w/index.php?title=Syndicate_of_Professional_Artists_In_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1) . Archived from the original (http://alfananine.com/index/?p=1099&lang=en) on 9 October 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Al Kahera Wal Nas" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LcMvesgyTM) . youtube.com . You Tube. 15 June 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "لا أرغب أن يخوض أطفالي تجربة الفن … ليال عبود لـ"الوطن": الأغنية الشعبية السورية متصدرة في سباق الأغاني العربية… ولأنها تستهويني لدي أغنية "مغنج" (http://alwatan.sy/archives/115221) " (http://alwatan.sy/archives/115221) . alwatan.sy . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "ليال عبود:وضع مسدساً في رأسي ولولا العناية الإلهية لما خرجتُ سالمة – ليالينا" (https://www.layalina.com/ليال-عبودوضع-مسدساً-في-رأسي-ولولا-العناية-الإلهية-لما-خرجتُ-سالمة-0.html) . ليالينا (in Arabic). ^ Jump up to: a b "ليال عبود: كنت في الأمن الداخلي.. وطليقي حاول أن يردعني" (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1182791/ليال-عبود:-كنت-الأمن-الداخلي..-وطليقي-حاول-يردعني) . elfann.com . El-Fann . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "ليال عبود: "نجرحت كتير لأنو قلبي طيب"..نيكولا داغر: "حلمي التلفزيون وكل شي بوقتو" (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1092533/ليال-عبود:-نجرحت-كتير-لأنو-قلبي-طيب..نيكولا-داغر:-) " (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1092533/ليال-عبود:-نجرحت-كتير-لأنو-قلبي-طيب..نيكولا-داغر:-) . Elfann News (in Arabic). July 23, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c "ليال عبود :"شيفرة تمام بليق كانت شيفرة إما أفتحها على نفسي أو أغلقها" (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1122897/ليال-عبود-:شيفرة-تمام-بليق-كانت-شيفرة-إما-أفتحها-ع) " (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1122897/ليال-عبود-:شيفرة-تمام-بليق-كانت-شيفرة-إما-أفتحها-ع) . elfann.com . El-Fann . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "ليال عبود تتمنى تجسيد حياة مارلين مونرو وتستعد لألبوم جديد" (http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=10749&y=2012&article=full) . alittihad.ae . Al-Ittihad. 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) " (http://www.sayidaty.net/node/279736/فن-ومشاهير/أخبار-المشاهير/سيدتي-نت-تكشف-سجلاّت-ليال-عبود-في-الشرطة-اللبنانية) "سيدتي نت" تكشف سجلاّت ليال عبود في الشرطة اللبنانية" (http://www.sayidaty.net/node/279736/فن-ومشاهير/أخبار-المشاهير/سيدتي-نت-تكشف-سجلاّت-ليال-عبود-في-الشرطة-اللبنانية) . sayidaty.net . Sayidaty Magazine . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "BAYNETNA / 2012 Layal Abboud" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170902223632/http://mtv.com.lb/programs/baynetna/2012/videos/layal_abboud/) . mtv.com.lb (in Arabic). MTV Lebanon (/wiki/MTV_Lebanon) . June 30, 2012. Archived from the original (http://mtv.com.lb/Programs/Baynetna/2012/videos/Layal_Abboud/) (Interview) on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Layal – Fi Shouq" (http://www.balaha-records.com/epages/61149572.sf/en_GB/?ObjectPath=/Shops/61149572/Products/BR-CD-02133) . www.balaha-records.com . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "ليال عبود: انسحبت من استديو الفن لأنطلق بقوة" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060518/http://jouhina.com/magazine/archive_article.php?id=103) . Jouhina Magazine. Archived from the original (http://jouhina.com/magazine/archive_article.php?id=103) on 2017-08-25 . Retrieved 2017-08-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b "ليال عبود: جنوني مُخيفٌ... ومُدمّر" (http://www.alraimedia.com/ar/article/celebrities/2016/06/20/688465/nr/lebanon) . alraimedia.com . Al Rai (/wiki/Al_Rai_(Kuwaiti_newspaper)) . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "ليال عبود: "لا أتمنى الوصول الى نهاية صباح وأنافس أم كلثوم" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022233/http://www.wen.co.il/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%3A-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3-%D8%A3%D9%85-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%85/28905.news) . wen.co.il . wen. Archived from the original (http://www.wen.co.il/ليال-عبود:-لا-أتمنى-الوصول-الى-نهاية-صباح-وأنافس-أم-كلثوم/28905.news) on 2017-10-25 . Retrieved 2021-03-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "حكي عالمكشوف مع الفنانة ليال عبّود" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-q4xxhdc0g&t=131s) . OTV Lebanon. 26 June 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "عقل فقيه :"غنّجت ليال عبّود بخمسة لوكات في عملها الجديد" (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1132351/عقل-فقيه-:غنّجت-ليال-عبّود-بخمسة-لوكات-عملها-الجدي) " (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1132351/عقل-فقيه-:غنّجت-ليال-عبّود-بخمسة-لوكات-عملها-الجدي) . Elfann News (in Arabic). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Episode 29 – Layal Abboud Interview" (https://www.lbcgroup.tv/watch/chapter/27354/47577/layal-abboud-interview/en) . lbcgroup.tv . Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (/wiki/Lebanese_Broadcasting_Corporation_International) . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "ماهي حقيقة خلاف ليال عبود و عقل فقيه ؟ | دنيا الوطن" (https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2017/03/27/1032967.html) . دنيا الوطن . Donia Al Watan. March 27, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "ليال عبود تختار فستان زفاف من مجموعة عقل فقيه لعام 2018 | مجلة اليقظة" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180219084756/http://www.alyaqza.com/%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b2%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%81-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%87-%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-2018/) . www.alyaqza.com (in Arabic). alyaqza.com. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original (http://www.alyaqza.com/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-2018/) on 19 February 2018 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "وقفة | "نادين" عوني الكعكي: "بلاي بوي" لبناني!" (http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/255780) . الأخبار (in Arabic). ^ (#cite_ref-26) "تمام بليق... وزاد في الابتذال حتى انفلق" (http://al-akhbar.com/node/227096) . الأخبار (in Arabic). ^ (#cite_ref-27) "ليال عبود لـنادين الإشارة ركن أساسي عند الأنثي النجمة الأميركية فانيسا هادجنز بعد وفاة والدها كان لابد من تجاوز الأزمة" (http://www.alanba.com.kw/ar/last/642037/11-04-2016-ليال-عبود-لـنادينالاشارة-ركن-اساسي-عند-الانثي-النجمة-الاميركية-فانيسا-هادجنز-بعد-وفاة-والدهاكان-لابد-تجاوز-الازمة) . alanba.com.kw (in Arabic). ^ (#cite_ref-28) "بلا تشفير حلقة ليال عبود" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1X7bS7BtPO4) . youtube.com . You Tube. 28 January 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "ليال عبود ترد على الأقلام الصفراء…" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170829045747/http://aldadpress.com/post/16269) . الضاد برس (in Arabic). 16 June 2015. Archived from the original (http://aldadpress.com/post/16269) on 29 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "الحسناء | ليال عبود لـ "الحسناء": أضع بعض التصريحات تحت أقدامي لكي أرتفع أكثر" (http://www.alhasnaa.com/news/subjects/فن-و-مشاهير/2017/02/24/ليال-عبود-ل-الحسناء-أضع-بعض-التصريحات-تحت-أقدامي-لكي-أرتفع-أكثرحسناء) . Al Hasnaa (/wiki/Al_Hasnaa) (in Arabic). ^ (#cite_ref-31) "ليال عبود توكل محامي للدفاع عن المسيئين لها بسبب صورتها المزيفة" (http://www.sayidaty.net/node/419526/فن-ومشاهير/أخبار-المشاهير/ليال-عبود-توكل-محامي-للدفاع-عن-المسيئين-لها-بسبب-صورتها-المزيفة#photo/4) . sayidaty.net . Sayidaty Magazine . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "إلقاء القبض على مزوّر صورة" (https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/d/fann/278618/إلقاء-القبض-على-مزور-صورة-غير-لائقة-للفنانة-ليال-ع/ar) . www.lbcgroup.tv . Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International. ^ (#cite_ref-33) "وشوشة | ليال عبود تكشف حقيقة ما نشر عن صدرها في مجلة نادين Washwasha" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDlNpDbM_cM) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . 29 April 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-34) "لبنان: عنوان بتلميحات جنسية لمجلة حول صورة ليال عبود يثير جدلاً واسعاً.. والفنانة ترد: قصدي شريف!" (https://arabic.cnn.com/entertainment/2016/04/10/layal-abboud-magazine-cover) . arabic.cnn.com . CNN Arabic. 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "ليال عبود : الطبيعة صيدلية الجمال" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171103030423/http://www.anazahra.com/beauty/beauty-interviews/article-8027/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84/) . أنا زهرة . Archived from the original (http://www.anazahra.com/beauty/beauty-interviews/article-8027/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84/) on 2017-11-03 . Retrieved 2017-09-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "ليال عبود: جسمي كله طبيعي .. وسر جمالي الرياضة" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140324/http://www.face-msr.com/t~500741) . face-msr.com . Face Misr. Archived from the original (http://www.face-msr.com/t~500741) on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "شيخ الحارة ؛لقاء بسمة وهبه مع ليال عبود القاهرة والناس القاهرة والناس" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7cTnAk54dI) . youtube.com/ . You Tube . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "ليال عبّود: "طَبخي" يُغنيني عن الدهون والحرمان" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140701/http://www.aljoumhouria.com/pages/view/96040) . Al-Joumhouria . Archived from the original (http://www.aljoumhouria.com/pages/view/96040) on 2018-06-19 . Retrieved 2017-08-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-El-Fann,_June_23,_2016_39-0) "ليال عبود "زوجي خانني وخفت من عنوان "في أكبر من هيدا الصدر" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180719083949/https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1154314/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20180719083949/https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1154314/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1) . elfann.com . El-Fann. Archived from the original (https://www.elfann.com/news/show/1154314/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1) on 2018-07-19 . Retrieved 2017-08-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "ليال عبود: جنوني مُخيفٌ... ومُدمّر!" (http://www.alraimedia.com/Home/Details?Id=f7e0b6f9-088d-480c-a21b-73881b32bb0a) . 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "ليال عبود: أفطّر ستة أيتام في رمضان.. وأخدمهم" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171024215442/http://www.alhayat.com/Articles/15945048/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF--%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B7%D9%91%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86---%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85) . alhayat.com/ . Al-Hayat (/wiki/Al-Hayat) . June 7, 2016. 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(https://www.annahar.com/article/735130-مساعد-ليال-عبود-يسرق-مجوهراتها-ويهددها-أفلام-مشينة-في-هاتفه) أفلام مشينة في هاتفه" (https://www.annahar.com/article/735130-مساعد-ليال-عبود-يسرق-مجوهراتها-ويهددها-أفلام-مشينة-في-هاتفه) . An-Nahar . 17 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-45) "ليال عبود للمرة الأولى: جاد ابني وأخفيته عن الاعلام لهذا السبب!" (https://aljaras.com/ليال-عبود-للمرة-الأولى-جاد-ابني-وأخفيت/) . aljaras.com . Al-Jaras . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "مجلة اليمامة" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140126/http://sites.alriyadh.com/alyamamah/article/1162128) . sites.alriyadh.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original (http://sites.alriyadh.com/alyamamah/article/1162128) on 2018-06-19 . 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External links [ edit ] Layal Abboud (https://www.facebook.com/Layalabboudofficial) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Lebanon (/wiki/Portal:Lebanon) Pop music (/wiki/Portal:Pop_music) Record production (/wiki/Portal:Record_production) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Layal Abboud at Wikipedia's sister projects : Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Layal_Abboud) from Commons Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Layal_Abboud) from Wikiquote Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12237722) from Wikidata Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4d89d6d8-96ed-49a1-933e-f862e215d584) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jdwbc Cached time: 20240720013411 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.961 seconds Real time usage: 1.257 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5629/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 201644/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9052/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 305901/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.654/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17305697/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1148.013 1 -total 35.22% 404.342 1 Template:Reflist 32.35% 371.388 1 Template:Infobox_person 26.58% 305.118 63 Template:Cite_web 11.44% 131.317 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 8.38% 96.244 1 Template:Lang 8.33% 95.576 1 Template:Subject_bar 7.07% 81.156 1 Template:Marriage 5.84% 67.065 1 Template:Authority_control 5.38% 61.804 1 Template:About Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55001419-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720013411 and revision id 1232024291. 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Indian lifestyle brand Seven Product type Lifestyle brand (/wiki/Lifestyle_brand) ( casual (/wiki/Casual_attire) & sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) ) Owner Mahendra Singh Dhoni (/wiki/Mahendra_Singh_Dhoni) & RS Seven Lifestyle Country India Introduced February 2016 Markets Global Previous owners Punit Kaswan Ambassador(s) MS Dhoni Tagline A brand by MS Dhoni Website http://www.7.life/sf/ (http://www.7.life/sf/) SEVEN is an Indian lifestyle brand (/wiki/Lifestyle_brand) that manufactures and markets casual (/wiki/Casual_attire) and sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) and footwear (/wiki/Footwear) . The brand was launched in February 2016 by Indian cricketer (/wiki/Cricket) and former captain (/wiki/Captain_(cricket)) of the Indian national cricket team (/wiki/Indian_national_cricket_team) , Mahendra Singh Dhoni (/wiki/Mahendra_Singh_Dhoni) and RS Seven Lifestyle. Dhoni is the brand ambassador (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) of SEVEN and also owns footwear side of the business. [1] (#cite_note-SEVEN_lifestyle_brand_launched-1) [2] (#cite_note-Seven_grosses_over_$2.5_mio-2) Background [ edit ] SEVEN was launched by RS Seven Lifestyle (owned by Rhiti Group) and MS Dhoni on 19 February 2016 in New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) . Dhoni was announced as the global brand ambassador. The brand was launched as a lifestyle brand, with plans to manufacture and market sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) ; both clothing and footwear. [3] (#cite_note-Dhoni_announced_brand_ambassador-3) Clothing and fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) side of the brand is owned by RS Seven Lifestyle whereas footwear side of the brand is owned by MS Dhoni. [2] (#cite_note-Seven_grosses_over_$2.5_mio-2) Dhoni also has a licensing agreement (/wiki/Licensing_agreement) with RS seven. ₹ 150 crore (US$18 million) to ₹ 200 crore (US$24 million) were spent by investors in development and distributions of the brand. Manufacturing for the brand is done in India, China and Vietnam. [1] (#cite_note-SEVEN_lifestyle_brand_launched-1) Brand name [ edit ] The brand name SEVEN coincides with the ODI (/wiki/One_Day_International) and T20 (/wiki/Twenty20) shirt number (/wiki/Shirt_number) of MS Dhoni. [3] (#cite_note-Dhoni_announced_brand_ambassador-3) SEVEN is the official kit sponsor of Chennai Super Kings in IPL and Joburg Super Kings in SA20 and Texas Super Kings in Major Cricket League Sponsorship [ edit ] It previously has sponsored I-League 2nd Division (/wiki/I-League_2nd_Division) side ARA FC (/wiki/ARA_FC) , based in Ahmedabad. [4] (#cite_note-4) Distribution and stores [ edit ] SEVEN has fifteen distributors in India (/wiki/India) . It also has distributors in the United States (/wiki/United_States) and in the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) . Flipkart (/wiki/Flipkart) is the official e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) partner of the brand. [1] (#cite_note-SEVEN_lifestyle_brand_launched-1) The brand is available at more than 300 multi-brand retail stores in India. On 20 July 2017, the first outlet of SEVEN was launched in Dhoni's hometown Ranchi (/wiki/Ranchi) . [5] (#cite_note-maiden_outlet_of_SEVEN-5) See also [ edit ] Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : India (/wiki/Portal:India) Sports (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "SEVEN lifestyle brand launched" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/rhiti-sports-management-kicks-off-seven-lifestyle-brand/articleshow/51063812.cms) . The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Seven grosses over $2.5 mio" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/dhonis-brand-seven-grosses-over-2-5-million-in-three-months/articleshow/53221126.cms) . The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Dhoni announced brand ambassador" (http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ms-dhoni-india-cricket-team-fashion-brand-seven/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "ARA FC coach Nagul and captain Shoaib optimistic ahead of I-League qualifiers" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/ara-fc-coach-nagul-and-captain-shoaib-optimistic-ahead-of-i-league-qualifiers/articleshow/78457645.cms) . The Times of India . 3 October 2020 . Retrieved 8 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-maiden_outlet_of_SEVEN_5-0) "maiden outlet of SEVEN" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ms-dhoni-opens-maiden-outlet-of-seven-in-ranchi/story-u08VGJYgjjQ4SxP3ZsdGaO.html) . The Hindustan Times (/wiki/The_Hindustan_Times) . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.7.life/sf/) Instagram (https://instagram.com/punitkaswan786/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐8t74c Cached time: 20240709021855 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.258 seconds Real time usage: 0.329 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1110/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15605/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 871/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23795/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.151/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3943492/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 296.218 1 -total 40.09% 118.758 1 Template:Reflist 32.58% 96.494 4 Template:Cite_news 22.28% 66.009 1 Template:Short_description 14.42% 42.725 1 Template:Infobox_brand 13.51% 40.031 2 Template:Pagetype 13.44% 39.802 1 Template:Infobox 11.11% 32.898 1 Template:Portal_bar 10.04% 29.733 2 Template:INRConvert 6.45% 19.109 2 Template:INRConvert/USD Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55051316-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709021855 and revision id 1220147695. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_(brand)&oldid=1220147695 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_(brand)&oldid=1220147695) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of India (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_India) Indian brands (/wiki/Category:Indian_brands) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
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California-based holding company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mason_Ewing_Corporation) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Mason_Ewing_Corporation) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mason_Ewing_Corporation) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 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( March 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Mason Ewing Corporation Company type Corporation Industry Fashion, Audiovisual (/wiki/Audiovisual) Founded 2011 Founder Mason Ewing Headquarters 14033 Burbank Boulevard, Los Angeles , US Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Mason Ewing Corporation (Canada), Les Entreprises Ewing (France) Ewingwood ( Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) ) Website masonewingcorp (http://masonewingcorp.com) .com (http://masonewingcorp.com) Footnotes / references The Underground Experience (http://www.ultimateunderground.com/upcoming-shows/the-underground-experience-presents-the-mason-ewing-project) Mason Ewing Corporation is a holding company (/wiki/Holding_company) based in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and headed by Mason Ewing (/wiki/Mason_Ewing) , who founded it in 2011. [1] (#cite_note-1) The corporation targets mainly the fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , cinema, and music industries (/wiki/Music_industry) , but also various other sectors such as cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) and chocolate (/wiki/Chocolate) . The enterprise has various subsidiaries in several countries like Mason Ewing Corporation ( Canada (/wiki/Canada) ), [2] (#cite_note-2) Les Entreprises Ewing ( France (/wiki/France) ), [3] (#cite_note-3) and Ewingwood ( Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroun) ). [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] An additional branch in China was opened in 2018. The opening of the Administrative council was scheduled in 2017. Industries [ edit ] Fashion [ edit ] The house of couture Mason Ewing is a subsidiary branch of Mason Ewing Corporation. It was created by Mason Ewing a few years prior to the holding opening. [5] (#cite_note-5) Lines include: •A t-shirt line with Braille writing (/wiki/Braille) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Mason Ewing, himself blind (/wiki/Visual_impairment) , conceived of these to enable wearers to be aware of their colours, to be able to dress without assistance. [10] (#cite_note-10) On the shirts in this line, a baby is shown engaging in different activities (on a skateboard (/wiki/Skateboard) , on a BMX (/wiki/BMX_bike) , with a guitar (/wiki/Guitar) ). [11] (#cite_note-11) Braille is appended on clothing describing the baby's activity. 5% of all proceeds are given to the Sos Madison International association. [12] (#cite_note-12) •A line of haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) created by Ewing to honour his mother Marie, herself a seamstress (/wiki/Dressmaker) , [13] (#cite_note-13) stylist and model artist. The Espoir Pour l'Avenir collection had appeared on runways in France (Eurosites on Georges V (/wiki/Avenue_George_V) ), [14] (#cite_note-14) Canada (hotel Hilton (/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide) de Gatineau (/wiki/Gatineau) ), Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) (hotel Hilton of Yaounde (/wiki/Yaounde) ), Saint Martin (/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)) (election of Miss Caribbean), and Martinique (/wiki/Martinique) . • An underwear (/wiki/Underwear) collection for women, Elisa Charnel (featured simultaneously with Espoir Pour l'Avenir). Audiviosual [ edit ] The footage Descry boosted the audiovisual aspect. Since then, this branch has created animation movies such as Les Aventures de Madison , starring baby Madison and his friend Johan. This was followed by the adventures of Pilou et Michou , a TV show for kids which focused on life in the 18th century. Pilou is a mindless 17-year-old young man living with his mom Cunégonde as well as his grandmother Michou. Aside from the animations targeted for kids, the Mason Ewing Corporation has produced TV series for teenagers. These include Mickey Boom, [15] (#cite_note-15) produced by the French subsidiary, Eryna Bella, produced in Los Angeles, [16] (#cite_note-16) and Two Plus Three, also produced in L.A. Angels of the World that will be filmed in the United States. [17] (#cite_note-17) Loyal to his background, Mason Ewing produced a movie called Orishas, The Hidden Pantheon, directed by Yann Loïc Kieffoloh, which draws from the esoteric mythology of West African countries. [18] (#cite_note-18) It was scheduled for release in 2017. In 2017 the corporation began filming Elie Grimm, The Cursed Child , [19] (#cite_note-19) the first part of its horror trilogy. Literature [ edit ] In 2016, Mason Ewing Corporation Canada teamed up with Lecompte-Jeunesse publishing to publish children's books and audiobooks. Starting in January 2017 the corporation began publishing a magazine called Kimy Gloss. It focuses on celebrities, cosmetics, and actor/model castings. Filmography [ edit ] 2011 : Descry 2016 : Orishas : The Hidden Pantheon 2017 : Névroses 2017 : Comme Les Autres Audiovisual [ edit ] 2020 : Une Lueur d'Espoir 2020 : Mickey Boom 2020 : Love in Yaounde 2021 : Elie Grimm : The Cursed Child References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Spiegel, Justine (April 11, 2013). "Mason Ewing : le rêve américain" (https://www.jeuneafrique.com/137735/societe/mason-ewing-le-r-ve-am-ricain/) . Jeune Afrique (in French) . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) D'Anna, Cristina (May 10, 2019). "Mason Ewing, l'imprenditore fenomeno sta arrivando anche in Italia!" (https://cristianapersonalblogger.com/mason-ewing-limprenditore-fenomeno-sta-arrivando-anche-in-italia//) . Cristiana Personal Blogger (in Italian) . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Les Entreprises Ewing" (https://www.producteurscinema.fr/membre/les-entreprises-ewing/) (in French). UPC. November 20, 2018 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "EXCLU/Mason Ewing: "Avec Ewingwood, on veut donner envie aux cinéastes américains, français et asiatiques de venir tourner au Cameroun" (https://www.africatopsuccess.com/exclumason-ewin-avec-ewingwood-on-veut-donner-envie-aux-cineastes-americains-francais-et-asiatiques-de-venir-tourner-au-cameroun/) " (https://www.africatopsuccess.com/exclumason-ewin-avec-ewingwood-on-veut-donner-envie-aux-cineastes-americains-francais-et-asiatiques-de-venir-tourner-au-cameroun/) (in French). Africa Top Success. February 2, 2018 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Grand défilé de mode du styliste aveugle Meaux" (http://www.leparisien.fr/meaux-77100/grand-defile-de-mode-du-styliste-aveugle-meaux-08-11-2008-303275.php) . Le Parisien (in French). November 8, 2008. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0767-3558 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0767-3558) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 436625044 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436625044) . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) admin (August 17, 2017). "Blindness and Cruelty Don't Deter Fashion Designer and TV Producer Mason Ewing" (http://actorsentertainment.com/acting-in-style/acting-in-style-blindness-and-cruelty-doesnt-deter-fashion-designer-and-tv-producer-mason-ewing/) . Actors Entertainment . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cherfils, Mildrade (July 26, 2009). "The triumph of a blind clothing designer" (https://www.pri.org/stories/2009-07-26/triumph-blind-clothing-designer) . Global Post . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Aveugle, Mason Ewing lance un tee-shirt en braille" (http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/seine-et-marne-77/aveugle-mason-ewing-lance-un-tee-shirt-en-braille-19-08-2014-4071745.php) . Le Parisien (in French). August 19, 2014. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0767-3558 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0767-3558) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 436625044 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436625044) . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Le styliste aveugle Mason Ewing réalise une série télévisée" (http://www.leparisien.fr/versailles-78000/le-styliste-aveugle-mason-ewing-realise-une-serie-televisee-07-08-2015-4996685.php) . Le Parisien (in French). August 7, 2015. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0767-3558 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0767-3558) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 436625044 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436625044) . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Mason Ewing Corporation – Fashion TV" (https://vimeo.com/171105708) . Fashion TV. June 17, 2016 . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Mason Ewing Corporation – Trace TV" (https://vimeo.com/channels/1090038/171146308) (in French). TraceTV . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Marion, Van Renterghem (September 19, 2006). "Mason Ewing : la vie comme il la voit" (http://www.lemonde.fr/vous/article/2006/09/19/mason-ewing-la-vie-comme-il-la-voit_814490_3238.html) . Le Monde (in French). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0395-2037 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0395-2037) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1758539 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1758539) . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Report about Mason Ewing – People TV" (https://vimeo.com/171144207) . People Television. June 17, 2016 . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Mason Ewing, porteur d'espoir contre les discriminations" (https://vimeo.com/171507379) . TV5 Monde (in French). October 26, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Piopi, Pascal (February 19, 2015). "Télévision : Mason Ewing devrait bientôt tourner sa série Mickey Boom avec entre autres Bryan Trésor de " Plus Belle la Vie " (https://actu.fr/loisirs-culture/television-mason-ewing-devrait-bientot-tourner-sa-serie-mickey-boom-avec-entre-autres-bryan-tresor-de-plus-belle-la-vie_8435781.html) " (https://actu.fr/loisirs-culture/television-mason-ewing-devrait-bientot-tourner-sa-serie-mickey-boom-avec-entre-autres-bryan-tresor-de-plus-belle-la-vie_8435781.html) . La Marne (in French) . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Pool, Bob (April 22, 2012). "Blind fashion designer aims to make TV shows" (http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/22/local/la-me-blind-designer-20120423) . Los Angeles Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0458-3035 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035) . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Makandal (January 16, 2020). "MASON Cyrille Elong Ewing, styliste et producteur de cinéma aveugle" (https://www.nofi.media/2020/01/mason-cyrille-elong-ewing/69543) . NOFI . Nofi . Retrieved April 23, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Orishas: The Hidden Pantheon" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6136260/) . IMDb . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Elie Grimm: The Cursed Child (2016)" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7956336/?ref_=adv_li_tt) . IMDb. September 24, 2016 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://masonewingcorp.com) Mason Ewing Corp. (https://www.imdb.com/search/title?companies=co0682339) on IMDb (/wiki/IMDb) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6cc9f7fdd7‐stpjv Cached time: 20240715200650 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.850 seconds Real time usage: 1.345 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2330/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79145/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10051/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 80577/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.561/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7400771/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1110.642 1 -total 37.36% 414.948 1 Template:Reflist 25.69% 285.342 9 Template:Cite_journal 24.12% 267.897 3 Template:Ambox 20.22% 224.627 1 Template:Short_description 16.25% 180.450 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.24% 169.308 1 Template:Multiple_issues 14.40% 159.973 1 Template:Infobox 14.01% 155.601 2 Template:Pagetype 9.19% 102.063 1 Template:Sources Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55051604-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715200650 and revision id 1182604343. 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Brazilian sunglasses and watches brand Chilli Beans Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Founded 1997 ; 27 years ago ( 1997 ) Headquarters São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) , Brazil Area served Brazil United States Portugal Mexico Chile Colombia Peru Bolivia United Arab Emirates Kuwait Thailand Key people Caito Maia ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Products Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Eyeglasses (/wiki/Eyeglasses) Watches (/wiki/Watches) Owners Caito Maia , Gávea Investment Group Website https://chillibeans.com/ (https://chillibeans.com/) Chilli Beans is a Brazilian brand of sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) , wristwatches (/wiki/Wristwatches) and eyeglasses (/wiki/Eyeglasses) founded in 1997 by the businessman Caito Maia. The company is the second largest in the sunglasses segment, behind only the Luxottica Group (/wiki/Luxottica_Group) . It is the most successful company of the branch in Latin America. [1] (#cite_note-1) The Gávea Investment Group bought 30% of the company for about R$ (/wiki/Brazilian_real) 100 million, indicating that the company is worth about R$ (/wiki/Brazilian_real) 330 million. [2] (#cite_note-2) The company's turnover was approximately R$ (/wiki/Brazilian_real) 550 million. The brand has approximately 700 stores in Brazil, in addition to owning stores in 9 other countries. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Chilli Beans manages to raise sales by 9% amid eyewear market downturn - Valor International" (http://www.valor.com.br/international/news/5047354/chilli-beans-manages-raise-sales-9-amid-eyewear-market-downturn) . www.valor.com.br . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "O sucesso da Chilli Beans atraiu rivais poderosos - EXAME" (http://exame.abril.com.br/revista-exame/o-fardo-do-pioneiro/) . exame.abril.com.br . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Marcas, Mundo Das (22 August 2006). "CHILLI BEANS" (http://mundodasmarcas.blogspot.com.br/2006/08/chilli-beans-para-todas-as-espcies.html) . mundodasmarcas.blogspot.com.br . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Marca - Chilli Beans" (https://site.chillibeans.com.br/marca/historia) . site.chillibeans.com.br . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Marca - Chilli Beans" (http://site.chillibeans.com.br/marca) . site.chillibeans.com.br . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Chilli Beans" (https://site.chillibeans.com.br/onde-comprar) . site.chillibeans.com.br . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A História da Chilli Beans" (http://destinonegocio.com/br/casos-de-sucesso/chilli-beans-e-referencia-em-pioneirismo-e-inovacao-no-mundo-dos-negocios/) . destinonegocio.com . 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Administradores.com (19 March 2013). "Como a Chilli Beans se tornou uma máquina de inovação" (http://www.administradores.com.br/noticias/negocios/como-a-chilli-beans-se-tornou-uma-maquina-de-inovacao/74154/) . administradores.com.br . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://chillibeans.com/) Brazil portal (/wiki/Portal:Brazil) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This Brazilian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilli_Beans&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐ccjdb Cached time: 20240712183348 Cache expiry: 1661173 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.425 seconds Real time usage: 0.549 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1673/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25454/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1590/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35823/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.286/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5123841/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 516.495 1 -total 31.99% 165.249 1 Template:Reflist 27.82% 143.686 8 Template:Cite_web 24.94% 128.809 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.42% 115.813 1 Template:Infobox 17.68% 91.291 1 Template:Short_description 16.28% 84.085 1 Template:Brazil-company-stub 15.78% 81.481 1 Template:Asbox 10.47% 54.058 2 Template:Pagetype 5.55% 28.668 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55185860-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712183348 and revision id 1231724461. 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Italian menswear fashion brand Belvest Company type Public (S.p.A.) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 1964 ; 60 years ago ( 1964 ) Headquarters Piazzola sul Brenta (/wiki/Piazzola_sul_Brenta) , Italy Products Men's tailoring, Classic Italian suits Services Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) production, ready to wear (/wiki/Ready_to_wear) , made to measure (/wiki/Made_to_measure) Website belvest.com (https://www.belvest.com/en/) Belvest is an Italian menswear (/wiki/Menswear) fashion brand (/wiki/Brand) founded in 1964 [1] (#cite_note-1) in Piazzola sul Brenta (/wiki/Piazzola_sul_Brenta) from the desire of the founder to respond to a specific need of the time, the " ready-made garment (/wiki/Ready-made_garment) ", without abandoning haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) . Its 300 employees produce ready-to-wear garments that respect the canons of the sartorial tradition. [2] (#cite_note-2) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The history of Belvest" (https://www.belvest.com/en/content/15-our-history) . Belvest . Retrieved 2021-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Belvest : a great name of men's elegance" (https://www.parisiangentleman.com/blog/belvest-a-great-name-of-mens-elegance) . www.parisiangentleman.com . Retrieved 2021-05-06 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.belvest.com/en/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐9c2j9 Cached time: 20240701015736 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.255 seconds Real time usage: 0.352 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1372/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11816/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1132/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10452/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.166/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4366169/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 328.344 1 -total 34.75% 114.085 1 Template:Reflist 33.50% 110.003 1 Template:Infobox_company 30.84% 101.273 2 Template:Cite_web 30.46% 100.027 1 Template:Infobox 22.27% 73.125 1 Template:Short_description 11.72% 38.485 2 Template:Pagetype 8.78% 28.828 1 Template:Portal 6.42% 21.094 6 Template:Main_other 5.38% 17.681 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55261805-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701015736 and revision id 1068656704. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belvest&oldid=1068656704 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belvest&oldid=1068656704) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Clothing companies established in 1964 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1964) Italian companies established in 1964 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1964) Companies based in Veneto (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Veneto) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
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South Korean eyewear brand Gentle Monster Los Angeles boutique Gentle Monster ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 젠틀몬스터 , stylized in all caps (/wiki/All_caps) ) is a South Korean sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) and optical glasses brand (/wiki/Brand) founded by Hankook Kim in Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) in 2011. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-STORE_LANDS-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Gentle Monster's brand (/wiki/Brand) name consists of two parts: gentle supposedly resembles the wearable, delicate, and humble side contrasting with monster (/wiki/Monster) reflecting the attitude and individuality of the brand (/wiki/Brand) . [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) As of April 2018, the company has 41 directly operated stores worldwide, including in Australia (/wiki/Australia) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) , China (/wiki/China) , Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) , the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) , the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , and the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [5] (#cite_note-5) There are over 450 retailers in 30 countries that carry Gentle Monster. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Retail spaces [ edit ] Gentle Monster employs 6 people to design its eyewear products and 60 people to design the store visuals (/wiki/Visual_merchandising) . [7] (#cite_note-elaine_lee-7) Its products are exhibited like museum (/wiki/Museum) pieces in "an immersive and experiential offline shopping experience." [7] (#cite_note-elaine_lee-7) For example, in May through August 2016 its New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) flagship store was turned into an underwater experience creates with aquarium (/wiki/Aquarium) designer Justin Muir and glass (/wiki/Glass) sculptor Ivan Lee Mora, influenced by the French film Le Grand Bleu . [8] (#cite_note-grand_bleu-8) In February 2021, Gentle Monster opened a new space, Haus Dosan, to present the brand's direction in retail. Haus Dosan also carries cosmetics (/wiki/K-beauty) brand Tamburins and has on-site dessert cafe Nudake. [9] (#cite_note-9) Each store's goal is to mimic a contemporary (/wiki/Contemporary_art) gallery containing life-sized objects and sculptures (/wiki/Sculpture) . For example, one of Gentle Monster's London (/wiki/London) stores has a Kung Fu (/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts) theme with robots (/wiki/Robot) performing martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) movements. Gentle Monster's first store in Korea (/wiki/Korea) features a lifesize ship. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Jun Ji-hyun (/wiki/Jun_Ji-hyun) in Gentle Monster History [ edit ] Serial entrepreneur (/wiki/Serial_entrepreneur) Jae Wook Oh invested about $100,000 in 2012 and Gentle Monster began producing frames in Daegu (/wiki/Daegu) , which had been a manufacturing hub for Luxottica (/wiki/Luxottica) , and China, since acetate (/wiki/Acetate) frames are illegal to produce in South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) . [11] (#cite_note-LAUREN_SHERMAN-11) The brand's designs favor oversize frames much larger than Western brands' because its Asian clientele prefer to have frames that create an image of a smaller face. [11] (#cite_note-LAUREN_SHERMAN-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2013 and 2014, Korean actress Jun Ji-hyun (/wiki/Jun_Ji-hyun) wore Gentle Monster lenses on My Love From the Star (/wiki/My_Love_From_the_Star) , and this greatly broadened the brand's exposure to a mainstream audience. [11] (#cite_note-LAUREN_SHERMAN-11) In February 2016, the company's first US store opened on Grand Street (/wiki/Grand_Street_(Manhattan)) in SoHo, New York City (/wiki/SoHo,_New_York_City) . [11] (#cite_note-LAUREN_SHERMAN-11) Its second US store opened in downtown Los Angeles (/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles) in October 2017. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) French luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) conglomerate LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) invested $60 million for a 7% stake in the company in September 2017. [2] (#cite_note-STORE_LANDS-2) Pricing [ edit ] On average, a pair of sunglasses or glasses range from $200-$300 depending on frames, lenses, and prescription. However, prices fluctuate and may be as high as $500. [15] (#cite_note-15) Marketing [ edit ] Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) collaborated with Gentle Monster in February 2017 in designing three sunglasses and appeared in an ad campaign video. [16] (#cite_note-16) The brand shows at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Items are all limited edition, once an item sells out, the next return is not promised. Gentle Monster is the first luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) eyewear brand to cater to the Asian market. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-:3-19) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Production and services [ edit ] Gentle Monster attained a factory (/wiki/Factory) with Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) manufacturers who previously worked for famous brands such as Ray-Ban (/wiki/Ray-Ban) early during its journey in Korea (/wiki/Korea) to produce high-quality eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) . Most, if not all, of Gentle Monster's eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) is produced with chrome (/wiki/Chromium) , titanium (/wiki/Titanium) , and premium metals (/wiki/Metal) to produce glasses (/wiki/Glasses) and sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) . The brand offers repair and maintenance with purchases, as well as customization to adjust to an individual's face. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Collaborations [ edit ] In 2016, the brand collaborated with Danish designer Henrik Vibskov (/wiki/Henrik_Vibskov) , Hood by Air (/wiki/Hood_by_Air) , and Opening Ceremony (/wiki/Opening_Ceremony_(brand)) . [2] (#cite_note-STORE_LANDS-2) In 2017, the brand collaborated with Dutch furniture designer Marcel Wanders (/wiki/Marcel_Wanders) , the founder of Moooi (/wiki/Moooi) . [2] (#cite_note-STORE_LANDS-2) In 2018, the brand collaborated on an exhibition called Burning Planet with South Korean rapper, Song Mino (/wiki/Mino_(rapper)) of Winner (/wiki/Winner_(band)) . [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2019, the brand collaborated with Chinese technology company Huawei (/wiki/Huawei) and released smartglasses (/wiki/Smartglasses) . [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2020, the brand collaborated with singer Jennie Kim (/wiki/Jennie_(singer)) of Blackpink (/wiki/Blackpink) to release the Jentle Home collection, [22] (#cite_note-22) and Chinese-Canadian singer and rapper Kris Wu (/wiki/Kris_Wu) for the release of the Gentle Wu collection. [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2022, the brand released a second collection with Kim, called the Jentle Garden collection. A mobile game was developed in promotion of the collaboration, while pop-up stores were opened in five cities: Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , and Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) . [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2023, the brand collaborated with Chinese singer Cai Xukun (/wiki/Cai_Xukun) to release his Crystal Clear collection. An event app was developed for the collaboration which was available in mainland China (/wiki/China) , Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) , Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) , and the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Additional collaborations include, but are not limited to Overwatch 2 (/wiki/Overwatch_2) , World of Warcraft (/wiki/World_of_Warcraft) , D’heygere (/w/index.php?title=D%E2%80%99heygere&action=edit&redlink=1) , Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , and Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) . [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Clientele [ edit ] The brand's celebrity customers include Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonce) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , Travis Scott (/wiki/Travis_Scott) , Kendrick Lamar (/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar) , Susan Sarandon (/wiki/Susan_Sarandon) , Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) , Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) , Jennie Kim (/wiki/Jennie_Kim) , Dua Lipa (/wiki/Dua_Lipa) , Hailey Bieber (/wiki/Hailey_Bieber) , and Jaeha Oh (/w/index.php?title=Jaeha_Oh&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-STORE_LANDS-2) [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) South Korea portal (/wiki/Portal:South_Korea) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Ray-Ban (/wiki/Ray-Ban) Persol (/wiki/Persol) Warby Parker (/wiki/Warby_Parker) Oliver Goldsmith (/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith_(company)) Korean wave (/wiki/Korean_wave) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Gentle Monster (https://www.ssense.com/en-us/men/designers/gentle-monster) SSENSE (/wiki/SSENSE) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e EYEWEAR LABEL GENTLE MONSTER'S GALLERY STORE LANDS IN L.A. (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/gentle-monster-tilda-swintons-favorite-eyewear-label-opens-la-1044513) Ingrid Schmidt, The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) , 9/29/2017 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Future Now – Gentle Monster" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210809230306/https://www.cactusdigitale.com/articles/gentle-monster) . Cactus Magazine . 2019-06-04. Archived from the original (https://www.cactusdigitale.com/articles/gentle-monster) on 2021-08-09 . Retrieved 2021-08-09 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Gentle Monster: The Korean Sunglasses brand Revolutionising the Eyewear Industry" (https://www.farfetch.com/style-guide/brands/gentle-monster/) . www.farfetch.com . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Store Locator" (https://www.gentlemonster.com/store/) . Official Website of Gentle Monster . Retrieved 28 July 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Michelle Jimin (2023-07-10). "Gentle Monster Sunglasses: How a Korean Luxury Brand Rose To Global Fame" (https://bestofkorea.com/gentle-monster-korean-luxury-brand/) . Best of Korea . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b Elaine YJ Lee, The Evolution of Gentle Monster , Hypebeast , Issue 18, July 2017, p. 145-151 ^ (#cite_ref-grand_bleu_8-0) Gentle Monster Transforms Its New York City Store Into an Underwater Oasis (https://hypebeast.com/2016/5/gentle-monster-grand-blue-installation) Helena Yeung, Hypebeast , May 26, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "젠틀몬스터 '하우스 도산 (HAUS DOSAN)' 오픈, 새로운 공간 탄생에 셀럽 방문 이어져" (http://biz.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20210222000798) . 헤럴드경제 (in Korean). 2021-02-22 . Retrieved 2021-05-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cox, Ollie (2023-08-15). "There's nothing gentle about the way Gentle Monster disrupted eyewear" (https://culted.com/theres-nothing-gentle-about-the-way-gentle-monster-disrupted-eyewear/) . Culted . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d How Gentle Monster Rode the K-Pop Wave to $160 Million (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/how-gentle-monster-road-the-k-pop-wave-to-160-million) LAUREN SHERMAN, Business of Fashion , JULY 17, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-12) MEET GENTLE MONSTER, A KOREAN BRAND CREATING EYEWEAR FOR EVERY FACE SHAPE (https://fashionista.com/2016/04/gentle-monster) NOËL DUAN, fashionista.com April 26, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Gentle Monster Opens New Store in Downtown Los Angeles (https://www.highsnobiety.com/2017/10/11/gentle-monster-la-store/) Renz Ofiaza, Highsnobiety (/wiki/Highsnobiety) , 11 October 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-14) It’s harvest time at Gentle Monster’s new boutique in Los Angeles (https://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/gentle-monster-downtown-los-angeles) JESSICA KLINGELFUSS, Wallpaper* (/wiki/Wallpaper*) , 27 October 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-15) G. de Aros, Sofia (May 22, 2021). "What is Gentle Monster and Why Do Celebs Love This Korean Brand?" (https://www.preview.ph/fashion/what-is-gentle-monster-a1994-20210522-lfrm) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Eyewear Label Gentle Monster's Gallery Store Lands in L.A. (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/gentle-monster-tilda-swintons-favorite-eyewear-label-opens-la-1044513) Ingrid Schmidt, 9/29/2017 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Meet the New Guard Showing at New York Fashion Week (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/made-fall-2017-young-designers#6) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Fall 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-18) Lee, J. J. (2023-10-12). "Mastering the Art of Branding: Unveiling Gentle Monster's Design Strategy" (https://medium.com/@_thefuturedesign_/mastering-the-art-of-branding-unveiling-gentle-monsters-design-strategy-a5b8e77c916c) . Medium . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_19-0) "PROFILE: GENTLE MONSTER | CRASH Magazine" (https://www.crash.fr/profile-gentle-monster/) . www.crash.fr . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) 젠틀몬스터, 송민호와 아트 콜라보레이션 '버닝플래닛' 오픈 . Maeil Broadcasting Network (/wiki/Maeil_Broadcasting_Network) (in Korean). October 4, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Gentle Monster Collaborates With Huawei on a Fashionable Smart Eyewear" (https://www.designscene.net/2019/08/gentle-monster-huawei.html) . designscene . August 28, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "JENTLE HOME CAMPAIGN | GENTLE MONSTER" (http://www.gentlemonster.com/) . www.gentlemonster.com . Retrieved April 13, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Leung, Ambrose (June 23, 2020). "Gentle Monster Introduces "Gentle Wu" Collection with Kris Wu" (https://hypebeast.com/2020/6/gentle-monster-gentle-wu-kris-wu-collection-info) . Hypebeast (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Gentle Monster and BLACKPINK's Jennie Launch Pop-Up Dreamscapes" (https://hypebeast.com/2022/3/gentle-monster-blackpink-jennie-jentle-collection-eyewear-installation-pop-ups) . Hypebeast (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) . March 18, 2022 . Retrieved March 21, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Gentle Monster [@_GentleMonster_] (April 17, 2023). "GENTLE MONSTER X KUN. Gentle Monster presents the collaboration with global artist Cai Xukun. Participating in the #CrystalClear project as a director, KUN broadens his scope of work as an artist. Explore the #GENTLEMONSTERXKUN collaboration collection at http://Gentlemonster.com" (https://x.com/_GentleMonster_/status/1647797668863934465) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved April 17, 2023 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Gentle Monster [@_GentleMonster_] (April 17, 2023). "GENTLE MONSTER X KUN @caixukun will be released on April 21st. The #GENTLEMONSTERXKUN APP event will be held in South Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan Region, Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, Japan, the United States and Dubai" (https://x.com/_GentleMonster_/status/1647946665104650241) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved April 17, 2023 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "GENTLE MONSTER ✕ KUN Campaign" (https://www.gentlemonster.com/int/shop/list/collaborations/caixukun) . Gentle Monster . April 17, 2023 . Retrieved April 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "The 12 Most Influential Celebrities Wearing Gentle Monster" (https://areseyewear.com.au/blogs/celebrity-eyewear/the-10-most-influential-celebrities-wearing-gentle-monster) . Ares Eyewear . 2023-07-26 . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . 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Indonesian traditional female clothing Kemben Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_people) woman in traditional batik (/wiki/Batik) kemben , c. 1900. Type Traditional female torso wrap Place of origin Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) [1] (#cite_note-Historia-Kemben-1) [2] (#cite_note-The_History_of_Java-2) Kemben ( Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_language) : ꦏꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ , Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_language) : kemban ) is an Indonesian (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) female torso wrap historically common in Java (/wiki/Java) , Bali (/wiki/Bali) , and other parts of the Indonesian archipelago. It is made by wrapping a piece of kain (clothes), either plain, batik (/wiki/Batik) printed, velvet (/wiki/Velvet) , or any type of fabrics, covering the chest wrapped around the woman's torso. [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] A Javanese woman wearing kemben depicted on the 14th-century Majapahit (/wiki/Majapahit) temple reliefs at the Candi Rimbi, Jombang (/wiki/Jombang_Regency) , East Java (/wiki/East_Java) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . The graceful Bidadari Majapahit , the 14th-century golden celestial apsara (/wiki/Apsara) in Majapahit style, wearing kemben. Prior to the prevalence of kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) , it is believed that kemben was the most popular and common female dress in the ancient and classical period of Java. It was commonly worn in the Majapahit (/wiki/Majapahit) era until the Mataram Sultanate (/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate) . Today, this shoulder-baring garment still features in many Indonesian rituals (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) , traditional Javanese dances (/wiki/Javanese_dance) or palace ceremonies in Javanese keratons (/wiki/Keraton) . [1] (#cite_note-Historia-Kemben-1) The bare shoulders of the kemben may be regarded as a representation of aesthetics, elegance, and femininity (/wiki/Femininity) . In recent decades, however, kemben has fallen out of favor among Javanese Muslim women as they abandoned their traditional fashion and wear Islamic clothing such as the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , which was previously uncommon in Indonesia. Today, the tradition of wearing kemben were preserved and kept alive in the Javanese royal court of Yogyakarta (/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate) and Surakarta (/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate) keratons, especially among nobles and abdi dalem (palace servants). However, in recent years, this also had stirred debate about the efforts to preserve classic Javanese court culture being contended by the growing conservative Islamism (/wiki/Islamism) among the Indonesian Muslims community. [4] (#cite_note-4) Uses [ edit ] Three Javanese women in kemben making batik (/wiki/Batik) clothes in a village in Java, Indonesia. 1800s. A Srimpi (/wiki/Srimpi) dancer wearing velvet kemben . Traditional kemben is worn by wrapping a piece of cloth around the torso, folding and securing the edge, tying it with additional rope, and covering it with an angkin , a smaller sash around the abdomen. Traditional Javanese batik kemben worn by palace ladies in keratons are mostly this type of kemben . [5] (#cite_note-indonesianbatik.id-5) Today, there is also tight-fitted and tailored kemben secured using buttons (/wiki/Button) , straps or zippers (/wiki/Zipper) similar to the western corset (/wiki/Corset) . The kemben of female Javanese traditional dancers ( srimpi (/wiki/Srimpi) or wayang wong (/wiki/Wayang_wong) ) are usually made of tailored velvet corsets. Kemben outside Indonesia [ edit ] In the Malay Peninsula (/wiki/Malay_Peninsula) , kemban is essentially a type of sarong (/wiki/Sarong) and was a very popular style of clothing prior to the prevalence of Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) and Baju Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) in Malaysia. The members of the nobility used better quality and designed cloths, as well as elaborate jewelry made of gold and precious stones. [6] (#cite_note-DBP-Kemban-6) They had their kain kelubung (shawl) to cover their heads from the sun and a kain kemban worn from the bust downwards to keep them cool in the tropical heat. According to the Malay Annals , Sultan Mansur Shah, the sixth Malaccan ruler, banned Malay women from wearing only a kemban as it ran contrary to personal modesty based on Islamic teachings. [7] (#cite_note-NST-Kemben-7) Today, the kemban torso wrap is rarely worn in the piously Islamic Malay community of Malaysia, regarded as a relic of the past, replaced by the more modest Baju Kurung which is generally worn with tudong (/wiki/Tudong) to comply with Islamic modesty requirements. In Europe (/wiki/Europe) , it is akin to European décolletage (/wiki/D%C3%A9colletage) , however, it is more indigenous by using local fabrics such as batik (/wiki/Batik) , ikat (/wiki/Ikat) , songket (/wiki/Songket) , or tenun (/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja) , and simply secured by folding and slipping the cloth edges and tying the knot. Traditionally, women wear two pieces of clothes; the lower one is wrapped around the hips covering lower parts of the body (hips, thighs, and legs) and is called as kain or Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) , while the piece that is wrapped about the upper body (chest and torso) is called kemben . In the Malay Peninsula, a third piece of cloth is used to cover the head (head, shoulders, and arms) from the sun and it is called kain kelubung as shown in the pictures below. Styles of traditional kemban in the Malay Peninsula [8] (#cite_note-8) A kain lepas with a broad sash ( kain kemban ) dressed over a Terengganuan (/wiki/Terengganu) style of flowered sarong (/wiki/Sarong) with kain kelubung . A kain lepas with Kelantanese (/wiki/Kelantan) style of check pattern ( kain kemban ) dressed over a flowered sarong (/wiki/Sarong) with kain kelubung . A kain lepas girt about the breast ( kain kemban ) over a Kelantanese (/wiki/Kelantan) style sarong (/wiki/Sarong) with kain kelubung . A kain lepas draped about the breast ( kain kemban ) over a flowered sarong (/wiki/Sarong) with decorative flowers in hair. See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Malaysia portal (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kemben (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kemben) . National costume of Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Culture of Indonesia (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) Javanese culture (/wiki/Javanese_culture) Malay culture (/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)#Culture) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Malaysian cultural outfits (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Cara Berpakaian Orang Jawa Kuno" (https://historia.id/kuno/articles/cara-berpakaian-orang-jawa-kuno-6k4Jq/page/1) . historia.id (in Indonesian). November 2018 . Retrieved 2020-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_History_of_Java_2-0) Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1817). The History of Java . London: John Murray. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 74175458 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74175458) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring" (https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/kemban) . kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2017-10-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Dikritik Gara-gara Unggah Foto Abdi Dalem, Jawaban Putri Keraton Jogja ini Tak Terduga!" (https://wow.tribunnews.com/2017/05/02/dikritik-gara-gara-unggah-foto-abdi-dalem-jawaban-putri-keraton-jogja-ini-tak-terduga) . Tribun Wow (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2020-11-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-indonesianbatik.id_5-0) "Memakai Batik Untuk Kemben, Eksotisme Fashion Wanita Jawa - Indonesian Batik" (http://indonesianbatik.id/2018/02/26/memakai-batik-untuk-kemben-eksotisme-fashion-wanita-jawa/) . Indonesian Batik (in Indonesian). 2018-02-26 . Retrieved 2018-06-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-DBP-Kemban_6-0) "Carian Umum - Kemban" (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=kemban) . prpm.dbp.gov.my (in Malay) . Retrieved 2020-11-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-NST-Kemben_7-0) "Enduring charm of the baju kurung" (https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/08/513680/enduring-charm-baju-kurung) . 18 August 2019 . Retrieved 19 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Thomas Athol Joyce & Northcote Whitridge Thomas (1908). Women of All Nations: A Record of Their Characteristics, Habits, Manners, Customs, and Influence . Funk & Wagnalls Company. 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Italian clothing brand Brandy Melville Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founders Silvio Marsan Number of locations 133 Key people Stephan Marsan ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Salvatore Rianna ( CFO (/wiki/Chief_financial_officer) ) Products Apparel Website brandymelville (https://brandymelville.com/) .com (https://brandymelville.com/) Brandy Melville is a multinational (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) fast-fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) clothing company. Established in Italy by Silvio Marsan, it gained international popularity after switching to a California-based style and reaching American consumers. [1] (#cite_note-:02-1) The company's products are sold in physical stores in Europe, the United States, Asia, Canada, and Australia, as well as on their website. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) The stores feature a bleached wood theme and muted color palette. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) The retailer has faced controversy for making clothes of only one size, and has faced numerous accusations of reclusive leadership, persistent bigotry, and discrimination. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] Silvio Marsan and his son Stephan founded Brandy Melville in Italy in the early 1980s, and opened their first US store in 2009, in the Westwood (/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles) area of Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , which borders the UCLA (/wiki/UCLA) campus. [1] (#cite_note-:02-1) The brand name and logo was inspired by the fictional tale of two people – Brandy, an American girl, and Melville, an Englishman, who met and fell in love. [7] (#cite_note-7) The business grew popular among young girls, in part due to their Malibu (/wiki/Malibu,_California) teen aesthetic. [1] (#cite_note-:02-1) Market and target demographic [ edit ] Brandy Melville has been described as trend-setting, relevant, cool, and fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) , and their most prominent buyers are young teen girls looking for trendy fashion from popular name brands. Girls consider the brand part of the " coquette (/wiki/Coquette_aesthetic) " category. [8] (#cite_note-8) Brandy Melville has a strong presence on social media platforms, especially Instagram, where they showcase their latest designs and connect with potential customers. [9] (#cite_note-9) The Brandy Melville Instagram page has over 3.1 million followers as of April 2024. [10] (#cite_note-10) The product research team consists of teenage employees, starting at age 14, [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) who attempt to keep the company's styles contemporary and on trend. Kjerstin Skorge, an employee at the company's Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) store, said, "There are all kinds of things that we get asked, and we give our honest opinion". The company relies on the opinions and advice of their employees as they are a part of their target market. [11] (#cite_note-11) The company does not use traditional advertising and instead depends heavily on social media marketing and partnerships. Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) wears Brandy Melville, aiding in the promotion of the brand. Well-known stores such as PacSun (/wiki/PacSun) and Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) also sell the company's products. [12] (#cite_note-12) There is very little evidence of company representatives speaking on record, rarely any promotional press, and there has been a rumor that the employees are not allowed to discuss the company's history or the identity of the CEO with anyone. [13] (#cite_note-13) Brandy Melville sells a sub-brand named John Galt (or J. Galt), named for the character in Ayn Rand (/wiki/Ayn_Rand) 's novel Atlas Shrugged (/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged) and referring to CEO Stephan Marsan's interest in Libertarianism (/wiki/Libertarianism) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Controversies [ edit ] Brandy Melville has faced considerable backlash for its "one-size" policy, narrowly promoting a skinny aesthetic, and predominantly limiting hiring to girls who can fit into its clothes. [15] (#cite_note-15) According to a former store owner, CEO Stephan Marsan has said he doesn't want black people shopping at his stores or working in publicly visible areas as it would hurt the brand. [16] (#cite_note-16) Marsan and other top executives routinely shared jokes about Adolf Hitler (/wiki/Adolf_Hitler) and the Holocaust (/wiki/The_Holocaust) in a group chat titled "Brandy Melville gags". Hitler was reportedly mentioned 24 times in 150 message screenshots reviewed by Insider (/wiki/Insider_Inc.) , including one image that showed Marsan's head photoshopped onto Hitler's body—an image he allegedly created himself. [17] (#cite_note-17) The 2024 documentary film Brandy Hellville & the Cult of Fast Fashion (/wiki/Brandy_Hellville_%26_the_Cult_of_Fast_Fashion) detailed extensive allegations of bigotry and body shaming (/wiki/Body_shaming) at the company; these included claims that white employees were more likely than others to be assigned roles in the front of the store, that Marsan collected full-body photos of his young female employees, a sexual assault that happened at a New York City apartment controlled by the company, and that hiring and firing decisions were explicitly made based on the appearance of employees, among others. The film also discussed the brand's fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) status. [18] (#cite_note-:2-18) [19] (#cite_note-:0-19) [20] (#cite_note-:1-20) Operations and franchises [ edit ] As of January 2021, Brandy Melville has 97 locations in various countries, with 40 locations in the US. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) Locations worldwide: Region Number of locations Asia (Japan, Indonesia, China (Shanghai, Beijing) and Hong Kong) 7 Australia (Sydney, Melbourne) 2 Austria (Vienna) 1 Belgium 1 Canada (British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec) 3 France (Paris + Lyon) 3 Germany (closing) 5 Italy 20 Netherlands 2 Norway (Oslo) 1 Portugal (Lisbon) 2 Spain 6 Sweden (Stockholm) 1 Switzerland 15 United Kingdom (London) 8 United States 40 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, Katy (October 3, 2019). "The Secret Shame of Wearing Brandy Melville" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/10/the-secret-shame-of-wearing-brandy-melville.html) . New York Magazine- The Cut . ^ Jump up to: a b "Brandy Melville UK" (https://www.brandymelville.co.uk/locations) . ^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Julia (September 24, 2014). "Smells Like Teen Spirit: Inside the Secretive World of Brandy Melville" (https://www.racked.com/2014/9/24/7575693/brandy-melville) . Racked . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Brandy Melville faces allegations of racism and body-shaming by former employees" (https://www.today.com/style/brandy-melville-faces-allegations-racism-body-shaming-former-employees-t183363) . TODAY.com . 12 June 2020 . Retrieved 2022-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Taylor, Kate (2021). "Brandy Melville's CEO doesn't want Black people to wear the brand's clothing, according to an ex-store owner" (https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) . businessinsider.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230204182036/https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) from the original on 2023-02-04 . Retrieved 2023-09-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Olding, Jamie Ross (7 September 2021). "No One Fat, No One Black, and Worse: The Brandy Melville Exposé's Most Batshit Bits" (https://www.thedailybeast.com/brandy-melville-accused-of-only-hiring-thin-white-girls-underage-staff-stripping-down-for-perks-in-expose) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2023-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Scofield, Caitlin (November 9, 2009). "New clothing store Brandy Melville brings Italian style straight to Westwood" (https://dailybruin.com/2009/11/09/westwood-meets-italian-style) . Daily Bruin . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Petersen, Hayley (October 7, 2014). "Here's How Teens Really Spend Money, What They Like, And Where They Shop" (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-teens-are-spending-money-2014-2014-10) . Business Insider . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Feng, Yiqian (6 June 2022). "Brandy Melville: Love it or Hate it?" (https://medium.com/marketing-in-the-age-of-digital/brandy-melville-love-it-or-hate-it-bb88e136b7fb) . Medium . Retrieved Jun 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "brandymelvilleusa" (https://www.instagram.com/brandymelvilleusa/) . Instagram . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Rubin, Julia (2014-09-24). "Smells Like Teen Spirit: Inside the Secretive World of Brandy Melville" (https://www.racked.com/2014/9/24/7575693/brandy-melville) . Racked . Retrieved 2022-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Brandy Melville - The Secret Shame - Global Brands Magazine" (https://www.globalbrandsmagazine.com/brandy-melville-the-secret-shame/) . 2020-09-15 . Retrieved 2022-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Vanslette, Sarah (2016). "Exclusive and Aspirational: Teen Retailer Brandy Melville Uses the Country Club Approach to Brand Promotion" (http://cssc.uscannenberg.org/cases/v5/v5art7/) . Case Studies in Strategic Communication . 5 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Taylor, Kate. "Brandy Melville's CEO loves libertarianism so much he named one of his brands John Galt and used copies of 'Atlas Shrugged' as store props" (https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melvilles-libertarian-references-john-galt-bastiat-2021-9) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2023-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Brandy Melville faces allegations of racism and body-shaming by former employees" (https://www.today.com/style/brandy-melville-faces-allegations-racism-body-shaming-former-employees-t183363) . TODAY.com . 12 June 2020 . Retrieved 2022-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Taylor, Kate (2021). "Brandy Melville's CEO doesn't want Black people to wear the brand's clothing, according to an ex-store owner" (https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) . businessinsider.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230204182036/https://www.businessinsider.com/brandy-melville-ceo-doesnt-want-black-shoppers-ex-store-owner-2021-9) from the original on 2023-02-04 . Retrieved 2023-09-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Olding, Jamie Ross (7 September 2021). "No One Fat, No One Black, and Worse: The Brandy Melville Exposé's Most Batshit Bits" (https://www.thedailybeast.com/brandy-melville-accused-of-only-hiring-thin-white-girls-underage-staff-stripping-down-for-perks-in-expose) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2023-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_18-0) Moorman, Taijuan (April 11, 2024). " (https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2024/04/11/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary-fast-fashion/73288985007/) 'Brandy Hellville & the Cult of Fast Fashion' doc examines controversial retailer Brandy Melville" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2024/04/11/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary-fast-fashion/73288985007/) . USA TODAY (/wiki/USA_TODAY) . Retrieved 2024-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_19-0) Issawi, Danya (2024-04-11). "The Most Messed-up Findings in the Brandy Melville Documentary" (https://www.thecut.com/article/the-messed-up-findings-in-the-brandy-melville-documentary.html) . The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(New_York)) . Retrieved 2024-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_20-0) Holtermann, Callie (2024-04-10). " (https://archive.today/20240410031822/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/style/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary.html) 'Brandy Hellville & the Cult of Fast Fashion': 5 Takeaways" (https://archive.today/20240410031822/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/style/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/09/style/brandy-melville-hbo-documentary.html) on April 10, 2024 . Retrieved 2024-04-13 . External links [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Official website (https://brandymelville.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐74l8r Cached time: 20240718220012 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.383 seconds Real time usage: 0.509 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2050/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43617/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1382/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 77760/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.253/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6350584/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 470.566 1 -total 40.87% 192.299 1 Template:Reflist 31.68% 149.083 16 Template:Cite_web 26.15% 123.033 1 Template:Infobox_company 23.59% 111.023 1 Template:Infobox 22.84% 107.499 1 Template:Short_description 10.30% 48.448 2 Template:Pagetype 10.08% 47.419 8 Template:Main_other 9.36% 44.028 1 Template:SDcat 6.53% 30.709 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55574619-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718220012 and revision id 1233399752. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandy_Melville&oldid=1233399752 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandy_Melville&oldid=1233399752) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1970 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1970) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
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Italian businessperson (born 1962) Marco Bizzarri Bizzarri in 2018 Born 9 August 1962 ( 1962-08-09 ) (age 61) Reggio Emilia (/wiki/Reggio_Emilia) , Italy Years active 1986–present Title President and CEO, Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) Board member of Kering (/wiki/Kering) Marco Bizzarri (born 19 August 1962) is an Italian business executive, president and CEO of Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) since January 2015 till December 2023. [1] (#cite_note-new_head-1) He previously was president and CEO of Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) (2005–2009) and Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) (2009–2014), and joined Kering (/wiki/Kering) 's executive committee in 2012. Biography [ edit ] Early career [ edit ] Bizzarri started his career as a consultant for the management consulting firm Accenture (/wiki/Accenture) in 1986. In 1993, he joined the Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) -based Mandarina Duck (/wiki/Mandarina_Duck) group, and later became CEO of the group. In 2004, he became general manager of the designer brand Marithé et François Girbaud (/wiki/Marith%C3%A9_et_Fran%C3%A7ois_Girbaud) . [2] (#cite_note-echos_fr-2) [3] (#cite_note-nuovo_ad-3) CEO of Kering's brands [ edit ] In 2005, Bizzarri was named President and CEO of Stella McCartney. [2] (#cite_note-echos_fr-2) [3] (#cite_note-nuovo_ad-3) Under his management, the company turned a profit for the first time in 2007. [4] (#cite_note-4) He developed a lifestyle-oriented brand and drove its international development, including the opening of a store in Japan in 2008. [5] (#cite_note-5) In January 2009, Bizzarri became the president and CEO of Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Amid a global economic downturn, he rapidly changed the distribution of the brand to reposition it in Europe, and worked on a less conservative buying, thus relieving financial stress and enabling new investments. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 4 years, alongside the creative director Tomas Maier (/wiki/Tomas_Maier) , Bizzarri maintained Bottega Veneta's edge for Italian-made leather craftsmanship, [8] (#cite_note-8) drove growth in Asia, [9] (#cite_note-9) opened a flagship store in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , [10] (#cite_note-10) and new eco-friendly headquarters in Vicenza (/wiki/Vicenza) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2012, Bottega Veneta’s sales reached the $1 billion mark. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2012, Bizzarri became a member of the executive committee of Kering (/wiki/Kering) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In April 2014, Bizzarri was named CEO of Kering's newly-created couture and leather goods division, directly supervising most of Kering's luxury brands. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) President and CEO of Gucci [ edit ] In December 2014, Kering named Bizzarri president and CEO of its flagship luxury brand Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) . [1] (#cite_note-new_head-1) His first move was to name a 12-year Gucci member of the creative team, Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) , creative director of the brand, [16] (#cite_note-16) who successfully managed to renew the brand’s popularity with a « geek chic (/wiki/Geek#Geek_chic) » props. [17] (#cite_note-17) Marco Bizzarri stopped the brand's markdown policy, [18] (#cite_note-18) favored cross-gendered collections and unified fashion shows [19] (#cite_note-19) and banned the use of fur by the brand. [20] (#cite_note-20) Gucci also amplified its digital strategy to grow its customer-base on social networks. [21] (#cite_note-21) Bizzarri opened the Gucci Hub in September 2016 (Gucci headquarters and creative hub in Milan), [22] (#cite_note-22) the ArtLab in April 2018 (Gucci's 37,000-square-metre creative hub in Casellina near Florence, Italy), [23] (#cite_note-23) and Gucci 9 in April 2019 (Gucci's 500-employee network of 6 call centers worldwide for high-end customer service). [24] (#cite_note-24) In January 2018, he inaugurated the renovated Gucci Museum (/wiki/Gucci#Gucci_Museo) (in the Palazzo della Mercanzia in Florence) renamed Gucci Garden, and the launch of a new restaurant, the Gucci Osteria da Massimo Bottura (/wiki/Massimo_Bottura) . [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2019, Bizzarri announced that Gucci was carbon-neutral (/wiki/Carbon_neutrality) in its own operations and across its supply chain since 2018, thanks to drastic reductions of its greenhouse gas emissions (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) . [26] (#cite_note-26) He also announced that the firm was changing its production strategy, partnering with the UN-led forest conservation program REDD+ (/wiki/REDD%2B) to reduce its carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) , and launched the CEO Carbon Neutral Challenge Initiative to encourage other firm executives to follow suit. [27] (#cite_note-27) Under Bizzarri's tenure, Gucci's annual sales grew from 3.9 billion euros in 2015 [28] (#cite_note-28) to 9.6 billion euros in 2019. [29] (#cite_note-29) Awards [ edit ] 2020: GQ Italy (/wiki/GQ) ' s Best dressed man [30] (#cite_note-30) 2018, [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) 2017, [33] (#cite_note-33) 2016: [34] (#cite_note-34) International Business Leader at the Fashion Awards (/wiki/Fashion_Awards) . 2017: Knight of the Legion of Honour (/wiki/Legion_of_Honour) (France). [35] (#cite_note-35) 2017: WWD Edward Nardoza Honor for CEO Creative Leadership. [36] (#cite_note-36) 2017 : Most Creative People in Business by Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)) . [37] (#cite_note-37) 2015: Humanitarian of the Year award by the United Nations Association (/wiki/United_Nations_Association) . [38] (#cite_note-38) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Gucci hires Marco Bizzarri as new brand head, creative director Frida Giannini quits (http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/gucci-hires-marco-bizzarri-as-new-brand-head-creative-director-frida-giannini-quits) , Straitstimes.com , 12 December 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b (in French) Marco Bizzarri (https://www.lesechos.fr/24/11/2004/LesEchos/19292-053-ECH_marco-bizzarri.htm) , Lesechos.fr , 24 November 2004 ^ Jump up to: a b (in Italian) Stella McCartney nomina Marco Bizzarri nuovo ad (http://www.pambianconews.com/2004/11/23/stella-mccartney-nomina-marco-bizzarri-nuovo-ad-10921/) , Pambianconews.com ^ (#cite_ref-4) Stella McCartney posts first ever profit (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion-news/stella-mccartney-posts-first-ever-profit-206329) , Marieclaire.co.uk , 3 November 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Paul Mcinnes, Misha Janette, Stella in Ginza (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2008/03/11/style/stella-mccartney-anna-antoniades-and-more/) , Japantimes.co.uk , 11 March 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Stella McCartney poaches Lanvin director as CEO (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gucci-stella/stella-mccartney-poaches-lanvin-director-as-ceo-idUSTRE4B02Y620081201) , Reuters.com , 1 December 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bag-maker’s value proposition tilts to timeless pieces (https://www.ft.com/content/876d2c24-f6fc-11de-9fb5-00144feab49a?mhq5j=e6) , Ft.com , 1 January 2000 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Manoj Nair, Bottega Veneta time-crafted strategy pays off (http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/retail/bottega-veneta-time-crafted-strategy-pays-off-1.1259420) , Gulfnews.com , 25 November 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bottega Veneta’s Understated Luxury Appeals to China’s Sophisticated Fashionistas (http://red-luxury.com/brands-retail/bottega-venetas-understated-luxury-appeals-to-chinas-sophisticated-fashionistas) , Red-luxury.com , 26 June 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Roger Scoble, Bottega Veneta Opens Largest Flagship Store In Milan (https://pursuitist.com/bottega-veneta-opens-largest-flagship-store-milan/) , Pursuitist.com ^ (#cite_ref-11) Nikki Hess, Bottega Veneta’s New, Eco-Friendly Headquarters (http://mamasarollingstone.com/bottega-venetas-new-eco-friendly-headquarters/) , Mamasarollingstone.com , 18 November 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Suleman Anaya, Bottega Veneta Crosses the $1 Billion Mark (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/bottega-veneta-crosses-the-1-billion-mark) , Businessoffashion.com , 22 February 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Sophie Doran, The Latest Appointments: Givenchy, Jil Sander & Yves Saint Laurent (https://www.luxurysociety.com/en/articles/2012/03/the-latest-appointments-givenchy-jil-sander-yves-saint-laurent/) , Luxurysociety.com , 20 March 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Anthony DeMarco, Kering Reorganizes To Focus On Luxury Goods (https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/04/29/kering-reorganizes-to-continue-its-focus-on-luxury-goods/#3aac4c83285e) , Forbes.com , 29 April 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Kering’s Marco Bizzarri has the billion-euro touch (https://www.ft.com/content/a754988a-d120-11e3-9f90-00144feabdc0?mhq5j=e6) , Ft.com , 11 May 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Imran Amed, Reinventing Gucci (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/ceo-talk/reinventing-gucci) , Businessoffashion.com , 22 September 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Gillian Brett, Gucci's Big Plans Revealed (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/gucci-alessandro-michele-marco-bizzarri-six-billion-revenue-forecast) , Vogue.co.uk , 6 June 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-18) Limei Hoang, Marco Bizzarri on Gucci’s Remarkable Turnaround (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/bof-exclusive/bof-exclusive-marco-bizzarri-on-guccis-remarkable-turnaround) , Businessoffashion.com , 27 October 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Vanessa Friedman, Gucci Calls for End to Separation of the Sexes on the Runway (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/fashion/gucci-calls-for-end-to-separation-of-the-sexes-on-the-runway.html) , Nytimes.com , 5 April 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-20) Gucci Announces It Will Be Going Fur-Free (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/gucci-announces-it-is-going-fur-free) , Vogue.co.uk , 11 October 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Michael Beach, Gucci offers digital marketing, company culture inspiration (https://www.inma.org/blogs/ideas/post.cfm/gucci-offers-digital-marketing-company-culture-inspiration) , Inma.org , 19 June 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-22) Nathania Zevi. The New Gucci Hub Opens in Milan (https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathaniazevi/2016/09/28/the-new-gucci-hub-opens-in-milan/#2fe3be4722b8) , Forbes , 28 September 2016 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Alice Casely-Hayford. Gucci Unveils A Centre Of Creativity, Craftsmanship & Sustainability (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/gucci-artlab-florence) , Vogue , April 19, 2018 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-24) Gucci turns to call centres to lure high-spending millennial shoppers (https://www.ft.com/content/c79f9c7e-61db-11e9-a27a-fdd51850994c) , Financial Times (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-25) Mary Hanbury. Gucci just opened a luxurious complex complete with a boutique and a restaurant run by a three-Michelin-starred chef (https://www.businessinsider.com/gucci-opens-complex-with-boutique-and-restaurant-2018-1) , Business Insider , 10 January 2018 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Gucci goes carbon neutral in attempt to tackle climate crisis" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/12/gucci-carbon-neutral-climate-crisis) . the Guardian . 2019-09-12 . Retrieved 2020-11-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Luisa Zargani. Gucci's Marco Bizzarri Issues Carbon Neutral Challenge (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/gucci-marco-bizzarri-issues-carbon-neutral-challenge-1203344341/) , WWD , 19 November 2019 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Kering: 2015 Results (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160218006695/en/Kering-2015-Results) , Business Wire , 19 February 2016 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Kering: 2019 Full-year Results (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200211006173/en/Kering-2019-Full-year-Results) , Business Wire , 12 February 2020 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-30) Alessandra Turra. GQ Italy to Award Giorgio Armani, Marco Bizzarri and Federico Marchetti (https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-designer-luxury/gq-italy-to-award-giorgio-armani-marco-bizzarri-and-federico-marchetti-1203407306/n) , WWD , 2 January 2020 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-31) Naomi Pike. The Fashion Awards 2018: The Winners (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fashion-awards-2018-winners) , Vogue , 10 December 2019 (accessed on 1 August 2020) ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Qui sont les grands vainqueurs des British Fashion Awards 2018 ?" (https://www.numero.com/fr/Mode/fashion-awards-2018-londres-virgil-abloh-kaia-gerber-craig-green-pierpaolo-piccioli-vivienne-westwood-kim-jones) . Numéro . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) 2017 Winners (http://www.fashionawards.com/2017-Winners) , Fashionawards.com ^ (#cite_ref-34) Samantha Conti, Gucci, Demna Gvasalia Big Winners at Fashion Awards 2016 in London (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/gucci-demna-gvasalia-fashion-awards-london-10718768/) , Wwd.com , 5 December 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-35) Sandra Salibian, Marco Bizzarri to Receive French Legion of Honor (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/marco-bizzarri-french-legion-of-honor-10940554/) , Wwd.com , 6 June 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-36) Luisa Zargani, Marco Bizzarri Receives WWD Edward Nardoza Honor for CEO Creative Leadership (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/marco-bizzarri-receives-wwd-edward-nardoza-honor-for-ceo-creative-leadership-11028191/) , Wwd.com , 24 October 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-37) Rose Pastore, > Be Inspired By These Creative Leaders Who Are Changing The World (https://www.fastcompany.com/3067011/be-inspired-by-these-creative-leaders-who-are-changing-the-world) , Fastcompany.com , 24 January 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-38) Leigh Nordstrom, Gucci’s Marco Bizzarri Honored at the United Nations Humanitarian Dinner (http://wwd.com/eye/parties/gucci-marco-bizzarri-un-humanitarian-awards-john-legend-10267828/) , Wwd.com , 23 October 2015 External links [ edit ] Official biography (http://www.kering.com/en/group/biography/marco_bizzarri) Biography on BOF (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/marco-bizzarri) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/7916151778236318130007) National Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0220417&CON_LNG=ENG) v t e Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) People Guccio Gucci (/wiki/Guccio_Gucci) (founder) Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) Aldo Gucci (/wiki/Aldo_Gucci) Maurizio Gucci (/wiki/Maurizio_Gucci) Paolo Gucci (/wiki/Paolo_Gucci) Rodolfo Gucci (/wiki/Rodolfo_Gucci) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) Patricia Gucci (/wiki/Patricia_Gucci) Brands Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) Boucheron (/wiki/Boucheron) Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Subsidiaries Doccia porcelain (/wiki/Doccia_porcelain) v t e Kering (/wiki/Kering) People Founder François Pinault (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault) Board of directors François-Henri Pinault (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Pinault) (Chairman and CEO) Jean-François Palus (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Palus&action=edit&redlink=1) (Group managing director) Patricia Barbizet (/wiki/Patricia_Barbizet) (Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors) Brands Creed (/wiki/Creed_(perfume)) Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Boucheron (/wiki/Boucheron) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) Brioni (/wiki/Brioni_(brand)) Qeelin (/wiki/Qeelin) Pomellato (/wiki/Pomellato) Dodo (/wiki/Pomellato#Dodo) Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) Tomas Maier (/wiki/Tomas_Maier) Lindberg (/wiki/Lindberg_(eyewear)) Maui Jim (/wiki/Maui_Jim) Creed (/wiki/Creed_(perfume)) Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) Culture Kering Foundation (/wiki/Kering_Foundation) Women in Motion (/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Motion&action=edit&redlink=1) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐gqd74 Cached time: 20240712212004 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.557 seconds Real time usage: 0.699 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2432/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30919/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1554/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 50292/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.372/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19519672/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 630.523 1 -total 34.20% 215.612 1 Template:Reflist 25.85% 162.979 1 Template:Infobox_person 17.13% 107.985 2 Template:In_lang 13.40% 84.521 2 Template:Cite_web 13.29% 83.804 1 Template:Authority_control 11.60% 73.124 1 Template:Short_description 10.53% 66.388 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.83% 55.645 1 Template:B-da 6.22% 39.242 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55591721-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712212004 and revision id 1214525445. 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American apparel brand This article is about the company. For the ethnic group, see Bomba (tribe) (/wiki/Bomba_(tribe)) . Bombas Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founded 2013 Founders Randy Goldberg, David Heath Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Website bombas (https://bombas.com/) .com (https://bombas.com/) Bombas is an apparel brand. The company originally sold socks and began selling T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) in 2019. For every item purchased, a clothing item is donated to a homeless shelter (/wiki/Homeless_shelter) or homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness) -related charity. History [ edit ] Bombas launched in 2013, after founders Randy Goldberg and David Heath [1] (#cite_note-FastCompany-1) learned that socks are the most requested clothing item in homeless shelters. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) They established the brand’s mission to donate one pair of socks for every pair purchased. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The company first received funding in 2013, raising nearly $145,000 through the crowdfunding website Indiegogo (/wiki/Indiegogo) . A year later, the company raised $1 million in seed funding from friends and family. [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) The founders appeared on a September 2014 episode of ABC’s Shark Tank (/wiki/Shark_Tank) and secured a deal with Daymond John (/wiki/Daymond_John) , with John providing $200,000 for 17.5% of the company. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2018, the company exceeded $100 million in revenue. [5] (#cite_note-5) By April 2020, Bombas had donated 35 million pairs of socks. [6] (#cite_note-6) In June 2020, Bombas released a collection of socks for which the company would donate an apparel item to a charity supporting LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) youth for each item purchased. [7] (#cite_note-7) As of October 2023, they’ve done $1.3 billion in retail sales. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2024, it was announced that Bombas would participate as one of the brand partners in the merchandising campaign for the upcoming first film (/wiki/Wicked_(2024_film)) of the two-part film adaptation of the musical Wicked (/wiki/Wicked_(musical)) for Universal Pictures (/wiki/Universal_Pictures) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FastCompany_1-0) Segran, Elizabeth (July 29, 2017). "Getting Startups Fired Up About Social Justice, One Sock At A Time" (https://www.fastcompany.com/40445016/how-one-sock-brand-is-helping-startups-step-up-their-social-good-game) . Fast Company . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b D'Innocenzio, Anne (August 19, 2018). "Online socks seller Bombas mixes commerce and charity" (https://apnews.com/dc84e45780f24847ac13fd731d5120a9) . AP News . Retrieved November 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT_3-0) Gelles, David (March 19, 2016). "Selling High-End Socks by Giving Them Away" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/business/selling-high-end-socks-by-giving-them-away.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Montag, Ali (August 22, 2017). "How Daymond John faced failure and ended up winning big" (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/21/shark-tank-investor-daymond-john-won-big-with-bombas.html) . CNBC . Retrieved April 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Weisul, Kimberly (May 16, 2019). "Bombas: Charitable at the Start, Profitable by Year 3, and Only 3 Employees Have Ever Quit" (https://www.inc.com/magazine/201906/kimberly-weisul/bombas-socks-low-turnover-emergency-fund-best-workplaces-2019.html) . Inc.com . Retrieved November 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Leighton, Mara (April 17, 2020). "Bombas socks review: the best socks we've ever worn" (https://www.businessinsider.com/bombas-socks-review) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Axel Springer SE (/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE) . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Miller, Charlie; Miller, Carballo (May 12, 2020). "Celebrate LGBTQ Pride Month With Gear From Brands That Give Back" (https://footwearnews.com/feature/pride-shoes-sneakers-lgbtq-charity-proceeds-converse-adidas-1202785050/) . Footwear News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200524102018/https://footwearnews.com/feature/pride-shoes-sneakers-lgbtq-charity-proceeds-converse-adidas-1202785050/) from the original on May 24, 2020 . Retrieved May 29, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Bombas Socks – $100 Million Shark Tank Success Story" (https://techiegamers.com/bombas-net-worth/) . TechieGamers.com . January 20, 2023 . Retrieved October 31, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) https://playbill.com/article/barbies-and-lego-and-bears-oh-my-a-wicked-movie-merch-bonanza-is-on-the-horizon (https://playbill.com/article/barbies-and-lego-and-bears-oh-my-a-wicked-movie-merch-bonanza-is-on-the-horizon) ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (https://www.licenseglobal.com/movies/wicked-product-collaborations-named) 'Wicked' Product Collaborations Named" (https://www.licenseglobal.com/movies/wicked-product-collaborations-named) . www.licenseglobal.com . Retrieved June 4, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Wicked is defying fans not to buy its merch" (https://www.avclub.com/wicked-mer-brand-tie-ins-universal-ariana-grande-1851491934) . The A.V. Club . May 21, 2024 . Retrieved June 4, 2024 . External links [ edit ] Good Morning America feature (https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/entrepreneurs-socks-company-bombas-share-success-story-48979636) v t e Shark Tank (/wiki/Shark_Tank) Investors Kevin O'Leary (/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary) Barbara Corcoran (/wiki/Barbara_Corcoran) Daymond John (/wiki/Daymond_John) Robert Herjavec (/wiki/Robert_Herjavec) Mark Cuban (/wiki/Mark_Cuban) Lori Greiner (/wiki/Lori_Greiner) Episodes (/wiki/List_of_Shark_Tank_episodes) Season 1 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_1) Season 2 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_2) Season 3 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_3) Season 4 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_4) Season 5 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_5) Season 6 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_6) Season 7 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_7) Season 8 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_8) Season 9 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_9) Season 10 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_10) Season 11 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_11) Season 12 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_12) Season 13 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_13) Season 14 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_14) Season 15 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_15) Notable investments (/wiki/List_of_Shark_Tank_investments) Bombas Breathometer (/wiki/Breathometer) Cycloramic (/wiki/Cycloramic) Drop Stop (/wiki/Drop_Stop) LuminAID (/wiki/LuminAID) Nardo's Natural (/wiki/Nardo%27s_Natural) Notehall (/wiki/Notehall) Plated (/wiki/Plated_(meal_kits)) Roominate (/wiki/Roominate) Scrub Daddy (/wiki/Scrub_Daddy) Shark Wheel (/wiki/Shark_Wheel) Talbott Teas (/wiki/Talbott_Teas) Tipsy Elves (/wiki/Tipsy_Elves) Villy Custom (/wiki/Villy_Custom) Notable companies that did not get an offer or declined an offer Ring (/wiki/Ring_(company)) Coffee Meets Bagel (/wiki/Coffee_Meets_Bagel) Kodiak Cakes (/wiki/Kodiak_Cakes) Scan (/wiki/Scan_(company)) Manscaped (/wiki/Manscaped) Beyond the Tank (/wiki/Beyond_the_Tank) Dragons' Den (/wiki/Dragons%27_Den) Shark Tank Australia (/wiki/Shark_Tank_(Australian_TV_series)) Shark Tank India (/wiki/Shark_Tank_India) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐776f6b9c48‐mdpwg Cached time: 20240716020203 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.363 seconds Real time usage: 0.531 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1832/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33761/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1122/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49075/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.245/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6384239/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 448.146 1 -total 29.12% 130.508 1 Template:Reflist 21.47% 96.199 1 Template:Shark_Tank 21.00% 94.131 1 Template:Navbox 19.16% 85.864 3 Template:Cite_news 18.83% 84.401 1 Template:Infobox_company 16.61% 74.421 1 Template:Infobox 15.17% 67.993 1 Template:Short_description 9.40% 42.140 2 Template:Pagetype 6.33% 28.372 7 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55624764-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716020203 and revision id 1234770392. 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This is a list of fashion education programs at colleges and universities around the world. A fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) organized by students of University of Texas at Austin (/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin) , USA, 2007 A fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) organized by students of FAD Institute of Luxury Fashion & Style at Piazza Di Spagna (/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) , 2019 [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) There are a number of specialized art schools and design schools worldwide that offer degrees in fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) and fashion design technology; [4] (#cite_note-4) some colleges also offer Masters of Fashion courses. See Bachelor of Design (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Design) and Master of Design (/wiki/Master_of_Design) . Design schools include: Argentina University of Palermo (/wiki/University_of_Palermo_(Buenos_Aires)) , Buenos Aires Australia RMIT University (/wiki/RMIT_University) , Melbourne University of Technology Sydney (/wiki/University_of_Technology_Sydney) , Sydney Queensland University of Technology (/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology) , Brisbane Sydney Institute of TAFE (/wiki/Sydney_Institute_of_TAFE) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Whitehouse Institute of Design (/wiki/Whitehouse_Institute_of_Design) , Melbourne and Sydney Bangladesh Bangladesh University of Textiles (/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Textiles) (BUTEX), Dhaka Shanto-Mariam University of Creative Technology (/wiki/Shanto-Mariam_University_of_Creative_Technology) , Dhaka BGMEA Institute of Fashion & Technology (/wiki/BGMEA_Institute_of_Fashion_%26_Technology) (BUFT), Dhaka Design Academy Bangladesh (/w/index.php?title=Design_Academy_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1) , Chattogram Belgium La Cambre (/wiki/La_Cambre) Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) Canada George Brown College (/wiki/George_Brown_College) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Toronto Film School (/wiki/Toronto_Film_School) Denmark Copenhagen Academy (/wiki/Copenhagen_Academy) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Scandinavian Academy of Fashion Design (/wiki/Scandinavian_Academy_of_Fashion_Design) France IFM Paris (Institut Français de la Mode) (/wiki/IFM_Paris_(Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_la_Mode)) Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne (/wiki/Ecole_de_la_Chambre_Syndicale_de_la_Couture_Parisienne) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) ESMOD (/wiki/ESMOD) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Studio Berçot (/wiki/Studio_Ber%C3%A7ot) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Georgia Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Academy_of_Arts) Germany AMD Academy of Fashion and Design (/wiki/AMD_Academy_of_Fashion_and_Design) Berlin University of the Arts (/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts) HTW Berlin (/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Technik_und_Wirtschaft) University of the Arts Bremen (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_Bremen) Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf) Giebichenstein Castle Academy of Arts (/wiki/Giebichenstein_Castle) in Halle (/wiki/Halle/Saale) Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe (/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Karlsruhe) Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich) Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg (/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Nuremberg) Design Hochschule Schwerin (/wiki/Schwerin) & Leipzig (/wiki/Leipzig) [8] (#cite_note-8) Hong Kong Hong Kong Polytechnic University (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University) Ireland Limerick School of Art and Design (/wiki/Limerick_School_of_Art_and_Design) National College of Art and Design (/wiki/National_College_of_Art_and_Design) India Indian Institute Of Fashion And Design - (IIFD) (http://Indian%20Institute%20of%20Fashion%20and%20Design%20-%20(IIFD)) ICAT Design & Media College (/wiki/ICAT_Design_%26_Media_College) National Institute of Fashion Technology (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Indian Institute of Art and Design (IIAD) (https://www.iiad.edu.in/) Amity University, Noida (/wiki/Amity_University,_Noida) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Pearl Academy of Fashion (/wiki/Pearl_Academy_of_Fashion) ((FOOTWEAR DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE-FDDI)) Apeejay Institute of Design National Institute of Design (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design) Raffles Design International (http://rafflesmumbai.com) FAD Institute of Luxury Fashion and Style (https://www.fadacademy.com/) [12] (#cite_note-12) Woxsen University (/wiki/Woxsen_University) Italy Istituto Marangoni (/wiki/Istituto_Marangoni) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Politecnico of Milan (/wiki/Politecnico_of_Milan) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti (/wiki/Nuova_Accademia_di_Belle_Arti) Istituto Europeo di Design (/wiki/Istituto_Europeo_di_Design) University Iuav of Venice (/wiki/University_Iuav_of_Venice) Istituto di Moda Burgo (/wiki/Istituto_di_Moda_Burgo) Israel Shenkar College of Engineering and Design (/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering_and_Design) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Japan Bunka Fashion College (/wiki/Bunka_Fashion_College) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Sugino Fashion College (/wiki/Sugino_Fashion_College) Netherlands [1] (http://amfi.nl) Amsterdam Fashion Institute (/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam_Fashion_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1) Malaysia ESMOD Kuala Lumpur (/w/index.php?title=ESMOD_Kuala_Lumpur&action=edit&redlink=1) LimKokWing University (/w/index.php?title=LimKokWing_University&action=edit&redlink=1) Raffles College Kuala Lumpur (/w/index.php?title=Raffles_College_Kuala_Lumpur&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico Monterrey Center for Higher Learning of Design (/wiki/Monterrey_Center_for_Higher_Learning_of_Design) Pakistan Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design (/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Fashion_and_Design) Poland [2] (https://www.ksa.edu.pl/study-in-poland-in-english/fashion-college-english) Cracow School of Art and Fashion Design (/wiki/Cracow_School_of_Art_and_Fashion_Design) Romania Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași (/wiki/Gheorghe_Asachi_Technical_University_of_Ia%C8%99i) George Enescu University of Arts of Iași (/wiki/George_Enescu_University_of_Arts_of_Ia%C8%99i) Art and Design University of Cluj-Napoca (/wiki/Art_and_Design_University_of_Cluj-Napoca) West University of Timișoara (/wiki/West_University_of_Timi%C8%99oara) - Faculty of Fine Arts and Design Turkey İzmir University of Economics (/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_University_of_Economics) Tunisia ESMOD Tunis [13] (#cite_note-13) United Kingdom England London Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) College of Fashion & Design Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Kingston University (/wiki/Kingston_University) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Middlesex University (/wiki/Middlesex_University) < [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) < [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) University of Westminster (/wiki/University_of_Westminster) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication (/wiki/Ravensbourne_College_of_Design_and_Communication) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) University of Brighton (/wiki/University_of_Brighton) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) De Montfort University (/wiki/De_Montfort_University) Richmond University (/wiki/Richmond_University) Bradford College (/wiki/Bradford_College_(England)) University for the Creative Arts (/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts) (Rochester & Epsom) Birmingham City University (/wiki/Birmingham_City_University) Nottingham Nottingham Trent University (/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University) Scotland Heriot-Watt School of Textiles and Design, Edinburgh (/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University) The Glasgow School of Art (/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art) Edinburgh College of Art (/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art) United States The University of Alabama (/wiki/The_University_of_Alabama) in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama) [14] (#cite_note-14) Parsons The New School for Design (/wiki/Parsons_The_New_School_for_Design) in New York City, New York (/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Portland Fashion Institute (/wiki/Portland_Fashion_Institute) in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York City, New York (/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [6] (#cite_note-topunis-6) [7] (#cite_note-spears-7) Savannah College of Art and Design (/wiki/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design) in Savannah, Georgia (/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Drexel University (/wiki/Drexel_University) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Pratt Institute (/wiki/Pratt_Institute) in New York City, New York (/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) NC State University (/wiki/NC_State_University) Wilson College of Textiles (https://textiles.ncsu.edu/) in Raleigh, North Carolina (/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina) Rhode Island School of Design (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design) in Providence, Rhode Island (/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Kent State University (/wiki/Kent_State_University) in Kent, Ohio (/wiki/Kent,_Ohio) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Otis College of Art & Design (/wiki/Otis_College_of_Art_%26_Design) in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) California College of the Arts (/wiki/California_College_of_the_Arts) in San Francisco, California (/wiki/San_Francisco,_California) [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Philadelphia University (/wiki/Philadelphia_University) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Academy of Art University (/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University) in San Francisco, California [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) [15] (#cite_note-15) Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Design_%26_Merchandising) in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego and Irvine, California [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) School of the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago) in Chicago, Illinois [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) Columbus College of Art and Design (/wiki/Columbus_College_of_Art_and_Design) in Columbus, Ohio Columbia College Chicago (/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago) in Chicago, Illinois El Centro College (/wiki/El_Centro_College) in Dallas, Texas Middle Tennessee State University (/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University) in Murfreesboro, Tennessee O'More College of Design (/wiki/O%27More_College_of_Design) in Franklin, Tennessee Virginia Commonwealth University (/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University) in Richmond, Virginia Woodbury University (/wiki/Woodbury_University) in Burbank, California Lasell University (/wiki/Lasell_University) in Newton, Massachusetts (/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts) Cornell University (/wiki/Cornell_University) in Ithaca, New York (/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York) [16] (#cite_note-16) Elsewhere in the world, Shih Chien University (/wiki/Shih_Chien_University) and Fu Jen Catholic University (/wiki/Fu_Jen_Catholic_University) in Taiwan and the Asian University chain, Raffles College of Design and Commerce, [5] (#cite_note-fashionista-5) all offer fashion design courses. There are many universities that offer fashion design throughout the United States, usually within the context of a general liberal arts degree. The major concentration incorporating fashion design may have alternative names like Apparel and Textiles or Apparel and Textile Design, and may be housed in departments such as Art and Art History, or Family and Consumer Studies. Some schools, such as Parsons, offer a major in Fashion Management, combining fashion education with business courses. [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Fashion & Talents, l'evento di Accademia del Lusso" (https://www.vogue.it/moda/article/fashion-and-talents-torna-alta-moda-roma) . Vogue Italia (in Italian). 25 September 2019 . Retrieved 2020-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) " (https://www.iltempo.it/moda/2019/10/03/news/fashion-talents-in-passerella-a-piazza-di-spagna-1219409/) "Fashion & Talents" in passerella a piazza di Spagna" (https://www.iltempo.it/moda/2019/10/03/news/fashion-talents-in-passerella-a-piazza-di-spagna-1219409/) . www.iltempo.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 2020-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fashion, sfilano talenti a piazza di Spagna | Metro News" (http://www.metronews.it/19/09/26/fashion-sfilano-talenti-piazza-di-spagna.html) . www.metronews.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 2020-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The World's 25 Best Design Schools - Business Insider" (http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-25-best-design-schools-2012-11?op=1) . Business Insider . 23 November 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Fashionista: Top 50 Fashion Schools in the World 2013: The Full List (http://fashionista.com/2013/06/top-50-fashion-schools-full-list) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Top Fashion Schools Around the World" (http://www.topuniversities.com/courses/art-design/top-fashion-schools-around-world) . Top Universities . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Best fashion schools in the world" (http://www.spearswms.com/news/best-fashion-schools-in-the-world-4177501/) . spearswms.com . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Designschule Schwerin: Gamedesign, Modedesign, Kommunikationsdesign" (http://www.designschule.de/) . designschule.de . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Amity School of Fashion Technology Best Fashion Colleges 2015 India Today Survey" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2015/ranks.jsp?ST=Fashion&LMT=4&Y=2015) . indiatoday.intoday.in . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "India's Best Fashion Colleges 2013" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Fashion&LMT=6&Y=2013) . India Today . 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Top 10: Other Professional Colleges In 2015" (http://www.outlookindia.com/article/top-10-other-professional-colleges-in-2015/294706) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) YouthIncMag (2016-01-01). "13 Best Institutes For Luxury Management Courses" (https://youthincmag.com/luxury-management) . Youth Incorporated Magazine . Retrieved 2020-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Esmod Tunisie | ESMOD TUNISIE" (http://en.esmod.com.tn/#) . en.esmod.com.tn . Retrieved 2017-06-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Apparel and Textiles: Fashion Retail" (https://www.ua.edu/academics/majors/apparelretail) . ua.edu . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Academy of Art University School of Fashion" (http://www.academyart.edu/academics/fashion) . academyart.edu . Academy of Art University (/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University) . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Departments & Fields of Study: Fashion Design and Management - Cornell University - Acalog ACMS™" (https://courses.cornell.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=31&poid=15215) . courses.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2022-10-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Resources: fashion graduate programs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130503144240/http://www.itaaonline.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=99) . ITAA. Archived from the original (http://www.itaaonline.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=99) on May 3, 2013 . 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(/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop 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(/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal 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Ivorian American fashion designer (born 1985) Loza Maléombho Born 1985 ( 1985 ) [1] (#cite_note-1) Loza Maléombho is an Ivorian American fashion designer. She was raised between Abidjan (/wiki/Abidjan) , Côte d'Ivoire (/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire) (West Africa) and Silver Spring, Maryland (/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland) (US). At age 13 she found interest in fashion while designing for her mother her aunts and her own school uniforms. In 2006, she graduated with a BFA in animation at the University of the Arts, Philadelphia (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts,_Philadelphia) . In order to gain further experience in fashion, she then moved to New York City, where she interned for designers Jill Stuart (/wiki/Jill_Stuart) , Yigal Azrouël (/wiki/Yigal_Azrou%C3%ABl) and Cynthia Rowley (/wiki/Cynthia_Rowley) . In 2009, she launched her self-titled label. In February 2015, Solange Knowles featured her in the Black Designer Spotlight series with ten other independent artists. The singer Beyoncé (sister of Solange Knowles) wears one of her creations in the clip for her title Formation (on the album Lemonade). [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She handles traditional but also original shapes, and plays with colors, reflecting her cosmopolitan journey, and in particular of this Brazil where she was born, from the New York of these beginnings, and West Africa. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Loza Maléombho - 7 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy" (https://www.artsy.net/artist/loza-maleombho) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Sur le visage qui apparaît dans le disque de la Lune", Le visage qui apparaît dans le disque de la lune , Presses universitaires du Septentrion, pp. 23–88, 2013, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4000/books.septentrion.5879 (https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.septentrion.5879) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782757405796 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Turquier, Barbara (2011). "Images en ligne" (https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.1110.0178) . Esprit . Octobre (10): 178–179. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3917/espri.1110.0178 (https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fespri.1110.0178) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0014-0759 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-0759) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) DUPLÀA, Emmanuel (February 27, 2019), "Les transformations d'établissement et la formation en ligne" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvggx3dp.15) , Formation et apprentissage en ligne , Presses de l'Université du Québec, pp. 115–138, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/j.ctvggx3dp.15 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvggx3dp.15) , S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 164873666 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164873666) , retrieved August 18, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-5) "MoonMag | African Creatives & Lifestyle » Toute l'actualité de la créativité contemporaine mode et design africain #MADEINAFRICALoza Maléombho, présente " Alien Edits " | MoonMag | African Creatives & Lifestyle" (https://mag.moon-look.com/mode-style/loza-maleombho-aliens-edit/) . mag.moon-look.com (in French). February 12, 2015 . Retrieved August 31, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Aveline, Christophe (October 2015). "Je viens d'être opéré en ambulatoire et j'ai très mal la nuit même, que faire?" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pratan.2015.07.005) . Le Praticien en Anesthésie Réanimation . 19 (5): 222–232. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.pratan.2015.07.005 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pratan.2015.07.005) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1279-7960 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1279-7960) . Further reading [ edit ] Djigo, Anna (September 1, 2015). "Loza Maléombho on moving back to Abidjan" (https://trueafrica.co/article/new-yorker-moved-fashion-empire-back-abidjan/) . True Africa . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Matshego, Lebogang (October 18, 2017). "Most Influential Icons in Contemporary African Pop Culture" (https://www.africa.com/most-influential-icons-in-contemporary-african-pop-culture/) . Africa.com . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Ngako, Diane-Audrey (April 10, 2015). "Loza Maléombho : " Je voulais montrer que j'étais fière d'être noire " (http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/04/10/loza-maleombho-je-voulais-montrer-que-j-etais-fiere-d-etre-noire_4614034_3212.html) " (http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/04/10/loza-maleombho-je-voulais-montrer-que-j-etais-fiere-d-etre-noire_4614034_3212.html) . Le Monde . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1950-6244 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1950-6244) . Rosen, Zachary (February 18, 2015). "Ivorian designer Loza Maléombho's #AlienEdits selfie series" (http://africasacountry.com/2015/02/loza-maleombhos-alienedits-series-elevates-the-selfie/) . Africa is a Country . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Sumaya; Klein, Alyssa (February 10, 2016). "The Amazing Story Of How Ivorian Designer Loza Maléombho Was Featured In Beyoncés 'Formation' Video" (http://www.okayafrica.com/beyonce-formation-video-loza-maleombho-ivorian-designer/) . OkayAfrica . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . http://www.okayafrica.com/search/?q=Loza+Mal%C3%A9ombho (http://www.okayafrica.com/search/?q=Loza+Mal%C3%A9ombho) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.lozamaleombho.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Africa (/wiki/Portal:Africa) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists Museum of Modern Art (https://www.moma.org/artists/68765) This Ivorian (/wiki/Ivory_Coast) biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loza_Mal%C3%A9ombho&action=edit) . v t e This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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A modeling agency (/wiki/Modeling_agency) is a company that represents fashion models (/wiki/Model_(person)) , to work for the fashion industry. [1] (#cite_note-List_of_world’s_Top_20_Model_Agencies_–_Best_Modeling_Agencies_in_the_World-1) These agencies earn their income via commission, usually from the deal they make with the model, and or the head agency. Modeling agencies [ edit ] Name Est. Country Comments Diyar Studio (/w/index.php?title=Diyar_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1) 2006 UAE based in Dubai, UAE with locations in Kerala, Pune and Mumbai Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) 1972 France based in Paris, France with locations in New York, Los Angeles, Miami, London and Toronto L&C models management. 2022 Kenya. based in Nairobi. Founded in 2022 by L&C modeling school, and Linkosiclothing. Francina International Modeling Agency (/wiki/Francina_International_Modeling_Agency) 1983 Spain established in Barcelona by the model Francina Díaz Mestre (/wiki/Francina_D%C3%ADaz_Mestre) [2] (#cite_note-James_Blount_Walkinshaw-2) Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) 1946 US ICON Models (https://iconmodels.ca/) 2004 Canada based in Toronto IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) 1987 US Look (/wiki/Look_(modeling_agency)) 1988 Israel based in Tel Aviv Look Model Agency (/wiki/Look_Model_Agency) 1986 US based in San Francisco [3] (#cite_note-Zinko_2016-3) Louisa Models (/wiki/Louisa_Models) 1990 Germany MIKAs (/w/index.php?title=MIKAs&action=edit&redlink=1) 1986 Sweden Founded by Mika Kjellberg (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Kjellberg) Marilyn Agency (/wiki/Marilyn_Agency) 1985 France based in Paris MP Management (/wiki/MP_Management) 1977 UK based in London Munich Models (/wiki/Munich_Models) 1992 Germany based in Munich, Germany Next Management (/wiki/Next_Management) 1989 US based in New York City with divisions in London, Los Angeles, Miami, Milan and Paris. Otto Models (/w/index.php?title=Otto_Models&action=edit&redlink=1) 1993 US established in Los Angeles, by Jason and Tereza Otto Scout Model & Talent Agency (/wiki/Scout_Model_%26_Talent_Agency) 2010 US has offices in San Francisco and Los Angeles Select Model Management (/wiki/Select_Model_Management) 1977 UK Silent Models (/wiki/Silent_Models) 2008 US The Society Management (/wiki/The_Society_Management) 2013 US based in New York City, it is the official U.S. division of the Elite World network (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) . [4] (#cite_note-4) It is also the U.S. branch of the Elite Model Look (/wiki/Elite_Model_Look) contest. [5] (#cite_note-5) Stardust Promotion (/wiki/Stardust_Promotion) 1979 Japan based in Shibuya, Tokyo Storm Model Management (/wiki/Storm_Management) 1987 UK based in Chelsea, London, founded by Sarah Doukas The Lions (/wiki/The_Lions_(agency)) 2014 US TUARON (/wiki/TUARON) 1999 Latvia a modeling and talent agency (/wiki/Talent_agent) headquartered in Riga (/wiki/Riga) , founded in 1999 by Anton Sova. Ugly Models (/wiki/Ugly_Models) 1969 UK VIVA Model Management (/wiki/VIVA_Model_Management) 1988 France based in Paris Why Not Model Management (/wiki/Why_Not_Model_Management) 1976 Italy based in Milan Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) 1967 US a modeling and talent agency (/wiki/Talent_agent) headquartered in New York City, founded in 1967 by Dutch supermodel Wilhelmina Cooper. [6] (#cite_note-6) Women Management (/wiki/Women_Management) 1988 US based in New York City, it also has offices in Paris and Milan YG KPlus (/wiki/YG_KPlus) 2008 Korea Zoli Agency (/wiki/Zoli_Agency) 1971 US former modelling agency based in New York City, it was particularly notable in the 1970s and 1980s. [7] (#cite_note-LLC1975-7) [8] (#cite_note-People-8) It was originally more geared towards male models, and was known as one of the elite male modelling agencies in the 1970s. [7] (#cite_note-LLC1975-7) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Lists of companies (/wiki/Lists_of_companies) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Lists (/wiki/Portal:Lists) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-List_of_world’s_Top_20_Model_Agencies_–_Best_Modeling_Agencies_in_the_World_1-0) "List of world's Top 20 Model Agencies – Best Modeling Agencies in the World" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120101182349/http://ceoworld.biz/ceo/2011/11/29/list-of-worlds-top-20-model-agencies-best-modeling-agencies-in-the-world) . CEOWorld Magazine. November 29, 2011. Archived from the original (http://ceoworld.biz/ceo/2011/11/29/list-of-worlds-top-20-model-agencies-best-modeling-agencies-in-the-world) on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-James_Blount_Walkinshaw_2-0) James, G.; Blount, T.; Walkinshaw, J. (2002). Model and Talent 2002 Directory: The International Directory of Model and Talent Agencies and Schools . International Directory of Model & Talent Agencies & Schools. Peter Glenn Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87314-145-1 . Retrieved November 19, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Zinko_2016_3-0) Zinko, Carolyne (September 8, 2016). "S.F. model agency looks to the future" (http://www.sfchronicle.com/style/article/S-F-model-agency-looks-to-the-future-9211600.php) . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 19, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A New Model Modelling Agency" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130413110703/http://www.businessoffashion.com/2013/04/a-new-model-modelling-agency.html) . businessoffashion.com. Archived from the original (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2013/04/a-new-model-modelling-agency.html) on 2013-04-13 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Society Management, New York" (http://thesocietymanagement.com/a-philosophy.aspx) . thesocietymanagement.com . Retrieved 2013-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "List of International Modeling Agencies" (http://modelisto.com/Modeling-Agencies/) . Modelisto.com . Retrieved 2017-11-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b New York Magazine . New York Media, LLC. 3 November 1975. p. 87. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0028-7369 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7369) . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-People_8-0) "In the Mad, Mod World of Models, Zoli's Zoo Has Cornered the Crazies" (http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20065601,00.html) , By Lee Wohlfert, People magazine (/wiki/People_magazine) , September 01, 1975, Vol. 4 No. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Richardson, Donald Charles; Falocco, John (13 October 1992). Men of style: the Zoli guide for the total man . Villard Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-679-41211-3 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Luce, Henry Robinson (1979). Fortune . Time Inc. p. 60 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . 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Canadian clothing brand Line the Label Logo Product type Fashion knits Owner John Muscat and Jennifer Wells Produced by Line the Studio Country Canada Introduced 2000 Website www (http://www.linethelabel.com) .linethelabel (http://www.linethelabel.com) .com (http://www.linethelabel.com) Line the Label , also known as Line , [1] (#cite_note-1) is a Canadian fashion clothing brand, based in North York (/wiki/North_York) , Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Production takes places in Toronto and China. Line the Label claims to have a strong and loyal following from celebrities; those who have reportedly worn the brand include Sarah Jessica Parker (/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker) , Kate Bosworth (/wiki/Kate_Bosworth) , Sandra Bullock (/wiki/Sandra_Bullock) , Jennifer Garner (/wiki/Jennifer_Garner) , Kate Hudson (/wiki/Kate_Hudson) , and Meghan Markle (/wiki/Meghan_Markle) . [3] (#cite_note-reuters-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-telegraph-5) History [ edit ] The brand was co-founded by John Muscat and Jennifer Wells in 2000, and acquired by fashion importer PYA a few years later. [3] (#cite_note-reuters-3) Originally based in Toronto, the brand expanded to showrooms in Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) , Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) and the US. The clothing is designed for women aged between 25 and 40, and described as "for the modern yet urban woman". [6] (#cite_note-vs-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2014 the company's knitwear was available in over 600 shops, across boutiques and department stores, and eleven showrooms across four countries. In 2017 Muscat praised outsourcing (/wiki/Outsourcing) production to China, stating it can produce quality products and the negative connotations from 20 years ago are no longer relevant. [6] (#cite_note-vs-6) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Meghan_Markle) wore a trench coat designed by the company at the closing of the 2017 Invictus Games (/wiki/2017_Invictus_Games) . [5] (#cite_note-telegraph-5) The brand achieved international attention following the 2017 public announcement of her engagement to British Prince Harry (/wiki/Prince_Harry) , during which she wore a white jacket from the company. [3] (#cite_note-reuters-3) [5] (#cite_note-telegraph-5) Muscat renamed the jacket "The Meghan" after the actress. [8] (#cite_note-hb-8) The jacket, priced at £450, sold out online immediately; the increased traffic on the website crashed the server. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Muscat subsequently released a statement saying it was one of Markle's favourite pieces designed by the company. [3] (#cite_note-reuters-3) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Canada portal (/wiki/Portal:Canada) Economy of Toronto (/wiki/Economy_of_Toronto) List of companies of Canada (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Canadian knitwear designers John Muscat & Jennifer Wells of Line Knitwear" (https://ottawacitizen.com/life/fashion-beauty/Canadian+knitwear+designers+John+Muscat+Jennifer+Wells+Line+Knitwear/9981888/story.html) . Ottawa Citizen (/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen) . 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Meghan Markle Wore a Coat From Toronto's LINE the Label for Her Engagement Announcement" (http://www.complex.com/style/2017/11/meghan-markle-toronto-label) . Complex . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Saminather, Nichola (27 November 2017). "Small Canadian designer in spotlight as Meghan Markle dons its coat" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-royals-markle-coat/small-canadian-designer-in-spotlight-as-meghan-markle-dons-its-coat-idUSKBN1DR2GP) . Retrieved 3 December 2017 – via Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Designer's Website Crashes Thanks To Meghan Markle's Engagement Photos" (http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/11/27/meghan-markle-coat/) . CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Holt, Bethan (27 November 2017). "Meghan Markle wears a coat by Canadian brand Line the Label as she poses with Prince Harry" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/meghan-markle-coat-canadian-brand-line-label-dress-parosh-engagement/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Style Q&A : John Muscat & Jennifer Wells are keeping it cosy" (https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/style+john+muscat+jennifer+wells+keeping+cosy/9981887/story.html) . Vancouver Sun (/wiki/Vancouver_Sun) . 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Designer Spotlight – LINE Knitwear" (https://globalnews.ca/news/1214103/designer-spotlight-line-knitwear/) . Global News (/wiki/Global_News) . 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-hb_8-0) "This is when Meghan Markle's sell-out white engagement coat will be available to buy again" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/bazaar-brides/a13935846/meghan-markles-white-engagement-coat-prompts-internet-surge/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "What Meghan Markle wore for her Nottingham visit" (http://metro.co.uk/2017/12/01/what-meghan-markle-wore-for-her-nottingham-visit-7124287/) . Metro . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Countering the 'Meghan effect' (http://www.information-age.com/countering-meghan-markle-effect-retailers-123469827/) " (http://www.information-age.com/countering-meghan-markle-effect-retailers-123469827/) . Information Age . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . 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Fashion concept A 2018 slow fashion show in Ireland. Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) 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As such, contrary to the industrial practices of fast fashion conglomerates, slow fashion involves local artisans (/wiki/Artisan) and the use of eco-friendly (/wiki/Eco-friendly) materials, with the goal of preserving crafts and the environment which, ultimately, provides value to all, slow fashion brands, consumers and retailers. [1] (#cite_note-1) Principles [ edit ] Definition [ edit ] Slow fashion is a way to "identify sustainable fashion solutions, based on the repositioning of strategies of design, production, consumption, use, and reuse, which are emerging alongside the global fashion system, and are posing a potential challenge to it." [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) It is an alternative to fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) because it promotes a more ethical and sustainable way of living and consuming. [3] (#cite_note-3) "It encompasses the whole range of 'sustainable,' 'eco,' 'green,' and 'ethical' fashion movement". [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) This movement is another business model (/wiki/Business_model) focusing on slowing down consumerism (/wiki/Consumerism) and respecting the environment and ethics. [5] (#cite_note-Jung_2016_410–421-5) Fast and slow fashion [ edit ] For a long time, slow fashion was defined in opposition to fast fashion. Unlike fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) , slow fashion production ensures quality manufacturing to lengthen the life of the garment or material. Slow fashion garment normally has a longer product life cycle, places stress on quality, is commonly more expensive, and demands increasing awareness from manufacturers and consumers to decrease production and consumption speed. [6] (#cite_note-6) Developing a garment with a cultural and emotional connection is also pertinent to the purpose behind slow fashion: consumers will keep an article of clothing longer than one season if they feel emotionally or culturally connected to the article of clothing. [7] (#cite_note-7) A taxation is in early stages of development [ by whom? ] in order to deter fashion companies from purchasing or producing materials that are not made with recycled, organic, or re-purposed materials. [8] (#cite_note-Choi2013-8) Utilizing materials already made will reduce the industry's carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) . [8] (#cite_note-Choi2013-8) There is also an important movement [ among whom? ] toward companies being more transparent. Many sustainable fashion companies are transparent, from manufacturing to retailing clothes, with the aim of helping buyers to make more conscious purchasing decisions. [9] (#cite_note-9) In accordance with the slow movement (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)#Fashion) there is a trend [ among whom? ] towards more conscious buying as well as companies attracting new consumers with their eco-friendly processes. Authors [ edit ] The idea of slow fashion became significant and grew after Elizabeth L. Cline published Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Clothing [10] (#cite_note-10) and rose awareness regarding the detriments of the fast fashion industry. The term was used on blogs and the internet. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) However, the term "slow clothes movement" was apparently coined by Angela Murrills, a fashion writer for Georgia Straight, a Vancouver-based online news magazine. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) However, the expression "slow fashion" was coined in a 2007 article by Kate Fletcher published in The Ecologist (/wiki/The_Ecologist) , where she compared the eco/sustainable/ethical fashion industry to the slow food movement: [12] (#cite_note-Valverde-12) The concept of slow fashion borrows heavily from the Slow Food Movement. Founded by Carlo Petrini in Italy in 1986, Slow Food links pleasure and food with awareness and responsibility. It defends biodiversity in our food supply by opposing the standardisation of taste, defends the need for consumer information and protects cultural identities tied to food. It has spawned a wealth of other slow movements. Slow Cities, for example, design with slow values but within the context of a town or city and a commitment to improve its citizens' quality of life. [13] (#cite_note-13) Slow Food Movement advocates the following principles: [14] (#cite_note-14) Good: quality, flavorsome and healthy food Clean: production that does not harm the environment Fair: accessible prices for consumers and fair conditions and pay for producers The slow fashion movement has been studied by Kate Fletcher, a researcher, author, consultant, and design activist, and the author of Sustainable Fashion and Textiles . Her writings integrated design thinking with fashion and textiles as a necessary way to move towards a more sustainable fashion industry. Based on the three principles of slow design (/wiki/Slow_design) that were created in 2006 in Milan, Hazel Clark, in SLOW + FASHION - an Oxymoron - or a Promise for the Future…? [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) decided to define the principles of the Slow Fashion Movement: [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) taking a local approach having a transparent production system making sustainable and sensorial products In 2019, Debapratim Purkayastha (/wiki/Debapratim_Purkayastha) provided an example of how an operative in the slow fashion industry looks like with a case study (/wiki/Case_study) of 7Weaves Social. [15] (#cite_note-15) The Assam (/wiki/Assam) -based social venture (/wiki/Social_venture) deals in sustainably sourced and manufactured Eri silk (/wiki/Eri_silk) products by on one hand working with the forest-dependent indigenous people (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples) in the region, while on the other hand working with global slow fashion brands in the West. [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Eri silk is manufactured without killing the silk worm and only natural dyes were used by 7Weaves in coloring the fabric. [18] (#cite_note-18) The model provided sustainable livelihood (/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood) to the artisan who had traditional knowledge (/wiki/Traditional_knowledge) in handloom and sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) . [19] (#cite_note-19) 7Weaves provided guaranteed work for artisans at a fixed monthly emolument for the whole year, and redistributed 50 percent of its annual profits to the artisans and other players in the supply chain (/wiki/Supply_chain) . [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) 7Weaves's focus was also to preserve the biodiversity (/wiki/Biodiversity) of the biologically rich but ecologically fragile Assam valley (/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley) region. [20] (#cite_note-20) Slow fashion brands from countries including Germany, France, Belgium and Australia source garments and fabrics from 7Weaves. According, to the author, 7Weaves's focus on sustainably sourced fair trade (/wiki/Fair_trade) fabrics that were long-lasting and locally produced, use of traditional values and know how, preservation of ecosystem (/wiki/Ecosystem) , source diversity, and responsible business practices emphasize its slow fashion credentials. [21] (#cite_note-21) Context [ edit ] In 2009, Vogue and The VOU Fashion Magazines traced the history of the context of the Slow Fashion Movement. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In March 1990, the New York Times and Vogue published articles about the environmental trend in the fashion world. In the summer of 1990, British fashion designer Katharine Hamnett, who has been often recognized as one of the first designers to combine environmental activism with fashion, gave a speech about the environmental impacts of fashion at the United Nations. In 1995, Giorgio Armani began to use hemp in his Emporio Armani collection. In 2001, Natalie Chanin launched Project Alabama, a collection of 200 locally produced hand-sewn T-shirts that was well received at New York Fashion Week. The same year, Stella McCartney launched her own line, applying animal-friendly (no leather, no fur) policies. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In recent years, many companies have kick-started revolutions against fast fashion, such as Fashion Revolution Day (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) and Second Hand September campaigns. This has led to big fast fashion retailers such as Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) to either pledge [22] (#cite_note-22) or launch a clothing line [23] (#cite_note-23) dedicated to sustainable clothing. Marketing [ edit ] Slow fashion has its own marketing strategies as it targets a certain type of consumers. Unlike fast fashion consumers, slow fashion consumers expect classic and timeless pieces of clothes, giving importance to versatility, low maintenance and a higher quality. [5] (#cite_note-Jung_2016_410–421-5) Marketing strategies concerning slow fashion often revolve around a more conscious consumption, focusing the advertising on environmentally and socially sustainable aspects on the clothes. Companies use several strategies in order to be less wasteful than other fast fashion brands [24] (#cite_note-24) changing their clothing lines less often producing and stocking less items paying attention to the material that they use ensuring ethical and non-exploitive methods of production Slow fashion is also often associated with thrift shops (/wiki/Charity_shop) , to the extent that shrift shops offer clothes that are not produced within a just-in-time flow (/wiki/Just-in-time_manufacturing) . Global economy [ edit ] Global economy has a market-driven aspect. This means that consumers are encourage to always buy more and producers are encourage to always produce more. Those two aspects mutually develop each other. The current economic model is said to be global because the production process is divided worldwide to maximize efficiency and profit. Slow fashion is more slow, local and quality-oriented. Therefore, it does not fit well in the global economy (/wiki/World_economy) model. [25] (#cite_note-Langdown_33–43-25) Several papers question the longevity of slow fashion in a market-driven society. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) Production [ edit ] In slow fashion, each designer is encouraged to produce locally, using local workforce and resources. [25] (#cite_note-Langdown_33–43-25) Quality is chosen over quantity, which means that slow fashion can reduce exploitation of resources or workers. The production chain is as transparent as possible. This redefines the hierarchy between designers, consumers and producers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Fashion is known to be ruled by trends that come and go quickly, encouraging consumption. The end products offered to clients are made to last longer and be timeless. Slow fashion has a different cost of production and cannot produce as much in quantity. Slow fashion cannot compete with the mass produced products of fast fashion that use cheap labor and resources to maximize profits. Slow fashion is very local and used fair-trade materials and fabrics of high quality. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) Moreover, slow fashion cannot produced as much as fast fashion due to the different production process. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) Many academic papers have looked into the viability of this movement in an era of mass-production and mass-consumption. By keeping the production in "productive communities", this process is more transparent. There is less intermediation and a greater cultural and material value to the consumer. This is one of the way Clarke presents to address the question of how slow fashion fit into the current economic model. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Recently, a carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chains has been implemented to encourage the use of local supplies. The effect of that measures has been limited. [26] (#cite_note-26) Pricing [ edit ] The pricing of slow fashion clothes varies a lot. Since the definition is so broad, a second-hand dress from a thrift shop worth five dollars and a designer dress costing 700 dollars can both be considered part of the slow fashion. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) The current economic system focuses on economic growth and quantity sold. However, research has shown that more parameters should be included due to a raising social conscience. [27] (#cite_note-27) People have said to be willing to pay more for clothes when they know that they have been produced in "sweat-free" manufacture. [25] (#cite_note-Langdown_33–43-25) Impact [ edit ] The slow fashion movement, part of the greater goal of sustainable fashion and thus, a cleaner world is gaining strength, driven by growing environmental concerns. In 2018, a third of fashion consumers bought clothing once a month, a decrease from 37% compared to 2016, whereas those buying clothes every two or three months or less rose from 64% to 67%, according to the market research firm Mintel (/wiki/Mintel) . [28] (#cite_note-28) After the release of the documentaries The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) and RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) , there was attention drawn to companies that have fast fashion practices. Despite the spread movement, H&M (/wiki/H%26M) had revenues amount to $25 billion in the fiscal year of 2016. However, as the movement has grown in popularity, H&M's stock and brand image has taken a hit as consumer awareness has spread of their environmentally unethical practices leading to a drop in sales. [29] (#cite_note-29) The spread of the movement has resulted in two fast fashion giants, Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , switching narratives to become advocates for ethical fashion practices. With collections aimed at sustainable fashions, the two companies have shifted towards more ethical practices. [30] (#cite_note-30) Due to the audience that the movement against unethical fashion practices has accumulated, organizations such as the United States Fashion Industry Association have devoted some of their attention to ‘social compliance and sustainability’. [31] (#cite_note-31) Critics [ edit ] Critics have called out against certain brands who have claimed to strive to follow slow fashion's principles. For example, Swedish brand H&M (/wiki/H%26M) was accused of not being sustainable when reports found out that it burns its unsold clothes. While H&M is striving to create sustainability to the best of their abilities, they are still overproducing mass amounts of clothing while hawking it as sustainable. H&M has a stated "sustainability strategy," and brands some items with green "Conscious" tags to signal that they contain "more sustainable materials". [32] (#cite_note-32) See also [ edit ] Ecodesign (/wiki/Ecodesign) Empathic design (/wiki/Empathic_design) Sustainable clothing (/wiki/Sustainable_clothing) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Product tracing (/wiki/Product_tracing) systems: allow to see source factory of a product Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Staniforth, Sarah (2010). "Slow Conservation" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27867120) . Studies in Conservation . 55 (2): 74–80. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/sic.2010.55.2.74 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fsic.2010.55.2.74) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 27867120 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27867120) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 198987730 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198987730) . Retrieved September 30, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Clark, Hazel (December 2008). "SLOW + FASHION - an Oxymoron - or a Promise for the Future …?". Fashion Theory . 12 (4): 427–446. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174108X346922 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174108X346922) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 194180788 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194180788) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "What Is Slow Fashion?" (https://goodonyou.eco/what-is-slow-fashion/) . Good On You . 2018-11-09 . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ertekin, Zeynep Ozdamar; Atik, Deniz (2014-05-19). "Sustainable Markets: Motivating Factors, Barriers, and Remedies for Mobilization of Slow Fashion". Journal of Macromarketing . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0276146714535932 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0276146714535932) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 154555245 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154555245) . ^ Jump up to: a b Jung, Sojin; Jin, Byoungho (2016). "From quantity to quality: understanding slow fashion consumers for sustainability and consumer education". International Journal of Consumer Studies . 40 (4): 410–421. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/ijcs.12276 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijcs.12276) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1470-6431 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-6431) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fletcher, Kate (2010). "Slow Fashion: An Invitation for Systems Change" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175693810x12774625387594) . Fashion Practice . 2 (2): 259–265. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175693810x12774625387594 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175693810x12774625387594) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1756-9370 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-9370) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110000414 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110000414) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kuusk, Kristi; Tomico, Oscar; Langereis, Geert; Wensveen, Stephan (2012). "Crafting smart textiles—a meaningful way towards societal sustainability in the fashion field?" (http://bada.hb.se/handle/2320/12348) . The Nordic Textile Journal . 1 : 6–15. ^ Jump up to: a b Choi, Tsan-Ming (April 2013). "Carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chain systems". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . 68 (1–4): 835–847. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00170-013-4947-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00170-013-4947-4) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110199159 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110199159) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Ellevate. "Why Sustainable Fashion Matters" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellevate/2019/10/07/why-sustainable-fashion-matters/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Spellings, Sarah (2019-08-20). "Really, Anyone Can Shop Clothing Sustainably" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/08/interview-elizabeth-cline-author-of-the-conscious-closet.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Štefko, Róbert; Steffek, Vladimira (2018-07-02). "Key Issues in Slow Fashion: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072270) . Sustainability . 10 (7): 2270. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/su10072270 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072270) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2071-1050 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050) . ^ (#cite_ref-Valverde_12-0) Valverde, Yarina. "What is ethical fashion?" (https://fashionhedge.com/what-is-ethical-fashion/) . fashionhedge.com . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Fletcher, Kate (September 2007). "Slow fashion" (http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/clothing/269245/slow_fashion.html) . The Ecologist (/wiki/The_Ecologist) . 37 (5): 61. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Our Philosophy" (https://www.slowfood.com/about-us/our-philosophy/) . Slow Food International . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "7WEAVES: Slow Fashion" (https://www.thecasecentre.org/main/products/view?&id=163765) . thecasecentre.org . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b Purkayastha, Debapratim (September 2019). "7Weaves: Slow Fashion". Case Folio . 19 (3): 25–34. ^ (#cite_ref-17) News-Desk, Apparel Resources (2019-02-14). "Why these 12 Indian weavers and artisans are special! | Trades News India" (https://apparelresources.com/business-news/trade/12-indian-weavers-artisans-special/) . Apparel Resources . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "7Weaves - Seda sustentável empodera comunidades indígenas na Índia" (https://www.fashionbubbles.com/historia-da-moda/7weaves-seda-sustentavel-india/) . Fashion Bubbles (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2020-04-21 . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Handworked Eri Silk from Assam Cocoa and Jasmine— COCOA AND JASMINE Cocoa and Jasmine" (https://www.cocoaandjasmine.com/zine/handworked-eri-silk-from-assam) . COCOA AND JASMINE . 17 April 2019 . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Purkayastha, Debapratim (2019-01-07). "Figure out how 7Weaves can scale up and go global" (https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/case-studies/figure-out-how-7weaves-can-scale-up-and-go-global/article25933346.ece) . @businessline . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Purkayastha, Debapratim (2019-02-27). "7Weaves, a promising model for ethical, slow fashion" (https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/case-studies/7weaves-a-promising-model-for-ethical-slow-fashion/article26388043.ece) . @businessline . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Conlon, Scarlett (2019-07-17). "Zara clothes to be made from 100% sustainable fabrics by 2025" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/jul/17/zara-collections-to-be-made-from-100-sustainable-fabrics) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) RecycleNation (2011-05-13). "H&M Launches Conscious Collection" (https://recyclenation.com/2011/05/hm-recycle-conscious-collection/) . RecycleNation . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Martin-Muir, Fiona (2018-09-28). "Why ethical fashion is made for referral marketing" (https://www.buyapowa.com/blog/ethical-fashion-made-for-referral-marketing/) . Buyapowa's Expert Insight on Referral Marketing | Blog . Retrieved 2019-08-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Langdown, Amanda (2014-06-01). "Slow fashion as an alternative to mass production: A fashion practitioner's journey". Social Business . 4 (1): 33–43. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1362/204440814x13948909253785 (https://doi.org/10.1362%2F204440814x13948909253785) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2044-4087 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-4087) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Choi, Tsan-Ming (September 2013). "Carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chain systems". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . 68 (1–4): 835–847. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00170-013-4947-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00170-013-4947-4) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0268-3768 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0268-3768) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110199159 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110199159) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Thorpe, Ann. (2012). Architecture and design versus consumerism: how design activism confronts growth . Abingdon, Oxon: Earthscan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781849713559 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 758394577 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/758394577) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Butler, Sarah (2018-12-29). "Is fast fashion giving way to the sustainable wardrobe?" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/dec/29/fast-fashion-giving-way-sustainable-wardrobe) . The Observer . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0029-7712 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712) . Retrieved 2019-08-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Paton, Elizabeth (2018-03-27). "H&M, a Fashion Giant, Has a Problem: $4.3 Billion in Unsold Clothes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/27/business/hm-clothes-stock-sales.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Can fast fashion be green?" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/technology/hm-fast-fashion-sustainability-recycling-hong-kong) . Vogue Business . 6 December 2018 . Retrieved 2020-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Social Compliance & Sustainability - the United States Fashion Industry Association" (https://www.usfashionindustry.com/policy/social-compliance-sustainability) . www.usfashionindustry.com . Retrieved 2020-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "The problem with 'sustainable fashion' (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/the-problem-with-sustainable-fashion/index.html) " (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/the-problem-with-sustainable-fashion/index.html) . 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Fashion design copyright refers to the web of domestic and international laws that protect unique clothing or apparel designs. The roots of fashion design copyright may be traced in Europe to as early as the 15th century. [1] (#cite_note-salmon-1) As of 2016, in most countries (including the United States and the United Kingdom), fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) does not have the same protection as other creative works (art, film, literature, etc.), because apparel (/wiki/Apparel) (clothes, shoes, handbags, etc.) are classified as "functional items", except when copyright laws (/wiki/Copyright_law) can be applied. This explains the success of the knockoff (/wiki/Knockoff) businesses to the detriment of established labels and emerging designers, the latter ones being especially damaged, because they rely on relatively few designs. [2] (#cite_note-BoF20160314-2) History [ edit ] French king Francis I (/wiki/Francis_I_of_France) [1] (#cite_note-salmon-1) gave out specific privileges related to the production of textiles. By 1711, in Lyon, illegalities were already being defined in regards to fashion materials, and in 1787, in England and Scotland fashion designers had fruitfully pushed their needs for protection into basic legislation. In 1876 Germany began protecting fashion patterns as well as models, and in 2002 European regulation on designs that were new and provided an aspect of fresh character or aesthetic were brought under protection. [3] (#cite_note-3) From 2004 to 2006 the "total production volume for clothing decreased by about 5% each year... [and by] 2006 the European union trade deficit for clothing was at 33.7 billion." [4] (#cite_note-4) These statistics show that while there are benefits of their advanced design legislation, the economic and external factors still hindered their industry growth in ways the U.S. can empathize with. As 2007 came to a close, WIPO, or the World Intellectual Property Organization (/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) , had registered twenty-nine international designs. [5] (#cite_note-5) Current regulation [ edit ] The protection of fashion design varies greatly from one country to the other. [2] (#cite_note-BoF20160314-2) European Union [ edit ] Unlike in the USA, when the laws regarding the clothing industry were created in Europe, the continent had a booming fashion industry that already started to reshape the clothing manufacturing industry. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) In the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) , the Creative Designs Directive and the European Designs Directive are in effect to protect new designs for three or five years. [2] (#cite_note-BoF20160314-2) The European Union Intellectual Property Office (/wiki/European_Union_Intellectual_Property_Office) are responsible for managing intellectual property in the EU. [7] (#cite_note-7) United States [ edit ] Main article: Fashion design copyright in the United States (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright_in_the_United_States) The US laws written in 1976 identify fashion as a manufacturing industry rather than a creative one, because fashion design had not reshaped the clothing manufacturing industry yet. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998 originally brought more limits to fashion design copyrighting, but a sui generis protection to the design of vessel hulls (DMCA-Title V: Vessel Hull Design Protection Act or VHDPA) was included to give more protection to some useful articles. The House of Representatives deemed fit to enable tighter fashion design copyrights through an extension of the VHDPA. [8] (#cite_note-8) There is no official design rights system, so brands and companies have to use design patents (a technical component of the design) and trademarks (names, slogans, logos) to "copyright" their products. Another option for highly-recognizable fashion designs is to register it as a trade dress with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office) (ex Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) and the Birkin bag (/wiki/Birkin_bag) ). [2] (#cite_note-BoF20160314-2) [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) In the 2017 Supreme Court case. Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. (/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc.) , it was ruled that Fashion design can be covered by copyright. ...an artistic feature of the design of a useful article is eligible for copyright protection if the feature (1) can be perceived as a two- or three-dimensional work of art separate from the useful article and (2) would qualify as a protectable pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work either on its own or in some other medium if imagined separately from the useful article. [9] (#cite_note-slipop11-9) This decision enhanced the protection of unique fashion works, which are often knocked off by fast-fashion retailers who turn the vast grey area of fashion copyrights into a profit. [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) Infringement cases [ edit ] From 2009 to 2018, Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) and Guess (/wiki/Guess_(company)) were in a copyrights feud over the use of a logo: Courts in the USA, China and Australia had ruled in favor of Gucci, while courts in France and Italy had ruled in favor of Guess. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) In 2010, Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) destroyed all its products containing the Hells Angels (/wiki/Hells_Angels) ' trademarked winged death heads symbol after the motorcycle club threatened to sue. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) In the 2012 case of Yves Saint Laurent v. Christian Louboutin , a court ruled that a brand could reuse Louboutin (/wiki/Christian_Louboutin) 's signature red on shoes as long as the whole shoe is covered in red, because having only the soles in red was indeed a copyright violation. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) In the UK, in the 2023 case of Adidas v. Thom Browne , a court ruled that Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) ' 3-stripe signature could be used by other brands. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) Societal impact [ edit ] Researcher Johanna Blakley argues that the very lack of regulation of fashion design has allowed the fashion industry to do very well economically and has led to the birth of fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) and a much faster changing of fashion trends (/wiki/Fashion_trend) and has enabled pieces of clothing to become pieces of art. She also refers to Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) pointing out that the people who buy cheap lookalikes are a different demographic compared with people who buy the original very high-end products and that while many exclusive designers get copied, also the high end designers often attribute the inspiration of their creations to following street fashion, so the copying is a two-way street. [12] (#cite_note-12) Digital fashion copyrights [ edit ] When a garment is replicated digitally, the copyrights holder of the physical garment does not necessarily remain the copyrights holder of the digital garment. For example, if a design agency does 3D applications for a fashion company, those 3D animations belong to the agency. Licence agreements are essential if several agencies are involved. Facing digitization, the fashion industry may go through the same disruption the music and film industries went through. [13] (#cite_note-13) The Hermès v. MetaBirkins case, the copyrights holder of the Birkin bag (/wiki/Birkin_bag) , the Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) group, filed a lawsuit against the company MetaBirkins which had created an almost identical NFT (/wiki/Non-fungible_token) bag sold $450 apiece. It was ruled in 2023 that NFTs were not protected by the First Amendment and had to respect copyrighted fashion designs. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) See also [ edit ] Design patent (/wiki/Design_patent) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Salmon, J.H.M. "Francis I (France)." Encyclopedia. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013 ^ Jump up to: a b c d "What are the consequences of copycats?" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/voices/discussions/what-is-the-real-cost-of-copycats/fashions-copycat-economy) , by Helena Pike, March 14, 2016, Business of Fashion ^ (#cite_ref-3) (Fischer Par. 8) ^ (#cite_ref-4) (Fischer Par. 2) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fischer, Fridolin. "Design Law in the European Fashion Sector" WIPO February 2008. Web. 10 Feb 2013 ^ Jump up to: a b c Lieber, Chavie (2018-04-27). "Fashion brands steal design ideas all the time. And it's completely legal" (https://www.vox.com/2018/4/27/17281022/fashion-brands-knockoffs-copyright-stolen-designs-old-navy-zara-h-and-m) . Vox . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The European Union Intellectual Property Office - About Us" (https://www.euipo.europa.eu/en/the-office/about-us) . euipo.europa.eu . The European Union Intellectual Property Office . Retrieved 26 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "U.S. Copyright Office - Protection for Fashion Design" (https://www.copyright.gov/docs/regstat072706.html) . www.copyright.gov . Retrieved 2023-12-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-slipop11_9-0) Star Athletica , slip op. at 11. ^ (#cite_ref-:1_10-0) "Designs – protecting fashion in the United States with IP rights" (https://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/global-guide/designs/2020/article/designs-protecting-fashion-in-the-united-states-ip-rights-dagg2020) . www.worldtrademarkreview.com . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "8 Fashion Lawsuits to Remember — Fashion Lawsuits Dior John Galliano Guess Gucci" (https://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/fashion-lawsuits-gucci-guess) . L'Officiel USA . Retrieved 2023-12-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Johanna Blakley: Lessons from fashion's free culture (https://www.ted.com/talks/johanna_blakley_lessons_from_fashion_s_free_culture) TED Talk, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Roberts-Islam, Brooke. "Digital Fashion: Who Really Owns The IP Rights?" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/brookerobertsislam/2020/11/03/digital-fashion-who-really-owns-the-ip-rights/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . External links [ edit ] How Is Fashion Protected by Copyright Law? (https://copyrightalliance.org/is-fashion-protected-by-copyright-law/) , Copyrightalliance.org Fashion Design and Copyright in the US and EU (https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_ipr_ge_15/wipo_ipr_ge_15_t2.pdf) , Wipo.int v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles 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Quilled vest Ribbonwork by Ardina Moore (/wiki/Ardina_Moore) Ojibwe beaded velvet shirt, Wisconsin Native American fashion is the design (/wiki/Fashion_design) and creation of high-fashion clothing (/wiki/Clothing) and fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) by Native Americans in the United States (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) . This is a part of a larger movement of Indigenous fashion of the Americas (/wiki/Indigenous_fashion_of_the_Americas) . Indigenous designers frequently incorporate motifs (/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)) and customary materials into their wearable artworks, providing a basis for creating items for the haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) and international fashion markets. Their designs may result from techniques such as beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) , quillwork (/wiki/Quillwork) , leather (/wiki/Leather_crafting) , and textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) , such as weaving, twining, and tufting. In some cases, however, they choose not to include any materials associated with Indigenous cultures. In the United States, under the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (/wiki/Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Act_of_1990) , in order to qualify as Native American designers, artists must be enrolled in a federally recognized tribe (/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes) , state-recognized tribe (/wiki/State_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States) , or be certified as a designated tribal artisan by the tribal council. [1] (#cite_note-1) When Native American designers first broke into the modern fashion industry in the 1940s and 1950s, many adopted a pan-Indian (/wiki/Pan-Indian) approach. By selecting motifs and iconography easily identified as part of Indigenous culture, they were able to gain acceptance and develop a market share (/wiki/Market_share) with mainstream buyers. As the field of Native designers in high fashion expanded, individual designers moved away from pan-Indianism, expressing their individual identity, whether or not it was based on their specific tribal heritage. Many have taken Indigenous themes and incorporated them into their works, while others have taken specific garments and updated them to contemporary aesthetics by changing necklines, sleeve lengths, hemlines, and other features. Controversy has emerged over the misappropriation or inappropriate use of cultural heritage by non-Native designers. Respectful use of imagery by mainstream designers who are not Indigenous can help expand appreciation of Native cultures, but plagiarism of design or malapropos use reinforces negative stereotypes and spurs controversy. Similarly, utilizing artisan craftwork can expand awareness if designers are fairly compensated for their work and given credit for their contributions. Contemporary controversies have spurred both crowd-sourced and legislative action to protect the designs and cultural heritage of Indigenous designers. History [ edit ] Historical clothing of Native American peoples has been collected and displayed by curators of major museums with a focus on pre-20th century attire. For the most part, these collections failed to take into consideration the shift in clothing trends among Indigenous peoples brought about by assimilation policies (/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans) or by access to tailoring training and industrially produced textiles. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201066–67-2) However, Indigenous-focused museums have featured exhibitions of contemporary Native fashion. For example, the National Museum of the American Indian (/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian) in New York City's 2017 "Native Fashion Now" exhibit featured Project Runway finalist Patricia Michaels [3] (#cite_note-3) and The Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in Santa Fe held exhibits as early as 2007 on Native couture and Institute of American Indian Arts (/wiki/Institute_of_American_Indian_Arts) founder Lloyd Kiva New (/wiki/Lloyd_Kiva_New) . [4] (#cite_note-4) While Native peoples have always produced clothing, until the 20th century the garments they made were often for personal, familial, or ceremonial use. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieber2016-5) However, forced assimilation (/wiki/Forced_assimilation) policies throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries focused on eradicating Native American culture, including religious observance, language, and other traditional practices. [6] (#cite_note-6) Later, policies such as the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act) changed the strategy for the education of Native peoples, encouraging them instead to reconnect with their cultures, including the creation of traditional dress. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1942, the American anthropologist (/wiki/Anthropologist) Frederic H. Douglas (/wiki/Frederic_H._Douglas) , sought to highlight the beauty of Native American fashion by presenting a fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) featuring garments made by Native Americans between 1830 and 1950. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201066–68-8) During the same decade, Lloyd Kiva New (/wiki/Lloyd_Kiva_New) , a Cherokee (/wiki/Cherokee_Nation) who had graduated from the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago) began touring throughout Europe and the United States with clothing and accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) lines he had designed, using hand- woven (/wiki/Weaving) and dyed (/wiki/Dyeing) fabrics and leather crafts (/wiki/Leather_crafting) . In 1945, New opened a studio in Scottsdale, Arizona (/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona) , with financial backing from Douglas, [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201069-9) which initially focused on belts, hats and purses. Influenced by Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) medicine bags (/wiki/Medicine_bag) , his purses, decorated with hand-worked metals (/wiki/Jewellery) became a specialty. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201080–81-10) Recognizing the need to reduce labor costs, he began combining machine work with handcrafting and instituted an apprenticeship (/wiki/Apprenticeship) program to meet increasing production demands while gearing his designs for the up-scale market. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201082-11) Gaining coverage from national magazines like Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) and The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) , New began selling his bags at the Elizabeth Arden Salon (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) and Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201084-12) Expanding into clothing with a focus on classic cuts and simple designs using quality materials, New incorporated woven Cherokee fabrics, bead- (/wiki/Beadwork) and silver-work (/wiki/Native_American_jewelry) into a line of coats and dresses for women and men's suits, [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201085-86-13) capitalizing on the luxury clothing market which emerged after World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201087-14) "Southwestern chic" became a national trend in the early 1950s. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201089-15) In 1951, New was the only Native American designer who participated in the Atlantic City International Fashion Show, winning national recognition. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201091-16) He began to consult with artists and incorporated silk screened (/wiki/Silk_screen) fabrics using native motifs, such as Pima (/wiki/Pima_people) basket weaving (/wiki/Basket_weaving) designs, Hopi (/wiki/Hopi) pottery (/wiki/Puebloans#Pottery) patterns, Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) and Zuni (/wiki/Zuni_people) yei elements (/wiki/Yeii) , drawing from a variety of tribal aesthetics. As with designers who followed him, his sacred symbols and iconography (/wiki/Iconography) were modified to become secularized. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201037,_96–97-17) To encourage other Indigenous artists to enter fashion design and safeguard cultural traditions which he feared might be lost, [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010102-18) New turned his attention to education in 1959, sponsoring a summer design project, known as the Southwest Indian Arts Project. The experimental project eventually resulted in the founding by New and other artists of the Institute of American Indian Arts (/wiki/Institute_of_American_Indian_Arts) (IAIA) in 1962. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010108,_113-19) The purpose of the school was to provide an education that fostered pride in students' Indigenous heritage and featured the development of skills designed to improve their economic opportunities. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010132–133-20) New taught a printed textiles course focused on dying techniques, and Azalea Thorpe (/wiki/Azalea_Thorpe) (Scottish) taught weaving. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010133-21) Josephine Myers-Wapp (/wiki/Josephine_Myers-Wapp) ( Comanche (/wiki/Comanche) ) was hired to instruct students in the traditional techniques used to make garments and accessories, laying the groundwork for the aesthetic appreciation of tribal traditions. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010136-22) She taught students to use traditional materials like feathers, leather and shells, and methods including beadwork, ribbonwork (/wiki/Ribbonwork) and weaving to create garments. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010155–156-23) By 1965, IAIA was hosting local fashion shows. Within three years, the students had begun showing their works in other venues in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and New York. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010139–140-24) Within ten years, the reputation of the textile design programs at the school had gained international acclaim. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010147-25) During the 1970s, Native American designers began to make a name for themselves during the Indian and Natural movements (/wiki/1970s_in_Western_fashion) , such as Jewel Gilham ( Blackfeet (/wiki/Blackfeet) ) and Remonia Jacobsen ( Otoe (/wiki/Otoe) / Iowa (/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma) ). [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010199-26) Gilham catered to working women, designing pantsuits (/wiki/Pantsuit) and long dresses made of polyester fabrics with felt insets depicting geometric figures and native motifs. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010199-26) [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Missoulian''19735-27) [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Daily_Inter_Lake''197714-28) Jacobsen's work featured loose-fitting dresses featuring decorative techniques, such as embroidered ribbonwork (/wiki/Ribbonwork) in the Otoe and Iowa style, appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) drawing on Seminole (/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma) traditions, buckskin (/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)) leggings (/wiki/Leggings) patterned on Kiowa designs, as well as influences from Pueblo and Sioux decorative silhouettes. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010214-29) Fueled by the American Indian (/wiki/American_Indian_Movement) and Civil Rights Movement (/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement) , countercultural consumers (/wiki/Counterculture) found appeal in Gilham and Jacobsen's work. Furthermore, their fashion fostered a pan-Indian (/wiki/Pan-Indianism) unity in the quest for political power through self-expression. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010216-30) 1975 to 1990 [ edit ] When Josephine Wapp retired in 1975, Sandy Fife Wilson (/wiki/Sandy_Fife_Wilson) ( Muscogee (/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation) ) took over instruction of her traditional techniques course and offered "Traditional and Contemporary Fashion Design" to include current fashion trends. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010151-31) [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2016-32) Fife's students formed the Full Moon Fashions group and began targeting non-native women as prospective buyers for their products. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010152-33) In 1982, when Wendy Ponca (/wiki/Wendy_Ponca) ( Osage (/wiki/Osage_Nation) ) [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012b86-34) took over the fashion design courses at the IAIA, she renamed them fiber arts (/wiki/Fiber_art) in accordance with other accredited university curricula, offering three levels of instruction. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010159-35) She founded the Waves of the Earth Fashion Group and required her students to participate in the fashion shows of the IAIA, giving them an opportunity to show their creations and discover how to market their works. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010161–162-36) Ponca changed the direction of Native American fashion [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010159-35) by allowing the designers to determine whether their works would include traditional influences and media. [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010160-37) She taught them garment design, structural integrity, and color theory, but allowed students to interpret how they used the lessons. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010160-161-38) Ponca's approach was to ignore demands to make designs fit stereotypical definitions of Indigenous identity. Instead she encouraged creativity [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010165-39) and innovation, like utilizing mylar (/wiki/Mylar) , a space-age material to create designs which reflected the Osage connection with the sky. [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010169-40) The fashion show of the Santa Fe Indian Market (/wiki/Santa_Fe_Indian_Market) , hosted for nearly two decades by fashion expert, Jeri Ah-be-hill (/wiki/Jeri_Ah-be-hill) ( Kiowa (/wiki/Kiowa) ), quickly became another venue to showcase the students' work, [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaywood2015-41) [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010165-39) using the body as a venue to display designs, rather than galleries. [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010165-39) Native Uprising , initially called Native Influx was founded in the 1980s as a collaborative association of Indigenous artists, designers, and models, who were alumni of IAIA, with the express purpose of building a contemporary, Native fashion design movement and allowing members to profit from their fashion shows. [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010177–179-42) With New as an advisor and Ponca as the coordinator, the group included many members who made a name for themselves in fashion, for example Marcus Amerman (/wiki/Marcus_Amerman) ( Choctaw (/wiki/Choctaw) ), who acted as the stage director [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010180,_258-43) and RoseMary Diaz (/w/index.php?title=RoseMary_Diaz&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Santa Clara Pueblo (/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo) ), who majored in fashion design and creative writing, before turning to writing about fashion. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010163-44) In 1981, Margaret Wood (/wiki/Margaret_Wood_(fashion_designer)) ( Navajo (/wiki/Navajo_Nation) / Seminole (/wiki/Seminole) ) of Arizona, known for fashion design as well as for her quilts (/wiki/Quilt) , [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2013Z042-45) [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2016126–128-46) published Native American Fashion: Modern Adaptations of Traditional Designs . [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010217-47) The book was the first treatment of contemporary Native American fashion and remains the sole in-depth treatment of the subject. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010218-48) Also in the 1980s, Indigenous designers like Luanne Belcourt ( Chippewa-Cree (/wiki/Rocky_Boy%27s_Indian_Reservation) ) and Myrtle Raining Bird (Chippewa-Cree) operated their company Sitting Eagles , marketing custom-made garments on their reservation to high-end buyers. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010228–229-49) Jeanette Ferrara (/w/index.php?title=Jeanette_Ferrara&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Isleta Pueblo (/wiki/Isleta_Pueblo) ) opened a design studio known for coats and vests incorporating cotton, wool, and velvet, and Ardina Moore (/wiki/Ardina_Moore) ( Quapaw (/wiki/Quapaw) / Osage (/wiki/Osage_Nation) ) founded Buffalo Sun in Oklahoma in 1983. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010228-50) Geraldine Sherman (/wiki/Geraldine_M._Sherman) ( Lakota (/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation) ) designed for non-native marketer and anthropologist Helene Hagan (/wiki/Helene_Hagan) to produce garments featuring Native American iconography. Hagan marketed them, stressing their spiritual and symbolic meaning. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010228-50) [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighty1986-51) Jeri Ah-be-hill (/wiki/Jeri_Ah-be-hill) at the Santa Fe Indian Market 2014. Demonstration of the difference in dance regalia and experimental fashion. Healthcare professional and fashion designer, Marjorie Bear Don't Walk (/wiki/Marjorie_Bear_Don%27t_Walk) ( Chippewa (/wiki/Chippewa) - Salish (/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation) ) designed high-end couture for working women and displayed her fashions featuring appliqué techniques at conferences. Shed ran a mail order (/wiki/Mail_order) business, allowing customers to provide her with their preferred materials which she then worked into her designs. [52] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010233-52) In 1984, Selina Curley (/w/index.php?title=Selina_Curley&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Apache (/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation) -Navajo) founded a design firm, Traditions by Selina, aimed at preserving the traditions of her heritage. Her typical designs are based on the Apache camp dress with a full, ankle-length skirt and long sleeves. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilversmith2013-53) [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2013-54) The Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian (/wiki/Wheelwright_Museum_of_the_American_Indian) , located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, hosted Talking Threads: Contemporary Native American Fashions in 1986. The exhibit featured designs by Joyce Begay-Foss (/wiki/Joyce_Begay-Foss) (Navajo), Loretta Tah-Martin ( Apache (/wiki/Plains_Apache) - Ponca (/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma) ) and Michelle Tsosie Naranjo (/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Tsosie_Naranjo&action=edit&redlink=1) (Santa Clara-Navajo- Laguna Pueblo (/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo) -Mission), among others. [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010230-55) The following year, the Red Earth Festival (/wiki/Red_Earth_Festival) was established in Oklahoma City (/wiki/Oklahoma_City) , showcasing creations by non-native designer Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , along with Phyllis Fife (/wiki/Phyllis_Fife) (Muscogee), to demonstrate that Native clothing was part of mainstream fashion. Fife was part of a group of native designers known as the Fashion Drums of Red Earth , who have made the fashion show of the Red Earth Festival an annual event, demonstrating that native clothing is wearable for every day and not simply as ceremonial costuming. [56] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010231–232-56) Also in 1987, Patta Joest (/w/index.php?title=Patta_Joest&action=edit&redlink=1) (Choctaw) established her firm Patta LT with the label Dancing Rabbit , to create high-fashion, producing contemporary garments with design elements from Southeastern Woodland (/wiki/Southeastern_Woodland) tribal heritage. They included Cherokee tear dresses and Seminole patchwork (/wiki/Seminole_patchwork) vests, incorporating features such as Plains Tribes (/wiki/Plains_Tribes) -style beadwork. Her line also included innovative bras and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) as well as broomstick skirts (/wiki/Broomstick_skirt) . [57] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaca199952–53-57) The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (/wiki/Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Act_of_1990) was passed by the United States Congress (/wiki/United_States_Congress) . It specified that for artists to market their works as Native American, they must be enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe or be certified by a tribal council as a member and must disclose their affiliated tribe. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201016-58) The law aimed to curtail the misappropriation of Native American designs by non-Natives wishing to capitalize on the Indigenous market. For Indigenous Americans, their symbols, such as the headdress (/wiki/War_bonnet) have ceremonial and sacred properties. Inappropriate use of such objects, like the 2014 Next Top Model (/wiki/Next_Top_Model) use of the headdress for non-Native models and its use in Dallas by Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) for their Métiers d'Art show, were all too frequent occurrences. Though the law made it illegal to sell items by those not affiliated as a tribal member, little could be done when designs, symbols, or names were usurped. The law, written to protect the tribes and their cultures as a whole, does not cover individuals, with the result that there is no protection for the works of fashion designers. As part of their tribal tradition, symbols of various tribes are not typically trademarked (/wiki/Trademarked) , but one exception is the name "Navajo", which was legally trademarked in 1943. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieber2016-5) 1991–2010 [ edit ] The 1990s saw a split in the Native American fashion design styles, with one group pursuing simple silhouettes with defined, smooth transitions between fabric lines, while the other group focused on avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) Indigenous couture. Among those who favored classic, clean lines were Betty David (/wiki/Betty_David) ( Spokane (/wiki/Spokane_Tribe) ), [59] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010242-59) known for her shearling coats (/wiki/Shearling_coat) ; [60] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney2005-60) Dorothy Grant (/wiki/Dorothy_Grant) ( Haida (/wiki/Haida_people) ), [59] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010242-59) who trained at Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) 's Helen Lefeaux School of Fashion Design and whose work includes images of flora and fauna of the Pacific Northwest (/wiki/Pacific_Northwest) , formline art (/wiki/Formline_art) and basketry designs; [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2013Z042-45) [61] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeerchild2016-61) and Penny Singer (/w/index.php?title=Penny_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1) (Navajo), [59] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010242-59) who added photographic images on fabric to her traditional men's and women's shirts and accessories decorated with beads and ribbon work. [62] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2013Z043-62) [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez2007Z074-63) Virgil Ortiz (/wiki/Virgil_Ortiz) ( Cochiti Pueblo (/wiki/Cochiti_Pueblo) ) and Grant were the first Native American fashion designers to exhibit at an event in Manhattan. They held a show together at the Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in 2009, [64] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012b84-64) though Ortiz's work generally is known as more cutting-edge and noted for incorporating colors, shapes, and symbols from pottery in his fashion design. [62] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2013Z043-62) Angela DeMontigny (/wiki/Angela_DeMontigny) (Chippewa-Cree/ Métis (/wiki/M%C3%A9tis) ) of southwestern Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) , a Canadian First Nation designer, also followed the classic traditional lines, with edgy elements based initially on leather and suede garments before branching into jewelry and accessories. [65] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalcon2009-65) [66] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''West_of_the_City_Magazine''2016-66) Other Native American designers from the early 1990s included the master weaver Margaret Roach Wheeler (/wiki/Margaret_Roach_Wheeler) ( Chickasaw (/wiki/Chickasaw) / Choctaw (/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma) ), who earned a master's degree in art at Pittsburg State University (/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University) in Kansas, under the tutelage of Marjorie Schick (/wiki/Marjorie_Schick) ; [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2013Z042-45) [67] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonks201672–73-67) Aresta LaRusso founded Deerwater Design in Flagstaff (/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona) in 1994 featuring items made of silk or wool fabrics and deer or elk skin. To update her contemporary patterning, she used zebra and impala hide, decorated with beadwork, fringe, and silver. [68] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid199931,_35-68) [69] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Arizona_Republic''200278-69) Wendy Ponca, one of the leaders of the avant-garde group, left IAIA in 1993. After she was replaced by Pearl Sunrise (/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Sunrise&action=edit&redlink=1) (Navajo), a noted weaver, the fashion curriculum at IAIA was eliminated in 1995, [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010188,_242-70) though momentum for high fashion works produced by native designers was rising. [71] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010190-71) Among Ponca's students at IAIA in the 1990s were the designers Pilar Agoyo (/w/index.php?title=Pilar_Agoyo&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Ohkay Owingeh (/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh) / Cochiti (/wiki/Cochiti_Pueblo) / Kewa (/wiki/Kewa_Pueblo,_New_Mexico) ), who works on costuming for several films, including Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull) (2008) and The Avengers (/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)) (2012), [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvila2015-72) and Patricia Michaels (/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Michaels&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Taos Pueblo (/wiki/Taos_Pueblo) ), who went on to take second place in season 11 of Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) . [73] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston2013-73) Her women's jacket titled "Weathered Text: No Trespassing by the Taos War Chief." won the Best of Class award in the textiles category at the Santa Fe Indian Market in 2010. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012b86-34) Another of Ponca's students, Brenda Wahnee ( Comanche (/wiki/Comanche) ), developed her own line Com-N-Acha , featuring fashion forward designs. Her works were featured in 2003 at the Grammy (/wiki/Grammy_Award) Fest party. [59] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010242-59) [74] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBegley2003-74) Tazbah Gaussoin ( Picuris Pueblo (/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo) /Navajo), Consuelo Pascual (Navajo/ Maya (/wiki/Maya_peoples) ), and Rose Bean Simpson (Santa Clara Pueblo) were other Ponca students who began making a name in fashion circles in the 1990s. [75] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010246-75) In 2005, the IAIA with support from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (/wiki/W._K._Kellogg_Foundation) , sponsored Tribal Fusions , as a cross-cultural fashion endeavor, uniting designers from Africa with Marcus Amerman, Dorothy Grant, Patricia Michaels, and Virginia Yazzie Ballenger for the annual fashion show at the Santa Fe Indian Market. It was a unique opportunity for designers from diverse Indigenous populations to share designs and methods of economic empowerment. [76] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010258-76) In 2009, Jessica Metcalfe (/wiki/Jessica_Metcalfe) ( Chippewa (/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians) ), a scholar who earned her doctorate from the University of Arizona, created a fashion blog (/wiki/Blog) called "Beyond Buckskin". [77] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2017-77) Metcalfe used the blog to promote Native American designers, to talk about how they fit into popular culture and also to hold companies accountable when they attempted to appropriate Native culture. [78] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinberg2013-78) The following year, Patricia Michaels formed UNRESERVED Alliance , in an attempt to ensure that Native American fashion designers were represented at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [79] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010263-79) Similarly to Native Uprising founded two decades previously, the collective of designers aimed through collaboration to improve inclusion of Indigenous artists. [80] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010339-80) 2011 and beyond [ edit ] Santa Fe Indian Market Fashion show 2014 As Native American designers recognized that marketing to Indigenous peoples alone limited their business sustainability, they increasingly created clothing that is derived from their cultural heritage but has been adapted to appeal to a larger aesthetic. Early designers tended to approach fashion from a pan-Indian perspective, but contemporary Indigenous designers often "stay within the realm of their own traditional tribal or regional clothing techniques". [81] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010354-81) In 2012, Kelly Holmes ( Cheyenne River Lakota (/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Lakota) ), a former model, founded Native Max (/w/index.php?title=Native_Max&action=edit&redlink=1) , "the first Native American fashion magazine". [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieber2016-5) Jessica Metcalf ( Turtle Mountain Chippewa (/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Chippewa) ), who wrote the "Beyond Buckskin" blog, opened a fashion boutique in Gardena, North Dakota (/wiki/Gardena,_North_Dakota) the same year. [77] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2017-77) Metcalfe, along with photographer Anthony Thosh Collins and designer Bethany Yellowtail (/wiki/Bethany_Yellowtail) ( Northern Cheyenne (/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne) / Crow (/wiki/Crow_Nation) ) created a compilation of fashion called Beyond Buckskin Lookbook which she says is the "first compilation of modern Native fashion produced exclusively by Natives". [78] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinberg2013-78) [82] (#cite_note-82) In 2014, Loren Aragon (/wiki/Loren_Aragon) (Acoma Pueblo) and Valentina Aragon (Diné) founded the ACONAV couture brand known for its asymetrical designsthat blend cultural ideas with modern silhouettes. [83] (#cite_note-NNO-83) Virgil Ortiz (/wiki/Virgil_Ortiz) (Cochiti Pueblo) creates futuristic fashion designs that reference the Pueblo Revolt (/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt) of 1680 blended with science fiction narratives about fighters for freedom based in the year 2180. [84] (#cite_note-WW-84) In 2016, a survey exhibition, "Native Fashion Now," curated by Karen Kramer at the Peabody Essex Museum (/wiki/Peabody_Essex_Museum) in Salem, Massachusetts (/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts) , traveled to Philbrook Museum of Art (/wiki/Philbrook_Museum_of_Art) in Tulsa, Oklahoma (/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma) , Portland Art Museum (/wiki/Portland_Art_Museum) in Oregon, and the Smithsonian (/wiki/Smithsonian) 's National Museum of the American Indian (/wiki/George_Gustav_Heye_Center) in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . The exhibition and its catalog spotlighted on contemporary Native American fashion. Featuring designs from 75 fashion designers from throughout Canada and the United States, the exhibit presented a range of styles and designs from diverse cultures, such as Alano Edzerza ( Tahltan Nation (/wiki/Tahltan_Nation) ), Maya Stewart (/wiki/Maya_Stewart) (Chickasaw/Muscogee/Choctaw) and Bethany Yellowtail (Northern Cheyenne/Crow), among others. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieber2016-5) [85] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefevre201620-85) Becki Bitternose (George Gordon), who designs jackets and coats from Pendleton blankets, was featured at the 2016 New York Fashion Week. [86] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatimer2016-86) Contemporary Native American Fashion Show at the 2015 Santa Fe Indian Market (/wiki/Santa_Fe_Indian_Market) . Controversy [ edit ] The woman on the left is wearing a "Squaw Dress." Non-Native companies and individuals have attempted to use Native American motifs and names in their clothing designs. [87] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilger2011-87) As early as the 1940s, Anglo designers in the United States had developed a type of one and two-piece dresses called " squaw dresses (/wiki/Squaw_dress) ." [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009374-375-88) These outfits were based on Mexican and Navajo skirts and Western Apache camp dresses. [89] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009375-89) The dresses, also known as Fiesta, Kachina, Tohono or Patio Dresses "represented both idealized femininity and Americanness because of their Native American origins." [89] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009375-89) These dresses, knowingly appropriating Indigenous styles, were considered a "fashion sensation" of the time, according to the Arizona Daily Star (/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star) . [90] (#cite_note-90) The Navajo style that influenced the creation of Squaw Dresses was itself an adaptation of European styles by Navajo women. [91] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-91) The bodice of a Squaw Dress drew from Western Apache and Tohono O'odham styles. [92] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009385-92) Squaw dresses were popular in the United States for around 20 years. [93] (#cite_note-:1-93) The original "designer" of the Squaw Dress was Dolores Gonzales (/wiki/Dolores_Gonzales) of Tucson, Arizona. [93] (#cite_note-:1-93) Gonzales herself said of her dresses, "I didn't design them; I lifted them. The Indian women were already wearing them." [94] (#cite_note-94) Other people involved in promoting and working on the designs included the designers Cele Peterson (/w/index.php?title=Cele_Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1) and George Fine (/w/index.php?title=George_Fine&action=edit&redlink=1) . [93] (#cite_note-:1-93) Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) created a collection in 2011 called "Navajo," featuring underwear, hats and other items with art based on traditional Navajo rugs (/wiki/Navajo_weaving) . The Navajo Nation (/wiki/Navajo_Nation) responded by issuing a cease and desist on their use of the word "Navajo". [87] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilger2011-87) Pop band No Doubt (/wiki/No_Doubt) released a 2012 video featuring stereotypical images of the American frontier (/wiki/American_frontier) and ended up pulling the video and issuing an apology. [95] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinberg2014-95) [96] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha-Roy2012-96) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) clothed a model in a "Native-inspired" bikini and giant war headdress at their fashion show that same year. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhasin2015-97) Victoria's Secret was again accused of cultural appropriation in their 2017 fashion show, which featured outfits inspired by traditional Native fashion. [98] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatera2017-98) Another issue in regard to Native American fashion is the stereotypical (/wiki/Stereotype) representation of Indigenous peoples' clothing in mass media depictions. [99] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeavittCovarrubiasPerezFryberg201540-99) Native Americans are portrayed most often in historical contexts wearing traditional clothing. [99] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeavittCovarrubiasPerezFryberg201540-99) See also [ edit ] Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas (/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) Inuit clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990" (https://www.doi.gov/iacb/act) . Indian Arts and Crafts Board . U.S. Department of the Interior. 6 October 2022 . Retrieved 21 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201066–67_2-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 66–67. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Native Fashion Now" (https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/item?id=954) . National Museum of the American Indian . Retrieved 2019-07-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Past Exhibitions" (http://miaclab.org/past-exhibitions) . Museum of Indian Arts and Culture . Retrieved 2019-07-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lieber 2016 (#CITEREFLieber2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mason, Patrick L., ed. (2013). "Sovereignty and American Indian Communities". Encyclopedia of Race and Racism . Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 93–96. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Collins, Cary C. (Fall 2003). "Art Crafted in the Red Man's Image". New Mexico Historical Review . 78 (4): 439–470. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201066–68_8-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 66–68. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201069_9-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 69. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201080–81_10-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 80–81. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201082_11-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 82. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201084_12-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 84. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201085-86_13-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 85-86. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201087_14-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 87. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201089_15-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201091_16-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 91. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201037,_96–97_17-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 37, 96–97. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010102_18-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 102. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010108,_113_19-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 108, 113. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010132–133_20-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 132–133. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010133_21-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 133. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010136_22-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 136. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010155–156_23-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 155–156. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010139–140_24-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 139–140. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010147_25-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 147. ^ Jump up to: a b Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 199. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Missoulian''19735_27-0) The Missoulian 1973 (#CITEREFThe_Missoulian1973) , p. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Daily_Inter_Lake''197714_28-0) The Daily Inter Lake 1977 (#CITEREFThe_Daily_Inter_Lake1977) , p. 14. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010214_29-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 214. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010216_30-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 216. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010151_31-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 151. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2016_32-0) Brown 2016 (#CITEREFBrown2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010152_33-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 152. ^ Jump up to: a b Metcalfe 2012b (#CITEREFMetcalfe2012b) , p. 86. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMetcalfe2012b ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 159. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010161–162_36-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 161–162. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010160_37-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 160. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010160-161_38-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 160-161. ^ Jump up to: a b c Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 165. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010169_40-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 169. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaywood2015_41-0) Haywood 2015 (#CITEREFHaywood2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010177–179_42-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 177–179. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010180,_258_43-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 180, 258. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010163_44-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 163. ^ Jump up to: a b c Metcalfe 2013 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2013) , p. Z042. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2016126–128_46-0) Schmitt 2016 (#CITEREFSchmitt2016) , pp. 126–128. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010217_47-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 217. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010218_48-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 218. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010228–229_49-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 228–229. ^ Jump up to: a b Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 228. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighty1986_51-0) Leighty 1986 (#CITEREFLeighty1986) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010233_52-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 233. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilversmith2013_53-0) Silversmith 2013 (#CITEREFSilversmith2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2013_54-0) Walker 2013 (#CITEREFWalker2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010230_55-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 230. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010231–232_56-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 231–232. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaca199952–53_57-0) Baca 1999 (#CITEREFBaca1999) , pp. 52–53. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe201016_58-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 242. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney2005_60-0) Phinney 2005 (#CITEREFPhinney2005) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeerchild2016_61-0) Deerchild 2016 (#CITEREFDeerchild2016) . sfn error: no target: CITEREFDeerchild2016 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Metcalfe 2013 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2013) , p. Z043. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez2007Z074_63-0) López 2007 (#CITEREFLópez2007) , p. Z074. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012b84_64-0) Metcalfe 2012b (#CITEREFMetcalfe2012b) , p. 84. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMetcalfe2012b ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalcon2009_65-0) Falcon 2009 (#CITEREFFalcon2009) . sfn error: no target: CITEREFFalcon2009 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''West_of_the_City_Magazine''2016_66-0) West of the City Magazine 2016 (#CITEREFWest_of_the_City_Magazine2016) . sfn error: no target: CITEREFWest_of_the_City_Magazine2016 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonks201672–73_67-0) Monks 2016 (#CITEREFMonks2016) , pp. 72–73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid199931,_35_68-0) Reid 1999 (#CITEREFReid1999) , pp. 31, 35. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Arizona_Republic''200278_69-0) The Arizona Republic 2002 (#CITEREFThe_Arizona_Republic2002) , p. 78. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010188,_242_70-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , pp. 188, 242. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010190_71-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 190. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvila2015_72-0) Avila 2015 (#CITEREFAvila2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston2013_73-0) Livingston 2013 (#CITEREFLivingston2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBegley2003_74-0) Begley 2003 (#CITEREFBegley2003) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010246_75-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 246. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010258_76-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 258. ^ Jump up to: a b Ross 2017 (#CITEREFRoss2017) . ^ Jump up to: a b Grinberg 2013 (#CITEREFGrinberg2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010263_79-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 263. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010339_80-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 339. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010354_81-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 354. ^ (#cite_ref-82) Paniogue, Tara. "Meet Bethany Yellowtail, a Native American fashion designer who's inspiring a whole generation of women" (http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-bethany-yellowtail-los-angeles-designer-20170609-htmlstory.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved 2018-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-NNO_83-0) Tupica, Rich (May 2020). "Loren Aragon of ACONAV goes from Geek to Chic" (https://nativenewsonline.net/business/native-biz-q-a-loren-aragon-of-aconav-goes-from-geek-to-chic) . Native News Online . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-WW_84-0) Flathman, John. "Science Fiction Meets the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in Virgil Ortiz's History Colorado Exhibition" (https://www.westword.com/arts/1680-pueblo-revolt-virgil-ortiz-history-colorado-exhibition-16816963) . Westworld . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefevre201620_85-0) Lefevre 2016 (#CITEREFLefevre2016) , p. 20. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatimer2016_86-0) Latimer 2016 (#CITEREFLatimer2016) . sfn error: no target: CITEREFLatimer2016 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Gilger 2011 (#CITEREFGilger2011) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009374-375_88-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 374-375. ^ Jump up to: a b Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 375. ^ (#cite_ref-90) Roth, Bernie (1954-10-17). "Even Ike's Mamie Wears Squaw Dresses From Dolores' Shop" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16626059/arizona_daily_star/) . Arizona Daily Star . p. 20 . 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Italian model and television presenter Federica Nargi Federica Nargi in 2012 Born ( 1990-02-05 ) 5 February 1990 (age 34) Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Italy Nationality Italian Occupations Model showgirl television presenter actress Modelling information Height 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) Hair colour Brown Eye colour Brown Federica Nargi (born 5 February 1990, in Rome (/wiki/Rome) ) is an Italian model, showgirl, television presenter, actress and social media influencer. Biography [ edit ] Early life-2007 [ edit ] Nargi was born in Rome (/wiki/Rome) from Claudio and Concetta, originally from Boscoreale (/wiki/Boscoreale) . [1] (#cite_note-1) After having attended a dance school since childhood and having participated in various beauty contests, in 2007 Nargi ranked 11th in the final of Miss Italia (/wiki/Miss_Italia) after winning [2] (#cite_note-gossip-2) the 1st prize of Miss Roma and then the national title of Miss Cotonella . [2] (#cite_note-gossip-2) 2008-2014 [ edit ] In the summer of 2008 Nargi participated, in the category of more , [3] (#cite_note-3) in Veline on Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) and won the final of 18 September 2008 paired with the blonde Costanza Caracciolo (/w/index.php?title=Costanza_Caracciolo&action=edit&redlink=1) : the two veline showgirls were on Striscia la notizia (/wiki/Striscia_la_notizia) for four consecutive editions from 22 September 2008 to 10 June 2012; in the seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 the veline couple presented Le nuove mostre , a comedy show of La5 (/wiki/La5) designed by Antonio Ricci. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In the summer of 2011, Nargi debuted at the cinema reciting in the film by Massimo Morini (/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Morini&action=edit&redlink=1) Capitan Basilico 2 - I Fantastici 4+4 . In the summer of 2012, Nargi became a model and testimonial of the Koralline fashion house for the two advertising campaigns [6] (#cite_note-6) of the "autumn-winter 2012-2013 season". In the autumn of 2012 Nargi took part in the first edition of the Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) reality show (/wiki/Reality_television) Pechino Express (/wiki/Pechino_Express) as the "Le Veline" tandem team together with Costanza Caracciolo. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In December 2012 [9] (#cite_note-tvblog-9) Nargi was paired with Costanza Caracciolo as one of the competitors [9] (#cite_note-tvblog-9) of the culinary talent show (/wiki/Talent_show) Cuochi e Fiamme Celebrities aired on LA7d and conducted by Simone Rugiati (/w/index.php?title=Simone_Rugiati&action=edit&redlink=1) . In the winter of 2013, Nargi became a model and testimonial of the Koralline fashion house for the advertising campaigns of the "spring season 2013", [10] (#cite_note-10) and was one of the vip competitors [11] (#cite_note-davidemaggio-11) of the Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) [11] (#cite_note-davidemaggio-11) game show (/wiki/Game_show) Red or Black? - Tutto o niente (/wiki/Red_or_Black%3F#International_versions) and became, together with Costanza Caracciolo and Francesca Fioretti (/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Fioretti&action=edit&redlink=1) , [12] (#cite_note-panorama-12) one of the testimonials for a line of bags [12] (#cite_note-panorama-12) from the Yamamay fashion house. [12] (#cite_note-panorama-12) In spring 2013 Nargi was a model and testimonial [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) of the Golden Point fashion house for the advertising campaigns of the "summer season 2013", and participated, together with Melissa Satta (/wiki/Melissa_Satta) , [15] (#cite_note-15) at Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) 's Forever Together Summer Show as model of Calzedonia (/wiki/Calzedonia) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) and presented, together with Paolo Ruffini (/wiki/Paolo_Ruffini_(actor)) and Fiammetta Cicogna (/wiki/Fiammetta_Cicogna) , the comedy series Colorado ... a rotazione! also broadcast on Italia 1; [18] (#cite_note-18) later the Ruffini-Nargi duo presented, with Gianluca Fubelli (/w/index.php?title=Gianluca_Fubelli&action=edit&redlink=1) (an Italian comedian and actor best known as Scintilla ), the 19th season of Colorado in the autumn of 2017 (the last episode of this season was aired on 4 January 2018) on Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) . [19] (#cite_note-19) In June 2013 she filed at the Glamour Live Show in Milan (/wiki/Milan) [20] (#cite_note-20) for the Hip Hop , Tèr de Caractère and Golden Point collections, three fashion houses of which she was a model and testimonial together with Alessia Tedeschi (/w/index.php?title=Alessia_Tedeschi&action=edit&redlink=1) ; always for Golden Point , she was the protagonist of the "sea catalogues" of summer 2013 and of the catalogues of the "autumn-winter 2013-2014 season". In September 2013 she conducted the Rai 2 show Facciamo pace together with Niccolò Torielli (/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Torielli&action=edit&redlink=1) . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) In November 2013 Nargi made his debut at the theatre because she played, alongside Roberta Giarrusso (/w/index.php?title=Roberta_Giarrusso&action=edit&redlink=1) and Gabriele Cirilli (/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Cirilli&action=edit&redlink=1) , [23] (#cite_note-23) in the show Lui e Lei - Istruzioni per la coppia directed by Federico Moccia (/wiki/Federico_Moccia) . In spring 2014 Nargi was one of the competitors of the first edition of Rai 1's talent show Si può fare! in which she obtained the second place. [24] (#cite_note-24) After taking part in the 2013 shoot of the music video Heroes by Ben Dj (/w/index.php?title=Ben_Dj&action=edit&redlink=1) , in January 2015 she was the protagonist [25] (#cite_note-25) of the music video (/wiki/Music_video) Il bello d'esser brutti by J-Ax (/wiki/J-Ax) . 2015 [ edit ] Between winter and spring 2015, Nargi became, together with Irene Colzi (/w/index.php?title=Irene_Colzi&action=edit&redlink=1) and Annalisa Scarrone (/wiki/Annalisa) , a model and testimonial of Irene Greco (/w/index.php?title=Irene_Greco&action=edit&redlink=1) 's The Secret Beauty hair products line [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) and later Nargi became a model and witness for Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) . [28] (#cite_note-28) After marching for Goldenpoint's "Beachwear Line 2015", [29] (#cite_note-29) Nargi in the summer of 2015 became a model and testimonial of "SiSi Beachwear Collection 2015 for Goldenpoint", [30] (#cite_note-30) "GoldenLady Beachwear Collection 2015 for Goldenpoint" [31] (#cite_note-31) and "Philippe Matignon Beachwear Collection 2015 by Goldenpoint". [32] (#cite_note-32) In May 2015, [33] (#cite_note-33) Nargi became a model and testimonial of the Goldenpoint Swimwear costumes. [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) Also in May 2015 Nargi became a model and testimonial for the Goldenpoint Bikini costumes [36] (#cite_note-36) (previously Nargi had already posed for the same company, precisely for the intimate Goldenpoint Fall-Winter 2013-14). [37] (#cite_note-37) In September 2015 she became [38] (#cite_note-38) a model and testimonial of the Follow Us clothing line (for this line Nargi had already posed in 2014). [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) Also in September 2015 she took part in the 1st edition [41] (#cite_note-41) of the comedy prime time (/wiki/Prime_time) programme Stasera tutto è possibile (/wiki/SlideShow_(TV_series)) conducted on Rai 2 by Amadeus (/wiki/Amadeus_(presenter)) . In the 2015-16 season, Nargi was the host [42] (#cite_note-42) of Premium Magazine , a television rotogravure adapted for the digital channels of Mediaset Premium (/wiki/Mediaset_Premium) , similar to the most famous Verissimo (/wiki/Verissimo_(TV_series)) . In 2016, with Adua Del Vesco (/wiki/Adua_Del_Vesco) and Claudia Cardinale (/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale) , Nargi took part in the fiction of Canale 5's Il bello delle donne... alcuni anni dopo with the role [43] (#cite_note-43) of Scilla Manfridi: the fiction directed by Eros Puglielli (/w/index.php?title=Eros_Puglielli&action=edit&redlink=1) was aired in the Canale 5's prime time in 2017 between January and March. [44] (#cite_note-44) In the autumn of 2015 Nargi became the testimonial and model [45] (#cite_note-45) of the "Goldenpoint & HUE 2015/2016" pantyhose collection. [46] (#cite_note-46) In the summer [47] (#cite_note-47) and also in the autumn of 2015, [48] (#cite_note-48) 2016 [ edit ] Nargi became a model and testimonial of the FW15 collection of Follow Us , so in January 2016 [49] (#cite_note-49) she represented this brand at Pitti Uomo (/wiki/Pitti_Uomo) . [50] (#cite_note-50) After posing for the cover of Lampoon Magazine , [51] (#cite_note-51) in the spring of 2016 Nargi became a model and testimonial [52] (#cite_note-52) (instead of Elena Santarelli (/wiki/Elena_Santarelli) [53] (#cite_note-53) ) for Sandro Ferrone (/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Ferrone&action=edit&redlink=1) 's spring / summer 2016 collection; [54] (#cite_note-54) in the same period she became a model and testimonial of the SS16 collection [55] (#cite_note-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) of Follow Us and then Nargi together with Alessandro Matri (/wiki/Alessandro_Matri) posed as testimonials for the U.S. Polo Assn the spring-summer of 2016 collection of clothes. [57] (#cite_note-57) 2017 [ edit ] In the winter of 2017, Nargi represented the Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) clothing brand at Pitti Uomo (/wiki/Pitti_Uomo) [58] (#cite_note-58) and in the same time she became a model and testimonial for the television advertising campaign of Samsung (/wiki/Samsung) 's WindFree air conditioners. [59] (#cite_note-59) After having participated (together with Alessandro Matri (/wiki/Alessandro_Matri) ) [60] (#cite_note-60) in the talk-variety show E poi c'è Cattelan conducted by Alessandro Cattelan (/wiki/Alessandro_Cattelan) in the late night of Sky Uno (/wiki/Sky_Uno) , [61] (#cite_note-61) in the spring of 2017 Nargi became a model and testimonial [62] (#cite_note-62) of Hino cosmetics and participated, along with Moreno (/wiki/Moreno_(singer)) [63] (#cite_note-63) and Alessia Macari (/w/index.php?title=Alessia_Macari&action=edit&redlink=1) , [64] (#cite_note-64) at the music game show Bring the Noise conducted by Alvin (/w/index.php?title=Alvin_(presenter)&action=edit&redlink=1) on Italia 1; [65] (#cite_note-65) in the same period Nargi became a model and testimonial for the Supertokio clothing brand. [66] (#cite_note-66) In October 2017 Nargi participated as a guest star (/wiki/Guest_appearance) [67] (#cite_note-67) in the Italia 1 programme Big Show conducted by Andrea Pucci (/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1) . [68] (#cite_note-68) 2018 [ edit ] In February 2018 Nargi became the new model and testimonial, replacing Belén Rodríguez (/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_Rodr%C3%ADguez) , of the Foreyever glasses. [69] (#cite_note-69) Personal life [ edit ] Federica Nargi since March 2009 [70] (#cite_note-70) is engaged to the Italian footballer Alessandro Matri (/wiki/Alessandro_Matri) , with whom she had two daughters named Sofia Matri (born on 26 September 2016) [71] (#cite_note-71) and Beatrice Matri (born on 16 March 2019). [72] (#cite_note-72) Television programmes [ edit ] Miss Italia 2007 ( Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) , 2007) Veline ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2008) Striscia la notizia (/wiki/Striscia_la_notizia) (Canale 5, 2008–12) Le nuove mostre ( La5 (/wiki/La5) , 2010–12) Pechino Express (/wiki/Pechino_Express) ( Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) , 2012) Red or Black? - Tutto o niente (/wiki/Red_or_Black%3F#International_versions) (Rai 1, 2013) Forever Together Summer Show ( Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) , 2013) Colorado ... a rotazione! (Italia 1, 2013) Facciamo pace (Rai 2, 2013) Si può fare! (Rai 1, 2014) Stasera tutto è possibile (/wiki/SlideShow_(TV_series)) (Rai 2, 2015) Premium Magazine ( Mediaset Premium (/wiki/Mediaset_Premium) , 2015–16) E poi c'è Cattelan ( Sky Uno (/wiki/Sky_Uno) , 2017) Bring the Noise (Italia 1, 2017) Big Show (Italia 1, 2017) Colorado (Italia 1, 2017–18) Filmography [ edit ] Cinema [ edit ] Capitan Basilico 2 - I Fantastici 4+4 , by Massimo Morini (/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Morini&action=edit&redlink=1) (2011) Television [ edit ] Il bello delle donne... alcuni anni dopo , directed by Eros Puglielli (/w/index.php?title=Eros_Puglielli&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2017) Other activities [ edit ] Music videos [ edit ] 2013 – Heroes ( Ben Dj (/w/index.php?title=Ben_Dj&action=edit&redlink=1) ) 2015 – Il bello d'esser brutti ( J-Ax (/wiki/J-Ax) ) Advertising [ edit ] Koralline (2012–13) Yamamay bag (2013) Goldenpoint (2013–16) Follow us (2014–16) Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) (2015) Sandro Ferrone P/E (2016) U.S. Polo Assn P/E (2016) Supertokyo (2016) Hino (2017) Foreyever (2018) Primadonna P/E (2018) Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) (2018) - with Alessandro Matri (/wiki/Alessandro_Matri) Theatre [ edit ] Lui e lei - Istruzioni per la coppia (2013) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "[1]" (https://archive.today/20171007230552/http://www.ilmattino.it/societa/gossip/foto_di_famiglia_boscoreale_federica_nargi_la_piccola_sofia-2314847.html) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.ilmattino.it/societa/gossip/foto_di_famiglia_boscoreale_federica_nargi_la_piccola_sofia-2314847.html) on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 Jan 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "[2]" (https://archive.today/20120801163532/http://www.gossip.it/news/miss_roma_2007_e_federica_nargi_news.html?ID=1186132138) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.gossip.it/news/miss_roma_2007_e_federica_nargi_news.html?ID=1186132138) on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "[3]" (https://archive.today/20130413114629/http://www.tvblog.it/post/10671/federica-nargi-la-velina-mora) (in Italian). Archived from the original (https://www.tvblog.it/post/10671/federica-nargi-la-velina-mora) on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "[4]" (https://archive.today/20130430151531/http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/27897/le-nuove-mostre-le-veline-conduttrici-sono-mostruose) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/27897/le-nuove-mostre-le-veline-conduttrici-sono-mostruose) on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "[5]" (https://archive.today/20171007230318/http://www.tvblog.it/post/20283/federica-nargi-miss-italia-un-incubo-meglio-fare-la-velina) (in Italian). Archived from the original (https://www.tvblog.it/post/20283/federica-nargi-miss-italia-un-incubo-meglio-fare-la-velina) on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "[6]" (https://archive.today/20130710174756/http://www.woonko.com/style/federica-nargi-testimonial-koralline-foto-e-video-del-backstage-73256.html) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.woonko.com/style/federica-nargi-testimonial-koralline-foto-e-video-del-backstage-73256.html) on 10 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "[7]" (https://archive.today/20130413034317/http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/65481/pechino-express-rugiati-e-malvina-eliminano-le-veline) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/65481/pechino-express-rugiati-e-malvina-eliminano-le-veline) on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "[8]" (https://archive.today/20130413030525/http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/65685/le-pagelle-della-settimana-tv-15-21102012-promossi-williams-e-le-veline-di-pechino-express-bocciati-the-client-list-e-parliamone-in-famiglia) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/65685/le-pagelle-della-settimana-tv-15-21102012-promossi-williams-e-le-veline-di-pechino-express-bocciati-the-client-list-e-parliamone-in-famiglia) on 13 April 2013 . 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Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "[66]" (https://archive.today/20171008014426/http://spettacoli.tiscali.it/photogallery/gallery/Pitti-Uomo-89-Federica-Nargi-testimonial-di-Supertokyo/68726/) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://spettacoli.tiscali.it/photogallery/gallery/Pitti-Uomo-89-Federica-Nargi-testimonial-di-Supertokyo/68726/) on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "[67]" (https://archive.today/20171011121055/http://realityshow.blogosfere.it/post/765319/big-show-italia1-ospiti-puntata-11-ottobre-2017) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://realityshow.blogosfere.it/post/765319/big-show-italia1-ospiti-puntata-11-ottobre-2017) on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "[68]" (https://archive.today/20171011121132/http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cinema-Televisione-e-Media/2017/10/11/Big-Show-con-Andrea-Pucci-Ospiti-e-diretta-Nicola-Savino-e-Federica-Nargi-Terza-puntata-11-ottobre-/786768/) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cinema-Televisione-e-Media/2017/10/11/Big-Show-con-Andrea-Pucci-Ospiti-e-diretta-Nicola-Savino-e-Federica-Nargi-Terza-puntata-11-ottobre-/786768/) on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) "[69]" (https://www.ultimenotizieflash.com/gossip-tv/bellezze-vip/2018/02/19/federica-nargi-soffia-il-posto-a-belen-rodriguez-lex-velina-nuova-testimonial-foreyever-foto) (in Italian) . Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) "[70]" (https://archive.today/20130413063409/http://www.gossipblog.it/post/7881/federica-nargi-ha-conquistato-alessandro-matri-attaccante-del-cagliari) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.gossipblog.it/post/7881/federica-nargi-ha-conquistato-alessandro-matri-attaccante-del-cagliari) on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) "[71]" (https://archive.today/20161027043736/http://www.leggo.it/gossip/news/fiocco_rosa_in_casa_matri_federica_nargi_ha_partorito_sofia-1989080.html) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.leggo.it/gossip/news/fiocco_rosa_in_casa_matri_federica_nargi_ha_partorito_sofia-1989080.html) on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) "[72]" (https://www.oggi.it/gossip/amori/2019/03/18/federica-nargi-e-alessandro-matri-mamma-e-papa-bis-e-nata-la-seconda-figlia-beatrice-sorellina-di-sofia/) (in Italian) . Retrieved 31 Jul 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.federicanargi.it/) , on federicanargi.it (in Italian) Federica Nargi (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4993475/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Federica Nargi (https://www.instagram.com/fede_nargi/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) (in Italian) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Theatre (/wiki/Portal:Theatre) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐d6vq4 Cached time: 20240712153808 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.731 seconds Real time usage: 0.887 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4876/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 133233/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2566/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 269920/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.526/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16457753/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 815.418 1 -total 43.19% 352.141 1 Template:Reflist 37.10% 302.535 72 Template:Cite_web 24.22% 197.508 1 Template:Infobox_model 11.24% 91.645 2 Template:In_lang 8.07% 65.785 1 Template:Short_description 7.51% 61.200 1 Template:Infobox 4.75% 38.737 2 Template:Pagetype 4.10% 33.469 1 Template:Hlist 3.94% 32.095 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56367409-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712153808 and revision id 1109195919. 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Maya embroidery, Dzibalchen, Campeche, Mexico The dress of Aymara (/wiki/Aymara_people) women in Bolivia (/wiki/Bolivia) has inspired contemporary Indigenous designers Mapuche (/wiki/Mapuche) fashion in Chile (/wiki/Chile) highlights rainbow colors and silverwork unique to their people. Indigenous fashion of the Americas is the design (/wiki/Fashion_design) and creation of high-fashion clothing (/wiki/Clothing) and fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) by Indigenous peoples of the Americas (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) . Indigenous designers frequently incorporate motifs (/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)) and customary materials into their wearable artworks, providing a basis for creating items for the couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) and international fashion markets. Their designs may result from techniques such as beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) , quillwork (/wiki/Quillwork) , leather (/wiki/Leather_crafting) , and textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) , such as weaving, twining, and tufting. In some cases, however, they choose not to include any materials associated with Indigenous cultures. Controversy has emerged over the cultural misappropriation (/wiki/Cultural_misappropriation) or inappropriate use of cultural heritage and intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) by non-Native designers. Respectful use of imagery by mainstream designers who are not Indigenous can help expand appreciation of Native cultures, but plagiarism of design or malapropos use reinforces negative stereotypes and spurs controversy. Similarly, utilizing artisan craftwork can expand awareness if designers are fairly compensated for their work and given credit for their contributions. Contemporary controversies have spurred both crowd-sourced and legislative action to protect the designs and cultural heritage of Indigenous designers. History [ edit ] Elegant Aymara (/wiki/Aymara_people) woman in Bolivia combined customary Aymaya bowler hat, shawls, and layers of petticoats with high-heeled boats, ca. 1920 Mid-20th century [ edit ] Gilberto Ortiz in 2015. In Mexico before 1950, many Indigenous communities were isolated and produced their own traditional clothing. As roads improved and people began moving from the countryside to cities, many put aside their traditional clothing, to blend in with their new cosmopolitan neighbors. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2011-1) In 1965, Gilberto Ortiz (/w/index.php?title=Gilberto_Ortiz&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Mixtec (/wiki/Mixtec) ) moved from San Andrés Lagunas (/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Lagunas) , Oaxaca, to Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) and began training as a tailor under German businessman, José Schroeder. Acquiring traditional European styling, his first major client was movie icon, María Félix (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix) . In 1978, Ortiz left Schroeder and partnered with the Italian businessman, Edmundo Calanchini. He designed mainly for businessmen and politicians until 1997, when he opened his own shop aimed specifically at the haute couture market. In 2006, at the suggestion of his client Juan Gabriel (/wiki/Juan_Gabriel) , Ortiz launched his own label, Gioros , an acronym using the first two letters of each of his names, Gilberto Ortiz Osorio. In 2012, he was named one of the top three tailors in the world by the textile firm Scabal (/wiki/Scabal) . Typically Ortiz produces classically styled garments using high-end fabrics, but his latest offering in 2017 featured men's and women's jeans. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez2014-2) [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemchs2017-3) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''El_Diario_de_Chihuahua''2017-4) Sean McCormick (/w/index.php?title=Sean_McCormick&action=edit&redlink=1) (Métis), who began designing footwear (/wiki/Footwear) in the early 1990s and in 2008, launched Manitobah Mukluks ; [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalcon2009-5) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2015-6) and Virginia Yazzie Ballenger (/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Yazzie_Ballenger&action=edit&redlink=1) (Navajo), New Mexican designer, [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2013Z042-7) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardin-BurrolaSarathRosebrough2017122-8) most noted for her "fluted broomstick skirt and matching velveteen blouse". [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010237-9) Since 1995, the Canadian Aboriginal Festival (/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Aboriginal_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) (CANAB) has hosted a fashion show of First Nations (/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada) designers. Dave Jones ( Garden River Ojibwe (/wiki/Garden_River_First_Nation) ), began producing an annual fashion show for the Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards (CAMA) in 2001. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2016187-10) [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurnan2013-11) By 2008, the CANAB Festival featured six fashion shows, as well as booths for designers to exhibit their wares. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2016188-12) In 1998, the Denver Art Museum (/wiki/Denver_Art_Museum) hosted a fashion show, Indian Chic featuring the works of Dorothy Grant, Wendy Ponca, and Margaret Roach Wheeler. It was the first time a major museum had shown works in their collection of Indigenous garments, labeling them as "fashion". [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010243-13) Other Native designers of the 2000s include Orlando Dugi (/wiki/Orlando_Dugi) (Navajo), Dallin Maybee (/w/index.php?title=Dallin_Maybee&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Northern Arapaho (/wiki/Northern_Arapaho) / Seneca (/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians) ), Connie Gaussoin (/w/index.php?title=Connie_Gaussoin&action=edit&redlink=1) (Navajo/ Picuris Pueblo (/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo) ), the street style of Douglas Miles (/wiki/Douglas_Miles) of Apache Skateboards ( San Carlos Apache (/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation) / Akimel O'odham (/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham) ) and the custom shoes of Louie Gong (/wiki/Louie_Gong) ( Nooksack (/wiki/Nooksack_people) / Squamish (/wiki/Squamish_Nation) ). [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012b85-14) Dugi is self-taught in fashion, learning to sew, measure and create patterns from online resources. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett-Begaye201595-15) Jamie Okuma (/wiki/Jamie_Okuma) ( Luiseño (/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o) / Shoshone-Bannock (/wiki/Fort_Hall_Indian_Reservation) ), another self-taught artist, became the youngest person to earn the Best of Show ribbon at the Santa Fe Indian Market in 2000. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinberg2013-16) [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndyke2001-17) [18] (#cite_note-:0-18) 21st-century [ edit ] From the turn of the 21st century, there has been a resurgence in Latin America (/wiki/Latin_America) for Indigenous designs. The trend has been to partner with Indigenous communities of artisans (/wiki/Artisans) to create fabrics for non-Native designers. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAconcha2014-19) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResnik2016-20) [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellanos_Usigli2016-21) [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampos_L.2016-22) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContacto_Hoy2017-23) In many countries, the Indigenous heritage is seen as part of the national identity and there was little recognition that the design elements non-Native designers used and modified were part of the intellectual property of Indigenous communities. Designers often used remnants of textiles or cut-out embroidery on one garment to use on another. Imitations of Indigenous designs were ordered from labor markets in Asia. After 2010, the trend began to change with slow recognition that original Indigenous designs and designers should be respected. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez2011-1) One innovator in this period was Franklin Janeta ( Puruhá (/wiki/Puruh%C3%A1) ), of Riobamba (/wiki/Riobamba) , Ecuador, who began working as an embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) artisan as a child, and in 2000 opened Vispu, a store to market his designs. Modifying traditional clothing styles, he altered components like necklines (/wiki/Necklines) and sleeve length to create more contemporary fashions. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''El_Telégrafo''2017-24) Around the same time, Eliana Paco Paredes (/wiki/Eliana_Paco_Paredes) ( Aymara (/wiki/Aymara_people) ) of Bolivia began to design fashions based on the traditional costumes of the cholitas (/wiki/Cholo#Bolivia) , using wool or aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) fabrics, but fusing them with lace or silk and decorating them with rhinestones and sequins. In 2016, after showing her work at Bolivian Fashion Week, she was invited to participate in New York Fashion Week. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Prensa_Libre''2016-25) In Ecuador (/wiki/Ecuador) , Lucía Guillín (/w/index.php?title=Luc%C3%ADa_Guill%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Puruhá (/wiki/Puruh%C3%A1) ) launched Churandy featuring the dress styles of Indigenous Andes communities with contemporary modifications in 2012. Her clothing lines have expanded to include blouses, jackets, and shorts featuring embroidery patterns and colors typical to the region. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarado2015-26) The same year, Sisa Morocho (Puruhá) also launched her design company Sumak Churay in Quito (/wiki/Quito) , after studying fashion at the Ana MacAulife Institute. Her father's death had prompted her to leave the family hat business and branch out on her own. Using motifs from the Puruhá culture and adorning them with beads, embroidery, and sequins on brightly colored fabrics, she first sold blouses and then became known for dresses. In 2015, Morocho was able to open a second store featuring her designs in Riobamba. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMárquez2017-27) [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendieta_T.2017-28) Modern women's parka by Inuk designer Victoria Kakuktinniq (/wiki/Victoria_Kakuktinniq) , 2021. In 2013, Victoria Kakuktinniq (/wiki/Victoria_Kakuktinniq) (Inuit) founded Victoria's Arctic Fashion to market her designs. She creates fur and leather winterwear goods including headbands, jackets, gloves (/wiki/Gloves) , and parkas (/wiki/Parka) , using sealskin and decorated with fox cuffs and embroidery. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Indian_Country_Today''2017-29) [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamoto2013-30) In 2015, Kakuktinniq won the Business of the Year award from the Nunavut annual trade show. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZerehi2016-31) The Italian designing firm, Ermenegildo Zegna (/wiki/Ermenegildo_Zegna_Group) , opened a fashion institute in 2016, in the Azcapotzalco (/wiki/Azcapotzalco) neighborhood of Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) with the goal of teaching the techniques of design to Indigenous women. Students enrolled were members of the Mazahua (/wiki/Mazahua_people) , Nahua (/wiki/Nahua_peoples) , Otomí (/wiki/Otomi_people) , Purépecha (/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha) , Triqui (/wiki/Trique_people) and Tzeltal (/wiki/Tzeltal_people) ethnic groups. The training the women received focused on tailoring (/wiki/Tailoring) techniques rather than on native design elements in an effort to allow the women to move from craftwork into the high fashion market. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández2016-32) That same year, Nala Peter (Inuit) began making sealskin bras and panties (/wiki/Panties) at the suggestion of her partner, link marketing them online and was invited to participate in the Floe Edge (/wiki/Floe_Edge) : Contemporary Art and Collaborations exhibition in Nunavut (/wiki/Nunavut) . Another exhibitor at the show was Nicole Camphaug (/wiki/Nicole_Camphaug) (Inuit), who designs footwear with sealskin and fur heels and vamps. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCue2016-33) [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Indian_Country_Today''2017-29) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) hosted its first Indigenous Fashion Week in 2017 with designs from numerous First Nations designers, including Sho Sho Esquiro (/w/index.php?title=Sho_Sho_Esquiro&action=edit&redlink=1) [18] (#cite_note-:0-18) ( Kaska Dena (/wiki/Kaska_Dena) /Cree), known for elaborately decorated gowns, enhanced with fur, beaver tail, salmon skin, feathers and shells combined with gold trim; Evan Ducharme (Métis), whose work focuses on sustainable and Eco-friendly design [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollie2017-34) and incorporates Métis elements like knotted belts based on fishing net techniques; [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarang2017-35) Jeneen Frei Njootli (/wiki/Jeneen_Frei_Njootli) ( Vuntut Gwitchin (/wiki/Vuntut_Gwitchin_First_Nation) ), who presented a collection using innovative design incorporating fur and hides; Autum Jules (/w/index.php?title=Autum_Jules&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Tlingit (/wiki/Teslin_Tlingit_Council) ), noted for her use of textures and color to reflect the connection between people and the earth; Tyler-Alan Jacobs (/w/index.php?title=Tyler-Alan_Jacobs&action=edit&redlink=1) , ( Squamish (/wiki/Squamish_Nation) ) whose designs reflect his identity as a two-spirit (/wiki/Two-spirit) artist; and Alano Edzerza ( Tahltan (/wiki/Tahltan_First_Nation) ), known as a multi-media artist whose work incorporates silk-screened images of Native iconography on his garments. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollie2017-34) Jill Setah ( Yunesit'in (/wiki/Yunesit%27in) ) participated in the Vancouver event, after having showcased her works at both Oxford Fashion Week and Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarang2017-35) Tishynah Buffalo (/wiki/Tishynah_Buffalo) ( George Gordon (/wiki/Gordon_First_Nation) ), who lives in Alberta (/wiki/Alberta) , Canada, was invited to participate in London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) in 2017, to showcase her innovative designs which often use Pendleton blankets (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket) and are decorated with beadwork and Cree floral patterns. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2017-36) Helen Oro (/w/index.php?title=Helen_Oro&action=edit&redlink=1) , ( Pelican Lake (/wiki/Pelican_Lake_First_Nation) ), who designs fashion accessories, also participated in the event. Oro who has found ceremonial beading constricting, adds beadwork to glasses, headbands, heels (/wiki/High-heeled_footwear) and creates jewelry pieces. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2017-36) [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern2018-37) [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2017-38) First Nations designers, including Sage Paul (/wiki/Sage_Paul) ( Denesuline (/wiki/Denesuline) ), launched the first Indigenous Fashion Week Toronto in 2018. [39] (#cite_note-39) Legal definitions of Indigenous [ edit ] After the United States passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act (/wiki/Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Act) of 1990, public debate in Canada over protection of intellectual property rights became a media topic. There are no Canadian laws that specifically protect against cultural appropriation. The government utilizes international agreements to uphold their fiduciary responsibility to First Nations. As in the US, laws cover communities as a whole and not individual copyright and it is difficult for Indigenous peoples to prevent misappropriation of their names and symbols. Most protections that exist are to protect economic rather than heritage rights. In two cases, trademarks have been obtained to protect Native artists. Since 1959, the "igloo tag" may be used only by Inuit (/wiki/Inuit) to protect their works. The Cowichan Band Council (/wiki/Cowichan_Tribes) has registered "Genuine Cowichan Approved" as a mark specifically for clothing designs. [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUdy2015-40) Canada has no specific laws to protect First Nations (/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada) iconography and Indigenous arts though two trademarks (/wiki/Trademark) , "igloo tag" and "Genuine Cowichan Approved" have been registered to protect Inuit (/wiki/Inuit) and clothing designs for the Cowichan Tribes (/wiki/Cowichan_Tribes) . In Latin America (/wiki/Latin_America) , legislation is sparse, but some countries or individual states within countries with high Indigenous populations have passed laws to protect Indigenous heritage and design. Controversy [ edit ] Non-Native fashion designers had generated controversary by cultural misappropriation (/wiki/Cultural_misappropriation) of Indigenous designs and other intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) . Environmentalists have also targeted some Native designers, especially Inuit, who use fur in their clothing and adornment. In 1991, D’Arcy J. Moses (/w/index.php?title=D%E2%80%99Arcy_J._Moses&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Pehdzeh Ki (/wiki/Pehdzeh_Ki_First_Nation) ), whose bold colors and designs featuring beaver and other furs were carried in high-end retail stores like Holt Renfrew (/wiki/Holt_Renfrew) , Neiman Marcus and Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , signed a contract with the Fur Council of Canada to help them improve their image, drawing anger from anti-fur (/wiki/Anti-fur) activists. While the contract provided a steady income, the controversy created a distraction from his work. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2015-41) [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2005186-42) In 2017, Parisian designer Christian Louboutin (/wiki/Christian_Louboutin) drew criticism for paying Yucatec (/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula) Maya (/wiki/Maya_peoples) artisans only 238 pesos (around $13 US) each for bags he sold for around $28,000 pesos (equivalent to $1,550 US). The controversy was sparked when activists called out Louboutin for exploiting the artisans. He paid for all of their materials and paid the workers 478 pesos per day for 6 hours of work, which compares to the average Mexican salary in the region of 80 pesos for 8 hours of work per day. The artisans were thankful for the work and the monies they received, but Louboutin's firm pulled the page advertising the bags from his website. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscobarRodríguez2017-43) [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFregoso2017-44) That same year, the Peruvian textile company Kuna withdrew a collection after complaints that the company had misappropriated kené designs from the Shipibo-Conibo people (/wiki/Shipibo-Conibo_people) . The controversy motivated Congresswoman (/wiki/Peruvian_congress) Tania Pariona Tarqui (/wiki/Tania_Pariona_Tarqui) to introduce legislation to protect the cultural heritage and symbols of Indigenous communities in Peru. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''La_Vanguardia''2017-45) Notable Indigenous fashion designers of the Americas [ edit ] Tammy Beauvais (/wiki/Tammy_Beauvais) ( Kahnawake Mohawk (/wiki/Kahnawake_Mohawk) ), designed the cape given to Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) by Sophie Grégoire-Trudeau (/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire_Trudeau) . Tishynah Buffalo (/wiki/Tishynah_Buffalo) - incorporates Cree designs Eliana Paco Paredes (/wiki/Eliana_Paco_Paredes) - Aymara fashion designer See also [ edit ] Textile arts of indigenous peoples of the Americas (/wiki/Textile_arts_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) Inuit clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Gómez 2011 (#CITEREFGómez2011) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez2014_2-0) Martínez 2014 (#CITEREFMartínez2014) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemchs2017_3-0) Kemchs 2017 (#CITEREFKemchs2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''El_Diario_de_Chihuahua''2017_4-0) El Diario de Chihuahua 2017 (#CITEREFEl_Diario_de_Chihuahua2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalcon2009_5-0) Falcon 2009 (#CITEREFFalcon2009) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2015_6-0) Sinopoli 2015 (#CITEREFSinopoli2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2013Z042_7-0) Metcalfe 2013 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2013) , p. Z042. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardin-BurrolaSarathRosebrough2017122_8-0) Hardin-Burrola, Sarath & Rosebrough 2017 (#CITEREFHardin-BurrolaSarathRosebrough2017) , p. 122. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010237_9-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 237. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2016187_10-0) Willmott 2016 (#CITEREFWillmott2016) , p. 187. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurnan2013_11-0) Durnan 2013 (#CITEREFDurnan2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2016188_12-0) Willmott 2016 (#CITEREFWillmott2016) , p. 188. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2010243_13-0) Metcalfe 2010 (#CITEREFMetcalfe2010) , p. 243. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012b85_14-0) Metcalfe 2012b (#CITEREFMetcalfe2012b) , p. 85. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett-Begaye201595_15-0) Bennett-Begaye 2015 (#CITEREFBennett-Begaye2015) , p. 95. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinberg2013_16-0) Grinberg 2013 (#CITEREFGrinberg2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndyke2001_17-0) Indyke 2001 (#CITEREFIndyke2001) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Native American Fashion's Best of the Best Hit the Runway in Santa Fe [30 Photos] – Indian Country Media Network" (https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/culture/arts-entertainment/native-american-fashions-best-of-the-best-hit-the-runway-in-santa-fe-30-photos/) . indiancountrymedianetwork.com . Retrieved 2018-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAconcha2014_19-0) Aconcha 2014 (#CITEREFAconcha2014) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResnik2016_20-0) Resnik 2016 (#CITEREFResnik2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastellanos_Usigli2016_21-0) Castellanos Usigli 2016 (#CITEREFCastellanos_Usigli2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampos_L.2016_22-0) Campos L. 2016 (#CITEREFCampos_L.2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContacto_Hoy2017_23-0) Contacto Hoy 2017 (#CITEREFContacto_Hoy2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''El_Telégrafo''2017_24-0) El Telégrafo 2017 (#CITEREFEl_Telégrafo2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Prensa_Libre''2016_25-0) Prensa Libre 2016 (#CITEREFPrensa_Libre2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarado2015_26-0) Alvarado 2015 (#CITEREFAlvarado2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMárquez2017_27-0) Márquez 2017 (#CITEREFMárquez2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendieta_T.2017_28-0) Mendieta T. 2017 (#CITEREFMendieta_T.2017) . ^ Jump up to: a b Indian Country Today 2017 (#CITEREFIndian_Country_Today2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamoto2013_30-0) Tamoto 2013 (#CITEREFTamoto2013) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZerehi2016_31-0) Zerehi 2016 (#CITEREFZerehi2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández2016_32-0) Hernández 2016 (#CITEREFHernández2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCue2016_33-0) McCue 2016 (#CITEREFMcCue2016) . ^ Jump up to: a b Collie 2017 (#CITEREFCollie2017) . ^ Jump up to: a b Narang 2017 (#CITEREFNarang2017) . ^ Jump up to: a b Bell 2017 (#CITEREFBell2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattern2018_37-0) Mattern 2018 (#CITEREFMattern2018) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2017_38-0) James 2017 (#CITEREFJames2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Beaulne-Stuebing, Laura (26 March 2023). "Indigenous fashion designers aren't waiting for the industry to change — they're changing it themselves" (https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/indigenous-fashion-designers-milan-1.6790343) . CBC . Retrieved 12 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUdy2015_40-0) Udy 2015 (#CITEREFUdy2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch2015_41-0) Busch 2015 (#CITEREFBusch2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2005186_42-0) Nadeau 2005 (#CITEREFNadeau2005) , p. 186. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscobarRodríguez2017_43-0) Escobar & Rodríguez 2017 (#CITEREFEscobarRodríguez2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFregoso2017_44-0) Fregoso 2017 (#CITEREFFregoso2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''La_Vanguardia''2017_45-0) La Vanguardia 2017 (#CITEREFLa_Vanguardia2017) . Bibliography [ edit ] Aconcha, Diana Carolina (July 2014). 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Person who influences fashion through social media Italian blogger Chiara Ferragni (/wiki/Chiara_Ferragni) was named Top Fashion Influencer by American magazine Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) in 2017 A fashion influencer is a personality that has a large number of followers on social media (/wiki/Social_media) , [1] (#cite_note-1) creates mainly fashion (/wiki/Fashion) content and has the power to influence the opinion and purchase behavior of others with their recommendations. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Brands (/wiki/Brand_marketing) endorse them to attend fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) , parties, designer dinners [3] (#cite_note-3) and exclusive trips [4] (#cite_note-Harris-4) and to wear their clothes on social media. If a salary has been involved, the influencer (/wiki/Influencer) may be required to label such posts as paid or sponsored content (/wiki/Sponsored_content) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Before social media "they would have been called ' It girls (/wiki/It_girl) '". [5] (#cite_note-5) Business magazine Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) identified fashion influencers as "the new celebrity endorsements (/wiki/Celebrity_endorsement) ". However, influencers seem to have a closer relationship with their audience than traditional celebrities. As marketers Jung von Matt (/wiki/Jung_von_Matt) , Brandnew IO and Facelift point out: "Daily interactions across multiple channels, through photos, stories or live sessions, create a form of closeness and trust" that make influencers "often more tangible than traditional celebrities". [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] American model and Miss Earth 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) Lindsey Coffey (/wiki/Lindsey_Coffey) on the Cover of Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) magazine Vietnam December 2021 as she encouraged fashion influencers to become advocates for the environment In the beginning of 2000, online fashion blogs (/wiki/Fashion_blog) appeared to be amateurish personal areas created as a hobby by fashion lovers to share their ideas of the latest trends or to get a job in the traditional fashion industry later on. [7] (#cite_note-Spedding-7) At the time, the fashion industry was notoriously top-down and elitist. Fashion brands exercised tight control over the marketing of their products. Fashion blog amateurs became formidable rivals to fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) by offering critique and spotting trends. Eventually fashion blog amateurs were invited to sit next to celebrity fashion editors on fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) front row seats. [8] (#cite_note-8) With increasing reach, fashion bloggers learned to monetize their contents. As Pedroni remarks: “fashion blogs evolved from personal diaries kept by fashion lovers, into sophisticated marketing and economic tools”. [9] (#cite_note-9) Shortly after, new social media platforms such as Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) , TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) and YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) spread. They enabled bloggers to reach a greater audience and have an even closer relationship with their existing readership. [7] (#cite_note-Spedding-7) In fact, some bloggers closed their blogs as traffic moved to other platforms such as Instagram. [10] (#cite_note-10) According to researcher Emily Hund “Social media’s influencer economy has gained steam quickly in the last few years, particularly on platforms like Instagram and Pinterest, whose image-heavy nature easily lends itself to commerce”. [11] (#cite_note-11) Social media also gave rise to influencers who did not have a blog in the first place. Jenn Im (/wiki/Jenn_Im) became a fashion influencer due to her successful YouTube channel, [12] (#cite_note-12) German influencer Pamela Reif (/wiki/Pamela_Reif) due to her high reach on Instagram. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2017, Instagram was the social media platform with the highest reach for fashion influencers. Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) calculated that the top ten fashion influencers combined generated a reach of 23.3 million on Instagram. [14] (#cite_note-Forbes2017-14) It named Chiara Ferragni (/wiki/Chiara_Ferragni) , Danielle Bernstein (/wiki/Danielle_Bernstein) , Julia Engel, Gabi Gregg, Jenn Im (/wiki/Jenn_Im) , Susanna Lau (/wiki/Susanna_Lau) , Nicolette Mason, Simone Zippi Stardust, Aimee Song, and Bryanboy (/wiki/Bryanboy) as the top influencers in the fashion category. [14] (#cite_note-Forbes2017-14) At the same time, the fashion industry had the highest share on Instagram influencer marketing in the US. [15] (#cite_note-15) Its share, approximately 61%, far outweighed other sectors investing in influencer marketing such as travel (8%), and food and drinks (7%). The fashion industry spends around €1 billion on sponsored Instagram posts per year. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) By 2019, many fashion influencers had "closet accounts" dedicated to them on social media. Often influential in their own right, these accounts search clothing websites to identify the clothes the influencers wear, and post the resulting shopping list. In doing so, they amplify the marketing power of the influencers and help shape business trends. [16] (#cite_note-16) Business [ edit ] Fashion influencers generate income through brand co-operations and affiliate links. [17] (#cite_note-Marco_2018-17) Principal sources of income are brand co-operations in terms of product placement (/wiki/Product_placement) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Fashion influencers are paid to pose with specific products on their social media channels and must mark them correspondingly. The economic value of a fashion influencer is most commonly measured by number of followers. Other key aspects are demographics (/wiki/Demographics) of their followers, engagement rate and fit between influencer and brand. [17] (#cite_note-Marco_2018-17) [4] (#cite_note-Harris-4) The latter is the necessary precondition for influencers to work with a brand. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) As thousands of people follow them for their authentic personality and style, influencers must be able to identify themselves with the brand in order to recommend it convincingly. Many influencers claim to work exclusively with brands they really like and would recommend in private as well. Influencer Camille Charrière reportedly turned down a 5-digit offer of Macy’s (/wiki/Macy%E2%80%99s) , because she could not identify with the clothes: “At the end of the day, I’m selling my taste and my eye – if I do things off-brand I will lose the respect”. [4] (#cite_note-Harris-4) For fashion influencers [ edit ] Fashion influencer and entrepreneur Olivia Palermo (/wiki/Olivia_Palermo) at the 2019 Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Successful fashion influencers generate an income through their social media activities that enables them to quit their jobs and focus solely on their social media career. German fashion influencer Xenia van der Woodsen (xeniaoverdose) left her full-time job at an investment trust, when she realized that she could earn more money with a single Instagram post than working mana full day in a regular job. [18] (#cite_note-Levy-18) Robert and Christina are US-based Instagram fashion influencers and bloggers with over 450K followers on Instagram. [19] (#cite_note-Boerman_199–207-19) They feature content on fashion, decor, travel, and their life together, and have you covered for all kinds of style inspiration – her style, his style, and couple style. [19] (#cite_note-Boerman_199–207-19) Until fashion influencer Danielle Bernstein spoke out on her mid-six figures income in 2015, financial information about the influencer business were relatively rare and inconsistent. [20] (#cite_note-Harper's_BAZAAR-20) In 2017, a study of Jung von Matt, Brandnew IO and Facelift revealed that such a high income is relatively rare among influencers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Only eight out of the 1,200 interviewed influencers earn in average between $10,000 – 25,000 per campaign and only three of them more than $25,000. Albeit the “leading fashion influencers in Germany make over one million in revenue each year”, the majority makes less than $1,000 per campaign. A majority of influencers receive a salary. Solely a minority of 20 percent makes brand co-operations in exchange for giveaways. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The salary primarily depends on the number of followers. [20] (#cite_note-Harper's_BAZAAR-20) The higher the follower number, the higher the salary range. [21] (#cite_note-21) The price for a cooperation depends also on the contract terms, for example if it concerns a one-time Instagram post or a long-term partnership including several posts. Xenia van der Woodsen, one of Germany’s top three fashion influencers in 2017, [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) accepts only long-term brand co-operations in the majority of cases. [18] (#cite_note-Levy-18) In her experience, posts of long-term campaigns appear more authentic and credible, whereas single paid content pieces stand out as advertisement. Affiliate links [ edit ] Affiliate links (/wiki/Affiliate_link) enable fashion influencers to earn money on commission. The procedure was introduced by Amber Venz Box in 2011 [22] (#cite_note-22) and then updated in 2014. [23] (#cite_note-23) For fashion brands [ edit ] Fashion brands use the reach and positive reputation of influencers by implementing influencer marketing (/wiki/Influencer_marketing) . Influencers spread brand messages, increase brand awareness, contribute to a positive brand image and increase sales by tagging fashion brands in their posts. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Although data that shows the direct correlation between influencer campaigns and sales are rare, the success of affiliate platforms as rewardStyle, Chirpyest, Shopstyle Collective and successful examples such as the #mangogirls campaign, indicate that influencer engagement affects sales. In the #mangogirls campaign several influencers had independently chosen the same coat as their favorite piece of the Mango collection and showcased it on Instagram. [4] (#cite_note-Harris-4) The coat went viral and sold-out. In fact, first studies show that every third consumer has already bought a product following the recommendation of an influencer. [24] (#cite_note-24) Criticism [ edit ] Fashion influencers have been criticized by journalists for their lack of transparency on sponsored posts (/wiki/Sponsored_post) . [25] (#cite_note-25) The lines between posts in which influencers share product recommendations for free or because they are paid for it are often blurred. [26] (#cite_note-Bloomberg.com-26) Influencers are supposed to mark a sponsored post with hashtags (/wiki/Hashtag) [ citation needed ] such as #ad or #sponsored, but often use less-obvious hashtags like #sp or none at all. Due to this lack of transparency, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) (FTC) sent out dozens of warning letters to Instagram influencers in the beginning of 2017, giving further indications to influencers and marketers on how to disclose advertising and sponsored posts. Following the rules of the FTC, hashtags like #ad have to appear before the "more" button and are not allowed to be buried in a flood of other hashtags. [27] (#cite_note-27) Thus, "anyone endorsing a brand must "clearly and conspicuously" declare connections to it, for example, if products have been given free, if a payment has been made for the endorsement or if there is a business or family relationship". [28] (#cite_note-28) in June 2017, Instagram launched a new disclosure system with which users can tag sponsors in a post. If the brand confirms the commercial relation, the post is marked with a "paid partnership" tag at the top. [26] (#cite_note-Bloomberg.com-26) See also [ edit ] Affiliate marketing (/wiki/Affiliate_marketing) Celebrity branding (/wiki/Celebrity_branding) Instagram models (/wiki/Instagram_model) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Difference Between Fashion Influencer And Blogger?" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/fashion-influencer-blogger-definition-13357) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "The Influencer Secrets" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175515/https://www.influencer-secrets.com/) . Influencer Secrets – A Study on the Motivation & Drive of Influencers . Archived from the original (https://www.influencer-secrets.com) on 2019-05-09 . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "What Is The Difference Between A Fashion Influencer And Blogger?" (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/people/culture/what-is-the-difference-between-a-fashion-influencer-and-blogger) . Harper's BAZAAR Arabia . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Harris, Sarah. "What Is An Influencer?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/what-is-an-influencer) . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "What is the difference between a fashion influencer and blogger?" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a41898/fashion-influencer-fashion-blogger-definition/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 2017-06-05 . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Influencer Secrets" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175515/https://www.influencer-secrets.com/) . Influencer Secrets – A Study on the Motivation & Drive of Influencers . Archived from the original (https://www.influencer-secrets.com/) on 2019-05-09 . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b Spedding, Emma (2016-10-06). "Meet fashion's super-influencers: the women with the power to charge £58,000 for one Instagram post" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/meet-fashions-super-influencers-the-women-with-the-power-to-char/) . The Telegraph. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Emily Hund (2023). The Influencer Industry: The Quest for Authenticity on Social Media . Princeton University Press. p. 27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780691234076 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pedroni, Marco (2016). "Meso-celebrities, fashion and the media: How digital influencers struggle for visibility". Film, Fashion & Consumption . 5 : 103–121. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1386/ffc.5.1.103_1 (https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fffc.5.1.103_1) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Harris, Sarah. "What Is An Influencer?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/what-is-an-influencer) . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hund, Emily (2017-07-28). "Measured Beauty: Exploring the aesthetics of Instagram's fashion influencers" (http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3097286.3097330) . Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society - #SMSociety17 . ACM. pp. 1–5. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1145/3097286.3097330 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3097286.3097330) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781450348478 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 3002241 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3002241) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Top Influencers of 2017: Fashion" (https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/fashion/#16bcb9294552),%20Pamela%20Reif%20due%20to%20her%20high%20reach%20on%20Instagram%20(http://aboutpam.com/about) . Forbes . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Wittershagen, Michael; Hamburg (2017-06-23). "Pamela Reif: Fitness-Model und Instagram-Phänomen" (https://www.faz.net/1.5065754) . FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0174-4909 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909) . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Top Influencers of 2017: Fashion" (https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/fashion/#16bcb9294552) . Forbes . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Influencer Secrets" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175515/https://www.influencer-secrets.com/) . Influencer Secrets – A Study on the Motivation & Drive of Influencers . Archived from the original (https://www.influencer-secrets.com) on 2019-05-09 . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Lorenz, Taylor (10 October 2019). "Are 'Closet Accounts' the Future of Fashion Journalism?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/style/closet-accounts-instagram.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marco, Nirschl (2018). Einstieg in das Influencer Marketing : Grundlagen, Strategien und Erfolgsfaktoren . Steinberg, Laurina. Wiesbaden. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783658197452 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1013881756 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1013881756) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Levy, Sarah (2017-08-21). "Xenia van der Woodsen: Über Geld spricht man nicht" (http://www.zeit.de/2017/34/xenia-van-der-woodsen-instagram-influencer-geld) . Die Zeit (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0044-2070 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2070) . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b Boerman, Sophie C. (February 2020). "The effects of the standardized instagram disclosure for micro- and meso-influencers" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563219303437) . Computers in Human Behavior . 103 : 199–207. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.015 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2019.09.015) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 11245.1/6976560e-fb22-4653-a830-19232c8689ea (https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2F6976560e-fb22-4653-a830-19232c8689ea) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 204359606 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204359606) . ^ Jump up to: a b "How Bloggers Make Money On Instagram" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a10949/how-bloggers-make-money-on-instagram/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 2015-05-20 . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Breves, Priska Linda; Liebers, Nicole; Abt, Marina; Kunze, Annika (December 2019). "The Perceived Fit between Instagram Influencers and the Endorsed Brand: How Influencer–Brand Fit Affects Source Credibility and Persuasive Effectiveness" (http://www.journalofadvertisingresearch.com/lookup/doi/10.2501/JAR-2019-030) . Journal of Advertising Research . 59 (4): 440–454. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2501/JAR-2019-030 (https://doi.org/10.2501%2FJAR-2019-030) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0021-8499 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8499) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 203284319 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203284319) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Boyd, Sarah. "RewardStyle And LIKEtoKNOWit Founder Amber Venz Box Is Changing The Retailing Industry" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/sboyd/2014/09/30/rewardstyle-and-liketoknowit-founder-amber-venz-box-is-changing-the-retailing-industr/#77e40fdef11f) . Forbes . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "How These 3 Tech Companies Revamped Their Products to Improve the Customer Experience" (http://www.adweek.com/digital/how-these-3-tech-companies-revamped-their-products-to-improve-the-customer-experience/) . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Survey: Nearly One Third of Consumers Have Been Swayed by Social Influencers to Purchase a Product or Service" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171214005418/en/Survey-Consumers-Swayed-Social-Influencers-Purchase-Product) . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Marsh, Sarah (2017-10-05). "Social media stars breaching rules on promoting brands, watchdog says" (https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/oct/05/social-media-stars-breaching-rules-on-promoting-brands-watchdog-says-instagram-twitter) . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Instagram to Make It Clearer When Influencer Posts Are Paid Ads" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-14/instagram-to-make-it-clearer-when-influencer-posts-are-paid-ads) . Bloomberg.com . 2017-06-14 . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "FTC Staff Reminds Influencers and Brands to Clearly Disclose Relationship" (https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/04/ftc-staff-reminds-influencers-brands-clearly-disclose) . Federal Trade Commission . 2017-04-18 . Retrieved 2018-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Celebrities warned over Instagram ads" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39650580) . BBC News . 2017-04-20 . 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fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by 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Style convention This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queer_fashion&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) "Genderless fashion" redirects here. For the Japanese fashion subculture, see Genderless fashion in Japan (/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan) . Queer fashion style Queer fashion is fashion (/wiki/Fashion) among queer (/wiki/Queer) and nonbinary (/wiki/Non-binary_gender) people that goes beyond common style conventions that usually associate certain colors and shapes with one of the two binary genders (/wiki/Binary_gender) . Queer fashion aims to be perceived by consumers as a fashion style that focuses on experimenting garments based on people's different body shapes instead of following the restrictions given by gendered clothing categorization. Queer style [ edit ] Queer style is the expression of an identity that does not conform to typical cultural and societal norms of gender through the expression of fashion, typically through the combination of (though not always) clothing and accessories originally designed for men and/or women. Though the impetus behind expressing a queer or nonbinary identity through fashion is typically only the desire for self-expression, it may be seen as a political act in the society and culture in which the queer person exists. [1] (#cite_note-1) The differentiation between gender norms through clothing came into more prominence and importance during the 19th century, mainly through the use of different fabrics, trims and constructions for different genders. [ clarification needed ] [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) These distinctions were meant to mirror gender roles in society as masculine clothing aimed to be practical while female fashion was perceived as purely aesthetic. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Despite the entrenchment of links between fashion and gender identity, gender expression today is recognized by the LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) community as a very personal and subjective behaviour; Queer style is therefore intrinsically tied to identity, and as such, includes a vast range of aesthetics. [3] (#cite_note-3) This expression of gender through fashion is seen as a fundamental aspect of both self-realisation and presentation, with changes in clothing often playing a key role in this realisation. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) However, the presentation of a nonbinary or queer identity through fashion often presents problems in societies wherein clothing is produced in a heavily gendered way, which often in turn reflect that society's interpretation of gender identity, meaning that the expression of a Queer identity is often politicised and restricted. In an article featuring gender non-conforming writer and performance artist Alok Vaid-Menon (/wiki/Alok_Vaid-Menon) , [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) Vaid-Menon posited that fashion represented the inherent politics of a person, with queer and transgender (/wiki/Transgender) people, whose existence is often politicised, being especially aware of this, particularly for people assigned male at birth, for whom the act of presenting femininely, through wearing dresses and makeup, is likely to attract unwanted attention. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) There's a material consequence to me presenting feminine, and there's not a material consequence to me presenting masculine, the minute I wear lipstick, or the minute I put on earrings, or the minute I'm wearing a skirt, my entire reality shifts. [6] (#cite_note-auto1-6) The heightened aspect of risk for nonbinary people assigned male at birth presenting their identity through fashion was emphasized in 2017 study from Davidson Skylar, showing that non-binary people assigned male at birth encountered more negative employment outcomes than non-binary people who were assigned female at birth, [7] (#cite_note-7) a phenomenon considered to be an aspect of transmisogyny (/wiki/Transmisogyny) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Emerging designers [ edit ] Most mainstream stores separate man and women clothing in different sections, making it difficult for Queer people to find clothes that fit. Queer designers are trying to build a bridge between menswear and womenswear by meeting the clothing needs of all identities. For example, the clothing brand NO SESSO (/w/index.php?title=NO_SESSO&action=edit&redlink=1) specializes in using different prints, fabric and reconstructed materials to dress various body types and gender identities. [9] (#cite_note-9) Sharpe Suiting (/wiki/Sharpe_Suiting) is a fashion line that through a Kickstarter (/wiki/Kickstarter) campaign was able to manufacture custom-constructed dresswear and a ready-to-wear line for a niche of masculine and androgynous people. [10] (#cite_note-10) Its innovative feature consists in developing a system of measuring and tailoring techniques that minimize female curves of people who don't identify as women. This method is called andropometrics (/w/index.php?title=Andropometrics&action=edit&redlink=1) and is an androgynous alternative to the standard anthropometrics method used by most manufacturers. [11] (#cite_note-11) Maternity lines often include stereotypically feminine elements both in shapes and patterns, as motherhood and femininity are commonly considered to be matching. An alternative was offered by the startup company (/wiki/Startup_company) butchbaby & co (/w/index.php?title=Butchbaby_%26_co&action=edit&redlink=1) , the first wear line for pregnant Queer individuals. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Global retail brands [ edit ] Non-conforming fashion styles are gaining acceptance by a larger audience; for this reason, brands such as Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) are trying to offer unisex clothing lines to consumers by launching gender neutral collections. [14] (#cite_note-14) These collections are represented by female or male models only. [15] (#cite_note-15) Also, these unisex products display an aesthetic typically considered masculine, both in shapes and colours (grey, beige and brown). [16] (#cite_note-16) Designers [ edit ] Queer fashion is being increasingly recognized by designers who are now showcasing it on their runaways. For example, during Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) 's Fall 2018 menswear and women's Pre-Fall show, Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) presented a gender non-conforming look modelled by nonbinary model Oslo Grace (/w/index.php?title=Oslo_Grace&action=edit&redlink=1) and queer drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) Violet Chachki (/wiki/Violet_Chachki) . [17] (#cite_note-17) In Violet Chachki's words: "It's very important to have visual representation, to show that Queers are important, Queers are powerful, Queers are beautiful, Queers are valid, and you can't erase us". Moreover, modeling agencies are starting to scout non-binary models. [18] (#cite_note-18) This is the case of My Friend Ned (/w/index.php?title=My_Friend_Ned&action=edit&redlink=1) ; a South African agency that officially divides its models in male, female and non-binary sections. A selection of pronoun (/wiki/Pronoun) pins provided at the 2016 XOXO (/wiki/XOXO_(festival)) art and technology festival in Portland (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) . Overall, queer representation in the high fashion world appears to be growing and to be increasingly acknowledged by the media. Examples of queer/non-binary models are Casey Legler (/wiki/Casey_Legler) , labelled as the world's first "female male model", Elliott Sailors (/w/index.php?title=Elliott_Sailors&action=edit&redlink=1) , Rain Dove (/wiki/Rain_Dove) , Stas Fedyanin (/w/index.php?title=Stas_Fedyanin&action=edit&redlink=1) and Erika Linder (/wiki/Erika_Linder) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Pronoun pins [ edit ] Pronoun pins and pins with queer flags on them are a common staple of late 2010s [20] (#cite_note-20) and early 2020s [21] (#cite_note-21) queer fashion. After a lawsuit with the ACLU (/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union) , Alaska Airlines (/wiki/Alaska_Airlines) became the first US airline to include pronoun pins in their workplace uniforms in April 2022. [22] (#cite_note-22) See also [ edit ] LGBT portal (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Androgyny in fashion (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bisexual chic (/wiki/Bisexual_chic) Butch and femme (/wiki/Butch_and_femme) Camp (style) (/wiki/Camp_(style)) Drag king (/wiki/Drag_king) Drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) Fetish fashion (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Genderless fashion in Japan (/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan) Handkerchief code (/wiki/Handkerchief_code) Leather subculture (/wiki/Leather_subculture) Queer art (/wiki/Queer_art) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Brekke, Kira (24 April 2015). "Queer Fashion Is Not A Trend, 'It's A Social Movement' (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/24/queer-fashion-social-movement_n_7128374.html) " (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/24/queer-fashion-social-movement_n_7128374.html) . Huffington Post. ^ Jump up to: a b Y, Kawamura, Fashion-ology: an introduction to fashion studies, Bloomsbury Academy, 2015, p. 124 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Op-ed: How Queer Fashion Is Changing the World" (https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2015/09/02/op-ed-how-queer-fashion-changing-world) . 2 September 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Butler, Judith (/wiki/Judith_Butler) (1988). "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory". Theatre Journal . 40 (4): 519–531. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3207893 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3207893) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3207893 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207893) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) B, Fine and E, Leopold, The World of Consumption, London: Routledge, 1993 ^ Jump up to: a b c Zulch, Meg. "Why My Outfit Choice Is Always Political" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/125713-how-getting-dressed-as-a-non-binary-individual-is-a-political-act) . bustle.com. ^ (#cite_ref-7) S, Davidson, Gender Inequality: Nonbinary Transgender People in the Workplace, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Serano, Julia. "Trans-misogyny primer" (https://www.juliaserano.com/av/TransmisogynyPrimer-Serano.pdf) (PDF) . juliaserano.com . Retrieved 2018-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "NO SESSO Is The Nonbinary Clothing Brand We're Stoked About" (http://www.thefader.com/2017/02/23/no-sesso-pierre-davis-gender-neutral-fashion) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Nichols, JamesMichael (12 April 2015). "FABRICATIONS: Meet Queer Fashion Designer Leon Wu Of Sharpe Suiting" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/12/sharpe-suiting-fabrications_n_7046742.html) – via Huff Post. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Nichols, JamesMichael (17 November 2014). "Sharpe Suiting To Design Clothing For Butch, Androgynous And Masculine-Of-Center Individuals" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/17/sharpe-suiting-kickstarter_n_6171912.html) – via Huff Post. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Designing Maternity Clothes for Genderqueer Parents" (https://www.thecut.com/2015/04/maternity-clothes-for-genderqueer-parents.html) . 17 April 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "What Do Genderqueer Maternity Clothes Look Like?" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/shopping/a28252/butchbaby-and-co-interview-sketches.) . 12 May 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "H&M Is Defying Gender Norms With Their New Unisex Denim Line" (https://www.vibe.com/2017/03/hm-unisex-denim-line) . 10 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Zara joins the gender fluid movement with new unisex range" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/zara-gender-fluid-agender-unisex-fashion-transgender-ruby-rose-a6917496.html) . Independent.co.uk (/wiki/Independent.co.uk) . 7 March 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-16) La Ferla, Ruth (19 August 2015). "In Fashion, Gender Lines Are Blurring" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/20/fashion/in-fashion-gender-lines-are-blurring.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Violet Chachki on Walking the Moschino Runway and the Importance of Queer Visibility" (https://www.vogue.com/article/violet-chachki-moschino-runway-interview) . 17 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Ferguson, Sian (5 June 2017). "The Fashion Industry Needs to Stop Ignoring Non-Binary Models" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/non-binary-models-fashion-industry) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Models crossing gender lines in the fashion industry" (http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/fashion/models-crossing-gender-lines-fashion-industry-article-1.2485069) . New York Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Shepherd, Sarah (December 28, 2016). " (https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/she-her-hers-pronoun-pins-handed-out-university-kansas-n700971) 'She her hers': Pronoun pins handed out at University of Kansas" (https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/she-her-hers-pronoun-pins-handed-out-university-kansas-n700971) . NBC News . Retrieved 2023-04-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Richer, Sierra Ross (September 24, 2020). "Changing campus culture one button at a time" (https://record.goshen.edu/features/changing-campus-culture-one-button-at-a-time) . The Record . Retrieved 2023-04-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Belle, Rachel (2022-04-27). "Alaska Airlines is the first US carrier to introduce gender neutral uniforms" (https://mynorthwest.com/3449846/alaska-airlines-gender-neutral-uniforms/) . KIRO News Radio . Retrieved 2023-04-06 . 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Danish white embroidery Hedebo embroidery Hedebo embroidery, dragværk or drawn thread work (1750–1840) Type Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Production method Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Production process Handicraft (/wiki/Handicraft) Place of origin Zealand (/wiki/Zealand) , Denmark Introduced 1760s A paper pamphlet book by the publishers of Modern Priscilla Magazine with needle lace and cutwork instructions The term Hedebo embroidery covers several forms of white embroidery (/wiki/Whitework_embroidery) which originated in the Hedebo (heathland) region of Zealand (/wiki/Zealand) , Denmark, in the 1760s. The varied techniques which evolved over the next hundred years in the farming community were subsequently developed by the middle classes until around 1820. They were applied to articles of clothing such as collars and cuffs but were also used to decorate bed linen. [1] (#cite_note-dsd-1) [2] (#cite_note-trc-2) Introduction [ edit ] Related to reticella (/wiki/Reticella) , hedebo is a form of needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) which was originally produced by farming women in the area of Zealand known as Hedebo or Hedeboegnen, the flat heathland bordered by Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , Roskilde (/wiki/Roskilde) and Køge (/wiki/K%C3%B8ge) . [1] (#cite_note-dsd-1) Up to the 1870s, the embroidered articles decorated the peasants' living rooms or featured on their festive clothing. Towels and pillows as well as women's shifts and men's shirts were typically decorated in the hedebo style. Many of the items in a bride's trousseau or bridal chest were painstakingly prepared for a future wedding. [3] (#cite_note-farms-3) In the late 19th century, Copenhagen families began to show interest in hedebo, increasingly acquiring items for their own homes. Many were crafted by the wet nurses whom they employed. Designs were often adapted to match the clothing styles of the middle classes. By the 20th century, it became fashionable for educated Copenhagen women also to sew hebedo embroidery themselves. [4] (#cite_note-4) When hedebo was replaced in the late 19th century by more modern styles, peasants sold their embroidery in Copenhagen for substantial sums. [3] (#cite_note-farms-3) Many items were nevertheless passed down as families appreciated the value of the embroidery. Recognized by the Danish Folk Museum as a national treasure in the 1870s, many Zealand museums now have substantial collections of hedebo items. [5] (#cite_note-5) Stitching styles [ edit ] Hedebo styles have developed over the years, first by the farming women and later by embroidery experts living in the more wealthy areas of Copenhagen. The earlier styles (1700–1870), known as Hedebosyning (Hedebo sewing), consisted of white linen work for creating articles for private use. [2] (#cite_note-trc-2) They can be classified under seven distinct styles. [6] (#cite_note-6) Counted thread work [ edit ] Known in Danish as tællesyning , with its geometric patterns, it is a style common throughout Denmark and the rest of Europe. Nevertheless, the number of finely stitched hedebo articles is particularly high. Designs can be based on triangles, trees, animals and human figures. The style is used for shirts, bed linen and handkerchiefs. [7] (#cite_note-7) Drawn thread work [ edit ] Drawn thread work or dragværk , another whitework technique, dates from the second half of the 18th century. Employing the warp and weft approach, white thread is drawn across the width of the white linen before figures such as animals are sewn in. The embroidery follows the length and intersections of the fabric. [8] (#cite_note-8) The remaining threads can be decorated in different designs with buttonhole stitches. [9] (#cite_note-9) Square cutwork [ edit ] Square cutwork or rudesyning was used until the end of the 19th century for monograms and for decorating towels. From the ground material, squares are cut out, leaving some threads between the squares. A darning stitch can then be used to fill them in, creating patterns of animals, human figures, plants and trees. [10] (#cite_note-10) Hvidsøm [ edit ] The hvidsøm whitework technique combines drawn thread and cutwork. A type of embroidered lace, it consists of two rows of chain stitches around the main motif. It was used for both clothing and household items such as pillow cases and towels. It was also used by middle class women for tea cosies and table cloths until the mid-20th century. Motifs include flowers, hearts, leaves and animals. [11] (#cite_note-11) Baldyring [ edit ] Combining the drawn thread and counted thread techniques, baldyring is based on reticella needlework. It was used for pillow cases, men's shirts, women's shifts as well as for towels and sheets. Its use extended to the whole of Denmark by the end of the 19th century. It also became fashionable among urban women until about 1920. [12] (#cite_note-12) Hedebo needle lace [ edit ] Udklipshedebo or Hedebo needle lace, is often considered a freestyle combination of cut work and embroidered lace techniques. It also incorporated button stitch and scallop stitch. Patterns are filled with curves, points and wheels or rings, often surrounded by leaves. It was used for costumes, small cloths and collars. It could be found in homes throughout Denmark for serviettes, tea cosies and decorated collars for women. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Heltoft, Kirsten. "hedebosyning" (http://denstoredanske.dk/Livsstil,_sport_og_fritid/H%C3%A5ndarbejde/H%C3%A5ndarbejde_generelt/hedebosyning) (in Danish). Gyldendal: Den Store Danske . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Hedebo Embroidery. An Introduction (Denmark)" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/europe-and-north-america/embroideries/hedebo-embroidery-an-introduction-denmark) . Textile Research Centre, Leiden . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Hedebo Embroidery on the Farms" (http://hedebosyning.dk/hedeboeng/kulturhistorien/pa-gardene) . Hedebo Embroidery . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Hedebo Embroidery in Copenhagen" (http://hedebosyning.dk/hedeboeng/kulturhistorien/i-koebenhavn) . Hedebo Embroidery . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Hedebo Embroidery over the Generations" (http://hedebosyning.dk/hedeboeng/kulturhistorien/i-generationer) . Hedebo Embroidery . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "How to Sew" (http://hedebosyning.dk/hedeboeng/sy-selv) . Hedebo Embroidery . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Tællesyning (Denmark)" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/europe-and-north-america/embroideries/tallesyning-denmark) . Textile Research Centre, Leiden . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Dragværk" (http://hedebosyning.dk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/dragv%C3%A6rk.pdf) (PDF) (in Danish). Hedebosyning . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Drawn Thread Work" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/techniques/cutwork-drawn-pulled-thread-work/drawn-thread-work) . Textile Research Centre, Leiden . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Rudesyning (Denmark)" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/europe-and-north-america/embroideries/rudesyning-denmark) . Textile Research Centre, Leiden . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Hvidsøm (Denmark)" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/europe-and-north-america/embroideries/hvidsom-denmark) . Textile Research Centre, Leiden . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Baldyring (Denmark)" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/europe-and-north-america/embroideries/baldyring-denmark) . Textile Research Centre, Leiden . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Udklipshedebo (Denmark)" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/europe-and-north-america/embroideries/udklipshedebo-denmark) . Textile Research Centre, Leiden . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Hedebo embroidery (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hedebo_embroidery) at Wikimedia Commons Sophy A. Christensen (1867–1955) (https://kvindebiografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Sophy_A._Christensen) v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Styles Assisi (/wiki/Assisi_embroidery) Bargello (/wiki/Bargello_(needlework)) Berlin work (/wiki/Berlin_wool_work) Blackwork (/wiki/Blackwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Broderie perse (/wiki/Broderie_perse) Candlewicking (/wiki/Candlewicking) Counted-thread (/wiki/Counted-thread_embroidery) Crewel (/wiki/Crewel_embroidery) Cross-stitch (/wiki/Cross-stitch) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Darning (/wiki/Darning) Drawn thread work (/wiki/Drawn_thread_work) Goldwork (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) Hardanger (/wiki/Hardanger_embroidery) Hedebo Machine (/wiki/Machine_embroidery) Needlepoint 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(/wiki/Mountmellick_embroidery) Nakshi kantha (/wiki/Nakshi_kantha) Persian (/wiki/Persian_embroidery) Rasht (/wiki/Rasht_embroidery) Sermeh (/wiki/Sermeh_embroidery) Sistan (/wiki/Sistan_embroidery) Zardozi (/wiki/Zardozi) Opus Anglicanum (/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum) Rushnyk (/wiki/Rushnyk) Sewed muslin (/wiki/Sewed_muslin) Ukrainian (/wiki/Ukrainian_embroidery) Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_embroidery) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Embroideries Butler-Bowden Cope (/wiki/Butler-Bowden_Cope) Bayeux Tapestry (/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry) Bradford carpet (/wiki/Bradford_carpet) Great Tapestry of Scotland (/wiki/Great_Tapestry_of_Scotland) Great Tapestry of Scotland: People's Panel (/wiki/Great_Tapestry_of_Scotland:_People%27s_Panel) Hastings Embroidery (/wiki/Hastings_Embroidery) Hestia tapestry (/wiki/Hestia_Tapestry) Magna Carta (An Embroidery) (/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)) Margaret Layton's jacket (/wiki/Margaret_Layton%27s_embroidered_jacket) New World Tapestry (/wiki/New_World_Tapestry) Overlord Embroidery (/wiki/Overlord_Embroidery) Oxburgh Hangings (/wiki/Oxburgh_Hangings) Prestonpans Tapestry (/wiki/Prestonpans_Tapestry) Quaker Tapestry (/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry) Scottish Diaspora Tapestry (/wiki/Scottish_Diaspora_Tapestry) Fragments of a Cope with the Seven Sacraments (/wiki/Fragments_of_a_Cope_with_the_Seven_Sacraments) Designers and embroiderers Emilie Bach (/wiki/Emilie_Bach) Leon Conrad (/wiki/Leon_Conrad) Shahin Ebrahimzadeh-Pezeshki (/wiki/Shahin_Ebrahimzadeh-Pezeshki) Kaffe Fassett (/wiki/Kaffe_Fassett) Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty (/wiki/Juanita_Growing_Thunder_Fogarty) Constance Howard (/wiki/Constance_Howard_(artist)) Marilyn Leavitt-Imblum (/wiki/Marilyn_Leavitt-Imblum) François Lesage (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesage) Ann Macbeth (/wiki/Ann_Macbeth) May Morris (/wiki/May_Morris) Jessie Newbery (/wiki/Jessie_Newbery) Mahtab Norouzi (/wiki/Mahtab_Norouzi) Tetiana Protcheva (/wiki/Tetiana_Protcheva) Charles Germain de Saint Aubin (/wiki/Charles_Germain_de_Saint_Aubin) Mary Elizabeth Turner (/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Turner) Dimitri Vlachos - Castano (/wiki/Dimitri_Vlachos_-_Castano) Kathleen Whyte (/wiki/Kathleen_Whyte) Erica Wilson (/wiki/Erica_Wilson) Lily Yeats (/wiki/Lily_Yeats) Organizations and museums Embroiderers' Guild (UK) (/wiki/Embroiderers%27_Guild) Embroiderers' Guild of America (/wiki/Embroiderers%27_Guild_of_America) Embroidery Software Protection Coalition (/wiki/Embroidery_Software_Protection_Coalition) Needlework Development Scheme (/wiki/Needlework_Development_Scheme) Royal School of Needlework (/wiki/Royal_School_of_Needlework) Wemyss School of Needlework (/wiki/Wemyss_School_of_Needlework) Chung Young Yang Embroidery Museum (/wiki/Chung_Young_Yang_Embroidery_Museum) Han Sang Soo Embroidery Museum (/wiki/Han_Sang_Soo_Embroidery_Museum) Related Appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) Crochet (/wiki/Crochet) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Needlework (/wiki/Needlework) Quilting (/wiki/Quilting) 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Italian luxury lifestyle brand For the sculptor, see Stefano Ricci (sculptor) (/wiki/Stefano_Ricci_(sculptor)) . Stefano Ricci S.p.A. Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Founded 1972 ; 52 years ago ( 1972 ) Founder Stefano Ricci Headquarters Fiesole (/wiki/Fiesole) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Area served Worldwide Products Menswear – childrenswear - homeware Services Bespoke tailoring – Made-to-Measure – Interior Design Website www (http://www.stefanoricci.com) .stefanoricci (http://www.stefanoricci.com) .com (http://www.stefanoricci.com) Stefano Ricci ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈsteːfano (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ˈrittʃi] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ) is a private family-owned (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Italian luxury lifestyle brand (/wiki/Lifestyle_brand) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) with headquarters located in Fiesole (/wiki/Fiesole) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) With 60 [2] (#cite_note-2) monobrand boutiques worldwide, [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) the brand produces menswear and accessories, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) a line for juniors "SR Junior", [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) homeware "SR HOME" [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and lifestyle products. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The brand also offers bespoke [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) and interior design services for both yachts and residences. Stefano Ricci S.p.A. was rated as EE (average) by the London-based Standard Ethics (/wiki/Standard_Ethics_Aei) agency for three consecutive years 2015, [6] (#cite_note-6) 2016, [7] (#cite_note-7) and 2017. [8] (#cite_note-8) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) calls Stefano Ricci "clothier to the 0.001 percent". [9] (#cite_note-9) Stefano Ricci S.p.A. employs over 500 people worldwide, and the 9000 [10] (#cite_note-:5-10) square metre headquarters [11] (#cite_note-11) consist of office and production [12] (#cite_note-:6-12) facilities. [13] (#cite_note-13) By 2010, [14] (#cite_note-14) Stefano Ricci S.p.A. had acquired the Antico Setificio Fiorentino S.r.l., a historic silk-weaving mill [15] (#cite_note-15) located in the Oltrarno (/wiki/Oltrarno) area of Florence. Founding [ edit ] The Stefano Ricci company was founded in 1972 [16] (#cite_note-:3-16) by Florentine designer and Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour (/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_Labour) , [17] (#cite_note-:12-17) Stefano Ricci, and his wife [18] (#cite_note-18) Claudia. [19] (#cite_note-:9-19) Their first business location was in the family home on Via dei Niccoli, in Florence (/wiki/Florence) ; the location remains open as the company's bespoke tailoring atelier. [20] (#cite_note-:7-20) The current CEO [16] (#cite_note-:3-16) is the eponymous Founder's eldest son, Niccolò Ricci, while the Creative Director, Filippo Ricci, is the founder's youngest son. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Boutiques [ edit ] Stefano Ricci Boutique in Madrid, inaugurated in 2022 The brand's first boutique was opened in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) at the Ritz Carlton (/wiki/Ritz_Carlton) hotel in 1993, introducing the brand to the Chinese market. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) In February 2018 Stefano Ricci inaugurated its 60th monobrand boutique in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , located in The Peninsula (/wiki/The_Peninsula_Hong_Kong) Hotel. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Other flagship stores followed, including Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) (2001), New York (/wiki/New_York_City) (2005), [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Florence (/wiki/Florence) and Milan (/wiki/Milan) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) (2009), Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) and Baku (/wiki/Baku) (2013), [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) London (/wiki/London) (2016), [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) (2018). [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) All Stefano Ricci boutiques are characterised by a use of hand-worked materials such as Californian briar-root (/wiki/Erica_arborea) wood [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) with brown and black variants, [22] (#cite_note-22) Tuscan travertine (/wiki/Travertine) , [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) pietra serena (/wiki/Pietra_serena) , [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and crocodile [10] (#cite_note-:5-10) leather. [12] (#cite_note-:6-12) Production [ edit ] The company's original production was based on Italian handmade ties, with the first commercial collection debuting at Pitti Uomo (/wiki/Pitti_Immagine) in 1974. [20] (#cite_note-:7-20) Today, Stefano Ricci S.p.A. produces 100% Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) goods, [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) including the design, manufacture and finishing of merchandise. The company produces couture shirts, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) handmade ties, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) suits, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) casualwear, [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) sportswear, [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) outerwear, [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) skiwear, [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) footwear, [23] (#cite_note-23) leather goods, small leather goods, eyewear, [24] (#cite_note-:10-24) cufflinks, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) fragrances, [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) wine, [25] (#cite_note-25) writing instruments, [24] (#cite_note-:10-24) porcelain (/wiki/Porcelain) , [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) crystalware, [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) fine linens, [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) and furniture. [16] (#cite_note-:3-16) The company has a specialized internal workshop for goldsmiths [19] (#cite_note-:9-19) and silversmiths, [10] (#cite_note-:5-10) who create precious belt buckles, hardware for leather goods, and home items, all using traditional Florentine goldsmith traditions. [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) Unsold merchandise is destroyed each year so that no items are offered to the market at reduced prices [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) or within outlets. [26] (#cite_note-26) Brand identity [ edit ] Stefano Ricci S.p.A. makes use of the eagle as an emblematic [27] (#cite_note-27) trait [20] (#cite_note-:7-20) for the brand, [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) which is found on merchandise as well as the store mannequins which display bronze eagle heads. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The company engages philanthropically with the city of Florence; in 2012 it donated lighting [28] (#cite_note-28) for the Loggia dei Lanzi (/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi) in Piazza della Signoria (/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria) , [29] (#cite_note-29) in 2013 it funded the restoration [30] (#cite_note-30) of historic volumes on the Art of Silk and the Art of Wool [31] (#cite_note-:11-31) from the Florence State Archive (/wiki/Archivio_di_Stato_di_Firenze) , [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) and in 2014 [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) it donated new lighting for the Ponte Vecchio (/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio) . [32] (#cite_note-32) The company has partnered with Florence's museums for fashion events. Stefano Ricci S.p.A. remains the first [31] (#cite_note-:11-31) and only [33] (#cite_note-33) company to have had a fashion show inside of the Galleria degli Uffizi (/wiki/Galleria_degli_Uffizi) (2012, 40th Anniversary event); [17] (#cite_note-:12-17) the SR Junior line was launched with a fashion show within the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo (/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)) ; [34] (#cite_note-34) and the Sala Bianca within the Palazzo Pitti (/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti) was reopened to use for fashion during the company's 45th Anniversary event in 2017. [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) Charity [ edit ] Stefano Ricci S.p.A. and the Antico Setificio Fiorentino S.r.l have supported the Andrea Bocelli (/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli) Foundation and the Mohamed Alì (/wiki/Muhammad_Ali) Parkinson Center by hosting galas during the annual Celebrity Fight Night event; [35] (#cite_note-35) the most recent were located in the cloisters [36] (#cite_note-36) of Santa Croce (/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence) , Florence, in 2016, [37] (#cite_note-37) and at the Palazzo Colonna (/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna) , Rome, in 2017. [38] (#cite_note-38) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Williams, Alex (August 2017). "Luxury for the Alpha Male". The New York Times : D1. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jill, Newman (4 April 2018). "Car Lover Stefano Ricci Unveils His New Collection at Mugello Circuit" (http://robbreport.com/style/fashion/stefano-riccis-unveils-new-racecar-inspired-sportswear-2786483/) . Robb Report . ^ Jump up to: a b "Stefano Ricci Cresce del 14%". La Stampa : 21. January 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sarai, Jason (April 2017). "The World of Stefano Ricci". Iconic Concierge Vancouver : 27–29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Liu, Risa (April 2017). "Merger of Taste and Elegance". Boulevard : 67–70. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "La Maison Fiorentina Stefano Ricci per Il Rating Etico è 'Strong" (http://www.fashionmagazine.it/ItemByCategory.aspx?ItemID=65464) . Fashion Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Moda: Ricci, Rating Etico e Apre Londra" (http://www.ansa.it/toscana/notizie/2016/11/25/moda-ricci-rating-etico-e-apre-londra_06b00c0c-9407-4918-bbe4-945d5b43446e.html.) . Ansa . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Stefano Ricci Chiude Il 2017 Con Una Crescita a Doppia Cifra (+14%)." (http://it.fashionnetwork.com/news/Stefano-Ricci-chiude-il-2017-con-una-crescita-a-doppia-cifra-,933352.html#.Wpfrd67iZph) " (http://it.fashionnetwork.com/news/Stefano-Ricci-chiude-il-2017-con-una-crescita-a-doppia-cifra-,933352.html#.Wpfrd67iZph) . FashionNetwork.com . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Williams, Alex (10 August 2017). "Stefano Ricci, Clothier to the 0.001 Percent" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/fashion/stefano-ricci-designer-kremlin-tom-cruise-pope-francis-nelson-mandela.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Rajagopal Lobo, Rashmi (14 July 2017). "Tuscan Tale: Niccolo Ricci on the Emotions of Business Dressing" (http://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/trends/2017/jul/14/stefano-riccis-new-line-boasts-leather-jackets-classy-backpacks-and-edgy-lace-up-shoes-2635.html) . The New Indian Express . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Botré, Franz (2018). Essere e Vestire Being & Dressing . Swan Group Srl. pp. 208–215. ^ Jump up to: a b Arrighi, Elisabetta. "Toscana Che Va Stefano Ricci, La Costruzione Di Uno Stile" (http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/livorno/foto-e-video/2012/07/27/fotogalleria/stefano-ricci-azienda-moda-atelier-fiesole-1.5463730#1) . il Tirreno . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Schieppati, Mattia (January 2018). "Una Storia Che Corre". Arbiter : 98–103. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Lemon, Hannah (May 2017). "Fabric of Time". The Mayfair Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Italian Silk Mill That's Been Weaving for Centuries" (http://www.edition.cnn.com/style/article/details-antico-setificio-fiorentino-florence/index.html) . CNN . 14 September 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c Tobler, Jim (September 2016). "The Florentine, Stefano Ricci, the Epitome of Italian Menswear". Montecristo : 58–62. ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion News: Stefano Ricci Is Knighted, and Fetes 40 Years" (https://www.elitetraveler.com/travel/travel-news/fashion-news-stefano-ricci-is-knighted-and-fetes-40-years) . Elite Traveler . 5 June 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Ciuti, Ilaria (February 2016). "Stefano Ricci, Lo Stile Di Padre in Figlio" (http://www.repubblica.it/economia/affari-e-finanza/2016/02/01/news/stefano_ricci_lo_stile_di_padre_in_figlio-132532326/.) . Repubblica.it . ^ Jump up to: a b "Stefano Ricci. The World of High Style" (http://www.firenzemadeintuscany.com/en/fashion/article/stefano-ricci-the-world-of-high-style) . Firenze Made in Tuscany . ^ Jump up to: a b c Maresca, Giancarlo (5 January 2017). "Provato per Voi: Stefano Ricci" (http://www.arbiter.it/articolo/provato-per-voi-stefano-ricci/.) . Arbiter . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Stefano Ricci / Portrait". Collect : 30–31. November 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Degl'Innocenzi, Maurizio. "Stefano Ricci Opens Second Boutique in Vegas" (http://www.luxurylv.com/style-beauty/stefano-ricci-opens-second-boutique-in-vegas) . Luxury Las Vegas . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Freed, Jeremy (26 October 2017). "Value Proposition" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/can-a-baseball-cap-be-worth-spending-2300on/article36700738/.) . The Globe and Mail . ^ Jump up to: a b "Company Overview of Stefano Ricci S.p.A." (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9919124.) Bloomberg . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Per i Miei 40 Anni D'alta Moda.. Mi Regalo Un Vino!" (https://www.winenews.it/news/27549/per-i-miei-40-anni-dalta-moda-mi-regalo-un-vino-stefano-ricci-alla-guida-del-famoso-brand-made-in-italy-debutta-con-il-suo-blend-griffato-selezionato-da-pinchiorri-a-tenuta-sette-ponti-nella-prima-sfilataevento-agli-uffizi-a-firenze) . Wine News . 18 June 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-26) Ognibene, Silvia. "Stefano Ricci Mai in Un Outlet Per Rispetto Dei Miei Operai" (http://www.corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/firenze/notizie/economia/17_novembre_06/stefano-ricci-mai-un-outlet-rispetto-miei-operai-55a910d8-c2df-11e7-b6ac-dc5d5d317d53.shtml.) . Corriere Fiorentino . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Maresca, Giancarlo (2018). Essere e Vestire - Being & Dressing . Arbiter. pp. 208–215. ^ (#cite_ref-28) "E la Loggia Dei Lanzi torna a brillare di luce ecosostenibile" (http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/cultura/2012/06/19/731405-loggia-lanzi-illuminazione.shtml) . La Nazione . June 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Illuminating Fashion: Stefano Ricci Supports Important Lighting Project" (http://www.elitetraveler.com/travel/travel-news/illuminating-fashion-stefano-ricci-supports-important-lighting-project) . Elite Traveler . February 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Stefano Ricci Finanzia Restauro Di 12 Volumi Dell'Archivio Di Stato" (http://www.ilsitodifirenze.it/content/139-stefano-ricci-finanzia-restauro-di-12-volumi-dellarchivio-di-stato.) . IlsitodiFirenze.it . April 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Allegranti, Ivan (April 2013). "Stefano Ricci, Moderno Mecenate, Sostiene Il Restauro Di 12 Volumi Dell'archivio Di Stato Di Firenze" (http://www.theauburngirl.com/qm/stefano-ricci-moderno-mecenate-sostiene-il-restauro-di-12-volumi-dellarchivio-di-stato-di-firenze/.) . Theauburngirl . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Galligani, Tommaso (November 2016). "La Rivoluzione Degli Uffizi: Tutti Insieme i Quattro Grandi Del Rinascimento" (http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/cronaca/2014/06/04/1074442-ponte-vecchio-nuova-illuminazione.shtml) . Il Tirreno . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Galligani, Tommaso (November 2016). "La Rivoluzione Degli Uffizi: Tutti Insieme i Quattro Grandi Del Rinascimento" (http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/regione/toscana/2016/11/08/news/la-rivoluzione-degli-uffizi-tutti-insieme-i-quattro-grandi-del-rinascimento-1.14381730) . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Il Tributo Di Stefano Ricci All'arte e Alla Moda" (http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/regione/2016/01/11/news/il-tributo-di-stefano-ricci-all-arte-e-alla-moda-1.12760606?refresh_ce) . il Tirreno . January 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Picchio, Nicoletta (September 2017). "A Roma La Celebrity Fight Night Di Bocelli Firmata Stefano Ricci" (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/moda/2017-09-08/a-roma-celebrity-fight-night-bocelli-firmata-stefano-ricci--165830.shtml?uuid=AEGtUxPC) . il Sole 24 Ore . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Celebrity Fight Night in Italy Raises More than $4M" (http://www.azredbook.com/homepage-large-feature/celebrity-fight-night-in-italy-raises-more-than-4m/) . The Red Book . September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Celebrity Fight Night Hits Florence" (http://www.theflorentine.net/news/2016/09/celebrity-fight-night-florence) . The Florentine . September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Stefano Ricci Celebrity Fight Night Event in Rome" (http://newyorkstyleguide.com/stefano-ricci-celebrity-fight-night-event-in-rome/.) . New York Style Guide . September 2017. Further reading [ edit ] Bayley, Stephen (December 21, 2013). "Artisan Italy: Florence and the machines" (http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/artisan-italy-florence-and-the-machines-9019959.html) . The Independent . Retrieved September 25, 2017 . Chaffin, Joshua (November 30, 2016). "London's allure for European expats survives Brexit vote" (https://www.ft.com/content/4df43f7e-b008-11e6-9c37-5787335499a0) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . Retrieved September 25, 2017 . Rothstein, Mervyn (September 5, 2004). "Very-High-Priced Clothes, Very-Low-Rise Space" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/05/realestate/veryhighpriced-clothes-verylowrise-space.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Trebay, Guy (June 18, 2014). "The Modern Man: Suited and Hirsute" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/fashion/facial-hair-and-florals-abound-at-pitti-uomo-in-florence-italy.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stefano Ricci (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stefano_Ricci) . 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Israeli model and actress (born 2001) Yael Shelbia Shelbia in 2022 Born Yael Shelbia Cohen [2] (#cite_note-birthname-2) ( 2001-08-31 ) 31 August 2001 (age 22) [3] (#cite_note-3) Nahariya (/wiki/Nahariya) , Israel Nationality Israeli (/wiki/Israel) Occupations Model actress Years active 2016–present Partner(s) Brandon Korff (2019–2022) Omer Adam (/wiki/Omer_Adam) [4] (#cite_note-OmerAdam-4) (2022–present) Modeling information Height 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) [1] (#cite_note-itm-1) Hair color Dark-brown Eye color Cerulean (light-blue [1] (#cite_note-itm-1) ) Agency ITM (Israel) Model Link (Sweden) Elite (Miami, US) Storm Model Management London (UK) ModelWerk (Germany) AddictedToModels (Austria) Storm Model Management (Los Angeles, US) Website itmodels (https://itmodels.co.il/yael-shelbia) .co (https://itmodels.co.il/yael-shelbia) .il (https://itmodels.co.il/yael-shelbia) /yael-shelbia (https://itmodels.co.il/yael-shelbia) Shelbia in 2021 Yael Shelbia Cohen [2] (#cite_note-birthname-2) ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : יעל שלביה כהן ; born ( 2001-08-31 ) 31 August 2001) is an Israeli model and actress. She has appeared in a number of international modeling campaigns. She became a leading model for Israeli brands Castro (/wiki/Castro_(clothing)) from 2017 and Renuar from 2018, and currently [ citation needed ] stars in the Israeli television series Palmach on Teen Nick via yes (/wiki/Yes_(Israel)) . [5] (#cite_note-Palmach-5) Early life [ edit ] She uses her middle name Shelbia as her professional surname, which was inherited from her Djerbian (/wiki/Djerba) great-grandmother's family that is of both Mizrahi Jewish (/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish) and Sephardi Jewish (/wiki/Sephardi_Jewish) ( Tunisian-Jewish (/wiki/Tunisian_Jews) ) descent. [2] (#cite_note-birthname-2) [6] (#cite_note-israelhayom.co.il-6) She began by uploading selfies she took by herself on Instagram shortly before her 16th birthday. [7] (#cite_note-yediot.co.il-7) As a result of finding her photos on her Instagram account, she later received an offer to take photos from the professional photographer Marina Moskowitz. [7] (#cite_note-yediot.co.il-7) She has received additional media attention due to her Orthodox Jewish (/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism) background, as she keeps Kosher (/wiki/Kosher) and observes Shabbat (/wiki/Shabbat) , which initially had led to controversy in Shelbia's Orthodox Jewish religious (/wiki/Datiim_Leumiim) community; back in her native Israel. [6] (#cite_note-israelhayom.co.il-6) [7] (#cite_note-yediot.co.il-7) As of 2020, Shelbia has served as a soldier in the Israeli Air Force (/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force) of the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) , [8] (#cite_note-8) rather than serving in the Sherut Leumi (/wiki/Sherut_Leumi) as a civilian. [7] (#cite_note-yediot.co.il-7) The latter is what most religious Jewish girls in Israel opt to do. [7] (#cite_note-yediot.co.il-7) Career [ edit ] Her fashion modeling soon led to controversy and opposition in her Ulpana (/wiki/Ulpana) school, which threatened to send a letter to the Israeli Education Ministry to expel her. Her family however, had been supportive of her career, so long as it would not interfere with her religious studies. And after consultation with Israel (/wiki/The_State_of_Israel) 's Education Ministry, she was allowed to continue her studies on condition of following certain guidelines. [6] (#cite_note-israelhayom.co.il-6) However, combining a modeling career with a religious lifestyle, has led to difficulties, including in terms of modesty of clothing. During a modeling campaign in Milan, she had to live on crackers for four days, as she could not find kosher food (/wiki/Kosher_food) . [9] (#cite_note-fashionforward.mako.co.il-9) She says she had lost many modeling contracts back then, due to her keeping of the Sabbath and choices in clothing. [9] (#cite_note-fashionforward.mako.co.il-9) The speed of the success of her career both in Europe and Israel, has led to comparisons to fellow Israeli models Shlomit Malka (/wiki/Shlomit_Malka) , Dorit Revelis (/wiki/Dorit_Revelis) and Sofia Mechetner (/wiki/Sofia_Mechetner) . [9] (#cite_note-fashionforward.mako.co.il-9) [6] (#cite_note-israelhayom.co.il-6) In 2018, she modelled for Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) 's brand KKW Beauty, where her photos were chosen by Kim Kardashian. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2019, Shelbia was chosen to lead Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) 's Biotic Skincare range. [11] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-11) Also in 2019, she was cast for her debut acting role in a television series about the real-life Israeli Palmach forces . [5] (#cite_note-Palmach-5) It is a teen adventure period drama series set in 1946, two pivotal years before the State of Israel was founded. [5] (#cite_note-Palmach-5) A seemingly innocent training farm secretly functions as a Strike Forces (also known as Palmach ) training base and recruitment center for exceptional teens, as well as a home-base for illegal Jewish immigration missions and special ops against the British Mandate. [5] (#cite_note-Palmach-5) The show debuted in 2020, and Shelbia stars as Ruth Hirsch. [5] (#cite_note-Palmach-5) In 2024, she was recognized for her beauty by being included in the "World's Beautiful Women" list curated by What's Good?. [12] (#cite_note-12) Personal life [ edit ] In 2019, she began dating American businessman Brandon Korff (son of Rabbi Yitzhak Aharon Korff (/wiki/Yitzhak_Aharon_Korff) , and grandson of billionaire Sumner Redstone (/wiki/Sumner_Redstone) ). [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2022, she began dating American-born Israeli singer Omer Adam (/wiki/Omer_Adam) . [4] (#cite_note-OmerAdam-4) See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) TV portal (/wiki/Portal:TV) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Women of Israel (/wiki/Women_of_Israel) Women in the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces) List of Israelis (/wiki/List_of_Israelis) List of Jewish actors (/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Yael Shelbia" (https://itmodels.co.il/yael-shelbia/) . 19 March 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c "מנהל האולפנה אמר לי: או שאת מפסיקה לדגמן או שאת עוזבת | Fashion Forward | אופנה" (https://fashionforward.mako.co.il/industry/itgirls/151951/) . 8 June 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Solny, Shiryn (27 July 2018). "Shabbat-Observant Israeli Model Stars in New Kim Kardashian Makeup Ad" (https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/07/27/shabbat-observant-israeli-model-stars-in-new-kim-kardashian-makeup-ad/) . The Algemeiner . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.israelhayom.co.il/celebrities/local-celebrities/article/10945348 (https://www.israelhayom.co.il/celebrities/local-celebrities/article/10945348) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e " (https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5591926,00.html) "יש לי באינסטגרם הודעות מ־30 איש שהיו יכולים להרים לי את הקריירה, אבל הם לא עניינו אותי, כי הם לא יהודים" (https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5591926,00.html) " (https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5591926,00.html) . 18 September 2019. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "I got a gift from God, I do not have to apologize" (http://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/545719) Israel Hayom (/wiki/Israel_Hayom) , by Hagit Rabinovich, 29.03.2018 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e From the Tel Aviv municipality to the Dior campaign (https://www.yediot.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5005890,00.html) , 21.08.2017, Shir-Li Golan, Yedioth Ahronoth (/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Yael Shelby lost the recruiter" (https://www.mako.co.il/entertainment-celebs/local-2020/Article-853046ea9db7371026.htm) . www.mako.co.il . 23 July 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c The headmaster told me: Either you stop modeling or you leave (https://fashionforward.mako.co.il/industry/itgirls/151951) By Shimon Ifergan, 8 June 2017, Mako (/wiki/Keshet_Media_Group) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Religious model Yael Shelbia in Kim Kardashian's campaign (http://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/574385) 25.07.2018, Israel Hayom ^ (#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0) Yael Shelbia will lead Kylie Jenner's biotic campaign (https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/642035) Israel Hayom, 18 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Most Beautiful Women in the World" (https://whatsgoodonline.co.uk/beauty/most-beautiful-women-in-the-world/) . What's Good? . 22 January 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "בלי סודות: יעל שלביה מנשקת את החבר באמצע הרחוב" (https://pplus.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5515530,00.html) . 29 May 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Steel, Emily (2 June 2016). "Inside the Battle for Sumner Redstone's $40 Billion Media Empire" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/business/media/sumner-redstone-saga.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Shari Redstone: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know" (https://heavy.com/entertainment/2018/07/shari-redstone/) . 27 July 2018. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yael Shelbia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yael_Shelbia) . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://yaelshelbia.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐n97cc Cached time: 20240720174633 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.516 seconds Real time usage: 0.710 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3064/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38714/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5650/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47235/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.371/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22717524/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 661.910 1 -total 35.41% 234.383 1 Template:Infobox_model 19.30% 127.743 1 Template:Reflist 15.47% 102.398 7 Template:Cite_web 13.12% 86.855 1 Template:Lang-he 11.26% 74.563 1 Template:Infobox 10.86% 71.855 1 Template:Short_description 6.31% 41.778 2 Template:Pagetype 5.39% 35.652 1 Template:Fact 5.20% 34.396 1 Template:Infobox_person/height Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57213530-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174633 and revision id 1225839587. 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American actress (born 1994) Corinne Foxx Born ( 1994-02-15 ) February 15, 1994 (age 30) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , U.S. Other names Corinne Marie Foxx [1] (#cite_note-1) Alma mater University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) Occupation Actress Years active 2000–present Partner Joe Hooten (engaged) Parent(s) Jamie Foxx (/wiki/Jamie_Foxx) (father) Connie Kline (mother) Website foxxtales (http://foxxtales.com) .com (http://foxxtales.com) Corinne Foxx (born February 15, 1994) is an American actress. She is the daughter of actor and singer Jamie Foxx (/wiki/Jamie_Foxx) . She has attended Sierra Canyon High School (/wiki/Sierra_Canyon_High_School) , University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) (USC) and various acting and improv schools. Early life [ edit ] Foxx was born on February 15, 1994, in Los Angeles. She is the daughter of Jamie Foxx (/wiki/Jamie_Foxx) and his ex-girlfriend Connie Kline. In high school, she attended Sierra Canyon School (/wiki/Sierra_Canyon_School) where she was a cheerleader and was featured on the cover of American Cheerleader (/wiki/American_Cheerleader) in 2011. [2] (#cite_note-MCB-2) She attended the University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) , [3] (#cite_note-CFDoJFSWC-3) where she was a member of the class of 2016. [4] (#cite_note-4) She studied public relations, was a cheerleader, and was a member of the Pi Beta Phi (/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi) sorority. [5] (#cite_note-CFITIG-5) [2] (#cite_note-MCB-2) [6] (#cite_note-6) After college, she attended Howard Fine (/wiki/Howard_Fine) Acting Studio and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Career [ edit ] At age six, she made a cameo in The Jamie Foxx Show (/wiki/The_Jamie_Foxx_Show) and regularly served as her father's date on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) growing up. [5] (#cite_note-CFITIG-5) [2] (#cite_note-MCB-2) She has appeared on Sweet/Vicious (/wiki/Sweet/Vicious) and served as Miss Golden Globe (/wiki/Miss_Golden_Globe) in 2016. [3] (#cite_note-CFDoJFSWC-3) She was announced as the DJ for the second season of Beat Shazam (/wiki/Beat_Shazam) (on which her father is host) in 2018 and has a role in her father's directorial debut, All-Star Weekend (/wiki/All-Star_Weekend_(film)) , although the film was unreleased and considered indefinitely shelved as of August 2022. [8] (#cite_note-8) She returned to her DJ role on Beat Shazam for its third season debut on May 20, 2019. [3] (#cite_note-CFDoJFSWC-3) She made her formal modeling debut at the Bal des débutantes (/wiki/Bal_des_d%C3%A9butantes) in November 2014. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) She began modeling in 2014, [11] (#cite_note-11) and she has represented brands such as Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) , and Wet 'n' Wild cosmetics. [3] (#cite_note-CFDoJFSWC-3) She made her New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) debut in 2016, walking for Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's Yeezy line, and walked New York Fashion Week for Sherri Hill (/wiki/Sherri_Hill) 's Spring 2018 line in September 2017. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2019, she played Sasha in the horror sequel 47 Meters Down: Uncaged (/wiki/47_Meters_Down:_Uncaged) . Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2019 47 Meters Down: Uncaged (/wiki/47_Meters_Down:_Uncaged) Sasha 2020 Safety (/wiki/Safety_(2020_film)) Kaycee Stone Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2000 The Jamie Foxx Show (/wiki/The_Jamie_Foxx_Show) Cameo 2013 86th Academy Awards (/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards) On-Stage Dancer (with kids) TV special; " Happy (/wiki/Happy_(Pharrell_Williams_song)) " from Despicable Me 2 (/wiki/Despicable_Me_2) 2013 David Blaine: Real or Magic (/wiki/David_Blaine) Herself TV special 2016 Sweet/Vicious (/wiki/Sweet/Vicious) Rachel Abrams Episode: All Eyez on Me 2017–2022, 2024–present Beat Shazam (/wiki/Beat_Shazam) Herself DJ on Beat Shazam 2018 Carpool Karaoke (/wiki/Carpool_Karaoke) Herself Episode: Jamie Foxx & Corinne Foxx 2019 Live in Front of a Studio Audience (/wiki/Live_in_Front_of_a_Studio_Audience) Thelma Episode: 'All in the Family' and 'Good Times' 2021 Dad Stop Embarrassing Me! (/wiki/Dad_Stop_Embarrassing_Me!) Executive producer [13] (#cite_note-13) 2022 Dollface (/wiki/Dollface) Ruby Music Video [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2013 Pharrell Williams: Happy (/wiki/Happy_(Pharrell_Williams_song)) Dancer (uncredited) Music video short References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mauch, Ally (September 17, 2020). "Jamie Foxx Celebrates Daughter Corinne's Creative Arts Emmy Win: 'You Are My Heart' (https://people.com/movies/jamie-foxx-and-daughter-corinne-celebrate-with-wine-after-her-creative-arts-emmy-win/) " (https://people.com/movies/jamie-foxx-and-daughter-corinne-celebrate-with-wine-after-her-creative-arts-emmy-win/) . People . Retrieved June 11, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Acuna, Kirsten (April 23, 2013). "Meet Corinne Bishop: Jamie Foxx's Social Media Savvy 19-Year-Old Daughter" (http://www.businessinsider.com/meet-jamie-foxxs-daughter-corinne-2013-4) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schmidt, Ingrid (February 15, 2018). "Corinne Foxx, Daughter of Jamie Foxx, Signs With CAA (Exclusive)" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/corinne-foxx-daughter-jamie-foxx-signs-caa-1085001) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lew, Janine and Jasmin Rosemberg (November 17, 2015). "Corinne Foxx, Daughter of Jamie Foxx, Named Miss Golden Globe 2016" (https://variety.com/2015/scene/awards/miss-golden-globe-2016-corinne-foxx-daughter-of-jamie-foxx-1201643191/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lawrence, Vanessa (September 5, 2013). "Corinne Foxx: It Trend, It Girl" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/corinne-foxx-style-inspiration) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Robinson, Melia and Melissa Stanger (January 8, 2014). "The 18 Most Famous Students In College This Semester" (http://www.businessinsider.com/most-famous-kids-in-college-right-now-2014-1#corinne-foxx-4) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "73rd Annual Golden Globe Awards" (https://www.goldenglobes.com/sites/default/files/gg_book_2016.pdf) (PDF) . Hollywood Foreign Press Association (/wiki/Hollywood_Foreign_Press_Association) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Goodman, Angel (August 18, 2022). " (https://www.enstarz.com/articles/229456/20220818/star-weekend-cancelled-jamie-foxxs-unreleased-film-gets-indefinitely-shelved.htm) 'All-star Weekend' Cancelled? Jamie Foxx's Unreleased Film Gets 'Indefinitely Shelved' (https://www.enstarz.com/articles/229456/20220818/star-weekend-cancelled-jamie-foxxs-unreleased-film-gets-indefinitely-shelved.htm) " (https://www.enstarz.com/articles/229456/20220818/star-weekend-cancelled-jamie-foxxs-unreleased-film-gets-indefinitely-shelved.htm) . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Binding, Lucia (September 6, 2017). "Katie Holmes and Jamie Foxx finally confirm romance after Tom Cruise banned her 'publicly dating' (https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/katie-holmes-jamie-foxx-finally-confirm-romance-after-tom-cruise-banned-her-publicly-dating-1638192) " (https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/katie-holmes-jamie-foxx-finally-confirm-romance-after-tom-cruise-banned-her-publicly-dating-1638192) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Chatrier, Marie-France (November 2, 2014). "Corinne Foxx entre dans le monde au galop" (http://www.parismatch.com/People/Spectacles/Corinne-Foxx-entre-dans-le-monde-au-galop-644312) . Paris Match (/wiki/Paris_Match) (in French) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Morel, Chantel (September 13, 2017). "Jamie Foxx's Little Girl Is All Grown Up—And Strutting Down Runways" (http://www.bravotv.com/blogs/jamie-foxxs-little-girl-is-all-grown-up-and-strutting-down-runways) . Bravo (/wiki/Bravo_(U.S._TV_network)) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Tate, Crystal (September 13, 2017). "Jamie Foxx And Keenan Ivory Wayans' Daughters Hit The Runway At New York Fashion Week" (https://www.essence.com/fashion-week/jamie-foxx-keenan-ivory-wayans-daughter-nyfw) . Essence (/wiki/Essence_(magazine)) . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416154941/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/dad-stop-embarrassing-executive-producer-230947845.html) Dad Stop Embarrassing Me! Executive Producer Corinne Foxx on Her Dad Jamie Foxx's On-Set Antics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416154941/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/dad-stop-embarrassing-executive-producer-230947845.html) . Yahoo! (/wiki/Yahoo!) . Archived from the original (https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/dad-stop-embarrassing-executive-producer-230947845.html) on April 16, 2021 . Retrieved April 14, 2021 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corinne Foxx (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Corinne_Foxx) . Corinne Foxx (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1010724/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐l5vxh Cached time: 20240720165030 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.384 seconds Real time usage: 0.560 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2517/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 35909/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2450/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 54862/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.241/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7024481/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 520.467 1 -total 27.68% 144.073 1 Template:Reflist 24.99% 130.050 1 Template:Short_description 22.70% 118.122 1 Template:Infobox_person 16.51% 85.951 20 Template:Main_other 15.55% 80.918 1 Template:Cite_news 13.49% 70.207 1 Template:SDcat 8.93% 46.477 2 Template:Pagetype 8.52% 44.344 12 Template:Cite_web 7.89% 41.074 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57314250-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165030 and revision id 1228674364. 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Production of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) requires a large amount of water, and also produces wastewater (/wiki/Wastewater) . Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e The fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) , particularly manufacture and use of apparel (/wiki/Apparel) and footwear (/wiki/Footwear) , is a significant driver of greenhouse gas emissions (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) and plastic pollution (/wiki/Plastic_pollution) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The rapid growth of fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) has led to around 80 billion items of clothing being consumed annually, with about 85% of clothes consumed in United States being sent to landfill (/wiki/Landfill) . [2] (#cite_note-:62-2) Less than one percent of clothing is recycled (/wiki/Recycled) to make new clothes. [3] (#cite_note-:632-3) The industry was estimated to produce 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, which was larger than the emissions produced by international flights and maritime shipping combined. According to a 2017 report from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation) , if the fashion sector persists on its same trajectory, its share of global carbon emissions could increase to 26% by 2050. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) The production and distribution of the crops, fibers, and garments used in fashion (/wiki/Fashion) all contribute to differing forms of environmental pollution (/wiki/Environmental_pollution) , including water, air, and soil degradation (/wiki/Soil_degradation) . [ citation needed ] The textile industry (/wiki/Textile_industry) is the second greatest polluter of local freshwater in the world, [7] (#cite_note-FI_1-7) and is culpable for roughly one-fifth of all industrial water pollution (/wiki/Water_pollution) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Some of the main factors that contribute to this industrial caused pollution are the vast overproduction (/wiki/Overproduction) of fashion items, [ citation needed ] the use of synthetic fibers (/wiki/Synthetic_fibers) , the agriculture pollution (/wiki/Agriculture_pollution) of fashion crops, [9] (#cite_note-9) and the proliferation of microfibers (/wiki/Microfiber) across global water sources. [3] (#cite_note-:632-3) Efforts have been made by some retailers and consumers to promote sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) practices, such as reducing waste, improving energy and water efficiency, and using primarily eco-friendly materials. Counter movements, such as slow fashion, have also developed as a response to the growth of fast fashion. [ citation needed ] Fast fashion [ edit ] Main article: Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) is defined as "an approach to the design, creation, and marketing of clothing fashions that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and cheaply available to consumers." [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) While traditional fashion processes usually take about 6 months to design, manufacture, and market products, fast fashion completes these processes in several weeks, allowing the quickly changing demands of consumers to be met. [11] (#cite_note-11) The amount of new garments (/wiki/Clothing) bought by Americans has tripled since the 1960s. Globalization (/wiki/Globalization) has encouraged the rapid growth of the fast fashion industry. Global retail sales of apparel in 2019 reached 1.9 trillion U.S dollars, a new high – this number is expected to double to three trillion U.S. dollars by the year 2030. The world consumes more than 80 billion items of clothing annually. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) Fast fashion is also referred to as “disposable fashion”, as trend cycles change so quickly that many consumers will only wear their items once or twice before disposing of them. Clothing is also often made with poor quality materials, dismissed by the inexpensive price point. This leads the clothing to tear, pop seams, or wear through faster than a sustainable fashion item. [13] (#cite_note-13) Production and disposal of waste [ edit ] One concern with fast fashion is the clothes waste it produces. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency) , [14] (#cite_note-14) 15.1 million tons of textile clothing waste was produced in 2013 alone. [15] (#cite_note-15) In the United States, 64.5% of textile waste is discarded in landfills, 19.3% is incinerated with energy recovery, only 16.2% is recycled. [16] (#cite_note-16) When textile clothing ends up in landfills (/wiki/Landfill) , chemicals on the clothes such as the dye can leech into the ground and cause environmental damage. When unsold clothing is burned (/wiki/Incineration) , [17] (#cite_note-DC_1-17) it releases CO₂ (/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide) into the atmosphere. According to a report from the World Bank Group, the fashion industry is responsible for 10% of yearly global carbon emissions. [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2019, France announced that it was making an effort to prevent companies from this practice of burning unsold fashion items. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Fashion is produced at such high and fast rates, that more than 40% of fashion goods are sold at a markdown. [21] (#cite_note-21) The packaging of clothing also contributes to the waste produced by the fashion industry. As online shopping, both for clothing and for other items, has become common, the amount of waste produced has totaled about 75 million tons in the United States alone. Many packaging materials are also non-recyclable. [22] (#cite_note-22) As the popularity of fast fashion has increased, this has led to the rise of ultra-fast fashion. [23] (#cite_note-23) Ultra-fast fashion is similar to fast fashion, however the speed of production and trend cycles are sped up. The clothing is made of even worse quality than typical fast fashion items, and it is encouraged to be worn only a couple of times before disposing of it. Many of the companies with a high social media presence, such as Shein (/wiki/Shein) , Fashion Nova (/wiki/Fashion_Nova) , and PrettyLittleThing (/wiki/PrettyLittleThing) , promote ultra-fast fashion. [24] (#cite_note-24) Slow fashion [ edit ] Main article: Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Slow fashion is a movement that seeks to oppose fast fashion, focusing on the production and sale of sustainable clothing created with eco-friendly materials. The movement encourages purchasing clothing from local sources as opposed to large brands, as these locally-made pieces are often of a higher quality and will last longer than factory-made clothing, and will reduce pollution caused by the disposal of clothes. [25] (#cite_note-25) The slow fashion movement also challenges the ethical issues of fast fashion, such as the underpaying and overworking of factory workers, who often come from low-income countries. [26] (#cite_note-:64-26) Materials [ edit ] The majority of fashion's environmental impact comes from its raw materials (/wiki/Raw_material) . [27] (#cite_note-:3-27) Synthetic materials [ edit ] Synthetic materials (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) in clothing require an estimated 342 million barrels of oil per year. [27] (#cite_note-:3-27) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) was one of the most popular fibers used in fashion in 2017, found in about 60% of garments in retail stores and equalling about 21.3 million tons of polyester fiber. [28] (#cite_note-:042-28) There was a 157% increase of polyester clothing consumption from 2000 to 2015. [28] (#cite_note-:042-28) Washing polyester clothing leads to shedding of microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) which enter water systems, including oceans. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Cotton [ edit ] 1913 image of cotton production in the United States (/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States) . Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) is the most common crop in the world aside from food. [31] (#cite_note-:72-31) Cotton production uses 2.5% of the world's farmland. [27] (#cite_note-:3-27) Half of all textiles produced are made of the fiber. [31] (#cite_note-:72-31) Cotton is a water-intensive crop, requiring 3644 cubic meters of water to grow one ton of fiber, or 347 gallons per pound. [32] (#cite_note-:822-32) Growing cotton requires 25% of insecticides (/wiki/Insecticide) and 10-16% of pesticides (/wiki/Pesticide) of what is used globally every year. [33] (#cite_note-:42-33) [32] (#cite_note-:822-32) Half of the top pesticides used in growing cotton in the US are deemed likely to be carcinogenic by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. [32] (#cite_note-:822-32) Cotton production degrades the quality of the soil, leading to exhausted fields and expansion into new areas. [31] (#cite_note-:72-31) Expansion into new areas leads to the destruction of local habitats and the associated pollution affects biodiversity. [31] (#cite_note-:72-31) Animal fibers and textiles [ edit ] Animal-based fibers such as wool and leather were responsible for 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) in 2005. [34] (#cite_note-34) Cattle have digestive systems that use a process known as foregut fermentation (/wiki/Foregut_fermentation) , which creates the greenhouse gas (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas) methane as a byproduct. In addition to the CH 4 released from the ruminants (/wiki/Ruminant) , CO 2 and N 2 O are released into the atmosphere as byproducts of raising the animals. In total, 44% of emissions caused by livestock are from enteric fermentation, 41% comes from the feed needed to raise the livestock, 10% comes from manure, and 5% comes from energy consumption. [35] (#cite_note-35) Fiber MJ of energy/kg of textile liters of water/kg of textile nylon 250 [36] (#cite_note-:0-36) --- acrylic 175 [36] (#cite_note-:0-36) --- polyester 125 [36] (#cite_note-:0-36) 50,690-71,409 [37] (#cite_note-:12-37) polypropylene 115 [36] (#cite_note-:0-36) --- viscose 100 [36] (#cite_note-:0-36) 3,000 [37] (#cite_note-:12-37) wool 63 [36] (#cite_note-:0-36) 500 [38] (#cite_note-38) cotton 55 [36] (#cite_note-:0-36) 10,000-20,000 [39] (#cite_note-:63-39) Energy use here is measured in megajoules needed to produce one kilogram of the given textile. Water use here is measured in liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of the given textile. Water [ edit ] Improperly disposing of clothing can harm the environment, especially through wastewater (/wiki/Wastewater) . Chemicals from decomposing clothing can leach into the air and into the ground, affecting both groundwater and surface water. Aside from plastic pollution (/wiki/Plastic_pollution) , textiles also contributes significantly to marine pollution. Unlike plastic, textile pollution's impact on marine life occurs in its various supply chain processes. [40] (#cite_note-40) Pollutants like pesticides and clothing manufacturing chemicals cling to particles that accumulate in the waters ecosystem and consequently enter into human food chains. [41] (#cite_note-ellenmacarthurfoundation.org32-41) Microfiber pollution [ edit ] Plastic and synthetic textile are both created from a chemical structure called polymer (/wiki/Polymer) . The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines polymer as “a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units.” For plastic, the common polymer found is PET (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) , polyethylene (/wiki/Polyethylene) (PE), or polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) (PP), whereas for textile, the polymer found the most abundant in the collection of waste is polyester (/wiki/Polyester) and nylon (/wiki/Nylon) textiles. [42] (#cite_note-42) Textiles shed microfibers (/wiki/Microfiber) at every stage of their life cycle, from production, to use, to end of life disposal. [43] (#cite_note-:633-43) These fibers end up in the soil, air, lakes, and oceans. [43] (#cite_note-:633-43) Microfiber pollution (/wiki/Microplastics) has existed as long as the textile industry has, but only recently has it come under public scrutiny. [43] (#cite_note-:633-43) The Ocean Wise Conservation Association produced a study discussing the textile waste. For polyester, it stated that on average, humans shed around 20 to 800 mg micro polyester waste for every kg textile washed. A smaller amount for nylon is found; for every kg of fabrics washed, around 11 to 63 mg of nylon microfiber waste are shed into bodies of water. [44] (#cite_note-44) Washing synthetic textiles releases microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) and microfibers into the oceans. [45] (#cite_note-:102-45) This type of waste is most commonly found from washing machine cycles, where fibers of clothes fall loose during the tumbling process. [45] (#cite_note-:102-45) An individual domestic load of laundry can shed up to 700,000 microfibers. [43] (#cite_note-:633-43) The Association also released a study stating that on average, households in the United States and Canada produce around 135 grams of microfibers, which is equivalent to 22 kilotons of microfibers released to the wastewater annually. These wastewater will go through various waste water treatment plants, however, around 878 tons of those 22 kilotons were left untreated and hence, thrown into the ocean. [46] (#cite_note-46) Textiles are the main source of microfibers in the environment. [43] (#cite_note-:633-43) Thirty five percent of the microplastics that are found in marine ecosystems, such as shorelines, are from synthetic microfibers and nanofibers. [43] (#cite_note-:633-43) Such microfibers affect marine life in that fish or other species in the marine ecosystems consume them, which end up in the intestine and harm the animals. [47] (#cite_note-:0222-47) Microfibers have been found in the digestive tracts of widely consumed fish and shellfish. [43] (#cite_note-:633-43) These fish are then consumed by humans, which leads to the absorption of micro pollutants in the fish in a process called biomagnification (/wiki/Biomagnification) . [48] (#cite_note-:32-48) Predators of the affected marine species are also harmed, as they ingest the microfibers previously ingested by their prey. The yearly shellfish consumption of microplastics was found to be 11,000 pieces, and microfibers were found in eighty three percent of fish caught in one lake in Brazil. [47] (#cite_note-:0222-47) In one study, the food consumption rates decreased in crabs who were eating food with plastic microfibers, which further lead to the available energy for growth to also decrease. [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-:032-50) Techniques to address the environmental impacts of the fashion industry include a marine algal bioabsorbent, which could be used for dye removal through rich algal surface chemistry through heteroatom containing functional groups. [51] (#cite_note-:52-51) Many techniques or potential solutions are difficult in their implementation, for instance the accuracy of marine sediment techniques to detect microplastics is not sufficiently tested among different soil samples or sources. [ citation needed ] Eutrophication [ edit ] Eutrophication in a water source Clothing often contains non-organic, excessively farmed cotton (/wiki/Cotton) which is grown with chemicals that are known to cause eutrophication (/wiki/Eutrophication) . Eutrophication is a process in which fresh water sources such as lakes and rivers become overly enriched with nutrients. This causes a dense growth of plant life that is harmful to the ecosystem, such as algae blooms. Algal blooms deplete levels of oxygen in water as they decompose, resulting in changes to the ecosystem, either through the die-off of aquatic creatures or populations moving as water becomes uninhabitable. Algal blooms can also make bodies of water unsuitable for both human consumption and recreation. [52] (#cite_note-52) Two of the main ingredients in pesticides are nitrates and phosphates, and when pesticides leak into stream systems surrounding the cropland via runoff, the nitrates and phosphates contribute to water eutrophication (/wiki/Eutrophication) . Water use [ edit ] The fashion industry consumes a large amount of water to produce fabrics and manufacture garments every year. The global fashion industry uses 93 billion cubic meters of water per year, or 20 trillion gallons. [53] (#cite_note-:634-53) [54] (#cite_note-:922-54) This is four percent of all freshwater withdrawal globally. [55] (#cite_note-ellenmacarthurfoundation.org33-55) This amount is set to double by 2030 if it follows the current trend. [56] (#cite_note-56) According to the United Nations Environment Programme (/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) , the fashion industry is responsible for 20 percent of global wastewater. [57] (#cite_note-57) Manufacturing a single pair of Levi (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) jeans, will on average, consume about 3,781 liters of water. [58] (#cite_note-58) On average, producing one kilogram of textiles requires 200 liters of water. [32] (#cite_note-:822-32) Sustainability efforts [ edit ] Further information: Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) British women in World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) cutting salvaged clothes and rags for recycling. The consumer use phase in the life cycle of clothing and other textiles is a significant area of impact, yet is often overlooked. [59] (#cite_note-:112-59) While there is minimal research into energy efficient washers and dryers as a method of reducing impact on the consumer side, [59] (#cite_note-:112-59) wearing garments for 9 months longer could cut overall waste by 22% and water use by 33%. [60] (#cite_note-:923-60) On the producer side, choosing to make garments in popular colors and designs that consumers are more likely to buy is both a financially and environmentally responsible choice. [59] (#cite_note-:112-59) Designing clothing that is more likely to be purchased can reduce waste on the production side. In 2018 the fashion retailer H&M (/wiki/H%26M) ended up with $4.3 billion of unsold merchandise. [60] (#cite_note-:923-60) Other retailers, such as Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) , have made efforts to create more sustainable clothing by using eco-friendly materials, such as organically-farmed cotton and polyester made from recycled plastic bottles. [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) In order to extend the life cycle of garments and slow rates of production and overconsumption, business models such as 'clothing libraries' have been considered. These businesses collect pieces both from local shops and companies, and allow customers, who pay for a monthly subscription, to borrow clothes for a certain period of time. Business startups such as these have been tested in the Netherlands and Sweden, but there are concerns that clothing libraries will have little to no effect on reducing the effects of fast fashion. [63] (#cite_note-63) See also [ edit ] Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Digital Product Passport (/wiki/Digital_Product_Passport) Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Greenhouse gas emissions by sector (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Emissions_by_sector) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "PLEASE Stop Saying Fashion is the 2nd Most Polluting Industry After Oil" (https://ecocult.com/now-know-fashion-5th-polluting-industry-equal-livestock/) . Ecocult . 2017-05-09 . Retrieved 2018-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-:62_2-0) Bick, Rachel; Halsey, Erika; Ekenga, Christine C. (December 2018). "The global environmental injustice of fast fashion" (https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-018-0433-7) . 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Retrieved 22 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Putting the brakes on fast fashion" (https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/putting-brakes-fast-fashion) . UNEP . 12 November 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Zamani, Bahareh; Sandin, Gustav; Peters, Greg M. (20 September 2017). "Life cycle assessment of clothing libraries: can collaborative consumption reduce the environmental impact of fast fashion?" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652617312982?via%3Dihub) . Journal of Cleaner Production . 162 : 1368–1375. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.128 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.06.128) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 1959.4/unsworks_60169 (https://hdl.handle.net/1959.4%2Funsworks_60169) . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . Further reading [ edit ] Ross, Robert J. S. (2004). Slaves to Fashion: Poverty and Abuse in the New Sweatshops . University of Michigan Press. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3998/mpub.15439 (https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.15439) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-472-10941-8 . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 10.3998/mpub.15439 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.15439) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 155579591 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155579591) . Project MUSE (/wiki/Project_Muse) book 7116 (https://muse.jhu.edu/book/7116) . Hassanzadeh, Sanaz; Hasani, Hossein (2017). "A Review on Milkweed Fiber Properties as a High-Potential Raw Material in Textile Applications". Journal of Industrial Textiles . 46 (6): 1412–1436. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1528083715620398 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1528083715620398) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 137942362 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137942362) . Debnath, Sanjoy (2015). "Great Potential of Stinging Nettle for Sustainable Textile and Fashion". Handbook of Sustainable Luxury Textiles and Fashion . Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes. pp. 43–57. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-981-287-633-1_3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-287-633-1_3) . 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French manufacturer of luxury stationery and leather goods Maquet Industry Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 1841 Founder Charles Maquet Hector Maquet Headquarters Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France Products Stationery (/wiki/Stationery) Leather goods (/wiki/Leather_goods) Services Engraving (/wiki/Engraving) Printmaking (/wiki/Printmaking) Owner Luvanis (/wiki/Luvanis) Website maquet1841 (http://maquet1841.com) .com (http://maquet1841.com) Maquet is a French manufacturer of luxury stationery, leather goods, and art prints, established in Paris, in 1841 by the Maquet brothers, Hector and Charles (brothers of Auguste Maquet (/wiki/Auguste_Maquet) ). One of the most renowned Parisian luxury houses, Maison Maquet became official purveyor to Empress Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) as well as to several royal courts, winning multiple awards and medals at various World's fairs (/wiki/World%27s_fair) over the course of its history. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) History of Maison Maquet [ edit ] Stationery manufacturer since 1841 [ edit ] The Maquet brothers, Hector and Charles, established Maison Maquet in 1841. The eldest Maquet sibling was Auguste Maquet (/wiki/Auguste_Maquet) , [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) the novelist, playwright and famous ghost-writer of Alexandre Dumas (/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas) , for whom he co-wrote several masterpieces such as The Three Musketeers (/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers) , Queen Margot (/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)) and The Count of (/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo) Monte-Cristo . [3] (#cite_note-3) The Maquet company was created to commercialize the patent for the first machine-made envelopes (/wiki/Envelope) , the use of which was still little known. This patent, the application for which was filed in 1841 and granted by the French Patent Office on 17 January 1842, described how to manufacture and use the "envelope-card-letter" ( enveloppe-carte-lettre , in French), also called "a word in the Mail" ( un mot à la Poste ). [4] (#cite_note-4) The invention of the envelope was the culminating point of a variety of measures taken since the 17th century to preserve correspondence confidentiality. In 1846, Hector and Charles Maquet separated their activities: Charles managed the envelopes factory, while Hector ran the boutique shop on Rue de la Paix (/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris) . In 1864, Hector Maquet registered as a trademark an elegant monogram mixing his initials. [5] (#cite_note-5) The house was first located at No. 20 (renumbered to No. 24) Rue de la Paix (/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris) in Paris from 1841 to 1867 and then at No. 10 from 1868, where it remained for about a century. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In the early 1970s, the house moved to 45 Rue Pierre Charron (/wiki/Rue_Pierre_Charron,_Paris) , where it kept a boutique shop until 1993. Though it did not have any commercial branch in the 19th century, Maquet eventually opened one in Nice (/wiki/Nice) at 16 Masséna Avenue (now Avenue de Verdun) in the early 20th century. [6] (#cite_note-6) Official Purveyor to Empress of France and to celebrity customers [ edit ] Maison Maquet soon became one of the most fashionable personal stationery houses and enjoyed great fame during the French Second Empire (/wiki/Second_French_Empire) . It even obtained the warrant of "official purveyor to Her Majesty the Empress (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) ". Empress Eugénie, wife of Napoleon III (/wiki/Napoleon_III) regularly visited the shop on Rue de la Paix, where she was served by Madame Maquet. [7] (#cite_note-7) Maquet was also favored by French aristocratic elites, and its clients included the Princess Pauline von Metternich (/wiki/Pauline_von_Metternich) , as well as the Rohan-Chabot and Costa de Beauregard families. [8] (#cite_note-8) Maison Maquet's products were particularly trendy among foreign royal courts. Maquet notably supplied the Russian court, including the Great Duchess (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Altenburg) and the Great Duke Konstantin of Russia (/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia) . In fact, the French daily newspaper Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) reported in 1875 that the "stationary was adorned with the Great Duke's coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms) , embellished with gold and colors enamel; of unparalleled richness and elegance." [9] (#cite_note-9) The Prince Axel of Denmark was also a faithful client of Maquet. [10] (#cite_note-10) Later on, with the change of political regime and the onset of the IIIrd Republic (/wiki/French_Third_Republic) , Maquet renewed its clientele and started to supply Republican institutions, including the Presidential Palace known as Palais de l’Elysée (/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace) , Paris City Hall – the Hôtel de Ville de Paris (/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris) – and French embassies, as well as financial institutions such as the French National Bank (/wiki/Bank_of_France) . [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Another prestigious customer was the Paris Opera (/wiki/Paris_Opera) , for which Maquet printed several leaflets and programs. [12] (#cite_note-12) A new era for Maquet [ edit ] In 1908, Maquet changed hands: it became the property of businessman and architect Léon Tissier, [13] (#cite_note-13) who rejuvenated the company through multiple artistic collaborations. [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) Tissier, the son of a travel items manufacturer, also extended Maquet's range of leather goods products. [15] (#cite_note-15) Intent on making his way into the world of printing, he invested in new buildings and printing machinery located rue de Langhouat in the Goutte d’Or (/wiki/Goutte_d%27Or) neighborhood in Paris, which he eventually yielded to the Établissements Gérault-Fouqueray in 1936. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) In 1990, Maison Maquet was acquired by stationery manufacturer and engraver Cassegrain, only to cease its operations in 1994. Twenty years later, in 2014, Maquet was taken over by Luvanis (/wiki/Luvanis) , a private investment company specializing in reviving sleeping beauty brands, which was notably behind the revival of trunk maker Moynat (/wiki/Moynat) , [18] (#cite_note-18) and of couture house Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Products and services [ edit ] Maison Maquet was long regarded as the finest luxury personal stationery in Paris. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) At first, the house specialized in envelopes and luxury stationery, creating custom-made papers with coats of arms and monograms, heraldic paintings on parchment, business cards, wedding invitations, birth announcements, dinner invitations, and dance cards. [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) It then extended its expertise to manufacture luxury leather goods, metalwork, and watches, before branching out to engraving and art printing. Maquet advertized through witty commercial catalogs, theatre programs, and fashion magazines such as the luxury magazine Les Modes . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Luxury stationery [ edit ] Maison Maquet originally produced envelopes and various items of fine stationery. Its most famous in-house paper was known as the "empress paper" ( papier impératrice ), in an elegant shade of pearly grey between white and azure paper. [23] (#cite_note-23) Maquet also manufactured travel diaries and notebooks. The French author Prosper Mérimée (/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e) notably wrote the short novel La Chambre Bleue in 1866, [24] (#cite_note-24) dedicated to Empress Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) , on a Maquet notebook bound with dark green Morocco leather, discreetly hand-tooled in gold leaf. [25] (#cite_note-25) At Maquet's, one could find all manners of writing accessories, from inkpots to blotting paper, including notepads, pencils, dip pens, and even paper knives and letter openers made of chiselled silver. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Luxury leather goods [ edit ] While still producing envelopes and stationery, Maison Maquet became a leading luxury leather goods manufacturer. In addition to her personal stationery, Empress Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) also purchased her leather goods at Maquet. Maquet's luxury leather goods department catered to a clientele of artists such as the French comedian Jane Sabrier, who matched one of her fashionable outfits with a Maquet bag in reindeer leather in 1909. [26] (#cite_note-26) Maison Maquet proposed a wide range of leather goods, including handbags and travel bags, as well as vanity cases, wallets, cardholders and purses. Maquet also sold lawyers’ satchels ( serviettes d’avocats ) and garnished tourist blotters (" buvards-touriste garnis "). [27] (#cite_note-27) The house developed a whole line of travel items. Inkpots, paper trays, as well as small leather goods, both sturdy and beautiful, were featured in the house's commercial catalogs. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) In 1938, Maquet was selected to contribute pieces to the trousseau of the two dolls gifted to Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) and Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) during the official visit of their parents, King George VI (/wiki/George_VI) and Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) . The gift, intended to reinforce the Entente Cordiale (/wiki/Entente_Cordiale) between France and the United Kingdom, displayed French craftsmanship through a 360-piece trousseau in the tradition of Parisian haute couture. Maquet's contributions consisted in leather goods and accessories: two writing cases, one in blue, the other in red, each with its notepaper monogrammed to the dolls’ initials, and a miniature gold pen. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) In the 1960s, Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , Hubert de Givenchy (/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy) 's muse, shopped at Maquet's for her leather goods. She notably possessed five Maquet-branded wallets, all made of black leather. [30] (#cite_note-30) Watches and silverware [ edit ] Maquet added watchmaking to its activities, selling bracelet watches and clocks for phaetons (/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)) and automobiles. [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) Applying the same craftsmanship to tobacco articles, the house commercialized lighters, cigar and cigarette boxes. [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) In the early 20th century, it made many lighters from Chinese snuff boxes. [31] (#cite_note-31) Maquet became famous for combining old components into new objects in the orientalist fashion (/wiki/Orientalism) typical of decorative arts (/wiki/Decorative_arts) at the time. Furthermore, Maquet boxes, renowned for their refinement, were used to store letters as much as jewels. [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) Photographs [ edit ] Hector Maquet notably shot the portrait of his brother Auguste (/wiki/Auguste_Maquet) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Soon he sold works of other photographers in the Paris boutique, including those of Polish photographer Boleslaw Matuszewski (/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Matuszewski) . [32] (#cite_note-32) Frames and photo albums were now also on the shelves of Maison Maquet. [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) Engraving and art printing [ edit ] In the early 20th century, Maison Maquet diversified into engraving, and art printing. Artistic menus [ edit ] Maquet thus made artistic menus for: The Paris Hôtel de Ville (/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris) , such as the lunch offered to Theodore Roosevelt (/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt) on 25 April 1910; [33] (#cite_note-33) and the menu for the opening of the Pavilion of the City of Paris at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts (/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Modern_Decorative_and_Industrial_Arts) in presence of Gaston Doumergue (/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue) on 14 May 1925; [34] (#cite_note-34) The Élysée Palace (/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace) , like the menu for the dinner offered to King Peter I of Serbia (/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia) on 16 November 1911, illustrated by Octave Denis Victor Guillonet (/wiki/Octave_Denis_Victor_Guillonnet) ; [35] (#cite_note-35) The French embassies, like the menu for the dinner offered for the reception in honor of King George V (/wiki/George_V) by French President Raymond Poincaré (/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9) at the French Embassy in London, on 25 June 1913, and illustrated by George Barbier (/wiki/George_Barbier_(illustrator)) ; [36] (#cite_note-36) The opening of the French section at the Brussels World Fair in 1910 (/wiki/Brussels_International_1910) ; The Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Transatlantique) , also known as "Transat" or "French Line", and, in particular, the menus for the France Liner. Drouant (/wiki/Drouant) restaurant in Paris, which hosts both the Prix Goncourt (/wiki/Prix_Goncourt) and the Prix Renaudot (/wiki/Prix_Renaudot) committee members’ monthly lunches since 1914 and 1926 respectively. [37] (#cite_note-37) Posters [ edit ] Maison Maquet printed, among others, a poster for the third French National Defense Loan, which was conceived by Albert Besnard (/wiki/Paul-Albert_Besnard) in 1917, [38] (#cite_note-38) and that for the Peace Loan, illustrated by Henri Lebasque (/wiki/Henri_Lebasque) in 1920. [39] (#cite_note-39) Maquet created posters for Ocean liners (/wiki/Ocean_liner) , including for the Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique and for the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Transatlantique) , commonly known as the "French Line.” Bookplates [ edit ] Maquet, with its experience in stationery, engraving, and printing, as well as its ties to literary men, quite naturally started to develop exclusive bookplates (/wiki/Bookplate) . The Prince of Hohenlohe, who was the Chancellor of the German Empire from 1894 to 1900, had his bookplate engraved by Maquet, as did André Kostolany (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kostolany) , [40] (#cite_note-40) Raoul Warocqué (/wiki/Raoul_Warocqu%C3%A9) (who ordered no less than 10,000 ex-libris from Maquet), [41] (#cite_note-41) and Thyra Seillière. [42] (#cite_note-42) Commercial catalogues, fans, and packaging [ edit ] Maison Maquet developed tight commercial links to other Parisian luxury houses for which it created commercial catalogues. Specifically, Maquet devised the commercial catalogues of perfumers Rigaud, [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) L.T. Piver, [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) and Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) . [45] (#cite_note-45) Additionally, Maquet conceived ephemerals and various advertising materials for champagne houses such as Moët & Chandon (/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon) . [46] (#cite_note-46) In 1910, it notably printed a commercial for Charles Heidsieck (/wiki/Charles_Heidsieck_(Champagne)) . The house conceived and printed many commercial fans, some of which are kept in the collections of the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris) in Paris. [47] (#cite_note-47) In particular, Maquet printed many illustrations on advertising fans of Maison Duvelleroy (/wiki/Duvelleroy) . More importantly, Maison Maquet built fruitful partnerships with Paris haute couture houses, such as Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , for which it created heading paper, [48] (#cite_note-48) and Jeanne Paquin (/wiki/Jeanne_Paquin) , for which it created a luxury commercial catalog for "Fans and fur at Paquin" in 1911. [49] (#cite_note-49) Les Choses de Paul Poiret vues par George Lepape, 1911 [ edit ] Maquet printed the volume Les Choses de Paul Poiret vues par George Lepape in 1911, [50] (#cite_note-50) whose enduring success mirrors its great influence on the renewal of fashion illustration. Poiret collaborated with drawing artists, including Paul Iribe (/wiki/Paul_Iribe) and Georges Lepape. This 1911 volume broke away from traditional fashion plates and gives both a graphic and a stylized representation of fashion. The Modes et manières d’aujourd’hui magazine, 1912–1914 [ edit ] Following the example set by Les Choses de Paul Poiret vues par George Lepape (1911), Maison Maquet began publishing an annual luxury magazine, Modes et manières d’aujourd’hui, each issue of which was beautifully illustrated by a different artist. [51] (#cite_note-51) The first issue, out in 1912, relied once again on Georges Lepape who created 12 colored plates printed on Japanese paper. In 1913, the magazine commissioned Martin, and in 1914 George Barbier (/wiki/George_Barbier_(illustrator)) . Artistic collaborations [ edit ] Maison Maquet collaborated with drawing artists, lithographers, poster makers, and engravers, [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) including: Guy Arnoux George Barbier (/wiki/George_Barbier_(illustrator)) Albert Besnard (/wiki/Paul-Albert_Besnard) Umberto Brunelleschi (/wiki/Umberto_Brunelleschi) Octave Denis Victor Guillonnet (/wiki/Octave_Denis_Victor_Guillonnet) Henri Lebasque (/wiki/Henri_Lebasque) Georges Lepape Valdo-Barbey Adolphe Willette (/wiki/Adolphe_Willette) Patent and awards [ edit ] Patent [ edit ] 1842 – Patent for a machine manufacturing envelopes (application filed on 16 August 1841, and granted on 17 January 1842). [52] (#cite_note-52) 1849 – Patent for a machine folding envelopes (application filed on 30 August 1848, and granted on 27 October 1849). [53] (#cite_note-53) 1850 – Patent for a machine allowing to simultaneously write and hide what one is writing so as to protect confidentiality (application filed on 9 September 1850, and granted on 2 November 1850). [54] (#cite_note-54) 1853 – Patent for improving envelopes (application filed on 19 July 1853, and granted on 24 August 1853). [55] (#cite_note-55) Awards at World’s Fairs [ edit ] 1855 – Paris World's Fair (/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)) : Bronze Medal. In December 1855, Le Magasin Pittoresque reviewed the Fair, and focused on the inkpot exhibited by Maquet, which was designed by Riester and sculpted in wood by Gayonnet. This inkpot, described as a "charming luxury piece of furniture," [56] (#cite_note-:5-56) combined medieval inspirations and fabulous creatures, fighting an imaginary struggle. [56] (#cite_note-:5-56) This object reminds of Antoine-Louis Barye (/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye) ’s animal sculptures in the romantic style, especially through its expressiveness and violence. 1867 – Paris World's Fair (/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)) : Silver Medal. 1913 – Ghent World's Fair (/wiki/Exposition_universelle_et_internationale_(1913)) : Great Prize (Class 92, Stationery). 1925 – International Exhibition of Decorative and Modern Industrial Arts (/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Modern_Decorative_and_Industrial_Arts) : exhibited (Class 23, Perfumery). See also [ edit ] Smythson (/wiki/Smythson) Moleskine (/wiki/Moleskine) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Le quartier de la Paix hier et aujourd'hui". La Renaissance de l'Art Français et des Industries du Luxe : 297. May 1923. ^ Jump up to: a b "Photographie d'Auguste Maquet par Hector Maquet. Musée d'Orsay: Notice d'Artiste" (http://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/espace-professionnels/professionnels/chercheurs/rech-rec-art-home/notice-artiste.html?no_cache=1&nnumid=37077&retouroeuvre=%252Ffr%252Fcollections%252Fcatalogue-des-oeuvres%252Fnotice.html%253Fnnumid%253D64652) . musee-orsay.fr (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Simon, Gustave (2012). Histoire d'une collaboration: Alexandre Dumas et Auguste Maquet. Documents inédits, portraits et fac-similés . Montreal: Le Joyeux Roger. pp. 51–52. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Patent filed by Maquet on 16 August 1841 and granted on 17 January 1842, INPI, 1BA9546. Database of 19th-century French patents: http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/ (http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Trademark no. 1984, filed by Hector Maquet at the Commerce Court of Paris, 1864, INPI. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Maison Maquet (Paris-Nice)" (https://www.pinterest.fr/pin/451697037618982326/) . Pinterest . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Rapport du Comité d'Installation, Papeterie et Papetiers, Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 . Paris. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Invoices for the wedding of their respective daughters, Countess of Rohan Chabot, February 1895, and Countess Costa de Beauregard, June 1895. Forney Library, 4-MS-FG-00122. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Petite Gazette" (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k275744h/f3.item) . Le Figaro (in French). 21 October 1875. p. 3. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Collection du prince et de la princesse Axel de Danemark – Souvenirs historiques militaria" (https://www.drouotonline.com/vente-aux-encheres-drouot/4673/souvenirs-historiques?offset=0&query=&lotGroupTheme=) . drouotonline.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Commercial catalog of Maison Maquet, 1904. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Théâtre national de l'opéra. La légende de Saint-Christophe de M. Vincent d'Indy : [estampe] , 1920 , retrieved 11 May 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Archives commerciales de la France : journal hebdomadaire... Paris: [s.n.] 25 December 1907. ^ Jump up to: a b c Lefkowith, Christie Mayer. L'Art du parfum : Découverte et collection des flacons de parfum . Paris: Celiv. p. 199. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Un Lalique au Ministère de la Défense?" on www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr ^ (#cite_ref-16) Archives commerciales de la France : journal hebdomadaire... Paris: [s.n.] 22 April 1936. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Archives commerciales de la France : journal hebdomadaire... Paris: [s.n.] 24 April 1936. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Socha, Miles (2 May 2012). "Arnaud de Lummen: Fashion's Brand Reviver" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/de-lummens-revival-model-5886947/) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Les dessous de la renaissance de la griffe Paul Poiret sur les podiums parisiens" (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/style/les-dessous-de-la-renaissance-de-la-griffe-paul-poiret-sur-les-podiums-paris-yiqing-yin-270218-147461) . Madame Figaro (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Commercial catalogs of Maison Maquet, non-dated and 1904. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Maquet | Trade card | V&A Search the Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O693530/trade-card-unknown/) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Maquet | Etrennes, objets d'art, curiosités, fayences montées | Paris Musées" (http://parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/etrennes-objets-d-art-curiosites-fayences-montees#infos-principales) . parismuseescollections.paris.fr . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Sophie de Fontanges, Les Succès du Jour , May 1869. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "La Chambre bleue (Mérimée) – Wikisource" (https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Chambre_bleue_(M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e)) . fr.wikisource.org (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Catalogue de l'exposition organisée pour commémorer le 150e anniversaire de la naissance de Prosper Mérimée . Paris: Bibliothèque nationale. 1953. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "La mode actuelle au théâtre". Comoedia Illustré : 116. 15 November 1909. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Commercials for Maquet in L’Illustration , on 5 November 1910, and 4 January 2 August and 3 November 1913. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Eaton, Faith (2002). Dolls for the Princesses: The Story of France and Marianne . London: Royal Collection Enterprises. p. 76. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Maquet [Paris] - Writing cases" (https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/93234/writing-cases) . royalcollection.org.uk . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Christies. "Maquet, Five Black Leather Wallets. Audrey Hepburn: The Personal Collection, Part III" (https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/audrey-hepburn-personal-collection-part-iii/five-black-leather-wallets-55/56049) . Christies.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Maison Maquet (Paris-Nice): briquets à friction" (https://www.pinterest.fr/claudefp/maison-maquet-paris-nice-briquets-%C3%A0-friction/) . Pinterest . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Mazaraki, Magdalena (1 December 2004). "Boleslaw Matuszewski :photographe et opérateur de cinéma" (https://journals.openedition.org/1895/301) . 1895. Mille Huit Cent Quatre-vingt-quinze (in French) (44): 47–65. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4000/1895.301 (https://doi.org/10.4000%2F1895.301) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0769-0959 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0769-0959) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Municipalité de Paris. Déjeuner offert à monsieur le président Roosevelt. Hôtel de Ville, 25 avril 1910 Paris" (https://bibliotheques-specialisees.paris.fr/ark:/73873/pf0000649974?highlight=Maquet&posInPage=12&bookmark=aa62aa06-ccda-4f9e-8e84-6685b670d0ba&queryid=b6ccfbab-b3ff-4b81-b968-14b90435448c&searchType=all) . Bibliothèques spécialisées de la Ville de Paris . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Diner du 14 mai 1925 Hôtel de Ville de Paris" (http://www.menustory.com/doumergue_diner_14-05-1925.html) . menustory.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Menu for the dinner offered to King Peter I of Serbia (/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia) on 16 November 1911, illustrated by Octave Denis Victor Guillonet (/wiki/Octave_Denis_Victor_Guillonnet) . Private collection. ^ (#cite_ref-36) Menu for the dinner offered for the reception in honor of King George V (/wiki/George_V) by French President Raymond Poincaré (/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9) at the French Embassy in London, on 25 June 1913, and illustrated by George Barbier (/wiki/George_Barbier_(illustrator)) . Private collection. ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Restaurant Drouant 18 rue Gaillon Paris | Les Arts décoratifs" (http://collections.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/restaurant-drouant-18-rue-gaillon-paris) . collections.lesartsdecoratifs.fr (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Documents isolés – 3e emprunt de défense nationale. Souscrivez pour hâter la paix par la victoire – 1914–1918" (http://recherche.archives.somme.fr/ark:/58483/a011353927000nPXrpu) . recherche.archives.somme.fr (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Lebasque, Henri (dessinateur), L'emprunt de la paix. Maquet, Gr. (imprimeur, Paris)" (http://histoirealasource.ille-et-vilaine.fr/14-18/items/show/5426) (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Ex-libris André B. Kostolany (1906–1999), gravé par Maquet" (https://www.ebay.fr/itm/EX-LIBRIS-ANDRE-B-KOSTOLANY-1906-1999-GRAVE-PAR-MAQUET/352270162829?hash=item5204f01b8d:g:vtAAAOSwEeFVL7RK) . eBay . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Eynde, Maurice Van Den (1989). La vie quotidienne de grands bourgeois au XIXe siècle: les Warocqué (in French). Musée Royal de Mariemont. ^ (#cite_ref-42) La vierge folle (in French). ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Divers objets créés par Maquet pour LT Piver, dont des éventails publicitaires, des emballages et boîtes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180501094046/http://catalogue.gazette-drouot.com/html/g/recherche.jsp?numPage=1&minEstim=&query=maquet+piver&maxEstim=&npp=20&filterDate=2&_exact=&email=&Submit=OK) . catalogue.gazette-drouot.com (in French). Archived from the original (http://catalogue.gazette-drouot.com/html/g/recherche.jsp?numPage=1&minEstim=&query=maquet+piver&maxEstim=&npp=20&filterDate=2&_exact=&email=&Submit=OK) on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Carte ancienne parfumée – Calendrier 1933 / 1934 – Maison L.T. PIVER parfumeur PARIS – Parfum d'Aventure – Maquet Grav" (https://www.delcampe.net/fr/collections/calendriers/grand-format-1921-40/carte-ancienne-parfumee-calendrier-1933-1934-maison-l-t-piver-parfumeur-paris-parfum-daventure-maquet-grav-554279867.html) . Delcampe – La Marketplace des collectionneurs (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Guerlain. [Notice sur l'histoire de la parfumerie Guerlain] (in French). Paris: impr. de Maquet. ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Moët & Chandon Epernay. Maison fondée en 1743 | Les Arts décoratifs" (http://collections.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/moet-chandon-epernay-maison-fondee-en-1743) . collections.lesartsdecoratifs.fr (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Maquet | Les Arts décoratifs" (http://collections.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/skinwebsearch?f%5B0%5D=field_skfulltext:maquet) . collections.lesartsdecoratifs.fr (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Georges Lepape, heading paper of Paul Poiret, printed by Maquet, 1910s, Palais Galliéra, GALK3054. ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Lepape, Iribe, Barbier, L'éventail et la fourrure chez Paquin, Maquet" (http://www.coutaubegarie.com/html/fiche.jsp?id=2771326&np=6&lng=fr&npp=20&ordre=&aff=1&r) . Couteau-Bégarie (in French) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Les Choses de Paul Poiret vues par George Lepape | The Met" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/353154) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Modes et Manières d'Aujourd'hui | French | The Met" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/162875) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Patent, filed by Maquet in 1841, granted in 1842, on Database of 19th-century French patents: http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/ (http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/) ^ (#cite_ref-53) Patent, filed by Maquet in 1848, granted in 1849, on Database of 19th-century French patents: http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/ (http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/) ^ (#cite_ref-54) Patent, filed by Maquet on 1850, granted in 1850, on Database of 19th-century French patents: http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/ (http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/) ^ (#cite_ref-55) Patent, filed by Maquet in 1853, granted in 1853, on Database of 19th-century French patents: http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/ (http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/) ^ Jump up to: a b "Exposition Universelle de 1855". Le Magasin Pittoresque . XXIII : 371. December 1855. 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Italian clothing company WikiMiniAtlas 43°48′33″N 1°10′50″E / 43.8091918°N 1.1805648°E / 43.8091918; 1.1805648 Roberto Cavalli S.p.A. Industry Luxury Fashion Food & Beverage Founded 1975 Founder Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) Headquarters Sesto Fiorentino (/wiki/Sesto_Fiorentino) , Italy Area served Worldwide Key people Gian Giacomo Ferraris ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Paul Surridge (/wiki/Paul_Surridge) ( Creative Director (/wiki/Creative_Director) ) Products Clothing Fashion Accessories Perfumes Interior Design Hospitality Revenue €155,2 million . [1] (#cite_note-1) (2016) Number of employees (2016) Website robertocavalli.com (http://www.robertocavalli.com) Roberto Cavalli S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) kaˈvalli] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ) is an Italian luxury fashion company founded by the designer Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) in Osmannoro, Florence (/wiki/Florence) , during the 1970s. Known for animal prints on leather and textiles, the label manufactures and markets haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) , ready-to-wear, and accessories, including handbags, eye wear, watches, shoes, perfumes and jewelry. The company is also involved in interior design projects for high-end buildings and hotels. In 2015, the Italian investment fund Clessidra SGR acquired a 90 percent stake in Roberto Cavalli to relaunch the company. [2] (#cite_note-2) Gian Giacomo Ferraris is the CEO of the company and Fausto Puglisi the creative director. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Founding [ edit ] Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Firenze) (Academy of Fine Arts of Florence). His grandfather was a painter of the Macchiaioli (/wiki/Macchiaioli) group. Starting in the 1960s from his silk printing shop, Roberto began to apply a new painterly technique to fully fashioned garments, [5] (#cite_note-5) which later resulted in garment dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) techniques. He further expanded his material experimentation in the 1970s, predominantly focusing on leather. In 1970, Roberto's debut collection in Paris showcased leather patchwork designs, created with the collaboration of Mario Valentino. In 1972, he presented patchwork designs applied to jeans in the first Roberto Cavalli Women's Runway Collection Show at Palazzo Pitti (/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti) in Florence, a prêt-à-porter (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) event at the time. His work attracted many international fashion labels, including Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) , Krizia (/wiki/Krizia) and Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Expansion [ edit ] The 1994 Collection at the Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) presented tiger and wildlife motifs applied to jeans, printed clothing, embroidered fur and long gowns. Animal prints were a distinctive element of the brand. [7] (#cite_note-7) Subsequently, the fashion house pioneered the introduction of sand-blasted denim and was the first to showcase Lycra stretch jeans. New clothing lines were launched on the market: Just Cavalli, Angels & Devils (renamed Roberto Cavalli Junior), and Class Cavalli. The first Roberto Cavalli mono-brand boutique opened in Venice (/wiki/Venice) in 1996. At the end of 2001, the brand was distributed in more than 30 countries, including the United States, Asian and Russian markets. [8] (#cite_note-8) The Marcolin group started to develop and distribute Roberto Cavalli and Just Cavalli sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) and optical frames in 1998. In 2002 the company collaborated with Sector (/wiki/Sector_No_Limits) to design 6 Cavalli watch lines, which itself made €3.9 million revenue. [9] (#cite_note-9) The Just Cavalli Club opened in Milan the same year. In 2007, Roberto Cavalli became the first Italian fashion brand to create a limited collection for the fast-fashion retailer H&M (/wiki/H%26M) . [10] (#cite_note-10) On the 40th anniversary celebration in 2010, the label presented a runway collection in Paris, which included its dresses. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2012 the new interior design division Roberto Cavalli Home debuted at the Salone del Mobile (/wiki/Salone_del_Mobile) trade fair. [12] (#cite_note-12) New licensing agreements were signed with Renzo Rosso's OTB Group (/wiki/OTB_Group) for Just Cavalli and Coty Inc. For Roberto Cavalli and Just Cavalli perfumes (/wiki/Perfumes) . The company closed 2014 with €210 million revenue and €12 million loss. Change of ownership [ edit ] In 2015 the Italian private equity fund Clessidra SGR acquired a 90% stake in Roberto Cavalli with some other minor partners including L-GAM, Chow Tai Fook Enterprises, and Roberto Cavalli himself. Named CEO in July 2016, [13] (#cite_note-13) former Versace (/wiki/Versace) head Gian Giacomo Ferraris started a reorganization plan to rationalize the production, logistics and retail cost operations. The Milan headquarters was closed and relocated to the Osmannoro plant, where the manufacturing of men's, children's and underwear lines were brought back in-house. [14] (#cite_note-14) The group focused on accessories, women's pret-à-porter and men's collections. In May 2017, the company appointed Paul Surridge (/wiki/Paul_Surridge) as the new creative director, following the departure of Peter Dundas, who had covered the role since 2015. [15] (#cite_note-15) Surridge presented his Spring/Summer 2018 debut collection for Roberto Cavalli at the Milano Moda Donna fashion show. [16] (#cite_note-16) A recent partnership with the real estate developer DAMAC Properties (/wiki/DAMAC_Properties) based in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) led to the construction of the new Cavalli Villas in the Middle East. In 2019, the company was struggling financially. It closed its US stores and engaged the liquidation of its North American operations. On 28 November 2019, Hussain Sajwani (/wiki/Hussain_Sajwani) , president of DAMAC, purchased the company through the private investment company Vision Investments. The company enhanced its e-commerce primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , and maintained its physical stores in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) and Asia (/wiki/Asia) . In 2020, the company announced it would move its historic headquarters from Sesto Fiorentino to Milan. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2022, Damac (/wiki/DAMAC_Properties) ’s Hussain Sajwani (/wiki/Hussain_Sajwani) bought a $120 million plot in Miami (/wiki/Miami) on the site of collapsed Surfside condominium (/wiki/Surfside_condominium_collapse) , in order to launch a real estate division. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Brands/Lines [ edit ] The galaxy of the Cavalli group lines include: Roberto Cavalli : the historic collection of evening gowns. The new era introduced daywear clothing and accessories, including shoes, handbags, leather goods, and jewellery. Just Cavalli : launched in 1998. Developed and distributed by licensing Renzo Rosso's OTB (/wiki/OTB_Group) since 2011. Class Cavalli : outwear for women and men, distributed by licensing company Swinger International since 2015. Roberto Cavalli Junior : produced in-house, for boys and girls aged 0–16 years. Roberto Cavalli Home : officially launched in 2012 at the Salone del Mobile di Milano trade fair, the interiors' collections are developed through the collaboration of Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) 's partners. Among these: JC Passion Srl for the furniture line; Industrie Emiliana Parati SpA for wallpapers; Gruppo Ceramiche Ricchetti SpA for tiles; Caleffi SpA for home textiles; Arnolfo di Cambio – Compagnia del Cristallo Srl for l’Art de La Table and La Murrina for lamps and accessories crafted with glasses Made in Murano . [20] (#cite_note-20) Distribution [ edit ] The first Roberto Cavalli mono-branded boutique opened in Venice in 1996, followed by the Milan-based boutique in via della Spiga (/wiki/Via_della_Spiga) in 2000, and new stores opened in Rome and Florence. The group currently operates a network of 59 direct stores and 29 franchisee stores across the globe. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "L'ad Ferraris: così ho portato Cavalli al turnaround" (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/moda/2017-09-08/l-ad-ferraris-cosi-ho-portato-roberto-cavalli-turn-around-090407.shtml?uuid=AElFeIPC) [CEO Ferraris: How I Led a Turnaround at Cavalli] (in Italian). 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Roberto Cavalli Acquired by Private Equity" (https://fashionista.com/2015/04/roberto-cavalli-clessidra-spa) . fashionista.com . 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Roberto Cavalli Names a New Creative Director" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/fashion/roberto-cavalli-paul-surridge-creative-director.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Roberto Cavalli Hires Fausto Puglisi" (https://www.vogue.com/article/roberto-cavalli-fausto-puglisi-creative-consultant) . Vogue . 23 October 2020 . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Cavalli, Roberto (2013). Just me (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. p. 61. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-04-62920-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cavalli, Roberto (2013). Just me (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. pp. 76–77. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-04-62920-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cavalli, Roberto (2010). Il nero non è mai assoluto [ Black is never absolute ] (in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. p. 1. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-4526-587-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Vergani, Guido (2010). The Fashion Dictionary . New York: Baldini Castoldi e Dalai editore, Inc. pp. 246–249. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-6073-722-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Vergani, Guido (2010). The Fashion Dictionary . New York: Baldini Castoldi e Dalai editore, Inc. p. 246. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-6073-722-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Roberto Cavalli for H&M: Rock-star pandemonium" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/global-currents/roberto-cavalli-for-hm-rock-star-pandemonium) . businessoffashion.com . 10 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Roberto Cavalli" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171028031240/http://www.vogue.it/en/news/encyclo/designers/c/roberto-cavalli) . vogue.it . 10 November 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.it/en/news/encyclo/designers/c/roberto-cavalli) on 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Roberto Cavalli Home Interiors at Salone del Mobile" (http://luxury-today.com/roberto-cavalli-home-interiors-at-salone-del-mobile/) . luxurytoday.com . 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Roberto Cavalli names former Versace head as new CEO" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cavalli-ceo-ferraris/roberto-cavalli-names-former-versace-head-as-new-ceo-idUSKCN10814Y?il=0) . Reuters . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Roberto Cavalli 2016 revenues drop 13.6%" (https://cpp-luxury.com/roberto-cavalli-2016-revenues-drop-13-6/) . cpp-luxury.com . 14 April 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "English Designer Paul Surridge Is the New Creative Director at Roberto Cavalli" (https://www.vogue.com/article/roberto-cavalli-paul-surridge-creative-director) . vogue.com . 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Cavalli's Paul Surridge searches for new sensuality in Milan" (https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-fashion-milan-cavalli/cavallis-paul-surridge-searches-for-new-sensuality-in-milan-idUKKCN1BX2LH) . uk.reuters.com . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "La rovinosa e triste caduta di Roberto Cavalli" (https://it.businessinsider.com/roberto-cavalli-storia-caduta/) . businessinsider.com. businessinsider.com. 23 June 2020 . Retrieved 30 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Damac's Hussain Sajwani takes 'Cavalli' luxury brand to Miami" (https://gulfnews.com/business/property/damacs-hussain-sajwani-takes-cavalli-luxury-brand-to-miami-1.88027656) . gulfnews.com . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Dubai developer to buy Florida condo collapse site for $120M" (https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida/2022/05/21/dubai-developer-to-buy-florida-condo-collapse-site-for-120m/) . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Jungle luxe: Roberto Cavalli Home's latest collection is a walk on the wild side" (https://www.wallpaper.com/w-bespoke/roberto-cavalli-home-wallpaper) . wallpaper.com . 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Bibliography [ edit ] Cavalli, Roberto (2013). Just me (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-04-62920-7 . Cavalli, Roberto (2013). Just me (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-04-62920-7 . Cavalli, Roberto (2010). Il nero non è mai assoluto [ Black is never absolute ] (in Italian). Milan: Bompiani. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-4526-587-7 . Roberto Cavalli on [1] (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/roberto-cavalli-biography) Arroyuelo, Javier (2002). Roberto Cavalli . Paris: Assoulin. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-84323-391-7 . Cavalli, Roberto (2010). Roberto Cavalli . New York: Rizzoli International Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847836093 . 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Fashion brand This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Georgine_(brand)&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Georgine+%28brand%29&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Georgine+%28brand%29) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Georgine_(brand)) for suggestions. ( September 2018 ) Georgine Company type Private Industry Fashion Founded 2014 ; 10 years ago ( 2014 ) Founder Georgine Ratelband Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States Key people Georgine Ratelband ( co-founder (/wiki/Co-founder) & CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Chris Roshia ( co-founder (/wiki/Co-founder) ) Website www (http://www.georgine.com) .georgine (http://www.georgine.com) .com (http://www.georgine.com) Georgine is a women’s ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) brand founded by the designers Georgine Ratelband and Chris Roshia in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-suitcasemag-2) History [ edit ] Georgine was launched by the fashion designer Georgine Ratelband with her partner Chris Roshia and was founded in 2014. [3] (#cite_note-3) Before completing her graduation from Istituto Europeo di Design (/wiki/Istituto_Europeo_di_Design) in 2011, thesis-collection of Georgine was acquired by a boutique in Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) . [4] (#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-4) Georgine was presented at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , and their designs have rated the pages of Women’s Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Wear_Daily) , W Magazine (/wiki/W_Magazine) and Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) . [2] (#cite_note-suitcasemag-2) Shortly following the launch of the brand Ratelband was surprised to discover that Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) wore one of her pieces on the red carpet during her husband Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) ’s Tidal X Event at Brooklyn’s Barclays Center (/wiki/Barclays_Center) . [ citation needed ] Since then Georgine has dressed numerous celebrities including: Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) , Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) , Demi Moore (/wiki/Demi_Moore) , Alicia Keys (/wiki/Alicia_Keys) , Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , [5] (#cite_note-5) Lena Dunham (/wiki/Lena_Dunham) , The Kardashians, Tracey Ellis Ross, Mariah Carey (/wiki/Mariah_Carey) , Patina Miller (/wiki/Patina_Miller) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Elizabeth Gilles (/wiki/Elizabeth_Gilles) , Sarah Rafferty (/wiki/Sarah_Rafferty) , Victoria's Secret Models; Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) , Romee Strijd (/wiki/Romee_Strijd) , etc. [7] (#cite_note-7) [4] (#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-4) Collections [ edit ] Georgine Ratelband debuted their first runway collection for NYFW Fall 2014. 2014: Georgine runway NYFW Fall 2014 2015 Georgine Fall 2015 [8] (#cite_note-8) 2016: Georgine fall 2016 runway [9] (#cite_note-9) [4] (#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-4) 2017: Georgine RTW Spring 2017 [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) 2018: Georgine Spring 2018 RTW [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) New York City portal (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) New York (state) portal (/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Armani (/wiki/Armani) Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Designer to Watch: GEORGINE's Georgine Ratelband" (http://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/318363-simply-chic-simply-georgine/#/slide/1) . theFashionSpot . 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "What's in Your Suitcase, Georgine Ratelband" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182333/https://suitcasemag.com/fashion/global-style/whats-in-your-suitcase-georgine-ratelband/) . Suitcase (/wiki/Suitcase_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://suitcasemag.com/fashion/global-style/whats-in-your-suitcase-georgine-ratelband/) on 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Georgine Ratelband and Chris Roshia - SCAD.edu" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005656/https://www.scad.edu/content/georgine-ratelband-and-chris-roshia) . Savannah College of Art and Design (/wiki/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design) . Archived from the original (https://www.scad.edu/content/georgine-ratelband-and-chris-roshia) on 20 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "NYFW: Georgine Does Modern Fairytale for Fall" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/georgines-fall-2016-show-at-867243) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chistian, Allaire. "Battle of the Power Jackets: Bella Hadid vs. Gigi Hadid" (https://www.vogue.com/article/bella-hadid-gigi-hadid-sisters-style-jackets) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Patina Miller Wearing Georgine - Georgine Front Row New York Fashion Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180819214253/http://www.luxurycheckout.com/blog/patina-miller-wearing-georgine-georgine-front-row-new-york-fashion-week/) . LuxuryCheckout . Archived from the original (http://www.luxurycheckout.com/blog/patina-miller-wearing-georgine-georgine-front-row-new-york-fashion-week/) on 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Nyquist, Katja. "Bella Hadid Wearing GEORGINE During Paris Fashion Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005916/https://trendprivemagazine.com/2018/03/06/bella-hadid-wearing-georgine-paris-fashion-week/) . Trend Prive Magazine . Archived from the original (https://trendprivemagazine.com/2018/03/06/bella-hadid-wearing-georgine-paris-fashion-week/) on 20 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Taylor Schilling In Georgine – The Tonigth Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" (https://www.redcarpet-fashionawards.com/2015/06/17/taylor-schilling-georgine-tonigth-show-starring-jimmy-fallon/) . Red Carpet Fashion Awards . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Hot! or Hmm… Kourtney Kardashian's Le Costes Restaurant Georgine Fall 2016 Black Sheer High Neck Dress" (http://fashionbombdaily.com/hot-or-hmm-kourtney-kardashians-le-costes-restaurant-georgine-fall-2016-black-sheer-high-neck-dress/) . Fashion Bomb Daily Style Magazine . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Shang, Andrew. "Georgine RTW Spring 2017" (https://wwd.com/runway/spring-ready-to-wear-2017/new-york/georgine/review/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Georgine RTW Fall 2017" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-ready-to-wear-2017/new-york/georgine/review/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Georgine Spring 2018 RTW" (https://www.thecut.com/fashion/shows/2018/spring/new-york/rtw/georgine.html) . The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(magazine)) . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.georgine.com/) This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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This is a list of notable Costa Rican (/wiki/Costa_Rican) models. Male models [ edit ] Alonso Fernández Alvarez (/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Alvarez) Rafael Rojas (/wiki/Rafael_Rojas_(actor)) Female models [ edit ] Fabiana Granados (/w/index.php?title=Fabiana_Granados&action=edit&redlink=1) who was crowned Miss Costa Rica (/wiki/Miss_Costa_Rica) 2013 and represented her country at Miss Universe 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) [1] (#cite_note-1) Anastasia Acosta (/wiki/Anastasia_Acosta) Brenda Castro (/wiki/Brenda_Castro) Fabiana Granados (/w/index.php?title=Fabiana_Granados&action=edit&redlink=1) Leonora Jiménez (/wiki/Leonora_Jim%C3%A9nez) Leila Rodríguez Stahl (/wiki/Leila_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Stahl) Natalia Carvajal (/wiki/Natalia_Carvajal) Wendy Cordero (/w/index.php?title=Wendy_Cordero&action=edit&redlink=1) Carolina Coto Segnini (/wiki/Carolina_Coto_Segnini) Johanna Fernández (/wiki/Johanna_Fern%C3%A1ndez) Johanna Solano (/wiki/Johanna_Solano) Maribel Guardia (/wiki/Maribel_Guardia) Mariluz Bermúdez (/wiki/Mariluz_Berm%C3%BAdez) Karina Ramos (/wiki/Karina_Ramos) Bali Rodríguez (/wiki/Bali_Rodr%C3%ADguez) See also [ edit ] List of Costa Ricans (/wiki/List_of_Costa_Ricans) Miss Costa Rica (/wiki/Miss_Costa_Rica) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Miss Costa Rica 2013" (https://www.emirates247.com/news-in-images/miss-fabianna-granados-is-miss-costa-rica-2013-2013-07-13-1.514130) . Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Costa Rica (/wiki/Portal:Costa_Rica) Lists (/wiki/Portal:Lists) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐5jzgw Cached time: 20240624074915 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.164 seconds Real time usage: 0.261 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 303/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3684/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 280/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6261/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.107/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2917473/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 222.996 1 -total 44.42% 99.055 1 Template:Reflist 38.39% 85.600 1 Template:Cite_web 36.74% 81.927 1 Template:Short_description 19.54% 43.567 2 Template:Pagetype 18.16% 40.504 1 Template:Portalbar 10.37% 23.126 3 Template:Main_other 9.11% 20.325 1 Template:SDcat 1.88% 4.200 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck 0.85% 1.901 1 Template:First_word Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58408243-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624074915 and revision id 1188606784. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Costa_Rican_models&oldid=1188606784 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Costa_Rican_models&oldid=1188606784) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Costa Rican models (/wiki/Category:Costa_Rican_models) Costa Rican fashion (/wiki/Category:Costa_Rican_fashion) Lists of Costa Rican people (/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Costa_Rican_people) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
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French culture and fashion figure (born 1944) Michèle Lamy Lamy at Paris Fashion Week 2019 Born ( 1944-02-05 ) February 5, 1944 (age 80) Jura (/wiki/Jura_(department)) , France Occupations Designer performer Years active 1990–present Spouses Richard Newton ( m. 1990; div. 2003) Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) ( m. 2006) Children 1 Michèle Lamy (born February 5, 1944) is a French culture and fashion figure. She has been a clothing designer, performer, film producer, and restaurateur. She is the co founding partner of Owenscorp and functions as the Executive Manager Art/Furniture. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-highsnobiety1-2) Early life and education [ edit ] Lamy was born in 1944 in Jura (/wiki/Jura_(department)) , France. Her grandfather made accessories for one of France's most famous couturiers (/wiki/Haute_couture) , Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She studied law, and during the 60s and 70s, worked as a defense lawyer (/wiki/Defense_lawyer) , while studying with the postmodern philosopher Gilles Deleuze (/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She was involved in the May 1968 protests in Paris (/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France) . She then worked as a cabaret dancer and toured France before moving to the United States in 1979. [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] In 1979, Lamy moved to New York and then settled in Los Angeles, where she set up a fashion line and ran two cult restaurants/nightclubs – Café des Artistes and Les Deux Cafés in 1996 with her first husband, experimental filmmaker Richard Newton. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) With her tattooed fingers and gold-plated teeth, she was an emblematic figure of nightlife in Los Angeles in the middle of 90s. [10] (#cite_note-10) Her tattoos were inspired by the Berbers (/wiki/Berbers) , during her first trip to Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) when she was around 17 or 18 years old. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 1984, Lamy created a clothing line called Lamy . She hired Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) , who later became her business partner and, then, her companion and husband. In 2003, Lamy and Owens left Los Angeles to settle in Paris and got married in 2006. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2004, the couple established their own fashion company Owenscorp, describing their business partnership as "asking a gypsy to organise a war with a fascist." [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Lamy produces the furniture that bears the Owens brand. She also designs jewelry with Loree Rodkin (/wiki/Loree_Rodkin) and has appeared in FKA twigs (/wiki/FKA_twigs) and Black Asteroid music videos. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) She formed the band LAVASCAR with the artist Nico Vascellari (/wiki/Nico_Vascellari) and her daughter Scarlett Rouge. [18] (#cite_note-18) In November 2010, Lamy posed for a shoot for Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) with the photographer Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(artist)) . [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2013, Lamy was featured in Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) with her daughter from her first marriage, artist Scarlett Rouge. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2015, she was featured in one of the videos for the EP M3LL155X (/wiki/M3LL155X) by FKA Twigs (/wiki/FKA_Twigs) . [22] (#cite_note-22) Lamy appeared in the first clip; Figure 8 , wearing a headpiece with a luminous bulb imitating an anglerfish (/wiki/Anglerfish) . [23] (#cite_note-23) At the 2016 Venice Biennale (/wiki/Venice_Biennale) , Lamy transformed an old container ship into a floating saloon. The same year, she recorded songs with her good friend, rapper A$AP Rocky (/wiki/A$AP_Rocky) . Rocky said about Lamy, "Hardly anyone knows how important you have been behind the scenes for my career. You did not just design my album covers, you took me to art fairs and showed me the art world." [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2017, Lamy and Rick Owens were featured in Lou Stoppard's book about fashion's most important and iconic duos, titled Fashion Together: Fashion's Most Extraordinary Duos on the Art of Collaboration . In the book, Owens said that Lamy was more his "mate" than "muse." And, "I don't think anyone would ever think of Michèle as a passive muse. I think that's why she sparks people's interest—because she doesn't fit the typical role of a muse." [25] (#cite_note-25) Lamy has practiced boxing (/wiki/Boxing) for 35 years. [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2018, she set up her own boxing gym "Lamyland" in Selfridges, London. The space previously was home to A$AP Rocky's AWGE Bodega. It is now reinvented every few months. [27] (#cite_note-27) In October 2018, Lamy curated a performance series featuring a tour of "Outsider Art Fair Paris" by British performance artist David Hoyle (/wiki/David_Hoyle_(performance_artist)) . [28] (#cite_note-28) In January 2019, Lamy held an installation art (/wiki/Installation_art) "Genius You" in collaboration with Dutch photographer Paul Kooiker, taking place all around Selfridges, London. [29] (#cite_note-29) From May to November 2019, her boxing installation: "What Are We Fighting For?", had been shown in Venice Biennale. [30] (#cite_note-30) During November, Lamy also participated in Performa 19 (/wiki/Performa_(performance_festival)) where he presented Before We Die (2019) created with Cecilia Bengolea. Lamy said about her approach to fashion and design, "I like to really be with a lot of people and exchange ideas and the best way to be is to do something together, so I'm easily seduced… And when it's the idea or I want to lead a bunch of people somewhere and do something together, I think that's generous." [31] (#cite_note-31) In 2020, Lamy will collaborate with director Katya Bankowsky for Battle Royale , a series of short films that feature Bankowsky and Lamy preparing for a fight. [32] (#cite_note-32) Personal life [ edit ] Lamy has one daughter, artist Scarlett Rouge. [33] (#cite_note-33) She is married to fashion designer Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) . [34] (#cite_note-34) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Fisher, Alice (11 February 2018). "Michèle Lamy, the style queen who packs a punch" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/feb/11/michele-lamy-the-style-queen-who-packs-a-punch) . the Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-highsnobiety1_2-0) "Michèle Lamy: Inside The Modern Polymath's Extraordinary Universe" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/michele-lamy/) . Highsnobiety . 16 October 2018 . Retrieved 16 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rabkin, Eugene (9 October 2018). "Inside the Extraordinary Universe of Michèle Lamy" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/michele-lamy/) . Highsnobiety . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kaprièlian, Nelly (18 August 2014). "Les égéries de la mode : Michèle Lamy, muse du créateur Rick Owens" (https://www.lesinrocks.com/2014/08/18/style/les-egeries-de-la-mode-michele-lamy-muse-du-createur-rick-owens-11839889/) . Les Inrockuptibles (/wiki/Les_Inrockuptibles) (in French). ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fisher, Alice (11 February 2018). "Michèle Lamy, the style queen who packs a punch" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/feb/11/michele-lamy-the-style-queen-who-packs-a-punch) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Annalisa P. Cignitti (23 May 2012). "Michèle Lamy" (https://www.rocaille.it/michele-lamy/) . Rocaille . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Virbilla, S. Irene (26 April 1998). "Les Deux Cafes'Inside Story" (http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/26/magazine/tm-43032) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Robinson, Gayle (16 May 1990). "FASHION : Michele Lamy Somehow Knits It All Together" (http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-16/news/vw-240_1_michele-lamy) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "How to Live Beautifully With Michele Lamy" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/soul/article/42034/1/how-to-live-beautifully-with-michele-lamy) . Dazed Digital . 26 November 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-10) P. Cignitti, Annalisa (23 May 2012). "Michèle Lamy" (https://www.rocaille.it/michele-lamy) . Rocaille . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Motwary, Filep (2018). "THEOREM[A]: MICHELE LAMY: An interview with the wife and business partner to Rick Owens" (https://www.polimoda.com/theorema-interview-michele-lamy/) . Polimoda . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Maria Cappelletti, Gloria (21 November 2018). "open-hearted (and underwater) with michèle lamy" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/43ebkw/open-hearted-and-underwater-with-michele-lamy) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Michèle Lamy" (https://interviewmagazine.com/fashion/michele-lamy-1) . Interview Magazine . 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Wallace, Christopher (30 April 2014). "Constructing Rick Owens' Creative Bubble" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/constructing-rick-owens-creative-bubble) . Business Of Fashion . Retrieved 18 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Lang, Cady (26 January 2016). "Five Reasons Why Michèle Lamy Is The Coolest Sexagenerian Ever" (https://stylecaster.com/michele-lamy-cool-moments/) . Style Caster . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Rabkin, Eugene (9 October 2018). "Inside the Extraordinary Universe of Michèle Lamy" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/michele-lamy/) . Highsnobiety . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Osei, Sarah (3 May 2019). "PEOPLE: MICHÈLE LAMY" (https://interview.de/people/michele-lamy/) . Interview Germany . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Michèle Lamy Profile: Rick Owens' Greatest Muse Casts a Fabulous Spell" (https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion/michele-lamy-boxing-rick-owens-fashion) . www.lofficielusa.com . Retrieved 7 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Nils Butle and Michele Lamy for Vogue" (http://fuckingyoung.es/nils-butler-and-michele-lamy-by-steven-klein/) . F.Y! . 12 November 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Michèle Lamy: è lei la musa ispiratrice di Rick Owens" (https://www.mam-e.it/moda/michele-lamy-inaugura-lamyland) . MAM-e (in French). 12 November 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Elliot, Hannah (18 December 2013). "At Home With Michele Lamy: The Woman Behind Rick Owens" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2013/12/18/at-home-with-michele-lamy-the-woman-behind-rick-owens/#65a7a65a2267) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Michele Lamy spills on working with FKA twigs" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/28401/1/michele-lamy-spills-on-working-with-fka-twigs) . Dazed Digital . 13 November 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Hyland, Veronique (10 November 2015). "The Jeweler With a Shaman Dentist and a Boxing Habit" (https://www.thecut.com/2015/10/michele-lamy-fka-twigs-hunrod.html) . The Cut (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Fentloh, Fray (18 September 2018). "MICHÈLE LAMY AND ASAP ROCKY" (https://interview.de/people/michele-lamy-and-asap-rocky/) . Interview Germany (in German). ^ (#cite_ref-25) Stanley, Jack (5 October 2017). "Rick Owens and Michèle Lamy Discuss Collaboration & Their Relationship" (https://hypebeast.com/2017/10/rick-owens-michele-lamy-interview-fashion-together-rizzoli) . Hypebeast . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Cappelletti, Gloria Maria (21 November 2018). "open-hearted (and underwater) with michèle lamy" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/43ebkw/open-hearted-and-underwater-with-michele-lamy) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Michele Lamy is setting up her own boxing gym in Selfridges" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/38509/1/michele-lamy-setting-up-own-boxing-gym-in-selfridges-lamyland-rick-owens-nike) . Dazed Digital . 4 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Sayej, Nadja (23 October 2018). "Michèle Lamy resurrects the zine in the name of outsider art" (http://www.documentjournal.com/2018/10/michele-lamy-resurrects-the-zine-in-the-name-of-outsider-art/) . Document Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Diallo, Habi (10 January 2019). "Michele Lamy wants to cast you in her new project" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/42848/1/michele-lamy-selfridges-london-paul-kooiker-rick-owens-photography-art-project) . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Seth, Radhika (8 May 2019). "Artist Michèle Lamy's Boxing Installation Packs A Visual Punch In Venice" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/michele-lamy-venice-biennale-2019) . Vogue UK (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) HB Team (31 January 2019). "Michele Lamy wants to cast you in her new project" (https://hypebeast.com/2019/1/michele-lamy-rick-owens-birkenstock-hong-kong-interview) . Hypebeast . Retrieved 1 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Rossen, Miss (4 December 2019). "Katya Bankowsky and Michèle Lamy wage a boxing 'Battle Royale' in the Bronx" (https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/12/katya-bankowsky-and-michele-lamy-wage-a-boxing-battle-royale-in-the-bronx/) . Document Journal . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Michèle Lamy" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/michele-lamy-1) . Interview Magazine . 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Fury, Alexander (2 March 2017). "The Lighter Side of Rick Owens" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/t-magazine/rick-owens-fashion-designer.html) . The New York Times . 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Nigerian photojournalist (born 1981) Campbell Ajiye Born Campbell Olajide Ajiye ( 1981-09-29 ) 29 September 1981 (age 42) Akure (/wiki/Akure) , Ondo State, Nigeria Occupation Fashion designer Website amsmbofficial.com (https://www.amsmbofficial.com/) Campbell Olajide Ajiye (born 29 September 1981) is a Nigerian photojournalist, musician, and fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . He is founder of Alpha Money Self Made Billionaires Apparel (Amsmb) brand in Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) , Atlanta and New York respectively, an international fashion brand. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] Ajiye was born in the city of Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria on 29 September 1981, and grew up in Akure where he had his primary school education at St. Finbarr's Primary School, Akure, and went to the C.A.C Grammar School for his secondary education before going to obtain his ordinary National Diploma certificate from The Polytechnic of Ibadan. In 2016, Ajiye move to the United States where he went on to study fashion and Art at the Savannah college of Art and Design, SCAD Atlanta Georgia. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] Photography career [ edit ] Ajiye move to Lagos and started assisting a townsman in his photography business at a Sweet Sensation fast food outlet at Opebi Allen, Ikeja, Lagos State who also taught him the art of photography. Ajiye was later employed as an official photographer for a reputable magazine Society International Magazine which was owned by a UK based entrepreneur, he later went on to work as a reporter and photojournalist for Reality International Magazine which gave him much exposure and networks in the fashion world both locally and internationally and he had the opportunity to work with local and international celebrities as a photographer before quitting the profession. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Music career [ edit ] Ajiye began a career in Music with a stage name AJ Campbell after quitting job as a photojournalist, and worked with top artists and producers in the Nigerian Music industry like OJB Jezreel, ID Cabassa, Mr. Daz, Sheyman, K-Solo and Puffy Tee to release some notable hit songs and was featured at several music concerts along with Top music artists. His music career didn't last long because of a new career he found in the fashion industry. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [5] (#cite_note-5) Fashion industry [ edit ] In 2011 while in Egypt, Ajiye was inspired to launch his fashion brand The Alpha Money Self Made Billionaires (AMSMB) which was inspired by the Gianni Versace, Bevista, Roberto Cavalli and Louis Vuitton. The brand became a registered brand in USA when Ajiye moved into US in 2016 [6] (#cite_note-6) and has since gained local and international attention and patronage on the brands website which was launched in 2016. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) " (https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/i-want-to-share-my-experiences-as-an-entrepreneur/) 'I want to share my experiences as an entrepreneur' (https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/i-want-to-share-my-experiences-as-an-entrepreneur/) " (https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/i-want-to-share-my-experiences-as-an-entrepreneur/) . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Campbell's Amsmb Apparel set to launch New York, Lagos store" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081708/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/165584/) . Tribune . 23 September 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/165584/) on 18 November 2018 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "From newsroom to music studio, Ajiye tells his story" (https://guardian.ng/art/from-newsroom-to-music-studio-ajiye-tells-his-story/) . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bamidele, Bose (15 September 2018). "Campbell's Amsmb Apparel Set To Launch New York, Lagos Store - Goldmyne.TV" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081934/https://goldmyne.tv/featured/campbells-amsmb-apparel-set-launch-new-york-lagos-store/) . Goldmyne.TV . Archived from the original (https://goldmyne.tv/featured/campbells-amsmb-apparel-set-launch-new-york-lagos-store/) on 18 November 2018 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Campbell's AMSMB Apparel Set To Launch In New York, Lagos" (https://topcelebrities.com.ng/campbells-amsmb-apparel-set-to-launch-in-new-york-lagos/) . Top Celebrities Magazine . 18 September 2018 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "AMSMB APPAREL LLC, 16087388 | Georgia-register.com" (https://www.georgia-register.com/16087388-amsmb-apparel-llc) . www.georgia-register.com . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Mix, Pulse. "Campbell's Amsmb Apparel set to launch in New York, Lagos store" (https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/campbell-s-amsmb-apparel-set-to-launch-in-new-york-lagos-store-id8884125.html) . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Campbell's Amsmb Apparel to launch New York, Lagos Store – Daily Trust" (https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/campbells-amsmb-apparel-to-launch-new-york-lagos-store.html) . Daily Trust . 29 September 2018 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) admin (27 September 2018). "AMSMB Apparel to launch in New York, Lagos" (https://concordnews.com.ng/2018/09/27/amsmb-apparel-to-launch-in-new-york-lagos/) . Concord News . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Amsmb designer shares video of prepping his model for shoots and fans asking to to{sic) work for him free - Sidomex Entertainment" (http://www.sidomexentertainment.com/trivia/amsmb-designer-shares-video-of-prepping-his-model-for-shoots-and-fans-asking-to-to-work-for-him-free/) . Sidomex Entertainment . 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . 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Fashion event in Mexico Fashion Week Mexico City is a semi-annual fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) event held in Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) . [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) The Autumn/Winter fashion week takes place during the late first quarter or the year, and the Spring/Summer fashion week is held during the early fourth quarter or the year. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-forbes_1-0) "Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Mexico City, todos los detalles" (https://www.forbes.com.mx/forbes-life/mercedes-benz-fashion-week-mexico-city-todos-los-detalles/) . forbes.com.mx . Retrieved 2018-12-11 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.fashionweek.mx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191012103849/https://www.fashionweek.mx/) 2019-10-12 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Week_Mexico_City&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jg9sg Cached time: 20240713150647 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.196 seconds Real time usage: 0.273 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 309/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15653/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 340/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15887/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.145/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3690370/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 246.392 1 -total 33.79% 83.247 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 32.65% 80.458 1 Template:Navbox 30.09% 74.145 1 Template:Cite_web 25.72% 63.382 1 Template:Short_description 14.20% 34.994 2 Template:Pagetype 7.47% 18.395 2 Template:Main_other 6.82% 16.793 1 Template:SDcat 6.15% 15.153 1 Template:Fashion-stub 5.42% 13.363 1 Template:Asbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59352597-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713150647 and revision id 1185241853. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Week_Mexico_City&oldid=1185241853 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Week_Mexico_City&oldid=1185241853) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Indonesia Fashion Week Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Annually Location(s) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) (primarily at JCC (/wiki/Jakarta_Convention_Center) ) Country Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Inaugurated 2011 Previous event March 28 - April 1, 2019 Next event April 1 to April 5, 2020 Website indonesiafashionweek (https://indonesiafashionweek.id/) .id (https://indonesiafashionweek.id/) Indonesia Fashion Week or IFW is the biggest fashion week in Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) that being held annually since 2011 at the Jakarta Convention Center (/wiki/Jakarta_Convention_Center) in Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The event is arranged by Indonesian Fashion Entrepreneurs and Designers Association (APPMI), reflecting and promoting Indonesian culture in fashion. [3] (#cite_note-3) Fashion shows from different designers and fairs are arranged on the occasion. [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Jakarta portal (/wiki/Portal:Jakarta) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Banyak Saingan, Indonesia Fashion Week 2018 Kurang Greget?" (https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20180401090922-33-9240/banyak-saingan-indonesia-fashion-week-2018-kurang-greget) . CNN Indonesia . Retrieved 26 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Indonesia Fashion Week 2019 to put spotlight on Kalimantan's culture" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/01/24/indonesia-fashion-week-2019-to-put-spotlight-on-kalimantans-culture.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 26 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Indonesia Fashion Week, Pekan Mode Sesungguhnya" (https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2012/02/03/15565168/indonesia.fashion.week.pekan.mode.sesungguhnya.) . Kompas . Retrieved 26 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Indonesia Fashion Week 2017" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190126060859/https://foto.kompas.com/photo/read/2017/2/2/1486045595-45eb6389-283/1/Indonesia-Fashion-Week-2017) . Kompas . Archived from the original (https://foto.kompas.com/photo/read/2017/2/2/1486045595-45eb6389-283/1/Indonesia-Fashion-Week-2017) on 26 January 2019 . Retrieved 26 January 2019 . v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐n4j49 Cached time: 20240712224333 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.275 seconds Real time usage: 0.364 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 845/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22949/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 792/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26228/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.190/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4401277/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 326.529 1 -total 32.66% 106.641 1 Template:Reflist 29.36% 95.853 1 Template:Big_4_Fashion_Weeks 28.49% 93.024 4 Template:Cite_news 28.35% 92.583 1 Template:Navbox 17.42% 56.884 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 16.16% 52.767 1 Template:Infobox 10.38% 33.896 1 Template:Portal 9.29% 30.333 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 3.39% 11.068 1 Template:DMCA Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59767415-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712224333 and revision id 1183325541. 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This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Caged raccoon dog (/wiki/Raccoon_dog) at a fur farm in China Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Fur farming (/wiki/Fur_farming) is the process of breeding animals in captivity for the sake of harvesting their fur to be sold primarily for clothing purposes. Fur (/wiki/Fur) is no longer primarily obtained through animal trapping (/wiki/Trapping) ; most fur comes from farms, where animals are raised to be killed for their fur. Fur farming (/wiki/Fur_farming) operations provide about 80 percent of overall fur production. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Common sources of fur include mink (/wiki/Mink) , raccoon (/wiki/Raccoon) , and fox (/wiki/Fox) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Up to 30 million mink furs are produced annually in North America and Europe. [3] (#cite_note-3) The production of pelts involves large-scale tanning (/wiki/Tanning_(leather)) and disposal of animal carcasses after they are skinned (/wiki/Skinning) . Fur production reportedly impacts the environment negatively through the release of gases, chemicals and fossil fuels. Some conservationists say that fur farming could have a positive environmental impact, reducing the pressure of wild-animal population growth. According to fur-farming advocates, it relies on sustainable resources which can be recycled. Fur industrialists call their practices agriculturally "green" compared with the production of fake fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) , because they are enhancing a natural product instead of creating a new one; faux-fur fibers, produced with non-sustainable resources, have a negative environmental impact. [4] (#cite_note-cedelft-4) Processing [ edit ] Fur from the wild (or from fur farms) is stripped from the animal, chemically preserved, and auctioned at a trading house. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The fur then often undergoes further refining, and may be dyed for clothing purposes before being sold. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Unique, differently-colored pelts may also be obtained by cross-breeding. Cross- and inbreeding fur animals are common to obtain particular characteristics. On fur farms, animals are raised in cages indoors and outside; they are fed artificial feed until they are mature enough to kill with the forced inhalation of carbon dioxide (/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) or carbon monoxide (/wiki/Carbon_monoxide) . [4] (#cite_note-cedelft-4) A carcass is stripped of oils and fats (which are processed for commercial use) [4] (#cite_note-cedelft-4) before it is frozen for transport to an incineration facility. Environmental Effects [ edit ] Pollution is released during the fur-cultivation process. When animal carcasses are incinerated, the released gases – which include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide) ( NO x ), sulfur dioxide (/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide) (SO 2 ), and hydrochloric acid (/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid) (HCl) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) – can cause atmospheric pollution (/wiki/Atmospheric_pollution) . Tanning and dressing also contribute to environmental pollution, with chemicals such as formaldehyde, chromium, ammonia, chlorine, ethylene glycol, sulfuric acid, and zinc applied to the pelt to inhibit decay of the fur. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Formaldehyde and chromium are on the EPA Toxics Reporting Industry (/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory) (TRI) list, the American Apparel Restricted Substances List (AAFA-RSL), and the California Proposition 65 list of chemicals (/wiki/California_Proposition_65_list_of_chemicals) known to cause cancer. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) These chemicals pose an overall threat to the health of workers on fur farms and consumers who wear the products; potential skin irritants, they have been identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration) (OSHA) as carcinogens (/wiki/Carcinogen) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Manure produced by the animals can severely impact nearby ecosystems because of its high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. According to a 2003 study published by the Fur Rancher Blue Book of Fur Farming States, about 1,000 tons of phosphorus are released into the environment annually by fur farming in the United States. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Improperly-handled manure released into the surrounding environment damages water and soil, but properly-managed manure may be treated to reduce its nitrogen and phosphorus content. When manure is treated (possibly by drying), it may be used as farm fertilizer or digested in a biogas (/wiki/Biogas) plant. Due to the production level of fur farms, animals are disposed of at a high volume. A study in the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) found that Scots pine (/wiki/Scots_pine) (Pinus sylvestris) was directly affected by its proximity to fur farms in the area. Researchers found that the deposition of ammonium (/wiki/Ammonium) ( NH + 4 ) led to increased soil acidification (/wiki/Soil_acidification) in the forest and reduced concentrations of nitrates; soil acidification has gradually changed the cellular structure of tree leaves. [5] (#cite_note-5) Increased ammonium may lead to nitrogen eutrophication (/wiki/Eutrophication) in an aquatic environment, which decreases available oxygen in the water. The use of fossil fuels in conjunction with manure-sourced energy to power a farm, food for the animals, and resources used to slaughter them and preserve their fur generally result in an uneven amount of gas and nitrogen deposited into the surrounding environment. A recent study found that fur farms were a large contributor to organic pollutants in nearby freshwater ecosystems (/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem) , particularly in regards to the toxic pollutant mercury. [6] (#cite_note-:32-6) However, another study examining shallow lakes in Nova Scotia emphasized that these cases fluctuate depending on a variety of variables such as the distance of fur farms from the body of water. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) To prevent fur from decaying, manufacturers use a number of chemicals. Fur dressing has been ranked as one of the world's five worst industries for toxic-metal pollution by the World Bank. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) (EPA) fined six fur-processing plants for causing high levels of pollution and using solvents in fur dressing which "may cause respiratory problems, and are listed as possible carcinogens". [8] (#cite_note-:42-8) Sustainability [ edit ] Fur farming and the manufacture of fake fur both stress the environment. Fur farms use natural fur to create commercial fur products, and fake fur is obtained from other resources. Fur farms implement sustainable, efficient operating practices to mature minks, raccoons and foxes, using animal waste as additional fuel to power the farm and biogas plants (/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion) which process poultry and manure. [4] (#cite_note-cedelft-4) Energy used to create animal feed is partially used to create more energy, creating a positive feedback loop (/wiki/Positive_feedback_loop) . A 1979 University of Michigan study found that despite the environmental cost of fake fur, however, a farmed-fur coat requires 20 times more energy. [9] (#cite_note-:33-9) The manufacture of fake fur requires petrochemicals (/wiki/Petrochemical) (a finite resource), and the acrylic nature of fake fur requires a longer processing time than natural fur before it is ready for commercial use. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [ better source needed ] Animal Welfare [ edit ] Animal biological function is impaired when normal behaviors are inhibited. Signs include increased morbidity, stunted growth, self-inflicted injuries, and abnormal behaviors. Five principles, known as the Five Freedoms, are used to determine whether animal welfare is being respected: freedom from hunger and thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury and disease; freedom to express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress. [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) In 2009, the European Fur Breeders' Association launched its "WelFur" program to perform onsite assessments at fur farms to ensure that the five principles were being followed. [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Its goal is to ensure that animals are being treated humanely throughout their lives. However, animals experience distress due to confinement. The minimum cage size for a mink is 85 by 30 by 45 centimetres (33 by 12 by 18 in) – length by width by height – a total area of 2,550 square centimetres (2.74 sq ft). [4] (#cite_note-cedelft-4) This size causes discomfort for the animal. In the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) , minks (/wiki/Mink) are bred in half-open or closed sheds with a female mink having an individual confinement pen. The mother gives birth once a year, typically in April or May, to five or six young. The young are bred, and are skinned in November or December. [4] (#cite_note-cedelft-4) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals) (PETA) argues ethical concerns posed by the caging of animals in fur-farming operations as a reason to ban fur farming, noting that the animals are killed inhumanely (by electrocution, suffocation, gassing or poisoning) to ensure that their pelts are of good quality. [9] (#cite_note-:33-9) Chinchillas (/wiki/Chinchilla) , another common animal used in fur farming, can have the tendency to chew their fur under situations of stress. [11] (#cite_note-:12-11) A study found that the fur-chewing trait has a wide range of genetic variability, but happens most often when the animal is caged. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) Fur farmed animals are typically kept in cages, which can lead to this type of negative behavior. Future Solutions [ edit ] Fur in clothing has a practical application in colder climates, where it keeps wearers warm. Although synthetic fur is less effective for keeping warm in extremely-cold climates, it can be a substitute in warmer climates (which would result in less need for products using real fur). Anti-fur campaigns, such as PETA's, increase awareness of animal-welfare issues and reduce demand for real fur. Governments can also play a role in regulating the distribution and sale of farmed fur; the United States passed the Truth in Fur Labeling Act (HR 2480) in 2010, ensuring that the source species is identified when a fur product is sold. [13] (#cite_note-13) This informs the consumer that the product involved the death of an animal. Celebrities and commercial entities with a financial interest in the industry, in contrast, popularize real fur. Products using real fur will continue to be desirable, causing fur farming to continue. Progressive countries with tighter controls on the fur-farming industry, however, will shift the demand to synthetic fur. Government regulation and public education may lessen the demand for farmed fur. In the past few years, the general public has begun embracing the use of more vegan products such as faux fur, in part due to the positive changes it can inflict on the environment. [14] (#cite_note-:02-14) Faux-fur has its own limitations in the pursuit of being environmentally conscious. Fur farmers have been quick to point out that the production of faux-fur still relies of fossil fuels and harmful materials such as plastics in its production. Currently, technologies dubbed "bio-based fur" are being developed that aim to produce fur exclusively from natural sources and materials. This technology would eliminate many of the current environmental struggles that faux-fur faces. [15] (#cite_note-:6-15) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Toxic Fur: The Impacts of Fur Production on the Environment and the Risks to Human Health" (https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/2009-toxic-fur-production-impact.pdf) (PDF) . humanesociety.org . January 29, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190507145700/https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/2009-toxic-fur-production-impact.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2019 . Retrieved August 25, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ramchandani, Mukta; Coste-Mainiere, Ivan (2017). "To Fur or Not to Fur: Sustainable Production and Consumption Within Animal-Based Luxury and Fashion Based Products" (https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811021305) . www.springer.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190407211233/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811021305) from the original on April 7, 2019 . Retrieved March 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mason, Georgia; Cooper, Johnathan; Clarebrough, Catherine (March 1, 2001). "Frustrations of fur-farmed mink" (https://www.nature.com/articles/35065157) . Nature . 410 (6824). International Journal of Science: 35–36. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/35065157 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35065157) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 11242031 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11242031) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 39542739 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39542739) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190414013238/https://www.nature.com/articles/35065157) from the original on April 14, 2019 . Retrieved April 13, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bijleveld, Marijn; Korteland, Marisa; Sevenster, Maartje (January 2011). "The Environmental Impact of Mink Fur Production" (https://www.cedelft.eu/publicatie/the_environmental_impact_of_mink_fur_production/1131) . www.cedeflt.eu . CE Delft. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190407211235/https://www.cedelft.eu/publicatie/the_environmental_impact_of_mink_fur_production/1131) from the original on April 7, 2019 . Retrieved March 1, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Back, Jaana; Turenen, Minna; Ferm, Ari; Huttunen, Satu (November 1997). "Needle Structures Epiphytic Microflora of Scots Pine under Heavy Ammonia Deposition from Fur Farming". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution . 100 . Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: An International Journal of Environmental Pollution: 119–132. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1023/A:1018308008769 (https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1018308008769) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 101627874 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101627874) . ^ (#cite_ref-:32_6-0) Gregory, Braden R.B. and Kissinger, Jennifer A. and Clarkson, Chloe and Kimpe, Linda E. and Eickmeyer, David C. and Kurek, Josh and Smol, John P. and Blais, Jules, “Are Fur Farms a Source of Persistent Organic Pollutants or Mercury to Nearby Freshwater Ecosystems?.” Available at SSRN: SSRN (/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) 4026164 (https://ssrn.com/abstract=4026164) or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4026164 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4026164) ^ (#cite_ref-:4_7-0) J. Campbell, N. Libera, J. P. Smol & J. Kurek (2022) Historical impacts of mink fur farming on chironomid assemblages from shallow lakes in Nova Scotia, Canada, Lake and Reservoir Management, 38:1, 80-94, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10402381.2021.2018631 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402381.2021.2018631) ^ (#cite_ref-:42_8-0) "Why the fur industry is cruel and bad for the environment – The Green Vegans" (https://thegreenvegans.com/why-the-fur-industry-is-cruel-and-bad-for-the-environment/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190506175358/https://thegreenvegans.com/why-the-fur-industry-is-cruel-and-bad-for-the-environment/) from the original on 2019-05-06 . Retrieved 2019-05-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "What Impact Has Activism Had on the Fur Industry?" (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/impact-activism-on-fur/) . Scientific American . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181006142835/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/impact-activism-on-fur/) from the original on 2018-10-06 . Retrieved 2019-05-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pickett, Heather; Harris, Stephen (2015). "The Case Against Factory Fur Farming" (https://www.furfreealliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Case-against-fur-farming.pdf) (PDF) . www.furfreealliance.com . Fur Free Alliance. p. 8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181221094835/http://www.furfreealliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Case-against-fur-farming.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2018 . Retrieved April 13, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:12_11-0) "How to Stop a Chinchilla from Chewing Its Fur: 12 Steps" (https://www.wikihow.pet/Stop-a-Chinchilla-from-Chewing-Its-Fur) . www.wikihow.pet . Retrieved 2022-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_12-0) González, Catalina, et al. “Determination of the Genetic Component of Fur-Chewing in Chinchillas (Chinchilla Lanigera) and Its Economic Impact.” Animals (2076-2615), vol. 8, no. 9, Sept. 2018, p.144. EBSCOhost, https://doiorg.moravian.idm.oclc.org/10.3390/ani8090144 (https://doiorg.moravian.idm.oclc.org/10.3390/ani8090144) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Moran Jr., James (December 18, 2010). "H.R.2480 - Truth in Fur Labeling Act of 2010" (https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2480) . Congress.gov . United States Congress. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190427234534/https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2480) from the original on April 27, 2019 . Retrieved April 18, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:02_14-0) Choi, Yeong-Hyeon, and Kyu-Hye Lee. “Ethical Consumers’ Awareness of Vegan Materials: Focused on Fake Fur and Fake Leather.” Sustainability 13.1 (2021): 436. Available doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/su13010436 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13010436) . ^ (#cite_ref-:6_15-0) Dazed (2020-02-06). "Could faux fur be worse than the real thing?" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/47776/1/animal-vs-faux-fake-fur-fashion-sustainability-environmental-climate-crisis) . Dazed . Retrieved 2022-03-24 . 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Androgyny_in_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Androgyny_in_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Last update: December 8, 2020 ( July 2022 ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Androgyny_in_fashion&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Androgyny_in_fashion) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Androgyny_in_fashion&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Androgynous fashion is a combination of feminine and masculine characteristics. Social standards typically restrict people's dress according to gender. Trousers were traditionally a male form of dress, frowned upon for women. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) However, during the 1800s, female spies were introduced, and Vivandières (/wiki/Vivandi%C3%A8re) wore a certain uniform with a dress over trousers. Women activists during that time would also decide to wear trousers; for example, Luisa Capetillo (/wiki/Luisa_Capetillo) , a women's rights activist and the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public. [2] (#cite_note-2) 1760s-90s [ edit ] Macaroni (/wiki/Macaroni_(fashion)) was a term used to refer to a group of young, urban English men in the 1760s-1770s who adopted ostentatious, effeminate dress. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) The style Macaronis adopted was more similar to the fashions of France and Italy, "retaining pastel color, pattern and ornament, at a time when their use was being displaced by more sober dressing in England." [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Their gender and sexuality were often called into question and were subject to much fascination and scrutiny. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) The Victorian era (1840s-1890s) [ edit ] Women's cycling suit advertisement, 1897 In the Victorian era, many upper-class women adopted more masculine-styled fashion for sports. This was a source of great anxiety, as some believed this supposed "masculinization" of women would lead to "the "degeneration" of the genders". [4] (#cite_note-4) Cycling suits, for example, kept the feminine silhouette but incorporated masculine elements, like waistcoats, neckties and bifurcated skirts. The early 1900s [ edit ] Androgynous dress in young children was the norm for much of the Victorian and Edwardian periods, sex differentiation in clothing was postponed until children entered school at about six or seven years old. [5] (#cite_note-:34-5) Major fashion designers, like Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) and Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , [6] (#cite_note-6) introduced a feminine variation of trousers to women's fashion, in line with the Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) style for women of this era, which was considered "boyish" and gave women an androgynous look. During the 1930s, the masculine lean of female fashion continued, with women's fashion allowing for the wearing of suits. [7] (#cite_note-:43-7) This trend can be exemplified by celebrity Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) . Dietrich dressed masculinely and femininely, demonstrating great fluidity in gendered presentation, doing so-called "double-drag." [8] (#cite_note-:53-8) Dietrich is remembered as one of the first actresses to wear trousers in a premiere. [9] (#cite_note-:63-9) Outside the world of high fashion, working women of this era sometimes wore masculine-style bib overalls for factory or manual labor. [10] (#cite_note-:73-10) However, many of them kept their feminine presentation and were not impeded by their clothing, largely those working white-collar level jobs. [10] (#cite_note-:73-10) Sportswear of the 1920s and 30s became more masculine after significant issues through the previous two decades, [11] (#cite_note-:83-11) reflecting general trends, and following in the footsteps of previous generations. Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) wearing a sailor's jersey and trousers. 1928 Queer people of this era were often consciously gender non-conforming, for example, sailor suits were adopted by both queer men and women due to the "military exoticism and gender-blurring possibilities" becoming "a recognizable signifier of an emerging gay and bisexual identity" [12] (#cite_note-:93-12) The 1950s through 1970 [ edit ] Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the women's liberation movement is likely to have contributed to ideas and influenced fashion designers, such as Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Yves Saint Laurent designed the Le Smoking suit, first introduced in 1966, and Helmut Newton (/wiki/Helmut_Newton) ’s eroticized androgynous photographs of it made Le Smoking (/wiki/Le_Smoking) iconic. [14] (#cite_note-14) Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , the tuxedo suit (/wiki/Tuxedo) "Le Smoking", created in 1966 The upsurge of androgynous dressing for men began during the 1960s and 1970s. When the Rolling Stones played London's Hyde Park in 1969, Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) wore a white 'man's dress' by British designer Mr Fish. [15] (#cite_note-15) Mr Fish, also known as Michael Fish (/wiki/Michael_Fish_(fashion_designer)) , was the most fashionable shirt-maker in London, the inventor of ' the Kipper tie (/wiki/Kipper_tie) ,' and a principal taste-maker of the peacock revolution (/wiki/Peacock_revolution) in men's fashion. [16] (#cite_note-16) His creation for Mick Jagger was considered to be the epitome of the Swinging Sixties. [17] (#cite_note-17) During this period, the androgynous style was also adopted by celebrities like Jimi Hendrix (/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix) , who often wore high heels (/wiki/High_heels) and blouses. During the 1970s, David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) presented his alter ego Ziggy Stardust (/wiki/Ziggy_stardust_(persona)) , a character that was a symbol of sexual ambiguity, when he launched the album 'The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and Spiders from Mars'. [18] (#cite_note-18) This was when androgyny entered the mainstream in the 1970s and had a big influence on pop culture. Another significant influence during this time included John Travolta (/wiki/John_Travolta) , one of the androgynous male heroes of the post-counter-culture disco era, who starred in Grease (/wiki/Grease_(film)) and Saturday Night Fever (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever) . [19] (#cite_note-19) The 1980s [ edit ] Annie Lennox (/wiki/Annie_Lennox) was known for her androgyny in the 1980s Continuing into the 1980s, the rise of avant-garde fashion designers like Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) [20] (#cite_note-20) challenged the social constructs around gender. They reinvigorated androgyny in fashion, addressing gender issues. This was also reflected in pop culture icons during the 1980s, such as David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) and Annie Lennox (/wiki/Annie_Lennox) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Power dressing (/wiki/Power_dressing) for women became even more prominent within the 1980s which was previously only something done by men in order to look structured and powerful. However, during the 1980s this began to take a turn as women were entering jobs with equal roles to men. In the article “The Menswear Phenomenon” by Kathleen Beckett written for Vogue in 1984 the concept of power dressing is explored as women entered these jobs they had no choice but to tailor their wardrobes accordingly, eventually leading the ascension of power dressing as a popular style for women. [22] (#cite_note-22) Ostensibly this demonstrated women’s desire to be seen and valued for their mental abilities rather than their physical appearance. The complexity of 1980s power dressing, however, is reflected in film with movies like "Working Girl" where power-dressing is central to the plot, but even so, the heroine is portrayed as having softer and gentler style than her villainous boss. Androgynous fashion made its most powerful in the 1980s debut through the work of Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo, who brought in a distinct Japanese style that adopted a distinctively gender ambiguous theme. These two designers consider themselves to be very much a part of the avant-garde, reinvigorating Japanism. [23] (#cite_note-23) Following a more anti-fashion approach and deconstructing garments, in order to move away from the more mundane aspects of current Western fashion. This would end up leading to a change in Western fashion in the 1980s that would lead on to more gender-friendly garment construction. This is because designers like Yamamoto believe that the idea of androgyny should be celebrated, as it is an unbiased way for an individual to identify with one's self and that fashion is purely a catalyst for this. Also during the 1980s, Grace Jones (/wiki/Grace_Jones) , a famous singer and fashion model gender-thwarted appearance in the 1980s startled the public, but her androgynous style derivative of power dressing, and her eccentric personality inspired many and has become an androgynous style icon for modern celebrities. [24] (#cite_note-24) This was seen as controversial but from then on, there was a rise of unisex designers later in the 1990s and the androgynous style was widely adopted by many. After 2000 [ edit ] In 2016, Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) revealed that Jaden Smith (/wiki/Jaden_Smith) would star in their womenswear campaign. Because of events like this, gender fluidity (/wiki/Gender_fluidity) in fashion has been discussed in the media regarding Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Ruby Rose (/wiki/Ruby_Rose) , and in Tom Hooper (/wiki/Tom_Hooper) 's film The Danish Girl (/wiki/The_Danish_Girl_(film)) . Jaden Smith has inspired the movement with his appeal for clothes to be non-gender specific, meaning that men can wear skirts and women can wear boxer shorts if they so wish. [25] (#cite_note-25) Gen Z has been a large force in the androgyny movement specifically in the alternative crowd. [26] (#cite_note-26) For instance, Billie Eilish's over-sized and blocky clothing has been seen as inspirational example of androgynous clothing among nonbinary teens. [27] (#cite_note-27) However, the movement isn't only limited to blocky outfits of pop stars that create an absence of gender; it can also be used in a boastful manner. Colombian-American photographer Ruven Afandor has also been credited with pushing the border of androgyny by presenting a photo album of young flat-chested men in usually feminine outfits. [28] (#cite_note-28) Androgynous fashion has also been seen in Asia, with the danso, women-to-men crossdressing, and jendaresu (genderless dressing) movements in Japan. [29] (#cite_note-29) The Memoirs of the Future collection being shown in Manila by Filipino fashion designer Ellis Co presents a cohesive set of 44 different dark and blocky gender-ambiguous outfits. The outfits usually feature dark oversized jackets and feature each of the models with black painted nails. [30] (#cite_note-30) During the mid-2010s androgynous and genderqueer underwear also began a new transformation. Gender-queer underwear brands, like Urbody (/w/index.php?title=Urbody&action=edit&redlink=1) , began making gender-neutral and gender-equal underwear for queer people by going against the trends of the common hyper-gendered clothing lines. [31] (#cite_note-31) In 2021, a smaller multi-brand retailer Slowco adopted gender-neutral categories and designs. They swapped their womenswear and menswear labels for 'femme', 'mass', and 'all'. This swap allows individuals to shop according to their expression without having to identify a gender identity. [32] (#cite_note-32) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:1_1-0) Ewing, E.; Mackrell, A. (2002). History of Twentieth Century Fashion . LA: Quite Specific Media Group Ltd. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Valle-Ferrer, Norma (1 June 2006). Luisa Capetillo, Pioneer Puerto Rican Feminist: With the collaboration of students from the Graduate Program in Translation, The University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, Spring 1991 . Peter Lang Publishing Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780820442853 . ^ Jump up to: a b c McNeil, Peter (1999-11-01). " (https://doi.org/10.2752/136270499779476081) "That Doubtful Gender": Macaroni Dress and Male Sexualities" (https://doi.org/10.2752/136270499779476081) . Fashion Theory . 3 (4): 412. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/136270499779476081 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F136270499779476081) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . The macaronies upset preconceptions both of gender—"a Macaroni renders his sex dubious by the extravagance of his appearance" (Town and Country 1772: 243)—and of sexuality. Many eighteenth-century texts, verbal and visual, responded to the macaroni stereotype with a sexual frankness that was only obliquely observed by nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians of the caricature, and has been generally ignored by late twentieth-century historians. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tracy, J. R. Collins (2010). "Athletic Fashion, "Punch", and the Creation of the New Woman" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41038818) . Victorian Periodicals Review . 43 (3): 309–335. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/vpr.2010.0000 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fvpr.2010.0000) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 41038818 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41038818) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 21141449 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21141449) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 29813478 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29813478) – via JSTOR. ^ (#cite_ref-:34_5-0) Paoletti, Jo B. (1983-01-01). "Clothes Make the Boy, 1860–1910" (https://doi.org/10.1179/036121183803657763) . Dress . 9 (1): 16–20. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/036121183803657763 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F036121183803657763) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0361-2112 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2112) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fatimah, Manal. "Blurred Lines: Androgyny And The Art Of Genderless Fashion" (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/blurred-lines-androgyny-and-the-art-of-genderless-fashion#:~:text=The%20concept%20of%20genderless%20fashion,someone%20more%20feminine%20or%20masculine.) . Harper's Bazaar . ^ (#cite_ref-:43_7-0) Marcketti, Sara B; Angstman, Emily Thomsen (2013-10-01). "The Trend for Mannish Suits in the 1930s" (https://doi.org/10.1179/0361211213Z.00000000020) . Dress . 39 (2): 135–152. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/0361211213Z.00000000020 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0361211213Z.00000000020) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0361-2112 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2112) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191993894 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191993894) . ^ (#cite_ref-:53_8-0) Kennison, Rebecca (2002-10-04). "Clothes Make the (Wo)man" (https://doi.org/10.1300/J155v06n02_19) . Journal of Lesbian Studies . 6 (2): 147–156. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1300/J155v06n02_19 (https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ155v06n02_19) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1089-4160 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1089-4160) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24807670 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24807670) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 27704118 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27704118) . ^ (#cite_ref-:63_9-0) Fisher, Harriet (2015-01-19). "The Queen of Androgyny – Marlene Dietrich" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160616200113/https://www.barnebys.co.uk/blog/article/1293/) . Barnebys . Archived from the original (https://www.barnebys.co.uk/blog/article/1293) on 2016-06-16 . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b Strawn, Susan; Farrell-Beck, Jane; Hemken, Ann R. (2005-01-01). "Bib Overalls: Function and Fashion" (https://doi.org/10.1179/036121105805253107) . Dress . 32 (1): 43–55. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/036121105805253107 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F036121105805253107) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0361-2112 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2112) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 194075377 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194075377) . ^ (#cite_ref-:83_11-0) Warner, Patricia Campbell (1997-01-01). "Clothing as Barrier: American Women in the Olympics, 1900–1920" (https://doi.org/10.1179/036121197805298026) . Dress . 24 (1): 55–68. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/036121197805298026 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F036121197805298026) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0361-2112 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2112) . ^ (#cite_ref-:93_12-0) Stephenson, Andrew (2016-03-01). " (https://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fspc.3.2.157_1) 'Our jolly marin wear': The queer fashionability of the sailor uniform in interwar France and Britain" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fspc.3.2.157_1) . Fashion, Style & Popular Culture . 3 (2): 157–172. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1386/fspc.3.2.157_1 (https://doi.org/10.1386%2Ffspc.3.2.157_1) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2050-0726 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2050-0726) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Kohn, Sally (21 July 2015). "The Seventies: The sex freakout" (http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/21/opinions/kohn-seventies-sexual-revolution/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Androgyny and Feminism" (https://sophmoet.wordpress.com/2014/05/01/352mc-27/) . Sophie Moet . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Baker, Lindsay. "His or hers: Will androgynous fashion catch on?" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150331-womens-clothes-for-men) . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Elan, Priya (13 March 2016). "Peacock revolution back with label that dressed Mick Jagger and David Bowie" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/mar/13/peacock-revolution-david-bowie-mick-jagger-mr-fish) . The Guardian . London. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Mick Jagger's white dress cast him as a romantic hero" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/10129974/Mick-Jaggers-white-dress-cast-him-as-a-romantic-hero.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Lalovic, Itana (19 November 2013). "Androgyny in the fashion world" (http://wsimag.com/fashion/91-androgyny-in-the-fashion-world) . Wall Street International . Retrieved 2016-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Rehling, Nicola (21 June 2010). Extra-Ordinary Men: White Heterosexual Masculinity and Contemporary Popular Cinema . Lexington Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781461633426 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Global Influences: Challenging Western Traditions". London: Berg . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Andrew Anthony (10 October 2010). "Annie Lennox: the interview" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/10/annie-lennox-eurythmics-christmas-cornucopia-universal-child) . The Observer . London, UK . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "The Menswear Phenomenon". Vogue; Conde Nast . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Global Influences: Challenging Western Traditions". London: Berg . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Androgynous Fashion Moments" (http://www.highsnobiety.com/2015/05/14/androgynous-fashion-moments/) . Highsnobiety . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 2016-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Gender Fluidity in the Fashion Industry" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012409/http://cubmagazine.co.uk/2016/02/gender-fluidity-in-the-fashion-industry/) . Cub Magazine . 8 February 2016. Archived from the original (http://cubmagazine.co.uk/2016/02/gender-fluidity-in-the-fashion-industry/) on 2017-02-20 . Retrieved 2017-02-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Krischer, Hayley (2019-08-14). "Beyond Androgyny: Nonbinary Teenage Fashion" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/style/nonbinary.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Krischer, Hayley (2019-08-14). "Beyond Androgyny: Nonbinary Teenage Fashion" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/style/nonbinary.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-11-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "The rise of nonbinary fashion: A photo essay" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2019/11/20/rise-nonbinary-fashion-photo-essay/) . Washington Post . Retrieved 2022-11-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Ho, Michelle H. S. (2021-04-03). "From dansō to genderless: mediating queer styles and androgynous bodies in Japan" (https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2021.1927555) . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 22 (2): 158–177. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/14649373.2021.1927555 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649373.2021.1927555) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1464-9373 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1464-9373) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 235799689 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235799689) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Young Filipino fashion designer Ellis Co unveils 'Memoirs of the Future' collection" (https://mb.com.ph/2022/08/04/young-filipino-fashion-designer-ellis-co-unveils-memoirs-of-the-future-collection/) . Manila Bulletin . 2022-08-04 . Retrieved 2022-11-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Fessler, Leah (2021-06-25). "His, Hers, Everyone's: Gender-Equal Underwear Goes (Slightly More) Mainstream" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/25/us/gender-equal-underwear.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-11-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Nast, C. (2021, October 18). How fashion can lead on trans and non-binary inclusion. 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Israeli model, actress, and television presenter (born 1983) Rotem Sela Sela in 2019 Born Rotem Sela ( 1983-08-16 ) 16 August 1983 (age 40) Kiryat Haim (/wiki/Kiryat_Haim) , Haifa (/wiki/Haifa) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) Nationality Israeli [2] (#cite_note-2) Alma mater IDC Herzliya (/wiki/IDC_Herzliya) [3] (#cite_note-for-3) Occupations Model television host actress Spouse Ariel Rotter ( m. 2010) Children 3 Modelling information Height 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) [1] (#cite_note-walla-1) Hair colour Dark blonde [1] (#cite_note-walla-1) Eye colour Blue [1] (#cite_note-walla-1) Agency Roberto Models Agency (Tel Aviv) Rotem Sela-Rotter ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : רותם סלע-רוטר ; née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Sela ) is an Israeli model, television presenter, and actress; best known for starring as Noa Hollander on the Israeli television series Beauty and the Baker (/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Baker) (2013–2021). Early life [ edit ] Rotem Sela ( רותם סלע ) was born and raised in Kiryat Haim (/wiki/Kiryat_Haim) , Haifa (/wiki/Haifa) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) to Liora and Avraham Sela. She is of Polish-Jewish (/wiki/Polish-Jewish) descent and Turkish-Jewish (/wiki/Turkish-Jewish) descent. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) She is the youngest daughter and her elder sister is Tal Sela. [10] (#cite_note-10) Sela's family and she moved to the affluent city of Caesarea (/wiki/Caesarea_(modern_town)) , Israel, when Sela was 17. [1] (#cite_note-walla-1) Her common Hebrew first name is a derivative of the biblical flowering bush Retama (/wiki/Retama) , while her surname means "a rock" in Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) . She was enlisted to the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) (IDF), serving as a clerk for the Israeli Navy (/wiki/Israeli_Navy) headquarters at HaKirya (/wiki/HaKirya) base. She graduated in 2011 with a degree in law (/wiki/Law) and business administration (/wiki/Business_administration) from the IDC Herzliya (/wiki/IDC_Herzliya) college in Herzliya (/wiki/Herzliya) , Israel, and subsequently passed the bar (/wiki/Bar_examination) . [3] (#cite_note-for-3) Career [ edit ] Sela has said that she prioritises having a career in Israel instead of pursuing opportunities elsewhere; “ Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) cannot be replaced by any city in the world. It’s always surprising to people, but it’s really not my dream to succeed in America (/wiki/United_States) , I want to succeed here, to work here, to do Israeli work … it was important to me to stay here.” [3] (#cite_note-for-3) In 2013 she was cast as the female lead in Beauty and the Baker (/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Baker) alongside Alush after Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) exited the role. [11] (#cite_note-11) Sela plays Noa Hollander a privileged Ashkenazi (/wiki/Ashkenazi) model and heiress that falls in love with a working-class Yemenite (/wiki/Yemenite_Jews) baker Amos Dahari (Alush). The series was positively reviewed by Haaretz (/wiki/Haaretz) newspaper. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2017 Amazon (/wiki/Amazon.com) acquired global rights of the first two seasons of the show to stream them worldwide on Amazon Prime Video (/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2018 she was cast as a series regular in The Psychologist , an Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (/wiki/Israeli_Public_Broadcasting_Corporation) show that follows a similar format to the Lisa Kudrow (/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow) series, Web Therapy (/wiki/Web_Therapy) . In the same year Sela appeared alongside Assi Cohen (/wiki/Assi_Cohen) as a Haredi (/wiki/Haredi) housewife in Autonomies (/wiki/Autonomies) . Autonomies is a dystopian (/wiki/Dystopia) drama about an Israel divided into two entities; the Haredi Autonomy in Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) and a secular State of Israel in Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2023 she starred alongside Yehuda Levi (/wiki/Yehuda_Levi) in A Body That Works (/wiki/A_Body_That_Works) , a surrogacy (/wiki/Surrogacy) drama series on Keshet 12 (/wiki/Keshet_12) . The series was a major success in Israel, and was the highest rated drama of 2023 in the country. Sela won the Best Actress award for an international series at Series Mania (/wiki/Series_Mania) in France (/wiki/France) . [16] (#cite_note-16) It was released internationally by Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) . [17] (#cite_note-pop-17) [18] (#cite_note-dea-18) In 2024 Sela stars alongside Lior Raz (/wiki/Lior_Raz) and Zohar Strauss (/wiki/Zohar_Strauss) in the Israeli drama, Soda by Erez Tadmor. It is based on the story of Tadmor's grandfather, a Jewish partisan (/wiki/Jewish_partisan) during the Second World War (/wiki/Second_World_War) and his subsequent post-war life in Israel. [19] (#cite_note-19) Additional work [ edit ] As a model she currently fronts the Castro (/wiki/Castro_(clothing)) campaigns alongside Aviv Alush (/wiki/Aviv_Alush) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Personal life [ edit ] In 2010 she married Israeli businessman Ariel Rotter, with whom she has three children. [3] (#cite_note-for-3) Sela became a vegetarian (/wiki/Vegetarianism) in 2007 and then began to approach veganism as well. In an interview with the Pnai Plus (/wiki/Pnai_Plus) newspaper in November 2015, she defined herself as "90% vegan". [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2014, she participated in a broadcast by the Vegan Friendly (/wiki/Vegan_Friendly) organization, which opposes the harm to cows in the dairy industry and calls for avoiding the consumption of dairy products. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) In March 2019, Sela criticized Israel's Ministry of Culture and Sport (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Sport_(Israel)) , Mrs. Miri Regev (/wiki/Miri_Regev) , due to the latter's reaction to the Arab political parties at the Knesset (/wiki/Knesset) of Israel. [ citation needed ] Sela subsequently shared her political views online and where she condemns Israeli Prime Minister (/wiki/Israeli_Prime_Minister) Benjamin Netanyahu (/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu) 's actions, and then Netanyahu responded directly back to Sela's post and brought to her attention the Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People (/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People) . [27] (#cite_note-27) Sela was publicly supported at the time by several local figures, including her fellow Israeli actress Gal Gadot (/wiki/Gal_Gadot) , [28] (#cite_note-28) model Shlomit Malka (/wiki/Shlomit_Malka) , [29] (#cite_note-29) and Arab-Israeli (/wiki/Arab-Israeli) newscaster Lucy Aharish (/wiki/Lucy_Aharish) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Sela has supported LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) rights, telling ynet (/wiki/Ynet) in 2015 that "I would give Nora Grinberg a torch, she's among the first [openly] transgender people in Israel, and it's very important that gays, lesbians and transgenders get a stage." And when asked whether the #MeToo (#MeToo) movement had become too extreme she replied that "The situation before the #MeToo movement was extreme, this world in which men allowed themselves to talk and behave to women in an uninhibited way. The campaign is very important, and even if at the moment it feels to some people too extreme, it is okay and eventually the middle will be found." [3] (#cite_note-for-3) Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2003 Shemesh (/wiki/Shemesh_(TV_series)) Model Episode: Basad Ha-Sheni 2007 Ha-Alufa Episode 2.99 2010 Bobby ve Ani Nurse Svetlana Lost in Africa Tzlil Marom Meitar Mini-series 2011 Eretz Nehederet (/wiki/Eretz_Nehederet) Not Really Rotem Sela Episode: 8.7 2009–2011 Naor's Friends (/wiki/Naor%27s_Friends) Rotem Sela Episodes: Passive Aggressive, Missoni Shirt 2017 The Dogs Short film 2018 The Psychologist Liat Shtrosman Series regular Autonomies (/wiki/Autonomies) Blumi Miniseries 2020–2021 The Chef Osnat 9 episodes 2021 Jerusalem [31] (#cite_note-31) Shira Mini series 2013–2021 Beauty and the Baker (/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Baker) Noa Hollander Series regular 2022 Ole LaRosh Film Bloody Murray Dana Series regular 2023–present A Body That Works (/wiki/A_Body_That_Works) Elie Avrahami Series regular 2024–present Metukim (/wiki/Metukim) Shunit Devash Series regular 2024 Soda Ewa Film See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Women of Israel (/wiki/Women_of_Israel) Women in the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces) List of Israelis (/wiki/List_of_Israelis) List of Jewish actors (/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d https://celebs.walla.co.il/item/619538 (https://celebs.walla.co.il/item/619538) ^ (#cite_ref-2) https://www.instagram.com/p/Bisg_JvlhSQ/ (https://www.instagram.com/p/Bisg_JvlhSQ/) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Meet Rotem Sela, The Israeli Actress Who Provoked Netanyahu By Calling Arabs ‘Human Beings’ (https://forward.com/schmooze/420663/meet-rotem-sela-the-israeli-woman-who-provoked-netanyahu-by-calling-arabs/) The Forward. 11 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-4) https://pplus.ynet.co.il/rechilut/article/5740827 (https://pplus.ynet.co.il/rechilut/article/5740827) ^ (#cite_ref-5) https://www.mako.co.il/tv-the-next-star/season7-articles/Article-b1145d51be18f61027.htm (https://www.mako.co.il/tv-the-next-star/season7-articles/Article-b1145d51be18f61027.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-6) https://www.atmag.co.il/הכלה-מאיסטנבול-ברקאי-חרדאל/ (https://www.atmag.co.il/הכלה-מאיסטנבול-ברקאי-חרדאל/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) https://www.instagram.com/p/COsSiW7MgDZ/ (https://www.instagram.com/p/COsSiW7MgDZ/) ^ (#cite_ref-8) https://www.instagram.com/p/dXHqhiwmhD/ (https://www.instagram.com/p/dXHqhiwmhD/) ^ (#cite_ref-9) https://www.instagram.com/p/CXESSmlMbA0/ (https://www.instagram.com/p/CXESSmlMbA0/) ^ (#cite_ref-10) https://www.instagram.com/p/CWIuLXus0WP/ (https://www.instagram.com/p/CWIuLXus0WP/) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Can Bar Refaeli quash the feud with her Eurovision co-host? (https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Can-Bar-Refaeli-quash-the-feud-with-her-Eurovision-co-host-579739) The Jerusalem Post. 5 February 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-12) 'Big Brother' Co-host Pens Israeli Romantic Comedy - and Scores (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/.premium-israeli-tv-star-pens-a-mean-romcom-1.5307226) Haaretz. 2 January 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Keslassy, Elsa (20 June 2017). "Amazon Nabs Global Rights to Keshet Hit Show 'The Baker and the Beauty' (https://variety.com/2017/digital/global/amazon-prime-video-global-keshet-internationals-baker-and-the-beauty-1202472302/) " (https://variety.com/2017/digital/global/amazon-prime-video-global-keshet-internationals-baker-and-the-beauty-1202472302/) . Variety . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) The TV Series That Offers a Possible Solution to Israel’s Problems (https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-the-tv-series-that-offers-a-possible-solution-to-israel-s-problems-1.6591155) Haaretz. 25 October 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-15) New Israeli TV Drama Raises Troubling Question: What if Haredi Jews Seceded? (https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/257906/new-israeli-tv-drama-raises-troubling-question-what-if-haredi-jews-seceded) Tablet. 21 March 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Series Mania Festival 2023 Winners Announced (https://deadline.com/2023/03/series-mania-festival-winners-2023-1235309719/) Deadline . 24 March 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-pop_17-0) Surrogacy Drama ‘A Body That Works’ Renewed for Second Season (EXCLUSIVE) (https://variety.com/2024/tv/global/surrogacy-drama-a-body-that-works-season-2-2-1235918081/) Variety . 26 February 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-dea_18-0) Netflix Picks Up Intimate Israeli Surrogacy Drama ‘A Body That Works’ (https://deadline.com/2024/02/netflix-a-body-that-works-keshet-1235825337/) Deadline . 15 February 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Film director Tadmor tells story behind his movie ‘Children of Nobody’ (https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/culture/article-779057) The Jerusalem Post . 23 December 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-20) Gal Gadot Who? This Israeli Actress Is Suddenly Everywhere (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-08-11/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/gal-gadot-who-rotem-sela-is-the-most-successful-actress-in-israel/00000182-8cd7-d7a9-a9ea-9fdf3d660000) Haaretz . 11 August 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-21) רותם סלע ואביב אלוש בקולקציית החג של קסטרו (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWiqQsOAjdE) YouTube. 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-22) מאיפה ה- COAT? מקסטרו! (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKVWw7Ib8w0) YouTube. 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-23) "רותם סלע בראיון: "לא דחוף לי להוכיח שאני חכמה" (https://www.mako.co.il/entertainment-weekend/Article-580da8dee397b41006.htm) " (https://www.mako.co.il/entertainment-weekend/Article-580da8dee397b41006.htm) . mako (in Hebrew). 11 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "רותם סלע: "אני לא טבעונית ב-100 אחוז" (https://pplus.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4733558,00.html) " (https://pplus.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4733558,00.html) . ynet (in Hebrew). 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Klein Leichman, Abigail (12 December 2015). "The (halachic) case for veganism" (https://www.jpost.com/magazine/the-halachic-case-for-veganism-432808) . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 13 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "רותם סלע נגד מוצרי חלב" (https://www.mako.co.il/entertainment-celebs/local/Article-31b9f1035650541006.htm) . mako (in Hebrew). 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) 'Israel Is the Nation-state of Jews Alone': Netanyahu Responds to TV Star Who Said Arabs Are Equal Citizens (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-is-the-nation-state-of-jews-alone-netanyahu-responds-to-tv-star-who-said-arabs-are-equal-citizens-1.7003348) Haaretz. 11 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-28) Wonder Woman vs. Bibi: Gal Gadot Takes Stand in Row Over Jewish-Arab Equality (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-wonder-woman-vs-bibi-gal-gadot-makes-stand-in-row-over-jewish-arab-equality-1.7004555) Haaretz. 11 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-29) The Israeli Beauty Queens Who Don't Want to Be Pretty and Shut Up (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-israeli-beauty-queens-who-don-t-want-to-be-pretty-and-shut-up-1.7017831) Haaretz. 12 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-30) Lucy Aharish, Arab-Israeli news anchor speaks out in Rotem Sela firestorm (https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Lucy-Aharish-Arab-Israeli-anchor-speaks-out-in-Rotem-Sela-firestorm-583197) The Jerusalem Post. 12 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Jerusalem (TV Series 2021– ) - IMDb" (https://m.imdb.com/title/tt15750962/) . IMDb (/wiki/IMDb) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rotem Sela (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rotem_Sela) . Rotem Sela (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2512110/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Rotem Sela (https://www.instagram.com/rotemsela1/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Rotem Sela (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/rotem_sela/) at the Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) rotemsela1 (https://www.instagram.com/rotemsela1/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐44fqc Cached time: 20240720172601 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.633 seconds Real time usage: 0.832 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3735/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36469/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6186/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45533/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.403/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 25034335/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 769.134 1 -total 36.96% 284.264 1 Template:Infobox_model 16.11% 123.902 1 Template:Reflist 11.92% 91.646 1 Template:Lang-he 10.65% 81.912 1 Template:Cite_news 8.76% 67.359 1 Template:Infobox 8.18% 62.925 1 Template:Short_description 5.85% 44.959 1 Template:Marriage 5.04% 38.800 2 Template:Pagetype 4.93% 37.914 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60274237-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172601 and revision id 1234048214. 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Italian model, television personality and influencer Rachele Fogar Born ( 1991-07-31 ) July 31, 1991 (age 32) Milan (/wiki/Milan) Nationality Italian (/wiki/Italians) Education Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore) ( Milan (/wiki/Milan) ) Liceo classico (/wiki/Liceo_classico) Giuseppe Parini ( Milan (/wiki/Milan) ) Liceo classico (/wiki/Liceo_classico) Tito Livio ( Milan (/wiki/Milan) ) Occupations model (/wiki/Model_(person)) television personality (/wiki/Television_personality) influencer (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) Years active 2005–present Partner Guido Nanni Falck (2021–present) Parents Ambrogio Fogar (/wiki/Ambrogio_Fogar) (father) Katalin Szijarto (mother) Relatives Francesca Fogar (/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Fogar&action=edit&redlink=1) (paternal half-sister) Modeling information Height 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) Hair color lightest brown (/wiki/Brown_hair#Varieties_of_brown_hair) Eye color green (/wiki/Eye_color#Green) - hazel (/wiki/Eye_color#Hazel) Rachele Fogar (born 31 July 1991 in Milan (/wiki/Milan) ) is an Italian model (/wiki/Model_(profession)) , television personality (/wiki/Television_personality) and influencer (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) . She lives in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . Biography [ edit ] Rachele Fogar is the daughter of Ambrogio Fogar (/wiki/Ambrogio_Fogar) and Katalin Szijarto; her father is Italian (/wiki/Italy) and her mother is Hungarian (/wiki/Hungary) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Rachele Fogar started modeling when she was an adolescent. [2] (#cite_note-2) She studied at Milan (/wiki/Milan) , at liceo classico (/wiki/Liceo_classico) Giuseppe Parini and liceo classico (/wiki/Liceo_classico) Tito Livio. In 2014, she graduated from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore) (Faculty of Linguistic Sciences and Foreign Literatures) with a degree thesis on her father by title No Limits, l'esperienza giornalistica di Ambrogio Fogar . [3] (#cite_note-3) For her work she has traveled all over the world. She is polyglot; the languages are: Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) , English (/wiki/English_language) , Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_language) , Hungarian (/wiki/Hungarian_language) , French (/wiki/French_language) , Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) , Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) , Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) and Swahili (/wiki/Swahili_language) . She has worked for several leading fashion brands and posed for various photo shoots, editorials, covers and commercials working with internationally renowned photographers. Brands with which Rachele Fogar has worked include Armani (/wiki/Armani) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli_(company)) , Celine (/wiki/Celine_(brand)) and Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) . [4] (#cite_note-marenostrum-4) She writes for newspapers and magazines; she is a journalist for Corriere della Sera (/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera) and Diva e Donna ; her first article appeared in 2013 for "Diva e Donna". [5] (#cite_note-5) In addition, she was a Wind (/wiki/WIND_(Italy)) testimonial [6] (#cite_note-6) and she was chosen for the project "It Girls" for Luuk Magazine. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2005 Rachele Fogar was one of the protagonists of the documentary Ambrogio Fogar, l'ultimo eroe broadcast by Rete 4 (/wiki/Rete_4) in prime time. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2014 Rachele was one of the protagonists of the television program Calzedonia Ocean Girls - backstage broadcast by Sky 3D (/wiki/Sky_3D_(Italy)) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In the same year she was one of the protagonists of the reality television Calzedonia Ocean Girls (/wiki/Calzedonia_Ocean_Girls) broadcast by Sky Uno (/wiki/Sky_Uno) / Cielo (/wiki/Cielo_(TV_channel)) in prime time. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2017, for a month, Rachele traveled alone and explored Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) where she also explored an elephant (/wiki/Elephant) orphanage. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2018 Rachele Fogar, with Linda Morselli (/wiki/Linda_Morselli) , was one of the protagonists of the reality television Pechino Express 7 - Avventura in Africa (/wiki/Pechino_Express) broadcast by Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) in prime time. The couple was called "mannequin" and they obtained third place. [12] (#cite_note-mannequin-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) During Pechino Express (/wiki/Pechino_Express) , she played in the role of Clodia. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2018 Rachele took part at the "White Party" of Atelier Emé, [16] (#cite_note-atelieremé-16) and took part in international sailing regattas obtaining various trophies and podiums. [4] (#cite_note-marenostrum-4) In 2019 she took part in sailing regattas with Davide Besana: second place [17] (#cite_note-17) at "Assoregata" 22nd edition "ORC B", fourth place at "Assoregata" 22nd edition "Generale ORC A + B", fourth place at "Assoregata" 22nd edition "Generale ORC + Gran Crociera", [18] (#cite_note-sailing1-18) [19] (#cite_note-sailing2-19) first place at "XV Raduno Vele Storiche" "VSV6" (first sailing), [20] (#cite_note-firstvsv6-20) first place at "XV Raduno Vele Storiche" "VSV6" (second and final sailing), [21] (#cite_note-secondvsv6-21) first place at "XV Raduno Vele Storiche" "Generale VSV6" [22] (#cite_note-generalevsv6-22) and first place "Trofeo Artiglio" 2nd edition "Vele Storiche". [23] (#cite_note-artiglio-23) In 2020 she took part in Casa Marcello hosted by Marcello Cirillo, in this program takes part also Linda Morselli; in this year they visited and explored Sicily (/wiki/Sicily) in a tour named Sicilia Express designed by them. [24] (#cite_note-24) From 2021 she was a team member of "Mare Nostrum": project Rotary International (/wiki/Rotary_International) for the protection of aquatic ecosystems (/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem) . [25] (#cite_note-25) [4] (#cite_note-marenostrum-4) In 2021 Rachele took part in expeditions of "Blue Panda", sailboat (/wiki/Sailboat) of WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) (/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature) : explorations of MPA (Marine protected area) (/wiki/Marine_protected_area) in the Mediterranean Sea (/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) . [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2021 she took part in a sailing regatta of the Yacht Club Italiano (/wiki/Yacht_Club_Italiano) with Enrico Chieffi (/wiki/Enrico_Chieffi) and Mauro Pelaschier (/wiki/Mauro_Pelaschier) : seventh place at "Millevele" 33rd edition with ketch (/wiki/Ketch) "Leon Pancaldo" in category "A Rosso" and seventh place in category "General". [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-leonpanc-28) Personal life [ edit ] Rachele is a sportswoman ( skydiving (/wiki/Skydiving) , swimming (/wiki/Swimming) , scuba diving (/wiki/Scuba_diving) , equestrianism (/wiki/Equestrianism) , hiking (/wiki/Hiking) , bungee jumping (/wiki/Bungee_jumping) , canoeing (/wiki/Canoeing) , kayaking (/wiki/Kayaking) , Muay Thai (/wiki/Muay_Thai) , trekking (/wiki/Trekking) , running (/wiki/Running) , skiing (/wiki/Skiing) , sailing (/wiki/Sailing_(sport)) , snowboarding (/wiki/Snowboarding) , paragliding (/wiki/Paragliding) , winter sports (/wiki/Winter_sports) , water sports (/wiki/List_of_water_sports) and others); she holds various licenses, including for boating and parachuting. [12] (#cite_note-mannequin-12) [29] (#cite_note-29) Since 2021 she has been in a relationship with Italian (/wiki/Italy) entrepreneur Guido Nanni Falck, son of Giorgio Falck (of Falck Group (/wiki/Falck_Group) ) and Rosanna Schiaffino (/wiki/Rosanna_Schiaffino) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Her best friend is Linda Morselli with whom she often works. [31] (#cite_note-linda-31) [16] (#cite_note-atelieremé-16) Rachele is an animal lover; in addition to owning pets (/wiki/Pet) , in 2020 Rachele adopted a polar bear (/wiki/Polar_bear) . [31] (#cite_note-linda-31) Filmography [ edit ] Ambrogio Fogar, l'ultimo eroe ( Rete 4 (/wiki/Rete_4) , 2005) - docufilm Pechino Express (/wiki/Pechino_Express) - Il figlio di Spartacus ( Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) , 2018) Television [ edit ] Calzedonia Ocean Girls - backstage ( Sky 3D (/wiki/Sky_3D_(Italy)) , 2014) Calzedonia Ocean Girls (/wiki/Calzedonia_Ocean_Girls) ( Sky Uno (/wiki/Sky_Uno) / Cielo (/wiki/Cielo_(TV_channel)) , 2014) Pechino Express 7 - Avventura in Africa (/wiki/Pechino_Express) ( Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) , 2018) Linea blu ( Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) , 2019) Casa Marcello (Teleuniverso/Telemia/Brixia Channel/Calabria Sona, 2020) Web television [ edit ] Casa Marcello (2020) Sailing regattas [ edit ] With Davide Besana 2019 - "Assoregata" 22nd edition "ORC B": 2nd place [18] (#cite_note-sailing1-18) [19] (#cite_note-sailing2-19) 2019 - "Assoregata" 22nd edition "Generale ORC A + B": 4th place [18] (#cite_note-sailing1-18) [19] (#cite_note-sailing2-19) 2019 - "Assoregata" 22nd edition "Generale ORC + Gran Crociera": 4th place [18] (#cite_note-sailing1-18) [19] (#cite_note-sailing2-19) 2019 - "XV Raduno Vele Storiche" "VSV6" (first sailing): 1st place [20] (#cite_note-firstvsv6-20) 2019 - "XV Raduno Vele Storiche" "VSV6" (second and final sailing): 1st place [21] (#cite_note-secondvsv6-21) 2019 - "XV Raduno Vele Storiche" "Generale VSV6": 1st place [22] (#cite_note-generalevsv6-22) 2019 - "Trofeo Artiglio" 2nd edition "Vele Storiche": 1st place [23] (#cite_note-artiglio-23) With Enrico Chieffi (/wiki/Enrico_Chieffi) and Mauro Pelaschier (/wiki/Mauro_Pelaschier) 2021 - "Millevele" 33rd edition category "A Rosso": 7th place [28] (#cite_note-leonpanc-28) 2021 - "Millevele" 33rd edition category "General": 7th place [28] (#cite_note-leonpanc-28) See also [ edit ] Ambrogio Fogar (/wiki/Ambrogio_Fogar) Linda Morselli (/wiki/Linda_Morselli) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Rachele Fogar, tutto sulla figlia (modella) di Ambrogio Fogar" (https://www.donnaglamour.it/chi-e-rachele-fogar-figlia-di-ambrogio-fogar/curiosita/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Chi è Rachele Fogar: età, biografia e Linda Morselli a Pechino Express" (https://www.chiecosa.it/rachele-fogar/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Rachele Fogar: "La mia vita e la mia tesi di laurea su papà Ambrogio" (https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/sfoglio/11815304/Rachele-Fogar---La-mia.html) " (https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/sfoglio/11815304/Rachele-Fogar---La-mia.html) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Rachele Fogar" (https://marenostrum.life/team/rachele-fogar/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "First article" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/YAQVkTQlZz) . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/YAQVkTQlZz/) on 2021-12-26. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Rachele Fogar: Wind testimonial" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/zfu1CXwlX3) . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/zfu1CXwlX3/) on 2021-12-26. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "It Girls project, are you ready?" (https://www.luukmagazine.com/it-girls-project-are-you-ready/) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ambrogio Fogar, l'ultimo eroe" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10066678/?ref_=nm_flmg_slf_3) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Calzedonia Ocean Girls - backstage" (https://www.glamour.it/httpredir/r.php?q=gworld/fun-and-pleasure/2014/05/calzedonia-ocean-girls-chi-sara-la-prima-vincitrice.aspx) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Su Sky Uno "Calzedonia ocean girls" (https://www.larena.it/territori/citt%c3%a0/su-sky-uno-calzedonia-ocean-girls-1.3098659) " (https://www.larena.it/territori/citt%c3%a0/su-sky-uno-calzedonia-ocean-girls-1.3098659) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Chi è Rachele Fogar, la mannequin di Pechino Express 2018" (https://www.letteradonna.it/it/articoli/ritratti/2018/10/18/rachele-fogar/26881/) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Le Mannequin - Rachele Fogar e Linda Morselli" (https://www.rai.it/programmi/pechinoexpress/Le-Mannequin-c84fc2c7-2da4-4452-a3e1-756139d4c075.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Linda Morselli e Rachele Fogar, le "Mannequin" a Pechino Express 2018" (http://www.spettacolinews.it/linda-morselli-e-rachele-fogar-le-mannequin-a-pechino-express-2018-20180980309.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Chi sono Le mannequin di Pechino Express?" (https://www.tvpertutti.it/news/gossip/chi-sono-le-manequinn-di-pechino) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) " (https://www.isaechia.it/pechino-express-7-le-mannequin-vincono-la-terza-tappa-le-signoredellatv-scampano-leliminazione/) "Pechino Express 7": le mannequin vincono la terza tappa" (https://www.isaechia.it/pechino-express-7-le-mannequin-vincono-la-terza-tappa-le-signoredellatv-scampano-leliminazione/) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Metti 12 coppie di amiche (influencer) alle prese con la scelta dell'abito da sposa: è il White Party di Atelier Emé" (https://www.elle.com/it/sposa/abiti/g25654603/abiti-da-sposa-come-scegliere/) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Nautica in un ritratto" (https://www.ligurianautica.com/rubriche/nautica-in-un-ritratto-davide-besana-proposi-un-servizio-a-fumetti-sulla-vela-ma-allepoca-era-una-follia-oggi-disegni-e-storie-di-mare-hanno-successo/) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Rachele Fogar: Assoregata 2019" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BzpnFiBo3M0) . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BzpnFiBo3M0/) on 2021-12-26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Asooregata 2019" (http://www.assonauticasp.it/index.php/assovela/assoregate/assoregata-2019) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Regata del 18 ottobre 2019" (https://velestoricheviareggio.org/pdf/xv-raduno-vsv-classifica-regate-18-10.pdf) (PDF) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Regata del 19 ottobre 2019" (https://velestoricheviareggio.org/pdf/xv-raduno-vsv-classifica-regate-19-10.pdf) (PDF) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Classifica generale" (https://velestoricheviareggio.org/pdf/xv-raduno-vsv-classifica-generale-a-gruppi.pdf) (PDF) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Concluso il "XV Raduno Vele Storiche" (https://www.nauticareport.it/dettnews/news/concluso_il_15_raduno_vele_storiche_viareggio_a_libertine_of_leith__il_trofeo_vsv_2019_chaplin_vince_tra_i_sangermani_dopo_80_anni_torna_la_coppa_tirrenia_ii_vinta_da_bat_1889-3763-19683/) " (https://www.nauticareport.it/dettnews/news/concluso_il_15_raduno_vele_storiche_viareggio_a_libertine_of_leith__il_trofeo_vsv_2019_chaplin_vince_tra_i_sangermani_dopo_80_anni_torna_la_coppa_tirrenia_ii_vinta_da_bat_1889-3763-19683/) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) " (http://www.perizona.it/gallery/2020/07/23/sicilia-express-lex-valentino-rossi-figlia-ambrogio-fogar-in-tour-foto_760919/) "Sicilia Express", l'ex di Valentino Rossi e la figlia di Ambrogio Fogar in tour" (http://www.perizona.it/gallery/2020/07/23/sicilia-express-lex-valentino-rossi-figlia-ambrogio-fogar-in-tour-foto_760919/) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Mare Nostrum - Team" (https://marenostrum.life/team/) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "WWF: salpa la Blue Panda nel Mediterraneo" (https://www.greencity.it/ambiente/13453/wwf-salpa-la-blue-panda-nel-mediterraneo.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Alla Millevele i campioni e le influencer" (https://www.lastampa.it/mare/2021/09/18/news/alla-millevele-i-campioni-e-le-influencer-1.40713289) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Millevele - Yacht Club Italiano - Genova 18 Settembre 2021 - Gruppo "A Rosso" - "A" Rosso - 1 categoria" (https://www.giornaledellavela.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/402_gruppo_a_rosso.pdf) (PDF) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Chi è Rachele Fogar? Padre, studi e passioni della modella figlia d'arte" (https://www.novella2000.it/chi-e-rachele-fogar-padre-curiosita/) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Falck-Fogar, nuova coppia del jet set: l'erede del re dell'acciaio s'innamora" (https://www.affaritaliani.it/cronache/falck-fogar-uniti-non-solo-dal-cognome-scoppia-l-amore-a-portofino-801125.html) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Rachele Fogar" (https://www.ciaostyle.it/rachele-fogar/1221/) . External links [ edit ] Wikidata has data related to Rachele Fogar . 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Cameroonian fashion designer The neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) of this article is disputed (/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Mason_Ewing##) . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met (/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove) . ( August 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Mason Ewing in his office in Los Angeles, 2016 Born Mason Cyrille Elong Ewing ( 1982-04-09 ) April 9, 1982 (age 42) Douala (/wiki/Douala) , Cameroon Nationality French (/wiki/French_nationality_law) , Cameroon Occupation(s) Founder CEO (/wiki/Founder_CEO) of Mason Ewing Corporation (/wiki/Mason_Ewing_Corporation) , producer, stylist (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Years active 2011– Known for cinema, fashion Awards 100 People Influential (2018) Mason Cyrille Elong Ewing (born April 9, 1982) is a French, Cameroonian and American producer, director, scriptwriter and fashion designer living in France and the United States. [1] (#cite_note-1) Although he is blind, he has built a thriving business and artistic career. [2] (#cite_note-2) Biography [ edit ] Early life [ edit ] Ewing was born in Douala (/wiki/Douala) , the economic capital of Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) . His father, Frederik Ewing, is an American businessman who died in November 2010. Mason lived until age four with his Cameroonian mother, [3] (#cite_note-3) Marie Francesca Elong, who was a model and seamstress (/wiki/Seamstress) . She inspired him and gave him a taste for fashion. [4] (#cite_note-4) Mason spent a lot of time with her as she made clothes for her children. His mother died in March 1986. His great-grandmother (/wiki/Great-grandmother) Élise then took care of him for three years. In 1989, he moved to the Paris region where he lived with his uncle and aunt [5] (#cite_note-5) Lucien and Jeannette Ekwalla, [6] (#cite_note-6) where he suffered extreme child abuse. [7] (#cite_note-7) Not only was he locked in a room for eight years and beaten, but also chili pepper (/wiki/Chili_pepper) [8] (#cite_note-8) was thrown in his eyes for a number of years. In 1993, distraught, he ran often away to seek help from the police and judges, asking to be removed from the care of his uncle and aunt. [9] (#cite_note-9) Due to their mistreatment, Mason tragically lost his sight [ citation needed ] in April 1996 and fell into a coma [ citation needed ] for three weeks at the Necker-Enfants malades Hospital in Paris. In 2001, he was homeless (/wiki/Homeless) and ended up at SAMU (Emergency medical services in France). He won a court judgment against his uncle and aunt, for €5000 (which was never paid) and a one-year suspended sentence. Career [ edit ] Alongside his fashion projects, Mason Ewing works on film projects in France and the U.S. He created the children's series The Adventures of Madison highlighting Baby Madison (/wiki/Baby_Madison) and the Mickey Boom series. In 2011, he moved to America to become a film producer. His holding company, Mason Ewing Corporation, in Los Angeles has various projects in film and TV production. He wrote a television series Eryna Bella [10] (#cite_note-10) and produced Descry , a short film. [11] (#cite_note-11) Starting in April 2015, his French subsidiary Les Entreprises Ewing, subsidiary of Mason Ewing Corporation is based in Clichy (/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine) , France. [12] (#cite_note-12) He is a member of the French production trade union UPC. [13] (#cite_note-13) After living in Los Angeles for a few years, he returned to France to focus on his popular TV series Mickey Boom , supported by French and international channels. [14] (#cite_note-14) This series was inspired by the American television shows he loved to watch as an adolescent. He produced the feature film Love in Yaoundé, [15] (#cite_note-15) a romantic comedy (/wiki/Romantic_comedy) , in 2019. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Awards [ edit ] In 2018, Mason Ewing was awarded the A.I.M. Award by Afrimpact Magazine in Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) for his community work. For many years he has supported the Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired and the Le Comité Contre l'Esclavage Moderne. [18] (#cite_note-18) He is also an Ambassador for the Humanity & Inclusion (/wiki/Humanity_%26_Inclusion) NGO and the Le Refuge association for youths LGBTQ+ (/wiki/LGBTQ%2B) at risk. He is supported by the Secretary of State for Child Protection Adrien Taquet (/wiki/Adrien_Taquet) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Filmography [ edit ] Feature film [ edit ] Love in Yaounde (release planned in 2019) Short film [ edit ] 2011: Descry 2017: Névroses 2017: Comme Les Autres 2017: Le Plus Beau Cadeau de ma Mère References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Spiegel, Justine (April 11, 2013). "Mason Ewing : le rêve américain" (https://www.jeuneafrique.com/137735/societe/mason-ewing-le-r-ve-am-ricain/) . JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Jeune Afrique . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Vox Ladies défile en mode Ewing" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mUbUnmYm6U) . Retrieved May 3, 2019 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ziegler, Matilda (April 30, 2012). "Feature Writer Alena Roberts – Think a Blind Man Can't Be a Fashion Designer? Think Again" (http://www.matildaziegler.com/2012/04/30/feature-writer-alena-roberts-think-a-blind-man-cant-be-a-fashion-designer-think-again/) . Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Haynes, Katelyn (August 17, 2017). "Acting in Style – Blindness and Cruelty Don't Deter Fashion Designer and TV Producer Mason Ewing" (https://actorsentertainment.com/acting-in-style/acting-in-style-blindness-and-cruelty-doesnt-deter-fashion-designer-and-tv-producer-mason-ewing/) . actorsentertainment.com . Actors Entertainment . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Cherfils, Mildrade (May 30, 2010). "The triumph of a blind clothing designer" (https://www.pri.org/stories/2009-07-26/triumph-blind-clothing-designer) . GlobalPost . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Rousseau, Valentine (June 15, 2008). "La leçon de courage du styliste aveugle" (http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/la-lecon-de-courage-du-styliste-aveugle-15-06-2008-3298567804.php) (in French) . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Millot, Ondine (April 25, 2001). "Enfant battu et perdu dans les défaillances de l'Etat" (https://www.liberation.fr/france/2001/04/25/enfant-battu-et-perdu-dans-les-defaillances-de-l-etat_362428) . Libération.fr (in French) . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Mason Ewing JT 13H France 2" (https://vimeo.com/171044963) (in French). Mason Ewing Corp. June 16, 2016 . Retrieved May 3, 2019 – via Vimeo. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pool, Bob (April 22, 2012). "Blind fashion designer aims to make TV shows" (https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-apr-22-la-me-blind-designer-20120423-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Starr, Terrell Jermaine (August 27, 2012). "Blind, African-Born French Designer Hopes To Make It Big in Hollywood" (https://newsone.com/2017953/ewing-mason-blind-french-designer/) . NewsOne . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ounane, Naïma (September 28, 2015). "Le talentueux Mason Ewing matérialise l'improbable" (http://archives.oeildafrique.com/le-talentueux-mason-ewing-materialise-limprobable/) (in French). Oeil d'Afrique . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mason Ewing Corporation" (https://www.unifrance.org/annuaires/societe/357138/mason-ewing-corporation) . UniFrance (in French). unifrance.org . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Mason EWING" (https://www.producteurscinema.fr/author/LCELONG/) . UPC : Union des Producteurs de Cinéma (in French) . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Creil : Mason Ewing, styliste aveugle prépare une série télévisée" (http://www.leparisien.fr/orry-la-ville-60560/creil-mason-ewing-styliste-aveugle-prepare-une-serie-televisee-22-05-2015-4793955.php) . Le Parisien (in French). May 22, 2015 . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Mbohou, Azize (October 20, 2016). "Mason Cyrille Elong Ewing: styliste sans complexes" (https://cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/1800/fr.html/mason-cyrille-elong-ewing-styliste-sans-complexes) . Cameroon Tribune (in French) . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Arlot, Alexandre (March 18, 2019). "Meaux : le styliste aveugle a tourné " Coup de foudre à Yaoundé " (http://www.leparisien.fr/seine-et-marne-77/meaux-le-styliste-aveugle-a-tourne-coup-de-foudre-a-yaounde-18-03-2019-8034279.php) " (http://www.leparisien.fr/seine-et-marne-77/meaux-le-styliste-aveugle-a-tourne-coup-de-foudre-a-yaounde-18-03-2019-8034279.php) . Le Parisien (in French) . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "L'Affiche – CTRV – avril 2018" (https://vimeo.com/268470029) (in French). Mason Ewing Corp . Retrieved May 3, 2019 – via Vimeo. ^ (#cite_ref-18) de Royer, Solenn (April 28, 2001). "Cyril, enfant battu et négligé par l'administration" (https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2001-04-28/Cyril-enfant-battu-et-neglige-par-l-administration-_NP_-2001-04-28-132081) . La Croix (in French) . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Taquet, Adrien. "Agenda d'Adrien Taquet (Semaine du 25 mars) – j+3" (https://toute-la.veille-acteurs-sante.fr/118667/agenda-dadrien-taquet-semaine-du-25-mars-j3/) . toute-la.veille-acteurs-sante.fr (in French). La Veille des Acteurs de la Santé . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://masonewingcorp.com/) Mason Ewing (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2423862/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Mason Ewing (http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=815493.html) at Allociné (/wiki/Allocin%C3%A9) Mason Ewing (https://www.unifrance.org/annuaires/personne/423971/mason-cyrille-elong-ewing) at Unifrance (/wiki/Unifrance) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dmvkz Cached time: 20240713203151 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.443 seconds Real time usage: 0.654 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3135/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 50591/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3225/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 75018/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.279/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8437044/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 608.263 1 -total 29.06% 176.762 1 Template:Reflist 23.93% 145.532 1 Template:Infobox_person 20.46% 124.479 12 Template:Cite_news 18.67% 113.552 1 Template:Short_description 11.73% 71.367 22 Template:Main_other 9.13% 55.505 1 Template:POV 8.68% 52.791 1 Template:SDcat 8.36% 50.840 1 Template:Ambox 7.37% 44.844 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60649257-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713203151 and revision id 1213442365. 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Italian-Hungarian television personality, influencer and model Mercédesz Henger Born Mercédesz Jelinek Schicchi ( 1991-08-18 ) 18 August 1991 (age 32) Győr (/wiki/Gy%C5%91r) , Hungary Nationality Italian Hungarian Education University of Southampton (/wiki/University_of_Southampton) University of Oxford (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) St. George's British International School (/wiki/St._George%27s_British_International_School) Marymount International School of Rome (/wiki/Marymount_International_School_of_Rome) Occupations actress television personality influencer model Years active 2002–present Parents Riccardo Schicchi (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) (father) Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) (mother) Relatives Riccardo Schicchi Jr. (brother) Jennifer Caroletti (maternal half-sister) Massimiliano Caroletti ( stepfather (/wiki/Stepfather) ) Musical career Genres EDM (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) Instrument(s) voice Musical artist Modeling information Height 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) Hair color blond (/wiki/Blond) Eye color blue-green Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Volto 2006 Major competition(s) Miss Volto 2006 (winner) The Look of the Year 2006 (2nd place) Mercédesz Henger , birth name Mercédesz Jelinek Schicchi , (born 18 August 1991 in Győr (/wiki/Gy%C5%91r) ) is an Italian (/wiki/Italy) - Hungarian (/wiki/Hungary) actress (/wiki/Actress) , television personality (/wiki/Television_personality) , influencer (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) and model (/wiki/Model_(profession)) ; she is daughter of Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) and Riccardo Schicchi (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) and she is known with the surname (/wiki/Surname) of Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) , her mother, as Mercédesz Henger since 2002, when she made her cinema debut in 2002 with a cameo role in the movie Gangs of New York (/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York) directed by Martin Scorsese (/wiki/Martin_Scorsese) ; film where there is also the mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) . Since 2023 she has been in a relationship with a boy 11 years younger, the couple lives in a small comune (/wiki/Comune) of about 2500 inhabitants, in Liguria (/wiki/Liguria) , with the boy's family. Biography [ edit ] Career [ edit ] Early life and beginnings [ edit ] Mercédesz Henger, birth name Mercédesz Jelinek Schicchi (Jelinek is the surname (/wiki/Surname) of biological father (/wiki/Biological_father) and Schicchi is the surname (/wiki/Surname) of Riccardo Schicchi (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) ), [1] (#cite_note-donnemagazine.it-1) is daughter of Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) and Riccardo Schicchi (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) . [2] (#cite_note-molfettalive.it-2) She studied at Marymount International School of Rome (/wiki/Marymount_International_School_of_Rome) and at St. George's British International School (/wiki/St._George%27s_British_International_School) in Rome (/wiki/Rome) ; she then continued her studies in United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , where she attended courses at the University of Oxford (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) , and then graduated in psychology at the University of Southampton (/wiki/University_of_Southampton) . [3] (#cite_note-mercedesz-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She is known with the surname (/wiki/Surname) of Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) , her mother; as Mercédesz Henger since 2002, when she made her cinema debut in 2002 with a cameo role in the movie Gangs of New York (/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York) directed by Martin Scorsese (/wiki/Martin_Scorsese) ; film where there is also the mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [3] (#cite_note-mercedesz-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) 2003–2015 [ edit ] In 2003 she posed for a photo shoot for a magazine for teenagers. In 2005 she is, with her mother, in the music video of My Heart Is Dancing , single of her mother. In the 2006 she take part at The Look of the Year where she ranks second and won the title of "Miss Volto". Mercédesz started modeling for "Roma Sposa" and Alviero Martini (/wiki/Alviero_Martini) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In the same year, as dancer, she is in the cast of "Festival Show" with her mother. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2008 she played the role of Orsola Iuvara, one of the protagonists, in the film Bastardi directed by Federico Del Zoppo and Andres Alce Meldonado; film where there is also the mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In the same year Mercédesz Henger won the "Piper Club Award" with her mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) . [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2009 she played the role of Chiara in the film Torno a vivere da solo (/wiki/Torno_a_vivere_da_solo) directed by Jerry Calà (/wiki/Jerry_Cal%C3%A0) , film where there is also the mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) ; [13] (#cite_note-13) in the same year posed for her first calendar for teenagers. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2015 she is the protagonist of the music video We Gon Ride by B-Goss feat. (/wiki/Feat.) Flo Rida (/wiki/Flo_Rida) , T-Pain (/wiki/T-Pain) e J-Rand. [15] (#cite_note-15) 2016–2020 [ edit ] In 2016, she is the third finalist of L'isola dei famosi 11 (/wiki/L%27Isola_dei_Famosi#Season_11) , a reality show on Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) hosted by Alessia Marcuzzi (/wiki/Alessia_Marcuzzi) from the studio and Alvin from the island; in the same year she is in the cast of Grand Hotel Chiambretti on Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , [16] (#cite_note-16) she is in the cast of the music video Estate 2016 by Paolo Vallesi (/wiki/Paolo_Vallesi) [17] (#cite_note-17) and in the cast of Bring the Noise on Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Since 2016 Mercédesz is a pundit (/wiki/Pundit) in the programs Domenica Live (closed in 2021) and Pomeriggio Cinque (/wiki/Pomeriggio_Cinque) (until 2023), both on Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) and hosted by Barbara D'Urso (/wiki/Barbara_D%27Urso) , many times with her mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Moreover in 2016 she is a basketball player in BasketArtisti, a basketball team. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2017 she is the testimonial of S.S. Lazio Women (/wiki/S.S._Lazio_Women_2015) , an Italian women's football team. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2017 and in 2018 she is a pundit (/wiki/Pundit) in the program Casa Signorini on 361tv, many times with her mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) ; and in 2018 Mercédesz is in the cast of Vip Champion 2018 on 361tv, where there is also her mother. [22] (#cite_note-22) External videos Boomerang by Btsound Vs Mercedesz Henger on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) In 2017 and in 2019 she takes part in the cast of Le Iene (/wiki/Le_Iene) on Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) , in 2017 with her mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) . [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2018 she is in the cast of the music video E contro tutto by Dorian. [25] (#cite_note-25) In the same year she debuts as a singer collaborating with Btsound; the single is Boomerang and there is also a music video; in this music video there is also her sister Jennifer. [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2018 she is in the cast of the music video Portami via da me by Marco Santilli. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) Since 2018 signs a line of lipsticks for MU – Make Up. [29] (#cite_note-29) From 2019 to 2020 she is a pundit (/wiki/Pundit) in the programs Live – Non è la D'Urso on Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) and hosted by Barbara D'Urso (/wiki/Barbara_D%27Urso) . In 2019 she is in the cast of the music video Traguardo by VEMO, [30] (#cite_note-30) she is co-host for Miss Europe Continental (backstage), [31] (#cite_note-31) and she is in the cast of music video Chica linda by Prynce Niko. [32] (#cite_note-32) 2020–2023 [ edit ] Mercédesz Henger continues her activity as a columnist in the programs Videonews conducted by Barbara D'Urso (/wiki/Barbara_D%27Urso) . In 2020 she is the protagonist of the music video Playlist by Daniele Ronda. [33] (#cite_note-33) In 2021 she is the protagonist of the short film Biphora directed by Wylliam Fumagalli. In 2022 and in 2023 she is in the cast of Sartù, il sorriso è servito . [34] (#cite_note-34) In the same year she is the fourth finalist of L'isola dei famosi 16 (/wiki/L%27Isola_dei_Famosi#Season_16) , a reality show on Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) hosted by Ilary Blasi (/wiki/Ilary_Blasi) from the studio and Alvin from the island. [35] (#cite_note-35) In the same year she is the protagonist of the music video Lividi by Soniko; [36] (#cite_note-36) and, together with her mother Éva (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) , she is a judge in Sharm el-Sheikh (/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh) of the Lollapalooza Got Talent . [37] (#cite_note-37) In the same year Mercédesz is in the cast of the music video Svalutation (cover of Adriano Celentano (/wiki/Adriano_Celentano) ) by Jean-Christophe Moroni. [38] (#cite_note-38) External videos Il girone della giostra by Ilenya and Mercedesz Henger on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) In 2023 she takes part in the cast of Le Iene (/wiki/Le_Iene) on Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) and she released the single, with music video (/wiki/Music_video) , Il girone della giostra , a duet with Ilenya. [39] (#cite_note-39) In 2023 she takes part, together with her mother Éva (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) , in the talk show Il salotto delle celebrità - Sanremo 2023'' ; [40] (#cite_note-40) and she takes part, as singer, in the beauty contest (/wiki/Beauty_contest) Miss Woman Beauty Contest - World Edition hosted by her mother Éva (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) , [41] (#cite_note-41) and she is the protagonist of the music video Tu malavita, io criminale by Marco Calone. [42] (#cite_note-42) In the same year she is in the cast of Tic toc directed by Davide Scovazzo, film where there are also her mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) and her sister Jennifer; [43] (#cite_note-43) she is also in the cast of Elohim directed by Paolo Vegliò. 2024–present [ edit ] In 2024 she played a lead role in Il passo del vento directed by Massimo Paolucci and in The Contract directed by Massimo Paolucci with screenplay of her mother Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) . [44] (#cite_note-44) Private life [ edit ] Mercédesz is the first daughter of Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) and she was born ob 18 August 1991 in Győr (/wiki/Gy%C5%91r) from a previous relationship. Declared as Mercedesz Jelinek Schicchi (Jelinek is the surname of the biological father), Riccardo (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) wants the daughter to be recognized as his in all respects, keeping the secret of biological paternity; in 2019 Mercédesz makes the topic public, underlining that for her the only father is in any case Riccardo (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) . [45] (#cite_note-45) [1] (#cite_note-donnemagazine.it-1) [2] (#cite_note-molfettalive.it-2) Mercédesz has one brother (Riccardo Jr. Schicchi was born on 22 December 1994 in Rome (/wiki/Rome) , son of Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) and Riccardo Schicchi (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) ) and one sister (Jennifer Caroletti was born on 12 April 2009 in Rome (/wiki/Rome) , daughter of Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) and Massimiliano Caroletti). After the death of Riccardo Schicchi (/wiki/Riccardo_Schicchi) (9 December 2012 in Rome (/wiki/Rome) ), the property of Schicchi of Diva Futura (/wiki/Diva_Futura) , moreover, becomes property of Éva (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) , Mercédesz and Riccardo Jr. [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) Television [ edit ] L'isola dei famosi (season 11) (/wiki/L%27Isola_dei_Famosi#Season_11) ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2016) Grand Hotel Chiambretti ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2016) Bring the Noise ( Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) , 2016) Domenica Live ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2016–2021) Pomeriggio Cinque (/wiki/Pomeriggio_Cinque) ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2016–2023) Casa Signorini (361tv, 2017–2018) Le Iene (/wiki/Le_Iene) ( Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) , 2017, 2019, 2023) Vip Champion 2018 (361tv, 2018) Live – Non è la D'Urso ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2019–2020) L'isola dei famosi (season 16) (/wiki/L%27Isola_dei_Famosi#Season_16) ( Canale 5 (/wiki/Canale_5) , 2022) Filmography [ edit ] Gangs of New York (/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York) , directed by Martin Scorsese (/wiki/Martin_Scorsese) (2002) Bastardi , directed by Federico Del Zoppo and Andres Alce Meldonado (2008) Torno a vivere da solo (/wiki/Torno_a_vivere_da_solo) , directed by Jerry Calà (/wiki/Jerry_Cal%C3%A0) (2009) Biphora , directed by Wylliam Fumagalli (2021) - short film Tic toc , directed by Davide Scovazzo (2023) Elohim , directed by Paolo Vegliò (2023) Il passo del vento by Massimo Paolucci (2024) The Contract by Massimo Paolucci (2024) Web TV [ edit ] Sartù, il sorriso è servito (2022-2023) Il salotto delle celebrità - Sanremo 2023 ( Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) / Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) , 2023) Singles [ edit ] 2018 – Boomerang by Btsound Vs Mercedesz Henger 2023 – Il girone della giostra by Mercedesz Henger and Ilenya Music videos [ edit ] 2006 – My Heart Is Dancing by Éva Henger (/wiki/%C3%89va_Henger) 2015 – We Gon Ride by B-Goss feat. (/wiki/Feat.) Flo Rida (/wiki/Flo_Rida) , T-Pain (/wiki/T-Pain) and J-Rand 2016 – Estate 2016 by Paolo Vallesi (/wiki/Paolo_Vallesi) 2018 – E contro tutto by Dorian 2018 – Boomerang by Btsound Vs Mercedesz Henger 2018 – Portami via da me by Marco Santilli 2019 – Traguardo by VEMO 2019 – Chica linda by Prynce Niko 2020 – Playlist by Daniele Ronda 2022 – Lividi by Soniko 2022 – Svalutation by Jean-Christophe Moroni 2023 – Il girone della giostra by Mercedesz Henger and Ilenya 2023 – Tu malavita, io criminale by Marco Calone References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Mercedesz Henger, il cognome del padre biologico: la verità" (https://www.donnemagazine.it/mercedesz-henger-cognome/) (in Italian). ^ Jump up to: a b "Intervista in esclusiva alla giovane Mercedes Schicchi" (https://www.molfettalive.it/news/attualita/26959/intervista-in-esclusiva-alla-giovane-mercedes-schicchi) (in Italian). ^ Jump up to: a b "Chi è Mercedesz Henger? Biografia e vita privata della figlia di Eva Henger" (https://www.gossippiu.com/2016/03/chi-e-mercedesz-henger-biografia-e-vita.html) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Mercedesz Henger" (https://www.vanityfair.it/show/tv/16/03/09/isola-dei-famosi-11-intervista-figlia-di-eva-henger-mercedesz) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Mercedesz Henger: "Fare l'amore è bellissimo" (https://www.vanityfair.it/people/italia/16/07/01/mercedesz-henger-porno-genitori-eva-henger-riccardo-schicchi-bullizzata-foto-gossip) " (https://www.vanityfair.it/people/italia/16/07/01/mercedesz-henger-porno-genitori-eva-henger-riccardo-schicchi-bullizzata-foto-gossip) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Eva Henger: rivelazioni su Mercedesz" (https://www.mediasetplay.mediaset.it/video/verissimo/eva-henger-rivelazioni-su-mercedes_FAFU000000603298) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Mercedesz Henger" (http://www.regoon.com/artist/1859/mercedesz-henger.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Chi è Mercedesz Henger?" (https://www.novella2000.it/mercedesz-henger/) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "In diecimila al Festival Show" (https://www.scoppiospettacoli.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CorriereAlpi.24.7.2006.festivalshow.pdf) (PDF) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Bastardi" (https://www.mymovies.it/dizionario/recensione.asp?id=55279) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Mercedesz Henger" (https://isola.mediaset.it/cast/naufraghi/mercedesz-henger.shtml) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Eva e Mercedesz: le Henger si fanno largo" (https://www.gossip.it/news/eva-e-mercedesz-le-henger-si-fanno-largo/) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Cast Torno a vivere da solo" (https://www.mymovies.it/film/2008/tornoaviveredasolo/cast/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Mercedesz Henger" (http://www.mymovies.it/biografia/?a=102600) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Cassia, il calciatore Keita e la figlia di Eva Henger protagonisti di un video hip hop americano girato in una villa a Roma nord" (http://www.settimanalezona.com/notizia.php?id=9797) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Grand Hotel Chiambretti" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5773834/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Mercedesz Henger protagonista del nuovo videoclip di Paolo Vallesi" (https://www.isaechia.it/mercedesz-henger-protagonista-del-nuovo-videoclip-di-paolo-vallesi/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Bring The Noise: giocare con la musica non è mai stato così divertente!" (http://www.mediaset.it/quimediaset/comunicati/bring-the-noise-giocare-con-la-musica-non-e-mai-stato-cosi-divertente_22212.shtml) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Mercedesz Henger opinionista a "Domenica Live" e "Pomeriggio Cinque" (https://www.umbriajournal.com/televisione/mercedesz-henger-isola-dei-famosi-304522/) " (https://www.umbriajournal.com/televisione/mercedesz-henger-isola-dei-famosi-304522/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Mercedesz e il basket" (https://www.iltempo.it/cultura-spettacoli/2016/05/30/gallery/mercedesz-e-il-basket-1011401/) . Il Tempo (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Mercedesz Henger sarà ancora la madrina della S.S. Lazio Calcio Femminile" (https://lalazioalfemminile.blogspot.com/2017/10/mercedesz-henger-sara-ancora-la-madrina.html) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Programmi 361tv" (https://www.361magazine.com/webtv/programs/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Mamma, ho fatto un film porno e…" (https://www.iene.mediaset.it/video/bello-mamma-ho-fatto-un-film-porno-e-_65287.shtml) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Il tronista Peracchi, il doppio tradimento e Mercedesz Henger: lo scherzo (doppio)" (https://www.iene.mediaset.it/video/lucas-peracchi-mercedesz-henger-eva-scherzo-tradimento_403269.shtml) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Dorian - E contro tutto" (https://www.earone.it/news/dorian_e_contro_tutto_radio_date_11_05_2018_28990488/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Mercedesz Henger diventa cantante: il suo singolo è "Boomerang" (https://www.si24.it/2018/08/01/mercedesz-henger-diventa-cantante-il-suo-singolo-e-boomerang-video/476375/) " (https://www.si24.it/2018/08/01/mercedesz-henger-diventa-cantante-il-suo-singolo-e-boomerang-video/476375/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-27) " (https://www.vastoweb.com/news/spettacolo/750551/portami-via-da-me-online-il-video-dellultimo-singolo-di-marco-santilli) "Portami via da me", online il video dell'ultimo singolo di Marco Santilli. Con la partecipazione di Pippo Franco e Mercedesz Henger" (https://www.vastoweb.com/news/spettacolo/750551/portami-via-da-me-online-il-video-dellultimo-singolo-di-marco-santilli) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-28) Portami via da me - Marco Santilli - Video official (in Italian) – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Rossetti Mercedesz Henger MU – Make Up" (https://www.mumakeupgroup.it/product/rossetto-mercedez-hengel-mu-make-up/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-30) "La figlia dell'ex pornostar Eva Henger protagonista del videoclip "Traguardo" (https://www.wemusic.it/la-figlia-dellex-pornostar-eva-henger-protagonista-del-videoclip-traguardo/) " (https://www.wemusic.it/la-figlia-dellex-pornostar-eva-henger-protagonista-del-videoclip-traguardo/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Miss Europe Continental 2019" (https://napoli.zon.it/miss-europe-continental-2019-ci-siamo-si-comincia-sabato-23-novembre/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Mercedesz Henger è la protagonista del videoclip di "Chica linda" (https://www.361magazine.com/spettacoli/musica/chica-linda-singolo-protagonista-del-videoclip-la-bellissima-mercedesz-henger/) " (https://www.361magazine.com/spettacoli/musica/chica-linda-singolo-protagonista-del-videoclip-la-bellissima-mercedesz-henger/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Playlist di Daniele Ronda, la Flashdance di Mercedesz Henger" (https://www.cameralook.it/web/playlist-di-daniele-ronda-la-flashdance-di-mercedesz-henger/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-34) " (http://www.culturaacolori.it/sartu-e-servito-sulle-emittenti-televisive-di-campania-lazio-lombardia-puglia-e-sicilia/) "Sartù" è servito… Sulle emittenti televisive di Campania, Lazio, Lombardia, Puglia e Sicilia" (http://www.culturaacolori.it/sartu-e-servito-sulle-emittenti-televisive-di-campania-lazio-lombardia-puglia-e-sicilia/) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Mercedesz Henger, chi è la nuova concorrente: dal fidanzato all'incidente di Eva Henger" (https://www.mediasetplay.mediaset.it/article/mediasetplay/lisoladeifamosi/mercedesz-henger-chi-e-anni-lavoro-fidanzato-incidente-eva-henger-isola_SE000000000058_a33464) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Il nuovo videoclip di Soniko – Lividi – è online! (VIDEO)" (https://www.tyounmagazine.it/2022/05/16/il-nuovo-videoclip-di-soniko-lividi-e-online/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Lollapalooza Got Talent" (https://scontent.fbds1-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/297872206_462585939250580_5174283311369199424_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_s720x720&_nc_cat=106&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=i9Mf1SXHCZgAX9YSgqN&_nc_ht=scontent.fbds1-2.fna&oh=00_AT-rQ_2PKQGekLhfDwLz4tVROsF7QTwWmmAhTDQUwjHKHQ&oe=62FCE86B) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Svalutation: il remake firmato Jean Christophe Moroni" (https://www.novella2000.it/svalutation-il-remake-firmato-jean-christophe-moroni/) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Il girone della giostra" (https://music.apple.com/mz/album/il-girone-della-giostra-single/1669525786) . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Tutto pronto per "Il Salotto delle Celebrità" a Sanremo" (https://ilsalottodellecelebrita.it/2023/02/03/tutto-pronto-per-il-salotto-delle-celebrita-a-sanremo-lhospitality-piu-originale-e-attesa-durante-il-festival-della-canzone-italiana-2023/) . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Il nuovo concept di bellezza con "Miss Woman World Edition 2023" (https://emmepress.com/2023/03/16/il-nuovo-concept-di-bellezza-con-miss-woman-world-edition-2023/) " (https://emmepress.com/2023/03/16/il-nuovo-concept-di-bellezza-con-miss-woman-world-edition-2023/) . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Marco Calone - "tu malavita, io criminale" on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-43) "La prima del Film "Tic Toc" con Eva Henger e il cast al Napoli Cinema Festival" (https://www.politicamentecorretto.com/2023/05/21/la-prima-del-film-tic-toc-con-eva-henger-e-il-cast-al-napoli-cinema-festival/) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Kevin Spacey torna sul set con le figlie di Eva Henger/ L'annuncio di Caroletti a Novella 2000: "Inaspettato" (https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/kevin-spacey-torna-sul-set-con-le-figlie-di-eva-henger-lannuncio-di-caroletti-a-novella-2000-inaspettato/2679010/) " (https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/kevin-spacey-torna-sul-set-con-le-figlie-di-eva-henger-lannuncio-di-caroletti-a-novella-2000-inaspettato/2679010/) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Mercedesz Henger, la rivelazione choc: "Mio padre non era Riccardo Schicchi" (https://www.corriere.it/moda/news/19_novembre_25/mercedesz-henger-rivelazione-choc-mio-padre-non-era-riccardo-schicchi-98570974-0f97-11ea-bd6b-b9b6fa42a1a4.shtml) " (https://www.corriere.it/moda/news/19_novembre_25/mercedesz-henger-rivelazione-choc-mio-padre-non-era-riccardo-schicchi-98570974-0f97-11ea-bd6b-b9b6fa42a1a4.shtml) . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Articolo" (https://gossip.fanpage.it/rubato-il-profilo-facebook-di-riccardo-schicchi-lo-denuncia-eva-henger/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Articolo" (http://www.gossipblog.it/post/168443/eva-henger-denuncia-rubato-il-profilo-facebook-di-riccardo-schicchi) (in Italian). External links [ edit ] Wikidata has data related to Mercédesz Henger . Mercédesz Henger (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3016599/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Mercédesz Henger (https://www.instagram.com/mjmemi/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐l2h2s Cached time: 20240720192357 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.664 seconds Real time usage: 0.826 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8419/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 102258/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10703/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 182041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.443/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9813516/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 763.650 1 -total 39.48% 301.457 1 Template:Infobox_person 30.96% 236.433 1 Template:Reflist 25.35% 193.617 44 Template:Cite_web 14.04% 107.214 5 Template:Infobox 10.30% 78.687 2 Template:Short_description 10.07% 76.933 1 Template:Infobox_model 6.89% 52.617 60 Template:Main_other 6.65% 50.790 14 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.13% 46.832 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60781986-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720192357 and revision id 1234885291. 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Italian fashion brand GIADA Company type Private Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 2001 Founder Rosanna Daolio Headquarters Milano, Italy (/wiki/Milano,_Italy) Products Women's ready-to-wear, accessories Website giada.com (http://www.giada.com/) Creative Director Gabriele Colangelo [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) GIADA is an Italian fashion brand. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) It was founded in 2001 in Milan by Rosanna Daolio [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) and bought by the Chinese company Redstone Haute Couture in 2011. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2013 GIADA opened its first store in Via Monte Napoleone (/wiki/Via_Monte_Napoleone) in Milan, [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) the interior designed by Claudio Silvestrin (/wiki/Claudio_Silvestrin) . [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In 2014, Rosanna Daolio, the founder of GIADA, created the sketch of Andi coat in GIADA’s studio at Via Sant’Andrea 23, Milan. [21] (#cite_note-21) The Andi coat is GIADA's representative product for simplicity and elegance. [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2015, Gabriele Colangelo became the creative director of the brand. [23] (#cite_note-23) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [24] (#cite_note-24) GIADA launched its womenswear collection in 2016 at Pinacoteca di Brera (/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera) in Milan and continues to show its collections during Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-Vogue_Italy-28) In 2019 it opened its first store in the United States in Boston, Massachusetts (/wiki/Boston) , and debuted at Milan Design Week. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) In 2021, GIADA opened its first Italian fine-dining restaurant GIADA Garden in Beijing, and has been awarded Michelin one-star in 2023. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Events [ edit ] GIADA Academy, a project born in January 2022 in Beijing and now in its second edition hosted in Milan at Palazzo Brera, also home to an art gallery and library, the latter already home to GIADA's fashion shows in recent seasons. [34] (#cite_note-34) GIADA also created a series of events with La Lettura under the GIADA Academy, dedicated to the great themes of culture, art, literature, design and journalism, hosted in GIADA House in Via Montenapoleone 15, Milan. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ Jump up to: a b Neuteboom, Henry. "An Interview With Giada's Gabriele Colangelo" (https://www.luxos.com/news/fashion/8211-gabriele-colangelo-and-giada) . www.luxos.com . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Petcu, Oliver. "The opportunities of Made in China for the global luxury industry" (https://cpp-luxury.com/the-opportunities-of-made-in-china-for-the-global-luxury-industry/) . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Giada Fall 2018 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2018-ready-to-wear/giada) . Vogue . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Giada, the Italian Brand that Rhymes with Uniqueness" (https://thechicicon.com/2022/09/09/giada-the-italian-brand-that-rhymes-with-uniqueness/) . The Chic Icon . 2022-09-09 . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Turra, Alessandra (2015-02-24). "Giada Taps Gabriele Colangelo as Creative Director" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/giada-taps-gabriele-colangelo-as-creative-director-8224204/) . WWD . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Giada breaks the mold - China - Chinadaily.com.cn" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/kindle/2016-03/11/content_23828553.htm) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sortino, Massimiliano (2017-03-30). "Gabriele Colangelo" (https://www.vogue.it/en/fashion/news/2017/03/30/gabriele-colangelo-interview/) . Vogue.it . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "GIADA A BRAND TO WATCH CAREFULLY" (https://www.grandtourshopping.com/shopping-rome/2016/5/15/giada-a-brand-to-watch-carefully) . Grand Tour Shopping . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Muret, Dominique. "Giada names Gabriele Colangelo artistic director" (https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Giada-names-Gabriele-Colangelo-artistic-director,649198.html) . FashionNetwork . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Giada News, Collections, Fashion Shows, Fashion Week Reviews, and More" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/designer/giada) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Giada adds layers of class - China - Chinadaily.com.cn" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/newsrepublic/2017-03/10/content_28514935.htm) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Zhang, Tianwei; Ap, Tiffany (2019-07-01). "What Brands Should Look for in a Chinese Partner" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/brands-look-chinese-investment-1203174178/) . WWD . Retrieved 2019-11-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ap, Tiffany (2019-03-27). "The Growing Italian Fashion Opportunity in China, According to Redstone Group" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/chongqing-giada-show-redstone-zhao-yizheng-1203091294/) . WWD . Retrieved 2019-11-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Celeste, Sofia (2019-02-22). "A Sensual Dance at Giada" (https://nowfashion.com/a-sensual-dance-at-giada-27230) . NOWFASHION . Retrieved 2019-11-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Giada Flagship Opening in Milan" (https://coolhunting.com/style/giada-flagship-opening-in-milan/) . COOL HUNTING® . 2013-09-19 . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Giada alza il velo sul negozio in Montenapo" (https://www.pambianconews.com/2013/09/05/il-look-giada-montenapoleone-131493/) . Pambianco News (in Italian). 2013-09-05 . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Giada House: the opening of the new building in via Montenapoleone" (https://www.vogue.it/en/news/parties-events/2018/09/22/giada-house-the-opening-of-new-building-in-via-montenapoleone/) . Vogue.it . 2018-09-22 . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Verratti, Gabriele (2013-09-06). "Giada: flagship store a Milano - Grazia.it" (https://www.grazia.it/moda/tendenze-moda/giada-cina-made-in-italy-boutique-via-montenapoleone-milano-rosanna-daolio-claudio-silvestrin-yizheng-zhao-flagship-store) . Grazia (in Italian) . Retrieved 2020-04-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Griffiths, Alyn (2013-09-18). "Giada Milan fashion boutique interior design by Claudio Silvestrin" (https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/18/giada-milan-flagship-store-by-claudio-silvestrin/) . Dezeen . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Chiara, Federico (2018-10-17). "Interview with Claudio Silvestrin" (https://www.vogue.it/en/news/daily-news/2018/10/17/interview-with-claudio-silvestrin/) . Vogue.it . Retrieved 2020-04-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Il cappotto senza tempo di Giada" (https://www.vogue.it/moda/article/giada-cappotto-andi-coat) . Vogue Italia (in Italian). 2020-04-21 . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Greco, Gianna (2023-11-11). "Speciale Generazioni: idee shopping per Boomers | Foto iO Donna" (https://www.iodonna.it/eventi-e-mostre/gallery/speciale-generazioni-idee-shopping-boomers/) . iO Donna (in Italian) . Retrieved 2023-11-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Turra, Alessandra (2015-02-24). "Giada Taps Gabriele Colangelo as Creative Director" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/giada-taps-gabriele-colangelo-as-creative-director-8224204/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-06-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Zhao Yizheng, the luxury tycoon who set out to conquer the fashion world" (https://www.luxurytribune.com/en/zhao-yizheng-the-luxury-tycoon-who-set-out-to-conquer-the-fashion-world) . Luxury Tribune . 2020-06-05 . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Abbiadati, Alice (12 September 2013). "Giada torna a casa, in via Montenapoleone" (https://www.vanityfair.it/fashion/news/13/09/11/giada-boutique-milano) . VanityFair.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Giada, party per la nuova casa" (https://www.vanityfair.it/fashion/red-carpet/2018/09/24/giada-opening-party-vogue-italia) . VanityFair.it (in Italian). 24 September 2018 . Retrieved 2018-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Spring 2019 Ready To Wear" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2019-ready-to-wear/giada/slideshow/collection) . vogue.com . Retrieved 2018-09-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Italy_28-0) Tortora, Laura. "Campagne Pubblicitarie Moda Primavera Estate 2019" (https://www.vogue.it/moda/news/2018/11/23/campagne-pubblicitarie-moda-primavera-estate-2019) . Vogue Italy . Retrieved 30 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Lacombe, Gabriella. "Italian luxury women's brand Giada to open first U.S. store" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Italian-luxury-women-s-brand-Giada-to-open-first-U-S-store,1086202.html) . FashionNetwork . Retrieved 2019-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Pantano, Italo (2019-04-10). "Eventi e progetti di moda e design alla Milan Design Week e Fuorisalone 2019" (https://www.vogue.it/moda/gallery/eventi-progetti-moda-design-salone-del-mobile-2019) . Vogue Italia (in Italian) . Retrieved 2020-04-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Giada Garden – Beijing - a MICHELIN Guide Restaurant" (https://guide.michelin.com/en/beijing-municipality/beijing/restaurant/giada-garden) . MICHELIN Guide . Retrieved 2023-11-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) 顾馨. "GIADA Garden restaurant opens in Beijing" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202104/13/WS6074ffc3a31024ad0bab5201.html) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2023-11-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "The MICHELIN Guide Beijing 2024: First Restaurant Offering Teochew Specialties is Awarded Three MICHELIN Stars" (https://guide.michelin.com/en/article/news-and-views/michelin-guide-beijing-2024) . MICHELIN Guide . Retrieved 2023-11-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Bauzano, Gian Luca (2023-07-21). " (https://www.corriere.it/sette/cultura-societa/23_luglio_21/legame-abiti-libri-raccontano-storie-ecco-dialoghi-creativi-giada-e8356cb6-259f-11ee-8ad9-e291f4ec7ab7.shtml) "Il legame fra abiti e libri? Raccontano storie". Ecco i dialoghi creativi di Giada" (https://www.corriere.it/sette/cultura-societa/23_luglio_21/legame-abiti-libri-raccontano-storie-ecco-dialoghi-creativi-giada-e8356cb6-259f-11ee-8ad9-e291f4ec7ab7.shtml) . Corriere della Sera (in Italian) . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) BOZZI, IDA (2023-09-18). "Francesco Spera ed Eleonora Mazzoni: l'attualità dei "Promessi sposi" (https://www.corriere.it/la-lettura/23_settembre_18/francesco-spera-ed-eleonora-mazzoni-l-attualita-promessi-sposi-8ddaeeae-5550-11ee-bbb9-2ab114abc1ec.shtml) " (https://www.corriere.it/la-lettura/23_settembre_18/francesco-spera-ed-eleonora-mazzoni-l-attualita-promessi-sposi-8ddaeeae-5550-11ee-bbb9-2ab114abc1ec.shtml) . Corriere della Sera (in Italian) . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) BOZZI, IDA (2023-05-29). "Eva Cantarella e Chiara Gamberale: "I classici e noi: ecco perché si scrive d'amore" (https://www.corriere.it/la-lettura/23_maggio_29/eva-cantarella-chiara-gamberale-l-amore-mondo-classico-oggi-caebde46-fe27-11ed-a887-b62165246337.shtml) " (https://www.corriere.it/la-lettura/23_maggio_29/eva-cantarella-chiara-gamberale-l-amore-mondo-classico-oggi-caebde46-fe27-11ed-a887-b62165246337.shtml) . Corriere della Sera (in Italian) . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . 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Museum dedicated to the fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent Yves Saint Laurent Museum in Marrakech متحف إيف سان لوران بمراكش Musée Yves Saint Laurent de Marrakech (mYSLm) Location Yves Saint Laurent Street, Marrakesh (/wiki/Marrakesh) , Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) Coordinates (/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) 31°38′34.037″N 8°0′11.308″W / 31.64278806°N 8.00314111°W / 31.64278806; -8.00314111 Website https://www.museeyslmarrakech.com/en/ (https://www.museeyslmarrakech.com/en/) The Yves Saint Laurent Museum in Marrakech ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : متحف إيف سان لوران بمراكش , French (/wiki/French_language) : Musée Yves Saint Laurent de Marrakech , stylized mYSLm ) is a museum dedicated to the fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) located in Marrakesh (/wiki/Marrakesh) , Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) . History [ edit ] Two museums have been established to display the works of Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) and the collection of the Pierre Bergé - Yves Saint Laurent Foundation: one in Marrakesh and the other at the historic headquarters of the Yves Saint Laurent fashion house (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) in Paris. [1] (#cite_note-1) According to Pierre Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) , the designer's business partner and onetime life partner, "it was natural to build a museum dedicated to the work of Yves Saint Laurent in Morocco, as he—even in the colors and the forms of his clothing—owes so much to the country." [2] (#cite_note-Rousseau2016-2) The opening of both museums was organized in 2017. [2] (#cite_note-Rousseau2016-2) The museum in Marrakesh was notably financed by an auction of Moroccan works of art, held in the city by Pierre Bergé September 2015. [3] (#cite_note-3) It was inaugurated October 2017 and opened to the public October 19, 2017. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In January 2018, the museum received the best new public building award at the 2018 Design Awards of the British international design magazine Wallpaper (/wiki/Wallpaper) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Location [ edit ] This Marrakesh museum is located on a street that had already been named after the designer, Yves Saint Laurent Street, near Majorelle Garden (/wiki/Majorelle_Garden) —Saint Laurent's residence in Morocco, transformed since his death into a garden, a Berber (/wiki/Berbers) Art Museum, [7] (#cite_note-7) and an exhibition space that received more than 700,000 visitors per year. [2] (#cite_note-Rousseau2016-2) Description [ edit ] The museum covers an area of 4,000 m2. It was designed by Studio KO and built by the Moroccan subsidiary of Bouygues (/wiki/Bouygues) . [2] (#cite_note-Rousseau2016-2) [8] (#cite_note-Amc-8) It includes an exhibition hall featuring the work of Yves Saint Laurent, in which there are photos, videos, sketches, 30,000 accessories, and over 7,000 garments from Saint Laurent's personal collections. [9] (#cite_note-9) Another hall is dedicated to Jacques Majorelle (/wiki/Jacques_Majorelle) , there are temporary exhibition halls, and holds an auditorium with 13 seats. It also has a gift shop and book store, a café-restaurant with a patio, and a research library with over 5,000 volumes including Andalusi (/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic) works dating back to the 12th century as well as books on botany, Amazigh art, and the work of Yves Saint Laurent. [2] (#cite_note-Rousseau2016-2) [8] (#cite_note-Amc-8) [10] (#cite_note-10) From the exterior, the earth-colored building takes the form of an assemblage of cubes and curves, dressed in a lace of bricks evoking weaves of fabric. The materials are terra cotta, concrete, and terrazzo, with colors allowing the building to blend in with its surroundings. The earth bricks were made from Moroccan earth and produced locally. The terrazzo in front and on the ground floor is an aggregate of stone and local marbles. [8] (#cite_note-Amc-8) Art historian Björn Dahlström, a former director of the Berber Art Museum, edited the book Berber women of Morocco , [11] (#cite_note-11) which was published in conjunction with the 2014/15 exhibition of the same name and shown in Paris, Manama (/wiki/Manama) and Rabat (/wiki/Rabat) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Apart from numerous photographs of Berber women's jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures) , dress and carpets in the museum's collection, the book presents articles about the traditional culture of Berber women in Morocco. Notes and references [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Fabrice Léonard (6 October 2017). "La femme Yves Saint Laurent s'expose à Paris et à Marrakech" (http://www.lepoint.fr/mode-design/la-femme-yves-saint-laurent-s-expose-a-paris-et-marrakech-06-10-2017-2162456_265.php) . Le Point (/wiki/Le_Point) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Caroline Rousseau (2016). "Yves Saint Laurent, deux musées pour un couturier" (https://www.lemonde.fr/m-mode/article/2016/01/29/deux-musees-pour-le-couturier-yves-saint-laurent_4855921_4497335.html#tCgl8yVYhKQXLpVb.99) . Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pierre Bergé- Yves Saint Laurent met aux enchères sa collection d'art marocain à Marrakech" (https://telquel.ma/2015/09/16/collection-dart-marocain-pierre-berge-yves-saint-laurent-vendue-marrakech_1463075) . Telquel.ma (in French) . Retrieved 2019-06-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Le musée Yves Saint Laurent Marrakech inauguré ce week-end" (http://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2017/10/14/03015-20171014ARTFIG00017-le-musee-yves-saint-laurent-marrakech-inaugure-ce-week-end.php) . FIGARO . 2017-10-14 . Retrieved 2019-06-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Le musée Yves Saint Laurent de Marrakech ouvrira le 19 octobre" (https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2017/03/10/yves-saint-laurent-marrakech-musee-ouvrira-19-octobre_n_15277464.html) . Al HuffPost Maghreb (in French). 2017-03-10 . Retrieved 2019-06-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Maroc : le musée Yves Saint Laurent, une architecture primée" (http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/543083/culture/maroc-le-musee-yves-saint-laurent-une-architecture-primee/) . Jeune Afrique (/wiki/Jeune_Afrique) (in French). 23 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "MUSÉE PIERRE BERGÉ DES ARTS BERBÈRES – Jardin Majorelle" (https://www.jardinmajorelle.com/musee-pierre-berge-des-arts-berberes/) . www.jardinmajorelle.com . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b c A. B. (2016). "Le projet du musée Yves Saint Laurent Marrakech (MYSLM) dévoilé" (https://www.amc-archi.com/photos/le-projet-du-musee-yves-saint-laurent-marrakech-myslm-devoile,5049/projet-du-musee-yves-saint-la.1) . AMC Archi . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Most Iconic Exhibits of All Time" (https://crfashionbook.com/fashion-a26950328-the-most-iconic-fashion-exhibits-of-all-time/) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Le musée Yves Saint Laurent à Marrakech ouvrira en octobre 2017" (http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/06/29/musee-yves-saint-lauren-marrakech_n_10736664.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Dahlström, Björn (ed.) Berber women of Morocco . Paris: Editions d'Art Lys, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-85495-576-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85495-576-7) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Guerraoui, Saad (2015-07-03). "Berber Women of Morocco exhibition at Rabat National Library" (http://thearabweekly.com/berber-women-morocco-exhibition-rabat-national-library) . AW . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . 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Italian model, television personality and influencer Linda Morselli Born ( 1988-11-15 ) November 15, 1988 (age 35) Giussano (/wiki/Giussano) , Monza and Brianza (/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza) , Italy Occupations model (/wiki/Model_(person)) television personality (/wiki/Television_personality) influencer (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) Years active 2006–present Partner Benjamín Alfonso (/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Alfonso) (2021–present) Modeling information Height 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) Hair color brown (/wiki/Brown_hair) Eye color brown (/wiki/Eye_color#Brown) Linda Morselli (born 15 November 1988) is an Italian model (/wiki/Model_(person)) , television personality (/wiki/Television_personality) and influencer (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) based in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . Biography [ edit ] In 2006 Linda Morselli was one of 30 finalists in the Miss Italia (/wiki/Miss_Italia) and she won the title of Miss Eleganza . [1] (#cite_note-lindamorselli-1) For her work she has traveled all over the world. She worked for several leading fashion brands and posed for various photo shoots, editorials, covers and commercials working with internationally renowned photographers. In 2009 she appeared in the music video for Riaffiora's "French Kiss". [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2010 she appeared in the music video for Marco Carta (/wiki/Marco_Carta) 's "Quello che dai". [1] (#cite_note-lindamorselli-1) In 2017 she works with Kimoa whose owner is Fernando Alonso (/wiki/Fernando_Alonso) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2018, Linda Morselli and her best friend Rachele Fogar (/wiki/Rachele_Fogar) competed in the reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) competition show Pechino Express 7 - Avventura in Africa (/wiki/Pechino_Express) broadcast by Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) in prime time. They came in third place. The two were referred to as "mannequins" on the show. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) During Pechino Express (/wiki/Pechino_Express) , with Rachele Fogar (/wiki/Rachele_Fogar) , she plays in Il figlio di Spartacus in the role of Rando. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2018 Linda Morselli and Rachele Fogar (/wiki/Rachele_Fogar) took part in the "White Party" of Atelier Emé. [8] (#cite_note-atelieremé-8) In 2019 she takes part in an episode of Drive Up , a television program broadcast by Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) ; [9] (#cite_note-9) and, during the Christmas time, with Rachele Fogar (/wiki/Rachele_Fogar) , they visited and explored Alta Badia (/wiki/Alta_Badia) (practicing skiing (/wiki/Skiing) and snowboarding (/wiki/Snowboarding) ) and saw the 2019–20 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup (/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup) . In 2020 she and Fogar appeared in the TV series Casa Marcello hosted by Marcello Cirillo; they visited and explored Sicily (/wiki/Sicily) in a tour they nicknamed "Sicilia Express". [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2020 she had a small role in the Spanish film The Paramedic (/wiki/The_Paramedic) directed by Carles Torras and in 2021 she had a role in the Italian film Rido perchè ti amo , directed by Paolo Ruffini (/wiki/Paolo_Ruffini_(actor)) . In 2022 Linda Morselli and Rachele Fogar (/wiki/Rachele_Fogar) participated in the experiences in "The Island Festival", an experiential festival in Pantelleria (/wiki/Pantelleria) . Personal life [ edit ] Linda enjoys physical activities including snowboarding (/wiki/Snowboarding) , skiing (/wiki/Skiing) and yoga (/wiki/Yoga) (including Bikram Yoga (/wiki/Bikram_Yoga) ). [11] (#cite_note-11) Since 2021 she has been in a relationship with Benjamín Alfonso (/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Alfonso) . Linda was previously in a relationship with Fernando Alonso (/wiki/Fernando_Alonso) from 2016 to 2021 and with Valentino Rossi (/wiki/Valentino_Rossi) from 2011 to 2016. [12] (#cite_note-12) Her best friend is Rachele Fogar (/wiki/Rachele_Fogar) (daughter of Ambrogio Fogar (/wiki/Ambrogio_Fogar) ), with whom she often works together. [13] (#cite_note-13) [8] (#cite_note-atelieremé-8) Filmography [ edit ] The Paramedic (/wiki/The_Paramedic) , directed by Carles Torras (2020) Rido perché ti amo (/w/index.php?title=Rido_perch%C3%A9_ti_amo&action=edit&redlink=1) , directed by Paolo Ruffini (/wiki/Paolo_Ruffini_(actor)) (2021) Television [ edit ] Miss Italia (/wiki/Miss_Italia) ( Rai 1 (/wiki/Rai_1) , 2006) Pechino Express 7 - Avventura in Africa (/wiki/Pechino_Express) ( Rai 2 (/wiki/Rai_2) , 2018) Drive Up - 03x08 ( Italia 1 (/wiki/Italia_1) , 2019) Casa Marcello (Teleuniverso/Telemia/Brixia Channel/Calabria Sona, 2020) Web television [ edit ] Casa Marcello (2020) See also [ edit ] Rachele Fogar (/wiki/Rachele_Fogar) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Linda Morselli: tutto sulla protagonista di Pechino Express" (https://www.viagginews.com/2018/11/08/linda-morselli-protagonista-pechino-express/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Riaffiora - French Kiss (HD) , retrieved 2021-12-29 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fernando Alonso explica cómo es trabajar con su novia, Linda Morselli, y si se ve como padre o no" (https://www.hola.com/actualidad/20191022152213/fernando-alonso-relacion-linda-morselli/) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Le Mannequin - Rachele Fogar e Linda Morselli" (https://www.rai.it/programmi/pechinoexpress/Le-Mannequin-c84fc2c7-2da4-4452-a3e1-756139d4c075.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Linda Morselli e Rachele Fogar, le "Mannequin" a Pechino Express 2018" (http://www.spettacolinews.it/linda-morselli-e-rachele-fogar-le-mannequin-a-pechino-express-2018-20180980309.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Chi sono Le mannequin di Pechino Express?" (https://www.tvpertutti.it/news/gossip/chi-sono-le-manequinn-di-pechino) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) " (https://www.isaechia.it/pechino-express-7-le-mannequin-vincono-la-terza-tappa-le-signoredellatv-scampano-leliminazione/) "Pechino Express 7": le mannequin vincono la terza tappa" (https://www.isaechia.it/pechino-express-7-le-mannequin-vincono-la-terza-tappa-le-signoredellatv-scampano-leliminazione/) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Metti 12 coppie di amiche (influencer) alle prese con la scelta dell'abito da sposa: è il White Party di Atelier Emé" (https://www.elle.com/it/sposa/abiti/g25654603/abiti-da-sposa-come-scegliere/) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Drive Up - Guarda la quarta puntata!" (https://www.quattroruote.it/news/eventi/2019/11/06/drive_up_ci_vediamo_sabato_9_novembre.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (http://www.perizona.it/gallery/2020/07/23/sicilia-express-lex-valentino-rossi-figlia-ambrogio-fogar-in-tour-foto_760919/) "Sicilia Express", l'ex di Valentino Rossi e la figlia di Ambrogio Fogar in tour" (http://www.perizona.it/gallery/2020/07/23/sicilia-express-lex-valentino-rossi-figlia-ambrogio-fogar-in-tour-foto_760919/) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Chi è Rachele Fogar? Padre, studi e passioni della modella figlia d'arte" (https://www.novella2000.it/chi-e-rachele-fogar-padre-curiosita/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Alonso si racconta: "Sono ancora innamorato di Linda, lei più gelosa. Tornerei in F1 solo se…" (https://www.golssip.it/wags/alonso-racconta-linda-gelosa-torno-f1/) " (https://www.golssip.it/wags/alonso-racconta-linda-gelosa-torno-f1/) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Linda Morselli" (https://www.ciaostyle.it/linda-morselli/2689/) . External links [ edit ] Wikidata has data related to Linda Morselli . Linda Morselli (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10358497/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Linda Morselli (https://www.instagram.com/lalindaa/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Linda Morselli (https://x.com/morsellilinda) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Italian Wikiquote (/wiki/Wikiquote) has quotations related to: Linda Morselli (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/it:Linda_Morselli) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sports (/wiki/Portal:Sports) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐26wpn Cached time: 20240720165838 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.485 seconds Real time usage: 0.656 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3957/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33364/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3884/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 56641/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.318/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18817087/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 616.840 1 -total 36.50% 225.127 1 Template:Infobox_person 19.85% 122.429 1 Template:Reflist 16.55% 102.086 12 Template:Cite_web 15.58% 96.131 1 Template:Infobox_model 13.39% 82.591 1 Template:Wikiquotelang 12.70% 78.333 1 Template:Short_description 9.68% 59.681 40 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.31% 57.419 1 Template:Infobox 8.47% 52.221 35 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61589970-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165838 and revision id 1225192043. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Morselli&oldid=1225192043 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Morselli&oldid=1225192043) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1988 births (/wiki/Category:1988_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Italian female models (/wiki/Category:Italian_female_models) Participants in Italian reality television series (/wiki/Category:Participants_in_Italian_reality_television_series) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata)
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Indian actress, producer, director and model Manju Bharti Manju Bharti Occupation(s) Actress, producer, director, model Known for Portraying Simran in Kaash Tum Hote Notable work Kaash Tum Hote Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke [1] (#cite_note-APNNEWS-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-newsd-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Ek Adhura Sangeet [5] (#cite_note-newsd-5) Manju Bharti is an Indian actress (/wiki/Actress) , producer, director and model who has produced many films including Kaash Tum Hote, Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke (/wiki/Mausam_Ikrar_Ke_Do_Pal_Pyar_Ke) , [1] (#cite_note-APNNEWS-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [5] (#cite_note-newsd-5) [10] (#cite_note-10) Ek adhura sangeet. [5] (#cite_note-newsd-5) She is known for portraying Simran in Kaash Tum Hote. [11] (#cite_note-timesofindia-11) [12] (#cite_note-jagran-12) Early life [ edit ] Born on 21 March 1983, Manju finished her schooling from Swami Vivekananda High School, Chembur and earned a Bachelor's in Commerce (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce) degree from Mumbai University (/wiki/Mumbai_University) in 2003. Career [ edit ] In 2012, Manju launched her own production house "Vivek Films Production House". She made her acting debut with the 2014 film Kaash Tum Hote playing as Simran. [13] (#cite_note-13) She went on to star in the 2018 film Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke (/wiki/Mausam_Ikrar_Ke_Do_Pal_Pyar_Ke) which is directed by Partho Ghosh (/wiki/Partho_Ghosh) and produced by Manju herself, [5] (#cite_note-newsd-5) [14] (#cite_note-14) its songs have been composed by Bappi Lahiri (/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri) , Indian singer and sung by Bappi Lahiri (/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Armaan Malik (/wiki/Armaan_Malik) , Palak Muchhal (/wiki/Palak_Muchhal) , Shaan (/wiki/Shaan_(singer)) , Brijesh Shandilya (/wiki/Brijesh_Shandilya) , Amruta Fadnavis (/wiki/Amruta_Fadnavis) , and Babul Supriyo (/wiki/Babul_Supriyo) . [1] (#cite_note-APNNEWS-1) [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2020, Manju received the Midday Showbiz Icon Award 2020 held at the Grand Hyatt, Mumbai. [17] (#cite_note-17) Filmography [ edit ] Year Film Language Role 2018 Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke (/wiki/Mausam_Ikrar_Ke_Do_Pal_Pyar_Ke) [5] (#cite_note-newsd-5) Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) Simi 2014 Kaash Tum Hote [12] (#cite_note-jagran-12) Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) Simran References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Sufi Song "Allah Allah from Mausam Ikrar ke Do Pal Pyar Ke launched by Babul Supriyo and Santosh Gangwar" (https://www.apnnews.com/sufi-song-allah-allah-from-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke-launched-by-babul-supriyo-and-santosh-gangwar/) . APN News. 30 October 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220611112822/https://www.apnnews.com/sufi-song-allah-allah-from-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke-launched-by-babul-supriyo-and-santosh-gangwar/) from the original on 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Bappi Lahiri is back in action" (https://www.pressreader.com/similar/282093457738830) . 31 October 2018 – via PressReader (/wiki/PressReader) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Manju Bharti" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Manju-Bharti) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191010174613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Manju-Bharti) from the original on 10 October 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Here is the teaser poster of Mausam Ikrar Ke, Do Pal Pyar Ke" (https://telanganatoday.com/here-is-the-teaser-poster-of-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke) . Telangana Today (/wiki/Telangana_Today) . 6 June 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190602103048/https://telanganatoday.com/here-is-the-teaser-poster-of-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke) from the original on 2 June 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Women should've shared #MeToo stories immediately" (https://newsd.in/women-shouldve-shared-metoo-stories-immediately-bappi-lahiri) . Newsd. 16 October 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190923163719/https://newsd.in/women-shouldve-shared-metoo-stories-immediately-bappi-lahiri/) from the original on 23 September 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Disco King Bappi Lahiri celebrated Manju Bharti Birthday" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171757/http://www.starworldnews.co/disco-king-bappi-lahiri-celebrated-manju-bharti-birthday/) . StarWorldnews. Archived from the original (http://www.starworldnews.co/disco-king-bappi-lahiri-celebrated-manju-bharti-birthday/) on 22 September 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Bappi Lahiri is back in action" (https://www.pressreader.com/similar/282093457738830) . 31 October 2018 – via PressReader (/wiki/PressReader) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Manju Bharti" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Manju-Bharti) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191010174613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Manju-Bharti) from the original on 10 October 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Here is the teaser poster of Mausam Ikrar Ke, Do Pal Pyar Ke" (https://telanganatoday.com/here-is-the-teaser-poster-of-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke) . Telangana Today (/wiki/Telangana_Today) . 6 June 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190602103048/https://telanganatoday.com/here-is-the-teaser-poster-of-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke) from the original on 2 June 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Disco King Bappi Lahiri celebrated Manju Bharti Birthday" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171757/http://www.starworldnews.co/disco-king-bappi-lahiri-celebrated-manju-bharti-birthday/) . StarWorldnews. Archived from the original (http://www.starworldnews.co/disco-king-bappi-lahiri-celebrated-manju-bharti-birthday/) on 22 September 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-timesofindia_11-0) "Kaash Tum Hote" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kaash-tum-hote/movieshow/61267559.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220605095834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kaash-tum-hote/movieshow/61267559.cms) from the original on 5 June 2022 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-11889461.html) 'काश तुम होते' को प्रदेश से बड़ी आस" (https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-11889461.html) (in Hindi). Dainik Jagran (/wiki/Dainik_Jagran) . 19 December 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190616163930/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-11889461.html) from the original on 16 June 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Debutant producer Manju Bharti dares to shoot in Kashmir" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190922163248/https://glamgold.com/debutant-producer-manju-bharti-dares-to-shoot-in-kashmir/) . Glamgold. 10 June 2012. Archived from the original (https://glamgold.com/debutant-producer-manju-bharti-dares-to-shoot-in-kashmir/) on 22 September 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Bappi Lahiri on #MeToo Movement: Women should've shared their stories immediately" (https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-bappi-lahiri-on-metoo-movement-women-should-ve-shared-their-stories-immediately-472625) . India TV (/wiki/India_TV) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190922163247/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-bappi-lahiri-on-metoo-movement-women-should-ve-shared-their-stories-immediately-472625) from the original on 22 September 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Bappi Lahiri , Mukesh J Bharti and Ganesh Acharya performed at Preeti Pinky Dandiya during promotion of "Mausam Ikrar ke do pal pyar ke" (http://indianewscalling.com/sunday-magazine/news/77218-bappi-lahiri-mukesh-j-bharti-and-ganesh-acharya-performed-at-preeti-pinky-dandiya-during-promotio.aspx) " (http://indianewscalling.com/sunday-magazine/news/77218-bappi-lahiri-mukesh-j-bharti-and-ganesh-acharya-performed-at-preeti-pinky-dandiya-during-promotio.aspx) . Indianewscalling. 19 October 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190922163249/http://indianewscalling.com/sunday-magazine/news/77218-bappi-lahiri-mukesh-j-bharti-and-ganesh-acharya-performed-at-preeti-pinky-dandiya-during-promotio.aspx) from the original on 22 September 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "बाबुल सुप्रियो ने लॉन्च किया, फिल्म 'मौसम इकरार के दो पल प्यार के' का गीत" (https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/babul-supriyo-launches-song-of-the-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke/98945/) . Navodaya Times (/wiki/Navodaya_Times) (in Hindi). 30 October 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190602103046/https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/babul-supriyo-launches-song-of-the-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke/98945/) from the original on 2 June 2019 . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Midday Showbiz Icon Award 2020 अभिनेता मुकेश जे भारती और निर्माता मंजू भारती ने जीता" (https://m.jagran.com/maharashtra/mumbai-actor-mukesh-j-bharti-and-producer-manju-bharti-facilitated-by-midday-showbiz-icon-award2020-21214170.html) . Dainik Jagran (/wiki/Dainik_Jagran) (in Hindi). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210610171207/https://m.jagran.com/maharashtra/mumbai-actor-mukesh-j-bharti-and-producer-manju-bharti-facilitated-by-midday-showbiz-icon-award2020-21214170.html) from the original on 10 June 2021 . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . External links [ edit ] Manju Bharti (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9245819/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) India (/wiki/Portal:India) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐qfhjp Cached time: 20240712133818 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds Real time usage: 1.106 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2428/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40774/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1629/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 70821/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.260/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6633128/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 540.566 1 -total 40.64% 219.662 1 Template:Reflist 35.12% 189.821 17 Template:Cite_news 21.95% 118.654 1 Template:Infobox_person 21.41% 115.752 1 Template:Short_description 13.54% 73.196 18 Template:Main_other 10.38% 56.087 1 Template:SDcat 8.32% 44.959 2 Template:Pagetype 7.51% 40.576 1 Template:Portal_bar 4.21% 22.771 1 Template:IMDb_name Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61676904-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712133818 and revision id 1168359732. 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Ukrainian stylist and fashion director (born 1984) This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( January 2020 ) Julie Pelipas Юлія Пеліпас Born Julie Pelipas ( 1984-07-16 ) 16 July 1984 (age 39) Mariupol (/wiki/Mariupol) , Donetsk Oblast (/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast) , Ukrainian SSR (/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR) , Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) Nationality Ukrainian Citizenship Ukraine Education Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv) Occupation(s) stylist, director Style minimalism [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Children Penelope Pelipas, Peter Pelipas [4] (#cite_note-4) Awards Best Fashion Awards. Website http://www.juliepelipas.co (http://www.juliepelipas.co) Julie Pelipas ( Ukrainian (/wiki/Ukrainian_language) : Юлія Пеліпас ; 16 July 1984) is a Ukrainian (/wiki/Ukraine) stylist and fashion director. She is the fashion director of Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) and an ambassador of No More Plastic Foundation. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Biography [ edit ] Pelipas was born in Mariupol (/wiki/Mariupol) , Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) . She graduated from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv) . In 2002, Pelipas' career began as a journalist on the Ukrainian TV channel INTER (/wiki/Inter_(TV_channel)) , where she worked for 4 years. In 2004, Pelipas worked on the project “Miss CIS” on the Ukrainian TV channel TET (/wiki/TET_(TV_channel)) as a television presenter and stylist. [9] (#cite_note-9) Later, Pelipas became a fashion producer of special projects of Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . She has worked as a stylist with such fashion magazines of Ukraine as L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Throughout her career in the fashion industry, Julie Pelipas has collaborated with such magazines as Vogue Ukraine, Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Vogue Poland (/wiki/Vogue_Poland) , Harper’s Bazaar Ukraine (/wiki/Harper%E2%80%99s_Bazaar) , L'Officiel Ukraine (/wiki/L%27Officiel) , InStyle US (/wiki/InStyle) and various fashion brands all over the world. Since 2013, Pelipas is fashion director in Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , being a part of team, who were launching the magazine from a scratch. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Julie is also engaged in consulting for numerous brands, such as Pangaia, Ochi (/wiki/Ochi) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Bevza, [14] (#cite_note-14) Do Do Bar Or etc. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In January 2019, Pelipas became the ambassador of No More Plastic Foundation. [17] (#cite_note-17) In March 2019, Pelipas supported the information campaign #DrawYourValues, a communication project of The Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center (BYHMC) (/wiki/Babi_Yar_memorials) . [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Since January 2020, Julie Pelipas is International Contrubuting Fashion Director In Vogue Ukraine. [20] (#cite_note-20) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Laura Atkinson (2018-10-14). "Style Barometer: Dior at the V&A, SodaStream facials and Julie Pelipas" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/style-barometer-dior-at-the-v-a-sodastream-facials-and-julie-pelipas-z9w8d8vxl) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Blazer trail: what the world's most stylish women are wearing" (https://howtospendit.ft.com/womens-style/207403-blazer-trail-what-the-world-s-most-stylish-women-are-wearing) . How To Spend It. 2019-11-02. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Top 10 Trends The FROW Will Be Wearing At Fashion Month" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/top-10-trends-on-the-frow-at-fashion-month) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . 2019-09-02. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Вихідні з Юлією і Пенелопою Пеліпас" (https://vogue.ua/ua/article/fashion/brend/vyhodnye-s-yuliey-i-penelopoy-pelipas.html) (in Ukrainian). Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 2018-10-11. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Юлия Пелипас" (https://vogue.ua/ua/tags/793-yuliya-pelipas.html) . Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "A Study In Street Style: Julie Pelipas" (https://yoyokulala.com/fashion/a-study-in-street-style-julie-pelipas/) . YOYOKULALA . 2018-07-17 . Retrieved 2020-01-07 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Как Юлия Пелипас начала носить костюмы и перестала использовать пластик" (https://vogue.ru/fashion/news/kak_yuliya_pelipas_nachala_nosit_kostyumy_i_perestala_ispolzovat_plastik/) (in Russian). Vogue Russia (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 2019-03-11. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Rui Matos (2019-02-06). "Julie Pelipas explica porque é que estilo e sustentabilidade são compatíveis" (https://www.vogue.pt/julie-pelipas-entrevista) (in Portuguese). Vogue Portugal (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Интервью с Юлией Пелипас" (https://theblueprint.ru/culture/pelipas-vogue-ukraine) (in Russian). The Blueprint. 2016-10-07. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Portrait de style de Julie Pelipas, rédactrice en chef mode de Vogue Ukraine" (https://lovers.vogue.fr/concours/vogue-lovers-portrait-de-style-de-julie-pelipas-redactrice-en-chef-mode-de-vogue-ukraine/699) (in French). Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Alina Grigalashvili (2019-07-01). "Наша самая любимая подписка в Instagram: директор моды украинского Vogue Юлия Пелипас" (https://peopletalk.ru/article/nasha-samaya-lyubimaya-podpiska-v-instagram-direktor-mody-ukrainskogo-vogue-yuliya-pelipas/) (in Russian). PeopleTalk. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Nina Rasyuk (2018-06-12). "Модный инстаграм недели: директор моды украинского Vogue Юлия Пелипас" (https://buro247.ru/fashion/fashion-industry/12-jun-2018-who-to-follow-julia-pelipas.html) (in Russian). Buro24/7. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Julie Pelipas twarzą najnowszej kolekcji OCHI" (https://www.vogue.pl/a/julie-pelipas-twarza-najnowszej-kolekcji-ochi) (in Polish). Vogue Polska (/wiki/Vogue_Polska) . 2018-09-07. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Julie Pelipas: la directora de moda que se convirtió en modelo (y musa)" (https://www.vogue.es/moda/tendencias/articulos/julie-pelipas-directora-moda-vogue-ucrania-modelo-imagen-ochi-mango/38901) (in Spanish). Vogue España. 2019-02-06. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Get dressed with Julie Pelipas" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/gb/en/porter/article-628376d38f5be5b1/fashion/art-of-style/julie-pelipas) . Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) . 2019-11-05. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Юлия Пелипас: "Идеальная красота не наделена функцией искусства. Подлинность заключается в небезупречности" (http://sobaka.ru/fashion/heroes/96352) " (http://sobaka.ru/fashion/heroes/96352) (in Russian). Sobaka.ru. 2019-09-19. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Ekaterina Voytetskaya (2019-01-30). "Юлия Пелипас и организация No More Plastic призывают к борьбе с пластиком" (https://fw-daily.com/yuliya-pelipas-i-organizatsiya-no-more-plastic-prizyivayut-k-borbe-s-plastikom/) (in Russian). Fashion Week Daily. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Aliona Nagornaya (2019-03-23). "DrawYourValues. Julie Pelipas about the strength of sisterhood, life principles and refusal to fake" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191005202700/http://babynyar.org/en/byhmc-news/posts/article/drawyourvalues-ulia-pelipas-pro-sestrinstvo-svoi-zittevi-principi-ta-vidmovu-vid-fejku) . BYHMC. Archived from the original (http://babynyar.org/en/byhmc-news/posts/article/drawyourvalues-ulia-pelipas-pro-sestrinstvo-svoi-zittevi-principi-ta-vidmovu-vid-fejku) on 2019-10-05 . Retrieved 2019-10-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Одягнутися як: Юлія Пеліпас, директор відділу моди Vogue UA" (https://vogue.ua/ua/article/fashion/persona/odetsya-kak-yuliya-pelipas-direktor-mody-vogue-ua.html) (in Ukrainian). Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 2019-07-16. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Команда Vogue Ukraine" (https://vogue.ua/team) . Vogue Ukraine. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.juliepelipas.co) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200603113053/http://www.juliepelipas.co/) 2020-06-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Ukraine portal (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐65d7c96694‐8pzkg Cached time: 20240710185848 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.490 seconds Real time usage: 0.632 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2513/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49985/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2590/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 78320/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.347/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 26913796/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 600.981 1 -total 29.81% 179.130 1 Template:Reflist 24.52% 147.332 1 Template:Infobox_person 24.05% 144.533 20 Template:Cite_web 17.03% 102.332 1 Template:Lang-uk 10.98% 65.982 1 Template:Short_description 8.60% 51.701 1 Template:UPE 7.58% 45.550 1 Template:Ambox 6.82% 40.988 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.16% 36.998 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61965759-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710185848 and revision id 1229607671. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Pelipas&oldid=1229607671 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Pelipas&oldid=1229607671) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : People from Mariupol (/wiki/Category:People_from_Mariupol) Ukrainian fashion (/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_fashion) 1984 births (/wiki/Category:1984_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Vogue (magazine) people (/wiki/Category:Vogue_(magazine)_people) Hidden categories: CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2023) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Wikipedia articles with undisclosed paid content from January 2020 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_undisclosed_paid_content_from_January_2020) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Ukrainian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Aubercy&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Aubercy&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Aubercy) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Aubercy) for suggestions. ( November 2020 ) Aubercy Industry Shoes Manufacturing and Repair Founded 1935 ; 89 years ago ( 1935 ) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) Founder André Aubercy Renée Aubercy Headquarters France (/wiki/France) Aubercy is a French family-owned company that produces bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) shoes, high-end ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and a shoe repair service. It was founded in 1935 by André and Renée Aubercy, at the 34 rue Vivienne in Paris. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) History [ edit ] The bootmaker (/wiki/Bootmaker) Aubercy was founded in 1935 by André and his wife Renée Aubercy. [2] (#cite_note-Trépointes_2004-2) At first, it only produced high-end ready to wear shoes. The first collections were made in a small workshop in the neighborhood of Buttes-Chaumont. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) The shoes were designed to match the taste of the high society's member that André Aubercy befriended during the Interwar period (/wiki/Interwar_period) , such as Edward VIII (/wiki/Edward_VIII) , Albert Sarraut (/wiki/Albert_Sarraut) and especially the Baron de Redé (/wiki/Alexis_von_Rosenberg,_Baron_de_Red%C3%A9) and Arthuro Lopez. The Baron de Redé and Arthuro Lopez were critical influences on the development of Aubercy's style. After World War II, Aubercy became famous for providing shoes to socialites such as Paul Meurice (/wiki/Paul_Meurice) , Sacha Guitry (/wiki/Sacha_Guitry) and Jacques Charron (/wiki/Jacques_Charon) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The industrialization of cloth-making led Aubercy to create its own atelier in 1956, hiring Italian artisans for their artistic culture but training them to the French approach of durable products. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [6] (#cite_note-:5-6) In 1970, Philippe and Odette Aubercy inherited the company [6] (#cite_note-:5-6) and developed new products, such as a women's line (opening a manufacturing unit in Modène (/wiki/Mod%C3%A8ne) [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) ), multiples leather goods products and a made to order service in which client could personalize all the products. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Pursuing and reinforcing the handwork and craft identity of the company, Philippe and Odette's son, Xavier Aubercy, invented numerous high-end ready-to-wear models, [2] (#cite_note-Trépointes_2004-2) [8] (#cite_note-8) opened a bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) boot-maker workshop in Paris in early 2000 [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) led by Didier Martinez (formerly at Berluti (/wiki/Berluti) ), launched a new collection of belts and luggage, [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) and a luxury shoe repair service. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) By 2004, Aubercy was making 1.3 million euros in annual revenue. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Denis Sassou Nguesso (/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso) , President of the Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) , was a returning customer of Aubercy. [12] (#cite_note-12) Description [ edit ] In 2019, Aubercy is still run by the founder's family and is still independent, administrated by Philippe, Odette and their son, Xavier Aubercy. The company handles many shoe-making processes by hand to preserve the artisan touch and quality. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Style [ edit ] Aubercy style is French and aims to synthesize both English and Italian styles. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) [ vague ] Aubercy's style is characterized by many elements usually only used in bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) boot-making, such as the chiseled toe (/w/index.php?title=Chiseled_toe&action=edit&redlink=1) , the hand-sewed mid-sole, the doubled seam on the upper and hand cutting and hand-sewing the shoes. [13] (#cite_note-13) Award [ edit ] In June 2016, Aubercy earned the label Entreprise du patrimoine vivant. [14] (#cite_note-14) Notes and references [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:0_1-0) Denis, Yves (1 December 2015). "Aubercy, 80 ans d'Artisans d'excellence". Pointure Magazine . No. 45. p. 14. ^ Jump up to: a b "Spécial Aubercy : Au niveau des plus grands". Trépointes : 34–42. June 2004. ^ Jump up to: a b Hugo Jacomet (16 November 2015). "Aubercy, Family Business". Parisian Gentleman : éloge de l'élégance à la française . Paris: Intervalles. pp. 122–128. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2369560265 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Yves Denis (2015–2016). "Aubercy, 80 ans d'Artisans d'excellence". Pointure : 20. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Aubercy, haut couturier de la chaussure" (https://www.lesechos.fr/2004/07/aubercy-haut-couturier-de-la-chaussure-644130) . Les Echos (in French). 2004-07-28 . Retrieved 2024-04-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b Arce, Álvaro (2015-02-16). "At The Aubercy Atelier" (https://theluxonomist.es/featured/at-the-aubercy-atelier-2) . The Luxonomist (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2024-04-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b Echos, Les (2004-09-10). "Ces familles qui nous chaussent" (http://archives.lesechos.fr/archives/2004/SerieLimitee/00030-016-SLI.htm) . lesechos.fr (in French) . Retrieved 2024-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Aubercy". Trépointes et Pointes (7): 8–9. September 2000. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Philippe Colombet (May 2004). "Aubercy, 20 ans de réflexion !". Soulier . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Mêler le meilleur des styles". Madame Figaro : 87. December 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "Xavier Aubercy, Sur les traces du père". Trépointes & pointes : 64–65. January–February 2002. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Undue diligence: How banks do business with corrupt regimes" (https://www.banktrack.org/download/undue_diligence/090312_gw_duedilligence.pdf) (PDF) . Banktrack.org . Global Witness (/wiki/Global_Witness) . March 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Aubercy, Richelieu Reverso, Une Élégance rare". Trépointes & pointes : 34–35. December 2000. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Aubercy Label EPV" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190926165330/http://www.patrimoine-vivant.com/fr/showcompany/5450) . patrimoine-vivant.com/fr/ . Archived from the original (http://www.patrimoine-vivant.com/fr/showcompany/5450) on 2019-09-26 . Retrieved 2019-10-15 . 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Amsterdam Fashion Week Genre Fashion catwalk shows, clothing and fashion exhibitions and surrounding events Frequency Biannually Location(s) Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , The Netherlands People Danie Bles Website amsterdamfashionweek (http://amsterdamfashionweek.nl) .nl (http://amsterdamfashionweek.nl) fashion week westergas Amsterdam Amsterdam Fashion Week ( AFW ) is a fashion (/wiki/Fashion) event that takes place in Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , The Netherlands (/wiki/The_Netherlands) biannually. Both established brands and starting designers show their collections. The AFW used to be held at the Westergasfabriek (/wiki/Westergasfabriek) location, but after takeover [1] (#cite_note-1) by fashion entrepreneur Danie Bles (/w/index.php?title=Danie_Bles&action=edit&redlink=1) the fashion week switches locations ever season. In addition to the runway shows (/wiki/Runway_show) , which were open to invited guests and public with purchased tickets, the event also had a program open to the public called AIFW Downtown. The Downtown event consisted exhibitions, parties, store openings and other events in the field of fashion, spread throughout the city of Amsterdam. Since the takeover in 2018 everything has been placed under one coherent official program. An annual show on the program is Lichting since 2007. The show aims to present the best Dutch academy fashion students of one year, all together in one show to present themselves. Afterwards a jury will determine the best graduation collection, this student will win a sum of 10,000 euros. History [ edit ] From 1947, until the end of the 1950s, a biannually fashion week was held in the Netherlands as Amsterdam Fashion Week. It was organized by the Dutch Women's Clothing Industry. [2] (#cite_note-2) with the collapse of the Dutch clothing industry, the event was stopped. The first edition of its current form was created in 2004, the event consisted three catwalk shows. At the start the emphasis has not been on ready-made clothing but on the promotion of Dutch fashion designers. The current focus is back on both sides. Well-known (former) participants [ edit ] Bas Kosters (/wiki/Bas_Kosters) Camiel Fortgens (/wiki/Camiel_Fortgens) Claes Iversen (/w/index.php?title=Claes_Iversen&action=edit&redlink=1) David Laport (/w/index.php?title=David_Laport&action=edit&redlink=1) Duran Lantink (/w/index.php?title=Duran_Lantink&action=edit&redlink=1) Elsien Gringhuis (/w/index.php?title=Elsien_Gringhuis&action=edit&redlink=1) Francisco van Benthum (/w/index.php?title=Francisco_van_Benthum&action=edit&redlink=1) Hacked By (/wiki/Alexander_van_Slobbe) Iris van Herpen (/wiki/Iris_van_Herpen) Jan Taminiau (/wiki/Jan_Taminiau) Liselore Frowijn (/w/index.php?title=Liselore_Frowijn&action=edit&redlink=1) Maison the Faux (/w/index.php?title=Maison_the_Faux&action=edit&redlink=1) Mattijs van Bergen (/w/index.php?title=Mattijs_van_Bergen&action=edit&redlink=1) Ninamounah (/w/index.php?title=Ninamounah&action=edit&redlink=1) Ronald van der Kemp (/wiki/Ronald_van_der_Kemp) Rushemy Botter (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) Schepers Bosman (/wiki/Schepers_Bosman) Sophie Hardeman (/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Hardeman&action=edit&redlink=1) Spijkers en Spijkers (/w/index.php?title=Spijkers_en_Spijkers&action=edit&redlink=1) Vanilia (/w/index.php?title=Vanilia&action=edit&redlink=1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Amsterdam Fashion Week under Danie Bles back to Museumplein", Fashionunited (https://fashionunited.nl/nieuws/mode/amsterdam-fashion-week-onder-danie-bles-terug-naar-museumplein/2018070232324) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Amsterdam Fashion Week since 1947, Gem. Amsterdam" (https://www.amsterdam.nl/stadsarchief/nieuws/fashionweek/Together) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.amsterdamfashionweek.nl) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐x857b Cached time: 20240712193746 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.227 seconds Real time usage: 0.628 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 660/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14010/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 633/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11587/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.131/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1538297/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 241.575 1 -total 43.60% 105.322 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 42.66% 103.053 1 Template:Navbox 38.07% 91.958 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 35.37% 85.440 1 Template:Infobox 11.11% 26.835 1 Template:Official_website 8.05% 19.457 1 Template:Portal-inline 6.05% 14.620 1 Template:Reflist 4.82% 11.640 1 Template:Br_separated_entries 4.75% 11.477 1 Template:URL Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62211535-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712193746 and revision id 1195871318. 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This list of fashion awards is an index to articles on notable awards given for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) . It is organized by the country of the sponsoring organization, but entries are not always limited to that country. List [ edit ] This is a dynamic list (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists) and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items (/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_fashion_awards) with reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Country Award Sponsor Austria Vienna Fashion Awards (/wiki/Vienna_Fashion_Awards) Vienna Fashion Awards [1] (#cite_note-1) Canada Canadian Arts and Fashion Awards (/wiki/Canadian_Arts_and_Fashion_Awards) Canadian Arts and Fashion Awards [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Europe & Australia Barbara Dex Award (/wiki/Barbara_Dex_Award) Songfestival.be [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Europe & Australia You're A Vision Award (/wiki/You%27re_A_Vision_Award) Songfestival.be [6] (#cite_note-6) France ANDAM (/wiki/ANDAM) Association Nationale pour le Développement des Arts de la Mode [7] (#cite_note-7) France Elle Style Awards (/wiki/Elle_Style_Awards) Elle (magazine) (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) India India Fashion Awards (/wiki/India_Fashion_Awards) Talent Factory (/w/index.php?title=Talent_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) India Eastern Fashion and Lifestyle Awards (https://eflawards.in) EFL Awards [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Netherlands Dutch Fashion Awards (/wiki/Dutch_Fashion_Awards) Dutch Fashion Foundation (/wiki/Dutch_Fashion_Foundation) [14] (#cite_note-14) New Zealand Benson & Hedges Fashion Design Awards (/wiki/Benson_%26_Hedges_Fashion_Design_Awards) Benson & Hedges (/wiki/Benson_%26_Hedges) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) New Zealand iD Dunedin Fashion Week (/wiki/ID_Dunedin_Fashion_Week) iD Dunedin [17] (#cite_note-17) Pakistan Hum Awards (/wiki/Hum_Awards) Hum Network (/wiki/Hum_Network) [18] (#cite_note-18) Pakistan Lux Style Awards (/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards) Lux Style Awards [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Russia Golden Spindle (/wiki/Golden_Spindle) Interregional Public Organization "National Academy of Fashion Industry" [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) Spain IED Design Awards (/wiki/IED_Design_Awards) Istituto Europeo di Design (/wiki/Istituto_Europeo_di_Design) [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Spain MANGO Fashion Awards (/wiki/MANGO_Fashion_Awards) Mango (retailer) (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Sweden H&M Design Award (/wiki/H%26M_Design_Award) Hennes & Mauritz (/wiki/Hennes_%26_Mauritz) [33] (#cite_note-33) Turkey Elle Style Awards (Turkey) (/wiki/Elle_Style_Awards_(Turkey)) Elle (magazine) (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) [34] (#cite_note-34) United Kingdom Brit Insurance Design Awards (/wiki/Brit_Insurance_Design_Awards) Design Museum (/wiki/Design_Museum) [35] (#cite_note-35) United Kingdom British Inspiration Awards (/wiki/British_Inspiration_Awards) British Inspiration Awards [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) United Kingdom Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) . [38] (#cite_note-38) United Kingdom MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Look) ViacomCBS International Media Networks Europe (/wiki/ViacomCBS_International_Media_Networks_Europe) [39] (#cite_note-39) United Kingdom Scottish Fashion Awards (/wiki/Scottish_Fashion_Awards) Hartmann Media [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) United Kingdom The Fashion Awards (/wiki/The_Fashion_Awards) British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) [42] (#cite_note-42) United Kingdom UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) UK Lingerie Awards [43] (#cite_note-43) United States Atrium Award (/wiki/Atrium_Award) Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication (/wiki/Henry_W._Grady_College_of_Journalism_and_Mass_Communication) and AmericasMart (/wiki/AmericasMart) [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) United States Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) [46] (#cite_note-46) United States Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) Council of Fashion Designers of America [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) United States Cutty Sark Men’s Fashion Awards (/wiki/Cutty_Sark_Men%E2%80%99s_Fashion_Awards) Cutty Sark (/wiki/Cutty_Sark) [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) United States International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List (/wiki/International_Best_Dressed_Hall_of_Fame_List) Vanity Fair (magazine) (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) United States Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) Stanley Marcus [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) See also [ edit ] Lists of awards (/wiki/Lists_of_awards) List of design awards (/wiki/List_of_design_awards) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) NEWS (Vienna): Michelle Hunziker bei Vienna Awards for Fashion and Lifestyle in Wien (http://www.vienna.at/michelle-hunziker-bei-vienna-awards-for-fashion-and-lifestyle-in-wien/3924147) , 9 April 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Osorio, Carlos (2 February 2014). "Canadian Arts and Fashion Awards hand out inaugural prizes" (https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2014/02/02/canadian_arts_and_fashion_awards_hand_out_inaugural_prizes.html) . Toronto Star . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Parker, Odessa Paloma (15 October 2014). "The nominees are in for the 2015 Canadian Arts and Fashion Awards" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/the-nominees-are-in-for-the-2015-canadian-arts-and-fashion-awards/article21107321/) . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Backer, Stina (25 May 2012). "Forgettable song, memorable outfit: The crazy clothes of Eurovision" (https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/25/world/europe/eurovision-crazy-outfits/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023721/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/25/world/europe/eurovision-crazy-outfits/index.html) from the original on 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Adams, William Lee (15 May 2017). "Eurovision's worst dressed: Who should win the Barbara Dex Award 2017?" (https://wiwibloggs.com/2017/05/15/eurovisions-worst-dressed-who-should-win-the-barbara-dex-award-2017/189658/) . Wiwibloggs (/wiki/Wiwibloggs) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181022045014/https://wiwibloggs.com/2017/05/15/eurovisions-worst-dressed-who-should-win-the-barbara-dex-award-2017/189658/) from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Australia wins very first 'You're A Vision Award' for most remarkable Eurovision outfit" (https://songfestival.be/en/youre-a-vision/australie-wint-allereerste-youre-a-vision-award-voor-meest-opvallende-songfestivaloutfit/) . Songfestival.be . 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 8 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Qui sont les finalistes de l'ANDAM 2018 ?" (https://www.vogue.fr/mode/news-mode/diaporama/les-noms-des-finalistes-de-landam-2018-grand-prix-eckhaus-latta-a-cold-wall-atlein/50968) . Vogue Paris . 24 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Emma Watson Leads The Winners At This Year's #ElleStyleAwards" (https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/elle-style-awards-winners_uk_58a1e61ae4b0ab2d2b1796ed) . huffingtonpost.co.uk . 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Emma Watson crowned Woman Of The Year at Elle Style Awards 2017" (http://metro.co.uk/2017/02/14/emma-watson-is-crowned-woman-of-the-year-at-elle-style-awards-2017-6447593/) . metro.co.uk . 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "India Fashion Award was an initiative by Talent Factory to recognize the heroes of Indian Fashion #IndiaFashionAwards" (https://teamtalentfactory.com/) . teamtalentfactory.com . 20 February 2020 . Retrieved 20 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The first ever India Fashion Awards" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/fashion-and-trends/photos-first-ever-india-fashion-awards-held-in-delhi/photo-ZWNP6gt80olEinT51M4kzN.html/) . hindustantimes.com . 23 February 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "T2" (https://t2online.in/goodlife/fashion-beauty/snapshots-from-efl-awards-afashion-showcase-and-celebrations/468350) . Telegraph T2 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Eastern Fashion and Lifestyle Awards 2023 is a platform to recognize talents and veterans of the Design, Fashion, and Lifestyle Industry of West Bengal this year. Scheduled on the 4th of June 2023 this year will mark the inception of the Awards in West Bengal to recognize these untouched sectors #elfawards ^ (#cite_ref-14) Dutch Fashion Awards website, http://www.dutchfashionawards.com (http://www.dutchfashionawards.com) ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Benson & Hedges Fashion Design Awards" (http://www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz/b/benson-hedges-fashion-design-awards) . www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz . Retrieved 2018-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Throwback Thursday – Shoulder pads and early Yeezy in the '86 Benson & Hedges Fashion Awards" (https://thespinoff.co.nz/tv/02-06-2016/throwback-thursday-shoulderpads-brought-to-you-by-cigarettes-in-the-86-benson-hedges-fashion-awards/) . The Spinoff . 2016-06-02 . Retrieved 2018-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) iD Dunedin Fashion , iD Dunedin Fashion , retrieved 2020-02-04 ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Ist Hum Awards" (http://www.secretcloset.pk/HUM-Network-held-its-Service-1st-HUM-Awards-in-Karachi/spotted/44.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130609113425/http://www.secretcloset.pk/HUM-Network-held-its-Service-1st-HUM-Awards-in-Karachi/spotted/44.html) from the original on 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Naheed Chowdhry" (https://onfrontiers.com/profile/nchowdhry) . On Frontiers . Retrieved 2 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "In Conversation With Frieha Altaf" (https://www.siddysays.com/interview-frieha-altaf/) . SiddySays . 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Why the show must go on!" (https://www.somethinghaute.com/lux-style-awards-3/) . Haute . Retrieved 2 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "The Siddysays Winners Of Lux Style Awards 2019" (https://www.siddysays.com/the-siddysays-winners-of-lux-style-awards-2019/) . SiddySays . 2 April 2019 . Retrieved 2 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Kazi, Zain (23 February 2018). "7 Major Highlights of LUX Style Awards 2018 Which Are Absolutely Unforgettable" (https://www.parhlo.com/unforgettable-highlights-lux-style-awards-2018/) . parhlo . Retrieved 2 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "V.V. ANANISHNEV. MOTIVATIONAL ASPECT OF FASHION AWARDS IN RUSSIA / Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil'noi Promyshlennosti" (https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85170246341&origin=inward&txGid=2e3c86db63e4faf404f312ef2548e3c7) . Russian Science Citation Index (/wiki/Russian_Science_Citation_Index) , SCOPUS (/wiki/SCOPUS) . 30 June 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Nagrade su važne za umetnike, jer promovišu kreativnost" (https://www.harpersbazaar.rs/moda/revije/nagrade-u-ruskoj-modnoj-industriji-istrazivanje-casopisa-la-boheme) . 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Retrieved 2019-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Los IED Design Awards premian el diseño y la creatividad" (https://pinkermoda.com/ied-design-awards-diseno-creatividad/) . Pinker Moda (in Spanish). 2018-06-20 . Retrieved 2019-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Just a few days left before the February 28th contest deadline of "El Botón" - MANGO Fashion Awards, which is dedicated to young designers and comes around every 18 month" (http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/contests-and-more/2010/02/el-bot%C3%B3n---mango-fashion-awards-) . Vogue. 23 February 2010. [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Nueva edición de los Botón-Mango Fashion Awards" (https://www.marie-claire.es/nueva-edicion-de-los-boton-mango-fashion-awards) (in Spanish). Marie Claire. 21 May 2008. [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-33) "New H&M Design Award Announcement" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/news/a8379/introducing-the-h-m-design-award/) . 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "ELLE Style Awards Sahiplerini Buldu!" (https://www.elle.com.tr/moda/moda-haberleri/elle-style-awards-sahiplerini-buldu) . Elle Turkey . Retrieved October 2, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110725231342/http://designmuseum.org/exhibimg/mediarelease_134.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.designmuseum.org/exhibimg/mediarelease_134.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-07-25 . Retrieved 2010-10-12 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-36) "First UK creative industries awards launched with cross-party leader backing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110911063708/http://www.britishinspirationawards.co.uk/store/bia-pr-20100316.pdf) (PDF) (Press release). British Inspiration Awards. 16 March 2010. 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Living Today, p. 5D ^ (#cite_ref-45) Powers, Pamela (July 16, 2012), "Rural Menomonie woman to launch product after bad hair day" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091140/http://www.leadertelegram.com/local_news/story/article_d6727c72-1218-561c-98f1-65aa7c31d2ec.html) , Leader-Telegram (Eau Claire, WI) , archived from the original (http://www.leadertelegram.com/local_news/story/article_d6727c72-1218-561c-98f1-65aa7c31d2ec.html) on March 4, 2016 , retrieved December 9, 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-46) Roe, Dorothy (11 Sep 1952). "Fashion Critics Pick New Way to Serve Breakfast Oatmeal" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2059765/the_progress/) . The Progress (Clearfield, Pennsylvania) . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 March 2015 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "The CFDA Fashion Awards: The 'Oscars of fashion' (http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/04/living/gallery/cfda-fashion-awards/) " (http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/04/living/gallery/cfda-fashion-awards/) . CNN . 2013-06-04. ^ (#cite_ref-48) thedailybeast.com CFDA awards, the Oscars of fashion (http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2009/06/15/the-oscars-of-fashion.html) 2009/06/15 ^ (#cite_ref-49) Polly Rayner (1985-06-23). "Menswear Designers Win Top Awards At Star-studded Event" (http://articles.mcall.com/1985-06-23/features/2465725_1_fashion-awards-menswear-design-menswear-fashion-association) . The Morning Call . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Polly Rayner (1987-06-14). "Menswear Winners Six Designers Sail Away With Cutty Sark Awards" (http://articles.mcall.com/1987-06-14/features/2572202_1_menswear-fashion-association-menswear-industry-fashion-editors) . The Morning Call . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Men's Wear Fashion Awards" (https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/22/garden/men-s-wear-fashion-awards.html) . The New York Times . 1983-06-22 . 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ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-584-11070-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Company history (http://www.neimanmarcus.com/store/service/nmAbout.jhtml) on Neiman Marcus' official website, accessed March 22, 2009 v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles 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Ukrainian fashion designer (b. 1969) Vita Kin Віта Кін Born Vita Kin ( 1969-11-25 ) 25 November 1969 (age 54) Kyiv (/wiki/Kyiv) , Ukrainian SSR (/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR) , Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) Nationality Ukrainian Citizenship Ukrainian Occupation(s) fashion designer, photographer Notable work embroidered dresses Style boho style Spouse Roman Kindrachuk [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Awards Best Fashion Awards Elle Style Awards (/wiki/Elle_Style_Awards) Website www.vitakin.com (https://www.vitakin.com/) Vita Kin ( Ukrainian (/wiki/Ukrainian_language) : Віта Кін ; born 25 November 1969) is a Ukrainian (/wiki/Ukrainians) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) . She is the founder of the Vita Kin brand. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Biography [ edit ] Kin was born in Kyiv (/wiki/Kyiv) , Ukraine. She has worked in advertising and fashion photography since 2010. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2008, Kin launched her own clothing brand Vita Kin for Kingdom , which specialized in dresses. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2013, she created the Vyshyvanka by Vita Kin brand, [8] (#cite_note-8) which is based on outfits inspired by the Ukrainian national costume (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) , vyshyvanka. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The first collections were released under the motto "Chic Nationale". [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) During Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) 2015, her work was featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine [13] (#cite_note-13) and in Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Also in 2015, The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) named embroidered shirts from Vita Kin the most popular summer dresses of 2015. [16] (#cite_note-16) In September, Kin was named "Best Newcomer of 2015" at the Best Fashion Awards. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) In November 2015, Kin was named “Best Womenswear Designer in Ukraine” at the Elle Style Awards (/wiki/Elle_Style_Awards) . [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In February 2018, Kin was included in the Top 20 Ukrainian innovators according to Focus magazine (/wiki/Focus_(Ukrainian_magazine)) . [21] (#cite_note-21) In the spring of 2018, Vita Kin presented a joint collection with the Eres brand. [22] (#cite_note-22) In December 2019, Kin collaborated with Amanda Brooks (/wiki/Amanda_Brooks) , to create a collection of table linens. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) After the Russian invasion of Ukraine (/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War) in February 2022, the French fashion magazine L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) quoted Kin as calling out: “Dear friends, partners, followers from all around the world… We are bravely fighting for our freedom and for freedom in the entire world... Many are asking how they can help. I ask you: give us your attention and energy in social media. Ukrainians are fighting for all of you. Everyone who is posting fashion, travel, food, animals… Please be with us. Inspire us and goodwill triumph!" Your Vita Kin and 40 million Ukrainians. [25] (#cite_note-25) Personal life [ edit ] In 1999, Kin married Roman Kindrachuk, co-owner of Radioaktive Film production. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) References [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Ukraine portal (/wiki/Portal:Ukraine) ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Питьевые заметки: секретные бары Гонконга и Японии" (https://vogue.ua/article/vogueman/pitevye-zametki-sekretnye-bary-gonkonga-i-yaponii.html) . Vogue UA . 29 September 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "19 лет вместе: Вита Кин и Роман Киндрачук отмечают годовщину свадьбы" (https://jetsetter.ua/ru/19-let-vmeste-vita-kin-i-roman-kindrachuk-otmechayut-godovshhinu-svadby/) . JetSetter.ua. 8 June 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b "Vita Kin, the It label of the summer" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/brands/vita-kin-the-it-label-of-the-summer/) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 27 July 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "Vita Kin and the rise and rise of folk fashion" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/style/vita-kin-and-the-rise-and-rise-of-folk-fashion/) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 11 September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Красиво жить: дизайнер Вита Кин о вызове, перфекционизме, хобби и красоте" (https://vogue.ua/article/fashion/persona/krasivo-zhit-dizayner-vita-kin-o-vyzove-perfekcionizme-hobbi-i-krasote.html) . Vogue UA . 24 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Вита Кин" (http://bestin.ua/people/it-files/vita-kin/) . BESTIN.UA. 13 March 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Журнал: интервью с Витой Кин" (https://vogue.ua/article/fashion/persona/zhurnal-intervyu-s-vitoy-kin-avtorom-sensacionnyh-platev-vyshivanok.html) . Vogue UA (in Russian). 23 February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Nadia Kreidie (26 August 2015). "Vyshyvanka by Vita Kin" (https://www.vogue.it/en/trends/the-trend-blog/2015/08/vyshyvanka-by-vita-kin-) . Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Toma Istomina (11 May 2018). "Top places for vyshyvanka shopping in Kyiv" (https://www.kyivpost.com/lifestyle/top-places-vyshyvanka-shopping-kyiv.html) . KyivPost (/wiki/KyivPost) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Ukrainian designer Vita Kin makes a splash in the ..." (https://euromaidanpress.com/2018/04/18/ukrainian-designer-vita-kin-makes-a-splash-in-the-international-fashion-world/) Euro Maidan Press . 18 April 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "#ChicNationale: вышиванки Vita Kin покоряют мир" (https://vogue.ua/article/fashion/tendencii/chicnationale-v-chem-otprazdnovat-den-nezavisimosti-ukrainy.html) . Vogue UA (in Russian). 26 November 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Интервью Виты Кин для Playing Fashion" (http://bestin.ua/fashion/fashion-ua/intervyu-vity-kin-dlya-playing-fashion/) . BESTIN.UA. 19 August 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Liana Satenstein (28 April 2015). "Your Favorite Bohemian Garb Is Actually Traditional Ukrainian Costume" (http://www.vogue.com/13257041/ukrainian-traditional-costumes-in-fashion/) . Vogue . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Tara Lamont-Djite (14 April 2015). "We're Obsessed:Vita Kin Introduces The Perfect Bohemia" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a10578/were-obsessed-vita-kin/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "DESIGNERS TO WATCH: Vyshyvankas by Vita Kin – Traditional Ukrainian Chic" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150529221857/http://fashionforfashionlovers.com/2015/05/14/designers-to-watch-vyshyvankas-by-vita-kin-traditional-ukrainian-chic/) . Fashion for Fashionlovers. May 14, 2015. Archived from the original (http://fashionforfashionlovers.com/2015/05/14/designers-to-watch-vyshyvankas-by-vita-kin-traditional-ukrainian-chic/) on May 29, 2015 . Retrieved May 14, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Copycat Shopping for Your Friends' Style: Still Taboo?" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/copycat-shopping-for-your-friends-style-still-taboo-1437168544) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . 17 July 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Победители шестой премии BEST FASHION AWARDS" (http://bestin.ua/news/news-ua/pobediteli-shestoj-premii-best-fashion-awards/) . BESTIN.UA. 9 September 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Названы победители Best Fashion Awards" (https://vogue.ua/article/fashion/nazvany-pobediteli-best-fashion-awards6733.html) . Vogue UA . 10 September 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Elle Style Awards: Стильные гости мероприятия" (http://m.ivona.bigmir.net/beauty/zvezdniy_stil/422248-Elle-Style-Awards--Stil-nye-gosti-meroprijatija) . 6 November 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Гости церемонии Elle Style Awards" (https://elle.ua/ludi/svetskiy-dnevnik/gosti-tseremonii-elle-style-awards/) . ELLE (/wiki/ELLE) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Питательная среда. Топ-20 украинских инноваторов" (https://focus.ua/rating/archive/2018/392215) . Focus (/wiki/Focus_(Ukrainian_magazine)) . 26 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Идеальное путешествие: совместная коллекция Eres и Vita Kin" (https://vogue.ua/article/fashion/brend/idealnoe-puteshestvie-sovmestnaya-kollekciya-eres-i-vita-kin.html) . Vogue UA . 3 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Elise Taylor (2 December 2019). "Amanda Brooks and Vita Kin's New Linens Will Turn Any Holiday Table Into a Festive Affair" (https://www.vogue.com/article/amanda-brooks-and-vita-kins-new-linens-will-turn-any-holiday-table-into-a-festive-affair) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Amanda Brooks and Vita Kin have collaborated on a range of glorious table linens" (https://www.houseandgarden.co.uk/article/amanda-brooks-vita-kin-linens) . House & Garden (/wiki/House_%26_Garden_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Khullar, Samaa (28 February 2022). "How Ukrainian Designers Are Responding to a Military Invasion– Bevza Vita Kin DressX" (https://www.lofficielusa.com/politics-culture/ukrainian-fashion-designers-response-russian-military-invasion-activism) . L'Officiel USA . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.vitakin.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐5v9dg Cached time: 20240710155622 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.465 seconds Real time usage: 0.612 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2596/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48922/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1933/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 93409/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.324/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22333625/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 581.065 1 -total 33.32% 193.621 1 Template:Reflist 29.21% 169.713 25 Template:Cite_web 24.22% 140.707 1 Template:Infobox_person 16.06% 93.348 1 Template:Lang-uk 13.38% 77.727 1 Template:Short_description 7.40% 43.026 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.27% 42.237 2 Template:Pagetype 6.75% 39.231 19 Template:Main_other 5.59% 32.455 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62692127-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710155622 and revision id 1229996976. 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Iraqi fashion model (born 1997) Farah Alhaddad Born Farah Alhaddad ( 1997-05-05 ) May 5, 1997 (age 27) Diyala Governorate (/wiki/Diyala_Governorate) , Iraq Occupation Model Years active 2015 Modeling information Height 1.61 m (5 ft 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Green Farah Alhaddad ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : فرح الحداد ; born 5 May 1997) is an Iraqi (/wiki/Iraqis) fashion model. She was the Miss Middle East in 2018. [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-1) [2] (#cite_note-Anahar-2) [3] (#cite_note-Alsumaria_TV-3) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Miss Middle East 2018 [2] (#cite_note-Anahar-2) [3] (#cite_note-Alsumaria_TV-3) First runner-up for Miss Iraq (/wiki/Iraq) 2016 [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Miss Asia Pacific International Iraq 2016 [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) The Ambassador of Social Affairs for Iraqi Refugees, awarded the title of Minister of Social Affairs Rashid Derbas [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0) "The Iraqi 'Farah Alhaddad' sits on the throne of the beauty of the Middle East and the Levan" (https://www.dijlah.tv/print.php?id=204058) . Dijla satellite channel (in Arabic). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200214111737/https://www.dijlah.tv/print.php?id=204058) from the original on 14 February 2020 . Retrieved 19 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tohme, Nicole (18 February 2016). "Farah mourning the voice of the slaughtered Iraqi refugees!" (http://www.annahar.com:80/article/313395-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AD) . Annahar (in Arabic). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200214063544/https://www.annahar.com/article/313395-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AD) from the original on 14 February 2020 . Retrieved 19 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "An Iraqi woman crowned Miss Middle East and Levant" (https://www.alsumaria.tv/news/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/224381/alsumaria-news) (in Arabic). Russia Today (/wiki/Russia_Today) . 17 December 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200214111734/https://www.alsumaria.tv/news/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/224381/alsumaria-news) from the original on 14 February 2020 . Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via Alsumaria TV. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Shaima Qassem crowned Miss Iraq" (http://www.rumonline.net/print.php?id=241605) . Rumonline (in Arabic). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200215183710/http://www.rumonline.net/print.php?id=241605) from the original on 15 February 2020 . Retrieved 19 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Shaima Qassem was elected 'Miss Iraq' after 43 years" (https://www.alrakoba.net/2193001/انتخاب-شيماء-قاسم-ملكة-جمال-العراق-بعد/) . Al Rakoba (in Arabic). 15 December 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200215183712/https://www.alrakoba.net/2193001/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af/) from the original on 15 February 2020 . Retrieved 19 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Iraq Bet for Miss Asia Pacific Calls On PHL Embassy in Baghdad" (https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/10911-iraq-bet-for-miss-asia-pacific-calls-on-phl-embassy-in-baghdad) . Philippines: Department of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)) (DFA). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210813012137/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/10911-iraq-bet-for-miss-asia-pacific-calls-on-phl-embassy-in-baghdad) from the original on 13 August 2021 . Retrieved 19 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "IN PHOTOS: Meet the candidates of Miss Asia Pacific International 2016" (https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-asia-pacific-candidates-international-2016-photos) . Rappler . 18 November 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210813012135/https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-asia-pacific-candidates-international-2016-photos) from the original on 13 August 2021 . Retrieved 13 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Farah mourning the voice of the slaughtered Iraqi refugees" (http://www.socialaffairs.gov.lb/MSASubPage.aspx?News=341) (in Arabic). Ministry of Social Affairs (/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_(Lebanon)) (MSA). 17 June 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200217101835/http://www.socialaffairs.gov.lb/MSASubPage.aspx?News=341) from the original on 17 February 2020 . Retrieved 19 June 2022 . 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Traditional brooch of North African Berber cultures A Shilha (/wiki/Shilha_people) musician wearing two large triangular brooches in the Souss (/wiki/Sous) region of Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) at the beginning of the 20th century. An Amazigh fibula ( Tarifit (/wiki/Tarifit_language) : ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵙⵜ , romanized: Tisɣnst , Tachelhit (/wiki/Tachelhit_language) : ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵉⵜ , romanized: Taẓṛẓit , Moroccan Arabic (/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic_language) : تزرزيت , romanized: taẓṛẓit ) is a traditional fibula (/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)) or brooch with practical and symbolic importance in Amazigh (/wiki/Berbers) cultural heritage. As a common item of the jewellery of the Berber cultures (/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures) , its use was widespread among North African tribes. Its exact form could be different from one tribe to another, but essentially, it consists of a triangle beneath a ring or semicircle and a pin to hold unsewn garments together. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Two Amazigh fibulae crafted from silver on display at the Musée du quai Branly (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly) in Paris. Local names [ edit ] In the language of the Souss tribes (/wiki/Shilha_language) , this piece is called tarazwit or tazarzit . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The word tazarzit is grammatically feminine, as are all words in this language that begin with a t. It seems that this word is derived from the Tamazight (/wiki/Berber_languages) word azar , which means "hair", and this brooch was often woven into hair braids (/wiki/Hair_braids) . [ citation needed ] In the language of the Rifi tribes (/wiki/Riffian_language) , and among most speakers of Amazigh languages (/wiki/Berber_languages) , the brooch is called tisighnast , p. tisaaghns , which means "pin" and is derived from the root gh - n - s related to the concept of pinning or securing in all Amazigh languages. In the Kabylie (/wiki/Kabylie) region of Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) , the brooch is referred to as an afzim ( tafzimt ) or abzim ( tabzimt ), from the Arabic (/wiki/Arabic) word ibziim ( إبزيم ), meaning "buckle." [5] (#cite_note-5) In Moroccan Arabic (/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic) , it is known by the name bazima , pronounced bzeema ( بزيمة ), also from ibziim ), khalaala ( خلالة ) or katfiya (كتفية). In Tunisian Arabic (/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic) , the traditional Fibula is called Khlel (خلال). Uses [ edit ] Large brooches were often used decoratively, but medium-sized brooches also exist and were often used as pins. Small brooches were often used in hair braids or as jewelry worn over the forehead. The shape of this triangular brooch has also become a popular decorative motif. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Berbers (/wiki/Berbers) Jewellery of the Berber cultures (/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rabaté, Marie-Rose; Goldenberg, André; Thau, Jean-Louis (1999). Bijoux du Maroc du Haut Atlas à la Méditerranée, depuis le temps des juifs jusqu'à la fin du XXe siècle (in French). Eddif. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7449-0081-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fondation Yves Saint Laurent - Pierre Bergé (2014). Femmes berbères du Maroc (in French). Paris: Artlys. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-85495-575-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Marché de l'argent: Les artisans bijoutiers s'éteignent doucement" (https://leconomiste.com/article/966242-marche-de-l-argent-les-artisans-bijoutiers-s-eteignent-doucement) . L'Economiste (in French). 2015-02-06 . Retrieved 2020-02-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Agadir/Artisanat: Un salon pour booster la filière" (https://www.leconomiste.com/article/1006705-agadir-artisanat-un-salon-pour-booster-la-filiere) . L'Economiste (in French). 2016-12-30 . Retrieved 2020-02-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Traduction : agrafe - Dictionnaire français-arabe Larousse" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190403080225/https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-arabe/agrafe/894) . Archived from the original (http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-arabe/agrafe/894) on 3 April 2019 . Retrieved 2020-02-11 . Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Africa (/wiki/Portal:Africa) fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazigh_fibula&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐lfxt2 Cached time: 20240713210756 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.401 seconds Real time usage: 0.573 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 937/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21314/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1802/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25628/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.303/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14997487/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 535.837 1 -total 23.04% 123.437 1 Template:Reflist 21.96% 117.645 1 Template:Lang-rif 21.42% 114.778 1 Template:Short_description 16.36% 87.639 2 Template:Cite_book 14.47% 77.523 1 Template:Fashion-stub 14.12% 75.681 1 Template:Asbox 11.00% 58.922 5 Template:Main_other 10.46% 56.056 1 Template:SDcat 8.75% 46.901 2 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63234024-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713210756 and revision id 1185238694. 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Fashion theory This article is about the effect in fashion. For the fountain effect in economics, see Trickle-up economics (/wiki/Trickle-up_economics) . Women on a catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) The trickle-up effect in the fashion field, also known as bubble-up pattern , is an innovative fashion theory first described by Paul Blumberg in the 1970s. This effect describes when new trends are found on the streets, showing how innovation flows from the lower class (/wiki/Lower_classes) to upper class (/wiki/Upper_class) . [1] (#cite_note-blumberg-1) It is in contrast with classical theories of fashion consumption, such as those of Georg Simmel (/wiki/Georg_Simmel) and Thorstein Veblen (/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen) , who theorize that the upper classes are the ones who dictate the fashion flow. [2] (#cite_note-sassatelli-2) Origins [ edit ] Trickle-down fashion (/wiki/Trickle-down_fashion) can be seen as the antithesis (/wiki/Antithesis) of the trickle-up effect. Although the trickle-down effect itself has only first appeared in the 1950s, the concept can be traced back to sociologist Georg Simmel and economist Thorstein Veblen. [ citation needed ] Trickle-down theory describes the inability of the lower social classes to develop fashion style (/wiki/Fashion) of their own, leaving only the upper social classes to influence the fashion trend. Lower social classes are therefore left to imitate the fashion trend of the rich. In contrast to this, the trickle-up effect describes an upward diffusion in which fashion styles from lower classes are adopted by the upper classes. [2] (#cite_note-sassatelli-2) In opposition to the downward diffusion of fashion in earlier years, we now encounter a phenomenon in which trends are more likely to be defined by the lower social strata. [ citation needed ] It was first described by Paul Blumberg during the 1970s in the United States: "[...] there has been in the last decade more percolating up from the bottom than trickling down from the top". [1] (#cite_note-blumberg-1) Blumberg elaborates on this by stating that a variety of standards in fashion have been set by the déclassé and anti-class youth by using new styles, like long hair or a shabby chic (/wiki/Shabby_chic) , to not only tease the status symbols (/wiki/Status_symbols) of higher classes but also spreading their styles into the fashion elite (/wiki/Elite) . [1] (#cite_note-blumberg-1) Example cases [ edit ] T-shirt [ edit ] The T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) , from the Middle Age to the early 19th century, had traditionally been considered as a piece of undergarment worn by sailors (/wiki/Sailors) and blue-collar workers (/wiki/Blue-collar_workers) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) American actors Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) and James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) helped shift the perception of the T-shirt, thanks to their appearance with the garment in popular movies. Brando and Dean helped redefine the T-shirt as legitimate outerwear and a deliberately rebellious fashion statement. [5] (#cite_note-5) The T-shirt appears in collections of both low and high-end brands, due to its versatility and the ease of imposing messages on it. A significant example of the t-shirt as messenger is the "anti-nuclear" T-shirt worn by designer Katharine Hamnett (/wiki/Katharine_Hamnett) during a meeting with Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) or the piece "We all should be feminists" presented at Dior (/wiki/Dior) Fashion show in 2016. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Jeans [ edit ] Initially, Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) ' jeans (/wiki/Jeans) were simply sturdy trousers worn by factory workers (/wiki/Working_class) , miners, farmers, and cattlemen throughout the North American West. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) After James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) popularized them in the movie Rebel Without a Cause (/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause) , wearing jeans became a symbol of youth rebellion during the 1950s. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) During the 1960s the wearing of jeans became more acceptable, and by the 1970s it had become general fashion in the United States for casual wear. [12] (#cite_note-60sjeans-12) Examples of intentional denim distressing strictly to make them more fashionable can be seen as early as 1935 in Vogue's June issue. [13] (#cite_note-13) Michael Belluomo, editor of Sportswear International Magazine , Oct/Nov 1987, P. 45, wrote that in 1965, Limbo, a boutique in the New York East Village, was "the first retailer to wash a new pair of jeans to get a used, worn effect, and the idea became a hit." He continued, "[Limbo] hired East Village artists to embellish the jeans with patches, decals, and other touches, and sold them for $200." In the early 1980s the denim industry introduced the stone-washing (/wiki/Stonewashed_jeans) technique developed by GWG also known as "Great Western Garment Co." Donald Freeland of Edmonton, Alberta (/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta) pioneered the method, [14] (#cite_note-14) which helped to bring denim to a larger and more versatile market. Acceptance of jeans continued through the 1980s and 1990s. Originally an esoteric fashion choice, in the 2010s jeans may be seen being worn by men and women of all ages. [15] (#cite_note-15) Punk style [ edit ] Punks on brick wall c1984 Punk subculture (/wiki/Punk_subculture) appeared for the first time in the UK in the 1970s. Punk style started as a youth movement, in which the concept of "anti-fashion" [16] (#cite_note-courtney-16) was a main feature, due to its origin in the lower classes. Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) was the first designer who used this concept in her collections, which gave her the title "The Mother of Punk". [17] (#cite_note-17) She opened a popular shop in London, [18] (#cite_note-lau-18) which was loved by the celebrities and music stars of the time, including punk band Sex Pistols (/wiki/Sex_Pistols) . Studded chokers (/wiki/Chokers) , tattoos, chains and ripped jeans [18] (#cite_note-lau-18) were the main features of the punk aesthetic. In 1977, this style started to be widely appreciated thanks to Zandra Rhodes (/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes) ' designs, that added punk elements on elegant gowns: punk chic was born. [16] (#cite_note-courtney-16) 1970s and hippie fashion [ edit ] Born in the 1970s, the hippie (/wiki/Hippie) style shifted from being just worn by the lower and middle-class alternative youth to a widespread trend. [ citation needed ] From 2012 it had a huge comeback with looks made of flow-y-tops and skirts paired with knit shrugs. An example is Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) 's spring collection (2011), which presented skirts with higher waist with the flow-y details towards the bottom. [19] (#cite_note-19) Hippie fashion, today also known as boho-chic (/wiki/Boho-chic) , has entered the popular imagination as a trendy style thanks to popular figures like actress Vanessa Hudgens (/wiki/Vanessa_Hudgens) , and themed events like the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival) . [20] (#cite_note-20) 1980s and yuppies fashion [ edit ] Another example of trickling-up in fashion is given by the revival of some iconic 1980s yuppie (/wiki/Yuppie) -inspired pieces of clothing like kitten heels (/wiki/Kitten_heel) , pastel colors, white commuter sneakers, power shoulder and high waisted pants with skinny belts by major fashion houses like Ralph Lauren, Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) , Dr. Martens (/wiki/Dr._Martens) , and Tibi (/wiki/Tibi_(fashion_brand)) . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) 1990s and grunge influence [ edit ] Jonathan Brandis (/wiki/Jonathan_Brandis) Grunge fashion (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) , characterized by oversized plaid flannel (/wiki/Flannel) shirts, ripped jeans, combat boots, choker necklaces, and dark colored sheer tights, was a consequence of the huge success of bands such as Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) and Soundgarden (/wiki/Soundgarden) . [ citation needed ] The idea of wearing clothes that seemed inexpensive and already worn was re-proposed in the 1993 Spring collections by avant-garde designers like Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Christian Francis Roth (/wiki/Christian_Francis_Roth) , and Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) , causing disarray in the fashion industry. [23] (#cite_note-23) Military-inspired clothing [ edit ] Military-inspired clothing first appeared after World War II when lower and middle-class young people started to buy pea jackets and khaki (/wiki/Khaki) pants as a sign of independence and protest against war. The trend survived, as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Marc Jacobs, Celine (/wiki/Celine_(brand)) , Hermes (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , D&G (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) and Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) are some of the fashion houses that from 2010 proposed military-inspired collections. [24] (#cite_note-24) Combat boots, leather studded bracelets, and double-breasted (/wiki/Double-breasted) jackets with rows of buttons are pieces that can be easily found both in luxury runaways and in fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) chains. [25] (#cite_note-25) Role of digital culture [ edit ] While influencing the fashion industry was out of reach for an ordinary consumer, social media started to change this former two-dimensional, one-sided industry. Social media (/wiki/Social_media) networks formed platforms which gave new possibilities to people with a special interest in fashion; influencers (/wiki/Influencers) meanwhile play an important role in agencies' and brands' marketing strategies. Social media fashion icons can be seen as an example of the trickle-up effect in fashion, as they are able to form trends and influence fashion by presenting their own fashion taste on free platforms like Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) or Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) . [26] (#cite_note-park-26) [27] (#cite_note-FashionNetwork2-27) An example is Italian influencer Chiara Ferragni (/wiki/Chiara_Ferragni) , who started with a small blog and became a fashion icon who runs a fashion business. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Key factors of social media [ edit ] Fashion is currently a two-way route due to web digital space. Before the digital era people had to go physically to Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) , but after digitalization people interested in fashion can participate through social media platforms. Social media has carried diversity to the industry, as anyone can present themselves and follow those who relate to them in body or lifestyle. Hashtags (/wiki/Hashtag) like #winterscarves, #millennials, or #winterfashion allow users to easily find virtually any trend. [26] (#cite_note-park-26) [27] (#cite_note-FashionNetwork2-27) From streetwear to the mainstream [ edit ] Veblen's trickle-down theory was related to 19th and 20th century society's desire to climb the social ladder (/wiki/Social_ladder) by imitating the style of the rich. The advent and spread of social media made it possible for people not on the top of the social scale to be noticed and gave them the ability to express their style from anywhere. Designers now have online stores (/wiki/Online_stores) as main sales channels and maintain an active social media presence. Digital space is now a key place for brands to showcase collections, and to develop personalities and relationships with customers. The history of trickle-up fashion and the influence of the digital world brought an evolution to the fashion industry. As particular styles began to draw attention on the streets and digital space trends, top designers incorporated them into their collections: an example is Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) 's collaboration with a famous graffiti artist, or retailers such as Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) , where street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) is sold at high-end prices. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Blumberg, Paul (1974). "The Decline and Fall of the Status Symbol: Some Thoughts on Status in a Post-Industrial Society". Social Problems . 21 (4): 480–498. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/799987 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F799987) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0037-7791 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7791) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 799987 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/799987) . ^ Jump up to: a b Sassatelli, Roberta. (2007). Consumer culture : history, theory and politics (1st ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84860-727-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 698103786 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/698103786) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Slobin, Mark; Bekhrad, Joobin; Volm, Florian; Pourgiv, Farideh; Fox, Paul; Kuta, Weronika; Reinel, Birgit (2015-01-01). "Reports: Publications, Films, Conferences". Anthropology of the Middle East . 10 (2). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3167/ame.2015.100209 (https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fame.2015.100209) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1746-0719 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1746-0719) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bekhrad, Joobin (2018-02-02). "The T-shirt: A rebel with a cause" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180202-t-shirts-the-worlds-most-expressive-garment) . BBC (/wiki/BBC) . Retrieved 2023-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Stride, Christopher; Catley, Nick; Headland, Joe (2019-02-20). "Shirt tales: how adults adopted the replica football kit" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17460263.2019.1578255) . 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Frankfurt/ New York: Campus. ^ (#cite_ref-60sjeans_12-0) Smith, Nancy MacDonell (2003). The Classic Ten:poella grande y gruesa The True Story of the Little Black Dress and Nine Other Fashion Favorites . Penguin. p. 42. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-14-200356-5 . Retrieved January 13, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "De Nimes" (https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/de-nimes-000413-v20n2) . Vice News (/wiki/Vice_News) . 2013-03-11 . Retrieved May 30, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Levi's By the Numbers (Men's)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090508055136/http://www.levisbluejeans.com/Numbers/welcome.htm) . Worldflow Knowledge. Archived from the original (http://www.levisbluejeans.com/Numbers/welcome.htm) on May 8, 2009 . Retrieved December 31, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Katya Foreman (April 1, 2015). "Jean genie: The denim evolution" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150401-jean-genie-the-denim-evolution) . ^ Jump up to: a b Courtney, Oscar (2010-05-04). "Fashion Era" (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09504121011045845/full/html) . Reference Reviews . 24 (4): 46–47. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1108/09504121011045845 (https://doi.org/10.1108%2F09504121011045845) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0950-4125 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0950-4125) . Retrieved March 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Westwood, Dame Vivienne (Isabel), (born 8 April 1941), fashion designer", Who's Who , Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.39435 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.39435) ^ Jump up to: a b Lau, Thomas (1992), "7. 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American entrepreneur, media personality and socialite Scott Disick Disick in 2015 Born Scott Michael Disick ( 1983-05-26 ) May 26, 1983 (age 41) Eastport, New York (/wiki/Eastport,_New_York) , U.S. Education The Ross School (/wiki/Ross_School_(East_Hampton,_New_York)) Occupations Media personality socialite Years active 2007–present Partner(s) Kourtney Kardashian (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) (2006–2015) Children 3 Scott Michael Disick (born May 26, 1983) [1] (#cite_note-Czachor-1) [2] (#cite_note-Harrison-2) is an American media personality and socialite widely known for his role as a main cast member on Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) and its spinoffs. [3] (#cite_note-Carter-3) [4] (#cite_note-Carrillo-4) Disick's popularity on Keeping Up with the Kardashians led to the development of a house flipping (/wiki/Flipping#Real_estate_flipping) show, Flip It Like Disick (/wiki/Flip_It_Like_Disick) , that aired on E! (/wiki/E!) . [5] (#cite_note-Caraccio-5) In addition to starring on reality shows, Disick has pursued multiple business ventures, including starting the clothing brand Talentless, investing in nightclubs, and running multiple vitamin companies. [6] (#cite_note-Marcus-6) [7] (#cite_note-Slater-7) [8] (#cite_note-Actually_Me-8) Early life Disick was born in Eastport, New York (/wiki/Eastport,_New_York) , to Jeffrey and Bonnie Disick. [3] (#cite_note-Carter-3) [9] (#cite_note-Saad-9) [10] (#cite_note-Pomarico-10) He is an only child. [11] (#cite_note-Silverman-11) Disick's grandfather, David Disick, developed luxury properties, and Scott's father was also a real estate developer. [11] (#cite_note-Silverman-11) He attended The Ross School (/wiki/The_Ross_School) in East Hampton (/wiki/East_Hampton_(town),_New_York) , but did not graduate. [10] (#cite_note-Pomarico-10) [12] (#cite_note-Neason-12) [13] (#cite_note-Price-13) As a teenager, Disick was a book cover model for the Heartland (/wiki/Heartland_(novel_series)) series. [14] (#cite_note-Gicas-14) [15] (#cite_note-Austin-15) He has always been interested in architecture and often read Dwell (/wiki/Dwell_(magazine)) as a teen. [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) He was raised Jewish (/wiki/Jewish) . [17] (#cite_note-Corinthios2-17) [18] (#cite_note-Woolf-18) When he was 18 years old, Disick was arrested for driving while impaired and pleaded guilty to a noncriminal charge. [19] (#cite_note-Marcus2-19) [20] (#cite_note-Finn1-20) Career In 2007, Disick began appearing on Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) alongside then-girlfriend Kourtney Kardashian (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) . He has appeared on every season of the show. [21] (#cite_note-21) [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) [22] (#cite_note-Berman-22) In the early seasons, he was well known for wearing suits. [23] (#cite_note-Complex-23) [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) [24] (#cite_note-Woolf1-24) In 2009, Disick starred alongside Kourtney Kardashian and Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) in Kourtney and Kim Take Miami (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_Miami) , a spin-off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians . Disick received criticism due to a plot line in a March 2013 episode in which he hunted an alligator so that he could make a pair of shoes. [25] (#cite_note-Beard-25) The series ended in 2013. Disick also starred on a 2011 episode of the short-lived CW (/wiki/The_CW) series H8R (/wiki/H8R) , where he tried to convince a woman who had expressed her disgust of Disick on social media (/wiki/Social_media) that he was likable. [26] (#cite_note-Mullins-26) From 2011 to 2012, Disick, Kourtney, and Kim starred in a second spin-off series, titled Kourtney and Kim Take New York (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_New_York) . [27] (#cite_note-Ayres-27) A second season plot line followed Disick as he developed a Japanese restaurant called Ryu in the Meatpacking District (/wiki/Meatpacking_District,_Manhattan) of New York City. [28] (#cite_note-Shaw-28) [29] (#cite_note-Morabito-29) Disick was involved in the design of the restaurant as well as the menu development, and he promoted the restaurant on several occasions, including an appearance at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) Fashion Night. [30] (#cite_note-Corneau2-30) [31] (#cite_note-Goldman-31) The restaurant opened in 2012, and the opening was featured on an episode of Keeping Up with The Kardashians , but it received poor reviews and Disick backed out of the restaurant shortly after opening. [29] (#cite_note-Morabito-29) [32] (#cite_note-Carlson-32) [33] (#cite_note-Leighton-33) The restaurant closed 191 days after opening. [29] (#cite_note-Morabito-29) On a 2012 episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) , Disick purchased an online knighting ceremony on a trip to London. [34] (#cite_note-Corneau-34) He often refers to himself as "Lord". [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) [9] (#cite_note-Saad-9) [35] (#cite_note-AP-35) He had to buy a piece of land to be knighted. [8] (#cite_note-Actually_Me-8) Disick was a judge on Miss Universe 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2012) alongside Lisa Vanderpump (/wiki/Lisa_Vanderpump) , Brad Goreski (/wiki/Brad_Goreski) , and Masaharu Morimoto (/wiki/Masaharu_Morimoto) . [36] (#cite_note-Nessif-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) In 2012, he was featured on an episode of Punk'd (/wiki/Punk%27d) in which his car was towed and he had to barter to get it back. [38] (#cite_note-Punkd-38) In 2013, Disick had a web series called Lord Disick: Lifestyles of a Lord , which was a spin-off of Kourtney and Kim Take Miami . The series featured Disick showing off his car collection and wealthy lifestyle while providing viewers with tips on how to live lavishly. [39] (#cite_note-Clements-39) [40] (#cite_note-BW-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) From 2014 to 2015, Disick starred alongside Kourtney and Khloe Kardashian in Kourtney and Khloe Take The Hamptons (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Khloe_Take_The_Hamptons) . [42] (#cite_note-Prince-42) [43] (#cite_note-Andreeva-43) The series followed the Kardashian sisters as they opened a pop-up store in the Hamptons (/wiki/The_Hamptons) and attended events such as the Baby Buggy (/wiki/Baby_Buggy) Summer Dinner. [43] (#cite_note-Andreeva-43) [44] (#cite_note-Gordon-44) Disick struggled with anxiety throughout the series because he grew up in Eastport (/wiki/Eastport,_New_York) , a town next to Southampton (/wiki/Southampton,_New_York) , and being in the area reminded him of his parents, who had recently died. [45] (#cite_note-Distasio-45) [11] (#cite_note-Silverman-11) While filming for Kourtney and Khloe Take The Hamptons , Disick and Khloe played themselves in an episode of the TV drama Royal Pains (/wiki/Royal_Pains) , which takes place in the Hamptons. [46] (#cite_note-Kirk-46) Disick made several guest appearances on reality shows in 2015 and 2016. He appeared on an August 2015 episode of Kingin' with Tyga (/wiki/Kingin%27_with_Tyga) , [47] (#cite_note-Seemayer-47) had a recurring role on I Am Cait (/wiki/I_Am_Cait) , [48] (#cite_note-Fisher-48) [49] (#cite_note-Plett-49) and appears on multiple episodes of Rob & Chyna (/wiki/Rob_%26_Chyna) , a 2016 episode of Wild 'n Out (/wiki/Wild_%27n_Out) , [50] (#cite_note-Terrero-50) [51] (#cite_note-Schilling-51) and an episode of Kocktails with Khloe (/wiki/Kocktails_with_Khloe) . [52] (#cite_note-Stanhope-52) He was considered as a possible contestant on Season 22 of Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_22)) , but was turned down after he asked for $500,000. [53] (#cite_note-Ledbetter-53) [54] (#cite_note-DWTS-54) [55] (#cite_note-Bonner2-55) Disick began developing properties in 2015. [3] (#cite_note-Carter-3) [35] (#cite_note-AP-35) In 2019, he began starring on his own reality show, Flip It Like Disick (/wiki/Flip_It_Like_Disick) , which follows his real estate and design business. [56] (#cite_note-Palmer-56) [57] (#cite_note-Romeyn-57) [58] (#cite_note-Ray-58) The show follows Disick and his team, including Willa Ford (/wiki/Willa_Ford) , as they renovate luxury homes in the Greater Los Angeles area (/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_area) . [59] (#cite_note-Callahan-59) [60] (#cite_note-Cho-60) Throughout the series, they remodel celebrity real estate in hour-long episodes. [35] (#cite_note-AP-35) [61] (#cite_note-Fleming-61) Business ventures Nightclub appearances Disick has made club appearances at 1OAK (/wiki/Volcano_at_The_Mirage) nightclub in Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) , [62] (#cite_note-Lauren-62) Harrah's (/wiki/Harrah%27s_Atlantic_City) in Atlantic City (/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey) , [63] (#cite_note-Corinthios-63) and LEX Nightclub (/wiki/Grand_Sierra_Resort) in Reno (/wiki/Reno,_Nevada) , sometimes receiving $80,000 for a single appearance. [64] (#cite_note-Battan-64) [65] (#cite_note-Heller-65) Disick has also appeared in clubs internationally in Canada and the United Kingdom, earning $250,000 for his UK appearances. [64] (#cite_note-Battan-64) [66] (#cite_note-Thompson-66) [67] (#cite_note-Heller2-67) These appearances were often arranged by Disick's manager at the time, David Weintraub. [64] (#cite_note-Battan-64) Eventually, the club appearances began to interfere with Disick's addiction struggles, and he stopped making appearances. [64] (#cite_note-Battan-64) [8] (#cite_note-Actually_Me-8) Disick has also invested in his friends' nightlife businesses. [6] (#cite_note-Marcus-6) [68] (#cite_note-Schreffler-68) Talentless In 2018, Disick began his own clothing line, Talentless. [7] (#cite_note-Slater-7) [69] (#cite_note-Briones-69) [70] (#cite_note-Cut-70) He named his clothing line as "a big F-you to everybody in the world that basically said that anybody that was in the reality business 10, 15 years ago didn't have talent." [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) [71] (#cite_note-MJ-71) He discussed the development of his company on season eight of Keeping Up with the Kardashians . [71] (#cite_note-MJ-71) Talentless sells primarily casual clothing such as T-shirts, sweatshirts, and sweatpants. [55] (#cite_note-Bonner2-55) Three percent of every sale from the company goes to the non-profit organization Fuck Cancer (/wiki/Yael_Cohen) . [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) [72] (#cite_note-Capon-72) The company received backlash in March 2020 and was accused of being insensitive after releasing apparel that stated "Please Wash Your Hands" amid the coronavirus pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [73] (#cite_note-Carty-73) [74] (#cite_note-Mahdawi-74) Colton Underwood (/wiki/Colton_Underwood) , who starred on The Bachelor (/wiki/The_Bachelor_(American_TV_series)) , was seen wearing one of the "Wash Your Hands" sweatshirts. [75] (#cite_note-Guglielmi-75) Partnerships and other ventures In 2010, when asked if he had a career, Disick stated, "I make a lot of money, and I'm more than capable of supporting myself. I run multiple companies in the vitamin world: QuickTrim, Rejuvacare, Monte Carlo Perpetual Tan." [6] (#cite_note-Marcus-6) In May 2011, Disick appeared on the cover of Men's Fitness (/wiki/Men%27s_Fitness) . [76] (#cite_note-Millado-76) [77] (#cite_note-HP-77) [78] (#cite_note-EStaff-78) A March 2015 episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians revealed that Disick was the President of Calabasas Luxury Cars, which is owned by his best friend and Flip It Like Disick costar, Benny Luciano. [60] (#cite_note-Cho-60) [79] (#cite_note-Bonner-79) [80] (#cite_note-Benny-80) Disick was featured in a June 17, 2013 marketing short film by Kanye West's (/wiki/Kanye_West) creative content company DONDA (/wiki/DONDA) , in which Disick played Patrick Bateman (/wiki/Patrick_Bateman) from American Psycho (/wiki/American_Psycho) . [81] (#cite_note-Modell-81) [82] (#cite_note-Atkinson-82) Disick is friends with rapper N.O.R.E. (/wiki/N.O.R.E.) , and is featured in a hip hop skit (/wiki/Hip_hop_skit) track on Student of the Game (/wiki/Student_of_the_Game) titled "Scot Disick Speaks" and misspelling Disick's first name. [83] (#cite_note-Carimanica-83) [84] (#cite_note-Drop-84) [85] (#cite_note-Markman-85) In 2015, Disick guest-starred as "Jim" on two episodes of the online soap opera Youthful Daze (/wiki/Youthful_Daze) . [86] (#cite_note-Papadatos-86) Disick often posts sponsored ads on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , and once accidentally posted the sponsor's instructions in the caption. [72] (#cite_note-Capon-72) [87] (#cite_note-Hood-87) [88] (#cite_note-O'Neal-88) [89] (#cite_note-Reed-89) It has been estimated that he makes around $15,000 per post. [55] (#cite_note-Bonner2-55) In December 2019, Disick and girlfriend Sofia Richie (/wiki/Sofia_Richie) were criticized for promoting MDL Beast, a music festival in Saudi Arabia due to the country's human rights violations and treatment of women. [90] (#cite_note-Schnurr-90) [91] (#cite_note-Burgos-91) In January 2020, Disick, Kris Jenner, and Khloe Kardashian were featured in several commercials for the video game Coin Master (/wiki/Coin_Master) . [92] (#cite_note-Stone-92) [93] (#cite_note-93) Personal life Disick and Kourtney Kardashian in 2010 Disick dated Kourtney Kardashian (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) from 2006 to 2015. [94] (#cite_note-94) [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) They met at a house party in Mexico thrown by Joe Francis (/wiki/Joe_Francis) . [95] (#cite_note-95) Together they have three children: a son born December 14, 2009, [96] (#cite_note-Karen-96) a daughter born July 8, 2012, [97] (#cite_note-Andreeva1-97) [98] (#cite_note-Hanes-98) and a son born December 14, 2014. [99] (#cite_note-Hare-99) [100] (#cite_note-100) Their relationship was featured on Keeping Up with the Kardashians and its spinoffs. In 2010, they moved to Miami temporarily with one-year-old Mason and Kourtney's sister Kim. Their relationship went on hold after Kardashian claimed Disick had an alcohol problem. After temporarily giving up alcohol and attending therapy, Disick and Kardashian reconciled in mid-2010. [101] (#cite_note-101) In 2011, during the season one finale of Kourtney and Kim Take New York (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_New_York) , Disick purchased an engagement ring and planned to propose to Kardashian. However, when Disick asked her opinion on marriage, Kardashian responded that she did not want to change things when they were doing well, so Disick decided not to propose. [102] (#cite_note-102) Disick later stated, in 2013, that they were happy and said "I feel like I used to want to get married more than she did, and then, being that she was always so not interested, I've decided not to be." [103] (#cite_note-Chen-103) The couple split in 2015, [104] (#cite_note-Wilkins-104) but have shared custody and co-parent their children. [105] (#cite_note-Murray-105) [106] (#cite_note-Poosh-106) [107] (#cite_note-Johns-107) Scott remains close with Kardashian's family (/wiki/Kardashian_family) , and as of 2019 they considered him to be family. [107] (#cite_note-Johns-107) His mother died in 2013, following a long illness. [9] (#cite_note-Saad-9) His father died three months later. [11] (#cite_note-Silverman-11) Disick has had problems with alcohol and drug use. [9] (#cite_note-Saad-9) [108] (#cite_note-Hyde-108) He was temporarily sober in 2011, during which he claimed, "I'm nicer now that I'm sober." [27] (#cite_note-Ayres-27) In November 2014, Disick entered a rehabilitation facility in Connecticut following the filming of Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Khlo%C3%A9_Take_The_Hamptons) . In March 2015, he entered a rehabilitation facility in Costa Rica, [109] (#cite_note-Beast-109) but checked himself out later that month. After breaking up with Kardashian, Disick entered another rehab facility in Florida. [110] (#cite_note-Toomey-110) [111] (#cite_note-Yahr-111) In 2016, he spent time in a rehab facility in Malibu (/wiki/Malibu,_California) , which he stated helped him to "restart" his life. [48] (#cite_note-Fisher-48) In May 2020, Disick entered a treatment facility in Edwards, Colorado (/wiki/Edwards,_Colorado) , after a relapse. [112] (#cite_note-Contreras-112) In 2015, Disick sold his Beverly Crest (/wiki/Beverly_Crest) home to Russell Westbrook (/wiki/Russell_Westbrook) . [113] (#cite_note-Leitereg-113) Disick's Bugatti Veyron (/wiki/Bugatti_Veyron) Disick is a car collector, and has owned at least twenty vehicles. [48] (#cite_note-Fisher-48) [114] (#cite_note-Syed-114) [115] (#cite_note-CCB-115) He has owned a Rolls-Royce Drophead (/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Phantom_Drophead_Coup%C3%A9) , a Maybach (/wiki/Maybach) , several Ferraris (/wiki/Ferrari) , Range Rovers (/wiki/Range_Rover) , and Bentleys (/wiki/Bentley) . [116] (#cite_note-Chiu-116) [68] (#cite_note-Schreffler-68) [117] (#cite_note-Ariola-117) [16] (#cite_note-Lincoln-16) [118] (#cite_note-Weisman-118) [119] (#cite_note-Moe-119) Several of his cars and his five-car garage were featured in an Architectural Digest (/wiki/Architectural_Digest) video tour of Disick's home. [119] (#cite_note-Moe-119) His collection was also featured on an episode of his short-lived web series, Lord Disick: Lifestyles of a Lord . [39] (#cite_note-Clements-39) In addition to cars, Disick also collects watches, including Patek Phillipe (/wiki/Patek_Phillipe) and Rolex (/wiki/Rolex) watches. [118] (#cite_note-Weisman-118) [120] (#cite_note-Neuenschwander-120) During a May 2016 burglary, several watches were stolen from Disick's home. [121] (#cite_note-TMZ2-121) In fall 2017, Disick began dating model Sofia Richie (/wiki/Sofia_Richie) . [7] (#cite_note-Slater-7) [122] (#cite_note-Slater2-122) [123] (#cite_note-Evans-123) The couple confirmed their relationship in September 2017. [124] (#cite_note-124) Throughout their relationship, Disick and Richie often vacationed alongside Kardashian and their children. [125] (#cite_note-Romero-125) In 2019, they moved in together in Malibu, California (/wiki/Malibu,_California) . [126] (#cite_note-126) The couple broke up in August 2020. [127] (#cite_note-127) In 2018, he was involved in a lawsuit with Silver Airways (/wiki/Silver_Airways) for failing to pay more than $225,000 in jet fees. [128] (#cite_note-TMZ3-128) He currently [ when? ] resides in Hidden Hills, California (/wiki/Hidden_Hills,_California) . His home was burglarized in both May 2016 and 2017, with officials believing the May 2017 burglary was an inside job. Disick was not home during either burglary. [129] (#cite_note-TMZ-129) [121] (#cite_note-TMZ2-121) His home has been featured on Flip It Like Disick and Architectural Digest (/wiki/Architectural_Digest) . [117] (#cite_note-Ariola-117) [130] (#cite_note-Ray2-130) From February to September 2021, Disick was in a relationship with model Amelia Hamlin (/wiki/Amelia_Gray_Hamlin) , the daughter of American actress and television personality Lisa Rinna (/wiki/Lisa_Rinna) and actor Harry Hamlin (/wiki/Harry_Hamlin) . [131] (#cite_note-131) [132] (#cite_note-132) Filmography As television actor Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2014 Royal Pains (/wiki/Royal_Pains) Scott Disick Guest star (1 episode) [46] (#cite_note-Kirk-46) Youthful Daze (/wiki/Youthful_Daze) Jim Guest star (2 episodes) [86] (#cite_note-Papadatos-86) As himself on reality TV Year Title Notes Ref. 2007–2021 Keeping Up with the Kardashians (/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians) Main role (147 episodes) [72] (#cite_note-Capon-72) 2009–2013 Kourtney and Kim Take Miami (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_Miami) Main role (22 episodes) [25] (#cite_note-Beard-25) 2011–2012 Kourtney and Kim Take New York (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_New_York) Main role (17 episodes) [27] (#cite_note-Ayres-27) 2012 H8R (/wiki/H8R) Guest star (1 episode) [26] (#cite_note-Mullins-26) Miss Universe 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2012) Judge [36] (#cite_note-Nessif-36) 2014–2015 Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Khlo%C3%A9_Take_The_Hamptons) Main role (10 episodes) [43] (#cite_note-Andreeva-43) 2015 Kingin' with Tyga (/wiki/Kingin%27_with_Tyga) Guest star (1 episode) [47] (#cite_note-Seemayer-47) 2015-2016 I Am Cait (/wiki/I_Am_Cait) Recurring role (5 episodes) [49] (#cite_note-Plett-49) 2016 Punk'd (/wiki/Punk%27d) Guest star (2 episodes) [38] (#cite_note-Punkd-38) Wild 'n Out (/wiki/Wild_%27n_Out) Guest star (1 episode) [50] (#cite_note-Terrero-50) Rob & Chyna (/wiki/Rob_%26_Chyna) Recurring role (3 episodes) [51] (#cite_note-Schilling-51) Kocktails with Khloe (/wiki/Kocktails_with_Khloe) Guest star (1 episode) [52] (#cite_note-Stanhope-52) 2019 Flip It Like Disick (/wiki/Flip_It_Like_Disick) Main role (8 episodes) [5] (#cite_note-Caraccio-5) 2022–present The Kardashians (/wiki/The_Kardashians) Recurring cast [133] (#cite_note-133) As producer Year Title Notes Ref. 2019 Flip It Like Disick (/wiki/Flip_It_Like_Disick) Executive producer (8 episodes) [92] (#cite_note-Stone-92) In music videos Year Title Artist Ref. 2014 "Wake Up in It" Mally Mall and Tyga (/wiki/Tyga) feat. Sean Kingston (/wiki/Sean_Kingston) , French Montana (/wiki/French_Montana) , and Pusha T (/wiki/Pusha_T) [134] (#cite_note-Millard-134) 2015 " Picture Me Rollin' (/wiki/Picture_Me_Rollin%27) " Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) [135] (#cite_note-Corinthios5-135) References ^ (#cite_ref-Czachor_1-0) Czachor, Emily Mae (May 26, 2019). "Celebrate Scott Disick's Birthday With a Toast to His & Kourtney Kardashian's Cutest Family Photos" (https://www.eonline.com/shows/kardashians/news/1034087/celebrate-scott-disick-s-birthday-with-a-toast-to-his-kourtney-kardashian-s-cutest-family-photos) . E! News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190608195948/https://www.eonline.com/shows/kardashians/news/1034087/celebrate-scott-disick-s-birthday-with-a-toast-to-his-kourtney-kardashian-s-cutest-family-photos) from the original on June 8, 2019 . Retrieved March 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Harrison_2-0) Harrison, Lily (May 27, 2013). 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Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) "Scott Disick Goes Instagram Official With Model Amelia Hamlin" (https://www.etonline.com/scott-disick-goes-instagram-official-with-model-amelia-hamlin-160597) . Entertainment Tonight . February 14, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210215125404/https://www.etonline.com/scott-disick-goes-instagram-official-with-model-amelia-hamlin-160597) from the original on February 15, 2021 . Retrieved February 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-133) Specter, Emma (March 31, 2022). "Everything We Know (So Far) About 'The Kardashians,' Hulu's Upcoming Series" (https://www.vogue.com/article/everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-kardashians-hulu) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220406104823/https://www.vogue.com/article/everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-kardashians-hulu) from the original on April 6, 2022 . Retrieved April 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Millard_134-0) Millard, Drew (April 28, 2014). "On the Strange Beauty of French Montana and Khloe Kardashian's Relationship" (https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/64eyjr/on-the-strange-beauty-of-french-montana-and-khloe-kardashians-relationship) . Vice . Retrieved March 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Corinthios5_135-0) Corinthios, Aurelie (December 17, 2015). "Scott Disick Showed Up in Chris Brown's New Video to Make a Bunch of Insensitive (Bad) Jokes" (https://people.com/tv/scott-disick-jokes-about-sleeping-with-women-in-chris-browns-new-music-video/) . People. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210120173516/https://people.com/tv/scott-disick-jokes-about-sleeping-with-women-in-chris-browns-new-music-video/) from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved March 31, 2020 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scott Disick (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scott_Disick) . Scott Disick (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2843700/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Scott Disick (https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/-/307402/) at TV Guide (/wiki/TV_Guide) Scott Disick (https://x.com/scottdisick) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Business and economics (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) New York (state) (/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)) California (/wiki/Portal:California) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐bwxg8 Cached time: 20240720164725 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.252 seconds Real time usage: 1.554 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8679/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 291131/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3302/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 544108/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.784/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8588155/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1426.218 1 -total 58.33% 831.972 1 Template:Reflist 26.10% 372.294 51 Template:Cite_web 23.41% 333.897 79 Template:Cite_news 11.30% 161.112 1 Template:Infobox_person 9.19% 131.046 1 Template:Short_description 6.24% 89.048 20 Template:Main_other 5.19% 74.004 1 Template:SDcat 3.50% 49.941 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 3.14% 44.834 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63525701-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164725 and revision id 1231362997. 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Palestinian actress Maisa Abd Elhadi Abd Elhadi in 2016 Born ( 1985-11-15 ) 15 November 1985 (age 38) Nazareth (/wiki/Nazareth) Occupation Actress Maisa Abd Elhadi ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : ميساء عبد الهادي ; born 15 November 1985) is a Palestinian-Israeli (/wiki/Palestinian_citizens_of_Israel) actress. [1] (#cite_note-1) Abd Elhadi won the best actress award at the Dubai Film Festival in 2011. [2] (#cite_note-2) Biography [ edit ] Maisa Abd Elhadi was born in Nazareth (/wiki/Nazareth) on 15 November 1985 to Palestinian (/wiki/Palestinians) Muslim (/wiki/Palestinian_Muslims) parents. Maisa was reportedly shot and injured in the leg by Israeli forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) , while taking part in a peaceful demonstration in the city of Haifa (/wiki/Haifa) , on 9 May 2021, protesting against forced expulsions of Palestinian families (/wiki/Palestinian_displacement_in_East_Jerusalem) from their homes in the East Jerusalem (/wiki/East_Jerusalem) neighborhood of Sheikh Jarrah (/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Controversy [ edit ] During the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel (/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel) , Maisa was detained by police in Nazareth for "expressions of praise for terror and hate speech" by sharing and laughing at images of hostages being taken by Hamas (/wiki/Hamas) on social media, among other alleged crimes. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) On October 29, she was charged with incitement to terrorism and expressing solidarity with a " terror organization (/wiki/Terrorist_group) ", both according to the counter terrorism act (2016) (/w/index.php?title=Counter_terrorism_act_(2016)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ he (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8) ] . [6] (#cite_note-6) Selected filmography [ edit ] Eyes of a Thief (/wiki/Eyes_of_a_Thief) (2014) 3000 Nights (/wiki/3000_Nights) (2015) The Worthy (/wiki/The_Worthy) (2016) The Angel (/wiki/The_Angel_(2018_American_film)) (2018) The Reports on Sarah and Saleem (/wiki/The_Reports_on_Sarah_and_Saleem) (2018) Tel Aviv on Fire (/wiki/Tel_Aviv_on_Fire) (2018) Baghdad Central (/wiki/Baghdad_Central_(TV_series)) (2020) Huda's Salon (/wiki/Huda%27s_Salon) (2021) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Baghdad Central: Interview with Maisa Abd Elhadi: Zahra" (https://www.channel4.com/press/news/baghdad-central-interview-maisa-abd-elhadi-zahra) . Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) . 20 January 2020 . Retrieved 2020-04-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Dex, Robert (9 March 2016). "Palestinian actress Maisa Abd Elhadi makes debut on London stage… without even leaving her home town" (https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/palestinian-actress-maisa-abd-elhadi-makes-debut-on-london-stage-without-even-leaving-her-home-town-a3199346.html) . Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . Retrieved 2020-04-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/palestinian-actress-maisa-abd-elhadi-shot-israel-123495112) 'Baghdad Central' Star Maisa Abd Elhadi Injured By Israeli Forces During Protest" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/palestinian-actress-maisa-abd-elhadi-shot-israel-123495112) . Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/Hollywood_Reporter) . 11 May 2021 . Retrieved 2021-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) https://www.timesofisrael.com/leading-arab-israeli-actor-maisa-abd-elhadi-detained-for-supporting-hamas-assault/ (https://www.timesofisrael.com/leading-arab-israeli-actor-maisa-abd-elhadi-detained-for-supporting-hamas-assault/) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Arab Israeli Actress Charged With Incitement Over Oct. 7 Posts" (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-30/ty-article/.premium/arab-israeli-actress-charged-with-incitement-over-october-7-posts/0000018b-7d00-d0f6-afeb-7f950a3b0000?lts=1698692725978) . Haaretz . Retrieved 2023-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Arab Israeli Actress Charged With Incitement Over Oct. 7 Posts" (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-30/ty-article/.premium/arab-israeli-actress-charged-with-incitement-over-october-7-posts/0000018b-7d00-d0f6-afeb-7f950a3b0000) . Haaretz . Retrieved 2023-11-14 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maisa Abd Elhadi (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maisa_Abd_Elhadi) . Maisa Abd Elhadi (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3949541/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Maisa Abd Elhadi at Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/21155646144918210103) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/106151577X) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007408071605171) People Deutsche Synchronkartei (https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/lf8pnNufZ) Deutsche Biographie (https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd106151577X.html?language=en) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/227477871) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Israel (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Islam (/wiki/Portal:Islam) Palestine (/wiki/Portal:Palestine) This article about a Palestinian actor is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Aesthetic of nostalgia popular among youths Cottage gardens (/wiki/Cottage_garden) typify the 'cottagecore' aesthetic. Cottagecore (sometimes referred to as Countrycore or Farmcore ) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) is an internet aesthetic (/wiki/Internet_aesthetic) idealising rural life. Originally based on a rural European life, [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) it was developed throughout the 2010s and was first named cottagecore on Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) in 2018. [4] (#cite_note-VoxWLWclothes-4) The aesthetic centres on traditional rural clothing, interior design, and crafts such as drawing, baking, and pottery, and is related to similar aesthetic movements such as grandmacore, goblincore (/wiki/Goblincore) , gnomecore and fairycore. Some sources describe cottagecore as a subculture of Millennials (/wiki/Millennials) and Generation Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) . Economic forces and other challenges facing these young people may be a significant driver of this trend, along with these generations' emphasis on sustainability, and the trend to work from home (initially during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) ). Aesthetic and lifestyle elements [ edit ] An embroidery design with colorful floral prints (2016) The tenets of cottagecore can help its proponents satisfy a desire for "an aspirational form of nostalgia" as well as an escape from many forms of stress and trauma. [5] (#cite_note-NYT-5) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described it as a reaction to hustle culture and the advent of personal branding. [5] (#cite_note-NYT-5) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) called it a "visual and lifestyle movement designed to fetishize the wholesome purity of the outdoors." [6] (#cite_note-twsGuardian111-6) Cottagecore emphasizes simplicity (/wiki/Simple_living) and the soft peacefulness of the pastoral life as an escape from the dangers of the modern world. [7] (#cite_note-twsTeenVogue111-7) It became highly popular on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) [6] (#cite_note-twsGuardian111-6) [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) Fashion [ edit ] An early inspiration for cottagecore fashion is mori girl (/wiki/Mori_girl) , which reached popularity in Japan in the late 2000s. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Lolita fashion (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) , another Japanese street fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) with a soft silhouette and a Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_era) -inspired look might have been another early inspiration. While homemade clothing is a feature of cottagecore, [12] (#cite_note-:5-12) products including the 'strawberry dress', a $490 tea dress by Lirika Matoshi (/wiki/Lirika_Matoshi) , are also associated with the aesthetic. [13] (#cite_note-:10-13) [14] (#cite_note-:11-14) Due to the high price of the Matoshi dress, a number of people produced their own versions of the product. [13] (#cite_note-:10-13) Cottagecore clothing often includes long layered dresses. [14] (#cite_note-:11-14) Analytics (/wiki/Analytics) company Edited identified that besides floral prints and stripes "Old-world, feminine shapes and details are integral to this aesthetic—milkmaid necklines, puff sleeves, ruffles and prairie-inspired midi dresses." [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-SJ-16) Marketing commentators noted that the trend fits with already available '70s-inspired dresses, lace trim, and denim, and complemented the slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) trend. [16] (#cite_note-SJ-16) Brands like Batsheva, Doen, and the Vampire's Wife became popular for their frilly, whimsical flowy dresses that fit perfectly to the cottagecore aesthetic. [17] (#cite_note-17) Food and gardening [ edit ] Self-sufficiency, such as baking one's own bread, is integral to cottagecore. Growing one's own food in one's own garden and baking one's own bread all reflect the philosophy of self-sufficiency of cottagecore, though the aesthetic does not demand living in the countryside. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) [18] (#cite_note-:2-18) Cottagecore gardening is intended to be environmentally friendly, often including permacultural (/wiki/Permaculture) farming practices. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) For example, the cultivation of a variety of perennial (/wiki/Perennial) and annual (/wiki/Annual_plant) native plants (/wiki/Native_species) (i.e. plants endemic (/wiki/Endemic) to the areas near one's home) helps attract insects, including bees, and as such promotes biodiversity and increases pollination of food-producing crops. [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) Other aspects [ edit ] The aesthetic encourages taking care of oneself physically and mentally. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) Followers of cottagecore typically purchase secondhand or vintage furniture. [18] (#cite_note-:2-18) [21] (#cite_note-:12-21) They may take up hobbies including knitting, crochet, painting, and reading. [22] (#cite_note-22) Antecedents and cultural context [ edit ] Arts and Crafts (/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement) design for Trellis wallpaper (1862) by William Morris (/wiki/William_Morris) Pastoral Recreation (1868) by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau) While cottagecore arose as a named aesthetic in 2018, similar aesthetics and ideals existed prior to its inception. The ancient Greeks (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) characterised Arcadia (/wiki/Arcadia_(utopia)) as a representation of an idyllic pastoral setting. The Greek poet Theocritus (/wiki/Theocritus) wrote poems about shepherds and shepherdesses in the third century BC, leading to him being often cited as the inventor of pastoral poetry (/wiki/Pastoral_poetry) . [23] (#cite_note-JSTOR-23) The market for Theocritus’ work was primarily the educated urban class of Alexandria (/wiki/Alexandria) , Egypt, seeking an escape from the filth, crowding and disease of city life. In the first century BC the Roman (/wiki/Roman_people) poet Virgil (/wiki/Virgil) ’s pastoral poetry was written in response to the violence and chaos of war. However, he expanded the genre by acknowledging contemporary moral and political issues such as war whilst maintaining a distance through the pastoral trope. [23] (#cite_note-JSTOR-23) Pastoral escapism continued to be produced for the courtly audience of the Roman Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) in the format of novels such as Daphnis and Chloe (/wiki/Daphnis_and_Chloe) from the second century AD. [23] (#cite_note-JSTOR-23) The fourteenth-century Italian Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) poet Petrarch (/wiki/Petrarch) was known for his hill-walking and gardening as well as his pastoral poetry. [23] (#cite_note-JSTOR-23) English playwright William Shakespeare (/wiki/William_Shakespeare) wrote two pastoral plays: As You Like It (/wiki/As_You_Like_It) and A Winter’s Tale (/wiki/A_Winter%E2%80%99s_Tale) . Christopher Marlowe (/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe) ’s renowned poem The Passionate Shepherd to His Love (/wiki/The_Passionate_Shepherd_to_His_Love) inspired a poetic response written by Walter Raleigh (/wiki/Walter_Raleigh) , The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd (/wiki/The_Nymph%27s_Reply_to_the_Shepherd) , in which the speaker observes that Arcadian ideas were fallacies (/wiki/Fallacy) . [23] (#cite_note-JSTOR-23) In eighteenth-century Europe it was fashionable to build follies (/wiki/Folly) , ornamental structures often built in the style of classical architecture or to mimic rustic villages. [24] (#cite_note-24) Marie Antoinette's (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) Hameau de la Reine (/wiki/Hameau_de_la_Reine) , a rustic model village, is a primary example of a folly in a pastoral style. The Arts and Crafts movement (/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement) of the nineteenth century was an approach to art, architecture, and design that embraced 'folk' styles and techniques as a critique of industrial production. [6] (#cite_note-twsGuardian111-6) The counterculture of the 1960s (/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s) provides perhaps the most significant source of influence for the contemporary cottagecore movement. Many of the subcategories of cottagecore directly invoke the aesthetic of environmentally conscious architectural projects (/wiki/Earthship) and communes (/wiki/Intentional_community) of the era such as Drop City (/wiki/Drop_City) , and embody the radically sustainable, hands-on ethos of publications such as the Whole Earth Catalog (/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog) . Thrifted furniture and art pieces from the 1960s and '70s are often used to create a comforting, cozy interior space, as are patterns of the era such as paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) and mushroom prints. [25] (#cite_note-Financial_Times-25) There have been similar aesthetics in different countries, such as iki (/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)) , or detached elegance, from Japan, fernweh (/wiki/Fernweh) , or longing to be somewhere far away and mysterious, from Germany, or hygge (/wiki/Hygge) , or satisfying comfort, from Denmark. [26] (#cite_note-:8-26) Contemporary popularity [ edit ] Prior to the Great Recession (/wiki/Great_Recession) , Thomas Kinkade (/wiki/Thomas_Kinkade) sold millions of copies of his paintings of idyllic cottages. [27] (#cite_note-Pickering-27) Cottagecore is an ideal. It creates a warm feeling when one thinks about how wonderful it would be to live a simpler, more bucolic existence. I started thumbing through my book on Thomas Kinkade, poring over his paintings of cottages and small-town life. I think his tremendous success was related to the feelings these paintings evoke in us. — Corky Pickering, "The cottagecore dream during the pandemic" [27] (#cite_note-Pickering-27) The movement gained further traction in many online spheres and on social media in 2020 due to the mass quarantining in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) [6] (#cite_note-twsGuardian111-6) [28] (#cite_note-NPR_cottage-28) Networks such as the blogging site Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) had a 150% increase in cottagecore posts in the three months from March to May 2020. [16] (#cite_note-SJ-16) It spread on Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) , a platform for sharing visual ideas. [29] (#cite_note-29) It became popular on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) as well, [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) [30] (#cite_note-:6-30) with numerous cottagecore enthusiasts sharing videos of themselves living in rural areas, bathing in the forest, or baking bread. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) On TikTok the LGBTQIA+ (/wiki/LGBTQIA%2B) community has been particularly fond of cottagecore, especially lesbians. [32] (#cite_note-AS_2021-32) Many young women have found a sense of femininity through dressing in a cottagecore aesthetic while still feeling aligned with a modern, in-control woman archetype. [33] (#cite_note-33) The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) asserted that such videos had "evoked a mood of calm, enlightened, prettified productivity." [26] (#cite_note-:8-26) Vox (/wiki/Vox_(website)) characterized the trend as "the aesthetic where quarantine is romantic instead of terrifying." [4] (#cite_note-VoxWLWclothes-4) Living in the style of cottagecore or simply looking at others doing the same on the Internet was seen as something that could help people de-stress. [34] (#cite_note-34) Speaking to CNN, psychologist Krystine Batcho noted that it should be no surprise nostalgia in general and cottagecore in particular was in vogue during such a stressful time. "Longing for simpler situations, simpler time periods or simpler ways of living is an effort to balance out and to counteract the effects of high intense stress," she said. [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) This was a period when many urban residents questioned whether it was worth living in the cities, and rural life stood up as an appealing alternative. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) Taylor Swift enhanced the popularity of cottagecore in 2020 with her eighth studio album, Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) . A New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) article compared cottagecore to the social simulation (/wiki/Social_simulation_game) video game series Animal Crossing (/wiki/Animal_Crossing) being acted out in real life, coinciding with the success of the then-newest entry in the franchise Animal Crossing: New Horizons (/wiki/Animal_Crossing:_New_Horizons) . [5] (#cite_note-NYT-5) [6] (#cite_note-twsGuardian111-6) In July 2021 The Sims 4 (/wiki/The_Sims_4) released an expansion pack called "Cottage Living", which focuses on floral prints, gardening and tending to animals like chickens and llamas. [35] (#cite_note-35) In July 2020, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) released her eighth studio album, Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) , a critical and commercial success. [36] (#cite_note-cottage_bbc-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) It features songs written during the lockdown. [30] (#cite_note-:6-30) The album's use of cottagecore in its visuals and lyrics has been credited with increasing the aesthetic's popularity. [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) She continued the aesthetic with its follow-up record, Evermore (2020), [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-:9-42) and applied it to her performance at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/63rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards) . [43] (#cite_note-43) The music videos for " Cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(song)) " and " Willow (/wiki/Willow_(song)) " both incorporate cottagecore imagery. [44] (#cite_note-44) Other public figures who embraced this style include British actress Millie Bobby Brown (/wiki/Millie_Bobby_Brown) , [45] (#cite_note-45) American musician Hayley Kiyoko (/wiki/Hayley_Kiyoko) , [46] (#cite_note-46) American model Hailey Bieber (/wiki/Hailey_Bieber) , [47] (#cite_note-47) and English footballer David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) . [48] (#cite_note-48) In the United States cottagecore became a decorating trend for the 2020 holiday season while the sales of needlework kits skyrocketed. [12] (#cite_note-:5-12) According to the Royal Horticultural Society (/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society) of the United Kingdom, cottage gardening is a trend for 2021. [20] (#cite_note-:4-20) China has its own version of cottagecore. Even though the country is rapidly urbanising as part of economic development, many young people have decided to leave the cities after their university studies for their hometowns in the countryside, where the quality of life has improved thanks to, among other things, the availability of fast Internet access, new roads, and high-speed railways. [49] (#cite_note-49) Among the returning youths are cottagecore-minded architects. [50] (#cite_note-50) Critiques [ edit ] According to critics, cottagecore offers an unrealistic, romanticised view of rural life. [5] (#cite_note-NYT-5) [18] (#cite_note-:2-18) [21] (#cite_note-:12-21) [51] (#cite_note-:13-51) Critics note the contrast between idyllic depictions of rural life constructed by the aesthetic and some of the realities of such spaces, such as the effects of rural poverty (/wiki/Rural_poverty) [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) or sanitation. [21] (#cite_note-:12-21) Lara Prendergast of The Spectator (/wiki/The_Spectator) said "[P]rivileged humans have always hankered for the simple and rustic", and recalled that Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) reportedly wanted to be a milkmaid. [52] (#cite_note-52) Rebecca Jennings of Vox magazine described cottagecore and dark academia (/wiki/Dark_academia) as "historical aesthetics that evoke conservative values and gender roles". [53] (#cite_note-:16-53) Jennings and others also noted themes of Eurocentrism (/wiki/Eurocentrism) and heteronormativity (/wiki/Heteronormativity) . [53] (#cite_note-:16-53) [54] (#cite_note-:15-54) Mudra Judkis of The Washington Post noted that its fanbase seemed to be composed mainly of white women. [21] (#cite_note-:12-21) See also [ edit ] 2010s portal (/wiki/Portal:2010s) 2020s portal (/wiki/Portal:2020s) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Internet portal (/wiki/Portal:Internet) Society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) 1960s decor (/wiki/1960s_decor) Agrarianism (/wiki/Agrarianism) Back-to-the-land movement (/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement) Food forest (/wiki/Food_forest) Slow movement (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)) Tradwife (/wiki/Tradwife) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) McGrath, Meadhbh (April 14, 2020). "Back to nature: Why cottagecore is the perfect escapism" (https://www.independent.ie/life/back-to-nature-why-cottagecore-is-the-perfect-escapism/39125784.html) . Irish Independent (/wiki/Irish_Independent) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230917170341/https://www.independent.ie/life/back-to-nature-why-cottagecore-is-the-perfect-escapism/39125784.html) from the original on September 17, 2023 . Retrieved September 17, 2023 . ... dubbed "cottagecore" (also "countrycore" and "farmcore"), it offers a romanticised vision of country life. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Edwards, Rachel (January 19, 2023). "How to achieve an authentic cottagecore aesthetic direct from the countryside" (https://www.countryliving.com/uk/homes-interiors/interiors/a38311077/cottagecore-aesthetic/) . Country Living (/wiki/Country_Living) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230902091051/https://www.countryliving.com/uk/homes-interiors/interiors/a38311077/cottagecore-aesthetic/) from the original on September 2, 2023 . Retrieved September 17, 2023 . Occasionally referred to as farmcore or countrycore, cottagecore romanticises the idea of living off the land ... ^ Jump up to: a b Tiffany, Kaitlyn (February 5, 2021). 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Retrieved November 13, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Satran, Rory (January 9, 2021). "Taylor Swift's 'Evermore' Braid Is More Than Just a Braid" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swifts-evermore-braid-is-more-than-just-a-braid-11610197254) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210124085529/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taylor-swifts-evermore-braid-is-more-than-just-a-braid-11610197254) from the original on January 24, 2021 . Retrieved May 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Ryan, Charlotte (December 16, 2020). "Cottagecore: The trend that defined Taylor Swift's new album" (https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/fashion/2020/0813/1158978-cottagecore-the-trend-that-defined-taylor-swifts-new-album/) . RTÉ . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194718/https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/fashion/2020/0813/1158978-cottagecore-the-trend-that-defined-taylor-swifts-new-album/) from the original on May 8, 2021 . Retrieved May 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:9_42-0) Rao, Sonia (December 11, 2020). "How Taylor Swift and indie rock band the National became unlikely collaborators" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/12/11/taylor-swift-evermore-the-national/) . Pop Culture. The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210122090859/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/12/11/taylor-swift-evermore-the-national/) from the original on January 22, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Amatulli, Jenna (March 14, 2021). "Taylor Swift Serves Cottagecore Perfection With Medley During Grammys Performance" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/taylor-swift-grammys-performance_n_604eb6bac5b65bed87dbc1e3) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194718/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/taylor-swift-grammys-performance_n_604eb6bac5b65bed87dbc1e3) from the original on May 8, 2021 . Retrieved May 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Lefevre, Jules (December 11, 2020). "Taylor Swift's New Album Is Out And The First Video Is Cottagecore Heaven" (https://junkee.com/taylor-swift-evermore-willow/282104) . Junkee (/wiki/Junkee) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194720/https://junkee.com/taylor-swift-evermore-willow/282104) from the original on May 8, 2021 . Retrieved May 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Nesvig, Kara (May 18, 2020). "Millie Bobby Brown Jumped on the Cottagecore Bandwagon" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/millie-bobby-brown-cottagecore) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230407045619/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/millie-bobby-brown-cottagecore) from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Hayley Kiyoko's New Video Is the Cottagecore Love Story of Our Dreams" (https://www.pride.com/music/2021/6/01/hayley-kiyokos-new-video-cottagecore-love-story-our-dreams) . Pride.com (/wiki/Pride.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230407043417/https://www.pride.com/music/2021/6/01/hayley-kiyokos-new-video-cottagecore-love-story-our-dreams) from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Dupes, Abby (July 26, 2022). "Hailey Bieber's Baby Blue Bikini and Tank Combo Is Peak Cottagecore — Shop the Look Here" (https://www.seventeen.com/fashion/celeb-fashion/a40719755/hailey-bieber-baby-blue-cottagecore-bikini/) . Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230407043416/https://www.seventeen.com/fashion/celeb-fashion/a40719755/hailey-bieber-baby-blue-cottagecore-bikini/) from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Elan, Priya (July 3, 2020). "David Beckham leads the way as men flock to 'cottagecore' look" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/jul/03/david-beckham-leads-the-way-as-men-flock-to-cottagecore-look) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230407043416/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/jul/03/david-beckham-leads-the-way-as-men-flock-to-cottagecore-look) from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "The gap between China's rural and urban youth is closing" (https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/01/21/the-gap-between-chinas-rural-and-urban-youth-is-closing) . The Economist (/wiki/The_Economist) . January 23, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210510145623/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/01/21/the-gap-between-chinas-rural-and-urban-youth-is-closing) from the original on May 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Wainwright, Oliver (March 24, 2021). "China's rural revolution: the architects rescuing its villages from oblivion" (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/mar/24/chinas-rural-revolution-architects-rescuing-villages-oblivion-tofu-rice-wine-lotus-tea) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210510083310/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/mar/24/chinas-rural-revolution-architects-rescuing-villages-oblivion-tofu-rice-wine-lotus-tea) from the original on May 10, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:13_51-0) Klotz, Harper (March 22, 2021). "Cottagecore, a beautiful aesthetic with issues to address" (http://www.michigandaily.com/arts/cottagecore-beautiful-aesthetic-issues-address/) . The Michigan Daily (/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230320004532/https://www.michigandaily.com/arts/cottagecore-beautiful-aesthetic-issues-address/) from the original on March 20, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Prendergast, Lara (April 29, 2021). "The curious rise of cottagecore" (https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-curious-rise-of-cottagecore/) . The Spectator (/wiki/The_Spectator) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230501163802/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-curious-rise-of-cottagecore/) from the original on May 1, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jennings, Rebecca (July 7, 2020). "This week in TikTok: Are you cottagecore or more "dark academia"?" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/7/7/21315213/cottagecore-tiktok-dark-academia) . Vox (/wiki/Vox_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221025182913/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/7/7/21315213/cottagecore-tiktok-dark-academia) from the original on October 25, 2022 . Retrieved October 26, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-:15_54-0) Martinez, Anna J. (September 20, 2021). "The Problems & Potential of Loving Cottagecore as a Woman of Color" (https://dismantlemag.com/2021/09/20/cottagecore-woman-of-color-problems-potential/) . Dismantle Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230325015850/https://dismantlemag.com/2021/09/20/cottagecore-woman-of-color-problems-potential/) from the original on March 25, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . 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Australian fashion retail company Universal Store Holdings Limited Universal Store in the Perth CBD Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) ASX (/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange) : UNI (https://www2.asx.com.au/markets/company/UNI) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1999 ; 25 years ago ( 1999 ) Founders Greg Josephson Michael Josephson Headquarters Brisbane , Australia Key people Alice Barbery (CEO) Website universalstore (https://universalstore.com/) .com (https://universalstore.com/) Universal Store Holdings Limited is an Australian fashion retail company. It operates stores under the Universal Store, Thrills and Perfect Stranger names. The company was founded in 1999 by brothers Greg and Michael Josephson. It was purchased by private equity investors in 2018 before going public on the ASX in 2020. As of 30 June 2023 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Store&action=edit) , there are 77 Universal stores, 8 Perfect Stranger stores and 10 Thrills stores around Australia. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) History [ edit ] Universal Store was founded in 1999 by brothers Greg and Michael Josephson. They opened their first store in the Brisbane suburb of Carindale (/wiki/Carindale,_Queensland) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In 2018, the business was purchased by a consortium of three private equity investors for an estimated $100 million. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The company floated on the Australian Securities Exchange (/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange) (ASX) on 17 November 2020. [3] (#cite_note-3) In September 2022, Universal Store acquired Cheap Thrills Cycles – the company behind the brand Thrills – for $50 million. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Stores [ edit ] Universal Store [ edit ] Universal Store sells clothing aimed at 15–34 year olds. It stocks products from brands such as Herschel (/wiki/Herschel_Supply_Co.) , Wrangler (/wiki/Wrangler_(brand)) , Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) , Abrand and Kiss Chacey. It also sells its own private label (/wiki/Private_label) brands which include Perfect Stranger, Luck & Trouble, Common Need and Token. [5] (#cite_note-5) As of 30 June 2023 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Store&action=edit) , there are 77 Universal stores. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Perfect Stranger [ edit ] Womenswear brand. As of 30 June 2023 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Store&action=edit) , there are 8 Perfect Stranger stores. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Thrills [ edit ] Thrills was founded in 2011 by Brooke McGregor, Tabitha McGregor and Ryan Collins. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) The brand sells vintage-inspired apparel with a focus on sustainable fabrics and production. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) The company started as a vintage motorcycle import business but the popularity of their first T-shirt collection led them to shift to fashion. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) The company's first retail store was opened in 2014 in Byron Bay (/wiki/Byron_Bay) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2020, the company expanded to Japan with a store in Tokyo and in 2021 the brand was made available through stockists in the United States. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Thrills was acquired by Universal Store in September 2022. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) As of 30 June 2023 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Store&action=edit) , there are 10 Thrills stores. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) See also [ edit ] Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "FY23 Results Presentation" (https://investors.universalstore.com/DownloadFile.axd?file=/Report/ComNews/20230824/02701511.pdf) (PDF) . Universal Store Holdings Ltd . 24 August 2023. p. 6 . Retrieved 30 August 2023 . ^ a b "Universal Store taken over for $100m" (https://www.businessnewsaustralia.com/articles/universal-store-taken-over-for--100m.html) . Business News Australia . 28 September 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Powell, Dominic (17 November 2020). "Universal Store still keen on physical stores as shares soar on ASX debut" (https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/universal-store-still-keen-on-physical-stores-as-shares-soar-on-asx-debut-20201117-p56f8i.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 30 August 2023 . ^ a b Pattabiraman, Rakshnna (27 September 2022). "Byron Bay fashion brand Thrills sold for $50 million" (https://insideretail.com.au/sectors/byron-bay-fashion-brand-thrills-sold-for-50-million-202209) . Inside Retail . Retrieved 30 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Mitchell, Sue (24 September 2018). "Universal Store in $100m private equity-backed management buyout" (https://www.afr.com/companies/retail/universal-store-in-100m-privateequity-backed-management-buyout-20180924-h15sf6) . Australian Financial Review . Retrieved 30 August 2023 . ^ a b Robin, Jo (21 September 2020). "The Newest Collection From Byron Bay Streetwear Label Thrills Is Its Most Sustainable Yet" (https://www.broadsheet.com.au/national/fashion/article/newest-collection-byron-bay-streetwear-label-thrills-its-most-sustainable-yet) . Broadsheet . Retrieved 30 August 2023 . ^ a b "10 moments from 10 years: Thrills celebrates decade in business" (https://www.ragtrader.com.au/news/10-moments-from-10-years-thrills-celebrates-decade-in-business) . Ragtrader . 22 March 2021 . Retrieved 31 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) McDonnell, Josh (15 March 2017). "Thrills: "if we don't have it we don't spend it" (https://www.ragtrader.com.au/business/thrills-if-we-don-t-have-it-we-don-t-spend-it) " (https://www.ragtrader.com.au/business/thrills-if-we-don-t-have-it-we-don-t-spend-it) . Ragtrader . Retrieved 31 August 2023 . 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(/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Society (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Ireland (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland) Malaysia (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia) New Zealand (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand) Russia (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia) UK (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom) US (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) COVID-19 portal (/wiki/Portal:COVID-19) v t e The COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) affects the global fashion industry as governments close down manufacturing plants, and through store closures, and event cancellations [1] (#cite_note-WWD.17March2020-1) to attempt to slow the spread of the virus. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on fashion brands worldwide. [2] (#cite_note-bbc.7May2020-2) At the same time, the fashion industry faces challenges in consumer demand. [3] (#cite_note-Time.3March2020-3) New opportunities are also presenting themselves as fashion brands shift to making fashionable COVID-19 face masks (/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic) . [4] (#cite_note-Forbes.12April2020-4) [5] (#cite_note-newyorktime.22April2020-5) Domenico de Sole (/wiki/Domenico_De_Sole) , chairman of Tom Ford International, remarked that "I have seen a lot of difficult situations in my long career and this has been the most devastating event, not just for fashion and luxury, but all industries." [6] (#cite_note-6) Manufacturing [ edit ] In the first months following the start of the global lock-down, the fashion sector was shaken by the sudden stop of all retail stores sales worldwide. The supply chain froze for a few weeks in some countries, which materialized by a lack of fabric availability and order cancellations. Many fashion designers saw the pandemic as a catalyst for change, a way to break away from the industry's constraints. Most fashion companies focused on innovation with online sales to maintain revenue afloat. [7] (#cite_note-Forbes.13April2020-7) According to Bloomberg (/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.) , Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War) was severely hit by the sudden halt of production. In many countries, financial programs were launched to support suddenly jobless workers of the fashion industry. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) "The global trade union which works to give workers around the world a voice, says that millions of garment makers have already lost their jobs as a result of the virus and have no access to social or financial safety nets to help them weather this storm." [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) This has affected many fashion brands directly, as they face challenges by no longer having their manufacturers to rely on. Brands typically pay their suppliers weeks or even months after delivery, rather than upon order. [9] (#cite_note-9) Suppliers, though, need to pay upfront the cost of materials and fibers used to make the products they have been asked to produce from brands. The issue is that with the unfolding situation of the pandemic, fashion brands and retailers are cancelling orders, due to low demands of clothing, and cancelling payments for orders that have already been placed with their manufacturers. Hence, fashion brands take no responsibility for the impact this has on the people working under their supply chains; their manufacturers who have already worked on crafting their products at their own cost and no longer receive anything in return. Given the situation, factories are left with no other choice than to keep hold of unwanted goods already made or destroy them, and laying off workers to afford the crisis or shutting down their factories indefinitely. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) With this scenario happening all over the globe, fashion brands are highly affected when it comes to the manufacturing of their goods. Sales [ edit ] Shuttered Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) store in Brisbane (/wiki/Brisbane) , Australia (March 2020) In early April 2020, Forrester (/wiki/Forrester_Research) published a report predicting a $2.1 trillion loss in sales for the global retail industry in 2020. [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) With store closures, some fashion companies had their spring sales fell by 60%. A mid-April report by the Census Bureau (/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau) estimated the decline of retail sales to -8,7% in March 2020, with clothing sales falling hard with a 50.5% sales drop. The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) found the data comparable to those of the months following the 2008 financial crisis, even though stores remained opened that time. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Department stores, which were already losing the competition to online sales, all announced a major crisis to come, being unable to compensate their losses with online sales. [12] (#cite_note-TODAY.30April2020-12) In April 2020, clothing sales fell 79% in the USA. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) The industry recorded a 9.6% global decline in 2020. [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) Sales of casualwear and sleepwear, to adapt to the lockdown lifestyle, boomed. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) The demand for tracksuits, pajamas, hoodies, sportswear, and other leisurewear highly rose. Baggy jeans, for example, are replacing tight ones. [13] (#cite_note-13) Sweatpants sales grew 80% in 2020 in the USA alone. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Those changes in tastes led businesses to pivot their focus towards home-worn clothes. A post-pandemic challenge also brought a greater focus on hygiene and safety. [14] (#cite_note-14) Marketing [ edit ] The economic crisis hit the larger department stores first: J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) , Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , Brooks Brothers (/wiki/Brooks_Brothers) and JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) all filed for bankruptcy within the months following the coronavirus outbreak. On the other end, the outbreak was also the start of booming online sales for some smaller, low-overhead clothing companies that foster a close relationship with their customers. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) As retail stores shut their doors and stay-at-home orders kept people inside, there was a dramatic shift towards digital commerce that is likely to continue post-pandemic. Consumers had to increase their use of services like social commerce (/wiki/Social_commerce) and curbside pickup and retailers had to offer digital solutions in order to survive. [15] (#cite_note-15) Sales from physical brick-and-mortar stores and department stores are down and expected to continue decreasing while direct-to-consumer online retailers are on the rise. [16] (#cite_note-16) Some dressmakers and seamstresses have shifted to making masks, including specialized masks for Sikhs (/wiki/Sikh) and wearers of turbans (/wiki/Turban) , hijabs (/wiki/Hijab) , and hearing aids (/wiki/Hearing_aids) , as well as those with full beards (/wiki/Beard) . [17] (#cite_note-17) According to Shashin Shah of TotalRetail , the industry's new challenge is to deliver "contactless yet engaging customer experiences." [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) The lockdown led to a surge of new TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) users, with 2 million app downloads during the week of March 16, 2020 (1.7 million the prior week), but its gross revenue grew by 34% that same week. [18] (#cite_note-18) According to Isabel Slone, TikTok rewards people for "retreating into their own niches and discovering new interests". [19] (#cite_note-19) According to the Harvard Business Review (/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review) (2021), the covid crisis led to a great decline in traditional advertising spending, and a historic ROI from social media, leading fashion companies and brands to boost their online and digital presence. About 61% of CMOs (/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer) indicated that they have "shifted resources to building customer-facing digital interfaces" and 56.2% are planning to "transform their go-to-market business models to focus on digital opportunities". [20] (#cite_note-:12-20) Events [ edit ] Designers have adapted with producing and showcasing their fashion products by streaming presentations online without a live audience present. [21] (#cite_note-fashionunited.1May2020-21) The British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) made an announcement in April 2020 that it would develop a digital "cultural fashion week platform" that designers could use in any way that they thought would work for them rather than facilitating the typical format and setting of a fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) . Shanghai and Moscow fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) were presented digitally in late March and April 2020. Ermenegildo Zegna (/wiki/Ermenegildo_Zegna_Group) coined the word phygital (/wiki/Phygital) to describe "physical space and digital technologies" as its new way of showcasing fashion. [22] (#cite_note-nytimes.2May2020-22) As art galleries and museums were closed, First American Art Magazine (/wiki/First_American_Art_Magazine) organized a virtual art exhibition and asked the Native art community to submit masks. More than seventy artists handed in 125 masks, from functional masks to decorated ones. [23] (#cite_note-23) Trends [ edit ] Sustainability [ edit ] Further information: Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) The fashion industry is one of the world's largest polluting industries. With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry has faced a stage of reassessment and a quest for new ecological alternatives. Large retailers were already facing the decline of in-store sales and could not risk additional significant sustainability-oriented investments. [24] (#cite_note-:3-24) Numerous reports and studies have shown how the COVID-19 pandemic highly motivated consumers to create a better, healthier planet. Consumer fashion purchasing behavior has evolved and people are leaning towards more environmentally-friendly, sustainable, and/or ethical purchases. [25] (#cite_note-25) LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) launched the deadstock resale platform Nona Source to boost the industry's circularity. [26] (#cite_note-26) Secondhand [ edit ] Further information: Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) The pandemic propelled an already existing surge for secondhand luxury fashion, with websites such as The RealReal (/wiki/The_RealReal) , ThredUp, or Poshmark (/wiki/Poshmark) , seeing a surge of activity during the pandemic. [27] (#cite_note-:5-27) In March 2021, the luxury group Kering (/wiki/Kering) acquired 5% of the secondhand resale platform Vestiaire Collective (/w/index.php?title=Vestiaire_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1) . [28] (#cite_note-28) In early 2024, the Gucci Vault (marketplace of exclusive collaborations and It products) was replaced by Gucci Vintage (reconditioned secondhand clothes). [29] (#cite_note-29) Covid-inspired styles [ edit ] Trikini Face masks (/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic) are a "piece of clothing ... that began as purely protective transforming into a fashion statement in no time at all." [30] (#cite_note-30) The trikini (/wiki/Trikini) in Italy, for example, consists of two piece beachwear and a matching mask. [31] (#cite_note-it-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) More broadly they have appeared on the catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) as a part of the haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) 's industry turn towards a utilitarian flair, and furthermore with the global rollout of effective vaccines thought is now being given to "the post-COVID look". [35] (#cite_note-35) Leisurewear [ edit ] One report based on a US survey showed that 79% said they dress differently since the lock-down. [36] (#cite_note-36) The term "casualization" was used to describe this trend that had been observed before the sanitary crisis, but accelerated after the lock-down. [37] (#cite_note-37) See also [ edit ] 2020s in fashion (/wiki/2020s_in_fashion) Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-WWD.17March2020_1-0) Ilchi, Layla (17 March 2020). "How the Coronavirus Is Impacting the Fashion, Beauty and Retail Industries" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/coronavirus-impact-fashion-beauty-retail-fashion-week-store-closures-1203541123/) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-bbc.7May2020_2-0) Silver, Katie (7 May 2020). "Small fashion brands in Asia hit by coronavirus" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52438398) . BBC News . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Time.3March2020_3-0) Law, Tara (3 March 2020). "How Coronavirus' Effect on the Fashion Industry Reveals Flaws in the Global Economy" (https://time.com/5794928/coronavirus-fashion-economy/) . Time . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes.12April2020_4-0) Philipkoski, Kristen (12 April 2020). "30+ Fashion Brands Pivoting To Make Stylish Coronavirus Masks" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristenphilipkoski/2020/04/12/30-fashion-brands-pivoting-to-make-stylish-coronavirus-masks/#13a1e2481d69) . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-newyorktime.22April2020_5-0) Friedman, Vanessa (22 April 2020). "Should Masks Be a Fashion Statement?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/fashion/coronavirus-fashion-face-masks.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "What Will It Really Take To Fix Fashion?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/fashion-after-coronavirus) . British Vogue . 20 September 2020 . Retrieved 20 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes.13April2020_7-0) Roberts-Islam, Brooke (13 April 2020). "Designer And Supply Chain Digital Revolution: How COVID-19 Is Changing The Fashion Industry" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/brookerobertsislam/2020/04/13/designer-and-supply-chain-digital-revolution-how-covid-19-is-changing-the-fashion-industry/#29fff9287ccc) . Forbes . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The impact of COVID-19 on the people who make our clothes" (https://www.fashionrevolution.org/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-people-who-make-our-clothes/) . Fashion Revolution . 27 March 2020 . Retrieved 20 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Glover, Simon (30 March 2020). "Fashion lovers urged to support garment workers" (https://www.ecotextile.com/2020033025892/fashion-retail-news/fashion-lovers-urged-to-support-garment-workers.html) . Ecotextile News . Retrieved 20 August 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Shah, Shashin (18 March 2021). "COVID-19's Effect on Consumer Purchase Behavior" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210319004012/https://www.mytotalretail.com/article/covid-19s-effect-on-apparel-e-commerce-and-consumer-purchasing-behavior/) . Total Retail . Archived from the original (https://www.mytotalretail.com/article/covid-19s-effect-on-apparel-e-commerce-and-consumer-purchasing-behavior/) on 19 March 2021 . Retrieved 20 August 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gonot, Stephanie (6 August 2020). "Sweatpants Forever" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/06/magazine/fashion-sweatpants.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-TODAY.30April2020_12-0) "How coronavirus could alter the way we shop for clothes from now on" (https://www.today.com/style/how-coronavirus-could-alter-way-we-shop-clothes-now-t180039) . TODAY.com . 30 April 2020 . Retrieved 8 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Tett, Gillian (28 April 2021). "For post-Covid style, comfort is in and status anxiety is out" (https://www.ft.com/content/bbf5155b-95ca-4d9f-af03-2735715c7021) . Financial Times . ^ (#cite_ref-14) McKinsey. "The State of Fashion 2020" (https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Retail/Our%20Insights/Its%20time%20to%20rewire%20the%20fashion%20system%20State%20of%20Fashion%20coronavirus%20update/The-State-of-Fashion-2020-Coronavirus-Update-final.pdf) (PDF) . McKinsey & Company . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "COVID-19: Impact on retail consumer behavior | Accenture" (https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/retail/coronavirus-consumer-behavior-research) . www.accenture.com . Retrieved 11 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Coffman, Courtney (19 June 2018). "Shops Aren't for Shopping Anymore" (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/06/shops-arent-for-shopping-anymore/563054/) . The Atlantic . Retrieved 11 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "The dressmaker helping Australia with modified masks" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-australia-55792658) . BBC News . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Stassen, Murray (24 March 2020). "Music Business World" (https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/coronavirus-quarantine-appears-to-be-driving-a-global-tiktok-download-boom/) . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved 9 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Slone, Isabel (10 June 2021). "Opinion | There Are No Fashion Rules Anymore" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/opinion/fashion-what-to-wear.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 13 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:12_20-0) "CMOs: Adapt Your Social Media Strategy for a Post-Pandemic World" (https://hbr.org/2021/01/cmos-adapt-your-social-media-strategy-for-a-post-pandemic-world) . Harvard Business Review . 19 January 2021. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0017-8012 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012) . Retrieved 4 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-fashionunited.1May2020_21-0) "2020 Fashion week innovations" (https://fashionunited.com/news/fashion/2020-fashion-week-innovations/2020050133372) . fashionunited.com . 1 May 2020 . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-nytimes.2May2020_22-0) Friedman, Vanessa (2 May 2020). "Is This the Future of the Fashion Show?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/fashion/coronavirus-digital-fashion-show.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Masked Heroes: Facial Coverings by Native Artists" (http://firstamericanartmagazine.com/masks/) . First American Art Magazine . 15 June 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-:3_24-0) Fish, Isabella (8 December 2020). "How Covid turned the spotlight on sustainability" (https://www.drapersonline.com/insight/analysis/how-sustainability-became-a-covid-survival-strategy) . Drapers . Retrieved 13 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Has coronavirus made us more ethical consumers?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55630144) . BBC News . 14 January 2021 . Retrieved 13 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "How The Likes Of Louis Vuitton, Dior And Fendi Are Selling On Their Leftover Fabrics" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/nona-source-deadstock-fabrics) . British Vogue . 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:5_27-0) Caminiti, Eric Rosenbaum,Susan (19 September 2020). "Coronavirus and luxury retail: Shopping for used Hermes, Cartier in Covid era" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/19/coronavirus-how-the-pandemic-has-impacted-luxury-retail.html) . CNBC . Retrieved 20 August 2021 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Gucci owner Kering invests in resale platform Vestiaire Collective" (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN2AT3D0/) . Reuters . 1 March 2021 . Retrieved 16 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "The End of Gucci Vault Is the Start of Something Beautiful (EXCLUSIVE)" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/gucci-vintage-interview-launch/) . Highsnobiety . 4 January 2024 . Retrieved 16 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Givhan, Robin (4 May 2020). "Masks are here to stay. And they're quickly becoming a way to express ourselves" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/masks-fashion-style-designs/2020/05/04/6a1b77a6-8a2c-11ea-ac8a-fe9b8088e101_story.html) . Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-it_31-0) CONCOLINO, NIVES (26 April 2020). "Trikini, il costume da bagno con la mascherina" (https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/cronaca/trikini-con-mascherina-1.5124109) . il Resto del Carlino (in Italian) . Retrieved 28 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Coronavirus, sarà l'estate del trikini: il costume abbinato alla mascherina. FOTO | Sky TG24" (https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/photogallery/2020/04/26/coronavirus-italia-trikini-foto.html#11) . tg24.sky.it . 26 April 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-33) Deabler, Alexandra (12 May 2020). "Italian designer launches 'trikini' beachwear design, complete with matching bikini and mask set" (https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/italian-designer-trikini-beachwear-matching-bikini-mask) . Fox News . Retrieved 13 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Coronavirus: New 'trikini' trend boasts bikini & matching face masks" (https://www.capitalfm.com/news/coronavirus/trikini-trend-bikini-face-masks/) . Capital . Retrieved 13 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) McIntosh, Steven (30 December 2020). "Fashion lookahead: Eight major 2021 looks from tie-dye to pastels" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55235566) . BBC News . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "How COVID-19 Changed US Office Fashion" (https://www.voanews.com/a/how-covid-19-changed-office-fashion/7484394.html) . Voice of America . 13 February 2024 . Retrieved 28 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "The postpandemic state of the fashion industry | McKinsey" (https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-postpandemic-state-of-fashion) . www.mckinsey.com . Retrieved 28 April 2024 . 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(/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2021)) 2022 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2022)) Wales (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales) timeline 2020 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2020)) 2021 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)) 2022 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)) Crown Dependencies (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies) Isle of Man (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man) Jersey (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey) Guernsey (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey) Overseas territories (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories) Akrotiri and Dhekelia (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) British Indian Ocean Territory (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) Gibraltar (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar) Eastern Belarus (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus) timeline 2020 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Dermacol Company type joint-stock company (/wiki/Joint-stock_company) Industry Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Founded 1966 Founder Olga Knoblochová Headquarters Prague (/wiki/Prague) , Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) Area served Worldwide Key people Věra Komárová, Vladimír Komár Revenue 700 million CZK (/wiki/CZK) (2018) [1] (#cite_note-euro-1) Website eu (http://eu.dermacol.cz) .dermacol (http://eu.dermacol.cz) .cz (http://eu.dermacol.cz) Dermacol is a Czech (/wiki/Czech_Republic) personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) company founded in 1966 in Prague (/wiki/Prague) . It is the leading Czech manufacturer and seller of make-up and decorative and skin cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) . In the 1960s, the company introduced one of the first make-up covers in Europe (/wiki/Europe) and in the world (/wiki/World) in general. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Olga Knoblochová (/w/index.php?title=Olga_Knoblochov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1) [ cs (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Knoblochov%C3%A1) ] (1933–2023) from the Czechoslovak (/wiki/Czechoslovakia) Institute of Medical Cosmetics was behind the expansion of the first make-up Dermacol, as well as Barrandov Film Studios (/wiki/Barrandov_Studios) , where they developed it and manufactured it until the 1990s. [3] (#cite_note-3) The word "Dermacol" became synonymous with make-up in general in then Czechoslovakia. The name originated from the Latin (/wiki/Latin) words derma (skin) and color = Dermacol. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1969, the film studios in Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) bought a license and produced licensed high cover makeup from Dermacol. [5] (#cite_note-5) The Dermacol line was then expanded by care cosmetics, make-up removers, body care products and cosmetics intended for all skin types. Dermacol Make-up Cover is still produced today, with around 3,000,000 pieces sold annually worldwide. [6] (#cite_note-6) Dermacol is a family company today. It consists of a Czecho (/wiki/Czechs) - Slovak (/wiki/Slovaks) couple – Věra Komárová, together with her husband Vladimír Komár, who have owned and managed the company since 1992. Today, the Dermacol brand is carried by about a thousand products, of which about 15 products have been manufactured according to the original recipe for more than 50 years. It is on sale in more than 70 countries. [1] (#cite_note-euro-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Dermacol loni vydělal přes 70 milionů korun. Letos otevře nové obchody" (https://www.euro.cz/byznys/dermacol-loni-vydelal-pres-70-milionu-korun-letos-otevre-nove-obchody-1438999) . Euro.cz (in Czech). ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Zeptali jsme se Dermacolu" (http://www.accellos.cz/index.php?typ=CLA&showid=37&id=4263176) . Accellos.cz . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Immortal Brands: Nivea Celebrates 107 Years, Dermacol Began in Hollywood!" (https://www.lp-life.com/immortal-brands-nivea-celebrates-107-years-dermacol-began-hollywood) . lp-life.com . Retrieved 2023-02-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bednářová, Judita (7 March 2019). "Krása jako poslání". Týdeník Květy (10): 32–35. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Seriál o českých značkách: Dermacol, první český make-up" (https://www.i60.cz/clanek/detail/3308/serial-o-ceskych-znackach-dermacol-prvni-cesky-make-up) . i60.cz (in Czech). ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Make-up má svůj mezinárodní den. Jeden z nejlepších make-upů se vyrábí i u nás" (https://www.bleskove.cz/styl/13501-make-up-ma-svuj-mezinarodni-den-jeden-z-nejlepsich-make-upu-se-vyrabi-i-u-nas) . bleskove.cz . External links [ edit ] eu.dermacol.cz (https://eu.dermacol.cz/) v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. 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Filipino fashion designer (1934–2023) In this Philippine name (/wiki/Filipino_name) , the middle name (/wiki/Middle_name) or maternal family name (/wiki/Surname) is de Leon and the surname or paternal family name is Espiritu . Christian Espiritu Born Christian de Leon Espiritu ( 1934-01-04 ) January 4, 1934 Parañaque (/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque) , Philippine Islands (/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands) Died June 18, 2023 (2023-06-18) (aged 89) Occupation(s) Fashion designer, couturier to Imelda Marcos Spouse Gliceria Limcaoco Children Talitha Espiritu (/wiki/Talitha_Espiritu) Christian de Leon Espiritu (January 4, 1934 – June 18, 2023) was a Filipino fashion designer and couturier. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Early life [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Christian_Espiritu) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Christian Espiritu" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Christian+Espiritu%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Christian+Espiritu%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Christian Espiritu was born on January 4, 1934, to Eugenio Espiritu, a school principal, and Felicula Espiritu in Parañaque, Metro Manila. Espiritu studied architecture at the University of Santo Tomas (/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas) . He became a draftsman for Leandro Locsin before deciding to shift careers into fashion design. Career [ edit ] Espiritu was considered an important figure in redefining the Filipiniana (/wiki/Filipiniana) attire and Filipino fashion along with a generation of designers that included Pitoy Moreno (/wiki/Pitoy_Moreno) , Ben Farrales, Aureo Alonzo, Gilbert Perez, Rudy Dandan, Arturo V. Cruz, Emil Valdez, Ernie Arandia, and Casimiro Abad from the 1960s onward. [2] (#cite_note-2) Espiritu gained renown mainly as the chief couturier of Imelda Marcos (/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) , who wore his gowns to state visits in the United States, Cuba, China, and during the 2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire in Persepolis in 1971. He ran an atelier and a couture shop in Leon Guinto Street and then in Adriatico Street in Malate until the late 1980s. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) [3] (#cite_note-auto2-3) In the 1980s he ventured into costume design for movies, designing wardrobes for actors Hilda Koronel (/wiki/Hilda_Koronel) , Sharon Cuneta (/wiki/Sharon_Cuneta) , and Jay Ilagan (/wiki/Jay_Ilagan) . He is credited as costume designer for Salawahan (1979, directed by Ishmael Bernal), Nagalit ang buwan sa haba ng gabi (1983), To Love Again (1983), Palabra de honor (1983), and Gaano kadalas ang minsan? (1982). He ventured into filmmaking with Alaga (1980) which he wrote and directed and starred Charito Solis (/wiki/Charito_Solis) and Edu Manzano (/wiki/Edu_Manzano) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Espiritu mentored Barge Ramos, Jojie Lloren, and Gang Gomez in his atelier. He said that he "hand-picked" the young Inno Sotto to be his apprentice after seeing him draw. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Espiritu's long-time muse was Margarita "Tingting" de los Reyes-Cojuangco (/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco) who was just in college when she started modeling for Espiritu. He would later make Tingting Cojuangco's wedding gown. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Retirement [ edit ] Espiritu had a falling out with Imelda Marcos in the late 1970s as the former first lady started to scout for "fresh talent." He eventually cut ties with her and participated in the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution. [5] (#cite_note-5) After four decades in the fashion scene which included a six-year stint as a fashion designer in New York City, Espiritu closed shop and became a columnist for The Philippine Star . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2003, he appeared in the Imelda documentary on Imelda Marcos, stating that so many women "got blind" making embroideries for the former first lady's clothes which were often ordered on short notice. [7] (#cite_note-7) Espiritu died on June 18, 2023, at the age of 89. [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers from the Philippines (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#Philippines) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chua, Paolo. "11 Legendary Filipino Fashion Designers of Old Manila" (https://www.esquiremag.ph/the-good-life/what-she-wants/legendary-fashion-designers-in-the-philippines-a00208-20180922-lfrm3) . Esquire Philippines . Esquire . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Best of Karilagan" (https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/08/26/1733004/best-karilagan) . Philippine Star . Retrieved August 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto2_3-0) "Profile: Christian Espiritu" (https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/tatler-philippines/20150309/283579514052434) . Tatler Philippines . Tatler . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "IMDB" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2817819/) . IMDB profile for Christian Espiritu . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Espiritu, Talitha (November 2017). Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime . Ohio Swallow. p. 284. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780896803121 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Espiritu, Christian. "Authors" (https://www.philstar.com/authors/1227206/christian-espiritu) . Philippine Star . Retrieved 20 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Imelda Marcos - A Documentary Film" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SApCwC9xJog) . Youtube- Imelda Marcos Documentary . Independent Lens . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Designer Christian Espiritu dies at 89 (https://tribune.net.ph/2023/06/19/designer-christian-espiritu-dies-at-89/) , tribune.net. Accessed June 20, 2023. 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American men's fashion brand Nasty Pig Logo Exterior of Nasty Pig's flagship store in Chelsea, Manhattan (/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan) , in 2020 Founded October 31, 1994 ; 29 years ago ( 1994-10-31 ) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Founders Frederick Kearney David Lauterstein Headquarters 259 W. 19th Street, New York City, New York , U.S. Key people Frederick Kearney ( Creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) ) David Lauterstein ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Number of employees 12 [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) (2017) Website store (http://store.nastypig.com) .nastypig (http://store.nastypig.com) .com (http://store.nastypig.com) Nasty Pig is an American men's fashion brand, based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . The gay-owned company was founded in 1994 by Frederick Kearney and David Lauterstein, who serve as creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) and chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) , respectively. Nasty Pig initially focused on sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) catering to the leather subcultures (/wiki/Leather_subculture) and has expanded into a full clothing line including underwear, jockstraps (/wiki/Jockstrap) , jeans, shorts, T-shirts, and swimwear. Nasty Pig ranked on the Inc. 5000 (/wiki/Inc._5000) in 2013 and moved into its current flagship store in Chelsea, Manhattan (/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan) in 2014. Description [ edit ] Nasty Pig originally focused on sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) catering to the leather subculture (/wiki/Leather_subculture) . [2] (#cite_note-Jennings-2) The gay (/wiki/Gay) -owned brand has since expanded into a full clothing line, including underwear, jockstraps (/wiki/Jockstrap) , jeans, shorts, T-shirts, and swimwear, among other accessories, [3] (#cite_note-Lambe-3) [4] (#cite_note-Queerty-4) and mostly targets gay men. [5] (#cite_note-Glass-5) Sexual fetishism (/wiki/Sexual_fetishism) remains an influence; Nasty Pig has carried bondage harnesses (/wiki/Bondage_harness) and straps, [6] (#cite_note-Musto-6) as well as rubber (/wiki/Rubber_and_PVC_fetishism) jockstraps and bedding. [7] (#cite_note-7) The company has also sold silk woven neckties (/wiki/Necktie) displaying the brand's logo "intricately hidden within the weave of the material". [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) 's Stacy Lambe has described the brand's aesthetic as "a refined combo of punk attitude, street graffiti, and high-tech materials". [3] (#cite_note-Lambe-3) Michael Kleinmann of The Underwear Expert (/wiki/The_Underwear_Expert) has called Nasty Pig a "masculine sportswear line with an unabashed fetish edge" and "a connection to a raunchy, sexual subculture of some kind". [8] (#cite_note-Kleinmann-8) ChicagoPride.com's Ross Forman has described Nasty Pig as "the ultimate edgy clothing brand for the masculine, sexually self-assured male consumers", with "bold stripes and loud colors". [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) The brand's motto is "fun clothing that gets you laid". [5] (#cite_note-Glass-5) [9] (#cite_note-9) History [ edit ] We started Nasty Pig because we wanted to create a culture brand that would allow queer people to express their queer identity. In the early nineties so much of our community was defined by the AIDS crisis in one way or another. We wanted to offer something that celebrated our uniqueness as a people. David Lauterstein, Nasty Pig's co-founder and CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Nasty Pig Incorporated was formed on October 31, 1994, by partners Frederick Kearney and David Lauterstein, [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) who continue to serve as creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) and chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) , respectively. [3] (#cite_note-Lambe-3) The couple met in New York City in 1993 and began selling "re:vision goggles" with refractive lenses to the Club Kids (/wiki/Club_Kids) . Profits allowed Kearney and Lauterstein to start sewing and selling clothing from their West 23rd Street apartment. [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) [10] (#cite_note-Reynolds-10) Nasty Pig, named after their dog Piggy, was created in response to stigmas caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic (/wiki/HIV/AIDS_epidemic) . [8] (#cite_note-Kleinmann-8) [11] (#cite_note-11) According to Lauterstein, the brand was influenced by New York City's hip hop culture (/wiki/Hip_hop_culture) and sports, including baseball, basketball, CrossFit, football, mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) , and weightlifting. [12] (#cite_note-12) The couple's first "closet-sized" 72-square-foot store, called 're:vision', sold Nasty Pig T-shirts, rubber chaps and superhero sleeveless shirts (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) , and vinyl pants, among other products. [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) [13] (#cite_note-Wallis-13) Nasty Pigs' first retail clients were the Leatherman and Mr. S in New York City and San Francisco, respectively. The brand grew nationally after being heavily featured at Chicago's International Mr. Leather (/wiki/International_Mr._Leather) , an annual fetish and leather conference and contest. According to ChicagoPride.com's Ross Forman, "Nasty Pig gained notoriety for its line of machine-washable Nasty Pig Rubber, highlighted by Nasty Pig Playsheets, and has seemingly gone wild from there. Nasty Pig quickly became the brand-of-choice for the young, fetish scene in New York – and spread worldwide from there." [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) Nasty Pig became "the first sportswear company in their industry to sell branded jockstraps", and the brand's jeans (/wiki/Jeans) line (NP Jean) became a "best-selling stretch denim style". [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) Interior of the flagship store, 2020 Nasty Pig ranked number 3,060 the Inc. 5000 (/wiki/Inc._5000) , Inc. (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) 's list of the fastest growing U.S. companies, in 2013. [3] (#cite_note-Lambe-3) [14] (#cite_note-Inc-14) The company's 2013 "video lookbook" featured Juliana Huxtable (/wiki/Juliana_Huxtable) and several "gay nightlife personalities". [15] (#cite_note-15) Nasty Pig relocated to a larger flagship store on West 19th Street in Chelsea, Manhattan (/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan) in 2014. [3] (#cite_note-Lambe-3) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2015, the company's 30-second "Give/Receive" advertisement was considered "too hot for TV" by Time Warner Cable (/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable) executives. The commercial was scheduled to air on the Cartoon Network (/wiki/Cartoon_Network) , Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)) , Logo TV (/wiki/Logo_TV) , and TBS (/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)) , but was pulled after four runs on Logo in New York markets. [18] (#cite_note-18) Nasty Pig also advertised during American Horror Story: Freak Show (/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Freak_Show) in Los Angeles and New York, [19] (#cite_note-19) before launching its first national advertising campaign in 2015 during RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) . [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) The brand's products have been worn by James Franco (/wiki/James_Franco) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , and Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) . [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) Nasty Pig and Versace (/wiki/Versace) outfitted Olly Alexander (/wiki/Olly_Alexander) for his 2018 Paper magazine (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) photo shoot. [22] (#cite_note-22) PinkNews (/wiki/PinkNews) , [23] (#cite_note-Milton-23) In 2020, Queerty (/wiki/Queerty) and Slate (/wiki/Slate_(magazine)) praised Lauterstein for his advice for navigating the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [4] (#cite_note-Queerty-4) [24] (#cite_note-24) He also helped the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene) update its 'Safer Sex and COVID-19' guidelines with more specific recommendations for dating and sex during the pandemic. [25] (#cite_note-25) Lauterstein was included in Crain's New York Business ' 2020 list of "notable LGBTQ leaders and executives". [26] (#cite_note-26) Activism and impact [ edit ] In 2013, Nasty Pig launched Shred of Hope, an auction of celebrity-designed "shredder" T-shirts benefitting New York City's Ali Forney Center (/wiki/Ali_Forney_Center) , the largest LGBT community center (/wiki/LGBT_community_centre) in the U.S. Participants included Dustin Lance Black (/wiki/Dustin_Lance_Black) , Keith Boykin (/wiki/Keith_Boykin) , Andy Cohen (/wiki/Andy_Cohen) , Alan Cumming (/wiki/Alan_Cumming) , Isis King (/wiki/Isis_King) , Adam Lambert (/wiki/Adam_Lambert) , Bob Mould (/wiki/Bob_Mould) , Njena Reddd Foxxx (/wiki/Njena_Reddd_Foxxx) , Mike Ruiz (/wiki/Mike_Ruiz) , JD Samson (/wiki/JD_Samson) , Dan Savage (/wiki/Dan_Savage) , Jake Shears (/wiki/Jake_Shears) , Ally Sheedy (/wiki/Ally_Sheedy) , and Michael Stipe (/wiki/Michael_Stipe) . [27] (#cite_note-Shred-27) According to The Advocate (/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)) , Nasty Pig grew "from a $50 investment to a global name in apparel — one that has had its own indelible role in influencing the worlds of kink, fetish, queer, and even high fashion". [10] (#cite_note-Reynolds-10) The magazine has described the brand as a "trailblazing menswear label". [27] (#cite_note-Shred-27) Ross Forman of ChicagoPride.com wrote, "[Kearney and Lauterstein] developed the first gay culture brand, and Nasty Pig hasn't just survived over the years, it has thrived." [1] (#cite_note-Chicago-1) According to Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) , Nasty Pig was among the first companies to "champion hairy, bearded models in its marketing materials, contradicting the era's" male beauty standards. [5] (#cite_note-Glass-5) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) LGBT portal (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) Fetish fashion (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) LGBT culture in New York City (/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City) Underwear fetishism (/wiki/Underwear_fetishism) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Forman, Ross (May 25, 2017). "Nasty Pig celebrates 23 years as a trendsetting, mega-popular diverse, risque brand" (http://chicago.gopride.com/news/article.cfm/articleid/84693204) . ChicagoPride.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200210223117/http://chicago.gopride.com/news/article.cfm/articleid/84693204) from the original on February 10, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Jennings_2-0) Jennings, Rebecca (February 14, 2019). "Why harnesses are all over red carpets right now" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/2/14/18215944/michael-b-jordan-harness-timothee-chalamet) . Vox (/wiki/Vox_(website)) . Vox Media (/wiki/Vox_Media) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200404123947/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/2/14/18215944/michael-b-jordan-harness-timothee-chalamet) from the original on April 4, 2020 . Retrieved March 26, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lambe, Stacy (February 18, 2014). "Nasty Pig Marks Its Territory in New York City" (https://www.out.com/fashion/truman-says/2014/02/18/mens-fashion-brand-nasty-pig-marks-its-territory-new-york-city) . Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621170837/https://www.out.com/fashion/truman-says/2014/02/18/mens-fashion-brand-nasty-pig-marks-its-territory-new-york-city) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hudson, David (March 17, 2020). "Fetish fashion brand CEO offers the words of comfort we need right now" (https://www.queerty.com/fetish-fashion-brand-ceo-offers-words-comfort-need-right-now-20200317) . Queerty (/wiki/Queerty) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200317220136/https://www.queerty.com/fetish-fashion-brand-ceo-offers-words-comfort-need-right-now-20200317) from the original on March 17, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Glass, Joshua (February 28, 2017). "Wishful Kinking: Normalizing Queer Fetishwear Risks Making BDSM Irrelevant" (https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2017/2/28/wishful-kinking-how-normalizing-queer-fetishwear-risks-making-bdsm-irrelevant) . Out . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620000812/https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2017/2/28/wishful-kinking-how-normalizing-queer-fetishwear-risks-making-bdsm-irrelevant) from the original on June 20, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Musto_6-0) Musto, Michael (December 22, 2015). "Gay Leather Scene Tones Down From Hard-Core to Dress-Up" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/gay-leather-scene-tones-down-from-hardcore-to-dress-up.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620133234/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/gay-leather-scene-tones-down-from-hardcore-to-dress-up.html) from the original on June 20, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Zane, Zachary (November 28, 2018). "8 Erotic Holiday Gift Ideas for Your Man" (https://www.out.com/gift-guide/2018/11/28/8-erotic-holiday-gift-ideas-your-man#media-gallery-media-2) . Out . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621153333/https://www.out.com/gift-guide/2018/11/28/8-erotic-holiday-gift-ideas-your-man#media-gallery-media-2) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kleinmann, Michael (May 11, 2012). "Nasty Pig: Keeping It Nasty Since 1994" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nasty-pig-keeping-it-nasty-since-1994_b_1507322) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621160601/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nasty-pig-keeping-it-nasty-since-1994_b_1507322) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Doyle, Matt; Steele, Ryan (February 14, 2014). "10 Valentine's Gifts to Get You in the Mood" (https://www.out.com/2014/02/14/10-valentines-gifts-get-you-mood) . Out . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621125211/https://www.out.com/2014/02/14/10-valentines-gifts-get-you-mood) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds, Daniel (October 4, 2019). "Nasty Pig Turns 25: A Timeline of the Fashion Brand's Queer Evolution" (https://www.advocate.com/photography/2019/10/04/nasty-pig-turns-25-timeline-fashion-brands-queer-evolution#media-gallery-media-2) . The Advocate . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620050628/https://www.advocate.com/photography/2019/10/04/nasty-pig-turns-25-timeline-fashion-brands-queer-evolution#media-gallery-media-2) from the original on June 20, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Lauterstein, David (October 4, 2019). "How the AIDS Crisis Led to the Launch of Nasty Pig 25 Years Ago" (https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2019/10/04/how-aids-crisis-led-launch-nasty-pig-25-years-ago) . The Advocate (/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620133232/https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2019/10/04/how-aids-crisis-led-launch-nasty-pig-25-years-ago) from the original on June 20, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Miksche, Mike (July 3, 2017). "Is Sports Gear the Next Big Fetish?" (http://www.newnownext.com/sports-fetish-gay-kink/07/2017/) . NewNowNext.com . Logo TV (/wiki/Logo_TV) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621060321/http://www.newnownext.com/sports-fetish-gay-kink/07/2017/) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wallis_13-0) Wallis, R. Scott (January 19, 2012). "Listen: Meet David Lauterstein, The Hot, Hot Man Behind Nasty Pig Gear" (https://www.queerty.com/listen-meet-david-lauterstein-the-hot-hot-man-behind-nasty-pig-gear-20120119) . Queerty . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200619131958/https://www.queerty.com/listen-meet-david-lauterstein-the-hot-hot-man-behind-nasty-pig-gear-20120119) from the original on June 19, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Inc_14-0) "Nasty Pig" (https://www.inc.com/profile/nasty-pig) . Inc. (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621033906/https://www.inc.com/profile/nasty-pig) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Kessler, Max (May 16, 2013). "Nasty Pig's New Video Lookbook Stars Every Gay Nightlife Personality You Can Think Of" (https://www.papermag.com/nasty-pigs-new-video-lookbook-stars-every-gay-nightlife-personality-yo-1426926788.html) . Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200927170249/https://www.papermag.com/nasty-pigs-new-video-lookbook-stars-every-gay-nightlife-personality-yo-1426926788.html) from the original on September 27, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Scenes from the Grand Opening of Nasty Pig's New Boutique" (https://www.papermag.com/scenes-from-the-grand-opening-of-nasty-pigs-new-boutique-1427257973.html) . Paper . March 13, 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200622004905/https://www.papermag.com/scenes-from-the-grand-opening-of-nasty-pigs-new-boutique-1427257973.html) from the original on June 22, 2020 . Retrieved March 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Keyes, James Jeffrey (February 18, 2014). "Photos: The New Nasty Pig Opens in NYC" (https://www.queerty.com/photos-the-new-nasty-pig-opens-in-nyc-20140218) . Queerty . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620152029/https://www.queerty.com/photos-the-new-nasty-pig-opens-in-nyc-20140218) from the original on June 20, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Brydum, Sunnivie (December 14, 2014). "Watch: The NastyPig Ad Time Warner Didn't Want You to See" (https://www.advocate.com/politics/media/2014/12/14/watch-nastypig-ad-time-warner-didn-t-want-you-see) . The Advocate . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200622044313/https://www.advocate.com/politics/media/2014/12/14/watch-nastypig-ad-time-warner-didn-t-want-you-see) from the original on June 22, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Juzwiak, Rich (December 12, 2014). "What's Time Warner Cable's Problem With This Gay Underwear Commercial?" (https://gawker.com/whats-time-warner-cables-problem-with-this-gay-underwea-1670048793) . Gawker (/wiki/Gawker) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191004140647/https://gawker.com/whats-time-warner-cables-problem-with-this-gay-underwea-1670048793) from the original on October 4, 2019 . Retrieved March 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Rushe, Dominic; Moylan, Brian (May 12, 2015). "RuPaul's Drag Race recap: season seven, episode 11 – Hello, Kitty Girls!" (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/may/12/rupauls-drag-race-hello-kitty-episode-recap) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200322120247/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/may/12/rupauls-drag-race-hello-kitty-episode-recap) from the original on March 22, 2020 . Retrieved March 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Shea, Ryan (April 18, 2016). "Nasty Pig Unveils Sexy S&S Collection in Chelsea" (https://www.manhattandigest.com/2016/04/18/nasty-pig-unveils-sexy-ss-collection-in-chelsea/) . Manhattan Digest . 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Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Schwedel, Heather (March 21, 2020). "The Best, Worst, and Weirdest of the Random Coronavirus Emails We're All Getting From Brands" (https://slate.com/business/2020/03/coronavirus-brand-corporate-emails.html) . Slate (/wiki/Slate_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200324181727/https://slate.com/business/2020/03/coronavirus-brand-corporate-emails.html) from the original on March 24, 2020 . Retrieved March 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Parker-Pope, Tara (June 11, 2020). "Masks, No Kissing and 'a Little Kinky': Dating and Sex in a Pandemic" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/well/live/coronavirus-sex-dating-masks.html?referringSource=articleShare) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200619131958/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/well/live/coronavirus-sex-dating-masks.html?referringSource=articleShare) from the original on June 19, 2020 . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Notable LGBTQ Leaders and Executives: David Lauterstein Founder and CEO, Nasty Pig" (https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/notable-lgbtq-leaders-and-executive-2020-lauterstein) . Crain's New York Business . Crain Communications (/wiki/Crain_Communications) . 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621170837/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/notable-lgbtq-leaders-and-executive-2020-lauterstein) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Give Homeless LGBT Youth a 'Shred of Hope' (https://www.advocate.com/youth/2013/06/20/give-homeless-lgbt-youth-shred-hope) " (https://www.advocate.com/youth/2013/06/20/give-homeless-lgbt-youth-shred-hope) . The Advocate . June 20, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621050207/https://www.advocate.com/youth/2013/06/20/give-homeless-lgbt-youth-shred-hope) from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nasty Pig (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nasty_Pig) . Official website (https://store.nastypig.com) Nasty Pig (https://www.timeout.com/newyork/shopping/nasty-pig) at Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) Kleinmann, Michael (May 9, 2012). "Nasty Pig Talks Dirty" (https://www.underwearexpert.com/blog/2012/05/nasty-pig/) . The Underwear Expert (/wiki/The_Underwear_Expert) . Phinney, Kevin (May 22, 2019). "We Get Down and Dirty with Nasty Pig CEO David Lauterstein" (https://metrosource.com/we-get-down-and-dirty-with-nasty-pig-ceo-david-lauterstein/) . MetroSource (/wiki/MetroSource) . 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Modern fashion in Iran Not to be confused with Persian clothing (/wiki/Persian_clothing) , for clothing prior to 1930s. An Iranian woman in Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) (2019) Fashion in Iran has a cultural and economic impact on the county of Iran (/wiki/Iran) . During the Pahlavi era (/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty) around the mid-1930s, Western fashion was introduced to the country (then called Persia) and greatly influenced women's style. After the Iranian Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) in 1978–1979, the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) has become compulsory, which impacted the creation of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) style. Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) festivals inside Iran were not held after the 1979 revolution (/wiki/1979_revolution) , and the last selection ceremony of the beauty queen of Iran was held in 1978 in this country. After this, a high number of Iranian girls participated in the Beauty pageant and Miss Universe outside of Iran. Sahar Biniaz (/wiki/Sahar_Biniaz) ( Miss Universe Canada 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Canada_2012) ) and Shermineh Shahrivar (/wiki/Shermine_Shahrivar) ( Miss Germany (/wiki/Miss_Germany) and Miss Europe (/wiki/Miss_Europe) ) are examples of Iranian models (/wiki/Model_(person)) outside Iran. Social media networks have played a significant role in increasing the income from modeling in Iran. Additionally many Iranian fashion designers have found success living in the diaspora. History [ edit ] See also: Persian clothing, for clothing prior to 1930s (/wiki/Persian_clothing) Women's fashion [ edit ] See also: Women in Iran (/wiki/Women_in_Iran) Iranian fashion model wearing Persian leather boots Iranian women's high end clothing, before the 1979 revolution (/wiki/1979_revolution) . Attempts at changing dress norms (and perspectives toward it) occurred in mid-1930s when pro-Western (/wiki/Westernization) ruler Reza Shah (/wiki/Reza_Shah) issued a decree banning all veils (/wiki/Veil) . [1] (#cite_note-Hoodfar-1) [2] (#cite_note-Milani-2) [3] (#cite_note-Paidar-3) [4] (#cite_note-Majd-4) [5] (#cite_note-CurtisHooglund-5) Many types of male traditional clothing were also banned. [6] (#cite_note-Katouzian3-6) [7] (#cite_note-Katouzian4-7) [8] (#cite_note-Katouzian6-8) Western historians state that this would have been a progressive step if women had indeed chosen to do it themselves, but instead this ban humiliated and alienated many Iranian women (/wiki/Iranian_women) , [9] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-9) [10] (#cite_note-Heath-10) [11] (#cite_note-Chehabi-11) [3] (#cite_note-Paidar-3) since its effect was comparable to the hypothetical situation in which the European women had suddenly been ordered to go out topless (/wiki/Toplessness) into the street. [9] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-9) [6] (#cite_note-Katouzian3-6) [7] (#cite_note-Katouzian4-7) [8] (#cite_note-Katouzian6-8) A far larger escalation of violence occurred in the summer of 1935 when Reza Shah ordered all men to wear European-style bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) , which was Western par excellence. This provoked massive non-violent demonstrations in July in the city of Mashhad (/wiki/Mashhad) . [11] (#cite_note-Chehabi-11) [2] (#cite_note-Milani-2) [4] (#cite_note-Majd-4) [6] (#cite_note-Katouzian3-6) [7] (#cite_note-Katouzian4-7) [8] (#cite_note-Katouzian6-8) [12] (#cite_note-Beeman-12) This decision by Reza Shah was criticized even by British consul in Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) . [13] (#cite_note-Abrahamian-13) Later, official measures relaxed slightly under next ruler (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) and wearing of the headscarf or chador was no longer an offence, but for his regime (/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty) it became a significant hindrance to climbing the social ladder as it was considered a badge of backwardness and an indicator of being a member of the lower class. [9] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-9) A few years prior to the Iranian revolution (/wiki/Iranian_revolution) , a tendency towards questioning the relevance of Eurocentric gender roles as the model for Iranian society gained much ground among university students, and this sentiment was manifested in street demonstrations where many women from the non-veiled middle classes put on the veil [1] (#cite_note-Hoodfar-1) [9] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-9) [2] (#cite_note-Milani-2) [14] (#cite_note-GheibyRussellAlgar-14) [15] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-15) and symbolically rejected the gender ideology of Pahlavi regime (/wiki/Pahlavi_regime) and its aggressive deculturalization. [1] (#cite_note-Hoodfar-1) [9] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-9) [2] (#cite_note-Milani-2) [3] (#cite_note-Paidar-3) [15] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-15) Wearing of headscarf and chador was one of main symbols of the 1979 revolution (/wiki/1979_revolution) , [2] (#cite_note-Milani-2) [3] (#cite_note-Paidar-3) [16] (#cite_note-Ramezani8-16) [15] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-15) Wearing headscarves (/wiki/Headscarves) and chadors (/wiki/Chador) was used as a significant populist (/wiki/Populist) tool and Iranian veiled women played an important rule in the revolution's victory. [9] (#cite_note-El_Guindi-9) [3] (#cite_note-Paidar-3) [5] (#cite_note-CurtisHooglund-5) Since hijab was legally imposed on all Iranian women in 1984, [15] (#cite_note-Ramezani10-15) post revolutionary Iranian women's fashion has seen Iranian women attempt to work within the narrow confines of the Islamic modesty code, with the typical attire gradually evolving from the standard black chador to a rousari (simple headscarf) combined with other colorful elements of clothing. [10] (#cite_note-Heath-10) [12] (#cite_note-Beeman-12) Before the Iranian Islamic Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Islamic_Revolution) of 1979 (during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) , the last Shah (/wiki/Shah) of Iran), the hijab was not compulsory, though some Iranian women during this period wore headscarfs or chador (/wiki/Chador) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) After 1979 revolution and the hijab [ edit ] This section needs to be updated . The reason given is: Not covering new events -more about hijab-. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( February 2023 ) In Iran, since 1981, after the 1979 Islamic Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) , the hijab has become compulsory. All women are required to wear loose-fitting clothing and a headscarf in public. [19] (#cite_note-Ramezani102-19) [20] (#cite_note-Milani2-20) In the Islamic law of Iran imposed shortly after the 1979 revolution, article 638 of 5th book of Islamic Penal Code (called Sanctions and deterrent penalties) women who do not wear a hijab may be imprisoned from ten days to two months, and/or required to pay fines from 50,000 up to 500,000 rials (/wiki/Iranian_rial) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Fines are recalculated in the courts to index for inflation. Article 639 of the same book says, two types of people shall be sentenced one year to ten years' imprisonment; first a person who establishes or directs a place of immorality or prostitution, second, a person who facilitates or encourages people to commit immorality or prostitution. [22] (#cite_note-22) The festivals of the Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) inside Iran were not held after the 1979 revolution (/wiki/1979_revolution) , and the last selection ceremony of the beauty queen of Iran was held in 1978 in this country. After this, a high number of Iranian girls participated in the Beauty pageant and Miss Universe outside of Iran. Sahar Biniaz (/wiki/Sahar_Biniaz) ( Miss Universe Canada 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Canada_2012) ) and Shermineh Shahrivar (/wiki/Shermine_Shahrivar) ( Miss Germany (/wiki/Miss_Germany) and Miss Europe (/wiki/Miss_Europe) ) are examples of Iranian models outside Iran. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Girls of Enghelab (/wiki/Girls_of_Enghelab_Street) was a series of protests against compulsory hijab (/wiki/Hijab_by_country#Iran) in Iran. The protests were inspired by Vida Movahed (/wiki/Vida_Movahed) , an Iranian woman known as the Girl of Enghelab Street, who stood in the crowd on a utility box in the Enghelab Street (/wiki/Enqelab_Street) (Revolution Street) of Tehran on 27 December 2017, tied her hijab, a white headscarf, to a stick, and waved it to the crowd as a flag. She was arrested on that day and was released temporary on bail a month later, on 28 January 2018. Some people believe that Movahed's action was based on Masih Alinejad (/wiki/Masih_Alinejad) 's call for White Wednesdays (/wiki/White_Wednesdays) , a protest movement that the presenter at VOA Persian Television (/wiki/VOA-PNN) started in early 2017. Other women later re-enacted her protest and posted photos of their actions on social media. These women are described as the "Girls of Enghelab Street" and "The Girls Of Revolution Street" [26] (#cite_note-26) in the English sources. Protests against the compulsory hijab (/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab) have been common since 1979, with one of the largest protests taking place between 8 and 14 March 1979, beginning on International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) and a day after hijab rules were introduced by the Islamic Republic. [27] (#cite_note-justice4iran.org-27) Protests against mandatory hijab rules continued, such as during the 2019–2020 protests (/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests) , when protesters attacked a Guidance Patrol van and freed two detained women. [28] (#cite_note-28) In 2020, two representatives of Iranian government leader Ali Khamenei (/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) separately said that improperly veiled women should be made to feel "unsafe". The representatives later backtracked and said that their comments were misunderstood. [29] (#cite_note-alar2020-29) Among the general population, an independent survey conducted in the same year showed that 58% of Iranians did not believe in hijab altogether, and 72% were against compulsory hijab rules. Only 15% insisted on the legal obligation to wear it in public. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) Iran has an advanced leather industry (/wiki/Iranian_leather_industry) for women's clothing, however, it needs technology development for export. [32] (#cite_note-32) Common men's clothing in Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) Reza Golzar (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Golzar) , actor and model Fashion photography for sports outfit, near Milad Tower (/wiki/Milad_Tower) Persian (/wiki/Persians) model in Tehran (September 2018) An Iranian woman in 2019 Persian boots [ edit ] An Iranian woman wearing leather boots in 2018 Ancient Persians (/wiki/Persians) used to wear leather high-heeled boots. Both Persian women and men wore varieties of "tall" boots. In modern era, boot (/wiki/Boot) became a main and common footwear among Iranian women, and this influenced the Iranian fashion industry. The sale of women's boots in Iran was reported ten times more than men's boots in a report in the 2000s. [33] (#cite_note-:1-33) One of the main features of Iranian women's fashion is wearing high-heeled boots. Although later hijab was considered to be the main feature. [33] (#cite_note-:1-33) Agencies and models [ edit ] There is a range of fashion models from Iran (or of Iranian descent) that have made it to a high-level fame, such as Nazanin Afshin-Jam (/wiki/Nazanin_Afshin-Jam) , Farzan Athari (/wiki/Farzan_Athari) , Sahar Biniaz (/wiki/Sahar_Biniaz) , Mandana Karimi (/wiki/Mandana_Karimi) , Aylar Lie (/wiki/Aylar_Lie) , Leyla Milani (/wiki/Leyla_Milani) , Shermine Shahrivar (/wiki/Shermine_Shahrivar) and Sadaf Taherian (/wiki/Sadaf_Taherian) . Social media [ edit ] Social media networks have played a significant role in increasing the income from modeling in Iran. The influence of Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) in the expansion of fashion photography in Iran has been mentioned by the Iranian media. [34] (#cite_note-34) List of Iranian fashion designers [ edit ] See also: Category:Iranian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Iranian_fashion_designers) Farnaz Abdoli (/wiki/Farnaz_Abdoli) Ray Aghayan (/wiki/Ray_Aghayan) Haman Alimardani (/wiki/Haman_Alimardani) Bijan (/wiki/Bijan_(designer)) Cleopatra Broumand (/wiki/Cleopatra_Broumand) Melody Ehsani (/wiki/Melody_Ehsani) Paria Farzaneh (/wiki/Paria_Farzaneh) Mimi Fayazi (/wiki/Mimi_Fayazi) Shirin Guild (/wiki/Shirin_Guild) Keyvan Khosrovani (/wiki/Keyvan_Khosrovani) Arefeh Mansouri (/wiki/Arefeh_Mansouri) Manny Mashouf (/wiki/Manny_Mashouf) Saul Maslavi (/wiki/Saul_Maslavi) Hushidar Mortezaie (/wiki/Hushidar_Mortezaie) Tala Raassi (/wiki/Tala_Raassi) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Maral Yazarloo (/wiki/Maral_Yazarloo) Mahla Zamani (/wiki/Mahla_Zamani) See also [ edit ] History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Chadors (/wiki/Chador) Headscarves (/wiki/Headscarves) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Hoodfar, Homa (/wiki/Homa_Hoodfar) (fall 1993). The Veil in Their Minds and On Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women , Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, pp. 5–18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0707-8412 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0707-8412) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Milani, Farzaneh (1992). Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers , Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press (/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press) , pp. 19, 34–37, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780815602668 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815602668) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Paidar, Parvin (1995): Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran , Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press (/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) , pp. 106–107, 214–215, 218–220, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521473408 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521473408) ^ Jump up to: a b Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941 , Gainesville: University Press of Florida (/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida) , pp. 209–13, 217–218, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780813021119 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813021119) ^ Jump up to: a b Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). Iran: A Country Study , 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: Federal Research Division (/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) , Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) , pp. 28, 116–117, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780844411873 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844411873) ^ Jump up to: a b c Katouzian, Homa (2003). "2. Riza Shah's Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921–1941" in Cronin, Stephanie: The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941 , pp. 15–37, London; New York: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) ; Taylor & Francis (/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415302845 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415302845) ^ Jump up to: a b c Katouzian, Homa (2004). "1. State and Society under Reza Shah" in Atabaki, Touraj; Zürcher, Erik-Jan (/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher) : Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918–1942 , pp. 13–43, London; New York: I.B. Tauris (/wiki/I.B._Tauris) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781860644269 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860644269) ^ Jump up to: a b c Katouzian, Homa (2006). State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis , 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. 28, London; New York: I.B. Tauris (/wiki/I.B._Tauris) , pp. 33–34, 335–336, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845112721 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112721) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f El Guindi, Fadwa (1999). Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance , Oxford; New York: Berg Publishers (/wiki/Berg_Publishers) ; Bloomsbury Academic (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) , pp. 3, 13–16, 130, 174–176, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781859739242 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859739242) ^ Jump up to: a b Heath, Jennifer (2008). The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics , Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 66, 252–253, 256, 260, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520255180 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520255180) ^ Jump up to: a b Chehabi, Houchang Esfandiar (2003): "11. The Banning of the Veil and Its Consequences" in Cronin, Stephanie: The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941 , pp. 203–221, London; New York: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) ; Taylor & Francis (/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415302845 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415302845) ^ Jump up to: a b Beeman, William Orman (2008). The Great Satan vs. the Mad Mullahs: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other , 2nd ed, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press) , pp. 108, 152, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780226041476 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226041476) ^ (#cite_ref-Abrahamian_13-0) Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A History of Modern Iran , Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press (/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) , pp. 84, 94–95, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521528917 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521528917) ^ (#cite_ref-GheibyRussellAlgar_14-0) Gheiby, Bijan; Russell, James R.; Algar, Hamid (1990). "Čādor (2)" in Yarshater, Ehsan: Encyclopædia Iranica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica) , Vol. IV, Fasc. 6, pp. 609–611, London; New York: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) & Kegan Paul, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780710091321 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710091321) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ramezani, Reza (spring 2007). Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili [Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women] 11 , Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, pp. 251–300, ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1735-4730 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1735-4730) ^ (#cite_ref-Ramezani8_16-0) Ramezani, Reza (2008). Hijab dar Iran, dar doure-ye Pahlavi-ye dovvom [Hijab in Iran, the second Pahlavi era] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1735-4730 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1735-4730) ^ (#cite_ref-17) El Guindi, Fadwa (1999). Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance. Oxford; New York: Berg Publishers; Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3, 13–16, 130, 174–176 . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781859739242 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84, 94–95. ISBN 9780521528917 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ramezani102_19-0) Ramezani, Reza (2010). Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili [Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1735-4730 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1735-4730) ^ (#cite_ref-Milani2_20-0) Milani, Farzaneh (1992). Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers , Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press (/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press) , p. 19, 34–37, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780815602668 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815602668) ^ (#cite_ref-21) "638". Book #5 of the Islamic Penal Code (Sanctions and deterrent penalties) (in Persian) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "639". Book #5 of the Islamic Penal Code (Sanctions and deterrent penalties) (in Persian) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "مسابقه ملکه زیبایی ایران در کانادا" (https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f12-iranian-beauty-contest-hel-in-canda/25388427.html) . رادیو فردا (in Persian) . Retrieved 2020-06-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "ملکه زیبایی ایرانیتبار در شو تلویزیونی "آلمان میرقصد" (https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF/g-36311497) " (https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF/g-36311497) . Deutsche Welle (in Persian). 2016-08-11 . Retrieved 2020-06-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) نیوز, اخبار روز ایران و جهان | آفتاب. "بازیگر ایرانی، دختر شایسته کانادا شد!؟ +عکس" (http://aftabnews.ir/fa/news/433169) . fa (in Persian) . Retrieved 2020-06-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "In Tehran, New Hijab Protester Led Off By Police" (https://www.voanews.com/a/in-tehran-new-hijab-protester-led-off-by-police/4635838.html) . VOA . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190410053150/https://www.voanews.com/a/in-tehran-new-hijab-protester-led-off-by-police/4635838.html) from the original on 10 April 2019 . Retrieved 14 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-justice4iran.org_27-0) Thirty-five Years of Forced Hijab: The Widespread and Systematic Violation of Women's Rights in Iran (https://justice4iran.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Hejab-Report-JFI-English.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Justice for Iran (/wiki/Justice_for_Iran) . March 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220119010222/https://justice4iran.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Hejab-Report-JFI-English.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Qiblawi, Tamara (20 February 2019). "Iranians attack police after women detained for wearing hijabs 'improperly' (https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/19/middleeast/iran-morality-police-intl/index.html) " (https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/19/middleeast/iran-morality-police-intl/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220623102032/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/19/middleeast/iran-morality-police-intl/index.html) from the original on 23 June 2022 . Retrieved 23 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-alar2020_29-0) Fazeli, Yaghoub (5 October 2020). " (https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/10/05/-Improperly-veiled-women-should-be-made-to-feel-unsafe-say-Iran-supreme-leader-reps) 'Improperly veiled' women should be made to feel unsafe, say Iran supreme leader reps" (https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/10/05/-Improperly-veiled-women-should-be-made-to-feel-unsafe-say-Iran-supreme-leader-reps) . Al Arabiya (/wiki/Al_Arabiya) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220616125000/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/10/05/-Improperly-veiled-women-should-be-made-to-feel-unsafe-say-Iran-supreme-leader-reps) from the original on 16 June 2022 . Retrieved 23 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Maleki, Ammar; Arab, Pooyan Tamimi (August 2020). IRANIANS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RELIGION: A 2020 SURVEY REPORT (https://gamaan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/GAMAAN-Iran-Religion-Survey-2020-English.pdf) (PDF) (Report). The Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in IRAN (GAMAAN). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220911213115/https://gamaan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/GAMAAN-Iran-Religion-Survey-2020-English.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "The Observer view on the backlash in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/sep/25/observer-view-backlash-iran-death-mahsa-amini) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . 25 September 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220925083200/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/sep/25/observer-view-backlash-iran-death-mahsa-amini) from the original on 25 September 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "صنعت چرم کشور در انتظار توسعه فناوری" (https://www.irna.ir/news/84109804/صنعت-چرم-کشور-در-انتظار-توسعه-فناوری) . ایرنا (in Persian). 2020-11-15 . Retrieved 2022-08-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b هشت هزار سال تارىخ پوشاک اقوام ايرانى - نسخه اصلاح و بهروزشده ۱۴۰۲ - ۴۵ تا ۵۶ . ^ (#cite_ref-34) YJC, خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران | آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان | (22 January 2022). "مدلینگ گرایی؛ باتلاقی مدرن در نزدیکی جوانان/ ژست بگیرید تا کسب درآمد کنید!" (http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/7637421) . fa (in Persian) . Retrieved 2023-06-16 . 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Bobbin lace from Ipswich, Massachusetts Ipswich lace display in The Smithsonian Historical marker acknowledging the production of bobbin lace in Ipswich Massachusetts Ipswich lace is a historical fashion accessory, the only known American hand-made bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) to be commercially produced. Centered in the coastal town of Ipswich, Massachusetts (/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts) north of Boston (/wiki/Boston) , a community of lacemaking arose in the 18th century. Puritan (/wiki/Puritans) settlers to the area likely made and wore lace as early as 1634, because Sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law#Colonial_America) from the early colonial records indicate this activity. In fact, the earliest known record of the act of lacemaking in the region comes from a court case in 1654 associated with the home of Governor John Endicott (/wiki/John_Endecott) . An indentured servant in the household accused the governor's son Zerubbabel with assault, which occurred while she was working at her lace cushion. [1] (#cite_note-1) Earliest known records of the commercial production indicate that lace produced by local women was used to barter for goods in the 1760s, as denoted by ledger account books belonging to local merchants. [2] (#cite_note-Marta1-2) These laces were sold in the region from Boston to Maine. Although some references presume that Ipswich lace represents an offshoot of the styles of British laces such as that known today as Bucks point lace (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) , and originated with English immigration, [2] (#cite_note-Marta1-2) [3] (#cite_note-Powys-3) other evidence points to continental influence. Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) is theorized to have developed from Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) , Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) , and other lace styles brought to England with Huguenot (/wiki/Huguenots) refugees. Early Buckinghamshire (/wiki/Buckinghamshire) region lace may be different from the characteristics of this lace in modern understanding. A key observation is that the footside of Ipswich lace sits to the left during production, contrary to English laces typically created with a footside to the right. [4] (#cite_note-EHnet-4) Ipswich bobbin lace is similar to European bobbin laces of the 18th century such as Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) and Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) , but developed characteristics and patterns of its own over the production period. They were made as borders and insertions to be added to clothing or household items. It is a continuous lace, meaning that the threads continue from the beginning to the end of the pattern, as opposed to non-continuous laces, where the threads that are used for the motifs (dense, decorative parts) are not the same threads as those used to make the fillings and grounds (the open parts connecting the motifs). [5] (#cite_note-5) The motifs in Ipswich lace are mostly surrounded with a thick gimp (/wiki/Gimp_(thread)) (outline) thread. Most of the motifs are constructed with the half stitch (Cross-Twist), and the ground of small meshes connecting the motifs consists of either some variation on the Torchon ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground#Torchon_ground) or the Kat-stitch (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground#Point_de_Paris) , also called Paris ground. A decorative edge of two-threaded picots (/wiki/Picot) (loops) are very common. The Point ground (/wiki/Bobbin_lace_ground#Point_ground) (cross, twist, twist, twist) as used in Bucks point and other similar laces were not used as a ground in the Ipswich laces, only as a decorative filling. History [ edit ] Typically the lace was produced from "prickings" or patterns created on parchment or pasteboard that were attached to a round bolster-style lace pillow (/wiki/Bobbin_lace#Types_of_pillow) . Bobbins (/wiki/Bobbin_lace#Bobbins) whittled from local wood or reeds were used to provide the thread repository and the appropriate tension for constructing the lace. Linen (/wiki/Linen) or silk (/wiki/Silk) thread was the material commonly used in the early period with cotton (/wiki/Cotton) employed only later after the development of mercerised cotton (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) improved thread characteristics. Imported and individually handmade pins (/wiki/Pin) provided the structural support for the patterns, until pin-making machines became available in the 1840s. Known lace examples are largely white linen or black silk threads. Preceding and during the American Revolutionary War (/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) , the purchase of luxury imported goods was problematic from social, political, and logistical perspectives. Hannah Adams (/wiki/Hannah_Adams) of Medfield (/wiki/Medfield,_Massachusetts) , who later became an eminent writer, described making bobbin lace herself during these years. The style or type of lace she made is unknown, but confirms that lace making was underway and profitable during this period in Massachusetts. During the American revolutionary war, I learned to weave bobbin lace, which was then saleable, and much more profitable to me than spinning, sewing or knitting, which had previously been my employment. At this period I found but little time for literary pursuits. But at the termination of the American war, this resource failed, and I was again left in a destitute situation. [6] (#cite_note-6) Dana Report of Ipswich Lace Production By the 1790s, over 600 women in the Ipswich area were producing significant quantities of lace for sale. Stored in the Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) with the papers of Alexander Hamilton (/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton) , [7] (#cite_note-7) a report of this activity was submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury with actual samples of Ipswich lace. Reverend Joseph Dana (/wiki/Joseph_Dana) , author of the report, provided: [8] (#cite_note-8) A Return of Lace and Edging, manufactured in the Town of Ipswich, from August 1789 to August 1790. With the value of the whole, computed from the Bartering-Prices at which the different parcels of each have been sold. Rev. Dana reported 13483 yards of edgings and 28496 yards of lace, for a total of 41979 yards of Ipswich lace made by local women in that time frame. Section of a shopkeeper's advertisement from Newburyport MA in 1797, highlighting Ipswich lace. Courtesy of the Newburyport Public Library Lace making continued through the end of the century and into the early 1800s as a hand-made activity, and period advertisements for “American Laces” and “Ipswich Lace” indicate that the lace was available from local merchants, [9] (#cite_note-9) on par with competing European laces. Extant samples of Ipswich lace on garments can be found in various archives. For example, a mourning cap, [10] (#cite_note-10) silk hood [11] (#cite_note-11) and a cloak [12] (#cite_note-12) featuring Ipswich lace are found in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) . Martha Washington (/wiki/Martha_Washington) possessed a shawl [13] (#cite_note-13) made with Ipswich lace which is preserved in the Mount Vernon (/wiki/Mount_Vernon) collection; the lace was reportedly purchased by George Washington (/wiki/George_Washington) on his post-election tour of the young United States. [14] (#cite_note-14) An additional lace segment is also at Mount Vernon. [15] (#cite_note-15) Lace adorning a man's Masonic (/wiki/Freemasonry) " Memento mori (/wiki/Memento_mori) " apron is also an Ipswich lace. [16] (#cite_note-16) The Museum of Old Newbury at The Cushing House (/wiki/Cushing_House_Museum_and_Garden) has a boy's garment, called the Eleazer Johnson dress, which appears to have rare blond Ipswich lace collar and cuff trims. [2] (#cite_note-Marta1-2) A "dressed miniature" of Sarah Hamlin Sage by Mary Way (/wiki/Mary_Way) (or her sister Betsy) is adorned with a shawl that appears to be a previously unknown Ipswich lace pattern. [17] (#cite_note-17) The lace has characteristics of typical Ipswich motifs, and represents a non-garment based use of the lace in an art piece which is novel. [18] (#cite_note-18) The Ipswich Historical Society (/wiki/Ipswich_Historical_Society) and Ipswich Museum [19] (#cite_note-19) have conserved artifacts of the lace-making activities. Historic New England displays an Ipswich pillow with bobbins and lace (https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/53540/) in progress on a pricking. In the 1820s, attempts to mechanize lace production (/wiki/Lace_machine) in Ipswich shifted activity away from hand made pillow laces to embroidery on lace bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) that was produced by machine. [20] (#cite_note-20) Although some lace makers continued to produce pillow lace, and samples of Ipswich lace were cherished and stored by traditional lace makers like Sarah Lakeman, [21] (#cite_note-21) hand-made lace making was no longer a widespread commercial practice. In the 1970s, a lace restorer and self-taught lace maker named Michael Auclair [22] (#cite_note-22) replicated the black Ipswich lace samples from the Library of Congress archives. By the 21st century, revived interest in this historical lace was supported by new scholarship and exhibition. [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2001, an exhibit in The Smithsonian National Museum of American History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History) called Within These Walls [24] (#cite_note-24) displayed a historic house relocated from Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts) [25] (#cite_note-25) and included reproduction Ipswich lace and lacemaking tools. In addition, archived lace samples [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) that are stored in the Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) have been re-created by Karen Thompson, and pattern working diagrams have been published that enable lace makers to accurately reproduce this lace today. [28] (#cite_note-28) Ipswich lace has also appeared in popular culture. A trilogy of fiction books by Brunonia Barry (/wiki/Brunonia_Barry) uses Ipswich lace as a plot device, and a major character is a maker of the lace in one of the books, The Lace Reader (/wiki/The_Lace_Reader) . [29] (#cite_note-29) The New England Lace Group (https://nelg.us/) has initiated a project to raise the profile of Ipswich lace and the historical lace makers of this region. A mobile exhibit of Ipswich lace history and tools, and reproduction laces, has been developed to educate and inform at local historic sites and craft fairs. [30] (#cite_note-30) Media coverage included discussion of the history of this textile and its cultural significance in the region. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) External links [ edit ] Knauer, Karl (September 18, 2018). "Preserving Martha Washington's Shawl" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow9icAYAJoA&t) (video) . youtube.com . George Washington's Mount Vernon (/wiki/Mount_Vernon) . Isaac, Amanda (September 18, 2018). "RARE LOOK: Martha Washington's Shawl" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEn31F7dRGE) (video) . youtube.com . George Washington's Mount Vernon (/wiki/Mount_Vernon) . Neumann, Kathleen (November 15, 2022). "The Story of Ipswich Lace" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edclWzhqbEQ) (video) . youtube.com . Maine Historical Society (/wiki/Maine_Historical_Society) . Gallery [ edit ] Samples of black silk Ipswich lace from Joseph Dana's report Samples of black silk Ipswich lace from Joseph Dana's report Ipswich lace pillow with bobbins Parchment patterns for Ipswich lace, and samples of lace Ipswich lace samples, made with white thread Reproduction Ipswich Lace bolster pillow with a reproduced copy of a black silk Ipswich bobbin lace Ipswich bobbin lace bobbins whittled from bamboo or wood The ends of Ipswich bobbins show the hollow stems Reproduction Ipswich lace made with historical pattern References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Colonial Massachusetts Paternity Cases: The Endicott Story, Part II" (https://blog.genealogybank.com/colonial-massachusetts-paternity-cases-the-endicott-story-part-ii.html) . GenealogyBank Blog . 2021-03-12 . Retrieved 2023-10-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Cotterell, Marta (1999). Benes, Peter (ed.). "Laces of Ipswich, Massachusetts: An American Industry 1750-1840" (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41178040) . Annual Proceedings (Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife) . 22 . UPNE: 82–99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-58465-163-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 41178040 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41178040) . ^ (#cite_ref-Powys_3-0) Powys, Marian (1953). "Lace-Making in New York State" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23153315) . New York History . 34 (2): 224–233. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0146-437X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-437X) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 23153315 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23153315) . ^ (#cite_ref-EHnet_4-0) Miller, Marla R. "Review: The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840" (https://eh.net/book_reviews/the-laces-of-ipswich-the-art-and-economics-of-an-early-american-industry-1750-1840/) . eh.net . Economic History Association . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Earnshaw, Pat (1984). A Dictionary of Lace (2nd ed.). Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks, UK: Shire Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780852637005 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Adams, Hannah (1832). A memoir of Miss Hannah Adams, written by herself. With additional notices, by a friend . Boston: Boston, Gray and Bowen. p. 11. hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 2027/yale.39002004865987 (https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fyale.39002004865987) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Thompson, Karen (8 May 2018). "What does Alexander Hamilton have to do with the lace industry in Ipswich, Massachusetts?" (https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/ipswich-lace) . National Museum of American History . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dana, Joseph. "Image 23 of Alexander Hamilton Papers: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; 1791, Jan.-May" (https://loc.gov/resource/mss24612.003_0347_0460/?sp=23&r=0.106,0.064,1.106,0.689,0) . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 1 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pike, Richard (11 July 1797). "Impartial Herald" (http://newburyport.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?k=%22richard%20pike%22&i=f&d=01011773-12311799&m=between&ord=k1&fn=impartial_herald_usa_massachusetts_newburyport_17970711_english_4&df=61&dt=70&cid=2710) . Newburyport MA. p. 4 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Woman's mourning cap" (https://collections.mfa.org/objects/50167/) . Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . 49.1003 . Retrieved 2021-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Woman's hood" (https://collections.mfa.org/objects/313741/womans-hood) . collections.mfa.org . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Woman's hooded cloak" (https://collections.mfa.org/objects/326482/womans-hooded-cloak) . collections.mfa.org . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Lavish Lace" (https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/martha-washingtons-style/lavish-lace/) . George Washington's Mount Vernon . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Philbrick, Nathaniel (2021). Travels with George : in search of Washington and his legacy . New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-525-56217-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1237806867 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237806867) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Unknown (c. 1790). "Lace trim" (https://emuseum.mountvernon.org/objects/20109/lace-trim) . Mount Vernon . W-5529 . Retrieved 12 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "The North Shore Lace Industry" (https://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2017/01/the-north-shore-lace-industry.html) . Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & Library . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Ehrlich, Brian (2021-11-08). "Dressed for Success" (https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/dressed-for-success/) . The Magazine Antiques . Retrieved 2021-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Mangan, Mary (2022-01-01). "Finding Ipswich Lace in an Unusual Way". The Bulletin . 42 (2). International Organization of Lace, Inc.: 14–15. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Ipswich Museum (https://ipswichmuseum.org/) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Candee, Richard (1999). Benes, Peter (ed.). "Lace Schools and Lace Factories: Female Outwork in New England's Machine-Lace Industry, 1818-1838". Annual proceedings (Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife). Boston University: 100–126. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 41178040 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41178040) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-21) Vanderpoel, Emily Noyes (1924). American Lace and Lace-Makers . New Haven: Yale University Press. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Barry, Ann (10 January 1985). "Preserving, Collecting, and Displaying Old Lace" (https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/10/garden/perserving-collecting-and-displaying-old-lace.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Raffel, Marta Cotterell (2003). The Laces of Ipswich: The Art and Economics of an Early American Industry, 1750-1840 . Hannover: University Press of New England. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Within These Walls" (https://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/within-these-walls) . National Museum of American History . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Kelly, John. "Perspective | This might be Washington's oldest house, but it came from New England" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/washington-oldest-house/2020/11/28/e27c3480-30d8-11eb-96c2-aac3f162215d_story.html) . Washington Post . Retrieved 22 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Image 19 of Alexander Hamilton Papers: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; 1791, Jan.-May" (https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss24612.003_0347_0460/?sp=19) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Image 21 of Alexander Hamilton Papers: General Correspondence, 1734-1804; 1791, Jan.-May" (https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss24612.003_0347_0460/?sp=21&r=-0.248,-0.005,1.511,0.943,0) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Thompson, Karen H. (25 May 2017). The Lace Samples from Ipswich, Massachusetts, 1789-1790 : History, Patterns, and Working Diagrams for 22 Lace Samples Preserved at the Library of Congress (1st ed.). [Washington, DC]. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780999038505 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Barry, Brunonia (2009). The lace reader . New York: Harper. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-162477-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 433105997 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433105997) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Mangan, Mary (Spring 2023). "Ipswich Lace: Curating a Mobile Exhibit" (https://nelg.us/page-1857705) . The Bulletin: International Organization of Lace, Inc . 43 (3): 27–29. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Beland, Amanda; Dearing, Tiziana (2022-07-19). "How hundreds of men, women and children built a cottage lace industry in Ipswich" (https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2022/07/19/ipswich-lace-hidden-history) . Retrieved 2023-07-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Andrews, Jeanmarie (June 2023). "Lace Making in Ipswich" (https://www.ealonline.com/editorial/toc.php?id=2306) . Early American Life . 54 (3): 40–49. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1534-2042 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1534-2042) . v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐gbdq9 Cached time: 20240720120850 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.409 seconds Real time usage: 0.506 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1917/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 83682/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 899/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 138584/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5095171/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 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A church crown , also known as a church hat , is a decorative hat worn by women in the Southern United States (/wiki/Southern_United_States) as a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) during Christian church services in accordance with 1 Corinthians 11:2–13 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:2–13&version=nrsv) . [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) Though church crowns were common among all American women until the mid-20th century, they continue to be worn in certain denominations that teach the historic practice of Christian headcovering, such as the Free Presbyterian Church (/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America) and Plymouth Brethren (/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren) , as well as in the black church (/wiki/Black_church) . [2] (#cite_note-McKoy-2) [3] (#cite_note-Mooney2020-3) The practice of women wearing a headcovering, found in the Bible (/wiki/Bible) , "has been adapted and expanded to become a stylish part of Southern women’s churchgoing attire." [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) at the 2009 Inauguration of Barack Obama (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama) in a hat similar to those worn by Black churchgoers. Such designs of church crowns are typical of those worn to Christian services of worship (/wiki/Church_service) in the Southern United States, though they may be worn to other important cultural events, such as the Kentucky Derby (/wiki/Kentucky_Derby) . Church crowns are typically a straw hat (/wiki/Straw_hat) or fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) covered with adornments that may include sequins, feathers, lace, tulle, or ribbons. The hats may vary widely in their structure, color, and complexity. [4] (#cite_note-star-4) Culture [ edit ] An American adaption of the Christian headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) required in 1 Corinthians 11 (/wiki/1_Corinthians_11) , church crowns are worn at Christian religious services, being especially common at holidays such as Palm Sunday (/wiki/Palm_Sunday) , Easter (/wiki/Easter) and Mother's Day (/wiki/Mother%27s_Day) . [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) [4] (#cite_note-star-4) [2] (#cite_note-McKoy-2) Crowns are worn more often by older women within the congregation. It is common for women who do wear crowns to own hats for many occasions; journalist Craig Mayberry noted that the fifty crown-wearing women he interviewed owned an average of fifty-four hats each. [5] (#cite_note-npr-5) Church crown culture involves an unspoken code of etiquette. The hat should not be wider than a woman's shoulders or darker than her shoes. Touching or borrowing another woman's hat is frowned upon, but a woman may pass on a hat to her daughter or granddaughter. [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) History [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] In the United States (/wiki/United_States) prior to the 20th century, Christian (/wiki/Christians) women of various races and denominations practiced headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) in accordance with 1 Corinthians 11 (/wiki/1_Corinthians_11) , in which the Apostle Paul (/wiki/Apostle_Paul) calls for them to do so. In the Southern United States (/wiki/Southern_United_States) , church hats became the adaptation of the biblical injunction of headcovering for Christian women. African-American women wore eye-catching head coverings during this time as Sundays were a time of rest, worship, and celebration (/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity) . [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) For enslaved (/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States) women, this provided a rare opportunity to assert one's individuality. [7] (#cite_note-wxfr-7) The design of certain church crowns are believed to have roots in decorative headwear worn by women in West Africa (/wiki/West_Africa) on special occasions. [7] (#cite_note-wxfr-7) 20th century [ edit ] The tradition of the church crown emerged in the early 20th century. Many African-American women were employed as domestic workers (/wiki/Domestic_worker) during the week, so Sunday church services provided an outlet for self-expression. The hats were also seen as a way to honor God. [8] (#cite_note-time-8) As the Black middle class (/wiki/Black_middle_class) emerged during the first decades of the 20th century, church crowns took on the role of a status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) . [7] (#cite_note-wxfr-7) By the 1960s, younger women began rejecting the church crown tradition as a symbol of the black bourgeoisie (/wiki/Bourgeoisie) —a time when headcoverings in churches, in general, were waning in view of the rising feminist movement, according to David Bercot (/wiki/David_Bercot) , a scholar of early Christianity. [9] (#cite_note-Williams2005-9) [10] (#cite_note-Gordon2015-10) [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) The hats experienced a revival in the 1990s. [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) 21st century [ edit ] The magazine Southern Living (/wiki/Southern_Living) published an article in the 2010s stating that "Church hats remain an essential part of many women’s Sunday best and church outfits across the South". [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) A 2014 piece by Samuel G. Freedman (/wiki/Samuel_G._Freedman) in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described a "generational divide" regarding church crowns within the contemporary black church (/wiki/Black_church) . Freedman cited education, economics, and modern hairstyles as factors contributing to decreased interest in crowns among younger churchgoers. [11] (#cite_note-11) Many churches host "Hattitude" events as occasions for women in the congregation to wear and celebrate their hats. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) As a whole, in the 21st century, the wearing of headcoverings (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) by women has been revived in certain American church congregations among those who have sought to follow the precedent set in scripture and church history—though the practice has been perpetually followed since the Apostolic Age (/wiki/Apostolic_Age) in many parts of the world, as with Russia (/wiki/Russia) and the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) , and among certain Christian denominations, such as Conservative Mennonites (/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites) and Plymouth Brethren (/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren) . [14] (#cite_note-Tomlinson2014-14) [15] (#cite_note-Gleason2018-15) [16] (#cite_note-Mingus2015-16) [17] (#cite_note-Schrock2022-17) [18] (#cite_note-Norbie-18) In popular culture [ edit ] In 2002, photographer Michael Cunningham and journalist Craig Marberry published a book featuring portraits of women in their church crowns along with the stories of their photographic subjects. The book was adapted into an Off-Broadway (/wiki/Off-Broadway) play by Regina Taylor (/wiki/Regina_Taylor) that same year. [5] (#cite_note-npr-5) The third season (/wiki/The_Wire_(season_3)) of television series The Wire (/wiki/The_Wire) features an episode titled "Slapstick" (/wiki/Slapstick_(The_Wire)) in which gang members Gerard and Sapper (/wiki/Barksdale_Organization) violate a Sunday morning truce by attacking stick-up man (/wiki/Robbery) Omar Little (/wiki/Omar_Little) 's grandmother, shooting off her church crown. [19] (#cite_note-19) The National Museum of African American History and Culture (/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture) collection features several church crowns designed by Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) milliner Mae Reeves (/wiki/Mae_Reeves) . [20] (#cite_note-20) The late singer Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) was known for wearing "church lady hats" that suited her background in gospel music (/wiki/Gospel_music) . [21] (#cite_note-21) She most famously wore such a hat, designed by Luke Song, to sing " My Country 'Tis of Thee (/wiki/My_Country_%27Tis_of_Thee) " at the 2009 inauguration of Barack Obama (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama) . The black pillbox hat (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) spawned internet memes (/wiki/Internet_meme) and garnered its own Facebook page. [22] (#cite_note-22) Following Franklin's death in 2018, the hat was subject to legal battles concerning the singer's wills. Claimants to the hat included Franklin's four sons and Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) , who had requested the hat for his presidential library (/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center) . [23] (#cite_note-23) See also [ edit ] Christianity portal (/wiki/Portal:Christianity) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "What are Church Hats?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210514230453/https://www.southernliving.com/culture/church-hats) . Southern Living (/wiki/Southern_Living) . Archived from the original (https://www.southernliving.com/culture/church-hats) on May 14, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . Church hats have been a key part of churchgoers' Sunday best for years, and are still an important aspect of dress in some churches today. The practice of covering one's head for church originally came from the Bible—1 Corinthians 11:15, to be precise. The simple head covering has been adapted and expanded to become a stylish part of Southern women's churchgoing attire. At the turn of the century, many Southern ladies wore simple hats to church out of respect, reverence for the service, and continuity with passed-down traditions. The church hat tradition continues today, with hats—sometimes called crowns—in bright colors, bold patterns, and eye-catching styles at Sunday services across the South. ^ Jump up to: a b McKoy, Kirk. " (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-0412-hats-pg-photogallery.html) 'Church crowns,' glorious hats for Easter and beyond" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-0412-hats-pg-photogallery.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . Though the world has gotten much more casual in recent decades, and hats are far less ubiquitous, hat culture remains alive and well in many of the nation's black churches. ^ (#cite_ref-Mooney2020_3-0) Mooney, Myron (May 18, 2020). "Book Review – Head Covering: A Forgotten Christian Practice for Modern Times" (http://fpcurrent.com/head-covering) . Current . Free Presbyterian Church of North America. ^ Jump up to: a b Baldwin, Hannah. "Church hats an expression of faith, identity" (https://www.thenewsstar.com/story/news/2016/03/25/church-hats-expression-faith-identity/82141598/) . The News Star . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=876404) 'Crowns: Portraits of Black Women in Church Hats' (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=876404) " (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=876404) . NPR . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kidder, Nicole. "History of Black Women Wearing Hats at Church" (https://classroom.synonym.com/history-of-black-women-wearing-hats-at-church-12079396.html) . Classroom . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Extraordinary Crowns: The History of the Black Church Hat" (https://www.wfxrtv.com/news/local-news/extraordinary-crowns-the-history-of-the-black-womans-church-hat/) . WXFR TV . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-time_8-0) "Crowns: A Brief History of Church Hats" (http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1874131,00.html) . Time . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Williams2005_9-0) Williams, Paul K. (2005). The Head Coverings of I Corinthians 11 . pp. 6–10. ^ (#cite_ref-Gordon2015_10-0) Gordon, Greg (August 31, 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?" (https://evangelicalfocus.com/yourblog/929/Are-Head-Coverings-Really-for-Today-) . Evangelical Focus . Retrieved May 2, 2022 . Hippolytus an early Church Father wrote, "Let all the women have their heads covered." Others who taught this practice in the Church were, John Calvin [father of the Reformed tradition], Martin Luther [father of the Lutheran tradition], Early Church Fathers, John Wesley [father of the Methodist tradition], Matthew Henry [Presbyterian theologian] to name just a few. We must remind ourselves that until the twentieth century, virtually all Christian women wore head coverings. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Freedman, Samuel J. "A Generational Divide Worn on Their Heads" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/19/us/a-generational-divide-worn-on-their-heads.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Kestenis, Holly. "Hattitude & Fashion Extravaganza Brunch" (http://theweeklychallenger.com/hattitude-fashion-extravaganza-brunch/) . The Weekly Challenger . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Danielle Anderson. "First Church of Palm Coast fundraiser offers 'Hattitude' (http://theweeklychallenger.com/hattitude-fashion-extravaganza-brunch/) " (http://theweeklychallenger.com/hattitude-fashion-extravaganza-brunch/) . The Daytona Beach News-Journal . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tomlinson2014_14-0) Tomlinson, Heather (October 7, 2014). "My Headcovering Experiment" (https://www.premierchristianradio.com/Topics2/Life/Lifestyle/My-Headcovering-Experiment) . Premier Christian Radio (/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio) . Retrieved April 10, 2022 . Recently, there has been a head covering revival in certain wings of the US Church: especially the ultra-reformed and those calling themselves ' Torah-observant (/wiki/Torah-observant) '. Lobbying in favour of the practice is The Head Covering Movement, set up last year by a man called Jeremy Gardiner, who cites the theologically conservative Gospel Coalition in his profession of faith. The movement's website features personal stories of women who are usually the only head coverers in their churches, as well as arguments from scripture to support the practice. It cites Martin Luther, William Tyndale and Thomas Aquinas, among others. ^ (#cite_ref-Gleason2018_15-0) Gleason, Joseph (June 4, 2018). "Why Russian Women Still Cover Their Heads in Church (Hint: It's in the Bible)" (https://russian-faith.com/explaining-orthodoxy/why-russian-women-still-cover-their-heads-church-hint-its-bible-n1468) . Russian Faith . Retrieved February 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mingus2015_16-0) Mingus, Elaine (May 19, 2015). "Christian Headcovering in India" (https://www.headcoveringmovement.com/articles/christian-headcovering-in-india) . The Head Covering Movement. There were many times that a woman would be called into prayer while preparing a meal. Instead of running to get a head scarf, she would grab a readily available dish towel to cover her head instead. ^ (#cite_ref-Schrock2022_17-0) Schrock, Anna (February 19, 2022). "Why Do Amish Women Wear Head Coverings?" (https://amish-heritage.org/why-do-amish-women-wear-head-coverings/) . Amish Heritage . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Norbie_18-0) Norbie, Donald (1989). "The Head Covering" (https://plymouthbrethren.org/article/4045) . Plymouth Brethren Writings . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Thurm, Eric. "Nobody's Perfect: The Biggest Flaws on "The Wire" (https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/11/every-flaw-on-hbos-the-wire/sunday-morning-truce) " (https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/11/every-flaw-on-hbos-the-wire/sunday-morning-truce) . Complex . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Hats Off to Mae Reeves!" (https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/hats-mae-reeves) . National Museum of African American History and Culture . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Dorsey, Avon. "Aretha Franklin's Most Iconic Hat Moments! We've Rounded Up 16 Of Her Best" (https://www.essence.com/fashion/aretha-franklin-most-iconic-hat-moments/) . Essence . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Grigsby Bates, Karen. "Aretha Franklin Was Already Famous, But Her Hat-Maker Wasn't" (https://www.npr.org/2013/01/21/169731646/aretha-franklin-was-already-famous-but-her-hat-maker-wasnt) . NPR . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Alter, Rebecca. "Barack Obama in Heated Custody Battle for … Aretha Franklin's Inauguration Hat" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/08/barack-obama-aretha-franklin-inauguration-hat.html) . The Cut . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . 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Malay traditional clothing A Malaysian royal guard combining samping with full military dress Samping or Kain Dagang ( Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_script) : سمڤيڠ) is a traditional Malay (/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)) costume originated from the court of Malacca (/wiki/Malacca) , and is traditionally worn by men and women in Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) and southern Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . This type of traditional costume is a part of the national dress (/wiki/National_dress) of Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) and Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Etymology [ edit ] Samping or Kain Dagang is loosely translated as "side" or "merchant cloth" as it is worn mostly during formal occasions. [3] (#cite_note-DBP-Samping-3) It is a kind of short sarong (/wiki/Sarong) worn after wearing Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) or Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) (in Malay costume) and usually from the waist to the knees only. It is usually made of songket (/wiki/Songket) , tenun (/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja) , or sarong (/wiki/Sarong) fabric. [4] (#cite_note-4) Styles [ edit ] Samping wear styles vary by state. For example, the style of Berdagang Dalam is very popular in the Malaysian state of Johor. It is usually worn with a style of Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) called Teluk Belanga . For other states in Malaysia, particularly on the west coast of the Malay peninsula, the style of Berdagang Luar is the most prominent, and usually worn with a style of Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) called Cekak Musang . For women, instead of wearing samping , it is usually held by the left hand and can be used as a veil when outdoor to protect oneself from the scorching sun. The way in which Samping was worn in ancient times played a role in showing the difference in one's rank in society. At that time, only the royal family could wear the Samping with the Berdagang Luar style. However now, everyone is free to choose how to wear a samping according to their tastes. When indoor, it can be tied at the waist or hung on the arm. The style of samping can be divided into three according to one's rank in society namely: [5] (#cite_note-5) Ikatan Pancung (kings, sultans, and princes) Ikatan Kembung (Malay nobleman) Ikatan Lingkup (common people) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Malaysia portal (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) Malaysian cultural outfits (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Culture of Malaysia (/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Royal and Palace Cutoms:Dresses For Ceremonies And Functions" (http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en/dress) . Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Pakaian Tradisi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100404150912/http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm) . Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan of Brunei. Archived from the original (http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm) on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-DBP-Samping_3-0) "Carian Umum - Samping" (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=samping) . prpm.dbp.gov.my (in Malay) . Retrieved 2020-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Cara pilih kain samping Hari Raya ini untuk tampak segak" (https://berita.mediacorp.sg/mobilem/eksklusif/ramadan2019/cara-pilih-kain-samping-hari-raya-ini-untuk-tampak-segak/4290546.html) . Retrieved 16 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Falsafah di sebalik ikatan samping" (https://www.hmetro.com.my/nuansa/2019/06/469199/falsafah-di-sebalik-ikatan-samping) . Retrieved 16 November 2020 . Cited texts [ edit ] v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales 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(/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) 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Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Lok Chuan (/wiki/Changshan) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Baju Muskat (/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Royal_attire,_Muskat) Baju Panjang (/wiki/Peranakans#culture) Baju Sikap Kain (/wiki/Textile) Kelubung/Kemban (/wiki/Kemben) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Telekong Kelambi Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Headgear Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Ketapu (/wiki/Katapu) Kopiah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)#Malaysia) Mahkota/Ketopong (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Pemeleh Selayah (/wiki/Kerikam#Tudung_Keringkam) Selendang (/wiki/Kerikam#Tudung_Keringkam) Semutar Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok/Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Terendak (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Belts and sashes Bengkung (/wiki/Corset) Rawai Tinggi (/wiki/Corset) Samping Sebai (/wiki/Sbai) Selempang (/wiki/Sash) Tali Pinggang (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Footwear Capal (/wiki/Sandal) Kasut (/wiki/Slipper) Kasut Getah (/wiki/Adidas_Kampung) Kasut Manik (/wiki/Peranakan_beaded_slippers) Kasut Tekat (/wiki/Embroidery) Selipar (/wiki/Flip-flops) Terompah (/wiki/Clog) Accessories Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Butang (/wiki/Button) Canggai (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Caping Cincin (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) Gandik (/wiki/Tiara) Giring-giring (/wiki/Jingle_bell) Kamar Kancing (/wiki/Cufflink) Kancing Halkah Kantung (/wiki/Coin_purse) Kerongsang (/wiki/Brooch) Pending (/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Royal_buckle) Rantai/Gelang Agok/Dokoh (/wiki/Locket) Kalung (/wiki/Pendant) Pontoh (/wiki/Arm_ring) Rantai Kaki (/wiki/Anklet) Rantai Leher (/wiki/Necklace) Rantai Tangan (/wiki/Bracelet) Gelang (/wiki/Bangle) Sibar Layang/Teratai Subang (/wiki/Earring) Anting-anting Sunting (/wiki/Suntiang) Bunga Malai (/wiki/Phuang_malai) Cucuk Sanggul (/wiki/Hairpin) Sisir (/wiki/Barrette) Gajah Olen Gempa Sunting Sanggul Lintang Sarempak Garigai Sugu Tinggi NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐hzfck Cached time: 20240712183407 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] 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Malay traditional clothing Kerikam ( Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_script) : کريکم ) is a coarse metal thread made of gold or silver used for embroidering. [1] (#cite_note-DBP-Kerikam-1) The term kerikam comes from the French word clinquant. It is an important material in the Malay art of embroidery, traditionally used by the Malays in Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) and southern Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . Kerikam embroidery can be found on baju kurung (/wiki/Baju_kurung) , kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) and tudung (/wiki/Tudung) . History [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kerikam) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( November 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This art of using kerikam for embroidery originated from the court of Malaca sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate) , in the early 15th century. With the fall of the Malaca sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate) , the art spreads all over the Malay archipelago. It is known as kelingkan and kelengkan in Selangor, keringkam in Sarawak, teringkam or terekam in Terengganu, kelingkam and kelengkang in Kelantan. In Riau islands, it is known as Manto, in Palembang as mudawarah and in South Africa as mediora . All of these names carry the same meaning. The use of kerikam was even mentioned in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) and Ranee Margaret Brooke's My Life in Sarawak: The Ranee of Sarawak. Tudung Keringkam [ edit ] Keringkam or Selayah is a traditional type of headscarf traditionally worn by women in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is handcrafted with fine embroidery work, that complements the traditional Malay clothing of Sarawak. In the old days, Keringkam was only worn by the Malay royalty and nobility. However now, this traditional headscarf is often worn when attending special occasions such as weddings and cultural events. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The term tudung keringkam is believed to be originated from kerikam , the name of the thread used for embroidery. This intricate craft of embroidery is also found in other states in Malaysia, such as Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, and Johor. See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Malaysia portal (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) Malaysian cultural outfits (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Culture of Malaysia (/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-DBP-Kerikam_1-0) "Carian Umum - Kerikam" (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=kerikam) . prpm.dbp.gov.my (in Malay) . Retrieved 2020-11-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Save the Keringkam! One artisan is determined to ensure that it'll never lose its shine" (https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2020/01/555749/save-keringkam-one-artisan-determined-ensure-itll-never-lose) . Retrieved 17 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Warisan keringkam" (https://www.hmetro.com.my/nuansa/2019/03/438104/warisan-keringkam) . Retrieved 17 November 2020 . 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(/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing 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Fashion in Nigeria Lisa Folawiyo (/wiki/Lisa_Folawiyo) wearing one of her fashion designs, 2017 This article is part of a series (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Nigeria) in Culture of Nigeria (/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria) Society Nigerians (/wiki/Nigerian_people) History (/wiki/History_of_Nigeria) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria) Holidays (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nigeria) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria) Topics Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Nigeria) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria) Cuisine (/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine) Festivals (/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nigeria) Literature (/wiki/Nigerian_literature) Media (/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria) Newspapers (/wiki/Newspapers_in_Nigeria) Television (/wiki/Television_in_Nigeria) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria) Sports (/wiki/Sport_in_Nigeria) Video gaming (/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria) Symbols Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria) Coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria) Anthem (/wiki/National_anthem_of_Nigeria) Miss Nigeria (/wiki/Miss_Nigeria) World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Nigeria) Religion and folklore Islam (/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria) Christianity (/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria) Judaism (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria) Igbo Jews (/wiki/Igbo_Jews) Irreligion (/wiki/Irreligion_in_Nigeria) Secularism (/wiki/Secularism_in_Nigeria) Folk beliefs (/wiki/Traditional_African_religions) Art Arts (/wiki/Category:Nigerian_art) Igbo-Ukwu (/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu) Kingdom of Benin (/wiki/Art_of_the_Kingdom_of_Benin) Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_art) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Nigeria) Cuisine Jollof rice (/wiki/Jollof_rice) Afang (/wiki/Afang_soup) Abacha (/wiki/Abacha_(food)) Amala (/wiki/Amala_(food)) Eba (/wiki/Eba) Edikang ikong (/wiki/Edikang_ikong) Owo (/wiki/Owo_soup) Pounded yam (/wiki/Pounded_yam) Ukodo (/wiki/Ukodo) Egusi (/wiki/Egusi) Puff-puff (/wiki/Puff-puff) Festivals Igue (/wiki/Igue_festival) Ikeji (/wiki/Ikeji_festival) Imo Awka (/wiki/Imo_Awka_festival) Golibe (/wiki/Golibe_Festival) New Yam Festivals (/wiki/New_Yam_Festivals_in_Nigeria) Olokun (/wiki/Olokun_Festival) Omabe (/wiki/Omabe_Festival) Sango (/wiki/Sango_Festival) Umatu (/wiki/Umatu_festival) Oronna (/wiki/Oronna_Festival) Literature Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_literature) Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_literature) Igbo (/wiki/Igbo_literature) Edo (/wiki/Edo_literature) Efik (/wiki/Efik_literature) Onitsha Market (/wiki/Onitsha_Market_Literature) Third Generation of Nigerian writers (/wiki/Third_Generation_of_Nigerian_writers) Nigeria portal (/wiki/Portal:Nigeria) v t e The fashion industry in Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) plays an important cultural role and contributes significantly to the country's economy. Clothing incorporates a variety of colours, fabrics, and embellishments (often beads). Many of the component cultures of Nigeria wear styles that are characteristic of their tribal society and customs. Nigeria produces fashionable textiles and finished garments and has designers who have achieved international recognition. Traditional garments [ edit ] Yoruba agbada Igbo men wearing isiagu and traditional hat Nigerians usually dress casually because of the hot climate. However, both formal and traditional clothing are also worn. Many African cultures have a characteristic traditional style of dress that is important to their heritage. [1] (#cite_note-1) Traditional garments worn in Nigeria include: The Yoruba men wear agbada (/wiki/Agbada) , which is a formal attire, commonly worn as part of a three-piece set: an open-stitched full gown, a long-sleeved shirt, and sokoto (/wiki/Sokoto) (trousers fitted snugly at the ankle). [2] (#cite_note-World-2) The Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_people) wear Babaringa. The isiagu (/wiki/Isiagu) is a men's pullover shirt similar to a dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) that is worn by many groups in Africa. The traditional attire of Igbo (/wiki/Igbo_people) men includes an isiagu patterned with embroidered lion heads, usually worn with trousers and a traditional striped hat. [2] (#cite_note-World-2) Traditional Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_people) dress uses textiles and fine beads (/wiki/Bead) (Iyun, Akun, Ikan, Segi, Opoto, Eri Eyin and others) to reflect social status and religious affiliation as well as personal identity and taste. Gold, Silver and other jewelry is also worn by Yoruba women. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Edo (/wiki/Edo_people) also traditionally express their status and identity with beads, but also with raffia (/wiki/Raffia) work, anklets, and bangles. Edo men traditionally wear coral beads of two kinds, ekan and ivie, with either suits or traditional robes; traditionally, they wear a white shirt contrasting with brightly striped fabric. [2] (#cite_note-World-2) The gele (/wiki/Head_tie) is a traditional Yoruba woman's head wrapping made of firm material. It may be worn as a fashionable accessory on formal occasions but can also be a daily wear. [2] (#cite_note-World-2) The gele is peered with Iro ati Buba, Komole dress or Asoebi dresses by Yoruba women. Edo women wear a wedding crown called an okuku (/w/index.php?title=Okuku_(wedding)&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-World-2) Muslim women in northern Nigeria wear various types of veil (/wiki/Veiling) , including the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , which reveal the face but cover the hair and may cover much of the body. Veiling may take fashionable forms. [4] (#cite_note-4) Nigerian fashion [ edit ] Euromonitor (/wiki/Euromonitor_International) estimated in 2015 that Nigeria accounted for 15% of a $31 billion fashion market in Sub-Saharan Africa (/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) . The Nigerian fashion industry grew 17% between 2010 and 2019, with events such as Lagos Fashion Week (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) helping to promote it. [5] (#cite_note-State-5) The Covid-19 pandemic (/wiki/Covid-19_pandemic) , which moved fashion shows online, led to more attention to Lagos Fashion Week and other fashion showcases in Africa. [6] (#cite_note-Africa-6) Nigerian fashion has been popularized by the Nigerian edition of the South African magazine Drum (/wiki/Drum_(South_African_magazine)) , which was launched in Lagos in 1958 and featured images of the "new" Nigerians. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) In the late 20th century, several editions of the Dressense Fashion Catalogue were produced by fashion designers in Nigeria, aimed at the upscale market. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) The Fashion Designers Association of Nigeria was established in 1989 by Kola Kuddus to promote Nigerian fashion both domestically and internationally, [8] (#cite_note-8) and the Central Bank of Nigeria (/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria) has an initiative to support fashion designers. [6] (#cite_note-Africa-6) Designers [ edit ] Ensemble by Duro Olowu (/wiki/Duro_Olowu) , spring-summer 2013 Nigeria has produced many fashion designers. Shade Thomas (/wiki/Shade_Thomas-Fahm) (later Thomas-Fahm) became Nigeria's first widely recognized fashion designer. After studying fashion design in England in the 1950s, prior to Nigerian independence, she set up a shop at the Federal Palace Hotel (/wiki/Federal_Palace_Hotel) in Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) and a garment factory at the Yaba Industrial Estate. Specializing in simple designs using locally woven and dyed textiles, she became locally and internationally known in the 1960s and 1970s. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Fadipe Adedamola Olaniyi is CEO of Hoodies and Stones Clothing (/wiki/Hoodies_and_Stones_Clothing) , which promotes African culture through its products. [9] (#cite_note-9) Duro Olowu (/wiki/Duro_Olowu) is a Nigerian women's wear designer with Jamaican (/wiki/Jamaica) roots who launched his own label in the 2000s. [10] (#cite_note-Best-10) Lisa Folawiyo (/wiki/Lisa_Folawiyo) uses traditional West African fabrics to produce modern tailored designs. She launched her label, Jewel by Lisa, in 2005e. [10] (#cite_note-Best-10) She also produces custom luxury prints and accessories, such as jewelry and purses. Line J Label, her diffusion line, showcases urban fashion (/wiki/Urban_fashion) with Afropop (/wiki/Afropop) influences. [11] (#cite_note-11) Philip Ojire launched his urban fashion label Freak Vault Clothing (/wiki/Freak_Vault_Clothing) , formerly Shirt Freak, in 2017. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Omotoso Oluwabukunmi runs tWIF Clothing (/wiki/TWIF_Clothing) ; [14] (#cite_note-14) the name is an acronym of The Way It Fits. Launched in 2012, the company produces branded apparel for businesses and other organizations, as well as own-brand menswear including shirts, pants, suits, and native attire. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Kenneth Ize (/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Ize&action=edit&redlink=1) , a menswear designer who grew up in Austria, [17] (#cite_note-17) won the Fashion Focus prize and was one of the first Nigerian designers to have his clothes sold at Browns (/wiki/Browns_(fashion_boutique)) in London. [5] (#cite_note-State-5) Tolu Coker (/w/index.php?title=Tolu_Coker&action=edit&redlink=1) , a British designer, pays ha lote in her fashion designs to her Yoruba heritage from her parents. [6] (#cite_note-Africa-6) [18] (#cite_note-18) Evans Akere (/wiki/Evans_Akere) is a Nigerian fashion designer [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-bbcpidgin-20) [21] (#cite_note-vang-21) and the founder of the luxury menswear brand called Vanskere (/wiki/Vanskere) , [20] (#cite_note-bbcpidgin-20) [22] (#cite_note-22) a distinguished Nigerian luxury fashion brand that specializes in ready-to-wear urban African attire. Evolution of Nigerian Fashion [ edit ] The rich cultural diversity in Nigerian society has a huge influence on the Nigerian fashion world, with the various elements of the varying ethnic groups showcasing their unique designs and customs even in the modern-day world. Nigerian fashion goes beyond the display of beautiful designs to the portrayal of cultural and symbolic importance with the incorporation of some indigenous textiles such as the adire (/wiki/Adire_(textile_art)) , aso oke (/wiki/Aso_oke) , and ankara (/wiki/African_wax_prints) prints. [23] (#cite_note-23) Although there have been a lot of changes in the Nigerian fashion world, there is still a retention of its unique beauty and originality. Fashion in the 1960s was characterized by women dressing in both fitted and oversized attires as well as mini skirts and dresses with simple local hairstyles and Afros (/wiki/Afro) . While the men wore bright-coloured shirts in different patterns and marched with tight skinny pants. The 1970s were characterized by baggy-sleeved buba worn on wrappers tied a little above the knees to the mid-thighs called Oleku for women, and men wore agbada and danshiki (/wiki/Dashiki) outfits with both gender jerry curls and permed hair. The 1980s had women wearing maxi skirts and men oversized suits with huge permed hair. The fashion trend started to experience a significant change in the 1990s with the influence of America with miniskirts and scousers and native boubous for women. Men also had a difference in the trouser fashion with narrower hems and loosely fitted around the hip and waist region. [24] (#cite_note-24) Currently, Nigerian fashion continues to change and evolve with the incorporation of traditional fabrics and bold, colourful designs to make different styles. Nigerian streetwear has gained global recognition on the world of fashion stage, with the likes of Kenneth Ize [25] (#cite_note-25) being chosen as one of the finalists for the LVMP Prize for emerging fashion designers. [26] (#cite_note-26) Another prominent Nigerian designer is Amaka Osakwe, founder of the Maki Oh, whose design was worn by the then-first lady of the United States Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) . [27] (#cite_note-27) See also [ edit ] Adire (textile art) (/wiki/Adire_(textile_art)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Victoria, Rovine (2010). "Fashion in African Dress" (https://www-bloomsburyfashioncentral-com.mimas.calstatela.edu/products/berg-fashion-library/encyclopedia/berg-encyclopedia-of-world-dress-and-fashion-africa/fashion-in-african-dress) . Berg Publishers : 62–67 – via Berg Fashion Library. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Traditional Nigerian Clothing" (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/traditional-nigerian-clothing.html) . WorldAtlas . Retrieved 2 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Abiodun, Rowland (2010). "Yoruba in Nigeria and Diaspora" (https://www-bloomsburyfashioncentral-com.mimas.calstatela.edu/products/berg-fashion-library/encyclopedia/berg-encyclopedia-of-world-dress-and-fashion-africa/yoruba-in-nigeria-and-diaspora) . Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion: Africa : 297–304 – via Bloomsbury Fashion Central. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Renne, Elisha (2010). "Hijab Fashions in Northern Nigeria" (http://dx.doi.org.mimas.calstatela.edu/10.2752/BEWDF/EDch10720) . Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion: Global Perspectives . Oxford: Berg. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/BEWDF/EDch10720 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2FBEWDF%2FEDch10720) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847888594 – via Bloomsbury Fashion Central. ^ Jump up to: a b Akinsola, Wunmi (18 November 2022) [11 June 2019]. "The state of Nigeria's Fashion Industry" (https://www.stearsng.com/article/the-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry) . Stears . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Chibelushi, Wedaeli (2 March 2024). "How luxury African fashion has wowed Europe's catwalks" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68283975) . BBC News. ^ Jump up to: a b c Denzer, LaRay (2010). "The Nigerian Fashion Scene". Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion . Vol. 6: West Africa. Oxford: Berg. pp. 331–336. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/BEWDF/EDch1050 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2FBEWDF%2FEDch1050) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847888501 – via Bloomsbury Fashion Central. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion Designers Association of Nigeria" (https://hautefashionafrica.com/institution/fashion-designers-association-of-nigeria/) . Haute Fashion Africa . Retrieved 2 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Five leading clothing brand that supports African culture" (https://tribuneonlineng.com/five-leading-clothing-brand-that-supports-african-culture/) . tribuneonline . 15 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 June 2023 . [ dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b Gachanja, Nelly (6 April 2019). "10 Best Nigerian Fashion Designers" (https://africa.com/top-10-nigerian-fashion-designers/) . Africa.com . Retrieved 2 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Lisa Folawiyo" (https://hautefashionafrica.com/designer/lisa-folawiyo/) . Haute Fashion Africa . Retrieved 2 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Top 5 Nigerian-based urban fashion brand" (https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/top-5-nigerian-based-urban-fashion-brand/) . Guardian . Nigeria. 10 December 2021 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Mercy Johnson, Juliet Ibrahim, Iyabo Ojo leads Philip Ojire's Shirt freak 2021 summer shirt dress collections" (https://www.newtelegraphng.com/mercy-johnson-juliet-ibrahim-iyabo-ojo-leads-philip-ojires-shirt-freak-2021-summer-shirt-dress-collections/) . New Telegraph . 1 June 2021 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Helping people look good makes me happy – Omotoso" (https://punchng.com/helping-people-look-good-makes-me-happy-omotoso/) . Punch (interview). Nigeria. 19 July 2020 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Mike Edwards wins the 2020 AMVCA for best dressed wearing tWIF Clothing" (https://tribuneonlineng.com/mike-edwards-wins-the-2020-amvca-for-best-dressed-wearing-twif-clothing/) . tribuneonline . 1 June 2021 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Omotoso Oluwabukunmi's TWIF Clothing Line Wardrobe Davido's Musical Video" (https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/03/02/omotoso-oluwabukunmis-twif-clothing-line-wardrobe-davidos-musical-video/) . This Day . 1 May 2020 . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Diderich, Joelle (4 January 2023). "With His Label on Hiatus, Kenneth Ize Plots His Next Move" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/with-his-label-on-pause-fashion-designer-kenneth-ize-plots-his-next-move-1235460117/) . WWD . Retrieved 3 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Benissan, Ezreen (18 September 2023). "Meet London designer Tolu Coker. NewGen's new star?" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/fashion/meet-london-designer-tolu-coker-newgens-new-star-fashion-week) . Vogue Business . Retrieved 3 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "About Evans Akere" (https://mbariuno.com/profiles/evans-akere/) . Mbari Uno . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 2023-03-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b "BBC Interview With Evans Akere" (https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-50943787) . BBC Pidgin . January 2020 . Retrieved 2020-01-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-vang_21-0) "EVANS AKERE: INNOVATING AFRICAN TRADITIONAL WEAR" (https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/evans-akere-innovating-african-traditional-wear/#google_vignette) . VANGUARD ALLURE . Retrieved 2021-10-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "5 Minute With Evans Akere" (https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday-style/20141228/281801397322216/) . Press Reader . Retrieved 2023-12-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Idoko, Nicholas (2023-08-26). "The Role of Culture in Nigerian Fashion Design Industry" (https://professions.ng/culture-role-in-nigerian-fashion-design-industry/) . Professions in Nigeria . Retrieved 2024-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Nigeria, Guardian (2021-10-03). "The Evolution Of Nigerian Fashion Since Independence" (https://guardian.ng/life/the-evolution-of-nigerian-fashion-since-independence/) . The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News . Retrieved 2024-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Odu, Mazzi (2019-07-16). "Kenneth Ize, the LVMH-prize finalist redefining African luxury" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/kenneth-ize-fashion-profile/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 2024-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "The History Of Nigerian Fashion" (https://naijaculture.co/blogs/news/the-history-of-nigerian-fashion) . Naija Culture . 2023-04-30 . Retrieved 2024-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Williams, Sean (2018-08-28). "The evolution of Nigerian fashion" (https://openskiesmagazine.com/the-evolution-of-nigerian-fashion/) . Open Skies . Retrieved 2024-04-08 . 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Type of headwear for Muslim men For The form of Muslim leadership, see Imamate (/wiki/Imamate) . For The Hattian Goddess, see Ammamma (/wiki/Ammamma) . Habib Umar bin Hafiz (/wiki/Umar_bin_Hafiz) wearing an Imamah. A man wearing a keffiyeh styled as a turban. Imama or Ammama or 'Emma ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : عمامة; Egyptian Arabic (/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic_language) : عمة IPA: [ˈʕem.mæ] (/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Sudanese_Arabic&action=edit&redlink=1) or AMMĀMA, Arabic ʿEMĀMA) is a type of turban (/wiki/Turban) that is symbolically significant to Muslim (/wiki/Muslims) [1] (#cite_note-1) men. It is common especially with men in Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) and Yemen (/wiki/Yemen) , as well as North Africa. [2] (#cite_note-2) Wearing this headgear symbolizes authority, strength and honor. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Muslim headwear for men typically consists of two portions. The first portion is the solid cap, known as a taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) . The second portion is the outer cloth wrap, known as an Imama (the turban). Some scholars instruct Muslim men to either wear both together, or none at all, as a way to distinguish Muslim men from non-Muslim men. Abu Dawud mentioned in his Sunan that Muhammad said, "The difference between us and the pagans is that we wear the 'imama on top of the qalansuwa," therefore Muslim men must wear both pieces or neither. [4] (#cite_note-4) Afghan official Suhail Shaheen (/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen) wearing an Imama. Also, Muslim men by hadith are instructed to follow a specific style of the turban wrapping, with the excess length hanging behind the back of the neck. "The best and most authentic style is to allow the loose end to hang from the back between the shoulder blades". [5] (#cite_note-5) It has also been related that Muhammad said "Adopt wearing the turban for indeed it is the mantle of the Angels and hang the tail of it on your backs!" [Tabarānī, al-Kabīr from Ibn ʿUmar; Bayhaqī, Shuʿab al-Īman]. It has also been related that Muhammad said "Increase in discernment! Turbans are the crowns of the Arabs." [Bayhaqī, Shuʿab al-Īman from Usamah bin ʿUmayr [6] (#cite_note-6) ]. Muslim men are not required to wear the Imama during prayer, although it is preferred to do so. [7] (#cite_note-7) Wearing the full Imama is an act of Sunnah (/wiki/Sunnah) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Some hadith state it is preferred that regular Muslim men wear normal sized Imama, while scholars should wear larger ones to distinguish themselves visually. “In the Qunya [it is stated], ‘A long turban and the wearing of spacious clothing is commendable (hasan) for the scholars who are the signs of guidance as opposed to all other people.” [Zada, Majma` al-Anhur] [1] (https://islamqa.org/hanafi/seekersguidance-hanafi/31802/can-anyone-wear-a-turban-are-there-styles-specific-for-scholars/) See also [ edit ] Egypt portal (/wiki/Portal:Egypt) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "ʿAMĀMA – Encyclopaedia Iranica" (https://iranicaonline.org/articles/amama-or-ammama-arabic-emama-the-turban) . iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Challen, Paul (2015-07-15). The Culture and Crafts of Egypt . The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4994-1157-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam . Magnes Press, The Hebrew University. 2000. p. 218. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The turban tradition in Islam" (https://www.livingislam.org/k/tti_e.html) . www.livingislam.org . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Afzal, Maulaana Imran (2014-01-09). "The Turban Of The Messenger of Allah Peace Be Upon Him Part 2" (https://www.myislaam.com/general/turban-messenger-allah-peace-upon-part-2/) . My Islaam . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) sufyan (2014-02-21). "Is It a Sunna to Wear a Turban?" (https://seekersguidance.org/answers/general-counsel/is-it-a-sunna-to-wear-a-turban/) . SeekersGuidance . Retrieved 2024-03-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The turban tradition in Islam" (https://www.livingislam.org/k/tti_e.html) . www.livingislam.org . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) sufyan (2014-02-21). "Is It a Sunna to Wear a Turban?" (https://seekersguidance.org/answers/general-counsel/is-it-a-sunna-to-wear-a-turban/) . SeekersGuidance . Retrieved 2024-03-19 . v t e Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Hats (/wiki/Hat) caps (/wiki/Cap) General Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Easter (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Fez (hat) (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Stormy Kromer (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw 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(/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) Hoop (/wiki/Hoop_crown) Imperial (/wiki/Imperial_crown) Makuṭa (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Naval (/wiki/Naval_crown) Queen's (/wiki/Queen%27s_Crown) State (/wiki/State_crown) Tiara (/wiki/Tiara) Wreath (/wiki/Wreath_(attire)) ( laurel (/wiki/Laurel_wreath) ) Helmets (/wiki/Helmet) Combat (/wiki/Combat_helmet) Boar's tusk (/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet) Ilyrian (/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet) Corinthian (/wiki/Corinthian_helmet) Chalcidian (/wiki/Chalcidian_helmet) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_helmet) Imperial (/wiki/Imperial_helmet) Lamellenhelm (/wiki/Lamellenhelm) Great (/wiki/Great_helm) Barbute (/wiki/Barbute) Close (/wiki/Close_helmet) Morion (/wiki/Morion_(helmet)) Sallet (/wiki/Sallet) Lobster-tailed pot (/wiki/Lobster-tailed_pot_helmet) Kulah khud (/wiki/Kulah_khud) Kabuto (/wiki/Kabuto) Dragoon (/wiki/Dragoon_helmet) Pickelhaube (/wiki/Pickelhaube) Adrian (/wiki/Adrian_helmet) Brodie (/wiki/Brodie_helmet) Stahlhelm (/wiki/Stahlhelm) M33 (/wiki/M33_helmet) Advanced 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Hairnet (/wiki/Hairnet) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Headphones (/wiki/Headphones) Headpiece (/wiki/Headpiece) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Peineta (/wiki/Peineta_(comb)) Peinetón (/wiki/Peinet%C3%B3n) Scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) Shpitzel (/wiki/Shpitzel) Eyewear Eyeglasses (/wiki/Glasses) Browline (/wiki/Browline_glasses) Bug-eye (/wiki/Bug-eye_glasses) Cat eye (/wiki/Cat_eye_glasses) GI (/wiki/GI_glasses) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Horn-rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) Pince-nez (/wiki/Pince-nez) Lensless (/wiki/Lensless_glasses) Lorgnette (/wiki/Lorgnette) Monocle (/wiki/Monocle) Rimless (/wiki/Rimless_eyeglasses) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses) Glacier (/wiki/Sunglasses#Sports) Iggaak (/wiki/Snow_goggles) Mirrored (/wiki/Mirrored_sunglasses) Solar viewer (/wiki/Solar_viewer) Shutter shades (/wiki/Shutter_shades) Teashades (/wiki/Sunglasses#Teashades) Wayfarer (/wiki/Ray-Ban_Wayfarer) Head-mounted display (/wiki/Head-mounted_display) List of headwear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Sufism (/wiki/Sufism) terminology Sufis Abdal (/wiki/Abdal) Ahl al-Khutwa (/wiki/Ahl_al-Khutwa) Al-Insān al-Kāmil (/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil) Bash Hezzab (/wiki/Bash_Hezzab) Dervish (/wiki/Dervish) Fakir (/wiki/Fakir) Hafiz (/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)) Hezzab (/wiki/Hezzab) Imam (/wiki/Imam) Khatib (/wiki/Khatib) Majzoob (/wiki/Majzoob_(Sufism)) Marabout (/wiki/Marabout) Mudaqiq (/w/index.php?title=Mudaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%82_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Muqaddam (/wiki/Muqaddam) Muqarrab (/wiki/Muqarrab_(Sufism)) Murshid (/wiki/Murshid) Mutahaqiq (/w/index.php?title=Mutahaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82) ] Murid (/wiki/Murid) Nass al-Houdhour (/wiki/Nass_al-Houdhour) Pir (/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)) Qalandar (/wiki/Qalandar_(title)) Qāriʾ (/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE) Qutb (/wiki/Qutb) Rabbani (/wiki/Rabbani_(Sufism)) Salik (/wiki/Salik) Sheikh (/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)) Siddiq (/wiki/Siddiq) Sufis ranks (/w/index.php?title=Sufis_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1) Talibe (/wiki/Talibe) The Seven ranks (/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9) ] Wali (/wiki/Wali) Wasil (/wiki/Wasil_(Sufism)) Concepts Aayane (/w/index.php?title=Aayane&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Aayane Thabita (/w/index.php?title=Aayane_Thabita&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9) ] Aql (/wiki/Mind) Baqaa (/wiki/Baqaa) Dhawq (/wiki/Dhawq) Fana (/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)) Ghaflah (/wiki/Ghaflah) Hal (/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab_(Sufism)) Huwa (/wiki/Huwa) Ihsan (/wiki/Ihsan) Ishq (/wiki/Ishq) Ismul Azam (/wiki/Ismul_Azam) Lataif-e-Sitta (/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta) Maqam (/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)) Nafs (/wiki/Nafs) Qalb (/wiki/Qalb) Ran (/w/index.php?title=Ran_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Rūḥ (/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5) Sadr (/w/index.php?title=Sadr_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Yaqeen (/wiki/Yaqeen) Awrad (/wiki/Wird_(Sufism)) Dhikr (/wiki/Dhikr) Djamaa (/w/index.php?title=Djamaa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83)) ] Djoua (/w/index.php?title=Djoua_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Dua (/wiki/Dua) Ibara (/w/index.php?title=Ibara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Ichara (/w/index.php?title=Ichara&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Latifa (/w/index.php?title=Latifa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Lazimi (/wiki/Lazimi) Muhasabah (/w/index.php?title=Muhasabah&action=edit&redlink=1) Muraqabah (/wiki/Muraqabah) Raising hands in Dua (/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua) Sabr (/wiki/Sabr) Sahar (/w/index.php?title=Sahar_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Salat al-Fatih (/wiki/Salat_al-Fatih) Salawat (/wiki/Salawat) Samt (/w/index.php?title=Samt_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Shuhud (/w/index.php?title=Shuhud_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Shukr (/wiki/Shukr) Sufism pillars (/w/index.php?title=Sufism_pillars&action=edit&redlink=1) Tafakur (/wiki/Contemplation) Tahara (/w/index.php?title=Tahara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9) ] Tahlia (/w/index.php?title=Tahlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Takhlia (/w/index.php?title=Takhlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Tawajud (/w/index.php?title=Tawajud&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF) ] Tawakkul (/wiki/Tawakkul) Tawassul (/wiki/Tawassul) Tazkiah (/wiki/Tazkiah) Uzla (/w/index.php?title=Uzla_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Wajd (/wiki/Wajd) Wazifa (/wiki/Wazifa) Zarruqiyya (/wiki/Wazifa_Zarruqiyya) Wird (/wiki/Wird) Zuhd (/wiki/Asceticism) Waridates (/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)) Barakah (/wiki/Barakah) Basirah (/wiki/Basirah) Bast (/w/index.php?title=Bast_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Djadba (/w/index.php?title=Djadba&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Fath (/w/index.php?title=Fath_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Haqiqa (/wiki/Haqiqa) Hidayah (/wiki/Hidayah) Ilham (/wiki/Afflatus) Irfan (/wiki/Irfan) Ishrak (/wiki/Illuminationism) Karamat (/wiki/Karamat) Kashf (/wiki/Kashf) Khatir (/w/index.php?title=Khatir_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Ma'rifa (/wiki/Ma%27rifa) Nūr (/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)) Qabdh (/w/index.php?title=Qabdh_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)) ] Rabita (/w/index.php?title=Rabita_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)) ] Ru'ya (/w/index.php?title=Ru%27ya&action=edit&redlink=1) Secret (/w/index.php?title=Secret_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) Tajalli (/wiki/Tajalli) Thawab (/wiki/Thawab) Uns (/w/index.php?title=Uns_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3) ] Walayah (/wiki/Walayah) Warid (/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)) Misconducts Antinomianism (/wiki/Antinomianism#Islamic_antinomianism) Rahbaniya (/wiki/Monasticism) Shath (/wiki/Shath) Taqabbur (/wiki/Hubris) Zandaqa (/wiki/Zandaqa) Ceremonies Ashura (/wiki/Ashura) Bay'ah (/wiki/Bay%27ah) Haḍra (/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra) Hizb Rateb (/wiki/Hizb_Rateb) Idjaza (/wiki/Idjaza) Mawlid (/wiki/Mawlid) Mawsim (/wiki/Mawsim) Salka (/wiki/Salka_(Sufism)) Sbooa (/w/index.php?title=Sbooa&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbu%C3%A2) ] Sebiba (/wiki/Sebiba) Silsila (/wiki/Silsila) Sufi orders (/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders) Tariqa (/wiki/Tariqa) Tweeza (/wiki/Tweeza) Wezeea (/wiki/Wezeea) Ziyarat (/wiki/Ziyarat) Arts Ashewiq (/w/index.php?title=Ashewiq&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ar (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82) ] Madih nabawi (/wiki/Madih_nabawi) Nasheed (/wiki/Nasheed) Naʽat (/wiki/Na%CA%BDat) Qawwali (/wiki/Qawwali) Sama (/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)) Sufi cosmology (/wiki/Sufi_cosmology) Sufism history (/wiki/History_of_Sufism) Sufi literature 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Fashion-related events during the 2020s 2021: Natalie Biden (/wiki/Natalie_Biden) wearing a matching cloth COVID-19 mask (/wiki/COVID-19_mask) at the inauguration of Joe Biden (/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden) , her grandfather The fashions of the 2020s represent a departure from 2010s fashion (/wiki/2010s_fashion) and feature a nostalgia (/wiki/Nostalgia) for older aesthetics. [1] (#cite_note-1) They have been largely inspired by styles (/wiki/Fashion) of the late 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) to mid-2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) , 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) , and late 1960s (/wiki/1960s_in_fashion) to early 1970s (/wiki/1970s_in_fashion) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Early in the decade, several publications noted the shortened trend and nostalgia cycle in 2020s fashion. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Fashion was also shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , which had a major impact on the fashion industry (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) , and led to shifting retail (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail) and consumer trends. In the 2020s, many companies, including current fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) giants such as Shein (/wiki/Shein_(company)) and Temu (/wiki/Temu_(marketplace)) , have been using social media (/wiki/Social_media) platforms such as TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) and Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) as a marketing tool. [12] (#cite_note-12) Marketing strategies involving third parties, particularly influencers (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) and celebrities, have become prominent tactics. E-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) platforms which promote small businesses, [13] (#cite_note-13) such as Depop (/wiki/Depop) and Etsy (/wiki/Etsy) , grew by offering vintage, homemade, or resold clothing from individual sellers. Thrifting (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) has also exploded in popularity due to it being centered around finding valuable pieces of clothing at a reasonable price. [14] (#cite_note-14) General trends [ edit ] COVID-19 pandemic [ edit ] Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) Cloth COVID-19 masks (/wiki/Corona_mask) from Germany, 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , wearing a face mask (/wiki/Surgical_mask) became a common and often mandatory practice. [15] (#cite_note-15) The mask shortage, the desire for self-expression, and the ability to quickly make masks without specialized technology soon led to a multitude of mask designs. [16] (#cite_note-Forbes.12April2020-16) [17] (#cite_note-newyorktime.22April2020-17) Fashion that prioritized comfort, style, and safety also became more popular during the pandemic, including sneakers, loungewear (/wiki/Loungewear) , athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) , pajamas, and "Zoom tops", shirts kept close to a wearer to be put on for a video meeting. [18] (#cite_note-18) Athleisure and activewear [ edit ] In the United States, athletic wear such as unisex yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) , hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , athletic shorts (/wiki/Shorts) , [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Crocs (/wiki/Crocs) , sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) , and sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) were staples in millennial (/wiki/Millennials) and Gen Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) wardrobes, although these were generally less form-fitting than the athletic wear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) fashionable in the 2010s (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) . Despite the return to maximalism (/wiki/Maximalism) in certain fashion circles, the vast majority of Americans were still choosing comfortable clothing. This preference for comfortable and affordable clothing can be attributed to the growing emphasis on casual and relaxed styles in everyday life. [21] (#cite_note-21) Additionally, the ongoing athleisure trend reflects a shift towards prioritizing functionality and versatility in fashion choices. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Some people might blame the COVID-19 pandemic for the prevalence of casual clothing, but some market research indicates that athleisure never really went out of style. [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) In fact, athleisure has been gaining popularity for years due to its ability to seamlessly transition from the gym to everyday activities. [26] (#cite_note-26) This trend is further reinforced by the increasing focus on health and wellness, as people seek clothing that allows them to stay active and comfortable throughout the day. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) Maximalism and 2010s backlash [ edit ] As the decade started, maximalist fashion made a resurgence on the runway (/wiki/Fashion_runway) , as a backlash against the fashions of the 2010s. After two years indoors, many younger people started to channel their restless energy into cheery, upbeat fashions. [32] (#cite_note-32) Gen Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) fashion enthusiasts found themselves dissatisfied with minimalism (/wiki/Minimalism) and millennial fashion, considering it to be lacking in self-expression and gender neutral (/wiki/Non-binary_gender) representation. [33] (#cite_note-33) All facets of popular culture were briefly impacted by the resurgence in maximalism, especially fashion, interior design, music, and the arts. [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) Although maximalism had made a comeback in online fashion communities, minimalism remained the standard for interior decorating (/wiki/Interior_decorating) and mainstream fashion (/wiki/Fashion) . The TikTok algorithm repurposed minimalism as a selection of curated aesthetics and "fashion essentials" that appeal to Gen Z youth. [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) Although they were a fashion must-have in the 2010s, skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) faced a brief backlash at the start of the decade. [40] (#cite_note-40) Many Gen-Z social media influencers (/wiki/Social_media_influencer) on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) said that skinny jeans were no longer a symbol of youth culture, causing controversy among fashion bloggers and millennial women. [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) Separating one's hair to the side (side-part) was also considered to be out of style by Gen-Z influencers. [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) The term cheugy (/wiki/Cheugy) was coined to describe "tacky millennial fashion." [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) Internet aesthetics, micro-trends and anti-fashion [ edit ] The acceleration of new fashion trends and micro-trends, made possible by social media platforms such as Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram and TikTok, led to shorter trend cycles and faster manufacturing processes by global clothing producers ( fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) ). The pollution linked with fast fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) led to the birth of anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) micro-trends. [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) The trend cycle was moving so fast that there were niche revivals for 2010s fashion and 2014 Tumblr. [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) Women's clothing [ edit ] Early 2020s (2020–2022) [ edit ] Late 1990s–2000s revival [ edit ] As the decade began, fashions of the late 1990s and early to mid-2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) (sometimes referred to as ' Y2K (/wiki/Year_2000_problem) fashion' [55] (#cite_note-55) ) were a major influence. This contrasted with the fashions of the previous decade (/wiki/2010s_fashion) which took inspiration from early to mid 90s fashion. On social networks, many influencers constantly look for vintage styles to break from the dominance of massively advertised looks (that they sometimes heavily criticize), a classic nostalgia effect used in the fashion industry. [56] (#cite_note-56) The early 2020s saw renditions of the underwear-as-outerwear and explicit sexuality. Versace, Gucci and Prada made significant returns to latex-inspired styles. Pornhub (/wiki/Pornhub) sponsored an osé fashion collection in Paris. Brands became in demand of a very wide diversity of models (breakthrough of indigenous models). The covid crisis had an impact on fashion continuity, which Vogue described as "chaotic, creative mix of idiosyncratic takes on what the post-pandemic world wants right now". Ghesquière (/wiki/Nicolas_Ghesqui%C3%A8re) explored vampire looks for Louis Vuitton. [57] (#cite_note-57) From 2020 to 2022, desirable colours in the US and Europe included navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) , neon green (/wiki/Neon_green) , electric blue (/wiki/Electric_blue_(colour)) , purple, white, coral (/wiki/Coral) , baby pink (/wiki/Baby_pink) , [58] (#cite_note-Shannon_Keating-58) [59] (#cite_note-59) light grey, silver, [60] (#cite_note-Spring_2021_Couture-60) pastel pink, violet, pale blue (/wiki/Pale_blue) , lavender, mint green (/wiki/Mint_green) , [61] (#cite_note-:1-61) faded yellow, pastel teal, lemon yellow (/wiki/Lemon_yellow) , orange, red, and brown. [62] (#cite_note-4_Spring_2020_Trends-62) [63] (#cite_note-63) Popular shirts, coats, and dresses from this time included puffer jackets (/wiki/Puffer_jacket) made from upcycled (/wiki/Upcycle) deadstock (/wiki/Deadstock) fabric, sweatshirts, high waisted pants (/wiki/High_waisted_pants) , tucked-in sweaters, camisoles (/wiki/Camisole) and crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) , lowrise (/wiki/Lowrise) miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) , [64] (#cite_note-64) brocade topcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) , [61] (#cite_note-:1-61) midriff-baring tops, ribbed turtlenecks (/wiki/Turtleneck) , garish Ed Hardy (/wiki/Ed_Hardy) style T-shirts with rhinestones (/wiki/Rhinestone) , [58] (#cite_note-Shannon_Keating-58) off-the-shoulder knitted tops, science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction) -inspired metallic jackets, [60] (#cite_note-Spring_2021_Couture-60) loose-fitting shift dresses (/wiki/Shift_dress) [65] (#cite_note-65) or blouses, pantywaist tops (/wiki/Pantywaist_top) sometimes with cap sleeves, cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) cardigans, [62] (#cite_note-4_Spring_2020_Trends-62) [66] (#cite_note-66) and oversized 1980s-inspired [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) dog's tooth check (/wiki/Houndstooth) jackets popularized by Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) and Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) . Revived popular shoe and accessory styles included Crocs (/wiki/Crocs) , [69] (#cite_note-69) [70] (#cite_note-:2-70) platform sandals, knee-high boots, ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , white sneakers (such as Vans (/wiki/Vans) , Keds (/wiki/Keds) , Nike Air Force 1s (/wiki/Air_Force_(shoe)) , [71] (#cite_note-71) or Converse), fringed handbags (/wiki/Handbags) , multi-coloured 1980s-inspired earrings (/wiki/Earring) made from recycled (/wiki/Recycle) ocean plastic (/wiki/Ocean_plastic) , [72] (#cite_note-72) white bralettes (/wiki/Bra) , chunky cable knit (/wiki/Cable_knit) scarves (/wiki/Scarves) , Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) , and Doc Martens (/wiki/Doc_Martens) . Some women also shifted to fair trade, vintage, and cruelty-free (/wiki/Cruelty-free) clothing. In Britain, a number of women rejected nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , acrylic, rayon (/wiki/Rayon) , new cotton, and polyester in favor of tencel (/wiki/Tencel) , linen (/wiki/Linen) , organic cotton, and recycled polyester. [73] (#cite_note-73) Workplace dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) became more casual due to a higher proportion of remote workers (/wiki/Remote_work) among white collar staff. Many professional women, especially in the UK and America, paired a formal blouse (/wiki/Blouse) with casual leg wear like shorts or even pajama (/wiki/Pajama) bottoms on video conferences (/wiki/Video_conference) . [70] (#cite_note-:2-70) [74] (#cite_note-74) In India, Pakistan, and Ceylon, Generation Z girls repurposed the sari (/wiki/Sari) worn by their mothers, pairing it with sneakers, casual knitwear (/wiki/Knitwear) , crop tops, T-shirts, black Oxford shoes (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) , Y2K-inspired platform sandals, and sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) . The dresses were often made in contrasting shades of grey, black, and blush (/wiki/Blush_(colour)) pink (/wiki/Pink) , often being seen as a modern and corporate look. [75] (#cite_note-75) 1960s influences [ edit ] 1960s-inspired outfit from 2021 featuring knee high boots, pop-art (/wiki/Pop-art) -inspired top, miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) , and cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) with checkerboard (/wiki/Checkerboard) motif. The spring of 2021 saw a revival of psychedelic (/wiki/Psychedelia) mid-to-late 1960s fashion (/wiki/1960s_fashion) in the UK, Asia, the US, Europe, and Africa. Clothing such as miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirts) , slim fit capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) , denim jumpsuits (/wiki/Jumpsuit) , [76] (#cite_note-76) flared trousers (/wiki/Flared_trousers) , [77] (#cite_note-Brown_clothing_in_Metro-77) lowrise (/wiki/Lowrise) white linen (/wiki/Linen) boho chic (/wiki/Boho_chic) maxi skirts (/wiki/Maxi_skirt) worn with hippie (/wiki/Hippie) style sandals (/wiki/Sandal) or ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) , [78] (#cite_note-78) patched jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , [79] (#cite_note-79) dog's tooth check (/wiki/Houndstooth) skirts and mini-dresses, laced Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) blouses derived from Danish folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) , [80] (#cite_note-80) pastel blue or pink empire line (/wiki/Empire_line) milkmaid (/wiki/Milkmaid) dresses inspired by Bridgerton (/wiki/Bridgerton) , [81] (#cite_note-81) maxi dresses (/wiki/Maxi_dress) , [82] (#cite_note-82) gingham (/wiki/Gingham) or stripy short shorts worn with matching vests [83] (#cite_note-83) or thigh-skimming jackets, [84] (#cite_note-84) and cropped slim jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) [85] (#cite_note-85) were popular pants among younger women from 2021-24. Other favoured styles included prairie dresses (/wiki/Prairie_dress) with floral embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) ; [70] (#cite_note-:2-70) backless sundresses (/wiki/Sundress) ; [86] (#cite_note-86) floor-length kaftans (/wiki/Kaftan) with jeans; [87] (#cite_note-87) Pendleton jackets (/wiki/Pendleton_jacket) ; hippie (/wiki/Hippie) style mood rings (/wiki/Mood_ring) popularized by Lorde (/wiki/Lorde) ; tiered flamenco (/wiki/Flamenco) dresses that flare out below the knee; [88] (#cite_note-88) satin slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) ; jumpers with smiley faces and mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom) designs; satin (/wiki/Satin) blouses; checkerboard sweater vests (/wiki/Sweater_vest) ; [89] (#cite_note-89) leather three-quarter length coats; Crombie (/wiki/Crombie_(clothing)) style wool overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) ; leopard print winter coats; [90] (#cite_note-90) zip collar turtleneck sweaters (/wiki/Turtleneck_sweater) ; zip-up polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) with white collar trim; [91] (#cite_note-91) clothing with sunflower (/wiki/Sunflower) print; checkerboard (/wiki/Checkerboard) motifs; and diamond and hexagonal prints. Popular colours during this time included brown, [77] (#cite_note-Brown_clothing_in_Metro-77) sage green, royal blue (/wiki/Royal_blue) , hot pink (/wiki/Hot_pink) , orange, yellow, and purple. [92] (#cite_note-92) Comfortcore, cottagecore and coastal grandmother [ edit ] The lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic led a whole generation of women worldwide to prefer homely and comfortable clothes to wear at home. From 2020-2022, many subtrends emerged from this so-called "comfortcore" movement. [93] (#cite_note-:11-93) Cardigan and flannel (/wiki/Flannel) coats worn by Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) , representative of the cottagecore (/wiki/Cottagecore) subtrend. A nostalgia-driven subtrend was cottagecore (/wiki/Cottagecore) (grandmacore, faeriecore, farmcore, goblincore (/wiki/Goblincore) ) even though it goes beyond fashion to include all designs. The cottagecore subtrend was reinforced by Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) 's 2020 albums Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) and Evermore (/wiki/Evermore_(Taylor_Swift_album)) . [94] (#cite_note-94) The cottagecore style was defined by pastel colours and palettes that evoked a romantic, idealized country aesthetic. [95] (#cite_note-once_vox-95) Typical clothing included prairie dresses, blue gingham (/wiki/Gingham) mini-dresses, white gypsy tops (/wiki/Gypsy_top) with multicolour Mexican-inspired floral embroidery, and hippie (/wiki/Hippie) -style maxi dresses inspired by those worn during the late 1960s (/wiki/1960s_fashion) . Gingham and austerity-era floral patterns dominated the aesthetic. [95] (#cite_note-once_vox-95) An urban derivative of cottagecore known as "allotment chic" became popular in the UK during the early to mid 2020s and featured oversized linen gilets (/wiki/Gilet) , cotton twill maxi skirts (/wiki/Maxi_skirt) , pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) dresses, chunky knitted cardigan sweaters (/wiki/Cardigan_sweater) and earth tones like olive green, brown, sage green (/wiki/Sage_(color)) , marigold (/wiki/Marigold_(color)) yellow, tangerine (/wiki/Tangerine) orange, and ecru (/wiki/Ecru) . [96] (#cite_note-96) "Retirement-wear" was a subtrend where young Gen Z (/wiki/Gen_Z) and millennial generation (/wiki/Millennial_generation) women in America adopted the comfy-looking style of their elders, and borrowed styles from nostalgia-filled figures such as Dianne Keaton (/wiki/Dianne_Keaton) . [93] (#cite_note-:11-93) The 2022 trend "coastal grandmother" brought a "beachy, romantic aesthetic" associated with the rural American East Coast (/wiki/American_East_Coast) . [97] (#cite_note-97) [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) It combined elements of cottage-core with spring and fall beachwear (/wiki/Beachwear) [100] (#cite_note-100) especially white jeans, cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) turtleneck sweaters (/wiki/Turtleneck_sweater) , pastel pink (/wiki/Pastel_pink) flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) , woven tote bags (/wiki/Tote_bag) made from recycled fabric, and straw beekeeper (/wiki/Beekeeper) style sun hats (/wiki/Sun_hat) . [101] (#cite_note-101) Mid 2020s (2023–present) [ edit ] Dopamine dressing and oversized garments [ edit ] Continuing on from the maximalist (/wiki/Maximalist) and 1980s influences of the early 2020s (#General_trends) , vibrant coloured clothing had made a comeback for women in America, France, China, Korea, and Ukraine [102] (#cite_note-102) by the spring of 2023. [103] (#cite_note-103) This style, sometimes referred to as " dopamine (/wiki/Dopamine) dressing", featured long skirts and belted maxi dresses (/wiki/Maxi_dress) with thigh splits, lots of gold and pearl jewelry, neon blue tights, [104] (#cite_note-104) oversized striped cardigan sweaters (/wiki/Cardigan_sweater) , multicoloured silk skirts with seashell (/wiki/Seashell) or floral print, strappy sandals, pants with a contrasting stripe down the leg, ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boot) , [105] (#cite_note-105) floral print maxi skirts (/wiki/Maxi_skirt) , Y2K inspired platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoes) , chunky red rain boots (/wiki/Rain_boot) , [106] (#cite_note-106) shimmery jumpsuits (/wiki/Jumpsuit) , [107] (#cite_note-107) knitted dresses, leather pilot (/wiki/Pilot) jackets with faux fur collars, [108] (#cite_note-108) skirts with bold contrasting vertical stripes, trouser suits (/wiki/Trouser_suit) with bootcut (/wiki/Bootcut) legs, jeans with glittery heart or star-shaped details, chunky white or black sandals, and zebra (/wiki/Zebra) print tote bags (/wiki/Tote_bag) . [109] (#cite_note-109) [110] (#cite_note-110) A dressier, more summery variant of dopamine dressing, known as "Italian garden party core", incorporated Mediterranean-inspired elements of cottagecore, such as pink mary janes (/wiki/Mary_janes) , white, green, baby blue or pink shirt dresses with fruit, leaf and floral patterns, straw hats, peach colored off the shoulder peplum dresses (/wiki/Peplum_dress) , and gladiator sandals (/wiki/Gladiator_sandal) . [111] (#cite_note-111) Big, oversized garments were often made from translucent materials and featured cutouts intended to expose the wearer's bare shoulder, thigh, or midriff (/wiki/Midriff) , such as low-cut waists on the pants (/wiki/Hip_hugger) or tops with strappy necklines intended to be worn braless (/wiki/Braless) . [112] (#cite_note-112) Desirable colours included neon green, watermelon (/wiki/Watermelon) green, coral pink (/wiki/Coral_pink) , orange, salmon pink (/wiki/Salmon_pink) , magenta (/wiki/Magenta) , gold (/wiki/Gold) , electric blue (/wiki/Electric_blue_(colour)) , aquamarine (/wiki/Aquamarine_(colour)) , cyan (/wiki/Cyan) , turquoise (/wiki/Turquoise) , and royal blue (/wiki/Royal_blue) . [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) Glamour wear [ edit ] In Britain and America, luxury fashions often with shiny or metallic detailing became popular evening wear (/wiki/Evening_gown) and clubwear (/wiki/Clubwear) by the winter [115] (#cite_note-Xmas_outfits_2023-115) of 2023. Desirable items included brown minidresses (/wiki/Minidress) sometimes featuring bronze (/wiki/Bronze) sequins (/wiki/Sequin) , [116] (#cite_note-116) metallic or sequined tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) jackets, bark colored silk midi dresses, [117] (#cite_note-117) small leather handbags (/wiki/Handbag) , [118] (#cite_note-118) 1990s fashion (/wiki/1990s_fashion) inspired Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Janes) , pantywaist tops (/wiki/Pantywaist_top) , goth fashion (/wiki/Goth_fashion) inspired black midi dresses (/wiki/Midi_dress) , [119] (#cite_note-119) Y2K inspired pointy court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) , sheer belted mini dresses (/wiki/Mini_dress) with green sequins, [120] (#cite_note-120) metallic silver pants, [121] (#cite_note-Must_have_river_island_xmas_pieces-121) knitted dresses in grey, navy blue, cream or black sometimes featuring intricate Nordic inspired patterns, [122] (#cite_note-122) rhinestone cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) , white shawl lapel (/wiki/Shawl_lapel) sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , black or white embroidered western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) or fringe jackets (/wiki/Fringe_jacket) , [123] (#cite_note-123) lots of silver jewelry, silver brocade (/wiki/Brocade) slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) , [121] (#cite_note-Must_have_river_island_xmas_pieces-121) dresses decorated with feathers, [115] (#cite_note-Xmas_outfits_2023-115) flared trousers (/wiki/Flared_trousers) [124] (#cite_note-124) white dresses, Scandinavian inspired enamel (/wiki/Vitreous_enamel) jewelry, [125] (#cite_note-125) timeless " quiet luxury (/wiki/Quiet_luxury) " inspired mock turtleneck (/wiki/Turtleneck) sweaters, black leather block heel knee high boots, [126] (#cite_note-126) baguette (/wiki/Baguette) bags in metallic black, silver, green, red, or brown, [127] (#cite_note-127) satin (/wiki/Satin) blouses (/wiki/Blouse) , [128] (#cite_note-128) black tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) style trouser suits (/wiki/Trouser_suit) , [129] (#cite_note-129) black polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) dresses and satin (/wiki/Satin) half-slip (/wiki/Half-slip) skirts (/wiki/Skirt) worn as outerwear, [130] (#cite_note-130) and grey old money (/wiki/Old_money) inspired Crombie (/wiki/Crombie_(brand)) style overcoats. [131] (#cite_note-131) Desirable colors included silver, black, white, navy blue, dark green, sky blue, and bronze. Many younger women hired going-out outfits from websites like Net A Porter (/wiki/YOOX_Net-a-Porter_Group) rather than buying fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) dresses and only wearing them once on a night out. [132] (#cite_note-132) Balletcore fashion [ edit ] Main article: Ballet and fashion § Balletcore (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion#Balletcore) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballet_dancer) -inspired fashion in the mid-2020s had a significant impact on the fashion industry, influencing both high fashion (/wiki/Haute_couture) runways and mainstream street fashion. [133] (#cite_note-133) [134] (#cite_note-134) This trend drew inspiration from the graceful and elegant aesthetic of ballet dancers, incorporating elements such as soft tulle fabrics (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) , delicate lace (/wiki/Lace) , wraparound silhouettes, ballerina skirts (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) , and ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) into clothing designs. The trend also emphasized a more feminine (/wiki/Femininity) and romantic style (/wiki/Romanticism) , with pastel colors (/wiki/Pastel_(color)) , flowy skirts, and off-the-shoulder tops becoming popular choices for fashion enthusiasts in Singapore, the UK and America. The influence of ballerina fashion extended beyond clothing, inspiring hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) such as soft buns (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) and loose waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) , as well as delicate accessories like ribbon (/wiki/Ribbon) chokers (/wiki/Choker) and ballet slipper (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) -inspired shoes. Ballerina-inspired fashion brought a sense of whimsy and ethereal beauty to the fashion world during this period and also increased the popularity of ballet-inspired workout wear, with brands creating collections that combined functionality with a balletic aesthetic. [135] (#cite_note-135) [136] (#cite_note-136) [137] (#cite_note-137) Men's clothing [ edit ] Early 2020s (2020–2022) [ edit ] Late 1990s–2000s influences [ edit ] 2020–21: Korean men in the 1980s and 2000s-inspired outfits fashionable in the early 2020s. From 2020 onwards, many fashions of the late 1990s and early to mid-2000s (/wiki/2000s_fashion) returned in Europe and America. This included mixing selected contemporary fashion brands with original vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) and recent thrift shop (/wiki/Thrift_shop) finds. Popular trends in the UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) , China (/wiki/China) , the US (/wiki/United_States) , and Australia (/wiki/Australia) included black or white crew neck (/wiki/Crew_neck) shirts, midnight blue U.S. Woodland (/wiki/U.S._Woodland) camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) , straight leg jeans (/wiki/Straight_leg_jeans) like the Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) 501 instead of the skinny jeans popular in the 2010s, bold multicolour motif shirts popularized by DJ Khaled (/wiki/DJ_Khaled) , tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) with business suit (/wiki/Business_suit) styling, gorpcore ("Good ol' Raisins and Peanuts") hiking and fishing clothing like Fjallraven (/wiki/Fjallraven) windbreakers (/wiki/Windbreaker) and cargo pants, Sandqvist (/wiki/Sandqvist) canvas rucksacks (/wiki/Rucksack) , jogger pants (/wiki/Sweatpants) as athletic style, twill joggers as a dressed up style, black trench coats (/wiki/Trenchcoat) leather reefer jackets (/wiki/Reefer_jacket) reminiscent of those worn in The Matrix (/wiki/The_Matrix) , [138] (#cite_note-auto-138) imitation leather messenger bags (/wiki/Messenger_bag) featuring throwback logos, Fred Perry (/wiki/Fred_Perry) Oxford shirts (/wiki/Oxford_shirt) with vertical stripes, and club wear (/wiki/Clubwear) — especially brightly patterned camp shirts (/wiki/Camp_shirt) . [139] (#cite_note-139) [140] (#cite_note-140) [141] (#cite_note-menshealth.com-141) [142] (#cite_note-independent.co.uk-142) [143] (#cite_note-:5-143) [144] (#cite_note-:3-144) [145] (#cite_note-145) [146] (#cite_note-146) [ excessive citations ] Other popular items include workwear (/wiki/Workwear) like fleece jackets (/wiki/Fleece_jacket) , zip-up hoodies, unbranded baseball caps, rubber pool sliders (/wiki/Pool_slider) , flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) in contrasting shades like purple and white, corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) pants, trucker caps (/wiki/Trucker_cap) , brightly coloured hoodies with bold designer logos like Polo Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren) , Champion Sportswear (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) and Super Dry (/wiki/Super_Dry) , and slim-fitting grey or khaki cargo pants (/wiki/Cargo_pants) worn with matching lightweight M65 Field Jackets (/wiki/M65_Field_Jacket) with multiple external patch pockets (/wiki/Patch_pocket) . [147] (#cite_note-147) [148] (#cite_note-148) [149] (#cite_note-149) 2000s fashion trends featured hip-hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) -inspired track jackets, athletic tank tops (/wiki/Tank_top_(shirt)) , wide-leg jeans (/wiki/Wide-leg_jeans) , turtleneck sweaters (/wiki/Turtleneck_sweaters) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) motifs, neon socks, sports jerseys, cargo pants, bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) , Madras plaid (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) shirts, Henley shirts (/wiki/Henley_shirt) , blouson (/wiki/Blouson) style leather jackets, long sleeve (/wiki/Long_sleeve) polo shirts, silk skinny ties, tapered high-waisted pants, brow line sunglasses, pleated khaki chino pants, mid-washed jeans, tie dye socks, oversized sweaters, and more. These trends were popular among Welsh soccer fans during the 2022 Fifa World Cup (/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) . [150] (#cite_note-auto2-150) [151] (#cite_note-151) [152] (#cite_note-152) [70] (#cite_note-:2-70) [153] (#cite_note-:4-153) [154] (#cite_note-154) [155] (#cite_note-155) [156] (#cite_note-156) [157] (#cite_note-:0-157) [158] (#cite_note-158) [159] (#cite_note-159) [160] (#cite_note-160) [161] (#cite_note-161) [162] (#cite_note-162) [163] (#cite_note-163) [164] (#cite_note-164) [165] (#cite_note-165) [ excessive citations ] Common footwear included classic Air Jordan sneakers (/wiki/Air_Jordan) , loafers (/wiki/Loafer) with chunky brothel creeper (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) soles favoured by Shawn Mendes (/wiki/Shawn_Mendes) , [166] (#cite_note-166) [167] (#cite_note-167) suede desert boots (/wiki/Desert_boot) , cyan floral print Vans (/wiki/Vans) sneakers popularized by Nick Jonas (/wiki/Nick_Jonas) , [168] (#cite_note-168) all-black imitation leather (/wiki/Imitation_leather) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) trainers, [169] (#cite_note-169) suede Timberland (/wiki/The_Timberland_Company) boots, Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) loafers, [170] (#cite_note-170) Lacrosse (/wiki/Lacrosse) or Sorel (/wiki/Sorel_(brand)) duck boots (/wiki/Duck_boots) , suede Beatle boots (/wiki/Beatle_boot) [171] (#cite_note-171) chunky hiking (/wiki/Hiking) sandals (/wiki/Sandal) , high top (/wiki/High_top) Converse All-Stars (/wiki/Converse_All-Stars) , [172] (#cite_note-172) Nike Air Max (/wiki/Nike_Air_Max) sneakers, [173] (#cite_note-173) worker boots (/wiki/Safety_boots) , and combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) bought as army surplus (/wiki/Army_surplus) . Desirable colours included white; orange; brown; black; yellow; greens, such as olive and lime; blues, such as indigo, sky, cyan, and navy; and tans, such as khaki and taupe. [142] (#cite_note-independent.co.uk-142) As a result of the increase in remote work (/wiki/Remote_work) , workplace dress codes became more casual. Employees returning to the office frequently combined the 1990s business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) attire with elements of loungewear and athleisure such as black monotone sneakers, navy hoodies, shorts, and even dark grey sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) . [174] (#cite_note-174) Due to gym closures, digital smart watches (/wiki/Smartwatch) with timers replaced analog wristwatches (/wiki/Wristwatch) as many younger men in Europe and America subscribed to online apps for tracking and planning their exercise (/wiki/Exercise) routines at home. [175] (#cite_note-175) [176] (#cite_note-176) In the UK, [177] (#cite_note-177) Middle East, and some parts of Africa, [178] (#cite_note-178) keffiyehs (/wiki/Keffiyeh) were used in an attempt to block viruses [179] (#cite_note-179) and to show support for Palestinian nationalism (/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism) . [180] (#cite_note-180) [181] (#cite_note-181) [182] (#cite_note-182) 1980s revival [ edit ] Actor Jean Cruz wearing early 1980s-inspired outfit in 2021 Due to many 2000s fashions being throwbacks (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/throwback) to the late 1970s to early 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion#Early_1980s) , [183] (#cite_note-183) [184] (#cite_note-184) clothing such as pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripe) , textured knits with vertical stripes, leather waistcoats (/wiki/Waistcoat) , corduroy clothing, navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) and emerald green (/wiki/Emerald_green) power suits (/wiki/Power_dressing) with shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pad_(fashion)) , [185] (#cite_note-185) pleated trousers, and Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) regained popularity. Shirts with large and pointed collars became trendy again. [186] (#cite_note-186) The increased formality for men returning to the office was, in part, a reaction to the ubiquitous casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) associated with working from home (/wiki/Working_from_home) during the coronavirus lockdowns (/wiki/Coronavirus_lockdown) of 2020–21. [187] (#cite_note-187) In Britain and the US, clothing that regained mainstream popularity included clothes with sports logos [188] (#cite_note-188) and colour blocks, Harrington jackets (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) , baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) , stonewashed (/wiki/Stonewash) denim jackets, [189] (#cite_note-189) and red or green plaid trucker-style jackets (/wiki/Pendleton_jacket) with sheepskin (/wiki/Sheepskin) lining, [190] (#cite_note-190) [191] (#cite_note-191) aviator sunglasses (/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses) , brown shearling (/wiki/Shearling) flight jackets (/wiki/Flight_jacket) , [192] (#cite_note-192) plaid suits, striped full-button cardigan sweaters (/wiki/Cardigan_sweater) with polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) collars, white Converse All-Star (/wiki/Converse_All-Star) or throwback Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) sneakers, [193] (#cite_note-193) tan gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) trenchcoats (/wiki/Trenchcoat) reminiscent of those worn by 80s TV detective Columbo (/wiki/Columbo) , [141] (#cite_note-menshealth.com-141) preppy (/wiki/Preppy) style aran sweaters (/wiki/Aran_sweater) and fairisle (/wiki/Fairisle) cardigan sweaters with shawl collars (/wiki/Shawl_collar) , [194] (#cite_note-194) safari suits (/wiki/Safari_suit) intended for the modern business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) workplace, double-breasted 1940s-style blazers originally revived in the 1980s as the power suit (/wiki/Power_dressing) , camp collar (/wiki/Camp_collar) shirts with bold prints or stripes, [195] (#cite_note-195) corduroy sports coats, [196] (#cite_note-196) [197] (#cite_note-James_Bond_outfits-197) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothing)) college-style cardigans with trim, [198] (#cite_note-198) jacquard (/wiki/Jacquard_machine) , dog's tooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) , and cashmere check wool scarves, [199] (#cite_note-199) tricolour socks, [200] (#cite_note-200) Vans (/wiki/Vans) , [201] (#cite_note-201) monotone Plimsoll shoes (/wiki/Plimsoll_shoe) , [143] (#cite_note-:5-143) towelling polo shirts, [197] (#cite_note-James_Bond_outfits-197) turtlenecks, and t-shirts featuring vintage-inspired graphics such as muscle cars (/wiki/Muscle_car) , comic book characters, [202] (#cite_note-202) and brands such as Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) . Colours such as green, grey, navy blue, red, black, white, forest green (/wiki/Forest_green) , and orange became popular in 2021. Other desired articles of clothing included stylized pale blue and magenta representations of palm trees (/wiki/Palm_tree) or cassette players (/wiki/Cassette_player) , and 1980s movie posters such as Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) or the Ghostbusters (/wiki/Ghostbusters) logo due to the unexpected popularity of the 2021 film (/wiki/Ghostbusters_Afterlife) . [203] (#cite_note-203) [204] (#cite_note-204) Workwear and street fashion [ edit ] Oversized workwear-inspired outfit worn by indie rocker (/wiki/Indie_rock) Sam Fender (/wiki/Sam_Fender) in 2021. Since the late 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) , functional workwear items like Dickies (/wiki/Dickies) trousers and Barbour jackets (/wiki/Barbour_(company)) have been fashion statements, first sold through independent menswear stores like American Classics in London and Oi Polloi in Manchester. Workwear was as common on the high street as it is in department stores, with many fast-fashion labels even offering capsule collections of blue-collar staples like chore jackets (/wiki/Chore_jacket) and selvage (/wiki/Selvage) denim jeans. [205] (#cite_note-205) [206] (#cite_note-206) Brands such as Carhartt (/wiki/Carhartt) , Dickies (/wiki/Dickies) and Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) saw success throughout the beginning of the 2020s thanks to their close association with hip-hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)) , streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) , and skate culture (/wiki/Skate_culture) . Crewneck (/wiki/Crew_neck) T shirts (/wiki/T_shirt) especially in white or black, green or navy blue overshirts (/wiki/Overshirt) , dress socks (/wiki/Dress_socks) , safety boots (/wiki/Safety_boot) resembling sneakers, black or khaki Dickies 874 pants, [207] (#cite_note-207) and folded knit caps (/wiki/Knit_cap) became wardrobe essentials during this period. [208] (#cite_note-208) [209] (#cite_note-209) Gender neutral clothing [ edit ] 2021: Italian band Måneskin (/wiki/Maneskin) in androgynous outfits. Genderless fashion is a global movement with ties with women's and LGBTQ liberation. [210] (#cite_note-:10-210) Originally a genderless fashion in Japan (/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan) , it went mainstream in America, Korea [211] (#cite_note-Androgynous_K-pop_stars-211) and the UK by 2021, with fashion experts speculating that the emerging androgynous style represents a new ideal of male beauty. [212] (#cite_note-212) The style took inspiration from 1980s fashion (/wiki/1980s_fashion) , anime, trendsetters like Ryuchell (/wiki/Ryuchell) , and the often androgynous (/wiki/Androgynous) style of K-pop (/wiki/K-pop) boy bands. [213] (#cite_note-213) Dyed hair, makeup, short shorts, [214] (#cite_note-:6-214) knee socks, necklaces, tight pants, brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creepers) , Pink Panther (/wiki/Pink_Panther) and Betty Boop (/wiki/Betty_Boop) motifs, feminine blouses in leopard print, [215] (#cite_note-Genderless_fashions-215) [ deprecated source ] and silver or bright colours like pink and orange [138] (#cite_note-auto-138) were particularly common. Men on the red carpet were also embracing accessories like feather boas (/wiki/Feather_boa) [216] (#cite_note-216) and pearl jewelry. [217] (#cite_note-217) [218] (#cite_note-218) Other popular articles of clothing included kimono style shirts, frilly lace blouses, tunics (/wiki/Tunic) , [138] (#cite_note-auto-138) boots with stacked Cuban heels (/wiki/High-heeled_footwear) , crop tops, furry ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) , [219] (#cite_note-:7-219) kilts (/wiki/Kilt) , [220] (#cite_note-220) [219] (#cite_note-:7-219) mint green safari jackets (/wiki/Safari_jacket) with Nudie Cohn (/wiki/Nudie_Cohn) inspired embroidery, [221] (#cite_note-221) shiny jackets with shoulder pads and puffy sleeves, flared trousers (/wiki/Flared_trousers) , [215] (#cite_note-Genderless_fashions-215) [ deprecated source ] transparent shirts, shawl lapel (/wiki/Shawl_lapel) sports coats [222] (#cite_note-222) sometimes covered with sequins (/wiki/Sequin) or rhinestones (/wiki/Rhinestone) , oversized silk shirts in purple, green, gold or silver, [138] (#cite_note-auto-138) and suits in eccentric colours like gold lame (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) , [138] (#cite_note-auto-138) shiny green sequins, or fuchsia (/wiki/Fuchsia_(colour)) . [223] (#cite_note-223) During the early 2020s, many young men in America favored shorter athletic shorts, sometimes referred to as "hoochie daddy shorts", with a 5-inch or even a 3-inch inseam (/wiki/Seam_(sewing)) . [224] (#cite_note-224) [225] (#cite_note-225) Several factors contributed to the rise in popularity of 5-inch shorts, including the popularity of men's thighs on social media, a greater acceptance of gender-fluid clothing in mainstream fashion, and general comfort and fashion trends. [226] (#cite_note-226) [227] (#cite_note-227) [228] (#cite_note-228) [229] (#cite_note-229) Originally athletic wear, jock straps (/wiki/Jock_strap) were worn as regular underwear by many gay men (/wiki/Gay_man) before 2020. [230] (#cite_note-230) [231] (#cite_note-231) However, during the early 2020s some straight men have been buying them either as an erotic gag gift (/wiki/Gag_gift) or as fetish wear (/wiki/Fetish_wear) for the bedroom. [232] (#cite_note-232) [ citation needed ] Likewise mirroring the themes of genderless fashion the jockstrap has now been reinvented to embrace all genders with brands such as Virtue a genderless brand by Fashion Designer Yotam Solomon (/wiki/Yotam_Solomon) launching it in styles that identify with a wearer's anatomy. [233] (#cite_note-233) The leading trendsetters in androgynous fashion during this time included Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) , [234] (#cite_note-234) [210] (#cite_note-:10-210) Italian shock rock (/wiki/Shock_rock) group Maneskin (/wiki/Maneskin) , actor Timothée Chalamet (/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet) , [235] (#cite_note-235) Bad Bunny (/wiki/Bad_Bunny) , Lil Nas X (/wiki/Lil_Nas_X) , Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , [236] (#cite_note-236) Brad Pitt (/wiki/Brad_Pitt) , [237] (#cite_note-237) Paul Mescal (/wiki/Paul_Mescal) , [214] (#cite_note-:6-214) African entrepreneur Ezra Olubi, [238] (#cite_note-238) and Jimin (/wiki/Jimin_(singer,_born_1995)) . [239] (#cite_note-Boys_in_skirts-239) Due to the influence of artists like Ru Paul (/wiki/Ru_Paul) , Jodie Harsh (/wiki/Jodie_Harsh) and gay singer Sam Smith (/wiki/Sam_Smith) , [240] (#cite_note-240) drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) -inspired outfits went mainstream. [241] (#cite_note-241) Influential designers included Harris Reed (/wiki/Harris_Reed) , JW Anderson (/wiki/JW_Anderson) , and Bode (/wiki/Bode_(fashion_brand)) . Mid 2020s (2023–present) [ edit ] Vintage Americana and patriotic motifs [ edit ] French actor and singer Etienne Daho (/wiki/Etienne_Daho) wearing Americana-inspired black leather blouson (/wiki/Blouson) and red western shirt (/wiki/Western_shirt) in 2023. From 2023-24, the predominant colours in Britain, Australia, France and America were red, white [242] (#cite_note-242) and blue. [243] (#cite_note-243) As in the mid-to-late 1970s (/wiki/1970s_fashion) , Western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) with pearl snaps (/wiki/Pearl_snap) in denim, black gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) or bright madras plaid (/wiki/Madras_plaid) made a comeback, and sometimes featured contrasting yokes [244] (#cite_note-244) and cuffs with intricate embroidery. [245] (#cite_note-245) [246] (#cite_note-246) Moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) , stonewash (/wiki/Stonewash) denim waistcoats (/wiki/Waistcoat) with decorative fringes, preppy loafers, navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) suits and sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , Wrangler jeans (/wiki/Wrangler_jeans) [247] (#cite_note-247) or Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) jeans, [248] (#cite_note-248) suede fringe jackets (/wiki/Fringe_jacket) popularized by Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) , Noel Fielding (/wiki/Noel_Fielding) , Post Malone (/wiki/Post_Malone) and Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonce) in anticipation of the release of her Cowboy Carter (/wiki/Cowboy_Carter) album, [249] (#cite_note-249) straight leg jeans (/wiki/Straight_leg_jeans) instead of the skinny jeans fashionable from the late 2000s until the mid-2010s, [250] (#cite_note-250) stetsons (/wiki/Stetson) , white baseball jerseys (/wiki/Baseball_jersey) with bold red or blue pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripe) , striped blue neckties (/wiki/Necktie) , baggy white pants (/wiki/Baggy_pants) , Union Jack (/wiki/Union_Jack) motifs, Panhandle Slim, Rockmount and Scully sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) with contrasting Western-inspired yokes and embroidery, [251] (#cite_note-251) flared jeans (/wiki/Flared_jeans) , duster coats (/wiki/Duster_coat) as worn in the Yellowstone (/wiki/Yellowstone_(American_TV_series)) TV series, [252] (#cite_note-252) preppy (/wiki/Preppy) style college (/wiki/College) sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , retro blue and white striped football shirts (/wiki/Football_shirt) , [253] (#cite_note-253) chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) with cowboy boot (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) styling, two-button blazers with red and blue boating stripes, V-neck sweater vests (/wiki/Sweater_vest) , royal blue (/wiki/Royal_blue) baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) with white sleeves, Howler Brothers gilets (/wiki/Gilet) , [254] (#cite_note-254) shirts and suits worn open to expose the chest, [255] (#cite_note-255) and boxy leather reefer jackets (/wiki/Reefer_jacket) were popular on both sides of the Atlantic. [256] (#cite_note-256) [257] (#cite_note-257) Eclectic grandpa [ edit ] The " grandpa core (/wiki/Young_fogey) " fashion trend of 2024, also known as "eclectic grandpa", is characterized by vintage-inspired casual fashion (/wiki/Casual_fashion) from the late 1940s to early 1960s (/wiki/1950s_fashion) . It draws inspiration from the fashion sensibilities of grandfathers from the silent generation (/wiki/Silent_generation) and incorporates colorful knitwear (/wiki/Knitwear) like patterned sweater vests (/wiki/Sweater_vest) or shawl collar (/wiki/Shawl_collar) cardigan sweaters, braces (/wiki/Braces_(clothing)) , loafer (/wiki/Loafer) shoes, corduroy, high waisted (/wiki/High_waisted_pants) dress pants (/wiki/Dress_pants) , and various tweed (/wiki/Tweed) accessories especially flat caps (/wiki/Flat_cap) . Celebrities such as Harry Styles, Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) and Tyler, the Creator (/wiki/Tyler,_the_Creator) have played a significant role in popularizing this trend among the mainstream fashion public in the UK and America. [258] (#cite_note-258) [259] (#cite_note-259) [260] (#cite_note-260) [261] (#cite_note-261) Youth fashion [ edit ] E-kids, emo and alternative [ edit ] Androgynous outfit worn by alternative singer Yungblud (/wiki/Yungblud) in 2023 In 2020, internet and social media access re-popularized 1990s and 2000s subcultures and fashion trends, including the alternative fashion (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) popular among scene kids (/wiki/Scene_(subculture)) , punks (/wiki/Punk_subculture) , emos (/wiki/Emo_Subculture) , skaters (/wiki/Skater_fashion) , Hyperpop (/wiki/Hyperpop) and shoegaze (/wiki/Shoegaze) fans, [262] (#cite_note-262) and mall goths (/wiki/Mall_goth) . [263] (#cite_note-263) [264] (#cite_note-264) [265] (#cite_note-265) Self-proclaimed "alt" Gen Z youths, including many e-kids (/wiki/E-kids) , aimed to replicate the late 2000s emo culture, leading to a revival of secondhand stores and fashion. Emo fashion features dark colors, especially black, with common items including plain black or graphic printed hoodies, skinny jeans, sneakers, and intricate details like studded belts (/wiki/Studded_Belt) and skull jewelry. During the early and mid 2020s, e-kids and emo revivalists often incorporated punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) and skater (/wiki/Skater_subculture) inspired accessories like checkerboard (/wiki/Checkerboard) Vans (/wiki/Vans) or all-black Converse All-Stars (/wiki/Converse_All-Stars) . They showcased unique styles on YouTube and TikTok, driven by nostalgia and the belief in liberated fashion. The pop punk revival (/wiki/Pop_punk_revival) of the early 2020s was associated with acts like Machine Gun Kelly (/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(musician)) , Olivia Rodrigo (/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo) and Yungblud (/wiki/Yungblud) , as well as 2000s groups like Paramore (/wiki/Paramore) releasing comeback albums. [266] (#cite_note-266) [267] (#cite_note-267) [268] (#cite_note-auto3-268) [269] (#cite_note-269) [270] (#cite_note-270) [271] (#cite_note-271) [272] (#cite_note-272) [273] (#cite_note-auto1-273) Crossover subgenres like Y2K Post-Grunge (/wiki/Y2K_fashion) also gained prominence thanks to apps such as Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) and Tik Tok. Wardrobe staples being Affliction (/wiki/Affliction_Clothing) shirts, Tripp pants (/wiki/Tripp_pants) , wolf cut (/wiki/Wolf_cut) , DC Shoes (/wiki/DC_Shoes) , baggy cargo pants (/wiki/Cargo_pants) , Harley Davidson (/wiki/Harley-Davidson) and Ed Hardy (/wiki/Ed_Hardy) accessories. [274] (#cite_note-274) [275] (#cite_note-275) [276] (#cite_note-276) [277] (#cite_note-277) E-kid culture of the late 2010s and early 2020s was influenced by anime (/wiki/Anime) , emo rap (/wiki/Emo_rap) and hyperpop (/wiki/Hyperpop) . Celebrities such as Belle Delphine (/wiki/Belle_Delphine) , Corpse Husband (/wiki/Corpse_Husband) , Dua Lipa (/wiki/Dua_Lipa) , Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) , Yungblud (/wiki/Yungblud) , [278] (#cite_note-278) Lil Peep (/wiki/Lil_Peep) , Bladee (/wiki/Bladee) , and Juice WRLD (/wiki/Juice_WRLD) were viewed as style icons [279] (#cite_note-279) The mall goth (/wiki/Mall_goth) subculture of the late 1990s, with its nu metal (/wiki/Nu_metal) and industrial metal (/wiki/Industrial_metal) influences, also provided some inspiration for teenage e-girls, as did horror-themed Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) series such as Wednesday Addams (/wiki/Wednesday_Addams) and the Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (/wiki/Chilling_Adventures_of_Sabrina) . Striped long sleeve T-shirts, Hot Topic (/wiki/Hot_Topic) branded clothing, gothic (/wiki/Goth_subculture) makeup, BDSM (/wiki/BDSM) accessories, tennis skirts, dyed hair, and thigh highs are wardrobe essential for the e-girl look. At the same time, the term e-girl also came to bear a negative connotation due to its connection to sex work (/wiki/Sex_work) and cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) , leading to the term's decline in cultural popularity. [280] (#cite_note-280) [281] (#cite_note-281) [282] (#cite_note-What_is_an_E-girl-282) [283] (#cite_note-283) [284] (#cite_note-284) [285] (#cite_note-285) Hip hop, vamp and Opium [ edit ] British rapper Stormzy (/wiki/Stormzy) wearing all-black outfit in 2022. Clothing items used to express beliefs during a Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) protest. For Black American (/wiki/Black_American) and Black British (/wiki/Black_British) youth, hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) became more politicized. This was due to the influence of social justice (/wiki/Social_justice) rappers including Stormzy (/wiki/Stormzy) , [286] (#cite_note-286) No Name (/wiki/Noname_(rapper)) , [287] (#cite_note-287) the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) movement, and a resurgence of interest in past civil rights (/wiki/Civil_rights) organizations such as the Black Panther Party (/wiki/Black_Panther_Party) . [288] (#cite_note-eu.indystar.com-288) Slogan T-shirts inspired by punk fashion, [289] (#cite_note-289) black leather jackets or trench coats (/wiki/Trenchcoat) , [290] (#cite_note-290) hoodies, [291] (#cite_note-291) black sweatpants, face-concealing black bandanas (/wiki/Bandana) , dark glasses (/wiki/Dark_glasses) , marijuana (/wiki/Marijuana) motifs, skull masks, morale patches (/wiki/Morale_patch) , paramilitary tactical vests (/wiki/Tactical_vest) , [288] (#cite_note-eu.indystar.com-288) and camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) patterns were popular. Black American activists in the American south sometimes wore blue union army (/wiki/Union_army) kepis (/wiki/Kepi) at the demolition of Confederate statues to taunt lost cause (/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy) revisionists and white supremacists (/wiki/White_supremacist) . American record label Opium, founded by musicians including Playboi Carti (/wiki/Playboi_Carti) , Ken Carson (/wiki/Ken_Carson) and Destroy Lonely (/wiki/Destroy_Lonely) was another source of inspiration for streetwear trends in the 2020s. Designer clothing, leather (/wiki/Leather) , and BDSM (/wiki/BDSM) -inspired accessories made up the Opium aesthetic. This Goth-inspired hip-hop trend includes designer jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) , dyed dread locs (/wiki/Dreadlocks) or braids (/wiki/Braid) , and layered monochromatic (/wiki/Monochrome) outfits. [292] (#cite_note-292) [293] (#cite_note-293) [294] (#cite_note-294) [295] (#cite_note-295) [296] (#cite_note-296) VSCO girls and preppy [ edit ] 2021: Black American (/wiki/Black_American) woman with a kidcore-inspired outfit and brightly dyed hair in 2021. VSCO girl (/wiki/VSCO_girl) is a clothing style that tried to emulate the style of the photo app, VSCO (/wiki/VSCO) . These girls wear scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) on their wrists and in their hair with high-side ponytails and headbands (/wiki/Headband) . Footwear includes white sneakers, ballet flats, and sandals. They wear either no makeup or little makeup that blends with their skin and prioritizes a cute and comfortable style. [297] (#cite_note-297) Popular e-girl options include high-waisted pants, oversized tie dye (/wiki/Tie_dye) T-shirts, long sweatshirts or sweater dresses, bike shorts (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) track shorts, Nike Tempo (/wiki/Nike_Tempo) shorts, capri and ankle length leggings (/wiki/Leggings) with socks, [298] (#cite_note-298) T-shirt dresses, denim skirts, overalls, shortalls, high-waisted mom jeans (/wiki/Mom_jeans) , shirts, sweaters, sweatshirts tucked in their jeans and a belt, headbands (/wiki/Headband) , and Nike Elite (/wiki/Nike_Elite) socks in many different colours. Due to the extensive mockery and overexposure this subculture endured on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , the term VSCO girl became quickily phased out of popular culture despite the clothing's continued popularity throughout the decade. [299] (#cite_note-299) [300] (#cite_note-300) [301] (#cite_note-301) [302] (#cite_note-302) [303] (#cite_note-303) [304] (#cite_note-304) Although the term "preppy" has very little in connection with its original definition, Gen Z and Gen Alpha used it to describe a look similar to VSCO (/wiki/VSCO) . [305] (#cite_note-305) [306] (#cite_note-306) [307] (#cite_note-307) Stanley cups (/wiki/Stanley_Cups_(tumbler)) , Drunk Elephant skincare products, Lulu Lemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) and Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) clothes are essentials for achieving this look. Brands such as Brandy Melville (/wiki/Brandy_Melville) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) were also popular. [308] (#cite_note-308) [309] (#cite_note-309) [310] (#cite_note-310) [311] (#cite_note-311) Soft grunge and kidcore [ edit ] Main articles: Soft grunge (/wiki/Soft_grunge) and kidcore (/wiki/Kidcore) In the early 2020s, American indie kids adopted a youthful aesthetic, taking cues from Japanese kid-core (/wiki/Kidcore) subculture, indie pop (/wiki/Indie_pop) , energy drinks (/wiki/Energy_drink) , indie rock (/wiki/Indie_rock) , and skater fashion (/wiki/Skater_fashion) . [312] (#cite_note-312) Self-proclaimed indie teenagers disapproved of fast fashion and sought vintage items, leading American and European teens to frequent thrift stores like Goodwill for trendy items such as wide-legged jeans, oversized zip-up hoodies, striped cardigans, crop tops, collared shirts, shoestring belts (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) , mom jeans and other high-rise (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) pants, shortalls (/wiki/Shortalls) , bucket hats, Doc Martens, [313] (#cite_note-313) platform shoes, shredded denim, flower crowns, and tennis skirts. [314] (#cite_note-314) [315] (#cite_note-315) [316] (#cite_note-316) Individuals who influenced this trend include indie rapper Russ (/wiki/Russ_(rapper)) and Australian rapper the Kid Laroi (/wiki/The_Kid_Laroi) . [317] (#cite_note-317) [318] (#cite_note-318) Critics criticized the anti-conformist and environmentally friendly trend, which involved reselling cheap second-hand clothing at inflated prices. [319] (#cite_note-319) [320] (#cite_note-320) Indie sleaze [ edit ] Maximalist (/wiki/Maximalist) outfits worn by indie girl group (/wiki/Girl_group) Wet Leg (/wiki/Wet_Leg) , 2022. Main article: Indie sleaze (/wiki/Indie_sleaze) In contrast to the brightly coloured, childlike outfits popular in America, and the mismatched clothing previously worn ironically by hipsters (/wiki/Hipster_subculture) during the 2010s, British indie pop fans favored a darker, more authentic post-punk (/wiki/Post-punk) and garage rock (/wiki/Garage_rock) -inspired aesthetic. Critics have compared the early 2020s indie rock revival, with its 1960s- (/wiki/1960s_fashion) and Noughties (/wiki/2000s_fashion) -inspired outfits, to the original British Invasion (/wiki/British_Invasion) . [321] (#cite_note-321) Members of the UK indie subculture combined thrifted dress clothing [322] (#cite_note-322) from the mid-2000s to early 2010s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion#Mid_2000s) with selected vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) and new garments made to retro (/wiki/Retro) 1960s patterns [323] (#cite_note-323) by companies such as Madcap England. [324] (#cite_note-Amelinckx-324) Artists including Sam Fender (/wiki/Sam_Fender) , Wet Leg (/wiki/Wet_Leg) , Lathums (/wiki/Lathums) , Years & Years (/wiki/Years_%26_Years) , and Wolf Alice (/wiki/Wolf_Alice) popularized velvet (/wiki/Velvet) or paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) jackets in dark blue, green or burgundy, off the peg dark wash slim fit jeans (/wiki/Slim_fit_jeans) , striped polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) with cardigan sweater styling, [324] (#cite_note-Amelinckx-324) white T shirts, black leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) , [325] (#cite_note-thetab.com-325) bucket hats, plaid (/wiki/Tartan) or black miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) , dresses with red or black polka dots (/wiki/Polka_dot) , striped throwback (/wiki/Throwback_uniform) football shirts (/wiki/Football_shirt) popularized by Sam Fender, [326] (#cite_note-326) blouses (/wiki/Blouse) especially in orange or brown, Argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) golfing sweaters, [325] (#cite_note-thetab.com-325) black or grey Prince of Wales check (/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_check) sport-coats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , checked western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) , ripped jeans, red Doc Martens, suede Beatle boots with pointed toes (/wiki/Winklepickers) , bowling shoes (/wiki/Bowling_shoe) , brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) , and parkas (/wiki/Parka) . [327] (#cite_note-327) [328] (#cite_note-328) [329] (#cite_note-329) Old money, dark and light academia [ edit ] 2020: example of a Dark Academia outfit. The dark academia (/wiki/Dark_academia) aesthetic, which combined elements of preppy fashion and gothic fashion (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) , was heavily influenced by 1930s (/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion) and 1940s fashion (/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion) , particularly attire worn by students at Oxbridge (/wiki/Oxbridge) , Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League) colleges, and prep schools during the time. Cardigans, oxford blue (/wiki/Oxford_blue) rowing blazers with contrasting white trim, [330] (#cite_note-330) dress shirts, plaid skirts, tights, knee socks, Oxford shoes, ballet flats, white sneakers, twill (/wiki/Twill) jogger pants (/wiki/Jogger_pants) , and apparel made of houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) , and dark grey (/wiki/Grey) or brown (/wiki/Brown) tweed (/wiki/Tweed) sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) are some of the most identified articles of clothing with the dark academia aka old money aesthetic (/wiki/Old_money_aesthetic) . The typical colour palette consisted primarily of black, white, beige, browns, dark green, and occasional navy. [331] (#cite_note-331) [332] (#cite_note-332) The style has been criticized for its having themes of Eurocentrism (/wiki/Eurocentrism) , classism (/wiki/Classism) and unhealthy learning practices. [333] (#cite_note-333) [334] (#cite_note-334) A closely related style, known as " light academia (/wiki/Light_academia) ", was characterized by neutral and light colours, including soft blues (/wiki/Blue) , pinks, whites (/wiki/White) , creamy (/wiki/Cream_(colour)) yellows, beige, light greys, light purple, pastel and dusty colours, plaid, stripes (/wiki/Stripe_(pattern)) , and argyle patterns (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) reminiscent of the preppy look of the early 1980s. Variants to this style, which originated in America as an internet trend, included "pastel academia," "romantic academia," and "chaotic academia". [335] (#cite_note-335) Goblincore, fairy grunge, coquette [ edit ] This article may contain an excessive number of citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill) . The details given are: Too many citations and no attribution for subjective statements, specifically in 3rd paragraph regarding Coquette aesthetic. Please help remove low-quality or irrelevant citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill#How_to_trim_excessive_citations) . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) One of the staples of early to mid 2020s fashion and youth culture is its "return to nature," characterized by environmentalism (/wiki/Environmentalism) , romanticism (/wiki/Romanticism) and general appreciation of the natural world. Goblincore (/wiki/Goblincore) , also known as gremlincore (/wiki/Gremlin) , is an American subculture and style of art based on the enjoyment of features of nature that are not conventionally considered beautiful. The goblin is an evil thieving creature in European mythology, but it also serves as a carefree expression of infatuation with nature's ugliness. Animals like frogs, snails, and materials like moss, dirt, plants, and fungi like mushrooms are associated with goblin core. Goblincore sweater Goblincore was popular in the LGBTQ+ (/wiki/LGBTQ%2B) community. Attire could include [336] (#cite_note-336) adventure-ready gear, ensembles with multiple clashing patterns/colours, oversized sweaters, and worn-out or customized pants and overalls. Much of the apparel is worn-out, thrifted, or second-hand for a relaxed vibe, similar to the look of crust punks (/wiki/Crust_punks) in the late 1990s. As many goblincore enthusiasts were comfortable with getting dirty, keeping their clothes clean was not a priority. [337] (#cite_note-337) Fairy Grunge clothing at an Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) store Fairy grunge combined the aesthetics of fairycore, coquette, and grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) . Social media creators were mostly responsible for popularizing this aesthetic. Fairy grunge can be seen as a natural extension of the kinderwhore (/wiki/Kinderwhore) style — which has deep roots in grunge — but with a more ethereal note. Fairy grunge often included oversized t-shirts or hoodies, long or mini skirts, nightgowns, corsets, mittens, gloves, skull patterns, mesh tights or fishnets, high knee socks, leg warmers, platform Demonia shoes, fairy wings, and elf ears. [338] (#cite_note-338) [339] (#cite_note-339) Nymphet, also known as coquette, is an aesthetic that draws on a character cliché first used by Vladimir Nabokov (/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov) in his 1955 novel Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_(1962_film)) and its two subsequent film adaptations (1962 and 1997). Heart-shaped sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) , pastel colors, floral (/wiki/Floral) /cherry patterns, ballet shoes, hair bows, pigtails and lace dresses are essential to achieving the coquette look. Musician Lana Del Ray (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) is cited to be a style icon and helped popularize the nymphet aesthetic for Gen Z women. [340] (#cite_note-340) Coquette has been criticized by some writers, such as Iustina Roman, for the glamorization of eating disorders (/wiki/Eating_disorder) , pedophilia (/wiki/Pedophilia) , racism (/wiki/Racism) , and classism. [341] (#cite_note-341) Some writers [ attribution needed ] have made the argument that coquette could be viewed as a feminist (/wiki/Feminism) way for women reclaim girlhood and innocence. [342] (#cite_note-342) [343] (#cite_note-343) [344] (#cite_note-yahoo.com-344) [345] (#cite_note-345) [ excessive citations ] Barbiecore, McBling, and gyaru [ edit ] All pink Barbiecore inspired 1970s outfit worn by actress Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) in 2023 Bimbocore, also known as Barbiecore (/wiki/Barbiecore) , is an American and Canadian feminist (/wiki/Feminism) fashion subculture that reclaims the sexist stereotypes of American starlets from the 2000s. Bleached blonde hair, Juicy Couture (/wiki/Juicy_Couture) . Von Dutch (/wiki/Von_Dutch) , Ed Hardy (/wiki/Don_Ed_Hardy) , skimpy skintight clothing, and McBling (/wiki/Bling_Bling) -inspired fashion accessories characterize Bimbocore. A visually similar Japanese subculture, known as Gyaru (/wiki/Gyaru) , dates back to the late 1990s. The style acts as a meta-ironic parody of the mid-2000s to early 2010s millennial girlboss (/wiki/Girlboss) feminism (/wiki/Feminism) , acknowledging that they are appealing to heteronormative (/wiki/Heteronormative) feminine (/wiki/Femininity) beauty standards (/wiki/Physical_attractiveness) and sexist stereotypes (/wiki/Sexist_stereotypes) , while being trans inclusive (/wiki/Trans_inclusive) and sex positive (/wiki/Sex-positive_movement) . [346] (#cite_note-346) Pro- sex work (/wiki/Sex_work) and pro-women's rights, Bimbocore gained popularity in leftist (/wiki/Leftist) TikTok communities. [347] (#cite_note-347) [348] (#cite_note-348) [349] (#cite_note-349) McBling, a similar aesthetic, was commonly mislabeled as Y2K. Millennial pink (/wiki/Millennial_pink) as worn by Margot Robbie (/wiki/Margot_Robbie) in the Barbie film (/wiki/Barbie_(film)) , [350] (#cite_note-350) rhinestones, small handbags (/wiki/Handbag) , large sunglasses, and pop (/wiki/Electropop) music define this aesthetic. [351] (#cite_note-351) [352] (#cite_note-352) [353] (#cite_note-353) Bimbocore was criticized for glamorizing the sugar baby (/wiki/Sugar_baby) lifestyle, bimbo feminism [354] (#cite_note-354) and adult platforms such as OnlyFans (/wiki/OnlyFans) , but that did not end the movement's popularity with Gen Z. [355] (#cite_note-355) [356] (#cite_note-356) [357] (#cite_note-357) McBling has also been thoroughly criticized for racism, whitewashing, classism, and fatphobia. [358] (#cite_note-358) [359] (#cite_note-359) [360] (#cite_note-360) Gorpcore [ edit ] Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) is a style that emerged in the late 2010s and early 2020s, coined by Jason Chef in 2017. Gorpcore incorporates tech-based, loose-fitting outdoors and camping-chic inspired styles. A significant part of this style category is defined by the earthy and muted tones often found in the range of gear included in the trend, such as olive green (/wiki/Olive_green) , khaki (/wiki/Khaki) , beige (/wiki/Beige) grey marl (/wiki/Grey) , and horizon blue (/wiki/Horizon_blue) . The style reuses and incorporates style inspirations from previous style generations and similar outdoorsy styles. The style is somewhat open for interpretation because it is fairly new, making it flexible and creative, although certain patterns and forms often help classify an outfit as gorp. [361] (#cite_note-361) Brands associated with the gorpcore aesthetic include Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) , Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) , The North Face (/wiki/The_North_Face) , and more. The trend is considered by many to be elitist, and often the brands associated are premium brands with high price tags out of range for average wage. Apparel pieces that make up the trend include down jackets (/wiki/Down_jacket) , body warmers (/wiki/Gilet) , anoraks (/wiki/Anorak) , [362] (#cite_note-Summer_travel_clothes-362) utilitarian Eagle Creek (/wiki/Eagle_Creek_(company)) and Osprey (/wiki/Osprey_Packs) rucksacks, crew neck (/wiki/Crew_neck) and v-neck (/wiki/V_neck) t-shirts with zip pockets (/w/index.php?title=Zip_pocket&action=edit&redlink=1) , [363] (#cite_note-363) utility pants, moisture-wicking trekking (/wiki/Trekking) shirts with short sleeves and snap fasteners (/wiki/Snap_fastener) , [362] (#cite_note-Summer_travel_clothes-362) knit caps (/wiki/Knit_cap) , big headphones and racer-glasses. The fashion style attempts to align with the desire for sustainable fashion, and often relevant clothing element pieces can be found in vintage, second-hand, or thrift shops. Additionally, designer pieces that fit the mode can be found in e-commerce stores like Depop or Thred-up. The style is unisex, reflecting how people search for new ways to incorporate previously underutilized categories of utilitarian outdoor activity-related clothing into modern urban settings. [364] (#cite_note-364) [365] (#cite_note-365) [366] (#cite_note-366) [367] (#cite_note-367) Hairstyles [ edit ] Women's hairstyles [ edit ] Actress Úrsula Corberó (/wiki/%C3%9Arsula_Corber%C3%B3) with wolf cut Due to the restrictions on hair salons (/wiki/Beauty_salon) during the lockdowns, [368] (#cite_note-368) many women grew out their hair or watched tutorials to do their own hair. [369] (#cite_note-369) Popular styles included curtain bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) , [370] (#cite_note-370) 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s-inspired bangs, hair extensions (/wiki/Hair_extensions) , ponytails (/wiki/Ponytails) , twin pigtails (/wiki/Pigtail) , French braid (/wiki/French_braid) , shaggy hair (/wiki/Shag_(hairstyle)) commonly known as the "wolf cut", [371] (#cite_note-371) and natural hair (/wiki/Natural_hair) for Black American (/wiki/Black_American) women. [372] (#cite_note-372) Along with these hairstyles, 1960s-inspired beehive hairdos (/wiki/Beehive_hairdo) [373] (#cite_note-373) were popularized by British pop singers Emily Capell and Joy Crookes (/wiki/Joy_Crookes) [374] (#cite_note-374) Early 2000s fashion-inspired straightened and brightly dyed hair was made popular by Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) and Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) from 2021 to 2022. [282] (#cite_note-What_is_an_E-girl-282) Common hair accessories included pearl and sequin hair clips (/wiki/Hair_clip) , headbands, bandannas (/wiki/Bandanna) and scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) . During the lockdowns of 2020–21, some women in the UK, America, and Asia experimented with DIY (/wiki/DIY) hairstyles at home, including the bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) , the crop, [375] (#cite_note-375) the partially shaved head (/wiki/Shaved_head) , bangs, and the pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) . [376] (#cite_note-376) From 2023 onwards, a longer straightened version of the bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) , sometimes dyed blonde, became popular among middle-class women in Britain and America. [377] (#cite_note-377) In 2024, ultra long hairstyles made a comeback. [378] (#cite_note-378) Men's hairstyles [ edit ] Japanese man with curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) . By 2020, full beards (/wiki/Full_beard) associated with hipster subculture (/wiki/Hipster_subculture) declined in popularity, [379] (#cite_note-Modern_Barber-379) except in parts of the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) , Africa (/wiki/Africa) , Eastern Europe (/wiki/Eastern_Europe) , and Latin America (/wiki/Latin_America) . When worn, beards in the West have generally trimmed short [380] (#cite_note-380) to accentuate the wearer's features and facilitate masking. [381] (#cite_note-381) Hairstyles of the late 1980s, 1990s and early-to-mid-2000s such as side parted or centrally parted curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) , [382] (#cite_note-382) permed hair (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) , bleached hair (/wiki/Hair_bleaching) , the " wet mop (/wiki/Mod_haircut) ", [383] (#cite_note-383) [384] (#cite_note-384) " mullets (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) (especially in America and Australia), [385] (#cite_note-385) quiffs (/wiki/Quiff) , the " Edgar cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) ", [386] (#cite_note-386) and shaggy hair (/wiki/Shaggy_hair) [387] (#cite_note-387) came back among teenagers and young adult men due to barbershop (/wiki/Barber) closures in the UK and US as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. [388] (#cite_note-388) Many younger Black American men opted for natural hair (/wiki/Natural_hair) from 2021 onwards, especially the skin fade (/wiki/Skin_fade) , [389] (#cite_note-389) textured Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) [379] (#cite_note-Modern_Barber-379) and short versions of the afro (/wiki/Afro) or dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlock) combined with an undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) . Meanwhile, many balding men in the UK, America, and Ireland continued to get buzz cuts (/wiki/Buzzcut) at home during the lockdown. [390] (#cite_note-390) Young males began growing mustaches in the summer of 2022, partially inspired by Miles Teller's role in Top Gun: Maverick (/wiki/Top_Gun:_Maverick) . [391] (#cite_note-391) [392] (#cite_note-392) [393] (#cite_note-393) Cosmetics trends [ edit ] Skincare [ edit ] Common skincare techniques in America during the early 2020s included "slugging" the face and hair with petroleum jelly (/wiki/Petroleum_jelly) . [394] (#cite_note-394) [395] (#cite_note-Sachs-395) [396] (#cite_note-396) [397] (#cite_note-397) Many Indian, European, Australian and American women and men also used sunscreen (/wiki/Sunscreen) along with vitamin C (/wiki/Vitamin_C) and retinol (/wiki/Retinol) serums in the form of a liquid, cream or gel [398] (#cite_note-398) [399] (#cite_note-399) to reduce fine lines, protect against sun damage, improve collagen production, reduce blemishes, and address pigmentation issues. [400] (#cite_note-auto4-400) [395] (#cite_note-Sachs-395) [401] (#cite_note-401) [402] (#cite_note-402) In April 2021, influencers on TikTok popularized gua sha (/wiki/Gua_sha) , a Chinese skincare technique that uses face stones to promote blood (/wiki/Blood) and energy flow (/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)) . Another Asian technique, using rice water (/wiki/Rice_water) as a hair treatment, simultaneously gained popularity in the West. [403] (#cite_note-403) Baby botox was sometimes injected into the foreheads of young women to prevent wrinkles as a preventative treatment. [404] (#cite_note-404) Makeup [ edit ] The clean girl look evolved from the previous decade's model off duty aesthetic. The term was coined during the early 2020s to characterize the makeup (/wiki/Makeup) style pioneered by American models like Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) and Lily Rose Depp (/wiki/Lily_Rose_Depp) . This casual monochromatic tone style had matching clothing sets that complemented the cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) , button-down shirts, slicked-back hair, fluffy brows, dewy skin, flushed cheeks, and glossy lips. [405] (#cite_note-405) [406] (#cite_note-406) The style was focused on appearing effortlessly flawless and casual, adapting all the fashion trends from the early 2020s and giving them a muted tonal colour palette and a sexy, carefree attitude. [407] (#cite_note-407) The strong emphasis on skincare, diet, and exercise made the clean girl not only a fashion statement but a lifestyle as well, similar to her 1960s predecessor (/wiki/1960s_in_fashion#The_Single_Girl) . The aesthetic has been criticized for cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) , toxic positivity (/wiki/Toxic_positivity) , and fatphobia (/wiki/Fatphobia) , which affected its mainstream popularity. [408] (#cite_note-:8-408) [409] (#cite_note-:9-409) The maximalist graphic eyeliner trend of 2022 allowed British and American women to emphasize their eyes with vibrant colours and geometric designs. Graphic eyeliner made headlines and introduced women to new methods to experiment with facial makeup. [410] (#cite_note-410) [411] (#cite_note-411) [400] (#cite_note-auto4-400) Tattoos [ edit ] From 2021 onwards, new tattoo styles emerged among younger trendsetters (/wiki/Trendsetting) . Popular trends included colourful modern reinterpretations of traditional Japanese tattoos (/wiki/Japanese_tattoo) , psychedelic art (/wiki/Psychedelic_art) , tramp stamps (/wiki/Tramp_stamp) , minimalist (/wiki/Minimalist) black and white portraits, lightning bolts, fine art, pop culture (/wiki/Pop_culture) mashups, holograms (/wiki/Hologram) , and dot work. [412] (#cite_note-412) Other popular tattoo designs included spiritual (/wiki/Spirituality) meanings such as representations of the Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) , Hindu (/wiki/Hindu) mandalas (/wiki/Mandala) , and the tree of life (/wiki/Tree_of_life) . [413] (#cite_note-413) Tribal (/wiki/Tribal) tattoos and hyperrealistic (/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)) portraits of loved ones popular during the 2010s declined. [414] (#cite_note-414) Plastic surgery [ edit ] The Brazilian butt lift (/wiki/Brazilian_butt_lift) is a gluteal fat grafting procedure that utilizes excess fat collected from other body areas to add buttock volume and projection or adjust overall shape and symmetry. The Brazilian butt lift reached its peak media coverage in 2021, [ citation needed ] when it was declared to be "the world's most dangerous cosmetic surgery", [415] (#cite_note-415) [416] (#cite_note-416) with news headlines discussing the procedure's risks and fatalities following the procedure. [417] (#cite_note-417) [418] (#cite_note-418) [419] (#cite_note-419) [420] (#cite_note-420) The "fox eye lift" in particular, was a contentious cosmetic trend because of the strong racial connotations associated with giving someone an oriental eye shape. [421] (#cite_note-421) [422] (#cite_note-422) The concept of a positive canthal tilt (/wiki/Canthal_tilt) became a topic of discussion for men and women, due to social media platforms such as TikTok. [423] (#cite_note-423) [424] (#cite_note-424) [425] (#cite_note-425) Exhibitions [ edit ] 2020 [ edit ] "About Time: Fashion and Duration" October 26 until February 7, 2021, at the Costume Institute (/wiki/Anna_Wintour_Costume_Center) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York City. [426] (#cite_note-426) 2021 [ edit ] In America: A Lexicon of Fashion (/wiki/In_America:_A_Lexicon_of_Fashion) at the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City 2022 [ edit ] "Fashioning Masculinities: The Art of Menswear" March 19 until November 6, 2022, at Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London [427] (#cite_note-427) "Africa Fashion" July 2 - April 16, 2023 at Victoria and Albert Museum in London [428] (#cite_note-428) 2023 [ edit ] "DIVA" June 2023 - April 2024 at Victoria and Albert Museum in London [429] (#cite_note-429) Gallery [ edit ] Singer Jack White (/wiki/Jack_White) wearing striped Madcap England blazer, 2021. Teen girl wearing early 2020s fashion trends. 2021: Nikki Phillips (/wiki/Nikki_Phillips_(model)) in Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_week) . Student in 2022. Woman attending 2022 Fashion Week. Clothes for sale in 2021. Actress Dove Cameron (/wiki/Dove_Cameron) sporting early 2020s makeup trends. The mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) / shaggy hairstyle (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) became a popular hairstyle among men. Indonesian girls wearing face masks in 2022. 2020: Blush pink dress designed by Shey Natividad for DC Fashion Week (/wiki/DC_Fashion_Week) . Stand-up comedian Kurtis Conner wearing early 2020s mullet hairstyle (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) and mustache (/wiki/Moustache) . Actor Finn Wolfhard (/wiki/Finn_Wolfhard) wearing early 2020s Indie Fashion Haim (/wiki/Haim_(band)) and Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) in glamorous, grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) -inspired all-black outfits in a 2022 concert. Elderly man dressed up in Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) in 2023 Icelandic pop artist Laufey (/wiki/Laufey_(singer)) dressed in a high-collared tank top and jeans. Contemporary Chinese Mao jacket (/wiki/Mao_jacket) , 2023. See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2020s (/wiki/2020s) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Deconstruction (fashion) (/wiki/Deconstruction_(fashion)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Now-stalgia: why fashion is going back to the future | Fashion | The Guardian" (https://amp.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/sep/09/now-stalgia-why-fashion-is-going-back-to-the-future) . amp.theguardian.com . Retrieved 2023-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Malivindi, Diandra, ed. (27 May 2020). "9 Trends From The 2000s That Are Surprisingly Back In Style" (https://www.instylemag.com.au/2000s-fashion-trends-back-in-style) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200926131900/https://www.instylemag.com.au/2000s-fashion-trends-back-in-style) from the original on 26 September 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Gen Z Is Bringing the 2000s Back…Here's How Brands Can Keep Up" (https://www.ypulse.com/article/2020/02/18/gen-z-is-bringing-the-2000s-back-heres-how-brands-can-keep-up/) . YPulse. 18 February 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200926131858/https://www.ypulse.com/article/2020/02/18/gen-z-is-bringing-the-2000s-back-heres-how-brands-can-keep-up/) from the original on 26 September 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Shenoy, Seline (23 September 2021). "The '80s are back: 10 '80s fashion trends that are cool again" (https://kdvr.com/reviews/br/the-80s-are-back-10-80s-fashion-trends-that-are-cool-again/) . FOX31 Denver . Retrieved 2022-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "These 11 Fashion Trends Are Going Viral This Summer — But They're Actually From the '70s" (https://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/70s-summer-fashion-trends) . InStyle . Retrieved 2022-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Flynn, Grace (2022-05-26). "A 60s Summer: The Emerging 1960s Fashion Trends of 2022" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155302/https://themarketherald.com.au/fancy/1960s-fashion-trends-of-2022/) . The Market Herald Fancy . Archived from the original (https://themarketherald.com.au/fancy/1960s-fashion-trends-of-2022/) on 2022-12-02 . Retrieved 2022-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Ewens, Hannah (2022-12-14). "Trends Used to Come Back Round Every 20 Years. Not Anymore" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvmkm8/how-the-20-year-trend-cycle-collapsed) . Vice . Retrieved 2023-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion has reached peak trendcore, and we're all tired" (https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/y3vj8m/trendcore-tiktok) . i-d.vice.com . Retrieved 2023-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Why is Gen Z so Obsessed with Y2K Fashion? – Early 2000s Trends Millennials '90s Nostalgia" (https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion/gen-z-y2k-millennial-90s-fashion-nostalgia) . L'Officiel USA . Retrieved 2023-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Ulaby, Neda (March 1, 2022). 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Dress once worn by Diana, Princess of Wales Revenge dress Designer Christina Stambolian Year 1994 Type Black off-the-shoulder evening gown Material Silk The " revenge dress " was an evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) worn by Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) to a 1994 dinner at the Serpentine Gallery (/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries) in Kensington Gardens (/wiki/Kensington_Gardens) . The garment has been interpreted as having been worn by Diana "in revenge" for the televised admission of adultery (/wiki/Charles:_The_Private_Man,_the_Public_Role#Admission_of_adultery) by her husband Charles (/wiki/Charles_III) , then Prince of Wales (/wiki/Prince_of_Wales) . Design [ edit ] The dress, an off-the-shoulder (/w/index.php?title=Off-the-shoulder&action=edit&redlink=1) black silk (/wiki/Silk) evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) , was designed by Christina Stambolian. [1] (#cite_note-IT-1) Stambolian compared Diana's choice of black to the black swan Odile in Tchaikovsky (/wiki/Tchaikovsky) 's ballet Swan Lake (/wiki/Swan_Lake) , saying that Diana "chose not to play the scene like Odette, innocent in white. She played it like Odile. She was clearly angry." [2] (#cite_note-Brown2011-2) Diana had owned the dress for three years before she wore it, fearing it was "too daring". [3] (#cite_note-Vogue20-3) The dress cost £900 (equivalent to £2,441 in 2023). [4] (#cite_note-TimesPitman94-4) Diana had planned to wear a dress by Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)) before choosing Stambolian's design. Anna Harvey (/wiki/Anna_Harvey) , Diana's former stylist, said that Diana "wanted to look a million dollars ... and she did". [3] (#cite_note-Vogue20-3) History [ edit ] External image Princess Diana wearing the revenge dress, 1994 (https://static.independent.co.uk/2021/11/08/16/newFile-4.jpg) Diana wore the dress to a 29 June 1994 fundraising dinner hosted by Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) magazine for the Serpentine Gallery (/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries) in Kensington Gardens (/wiki/Kensington_Gardens) . [2] (#cite_note-Brown2011-2) Diana had declined the dinner invitation; however, two days prior to the dinner, following several days' publicity of Charles' infidelity revelations, she accepted the invitation. [2] (#cite_note-Brown2011-2) Diana found out about Charles' infidelity in different ways prior to the dinner. An example is in some newspaper headlines they reported "Charles: I Cheated on Diana" and "Di told you so". [5] (#cite_note-5) A television programme about her husband (/wiki/Charles:_The_Private_Man,_the_Public_Role) Prince Charles was broadcast, in which he admitted to having been unfaithful to her after their marriage had "irretrievably broken down". Charles and Diana had separated two years prior to the broadcast of the programme. [6] (#cite_note-WaPo2022-6) [7] (#cite_note-Guard21-7) Diana's biographer Sarah Bradford (/wiki/Sarah_Bradford) wrote that Diana "feigned indifference" in regards to the programme. [8] (#cite_note-Bradford2007-8) Diana was seen wearing the dress after she exited her car and was greeted by Lord Palumbo (/wiki/Peter_Palumbo,_Baron_Palumbo) , the chair of the trustees of the Serpentine Gallery, before entering the gallery. The photographer who captured Diana arriving at the event, Tim Graham, said that her arrival lasted only 30 seconds in total, and that Diana would have known a large number of photographers would be present following her husband's revelations. [4] (#cite_note-TimesPitman94-4) Palumbo later recalled that Diana "bounded out of the car in that wonderfully athletic way that she had". [8] (#cite_note-Bradford2007-8) Diana in 1995 Following the dinner, the dress was described as the "I'll Show You dress", the "Serpentine Cocktail" and the "Vengeance dress", as well as the "Revenge dress". [9] (#cite_note-LynchMedvedev2018-9) In her 2007 book The Diana Chronicles , Tina Brown (/wiki/Tina_Brown) wrote that Diana's dress was known by fashion editors as "her fuck-you dress". [2] (#cite_note-Brown2011-2) The dress was sold at auction in July 1997 for £39,098. The dress was bought by a Scottish couple who planned to use it to raise money for children's charities. [10] (#cite_note-IND97-10) The dress was exhibited in the Museum of Style in Newbridge (/wiki/Newbridge,_County_Kildare) , County Kildare (/wiki/County_Kildare) in their 2017 exhibition Diana: A Fashion Legacy , where it was described as "the most important exhibit". [1] (#cite_note-IT-1) Penny Goldstone wrote in Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) in 2020 that the dress remains one of Diana's "most iconic styles of all time". [11] (#cite_note-MC-11) Aftermath [ edit ] The Serpentine Gallery in 2018 The day following the event, The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) wrote: The Princess of Wales did not have to dine out before the television cameras at the Serpentine Gallery last night in order to avoid seeing her husband sharing his soul with the nation on the box. She could have watched a video, played bridge or simply washed her hair and curled up in bed ... It's amazing what some people will do to avoid press speculation. [12] (#cite_note-Teleg20-12) Elle Pithers, writing for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine, described the dress as the "progenitor of 'revenge dressing ' ". [3] (#cite_note-Vogue20-3) In 2020, writing for The Daily Telegraph Bethan Holt stated that the dress encompassed "the act of reclaiming the narrative", and was the "ultimate modern example of revenge dressing", in an article about women who have found inspiration in Diana Spencer's choice of the dress. [12] (#cite_note-Teleg20-12) Holt wrote, "Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. But also: fashion hath no greater thrill than when being deployed for the purpose of expressing rage, froideur or an insouciant dose of 'look what you're missing ' ". [12] (#cite_note-Teleg20-12) The dress was analyzed by Caroline McCauley in Fashion, Agency, and Empowerment: Performing Agency, Following Script , [9] (#cite_note-LynchMedvedev2018-9) and it was interpreted as part of Diana's couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) of "revenge" following the breakdown of her marriage to Charles after years of having "snippets of a seductive glamour hidden by a proper royal purity". [9] (#cite_note-LynchMedvedev2018-9) Caroline McCauley wrote that instead of "cowering in shame" following Charles's admission, "Diana arrived in a figure-hugging black silk dress with a pearl choker necklace, black pumps, and scarlet lipstick and nail polish". [9] (#cite_note-LynchMedvedev2018-9) Georgina Howell (/wiki/Georgina_Howell) , in her 1998 book Diana, Her Life in Fashion , wrote that the dress was "possibly the most strategic dress ever worn by a woman in modern times", further describing it as a "devastating wisp of black chiffon" with which Diana "flipped her husband clean off the front pages" following the broadcast of the programme. [9] (#cite_note-LynchMedvedev2018-9) "The Thrilla He Left to Woo Camilla" was the headline of The Sun (/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)) the following day. [2] (#cite_note-Brown2011-2) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Deirdre McQuillan (8 August 2017). "Princess Diana's famous 'revenge dress' comes to Kildare" (https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/princess-diana-s-famous-revenge-dress-comes-to-kildare-1.3179708) . The Irish Times (/wiki/The_Irish_Times) . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tina Brown (31 May 2011). The Diana Chronicles . Random House. p. 339. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4464-7411-2 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Elle Pithers (27 May 2020). "From Princess Diana to Jennifer Aniston, These Are the Ultimate Revenge Looks" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/revenge-dressing) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pitman, Joanna (21 January 2006). "Diana steps out in the 'revenge' dress" (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IF0502803517/TTDA?u=wes_ttda&sid=TTDA&xid=09b74874) . The Times . No. 68603 . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bonner, Mehera (11 November 2022). "The True Story of Princess Diana's Iconic Look" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a41922484/princess-diana-revenge-dress-true-story/) . Hearst Magazine Media, Inc . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-WaPo2022_6-0) Maloy, Ashley Fetters (10 November 2022). "Princess Diana was the queen of revenge fashion" (https://archive.today/20221110151612/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/11/10/princess-diana-revenge-dress-crown-netflix/) . The Washington Post . Archived from the original (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/11/10/princess-diana-revenge-dress-crown-netflix/) on 10 November 2022 . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guard21_7-0) Caroline Davies (16 February 2021). "Adultery, accusations and walkouts: when royals do TV interviews" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/feb/16/adultery-accusations-and-walkouts-when-royals-do-tv-interviews) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sarah Bradford (5 July 2007). Diana . Penguin Books Limited. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-14-190673-7 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Annette Lynch; Katalin Medvedev (29 November 2018). Fashion, Agency, and Empowerment: Performing Agency, Following Script . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 262. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-05828-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-IND97_10-0) Alexandra Williams (4 July 1997). "Diana's little black dress is a little too little" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/diana-s-little-black-dress-is-a-little-too-little-1248970.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-MC_11-0) Penny Goldstone (4 November 2020). "The story behind Princess Diana's revenge dress" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/princess-diana-revenge-dress-717584) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Holt, Bethan (29 June 2020). "Why Princess Diana's revenge dress is still relevant, 26 years on" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/style/princess-dianas-revenge-dress-still-relevant-25-years/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . v t e Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997 ( 1961-07-01 – 1997-08-31 ) Titles (1981–1996) Princess of Wales (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales) Duchess of Cornwall (/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall) Duchess of Rothesay (/wiki/Duchess_of_Rothesay) Countess of Chester (/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_(title)) Baroness of Renfrew (/wiki/Baroness_of_Renfrew) Family Charles III (/wiki/Charles_III) (former husband) William, Prince of Wales (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) (elder son) Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) (younger son) John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer (/wiki/John_Spencer,_8th_Earl_Spencer) (father) Frances Shand Kydd (/wiki/Frances_Shand_Kydd) (mother) Lady Sarah McCorquodale (/wiki/Lady_Sarah_McCorquodale) (sister) Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes (/wiki/Jane_Fellowes,_Baroness_Fellowes) (sister) Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_9th_Earl_Spencer) (brother) Spencer family (/wiki/Spencer_family) Life events Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer) guest list (/wiki/List_of_wedding_guests_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer) Squidgygate (/wiki/Squidgygate) Panorama interview (/wiki/An_Interview_with_HRH_The_Princess_of_Wales) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) Jewels (/wiki/Jewels_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) Revenge dress Lady Dior (/wiki/Lady_Dior) Gucci Diana (/wiki/Gucci_Diana) Charities International Campaign to Ban Landmines (/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines) Landmine Survivors Network (/wiki/Survivor_Corps) Barnardo's (/wiki/Barnardo%27s) Centrepoint (/wiki/Centrepoint_(charity)) Turning Point (/wiki/Turning_Point_(charity)) National AIDS Trust (/wiki/National_AIDS_Trust) The Leprosy Mission (/wiki/The_Leprosy_Mission) English National Ballet (/wiki/English_National_Ballet) The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (/wiki/The_Royal_Marsden_NHS_Foundation_Trust) Great Ormond Street Hospital (/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital) Death (/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) People's princess (/wiki/People%27s_princess) Funeral (/wiki/Funeral_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Operation Paget (/wiki/Operation_Paget) Conspiracy theories (/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) People Dodi Fayed (/wiki/Dodi_Fayed) (romantic partner) Henri Paul (/wiki/Henri_Paul) (driver) Trevor Rees-Jones (/wiki/Trevor_Rees-Jones_(bodyguard)) (bodyguard) Memorials " Candle in the Wind (/wiki/Candle_in_the_Wind_1997) " Concert for Diana (/wiki/Concert_for_Diana) Diana Award (/wiki/Diana_Award) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Fountain) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Fund) Diana, Princess of Wales Hospital (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Hospital) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Playground) Diana, Princess of Wales: Tribute (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales:_Tribute) Diana, Princess of Wales Tribute Concert (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Tribute_Concert) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Walk) Innocent Victims (/wiki/Innocent_Victims) Place Diana (/wiki/Place_Diana) Flame of Liberty (/wiki/Flame_of_Liberty) Princess Diana Memorial (/wiki/Princess_Diana_Memorial) Princess of Wales Bridge (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Bridge) Princess of Wales Theatre (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Theatre) Rosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales' (/wiki/Rosa_%27Diana,_Princess_of_Wales%27) Rosa 'Princess of Wales' (/wiki/Rosa_%27Princess_of_Wales%27) Statue of Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Statue_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) West Heath School (/wiki/West_Heath_School_(special_school)) Popular culture Books Diana: Her True Story (/wiki/Diana:_Her_True_Story_(book)) (1992) Diana in Search of Herself (/wiki/Diana_in_Search_of_Herself) (1999) 69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess (/wiki/69_Things_to_Do_with_a_Dead_Princess) (2002) If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things (/wiki/If_Nobody_Speaks_of_Remarkable_Things) (2002) Diana: Closely Guarded Secret (/wiki/Diana:_Closely_Guarded_Secret) (2002) The Little White Car (/wiki/The_Little_White_Car) (2004) The Murder of Princess Diana (/wiki/The_Murder_of_Princess_Diana_(book)) (2004) Princess Diana's Revenge (/wiki/Princess_Diana%27s_Revenge) (2006) The Diana Chronicles (/wiki/The_Diana_Chronicles) (2007) The Accident Man (/wiki/The_Accident_Man) (2011) Untold Story (/wiki/Untold_Story_(novel)) (2011) Film and television Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (/wiki/Charles_%26_Diana:_A_Royal_Love_Story) (1982) The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (/wiki/The_Royal_Romance_of_Charles_and_Diana) (1982) Spitting Image (/wiki/Spitting_Image) (1984–1996) Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (/wiki/Charles_and_Diana:_Unhappily_Ever_After) (1992) Willi und die Windzors (/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors) (1996) Diana: Her True Story (/wiki/Diana:_Her_True_Story_(film)) (1993) Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess (/wiki/Diana:_A_Tribute_to_the_People%27s_Princess) (1998) Diana: The Rose Conspiracy (/wiki/Diana:_The_Rose_Conspiracy) (2005) Whatever Love Means (/wiki/Whatever_Love_Means) (2005) The Queen (2006) Diana: Last Days of a Princess (/wiki/Diana:_Last_Days_of_a_Princess) (2007) The Murder of Princess Diana (/wiki/The_Murder_of_Princess_Diana) (2007) Diana (/wiki/Diana_(2013_film)) (2013) The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) (2020–2023) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(film)) (2021) Documentaries The Queen (/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)) (2009 TV serial) Unlawful Killing (/wiki/Unlawful_Killing_(film)) (2011) Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy (/wiki/Diana,_Our_Mother:_Her_Life_and_Legacy) (2017) The Story of Diana (/wiki/The_Story_of_Diana) (2017) Diana: In Her Own Words (/wiki/Diana:_In_Her_Own_Words) (2017) Diana, 7 Days (/wiki/Diana,_7_Days) (2017) The Princess (/wiki/The_Princess_(2022_documentary_film)) (2022) Plays and musicals Her Royal Highness..? (/wiki/Her_Royal_Highness..%3F) (1981) Diana (/wiki/Diana_(musical)) (2019) Songs " Buckingham Blues (/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_(album)) " "Diana" (Bryan Adams song) (/wiki/Diana_(Bryan_Adams_song)) " Ain't Nuttin' But Music (/wiki/Ain%27t_Nuttin%27_But_Music) " " Dance in the Dark (/wiki/Dance_in_the_Dark) " Portraits Diana, Princess of Wales (Bryan Organ portrait) (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_(Bryan_Organ_portrait)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐sc222 Cached time: 20240721203248 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.386 seconds Real time usage: 0.503 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6176/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64826/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2023/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 33/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 60529/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.217/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5827276/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 435.697 1 -total 33.13% 144.342 1 Template:Reflist 25.28% 110.147 9 Template:Cite_news 18.93% 82.483 3 Template:Navbox 18.86% 82.184 1 Template:Diana,_Princess_of_Wales 13.54% 58.995 1 Template:Short_description 12.52% 54.528 2 Template:Inflation 11.09% 48.331 1 Template:GBP 9.66% 42.101 2 Template:Infobox 8.33% 36.296 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66807795-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721203248 and revision id 1210844679. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revenge_dress&oldid=1210844679 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revenge_dress&oldid=1210844679) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1994 clothing (/wiki/Category:1994_clothing) 1994 in London (/wiki/Category:1994_in_London) Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Category:Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Revenge (/wiki/Category:Revenge) British royal attire (/wiki/Category:British_royal_attire) Royal dresses (/wiki/Category:Royal_dresses) Black dresses (/wiki/Category:Black_dresses) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use British English from November 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2021) Use dmy dates from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2021)
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Not to be confused with Bodo language (/wiki/Boro_language_(India)) . Sheer and transparent women blouse of South Sulawesi, Indonesia Bodo blouse Girls wearing baju bodo or bodo blouse, worn with woven sarong (/wiki/Sarong) . Type Traditional blouse-dress Material Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) , sheer cotton, silk Place of origin South Sulawesi (/wiki/South_Sulawesi) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) [1] (#cite_note-Indonesia_Kaya-1) Manufacturer Buginese (/wiki/Bugis) and Makassarese (/wiki/Makassar_people) The bodo blouse , locally known as baju bodo ( Buginese (/wiki/Buginese_language) : ᨓᨍᨘ ᨄᨚᨊᨛᨌᨚ , romanized: waju ponco ), is a sheer and transparent short-sleeved loose blouse (/wiki/Blouse) , a traditional attire for women of the Bugis (/wiki/Bugis) and Makassar (/wiki/Makassar_people) peoples of South Sulawesi (/wiki/South_Sulawesi) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . [1] (#cite_note-Indonesia_Kaya-1) A bodo blouse is traditionally combined with a matching woven sarong (/wiki/Sarong) that covered the waist below the body. [2] (#cite_note-Celebes-2) Attire components [ edit ] A Bugis bride wearing an elaborate bodo blouse, completed with intricate hairdo and jewelries. Blouse [ edit ] The textile (/wiki/Textile) materials used in bodo blouse are usually thin, sheer and transparent; usually muslin (/wiki/Muslin) , sheer cotton or silk (/wiki/Silk) . Muslin is the most favoured materials, it has loose threads that make it look transparent and suitable for hot and humid tropical climate. As the name implies, the term bodo in the Makassar language (/wiki/Makassar_language) means "short", which imply that this blouse is indeed short-sleeved. [1] (#cite_note-Indonesia_Kaya-1) The cut of bodo blouse is quite simple, it follows the square design with holes or openings for neck, two arms and waist. Some design might has front opening, while others do not which resembles a loose tube. It also quite loose to allow the blouse to fit all sizes, and the design did emphasize the drape quality of the sheer fabrics. Sarong [ edit ] Bodo blouse is traditionally combined with a matching woven sarong (/wiki/Sarong) that covered the waist. Commonly, Makassarese people wore sarong wrapped around quite tightly. However, in this outfit the sarong is deliberately fitted loosely to match the loose draped shape of the bodo blouse top. [2] (#cite_note-Celebes-2) Jewelry [ edit ] This traditional clothing is considered incomplete if not complemented by jewelry or accessories. Some of these accessories includes earrings, headbands, tiaras, tiered necklaces, long necklaces, wide bracelets, multiple thin keroncong type bracelets and metal belts. The accessories mentioned above are the complete variants which are commonly used by brides. Common guests usually wear less jewelry. This jewelry is usually made of gold or silver (/wiki/Silver) , while the simpler ones are made of brass (/wiki/Brass) . [2] (#cite_note-Celebes-2) History [ edit ] Sheer transparent bodo blouse worn without undergarment in 1871. The sheer woven cotton as the materials of bodo blouse is believed has been made and used by people in Sulawesi since the 9th century. [2] (#cite_note-Celebes-2) In the past, bodo blouses were worn without undergarments, exposing the breasts and curves of the wearer. [1] (#cite_note-Indonesia_Kaya-1) However, after the local Bugis and Makassar people converted to Islam (/wiki/Islam) in past centuries, previously revealing clothing was subdued to be more modest. This transparent outfit was then paired with an undergarment of the same colour, but usually lighter in tone. Usage [ edit ] This traditional clothing is often worn for traditional events, such as wedding ceremonies. Although it has been increasingly marginalised due to the influence of modern clothing, or competing with other Indonesian national attires such as kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) and baju kurung (/wiki/Baju_kurung) , it remains prevalent in traditional Bugis villages. The bodo blouses are still worn by Bugis women, especially by brides during the marriage ceremony and wedding reception, as well as by the mother of the bride and groom, and the maid of honour. Lately, the use of the bodo blouse has begun to expand for various activities, such as dancing and singing. Today, bodo blouse has become a source of inspiration for contemporary Indonesian fashion designers, [3] (#cite_note-3) and used as the inspiration of modern wedding dress. [4] (#cite_note-4) Colours [ edit ] Traditional [ edit ] According to Bugis customs and traditions, specific colours of bodo blouse worn by Bugis women indicates the age and social standings of the wearer. [5] (#cite_note-5) Colours Meanings Orange (/wiki/Orange_(colour)) Worn by female children (/wiki/Child) aged 10 years old or younger. Orange or red Worn by girls (/wiki/Girl) aged between 10 and 16 years old. Red (/wiki/Red) Worn by maidens (/wiki/Maiden) aged between 17 and 25 years old. White (/wiki/White) Worn by dayang attendants, ritual dancers, brides, or female dukuns (/wiki/Dukun) ( witch doctors (/wiki/Witch_doctor) ) Green (/wiki/Green) Worn by noble women (/wiki/Nobility) . Purple (/wiki/Purple) Worn by widows (/wiki/Widows) . Contemporary [ edit ] In contemporary Bugis culture, the traditional significance attached to specific colors in the bodo blouse, which once denoted age and social status, has undergone a transformation. Unlike the strict guidelines adhered to in earlier times, modern practices no longer confine individuals to particular colors based on their age or rank. As a result, women now have the freedom to select from a wider range of colors, including those historically associated with specific age groups. Furthermore, modern Bugis attire embraces an expansive array of hues beyond the traditional spectrum. Colors like blue, mauve, and orange have become prominent in contemporary Bugis textiles. Historical records from the Leiden Museum even indicate the presence of blue and mauve-toned blouses as far back as 1864, initially linked with nobility before becoming accessible to a broader audience. Today, individuals from all backgrounds, including brides, can confidently choose a green baju bodo, an option that was once reserved solely for noblewomen. This evolution signifies a more inclusive and adaptable approach to Bugis fashion, departing from the strict conventions of the past. [6] (#cite_note-The_Bugis-6) Gallery [ edit ] Pajoge dancers wearing bodo blouse, Maros circa 1870 A weaver wearing bodo blouse, circa 1945–1955 A girl wearing deep orange or red bodo blouse Indonesian choir group wearing Bugis traditional attires, the ladies wearing bodo blouse Bugis girls wearing bodo blouse A girl wearing bodo blouse with jewelries; headbands, earrings and necklace See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baju bodo (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baju_bodo) . Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Baju kurung (/wiki/Baju_kurung) National costume of Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Tim Indonesia Exploride. "Baju Bodo" (https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/baju-bodo) . IndonesiaKaya (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-02-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Baju Bodo, Pakaian Adat Bugis yang Legendaris" (https://www.celebes.co/baju-bodo-pakaian-adat-bugis) (in Indonesian). 2021-02-03 . Retrieved 2021-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Media, Kompas Cyber. "Baju Bodo dan Songket dengan "Modern Twist"" (https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2011/05/23/11151734/Baju.Bodo.dan.Songket.dengan.Modern.Twist.) . KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Media, Kompas Cyber. "Inspirasi Pakaian Bugis dalam Busana Pernikahan Indah Permatasari" (https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2021/01/13/212218120/inspirasi-pakaian-bugis-dalam-busana-pernikahan-indah-permatasari) . kompas.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2021-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Gita (2009-06-21). "Mencari Perempuan Bugis" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120117184522/http://umum.kompasiana.com/2009/06/21/mencari-perempuan-bugis/) . Kompasiana. Archived from the original (http://umum.kompasiana.com/2009/06/21/mencari-perempuan-bugis/) on January 17, 2012 . Retrieved 2009-11-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Bugis_6-0) Pelras, Christian (1996), The Bugis (/wiki/The_Bugis) , p. 303 v t e Indonesian clothing (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Clothing identified with Indonesian culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) and still worn today Textiles and weaving Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Kain Bali (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Kain Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) Kain kulit kayu (/wiki/Barkcloth) Lurik Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Tenun (/wiki/Tenun) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Dyeing Batik (/wiki/Batik) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Jumputan (/wiki/Tie-dye) Prada Clothing Angkin (/wiki/Sash) Baju Bodo Baju kain rumput Baju Koko Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Beskap Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Kain jarik Kain panjang Kain samping (/wiki/Samping) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kemeja Batik (/wiki/Batik) Koje Koteka (/wiki/Koteka) Rok Rumbia Sarung (/wiki/Sarong) Selendang (/wiki/Sash) Surjan Uis 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Vintage store in Portland, Oregon, U.S. Ray's Ragtime The store's exterior in 2021 Founded 1986 ; 38 years ago ( 1986 ) in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) , United States Founder Ray Tillotson Owner Lisa Beyer Ray's Ragtime is a vintage store in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) . History [ edit ] Ray's Ragtime operated in the Fine Arts Building (/wiki/Fine_Arts_Building_(Portland,_Oregon)) (pictured in 2011) from 1986 to 2016 Ray Tillotson founded and continued to own the business, as of 2016. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The store occupied the ground level of the Fine Arts Building (/wiki/Fine_Arts_Building_(Portland,_Oregon)) at the intersection of 10th and Morrison in southwest Portland (/wiki/Southwest_Portland,_Oregon) from 1986 to 2016, when operations were relocated to the Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Portland,_Oregon) neighborhood in northeast Portland (/wiki/Northeast_Portland,_Oregon) because of high rent costs. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The new location is smaller but has a similar aesthetic as the original. Lisa Beyer was the owner, as of 2018, when the business was burglarized. Since relocating, the store has been called Ray's Ragtime Hollywood . [5] (#cite_note-5) According to Willamette Week (/wiki/Willamette_Week) 's Matthew Korfhage, "Ragtime had long been a stopover for bands playing at the Crystal Ballroom, and was beloved among the local music community, including—at one time—Courtney Love, along with Courtney Taylor-Taylor of the Dandy Warhols." [6] (#cite_note-6) In his 2017 "ultimate guide to Portland's vintage shopping scene", Christopher Dibble of Portland Monthly (/wiki/Portland_Monthly) called Ray's "a piece of local history". [7] (#cite_note-7) The store has been included in guide books of Portland. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jun 24, Marjorie Skinner •; Pm, 2015 at 1:44. "Ray's Ragtime and the Downtown Vintage Corridor" (http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2015/06/24/rays-ragtime-and-the-downtown-vintage-corridor) . Portland Mercury . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150906014505/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2015/06/24/rays-ragtime-and-the-downtown-vintage-corridor) from the original on 2015-09-06 . Retrieved 2021-04-20 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Marum, Anna (March 29, 2016). "Ray's Ragtime will reopen in the Hollywood District" (https://www.oregonlive.com/window-shop/2016/03/rays_ragtime_hollywood.html) . The Oregonian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194714/https://www.oregonlive.com/window-shop/2016/03/rays_ragtime_hollywood.html) from the original on April 20, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Marum, Anna (April 19, 2016). "Ray's Ragtime is now open in the Hollywood District" (https://www.oregonlive.com/window-shop/2016/04/rays_ragtime_hollywood_open.html) . The Oregonian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194702/https://www.oregonlive.com/window-shop/2016/04/rays_ragtime_hollywood_open.html) from the original on April 20, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Oregon Business - PDX retail roundup: Ray's Ragtime reopens; Green Zebra set for Lloyd District" (https://www.oregonbusiness.com/article/item/16742-pdx-retail-roundup-ray-s-ragtime-reopens-green-zebra-set-for-lloyd-district) . www.oregonbusiness.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160420115211/http://www.oregonbusiness.com/article/item/16742-pdx-retail-roundup-ray-s-ragtime-reopens-green-zebra-set-for-lloyd-district) from the original on 2016-04-20 . Retrieved 2021-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rush, Haley. "Portland business owner says thieves broke in through skylight" (https://www.kptv.com/news/portland-business-owner-says-thieves-broke-in-through-skylight/article_38ef97de-ece4-5e30-b07a-cff10385dd44.html) . KPTV.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200020/https://www.kptv.com/news/portland-business-owner-says-thieves-broke-in-through-skylight/article_38ef97de-ece4-5e30-b07a-cff10385dd44.html) from the original on 2021-01-21 . Retrieved 2021-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Ray's Ragtime Vintage Will Reopen in Hollywood" (https://www.wweek.com/music/2016/03/25/rays-ragtime-vintage-will-re-open-in-hollywood/) . Willamette Week . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194645/https://www.wweek.com/music/2016/03/25/rays-ragtime-vintage-will-re-open-in-hollywood/) from the original on 2021-04-20 . Retrieved 2021-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Your Ultimate Guide to Portland's Vintage Shopping Scene" (https://www.pdxmonthly.com/style-and-shopping/2017/11/your-ultimate-guide-to-portland-s-vintage-shopping-scene) . Portland Monthly . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194645/https://www.pdxmonthly.com/style-and-shopping/2017/11/your-ultimate-guide-to-portland-s-vintage-shopping-scene) from the original on 2021-04-20 . Retrieved 2021-04-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Burgess, Ann Carroll (April 20, 2003). Secret Portland, Oregon: The Unique Guidebook to Portland's Hidden Sites, Sounds & Tastes . ECW Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781550225860 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194707/https://books.google.com/books?id=58VK_IPHEGsC&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq=) from the original on April 20, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-9) McCollom, Hollyanna (May 10, 2016). Moon Portland . Avalon Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781631212796 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420194708/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkUoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT280&lpg=PT280&dq=) from the original on April 20, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 – via Google Books. External links [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Oregon portal (/wiki/Portal:Oregon) Media related to Ray's Ragtime (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ray%27s_Ragtime) at Wikimedia Commons Ray's Ragtime (https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/pacific-northwest/portland/shopping/rays-ragtime/a/poi-sho/1589964/362093) at Lonely Planet (/wiki/Lonely_Planet) Local thrift shop attracts some big name celebrities (https://www.kptv.com/good_day_oregon/more/local-thrift-shop-attracts-some-big-name-celebrities/video_710968fb-4f19-57af-bade-bb665eac4c6d.html) , KPTV (October 23, 2020) v t e Hollywood, Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Hollywood,_Portland,_Oregon) Buildings Hollywood Library (/wiki/Hollywood_Library) Hollywood Theatre (/wiki/Hollywood_Theatre_(Portland,_Oregon)) Oregon State Bank Building (/wiki/Oregon_State_Bank_Building) Business Chin's Kitchen (/wiki/Chin%27s_Kitchen) Coon Chicken Inn (/wiki/Coon_Chicken_Inn) Doe Donuts (/wiki/Doe_Donuts) Gado Gado (/wiki/Gado_Gado_(restaurant)) The Pagoda (/wiki/The_Pagoda_(restaurant)) Pal's Shanty Tavern (/wiki/Pal%27s_Shanty_Tavern) Ray's Ragtime Reo's Ribs (/wiki/Reo%27s_Ribs) Shandong (/wiki/Shandong_(restaurant)) Xiao Ye (/wiki/Xiao_Ye_(restaurant)) Public art We Choose Love (/wiki/We_Choose_Love) Transportation Hollywood/Northeast 42nd Avenue Transit Center (/wiki/Hollywood/Northeast_42nd_Avenue_Transit_Center) Category (/wiki/Category:Hollywood,_Portland,_Oregon) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hollywood,_Portland,_Oregon) WikiMiniAtlas 45°32′08″N 122°37′17″W / 45.53565°N 122.62133°W / 45.53565; -122.62133 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐49htg Cached time: 20240720221506 Cache expiry: 956695 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.344 seconds Real time usage: 0.490 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1889/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36963/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1337/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47777/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.230/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5850269/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 432.757 1 -total 28.72% 124.296 1 Template:Reflist 22.71% 98.263 7 Template:Cite_web 22.43% 97.072 1 Template:Hollywood,_Portland,_Oregon 22.06% 95.480 1 Template:Navbox 18.35% 79.408 1 Template:Infobox_company 16.55% 71.628 1 Template:Short_description 16.25% 70.317 1 Template:Infobox 10.54% 45.594 2 Template:Pagetype 4.71% 20.390 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67333546-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720221506 and revision id 1184440973. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%27s_Ragtime&oldid=1184440973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%27s_Ragtime&oldid=1184440973) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1986 establishments in Oregon (/wiki/Category:1986_establishments_in_Oregon) American companies established in 1986 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1986) Companies based in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Portland,_Oregon) Hollywood, Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Category:Hollywood,_Portland,_Oregon) Southwest Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Category:Southwest_Portland,_Oregon) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata)
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Cultural attribution of colors to genders Children in blue and pink clothing. This restroom sign on an All Nippon Airways (/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways) Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender and blue for the male gender. The colors pink (/wiki/Pink) and blue (/wiki/Blue) are associated with girls and boys respectively, in the United States, the United Kingdom and some other European countries. Originating as a trend in the mid-19th century and applying primarily to clothing, gendered associations with pink and blue became more widespread from the 1950s onward. Since the 1990s, these gendered associations have also increasingly applied to toys as well, especially in the case of pink toys for girls. Additionally, a pink ribbon (/wiki/Pink_ribbon) is a symbol of breast cancer awareness (/wiki/Breast_cancer_awareness) , and the two colors are used at gender reveal parties (/wiki/Gender_reveal_party) . Despite popular belief—including from various academic and popular sources—a reported "pink–blue reversal", wherein the gendered associations of both colors were "flipped" sometime during the 20th century, most likely never occurred, and instead is likely to have been a misunderstanding of earlier reporting. History [ edit ] Pierre-Auguste Renoir (/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir) 's son Jean sewing (1900) According to Jo Paoletti, who spent two decades studying the history of pink and blue gender-coding, there were no particular color associations for girls and boys at the turn of the 20th century. There was no agreement among manufacturers about which colors were feminine or masculine, or whether there were any such colors at all. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaglaty2011-1) [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchorman2013622–623-2) First half of the 20th century [ edit ] Children's clothing began to be differentiated by gender in matters of cut, pockets, images, and decoration, but not by color. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchorman2013622–623-2) During the period 1900–1930, the fashions of young boys began to change in style, but not color. Pink and blue were used together as "baby colors". Birth announcements and baby books used both colors well into the 1950s, and then gradually became accepted as feminine and masculine colors. Styles and colors formerly considered neutral, including flowers, dainty trim (/w/index.php?title=Dainty_trim&action=edit&redlink=1) , and the color pink, became more associated with only girls and women. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xviii-3) Paoletti summarized the evolution of pink and blue associations with girls and boys: "It is clear that pink-blue gender coding was known in the late 1860s but was not dominant until the 1950s in most parts of the United States and not universal until a generation later." [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201289-4) In 1927, a chart published in Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine summarized the recommended hues at major department stores (/wiki/Department_store) in the United States: six said pink for boys and blue for girls; four said the opposite. [5] (#cite_note-5) [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaglaty2011-1) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201291-6) Second half of the 20th century [ edit ] A number of personalities and cultural icons of the 1950s and early 1960s had a great influence on the public awareness and use of pink in fashion and decoration, including Mamie Eisenhower, [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201971-7) Marilyn Monroe, and Brigitte Bardot. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrisman-Campbell2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvGPbDwAAQBAJpgPT271_PT271]-8) Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) , in her White House portrait Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) was influential in the growing shift among women in the United States, and to some extent abroad, towards the association between pink and women's fashion and decorating. Mrs. Eisenhower was well known for preferring pink both in clothing and home decoration well before she became first lady, and more so after 1952 with the election of her husband Dwight D. Eisenhower (/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower) as President of the United States. So much so, that a particular shade, known as "Mamie Pink" was named after her. When she took up residence in the White House in January 1953 she brought her favorite color with her, wearing a pink gown covered in pink rhinestones to the inaugural balls, and redecorating the White House in pink, to such an extent that it became known among the press corps as "The Pink Palace". Her tastes were picked up by the American public, and "Mamie Pink" became an iconic color in decorating in the 1950s, being used in bathroom fixtures, tiles, kitchen appliances, and more. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201971-7) [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKueber2009-9) Monroe performing the song " Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend (/wiki/Diamonds_Are_a_Girl%27s_Best_Friend) " in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1953_film)) (1953) wearing a pink dress Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) was already famous as a sex symbol in the early 1950s when the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1953_film)) came out. The musical comedy featured Marilyn in the most famous musical number in the film, Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend (/wiki/Diamonds_Are_a_Girl%27s_Best_Friend#Marilyn_Monroe) , in a now iconic floor length, skin-tight silk dress in shocking pink (/wiki/Pink_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) with a big bow on the back and matching shoulder length gloves. Marilyn defined femininity and seduction and her influence never ended. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201973-10) Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) wore checkered pink gingham as her wedding dress for her wedding in 1959. This was formerly a material used only for curtains and created a sensation, and was widely copied and influential. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrisman-Campbell2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvGPbDwAAQBAJpgPT271_PT271]-8) Colored items [ edit ] Clothing [ edit ] Further information: Children's clothing (/wiki/Children%27s_clothing) For infant and children's clothing, ribbons, and other items, the pink for girls, blue for boys associations known in European countries included: the Netherlands (1823), [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnier1823-11) France (1834), [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayle-Mouillard1834294-12) Russia (1842), [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl1842131-13) Great Britain (1862), [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeton1862142-14) and Spain (1896); [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadeneyra1896561-15) and in the Americas: in the United States, [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersons1856261-16) and Mexico (1899). [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Mundo1899314-17) A contrarian tendency to avoid gendered clothing colors for children and towards more unisex clothing in the United States began in the late 1960s, influenced by the Baby Boomer generation (/wiki/Baby_Boomer_generation) reaching child-bearing age, and the effects of second-wave feminism (/wiki/Second-wave_feminism) . [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xix-18) Pink Shirt Day [ edit ] Pink Shirt Day (/wiki/Pink_Shirt_Day) is an annual event against bullying (/wiki/Bullying) , held in Canada (/wiki/Canada) and New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) . [19] (#cite_note-PinkShirtCA-19) [20] (#cite_note-PinkShirtNZ-20) Participants wear pink shirts and attend or host informative events to raise awareness about bullying, particularly in schools. Pink Shirt Day was started in 2007 in Canada, where it is held on the last Wednesday of February each year. [21] (#cite_note-:0-21) It was adopted in New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) in 2009 and is observed annually on the third Friday of May. [21] (#cite_note-:0-21) International Day of Pink [ edit ] The International Day of Pink is a worldwide anti-bullying and anti-homophobia (/wiki/Anti-homophobia) event held annually during the second week of April. [22] (#cite_note-22) Though similar to Pink Shirt Day (/wiki/Pink_Shirt_Day) (held in February) in that it also seeks to end all bullying, the Day of Pink is more specifically aimed towards anti-LGBTQ+ bullying (/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric) . [23] (#cite_note-23) Toys [ edit ] This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue&action=edit) by introducing citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) to additional sources at this section. Find sources: "pink toys for girls" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Shelves with pink-colored girls' toys, in a Canadian store In the United States, girlie-girl culture (/wiki/Girlie-girl_culture) developed in the 1990s in the wake of a series of successful Disney animated films (/wiki/Disney_Renaissance) , starting with Little Mermaid (/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)) (1989). These animated films were heavily marketed to girls, especially, and pink was everywhere in marketing campaigns as they took advantage of what appeared to be a strong association between gender and certain colors: bold colors for boys, pastel colors for girls, especially pink. Eighty-six percent of pink toys were marketed as "girls only", and a similar percentage that were bold red, black, brown, or gray were for "boys only". Pink became a strong signal to girls and their parents about which products were being marketed to them. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConis202119-24) Awareness ribbons [ edit ] Further information: Pink ribbon (/wiki/Pink_ribbon) Breast Cancer Awareness, Louisville, Kentucky (/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky) A pink awareness ribbon (/wiki/Awareness_ribbon) is used as a symbol for breast cancer awareness (/wiki/Breast_cancer_awareness) , and are commonly seen in October during Breast Cancer Awareness Month (/wiki/Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month) . The color pink was chosen for the ribbon in 1992, as a symbol of breast cancer awareness. [ citation needed ] Breast cancer organizations use the pink ribbon to associate themselves with breast cancer, to promote breast cancer awareness, and to support fundraising. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulik2010124–125-25) Pink evokes traditional feminine gender roles (/wiki/Gender_role) , caring for other people, being beautiful, being good, and being cooperative. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulik201047–48-26) Some breast cancer-related organizations, such as Pink Ribbon International use the pink ribbon as their primary symbol. Susan G. Komen for the Cure (/wiki/Susan_G._Komen_for_the_Cure) uses a stylized "running ribbon" as their logo. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulik2010147-27) Gender reveal accessories [ edit ] Further information: Gender reveal party (/wiki/Gender_reveal_party) A cake with a pink middle layer indicating a baby girl Gender reveal parties (/wiki/Gender_reveal_parties) use props or accessories of various kinds to reveal to invited guests the sex of an expectant mother's baby before it is born. Props include cakes, balloons, confetti, smoke, fireworks, and other accessories [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBologna2018-28) to indicate whether the fetus is male or female, normally by means of a colored signal that is pink or blue. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia-Navarro2019-29) For example: a cake may be brought out, frosted in white or other neutrally-colored icing, which when cut, reveals a pinkish or blueish filling inside, thus indicating that the baby is expected to be a girl (pink) or a boy (blue). [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasche_Guignard2015479–500-30) [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGieseler2017661–671-31) Transgender flag [ edit ] The transgender flag (/wiki/Transgender_flag) features pink and blue. The transgender pride flag (/wiki/Transgender_pride_flag) features five horizontal stripes: light blue stripes on the top and bottom, light pink stripes in second and fourth positions, and a white stripe in the center. The flag's designer, Monica Helms (/wiki/Monica_Helms) , [32] (#cite_note-32) describes the traditional associations of pink and blue as the reasons for the flag's colors. The blue stripes represent boys and men, the pink stripes represent girls and women, and the white stripe represents intersex (/wiki/Intersex) , nonbinary (/wiki/Nonbinary) , and gender-nonconforming people, and those still in transition (/wiki/Gender_transition) . [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-flaghistory-34) Other [ edit ] Even items that would seem to have no association with one gender or another, such as vitamin pills, have been produced in pink and blue and marketed towards girls and boys. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendershot199699-35) Société Bic (/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Bic) drew criticism in 2012 for its pink and purple " Bic Cristal for Her (/wiki/Bic_Cristal#Bic_Cristal_for_Her) " ballpoint pens. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon2020-36) Pink–blue reversal [ edit ] In a 2017 letter to Archives of Sexual Behavior (/wiki/Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior) , researcher Marco Del Giudice commented on earlier claims about a supposed shift in pink–blue color associations or preferences sometime around the 1940s, from pink for boys and blue for girls before that period, to the opposite alignment afterward. He summarized his earlier work from 2012 which found "no evidence of either reversed or inconsistent usage prior to the 1940s". [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20171556-37) Del Giudice called this theory the "Pink–blue reversal" (PBR), and said it was "usually attributed to [Jo] Paoletti", and quoted from five academic articles that reprised the theory of "pink is for boys" prior to the 1940s. However, he found upon analysis that it was exceptionally difficult to actually document such a shift, and exclaimed upon "the thinness of the evidence presented in support of the PBR". [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20121321-38) In his 2012 paper, Del Giudice quoted from four articles published in academic journals which all echoed the claims about PBR theory, many relying on Paoletti, including Chiu et al., 2006 (#CITEREFChiu2006) : "Prior to that decade, Paoletti ... noted that the sex-dimorphic color coding of pink and blue was inverted, i.e., infant boys were dressed in pink and infant girls were dressed in blue."; [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiu2006385-39) Frassanito & Pettorini (2008) (#CITEREFFrassanitoPettorini2008) : "At one point, pink was considered more of a boy's color ... blue was considered more for girls."; [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassanitoPettorini2008881-40) Cohen (2013) (#CITEREFCohen2013) : "the current stereotypical American assignment of pink to girls and blue to boys was reversed a century ago"; [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20131-41) and Zucker (2005) (#CITEREFZucker2005) : "Yet, in the first two decades of the twentieth century, there is evidence that the gender-dimorphic nature of these two colors was inverted, that is, blue was judged to be stereotypically feminine whereas pink was judged to be stereotypically masculine." [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZucker20053770-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) But Paoletti never made the claim that pink and blue reversed, only that there was inconsistent usage that took until the 1950s to resolve [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20121321-38) starting from the first appearances of gendered pink and blue color associations around the 1860s. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201289-4) Academic research [ edit ] This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Gendered associations of pink and blue" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A 2007 British study found a preference among women for reddish colors, and theorized that it might have had evolutionary advantages. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrisard2019219-44) [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2007-45) Studies of color preferences of infants and toddlers found a preference for primary colors, with no differences between boys and girls. By the age of two, girls started to prefer pink, and by four, boys started to reject it. This is around the same time as infants start to become aware of gender. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond2014-46) In an attempt to test previous research indicating an apparent preference in Britain for blue-green hues among males and pink-purple among females, a 2018 cross-cultural study compared Indian and British students. Standardized personality tests were administered to determine links possible between personality traits, gender, and color. Results confirmed previous studies, showing similar gender differences across both culture groups, with females in both groups showing a preference for pink, in warmer shades for Indian women and cooler for British women. Authors reported "a remarkable cross-cultural similarity in men and a subtle but significant cultural difference in women whose origin is yet to be explained". [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnardel_et_al.2018209-223-47) Geneva Emotion Wheel Results of a cross-sectional study of color preferences among Swiss children and adults were published in 2018 in Sex Roles (/wiki/Sex_Roles_(journal)) . The study found that blue was not a gendered color, but that pink is. Among children, blue was the favorite color of both girls and boys. There was a greater preference for pink/purple hues among girls, and a greater preference for red among boys. Among adults, no group chose pink as their favorite, blue was a common favorite among both, and women preferred red more than men did. A further study tested positive or negative emotional associations of pink, blue, and red among Swiss adults using the Geneva Emotion Wheel (/wiki/Geneva_Emotion_Wheel) . All three hues were associated with positive emotions to the same extent among men and women. Where there were gender-based differences, pink was found to elicit more positive associations among women. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonauskaite_et_al.2019630–642-48) Hadzabe dance, Tanzania Most studies have taken place in western industrialized societies, and some evidence appeared to show a cross-cultural pattern. A 2019 study published in Perception (/wiki/Perception_(journal)) was designed to test this hypothesis, and was conducted among a hunter-gatherer culture in Africa. The study found that the color preferences among the Hadza people (/wiki/Hadza_people) in Tanzania differed from those of previous studies, and that their color preferences were the same for men and for women. The researchers concluded that their study called into question previous hypotheses that color preference might have an innate association with gender, and suggested that more studies would be needed to determine what the actual factors are in color preferences among the genders. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroyecka_et_al.2019428–36-49) Research questioning the color preferences of male and female children in regard to specific products is minimal; however, analysis of the research available implies that there are common color preferences among boys and girls in relation to their clothing choice. In a study conducted in Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , the aim was to identify which colors are preferred for which garment types by girls and boys, and whether or not the color preferences of children differ according to age, sex, and garment type. It was determined that the colors preferred most by most of the girls for all garment types were magenta, red-violet, red, and red-orange; similarly, the colors preferred by the boys for all garment types were black, blue, cyan, and yellow. [50] (#cite_note-50) Despite the lack of cross cultural analysis on this topic, existing research indicates that children's clothing resides on a spectrum that has expectations which fluctuate depending on age, gender, location, class, and many more intersectional markers. Reactions [ edit ] Women wearing pussy hats The association of pink with little girls and their toys leads some to view pink for women as unserious or infantilizing. In a 2017 column in The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) , columnist Petula Dvorak wrote about her fears that the Women's March (/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March) scheduled for the day after the inauguration of President Trump in January 2017 would not be taken seriously, because of the proliferation of pink pussy hats (/wiki/Pussy_hat) being prepared for the occasion by women planning to attend. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorak2017-51) The same connection can be drawn between men and the potential for limitations associated with the color blue in western society. Oftentimes men are marketed clothing and products that are associated with their socially acceptable color scheme of various blues, greens, and dark tones; this is something that can be observed in advertising as well as store fronts. With this push for a connection between blue and masculinity, there can be instances of gender backlash (/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)) which refers to social penalties directed at people who violate gender norms. [52] (#cite_note-52) See also [ edit ] Blue (/wiki/Blue) Baby blue (/wiki/Baby_blue) Children's clothing (/wiki/Children%27s_clothing) Color analysis (art) (/wiki/Color_analysis_(art)) Color code (/wiki/Color_code) Color psychology (/wiki/Color_psychology) Color symbolism (/wiki/Color_symbolism) Gender reveal party (/wiki/Gender_reveal_party) Gender stereotypes (/wiki/Gender_stereotypes) Girls' toys and games (/wiki/Girls%27_toys_and_games) Kruithof curve (/wiki/Kruithof_curve) Let Toys Be Toys (/wiki/Let_Toys_Be_Toys) List of historical sources for pink and blue as gender signifiers (/wiki/List_of_historical_sources_for_pink_and_blue_as_gender_signifiers) Pink (/wiki/Pink) Pink ribbon (/wiki/Pink_ribbon) Pink ribbon culture (/wiki/Pink_ribbon_culture) Pink Ribbons, Inc. (/wiki/Pink_Ribbons,_Inc.) Pinkstinks (/wiki/Pinkstinks) Pinkwashing (breast cancer) (/wiki/Pinkwashing_(breast_cancer)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Maglaty 2011 (#CITEREFMaglaty2011) . ^ Jump up to: a b Schorman 2013 (#CITEREFSchorman2013) , p. 622–623. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xviii_3-0) Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. xviii. ^ Jump up to: a b Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fashions: Baby's Clothes" (http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,737019,00.html) , Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) , 10 : 20, 14 November 1927: Blue for boys: Bullock's (/wiki/Bullock%27s) , Franklin Simon (/wiki/Franklin_Simon_%26_Co.) , Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , Wanamaker's (/wiki/Wanamaker%27s) ; Blue for girls: Best's (/wiki/Best_%26_Company) , Filene's (/wiki/Filene%27s) , Maison Blanche (/wiki/Maison_Blanche) , Marshall Field's (/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s) , The White House (/wiki/The_White_House_(department_store)) , Halle's (/wiki/Halle%27s) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201291_6-0) Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. 91. ^ Jump up to: a b Blegvad 2019 (#CITEREFBlegvad2019) , p. 71. ^ Jump up to: a b Chrisman-Campbell 2020 (#CITEREFChrisman-Campbell2020) , PT271 (https://books.google.com/books?id=vGPbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT271) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKueber2009_9-0) Kueber 2009 (#CITEREFKueber2009) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201973_10-0) Blegvad 2019 (#CITEREFBlegvad2019) , p. 73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarnier1823_11-0) Garnier 1823 (#CITEREFGarnier1823) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayle-Mouillard1834294_12-0) Bayle-Mouillard 1834 (#CITEREFBayle-Mouillard1834) , p. 294. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl1842131_13-0) Kohl 1842 (#CITEREFKohl1842) , p. 131. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeton1862142_14-0) Beeton 1862 (#CITEREFBeeton1862) , p. 142. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadeneyra1896561_15-0) Rivadeneyra 1896 (#CITEREFRivadeneyra1896) , p. 561. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersons1856261_16-0) Petersons 1856 (#CITEREFPetersons1856) , p. 261. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Mundo1899314_17-0) El Mundo 1899 (#CITEREFEl_Mundo1899) , p. 314. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xix_18-0) Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. xix. ^ (#cite_ref-PinkShirtCA_19-0) "Pink Shirt Day" (http://www.pinktshirtday.ca/) . Pink T-Shirt Day Society. ^ (#cite_ref-PinkShirtNZ_20-0) "Pink Shirt Day" (https://pinkshirtday.org.nz/) . Mental Health Foundation of New Zealand. ^ Jump up to: a b "About | Pink Shirt Day" (https://www.pinkshirtday.org.nz/about/) . www.pinkshirtday.org.nz . Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Day of Pink" (http://dayofpink.org/) . Day of Pink . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "International Day of Pink" (http://westernfinancialgroup.ca/What-is-the-history-of-the-Day-of-Pink-in-April) . Western Financial Group . Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConis202119_24-0) Conis 2021 (#CITEREFConis2021) , p. 19. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulik2010124–125_25-0) Sulik 2010 (#CITEREFSulik2010) , p. 124–125. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulik201047–48_26-0) Sulik 2010 (#CITEREFSulik2010) , p. 47–48. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulik2010147_27-0) Sulik 2010 (#CITEREFSulik2010) , p. 147. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBologna2018_28-0) Bologna 2018 (#CITEREFBologna2018) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia-Navarro2019_29-0) Garcia-Navarro 2019 (#CITEREFGarcia-Navarro2019) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasche_Guignard2015479–500_30-0) Pasche Guignard 2015 (#CITEREFPasche_Guignard2015) , p. 479–500. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGieseler2017661–671_31-0) Gieseler 2017 (#CITEREFGieseler2017) , p. 661–671. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Gray, Emma; Vagianos, Alanna (27 July 2017). "We Have A Navy Veteran To Thank For The Transgender Pride Flag" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/we-have-a-navy-veteran-to-thank-for-the-transgender-pride-flag_us_5978c060e4b0e201d57a711f) . Huffington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113228/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/we-have-a-navy-veteran-to-thank-for-the-transgender-pride-flag_us_5978c060e4b0e201d57a711f) from the original on 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Here's the Meaning Behind the Colors of the Transgender Pride Flag" (https://www.seventeen.com/life/a36610926/trans-flag-colors-meaning/) . Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . 30 May 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240514013130/https://www.seventeen.com/life/a36610926/trans-flag-colors-meaning/) from the original on 14 May 2024 . Retrieved 13 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-flaghistory_34-0) "The History of the Transgender Flag" (https://www.pointofpride.org/blog/the-history-of-the-transgender-flag) . 23 April 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240403143115/https://www.pointofpride.org/blog/the-history-of-the-transgender-flag) from the original on 3 April 2024 . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendershot199699_35-0) Hendershot 1996 (#CITEREFHendershot1996) , p. 99. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon2020_36-0) London 2020 (#CITEREFLondon2020) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20171556_37-0) Del Giudice 2017 (#CITEREFDel_Giudice2017) , p. 1556. ^ Jump up to: a b Del Giudice 2012 (#CITEREFDel_Giudice2012) , p. 1321. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiu2006385_39-0) Chiu 2006 (#CITEREFChiu2006) , p. 385. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassanitoPettorini2008881_40-0) Frassanito & Pettorini 2008 (#CITEREFFrassanitoPettorini2008) , p. 881. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20131_41-0) Cohen 2013 (#CITEREFCohen2013) , p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZucker20053770_42-0) Zucker 2005 (#CITEREFZucker2005) , p. 3770. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Quotations from Chiu (2006) (#CITEREFChiu2006) , Frassanito & Pettorini (2008) (#CITEREFFrassanitoPettorini2008) , Cohen (2013) (#CITEREFCohen2013) , and Zucker (2005) (#CITEREFZucker2005) are as cited in Del Giudice (2012) (#CITEREFDel_Giudice2012) p. 1321 ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrisard2019219_44-0) Grisard 2019 (#CITEREFGrisard2019) , p. 219. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2007_45-0) BBC 2007 (#CITEREFBBC2007) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond2014_46-0) Hammond 2014 (#CITEREFHammond2014) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonnardel_et_al.2018209-223_47-0) Bonnardel et al. 2018 (#CITEREFBonnardel_et_al.2018) , p. 209-223. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonauskaite_et_al.2019630–642_48-0) Jonauskaite et al. 2019 (#CITEREFJonauskaite_et_al.2019) , p. 630–642. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroyecka_et_al.2019428–36_49-0) Groyecka et al. 2019 (#CITEREFGroyecka_et_al.2019) , p. 428–36. ^ (#cite_ref-50) Kilinç, Nurgül (1 November 2011). 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S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 6510123 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6510123) . Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (28 July 2019). "Woman Who Popularized Gender-Reveal Parties Says Her Views On Gender Have Changed" (https://www.npr.org/2019/07/28/745990073/woman-who-popularized-gender-reveal-parties-says-her-views-on-gender-have-change) . NPR (/wiki/NPR) . Retrieved 26 June 2021 . Garnier, Athanase (1823). La Cour de Hollande sous le règne de Louis Bonaparte [ The Dutch Court in the Reign of Louis Bonaparte ]. Paris, Amsterdam: Chez Persan. Gieseler, Carly (9 February 2017). "Gender-reveal parties: performing community identity in pink and blue". Journal of Gender Studies (/wiki/Journal_of_Gender_Studies) . 27 (6): 661–671. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/09589236.2017.1287066 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2017.1287066) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0958-9236 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-9236) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 151390917 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151390917) . </ref> Grisard, Dominique (19 August 2019). "Pink and Blue Science" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz3EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219) . In Wülfingen, Bettina Bock von (ed.). Science in Color: Visualizing Achromatic Knowledge . De Gruyter. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-11-060521-1 . Groyecka, Agata; Witzel, Christoph; Butovskaya, Marina; Sorokowski, Piotr (May 2019). "Similarities in Color Preferences Between Women and Men: The Case of Hadza, the Hunter-Gatherers From Tanzania" (https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/439126/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf) (PDF) . Perception (/wiki/Perception_(journal)) . 48 (5). SAGE (/wiki/SAGE_Publishing) : 428–36. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0301006619840937 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0301006619840937) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30982405 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30982405) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 115203988 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115203988) . Hammond, Claudia (17 November 2014). "The 'pink vs blue' gender myth" (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20141117-the-pink-vs-blue-gender-myth) . BBC Future . Retrieved 4 June 2021 . Hendershot, Heather (1996). "8 Dolls: odour, disgust, femininity, and toy design" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHMbJQ50iZoC&pg=PA99) . In Kirkham, Pat (ed.). The Gendered Object . Manchester University Press. p. 99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7190-4475-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 264991421 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/264991421) . Jonauskaite, Domicele; Dael, Nele; et al. (15 May 2019). "Pink for Girls, Red for Boys, and Blue for Both Genders: Colour Preferences in Children and Adults" (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-018-0955-z) . Sex Roles . 80 (9–10). Springer Nature (/wiki/Springer_Nature) : 630–642. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11199-018-0955-z (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11199-018-0955-z) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0360-0025 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0025) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 149509070 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149509070) . Retrieved 18 July 2021 . Kohl, Johann Georg (/wiki/Johann_Georg_Kohl) (1842). Russia: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkoff, Riga, Odessa, the German Provinces on the Baltic, the Steppes, the Crimea, and the Interior of the Empire . Chapman and Hall. Kueber, Pam (30 September 2009). "Mamie Eisenhower and 'Mamie pink': More insight from Gettysburg" (https://retrorenovation.com/2009/09/30/mamie-eisenhower-and-mamie-pink-more-from-gettysburg/) . retro renovation (in French) . Retrieved 26 January 2022 . London, Lela (20 July 2020). "From 'Bic For Her' To Bic For Them - How Cancel Culture Got Bic Back On Track" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/lelalondon/2020/07/20/from-bic-for-her-to-bic-for-themhow-cancel-culture-got-bic-back-on-track/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 4 June 2021 . Maglaty, Jeanne (7 April 2011). "When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-did-girls-start-wearing-pink-1370097/?no-ist=) . Smithsonian (/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)) . Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0037-7333 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7333) . Retrieved 4 June 2021 . Paoletti, Jo B. (6 February 2012). Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America (/wiki/Pink_and_Blue:_Telling_the_Boys_from_the_Girls_in_America) . Indiana University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-00130-6 . , p. 124 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ80S_qVhrIC&pg=PT124) Pasche Guignard, Florence (September 2015). "A Gendered Bun in the Oven. The Gender-reveal Party as a New Ritualization during Pregnancy". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses (/wiki/Studies_in_Religion/Sciences_Religieuses) . 44 (4): 479–500. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0008429815599802 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0008429815599802) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0008-4298 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4298) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 220373650 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220373650) . </ref> "Fashions for March" (https://books.google.com/books?id=fptHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA261) . Peterson's Magazine (/wiki/Peterson%27s_Magazine) . C.J. Peterson. 1856. p. 261. Rivadeneyra, Sucesores de (14 December 1896). "Correspondencia particular" (https://books.google.com/books?id=z3RNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA561) . La Moda elegante ilustrada: periódico de las familias [ Elegant Fashion Illustrated: The Family Newspaper ]. Vol. 55. Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 934292885 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/934292885) . Schorman, Rob (Autumn 2013). "Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America by Jo B. Paoletti (review)" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/535965/pdf) . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (/wiki/Register_of_the_Kentucky_Historical_Society) . 111 (4): 622–623. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/khs.2014.0003 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkhs.2014.0003) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2161-0355 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0355) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 162211342 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162211342) . Retrieved 26 January 2021 – via Project MUSE. Sulik, Gayle A. (2010). Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health . USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-974045-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 535493589 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/535493589) . Zucker, Kenneth J. (August 2005). "Measurement of Psychosexual Differentiation". Archives of Sexual Behavior . 34 (4): 375–388. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10508-005-4336-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-005-4336-7) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 16010461 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16010461) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 18953324 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18953324) . Further reading [ edit ] Baliscei, João Paulo (August 2020). "Abordagem histórica e artística do uso das cores azul e rosa como pedagogias de gênero e sexualidade" (http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1982-03052020000300223&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=pt) [Historical and artistic approach to the use of blue and pink colors as pedagogies of gender and sexuality]. Revista Teias (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 . Rio de Janeiro. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.12957/teias.2020.46113 (https://doi.org/10.12957%2Fteias.2020.46113) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1518-5370 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1518-5370) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 225306735 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225306735) . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Chappell, Sharon Verner; Ketchum, Karyl E.; Richardson, Lisa (27 June 2018). Gender Diversity and LGBTQ Inclusion in K-12 Schools: A Guide to Supporting Students, Changing Lives . Taylor & Francis. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-351-69742-2 . Colatrella, Carol (2011). Toys and Tools in Pink: Cultural Narratives of Gender, Science, and Technology . Ohio State University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8142-1147-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 744362216 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744362216) . Kaiser, Susan B. (1 January 2012). Fashion and Cultural Studies . A&C Black. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-564-7 . Orenstein, Peggy (25 January 2011). Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the New Girlie-Girl Culture . HarperCollins e-books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-204163-0 . Pearlman, Robb (18 May 2021). Pink Is for Boys . Running Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7624-7562-9 . Steele, Valerie; Landis, Deborah Nadoolman; Albinson, A. Cassandra; Regina Lee Blaszczyk; Dominique Grisard; Tanya Melendez-Escalante; Masafumi Monden (2018). Steele, Valerie (ed.). Pink: The History of a Punk, Pretty, Powerful Color . Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-500-02226-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1098197985 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098197985) . 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2019 documentary by Frédéric Tcheng Halston Directed by Frédéric Tcheng (/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Tcheng) Written by Frédéric Tcheng Based on Halston (/wiki/Halston) Produced by Roland Ballester Stephanie Levy Michael Prall Frédéric Tcheng Starring Liza Minnelli (/wiki/Liza_Minnelli) Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) Joel Schumacher (/wiki/Joel_Schumacher) Naeem Khan (/wiki/Naeem_Khan) Pat Cleveland (/wiki/Pat_Cleveland) Karen Bjornson (/wiki/Karen_Bjornson) Narrated by Tavi Gevinson (Chloe) Cinematography Chris W. Johnson Edited by Èlia Gasull Balada Frédéric Tcheng Music by Stanley Clarke (/wiki/Stanley_Clarke) Production companies CNN Films (/wiki/CNN_Films) Dogwoof Pictures (/wiki/Dogwoof_Pictures) TDog Productions (/wiki/Dogwoof#TDog_Productions) Distributed by 1091 Pictures (/wiki/1091_Pictures) (USA) Release date January 26, 2019 ( 2019-01-26 ) (Sundance) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $188,751 [1] (#cite_note-the_numbers-1) Halston is a 2019 American biographical (/wiki/Biographical_film) documentary film (/wiki/Documentary_film) written and directed by Frédéric Tcheng (/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Tcheng) and produced by CNN Films (/wiki/CNN_Films) and Amazon Originals (/wiki/Amazon_originals) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The film tells the story of the rise and fall of Roy Halston Frowick (/wiki/Roy_Halston_Frowick) , one of America’s most prominent fashion designers. The film features commentary by Liza Minnelli (/wiki/Liza_Minnelli) , Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) , Joel Schumacher (/wiki/Joel_Schumacher) , Naeem Khan (/wiki/Naeem_Khan) , Pat Cleveland (/wiki/Pat_Cleveland) , Karen Bjornson (/wiki/Karen_Bjornson) and other former models known as The Halstonettes (/wiki/Halston#Halstonettes) . Appearing in archival footage are Halston, Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy) , Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) , Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) and members of his family. The film premiered to generally positive reviews at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival (/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival) on January 26, 2019. [3] (#cite_note-indie_wire-3) It was selected as the spotlight documentary at the Tribeca Film Festival (/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival) , and had a limited theatrical release in May 2019, before its international release in June. Synopsis [ edit ] The film tells the story of Roy Halston Frowick, better known as Halston, and the fashion empire he built in the 70s and lost in the 80s. Framed by the fictional storyline of a researcher digging through archives to understand Halston’s downfall, the film begins with his early days working at Bergdorf Goodman as a milliner (/wiki/Hatmaking) for society ladies. One of his most notable designs during that period was First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's iconic pillbox hat (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) for her husband's presidential inauguration (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1961_presidential_inauguration) in 1961. [a] (#cite_note-6) Halston opened his own fashion house in 1968, and quickly gained popularity for his free-flowing clothes that appealed to a liberated female clientele. A 1973 financial deal with the Norton Simon Inc. conglomerate solidified Halston’s place as America’s premier designer. It also allowed him to design his first fragrance, which became a runaway hit. Halston himself became a household name - pioneering the idea of fashion as media and of the designer as a star. His empire grew to include dozens of licenses. In the late 70s, he became a regular at Studio 54 and drugs took a toll on his output. As Halston‘s behavior grew more erratic, he became more and more isolated in his Olympic Tower offices. In the early 80s, in an attempt to “dress America,” Halston announced a partnership with JCPenney. The move, the first such collaboration between a high fashion house and a mass retailer, drew ire in the fashion world, causing Bergorf Goodman to drop Halston from its store. The debacle was compounded by a simultaneous corporate take-over, in which Norton Simon was gobbled by Esmark and then Beatrice - a meatpacker from Chicago. [6] (#cite_note-7) The film’s third act chronicles how Halston - notorious for his lavish lifestyle - was suddenly put under the supervision of executive Carl Epstein whose mission was to cut costs and manage Halston. Within a year, Halston was ousted from his company. Shortly after, he was diagnosed with HIV and died in 1990. Cast [ edit ] Appearing as themselves Liza Minnelli (/wiki/Liza_Minnelli) Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) Joel Schumacher (/wiki/Joel_Schumacher) Naeem Khan (/wiki/Naeem_Khan) Pat Cleveland (/wiki/Pat_Cleveland) Karen Bjornson (/wiki/Karen_Bjornson) Alva Chinn (/wiki/Alva_Chinn) Nancy North Chris Royer Bob Colacello (/wiki/Bob_Colacello) Lesley Frowick Lisa Zay Gino Balsamo Faye Robson Michael Lichtenstein Fred Rottman Don Friese Jeffrey Wirsing Patricia Mears Fred Dennis Appearing in archive footage Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elsa Peretti (/wiki/Elsa_Peretti) Victor Hugo (/wiki/Victor_Hugo_(artist_and_window_dresser)) Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy) Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) Production notes [ edit ] In an interview given to The Creative Independent in 2019, Tcheng said he became interested in the project when he was approached by the producer, Roland Ballester, to become the director. Ballester told Tcheng that Lesley Frowick, Halston's niece, was going to serve as an executive producer for the documentary. At first glance, he politely declined, not wanting to do another fashion documentary. He did not know that much about Halston and thought of him as an exuberant Studio 54 (/wiki/Studio_54) partygoer. Tcheng conducted additional research and became interested in the designers life. [7] (#cite_note-creative_independent-8) Tcheng accepted the offer to become director of the film after researching how Halston was expelled from his own business in 1983. It resonated with Tcheng because of his own experiences with corporations. [7] (#cite_note-creative_independent-8) [8] (#cite_note-vogue-9) Tcheng reported that the archival footage used in the film was courtesy of Lesley Frowick, who had 215 copies of his private recordings that were presumed to be lost. After she interviewed with the documentary team, and felt confident the film wouldn't portray her uncle in a biased or negative light, she gave them the contact information to Halston's inner circle. Tcheng said none of the models, or even Liza Minnelli, would have talked to them, if it hadn't been for Frowick talking to them first. Tcheng noted that people still protect Halston's reputation. [7] (#cite_note-creative_independent-8) The project started in April 2017 with intensive research. Tcheng said the documentary team created a catalogue of Halston's life and significant life events. He rated the events on a scale of most important to least important and mapped his life on a big board. He had another board where people were listed he wanted to interview who could give information about specific life events. [7] (#cite_note-creative_independent-8) Since Halston never gave comprehensive interviews, Tcheng said it was difficult to research his early life. [8] (#cite_note-vogue-9) Tcheng also stated that there was a lot of gossip surrounding Halston and researchers struggled to identify factual information. [7] (#cite_note-creative_independent-8) It took a year to edit the film because of the large amount of archival footage, interviews, and research into the designer's life and company. [7] (#cite_note-creative_independent-8) Release [ edit ] The film premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival (/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival) on January 26, 2019, and screened as the spotlight documentary at the Tribeca Film Festival (/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival) . [3] (#cite_note-indie_wire-3) [9] (#cite_note-tribeca-10) The film had a limited theatrical release on May 24, 2019, and an international release June 7, 2019. The film suffered at the box office, garnering $11,643 for the opening weekend. Total domestic box office sales were $151,991, while international sales were $36,760, resulting in a worldwide total of $188,751. [1] (#cite_note-the_numbers-1) It was released on DVD on August 6, 2019 [1] (#cite_note-the_numbers-1) Critical reception [ edit ] Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) said Tcheng "refreshingly avoided" the sensationalism of Halston's reputation for "tantrums and cocaine-fueled excesses", but he also didn't "paint Halston as an angel". They also noted that even though Tcheng admits he is "pro-Halston", the film is fairly balanced, with various perspectives on his life. [8] (#cite_note-vogue-9) Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)) magazine said Tcheng makes a "major misstep, in structuring his doc as a film noir (/wiki/Film_noir) ", but if the film's framing device is ignored, "Halston emerges as a fascinating study of a fashion artist who allowed women to live an idealized vision of themselves". They concluded that the film captures "the exhilarating thrum...of Halston's ability to create clothes that defined an era and to do it with the kind of startling originality that leaves a lasting impact". [10] (#cite_note-rolling_stone-11) The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) said the film places the designer "at the top of fashion’s most influential artists, but it avoids hagiography (/wiki/Hagiography) , showing his ego and addiction". They said the documentary was only an introduction of his life, "but it looks great doing it". [11] (#cite_note-la_times-12) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) complained about the structure of the documentary, saying "this profile has a pretentious – and pointless – framing device in which fashion writer Tavi Gevinson plays a fictional archivist who turns detective to investigate his life". [12] (#cite_note-guardian-13) Jeremy Blacklow of GLAAD (/wiki/GLAAD) said, "Tcheng expertly weaves rare archival footage and intimate interviews with Halston’s family, friends, and collaborators...and what results is a behind-the-headlines look into the thrilling struggle between Halston's artistic legacy and the pressures of big business". [13] (#cite_note-glaad-14) Tomris Laffly of RogerEbert.com (/wiki/RogerEbert.com) was pleased with the framing device of the film, calling it "compelling", and said the film is "breathtaking for fashion enthusiasts, and anyone dwelling in the tricky intersection of art, history and commerce". [14] (#cite_note-roger_ebert-15) Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) wrote that the film is "thrilling stuff for fashion nerds, as well as a poignant character study of a misfit ultimately undone by an excessive hunger to prove himself". [15] (#cite_note-variety-16) American review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) has the film rated with a score of 77%. The critic consensus reads, "It may not illuminate much of its subject's inner life, but Halston should still prove a comfortable fit for viewers in search of an entertaining fashion documentary." [16] (#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes-17) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-6) Appearing in archival footage, Halston tells the story about how her hat ended up with a dent in the top of it: "It was a really windy day and she put her hand on the hat and it ended up to have a dent in it, so during all the ceremonies it had a dent in the hat, so everybody who copied it put a dent in it, which was so funny". [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Halston (2019) - Financial Information" (https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Halston-(Documentary)-(2019)#tab=summary) . The Numbers (/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "HomeNews Halston CNN Films 'Halston' Trailer: CNN Films' Latest Doc Takes A Look At The Rise & Fall Of One Of America's First Fashion Icons" (https://theplaylist.net/halston-trailer-cnn-films-20190419/) . theplaylist.net . Retrieved 2023-03-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dry, Jude (April 19, 2019). "Halston Trailer: Liza Minnelli Jazzes Up Fashion Film From 'Dior and I' Director" (https://www.indiewire.com/2019/04/halston-trailer-fashion-film-documentary-dior-and-i-1202060763/) . Indie Wire (/wiki/Indie_Wire) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The designer behind Jackie Kennedy's iconic pillbox hat" (https://www.cnn.com/videos/fashion/2019/08/20/cnn-films-halston-jackie-kennedy-pillbox-hat-ron-3.cnn) . CNN Video (/wiki/CNN) . August 20, 2019. (excerpt from documentary with Halston discussing the hat) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jones, Isabel (May 1, 2019). "How Jackie Kennedy's Pillbox Faux Pas Inspired the Fashion Industry" (https://www.instyle.com/news/jackie-kennedy-pillbox-hat-halston-documentary) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Morris, Wesley (2019-05-23). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/23/movies/halston-review.html) 'Halston' Review: The Designer as Unsolved Mystery" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/23/movies/halston-review.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-07-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rachel, T. Cole (March 6, 2019). "On the detective work of making documentary films" (https://thecreativeindependent.com/people/filmmaker-frederic-tcheng-on-the-detective-work-of-making-documentary-films/) . The Creative Independent . ^ Jump up to: a b c Borrelli-Persson, Laird (January 23, 2019). "Watch an Exclusive Clip of Halston Before Its Sundance Premiere—And Read What the Director and Producer Say About Its Making" (https://www.vogue.com/article/halston-documentary-frederic-tcheng-1970) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-tribeca_10-0) Domnitz, Liza (2019). "Halston | 2019 Tribeca Festival" (https://tribecafilm.com/films/halston-2019) . Tribeca (/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival) . ^ (#cite_ref-rolling_stone_11-0) Travers, Peter (May 22, 2019). "Halston Defined an Era, But New Doc Doesn't Give the Fashion Icon His Due" (https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/halston-fashion-documentary-review-838004/) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-la_times_12-0) Myers, Kimber (May 30, 2019). "Review: 'Halston' documentary focuses on designer's influence on art and business" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-halston-review-fashion-documentary-20190527-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-guardian_13-0) Clarke, Cath (June 7, 2019). "Halston review – glitzy 70s designer all dressed up" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jun/07/halston-review-fashion-designer-documentary) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-glaad_14-0) Blacklow, Jeremy (May 29, 2019). "Catching up with 'Halston' director Frédéric Tcheng" (https://www.glaad.org/blog/catching-halston-director-frederic-tcheng) . GLAAD (/wiki/GLAAD) . ^ (#cite_ref-roger_ebert_15-0) Laffly, Tomris (May 24, 2019). "Halston movie review & film summary (2019)" (https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/halston-2019) . RogerEbert.com (/wiki/RogerEbert.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-variety_16-0) Lodge, Guy (February 13, 2019). "Film Review: 'Halston' (https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/halston-review-1203136649/) " (https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/halston-review-1203136649/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_17-0) "Halston (2019)" (https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/halston) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Fandango (/wiki/Fandango_Media) . Retrieved October 30, 2021 . External links [ edit ] Halston at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Halston (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/halston) at Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) Halston (https://www.sundance.org/projects/halston) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231154/https://www.sundance.org/projects/halston) 2021-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) at Sundance Institute (/wiki/Sundance_Institute) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) LGBT (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65cd9779b7‐qb4kf Cached time: 20240722094123 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.374 seconds Real time usage: 0.484 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2295/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47315/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6028/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68086/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.225/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6272115/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 443.298 1 -total 34.85% 154.469 2 Template:Reflist 27.66% 122.622 15 Template:Cite_web 21.14% 93.705 1 Template:Infobox_film 17.98% 79.691 1 Template:Infobox 12.76% 56.575 1 Template:Short_description 10.95% 48.556 1 Template:IMDb_title 9.60% 42.567 1 Template:Portal_bar 7.72% 34.207 2 Template:Pagetype 5.53% 24.536 12 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67683669-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722094123 and revision id 1233097953. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halston_(film)&oldid=1233097953 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halston_(film)&oldid=1233097953) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2019 films (/wiki/Category:2019_films) 2019 LGBT-related films (/wiki/Category:2019_LGBT-related_films) 2010s English-language films (/wiki/Category:2010s_English-language_films) 2019 documentary films (/wiki/Category:2019_documentary_films) American biographical films (/wiki/Category:American_biographical_films) Biographical films about LGBT people (/wiki/Category:Biographical_films_about_LGBT_people) CNN Films films (/wiki/Category:CNN_Films_films) American films based on actual events (/wiki/Category:American_films_based_on_actual_events) Films about fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Films_about_fashion_designers) Gay-related films (/wiki/Category:Gay-related_films) Documentary films about gay men (/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_gay_men) 2010s American films (/wiki/Category:2010s_American_films) American LGBT-related documentary films (/wiki/Category:American_LGBT-related_documentary_films) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Template film date with 1 release date (/wiki/Category:Template_film_date_with_1_release_date) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
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Fitness for purpose of textiles A Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) raincoat with water-resistant properties (/wiki/Waterproof_fabric) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Textile performance, also known as fitness for purpose , is a textile (/wiki/Textile) 's capacity to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards, qualifying it for particular uses. The performance of textile products influences their appearance, comfort, durability, and protection. Different textile applications ( automotive (/wiki/Automotive) , clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , sleepwear (/wiki/Nightwear) , workwear (/wiki/Workwear) , sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) , upholstery (/wiki/Upholstery) , and PPE (/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment) ) require a different set of performance parameters. As a result, the specifications determine the level of performance of a textile product. Textile testing (/wiki/Textile_testing) certifies the product's conformity to buying specification. It describes product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where fitness for purpose is the primary criterion. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortoraMerkel1996567-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Engineering (/wiki/Engineering) of high-performance fabrics (/wiki/Technical_textile) presents a unique set of challenges. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortoraMerkel1996567-1) [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiaoXin2017-3) The fitness for purpose of textile products is an important consideration for both producers and buyers. Producers, distributors and retailers favor the expectations of the target market, and fashion their wares accordingly. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_22,_23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-4) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex0000coll_529,_530,_531,_532,_533,_534]-5) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEnFRAAAAMAAJqPerformanceinfabricsistheproperty_120]-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Serviceability in textiles [ edit ] A modern umbrella fabric has specific requirements for colour fastness (/wiki/Colour_fastness) to light, water and wet rubbing, and permeability Serviceability in textiles or Performance is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards. The term "serviceability" refers to a textile product's ability to meet the needs of consumers. The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product's serviceability. Concepts of serviceability in textiles [ edit ] Aesthetics, durability, comfort and safety, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_21–23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-9) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex0000coll_529,_530,_531,_532,_533,_534]-5) Aesthetics [ edit ] Aesthetics (/wiki/Aesthetics_(textile)) imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the color (/wiki/Color_of_clothing) and texture (/wiki/Texturizing#Texture) of the material (/wiki/Textile) . [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_21–23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-9) Durability [ edit ] Durability in textiles refers to the product's capacity to endure use; the amount of time the product is regarded adequate for the intended application. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_21–23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-9) Comfort [ edit ] Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) advertisement for waterproof gabardine suit, 1908 The performance of textiles extends to functionality through comfort and protection. The term "comfort" (or "being comfortable") refers to a state of physical or psychological well-being—our perceptions, physiological, social, and psychological requirements are all part of it. After food, It is the clothing that satisfies these comfort needs. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXElWAgAAQBAJqdefinecomfortablepgPA3_3–4]-10) Clothing provides comfort on a number of levels, including aesthetic, tactile, thermal, moisture, and pressure. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong201122-11) Aesthetic comfort: Aesthetic comfort is associated with visual perception that is influenced by color, fabric construction, finish, style, garment fit, and fashion compatibility. Comfort on an aesthetic level is necessary for psychological and social well-being. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong2011440-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmoderntextiles02ed_29]-14) Thermoregulation in humans (/wiki/Thermoregulation_in_humans) and thermophysiological comfort: Thermophysiological comfort is the capacity of the clothing material that makes the balance of moisture and heat between the body and the environment. It is a property of textile materials that creates ease by maintaining moisture and thermal levels in a human's resting and active states. The selection of textile material significantly affects the comfort of the wearer. Different textile fibers have unique properties that make them suitable for use in various environments. Natural fibers are breathable and absorb moisture. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) The major determinants that influence thermophysiological comfort are permeable construction, heat, and moisture transfer rate. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex0000coll_539]-21) Thermal comfort: One primary criterion for our physiological needs is thermal comfort. The heat dissipation effectiveness of clothing gives the wearer a neither very hot nor very cold feel. The optimum temperature for thermal comfort of the skin surface is between 28 and 30 degrees Celsius, i.e., a neutral temperature. Thermophysiology reacts whenever the temperature falls below or exceeds the neutral point on either side; it is discomforting below 28 and above 30 degrees. [22] (#cite_note-22) Clothing maintains a thermal balance; it keeps the skin dry and cool. It helps to keep the body from overheating while avoiding heat from the environment. [23] (#cite_note-:022-23) [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong2011149,_166-24) Moisture comfort: Moisture comfort is the prevention of a damp sensation. According to Hollies' research, it feels uncomfortable when more than "50% to 65% of the body is wet." Tactile (/wiki/Touch) comfort: Tactile comfort is a resistance to the discomfort related to the friction created by clothing against the body. It is related to the smoothness, roughness, softness, and stiffness of the fabric used in clothing. The degree of tactile discomfort may vary between individuals. It is possible due to various factors, including allergies, tickling, prickling, skin abrasion, coolness, and the fabric's weight, structure, and thickness. There are specific surface finishes (mechanical and chemical) that can enhance tactile comfort. Fleece sweatshirts and velvet clothing, for example. Soft, clingy, stiff, heavy, light, hard, sticky, scratchy, prickly are all terms used to describe tactile sensations. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAu2011-25) [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong2011167,_192,_208,_223,_235,_237,_427-26) [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasAlagirusamy2011[httpswwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiB9781845695392500090_216–244]-27) Pressure comfort: The comfort of the human body's pressure receptors' (present in the skin) sensory response towards clothing. Fabric with lycra feels more comfortable because of this response and superior pressure comfort. The sensation response is influenced by the material's structure: snugging, looseness, heavy, light, soft, or stiff structuring. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong201125,_235,_432-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Protection [ edit ] The transformative power of clothes, the impact of changes in colors and style. A video on social expression through dress. Protection in textiles refers to a large application area where the performance (of functionality) is more central than aesthetic values. UV protection performance in textiles, [30] (#cite_note-30) There are tests to quantify the protection values from harmful ultraviolet (/wiki/Ultraviolet) rays. [31] (#cite_note-31) Flame retardant (/wiki/Flame_retardant) textiles [32] (#cite_note-32) Water repellant performance of textiles [33] (#cite_note-33) Waterproofness [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7--iAgAAQBAJqwindprotectivetextilespgPA222_222]-34) Cold and wind protection textiles [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7--iAgAAQBAJqwindprotectivetextilespgPA222_222]-34) Bacteria and virus protection in textiles. [35] (#cite_note-:1-35) Antiviral textiles are a further exploitation of using antimicrobial surfaces (/wiki/Antimicrobial_surface) that are applicable to both natural (/wiki/Natural_fiber) and synthetic (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) textiles. Exhibiting antiviral properties, these surfaces may inactivate the lipid (/wiki/Lipid) -coated viruses. [35] (#cite_note-:1-35) There are particular test methods for assessing the performance of antiviral textiles. [36] (#cite_note-36) Bulletproof vest (/wiki/Bulletproof_vest) Appearance retention [ edit ] The ability of a textile product to retain its appearance after being used, washed, and ironed is referred to as appearance retention. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_21–23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-9) Care [ edit ] The treatment necessary to maintain the appearance of textile products is referred to as care. Textile products need to be cleaned and ironed to keep their look. This includes things like how to wash them and how to dry them. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_21–23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-9) Care labelling (/wiki/Laundry_symbol) for textile products takes into account the performance of each component as well as the manufacturing methods. [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbman1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextilesfibertof0006_542]-37) Cost [ edit ] It is influenced by a variety of elements. The cost of a textile product includes the raw material, manufacturing, and maintenance costs. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_21–23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-9) Environmental impact [ edit ] Every textile product has an impact on the environment (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) . The extent to which textiles harm the environment during manufacturing, care, and disposal is a concept of textile serviceability. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_21–23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-9) The substances which add performance to textiles have a severe impact on the environment (/wiki/Natural_environment) and on human health (/wiki/Health) . The halogenated flame retardants, PFC treated stain repellant, and triclosan or triclocarban or silver-containing antimicrobial fabrics certainly have a lot to do with the effluent (/wiki/Effluent) and environment. [38] (#cite_note-Hoguet-38) [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuthu2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBmruDwAAQBAJqThesubstanceswhichaddperformanceintextileshaveasevereimpactonhumanhealthandtheenvironmentpgPA59_59]-39) Name of the substance Advantage in textile products Associated health risks and environmental impacts References Perfluorooctanoic acid (/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid) ( PFOA), Polytetrafluoroethylene (/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene) (Teflon) Hydrophobic effect (/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect) Endocrine disruptor (/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor) [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) Fluorocarbon (/wiki/Fluorocarbon) (PFC) Hydrophobic effect May cause respiratory illness [42] (#cite_note-42) Bromine (/wiki/Bromine) Brominated flame retardant (/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardant) Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (/wiki/Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances) may cause Neurobehavioral disorders (/wiki/Neurobehavioral_disorders) and Endocrine disruption (/wiki/Endocrine_disruption) [43] (#cite_note-43) Silver (/wiki/Silver) Or Silver nanoparticle (/wiki/Silver_nanoparticle) Antimicrobial resistance (/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance) Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_silver_nanoparticles) and toxic effects on human health [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) Fundamentally, each fiber and fabric has distinct properties, and they are chosen based on their suitability for fitness for purpose. [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) Users have five basic criteria for performance, including appearance, comfort, durability, maintenance, and cost. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextilesinperspe0002smit_vii,_65]-49) These performance expectations are not the same as those of specialist textiles. Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products, these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements. A few examples of different areas are: Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) must have these characteristics: strength, moisture management (/wiki/Moisture_management) , stretch (/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)) , and thermal (/wiki/Clothing_insulation#Thermophysiological_comfort) comfort. Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) textiles demand protection from hostile weather. A bulletproof vest (/wiki/Bulletproof_vest) necessitates low impact. Camouflage may be needed. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoABKCgAAQBAJ_25,_19]-50) Firefighting (/wiki/Firefighting) clothing must be flame resistant, thermally resistant, and lightweight. Water resistance and visibility are requirements for bunker gear (/wiki/Bunker_gear) . Turnout gear for firefighters is not a "one size fits all" proposition. It depends on the individual role and duties assigned. [A] (#cite_note-52) Occupational hazards (/wiki/Occupational_hazard) demand a specific degree of protection. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoABKCgAAQBAJ_25,_19]-50) Medical (/wiki/Medical_gown) textiles need clothing with barriers and antimicrobial surfaces, such as cleanroom suits (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) and hazmat suits (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) . Wearable electronics (/wiki/Wearable_computer) in E-textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) require flexibility as well as washability. (See Wearable technology (/wiki/Wearable_technology) and Hexoskin (/wiki/Hexoskin) .) Body armor (/wiki/Body_armor) (protective clothing designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks) demands specific performance standards (/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards) . Wetsuits (/wiki/Wetsuit) are made with neoprene (/wiki/Neoprene) and butyl rubber (/wiki/Butyl_rubber) . The foamed neoprene of the suit thermally insulates the wearer. [52] (#cite_note-53) Automotive textiles (/wiki/Automotive_textiles) have specific performance requirements in various sections of the car. The different types of fibers used for separate areas of the car's interior are shown below: Car section or part Fabric consumption in square meters [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShishoo2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6aajAgAAQBAJqautomotivetextile_15]-54) Material [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex0000coll_544,_545]-55) Properties of fibers Performance expectations from the material used [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex0000coll_544,_545]-55) Airbags (/wiki/Airbag) 3.5 Nylon coated with silicone or neoprene from inside Strong, elastic, tough and stable in terms of shrinkage (/wiki/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)) Capability of holding air when inflated and should be strong enough to withstand the impact without rupturing Upholstery 10.0 Nylon and polyester Abrasion resistance Strong abrasion resistance to withstand the friction of sliding objects and passengers. To retain the shape and smoothness of the seats. Colors should be fast to sunlight and rubbing to sustain the exposure. Carpet 4.0 Nylon Strong, tough and abrasion resistant Strong enough to stand friction, the material must be tough and resilient Trunk (/wiki/Trunk_(car)) 4.0–5.0 Nylon Strong, tough and abrasion resistant Strong enough to stand friction, antimicrobial Seat belts 0.5 Polyester Headliner (/wiki/Headliner_(material)) 4.0–6.0 Composite (/wiki/Composite_material) / blended (/wiki/Textile#Fabric) /laminated fabric adheres to melted polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) foam Strong, insulating Aesthetics, feel, stiffness, and sound reduction Tensile (/wiki/Tensile_testing) strength, bursting, sensorial comfort, thermal comfort (/wiki/Thermophysiological_comfort) , heat transfer (/wiki/Thermal_resistance) , water repellency (/wiki/Waterproofing) MVTR (/wiki/Moisture_vapor_transmission_rate) , air permeability, pilling (/wiki/Pill_(textile)) , shrinkage (/wiki/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)) , fading (/wiki/Colour_fastness) , lightfastness (/wiki/Lightfastness) , drape and hand feel (/wiki/Hand_feel) are a few performance parameters. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex0000coll_529,_530,_531,_532,_533,_534]-5) [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobler-Rohr2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlnlwAgAAQBAJqTextilesprotectascoldheatandrainpgPA224_224]-56) [56] (#cite_note-57) Properties [ edit ] Soldiers of the Canadian Army (/wiki/Canadian_Army) in CADPAT (/wiki/CADPAT) camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) uniforms. Camouflaged uniforms are used to make its wearers less visible. The opposite effect is desired in fashion use of camo designs Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure with properties that differ from that of the individual components Cloth, treated to be hydrophobic, shows a high contact angle (/wiki/Contact_angle) . Performance of textile products is primarily based on fiber and fabric structure. Fiber properties are fundamentally determined by their physical and chemical properties.. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextilesinperspe0002smit_vii,_65]-49) Specific finishing methods, functional finishes, fit, and product design could all be used to improve the overall performance of a textile product, allowing it to achieve higher performance levels. [57] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11]-58) [58] (#cite_note-59) [59] (#cite_note-60) Performance has an array of characteristics that affect appearance, durability, and comfort. Performance characteristics are in-built or incorporated into the textile materials. For example, technical textiles (/wiki/Technical_textile) are classified into twelve separate categories. In which the performance is predetermined, and textiles are manufactured and structured as per the application and end-use. [60] (#cite_note-61) Durable water repellent (/wiki/Durable_water_repellent) is another functional finish that makes fabrics resistant to water (hydrophobic). Clothing insulation (/wiki/Clothing_insulation) is a property that provides thermal insulation (/wiki/Thermal_insulation) for the wearer. [61] (#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-62) [62] (#cite_note-63) A stain-repellent (/wiki/Stain_repellent) is an added property of fabrics to make them stain (/wiki/Stain) resistant. [63] (#cite_note-tikp-64) Sun protective clothing (/wiki/Sun_protective_clothing) aids in the avoidance of both light and harmful UV rays. There is a whole panoply of properties that relate to material functionality and their use in performance fabric applications. [63] (#cite_note-tikp-64) These include, inter alia : Abrasion resistance (/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)) , is the resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test methods. Antimicrobial (/wiki/Antimicrobial) , In textiles is an application of an agent that kills microorganisms (/wiki/Microorganism) or stops their growth. Antistatic (/wiki/Antistatic) , is an application of a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity (/wiki/Static_electricity) . Air permeability (/wiki/Air_permeability) is a fabric's ability to allow air to pass through it. While air permeable fabrics tend to have relatively high moisture vapor transmission, it is not compulsory to be air permeable to be breathable. Breathability (/wiki/Breathability) , the capacity of a fabric to transmit moisture vapour. Biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradable) , is important for sustainability, it is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Natural fibers (/wiki/Natural_fiber) are easily biodegradable, hence more sustainable. Bioresorbable (/wiki/Biosorption) Bomb suit (/wiki/Bomb_suit) , is a specialized body armor for protection from explosions. Colour fastness (/wiki/Colour_fastness) , characterizes a material's colour (/wiki/Colour) 's resistance to fading (/wiki/Color_fade) or running (/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms#R) . Conductive (/wiki/Conductive) Crease and wrinkle resistance (/wiki/Wrinkle-resistant_fabric) are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape. Clothing made from this fabric does not need to be ironed and may be sold as non-iron, no-iron, wash and wear, durable press, and easy care. While fabric cleaning and maintenance may be simplified, some wearers experience decreased comfort. Dimensional stability (fabric) (/wiki/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)) , also known as shrinkage in fabrics is the change of dimensions in textile products (/wiki/Textile) when they are washed (/wiki/Laundry) or relaxed. Durable water repellent (/wiki/Durable_water_repellent) , is a functional finish to make fabrics water-resistant (hydrophobic). Enhanced coloration (/wiki/Color) Flame and heat resistance (/wiki/Fire-retardant_fabric) , are textiles that are more resistant to fire (/wiki/Fire_safety) than others through chemical treatment or manufactured fireproof (/wiki/Fireproof) fibers. Fluorescence (/wiki/Fluorescence) Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper, causing a "whitening" effect. In this scenario, an optical brightener can make an already-white surface appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white. Optical brighteners are used in laundry detergents, high brightness paper, cosmetics, high-visibility clothing and more. Hand feel (/wiki/Hand_feel) , the property of fabrics (/wiki/Textile) related to the touch (/wiki/Somatosensory_system) that express sensory (/wiki/Sensory_analysis) comfort. It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth's softness and smoothness. Heated clothing (/wiki/Heated_clothing) is a type of clothing designed for cold-weather sports and activities, such as motorcycle riding, downhill skiing, diving, winter biking, and snowmobiling, trekking and for outdoor workers such as construction workers and carpenters. High-visibility clothing (/wiki/High-visibility_clothing) is a type of safety clothing. Hydrophilicity (/wiki/Hydrophilicity) Hydrophobicity (/wiki/Hydrophobicity) Light responsive (/w/index.php?title=Light_responsive&action=edit&redlink=1) , Light reflective (/wiki/Reflection_(physics)) Luminescence (/wiki/Luminescence) Oleophobicity (/wiki/Oleophobicity) Pilling (/wiki/Textile_pilling) is generally considered an undesirable trait. There are applications that can resist pilling ( a surface defect of textiles) caused by wearing. Racing suit (/wiki/Racing_suit) is a kind of fire suit due to its fire retardant (/wiki/Fire_retardant) properties, is clothing such as overalls (/wiki/Overall) worn in various forms of auto racing (/wiki/Auto_racing) by racing drivers (/wiki/Racing_driver) , crew members. Reinforcement (/wiki/Reinforcement) Sauna suit (/wiki/Sauna_suit) is a garment made from waterproof fabric designed to make the wearer sweat profusely. Space suit (/wiki/Space_suit) is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space (/wiki/Outer_space) , vacuum (/wiki/Vacuum_(outer_space)) and temperature extremes. Stain resistance (/wiki/Stain_resistance) is a property of fabrics in which they repel stains. Thermal insulation (/wiki/Thermal_insulation) Thermal responsive (/w/index.php?title=Thermal_responsive&action=edit&redlink=1) Ultrafiltration (/wiki/Ultrafiltration) Ultraviolet (/wiki/Ultraviolet) resistance [63] (#cite_note-tikp-64) Waterproof fabrics (/wiki/Waterproof_fabric) are those that are naturally resistant to water and wetting, or have been treated to be so. Fiber properties—built in (natural) properties [ edit ] In terms of performance, wool has been advertised as a "miracle fabric" [38] (#cite_note-Hoguet-38) [64] (#cite_note-65) [65] (#cite_note-66) as it naturally possesses a variety of functional properties, including stretch, warmth, water absorption, flame retardance, and the ability to wick away body moisture. [66] (#cite_note-67) [67] (#cite_note-68) Additionally, Merino wool has the ability to protect from harmful UV rays. [68] (#cite_note-69) [69] (#cite_note-70) Natural (/wiki/Natural_fiber) and synthetic fibers (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) have various properties that influence the final textile performance. Most of the natural fibers are suited for comfort, where synthetics are better for aesthetics and durability. Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , wool (/wiki/Wool) and linen (/wiki/Linen) are naturally absorbent fibers. Linen has luster. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0010kado_53]-71) Most commonly used synthetic fibers, such as nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , polyester (/wiki/Polyester) , polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) , and elastane (/wiki/Elastane) , are hydrophobic (/wiki/Hydrophobic) and thermoplastic (/wiki/Thermoplastic) . Elastane (/wiki/Elastane) is a polyether-polyurea copolymer that is exceptionally elastic. Added or additional properties [ edit ] Additional properties are properties other than the inherent properties of the textiles which are specifically added in accordance with the specific needs. They may be added during different textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) steps from fiber to fabric. High-performance fibers [ edit ] High-performance fibers are specifically synthesized to achieve unique properties such as higher heat resistance, exceptional strength, high strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness, tensile strength, chemical or fire resistance. [71] (#cite_note-72) These high-performance fibers are used in protective clothing (PPE) with exceptional characteristics like chemical resistance and fire resistance. [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1sOKDwAAQBAJqmobiltechpgPA354_110,_121]-73) Aramid (/wiki/Aramid) fiber, namely Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) , a strong, abrasion-resistant, durable material with high performance. Fiber and fabric engineering can optimize the functionality of the materials. [73] (#cite_note-74) Kevlar and Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) which is a flame-resistant meta (/wiki/Meta-_(chemistry)) -aramid material, are used together in advanced bomb suits (/wiki/Advanced_Bomb_Suit) . The suit helps bomb disposal (/wiki/Bomb_disposal) soldiers from threats associated with improvised explosive devices (/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device) , including those related to fragmentation, blast overpressure, impact, heat, and flame. Carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight to strength ratio, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion. [74] (#cite_note-75) [75] (#cite_note-76) Polybenzimidazole fiber (/wiki/Polybenzimidazole_fiber) , also known as PBI, has high thermal stability, flame resistance, and moisture recovery, making it suitable for use in protective clothing. PBI are usually yellow to brown solid infusible up to 400 °C or higher. [76] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhuiyan1982-77) PBI is also used in Space suits. (/wiki/Space_suit) In 1969, the United States Air Force (/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) selected polybenzimidazole (PBI) for its superior thermal protective performance after a 1967 fire aboard the Apollo 1 (/wiki/Apollo_1) spacecraft killed three astronauts. [77] (#cite_note-78) In the early 1970s USAF laboratories experimented with polybenzimidazole fibers for protective clothing (/wiki/Protective_clothing) to reduce aircrew deaths from fires. [78] (#cite_note-79) Silicon carbide fiber composed of Silicon carbide (/wiki/Silicon_carbide) is used for bulletproof vests. UHMWPE ( Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene) ) is a high abrasion and wear resistance material suitable for durability, low friction, and chemical resistance. [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1sOKDwAAQBAJqmobiltechpgPA354_110,_121]-73) Finishing methods [ edit ] Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) improves appearance and performance. [79] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0010kado_330,_331]-80) Finish [ edit ] Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetical enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes. [80] (#cite_note-81) A finish is any process that transforms unfinished products (/wiki/Greige_goods) into finished products. [81] (#cite_note-82) This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.) Mechanical finish purports machine (/wiki/Machine) finishes such as embossing, heat setting (/wiki/Heatsetting) , sanforizing (/wiki/Sanforization) , sheering, various, luster imparting, surface finishes, and glaze finishes. [82] (#cite_note-83) [83] (#cite_note-:3-84) Chemical finishing (/wiki/Chemical_finishing_of_textiles) refers to the process of applying and treating textiles with a variety of chemicals in order to achieve desired functional properties. Chemical finishing of textiles is a part of the textile finishing process (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) where the emphasis is on chemical substances (/wiki/Chemical_substance) instead of mechanical finishing. [84] (#cite_note-:0-85) [85] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998285,_300–316-86) Chemical finishing in textiles also known as wet finishing. [86] (#cite_note-87) Chemical finishing adds properties to the treated textiles. These properties may vary from Normal to Advanced or High Tech. Softening of textiles, durable water repellancy and wrinkle free fabric finishes are examples of chemical finishing. [84] (#cite_note-:0-85) [87] (#cite_note-:12-88) [85] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998285,_300–316-86) Cravenette was an old chemical finish of the early 20th century that makes cloths water repellant. [88] (#cite_note-89) [89] (#cite_note-90) [90] (#cite_note-91) [91] (#cite_note-92) [92] (#cite_note-93) Functional finishes or special purpose finishes [ edit ] The first modern waterproof raincoat was created following the patent by Scottish chemist (/wiki/Chemist) Charles Macintosh (/wiki/Charles_Macintosh) in 1824 of new tarpaulin (/wiki/Tarpaulin) fabric, described by him as "India rubber cloth," and made by sandwiching a rubber softened by naphtha (/wiki/Naphtha) between two pieces of fabric. [93] (#cite_note-94) [94] (#cite_note-95) Application of performance finishes are not a new concept; Oilcloth (/wiki/Oilcloth) is the first known coated fabric (/wiki/Coated_fabrics) . Boiling linseed oil is used to make oilcloth. Boiling oils have been used from the year 200 AD. [95] (#cite_note-96) The "special purpose finishes" or ''Performance finishes'' are that improve the performance of textiles for a specific end-use. [96] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998301-97) Performance finishing contributes to a variety of areas. These finishes enable treated textiles with different characteristics, which may be opposite to their natural or inherent nature. Functional finishes add value other than handfeel and aesthetics. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadolph1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailstextiles0000_9,_11,_22,_23,_25,_392,_408,_407]-4) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex0000coll_529,_530,_531,_532,_533,_534]-5) Certain finishes can alter the performance suiting for thermal comfort (thermal regulation), antimicrobial, UV protection, easy care (crease resistant cotton fabrics), and insect repellant etc. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonaldi2018[httpswwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiB9780081009048000067_129–156]-98) Nanotechnology [ edit ] Nanotechnology in textiles is a branch of nano-science (/wiki/Nanotechnology) in which molecular systems at the nano-scale of size (1–100 Nanometre (/wiki/Nanometre) ) are applied in the field of textiles to improve performance or add functions to textiles. Nanotechnology unites a variety of scientific fields, such as material science (/wiki/Science) , physics (/wiki/Physics) , chemistry (/wiki/Chemistry) , biology (/wiki/Biology) and engineering (/wiki/Engineering) . For example: Nano (/wiki/Nanotechnology) coating (of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light (/wiki/Visible_light) ) in textiles for biomimetics (/wiki/Biomimetics) is the new method of structural coloration (/wiki/Structural_coloration) without dyes (/wiki/Dye) . [98] (#cite_note-99) [99] (#cite_note-100) [100] (#cite_note-101) [101] (#cite_note-102) [102] (#cite_note-103) [103] (#cite_note-104) [104] (#cite_note-105) [105] (#cite_note-106) [106] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownStevens2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiaujAgAAQBAJqNanotechnologyinTextiles_409,_417,_470]-107) See further Nanofabrics (/wiki/Nanofabrics) Surface tension biomimetics [ edit ] Surface tension biomimetics (/wiki/Surface_tension_biomimetics) is a phenomenon of exploitation of biomimetics properties to create functional effects such as shark skin (/wiki/Dermal_denticle#Placoid_scales) , and lotus leaf (/wiki/Lotus_(genus)) that have the ability to repel water and self-cleaning. In textiles, surfaces with hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties are formed with the help of coatings and applied finishes. [107] (#cite_note-108) [108] (#cite_note-109) Surface treatments [ edit ] Certain technologies can alter the surface characterizations of textiles. Plasma [ edit ] Plasma (/wiki/Plasma_(physics)) is a highly reactive state that activates the substrate, and the oxidized surface of the plasma-treated textile (/wiki/Plasma_treatment_(textiles)) improves dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) while reducing environmental impacts. Plasma can also be used to treat textiles to obtain waterproofing and oil repellent properties. Different gases in the same fiber may have other effects, and various gases are chosen for different results. [109] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence201470–75,_80–82-110) Plasma process with By using chemical element (/wiki/Chemical_element) Result on treated textile [109] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence201470–75,_80–82-110) Noble gas (/wiki/Noble_gas) Helium (/wiki/Helium) , argon (/wiki/Argon) Etching Oxidizing (/wiki/Oxidizing_agent) Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen) , carbon dioxide (/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) , water (/wiki/Water) Cleaning, functionalisation and etching Hydrocarbon (/wiki/Hydrocarbon) Nitrogen (/wiki/Nitrogen) or oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen) containing hydrocarbons Plasma polymerization Laser [ edit ] Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) irradiation is used to modify the structural and surface properties of textiles, as well as to texturize them. [109] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence201470–75,_80–82-110) 3D textiles [ edit ] Main article: 3D textiles (/wiki/3D_textiles) 3D textiles are used in versatile applications, like military textiles, bulletproof jackets, protective clothing, manufacturing 3D composites, and medical textiles. Examples include 3D spacer fabrics, which are used in treating a wound. [110] (#cite_note-111) Testing standards [ edit ] Standards vary with the use and application areas. Military textiles, industrial textiles have separate tests to analyze performance in extreme conditions. [111] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2016-112) [112] (#cite_note-113) The American National Standards Institute (/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute) approves the textile performance standards set by ASTM International (/wiki/ASTM_International) . [113] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETortoraCollier1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunderstandingtex00tort_20,_21]-114) Other testing agencies or bodies which are recognized or accepted as international standards depending on the contracts: [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoABKCgAAQBAJ_25,_19]-50) Standards organisation ASTM ASTM International (/wiki/ASTM_International) AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (/wiki/American_Association_of_Textile_Chemists_and_Colorists) BS British Standards (/wiki/British_Standards) ISO International Organization for Standardization (/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization) IWTO International Wool Textile Organisation (/wiki/International_Wool_Textile_Organisation) EN European Standard (/wiki/European_Standard) Oekotex Oeko-Tex (/wiki/Oeko-Tex) AS/NZS Special test methods [ edit ] The comfort performance of textiles is the foremost requirement that influences product acceptance. Following comfort, safety and protection are the top priorities. [114] (#cite_note-115) Numerous tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of textiles. Sweating guarded hot plate test [ edit ] The test method evaluates the thermal resistance and water vapor permeability of fabrics, which bear on the garment's comfort. [115] (#cite_note-116) [116] (#cite_note-117) ISO 11092:2014 (the test for physiological effects — Test for measuring thermal resistance and water-vapor resistance) [117] (#cite_note-118) ASTM F1868 (test for measuring thermal and evaporative resistance) [118] (#cite_note-119) Breathability test [ edit ] Water vapor transmission rate also called moisture vapor transmission rate (/wiki/Moisture_vapor_transmission_rate) (MVTR) is a method of testing or measuring the permeability (/wiki/Permeation) for vapor barriers (/wiki/Vapor_barrier) . ASTM F2298 – 03 (test for clothing materials such as protective clothing, laminates, and membranes) a similar test by Japanese Standards Association (/wiki/Japanese_Standards_Association) is JSA – JIS L 1099. [119] (#cite_note-120) Air permeability [ edit ] The air permeability test method is for measuring the ability of air to pass through textile materials. [120] (#cite_note-121) ASTM D737-96 alternative test method is ISO 9237:1995 Moisture management test [ edit ] The moisture wicking or moisture management test is for testing moisture management properties such as wicking capabilities and drying efficiencies. AATCC test method 195 ISO 13029:2012 [121] (#cite_note-122) Qmax test [ edit ] The Qmax test method is used to evaluate the surface warm-cool sensations of fabric and to indicate the instantaneous thermal feeling sensed when the fabric first comes into contact with the skin surface. [122] (#cite_note-123) [123] (#cite_note-124) Manikin test [ edit ] A thermal manikin (/wiki/Thermal_manikin) is a device for analysing the thermal interface of the human body and its environment. It assesses the thermal comfort (/wiki/Thermal_comfort) and insulation (/wiki/Clothing_insulation) properties of clothing, such as protective gear for the military. [124] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4oxA6W_Os50CqthermalmanikinpgPA182_182]-125) [125] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarboroughNelson2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpbnN_SL4H9ACqthermalmanikinpgPA27_27]-126) Kawabata evaluation system [ edit ] Kawabata evaluation system (/wiki/Kawabata_evaluation_system) measures the mechanical properties of the textiles such as tensile strength (/wiki/Tension_(physics)) , shear strength (/wiki/Shear_stress) , surface friction and roughness, The Kawabata evaluation system predicts human responses and understands the perception of softness. Additionally, it can be used to determine the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics come into contact with the skin while being worn. [126] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllerkamp2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRNlfJ1CFKoQCqkawabataevaluationsystempgPA53_53]-127) [127] (#cite_note-128) Picture gallery [ edit ] Clothing serves a variety of functions in our daily lives, from the home to occupational hazards. The role of textiles in comfort, recreation, and safety. The performance aspects of textiles through images. A baby wearing many items of soft winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, scarf and sweater, expressing comfort (/wiki/Comfort) of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) A young woman wearing t-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) and shorts (/wiki/Shorts) at the warm summer (/wiki/Summer) in Åland (/wiki/%C3%85land) The functional properties of fabrics for sanitary napkins (/wiki/Sanitary_napkin) include wickability (/wiki/Capillary_action) , moisture retention, monodirectional moisture transmission, softness (/wiki/Hand_feel) . Fluorine-containing durable water repellent (/wiki/Water_repellent) makes a fabric water-resistant. N95 mask (/wiki/N95_mask) 100m race record holder Usain Bolt (/wiki/Usain_Bolt) (in yellow) and other runners in sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) . enhanced moveability with Elastane (/wiki/Elastane) . Spearfisher in wet suit (/wiki/Wet_suit) . A 1568 painting depicting beekeepers in protective clothing (/wiki/Protective_clothing) , by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder) A worker wearing a respirator (/wiki/Respirator) , lab coat (/wiki/Lab_coat) , and gloves (/wiki/Medical_glove) while weighing carbon nanotubes (/wiki/Carbon_nanotube) Medical PPE gowns (/wiki/PPE_gowns) worn by medical personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) An EOD technician wearing a bomb suit (/wiki/Bomb_suit) A firefighter in Toronto, Canada wears a Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) hood in 2007. DEA (/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration) agents wearing Level B hazmat suits (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) . Fuel spills from the gas tank as pit crew members in their PPE (/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment) Apollo spacesuit (/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit) worn by astronaut Buzz Aldrin (/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin) on Apollo 11 (/wiki/Apollo_11) Close-up of a piece of textile-reinforced concrete (/wiki/Textile-reinforced_concrete) Rear view of BMW GINA (/wiki/BMW_GINA) a fabric body car. BMW GINA is a fabric-skinned shape-shifting sports car concept (/wiki/Concept_car) built by BMW (/wiki/BMW) Front bucket seats in a BMW (/wiki/BMW) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina) Automotive textiles (/wiki/Automotive_textiles) Deflated airbags (/wiki/Airbag) See also [ edit ] Clothtech (/wiki/Clothtech) , technical textiles for clothing and footwear applications. Composite materials (/wiki/Composite_materials) Clothing physiology (/wiki/Clothing_physiology) References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-52) E.g., bomb suit (/wiki/Bomb_disposal) , emergency medical (/wiki/Emergency_medical_service) , fall protection (/wiki/Fall_protection) , HazMat (/wiki/HazMat) , industrial flash fire (/wiki/Industrial_fire) , PASS (/wiki/PASS_device) , proximity firefighting, which requires a fire proximity suit (/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit) , SCBA (/wiki/SCBA) , fire station (/wiki/Fire_station) /work uniforms, structural firefighting (/wiki/Structure_fire) , thermal imaging cameras (/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera) , urban search and rescue (/wiki/Urban_search_and_rescue) or wildland firefighting (/wiki/Wildland_firefighting) . [51] (#cite_note-51) Citations [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Tortora & Merkel 1996 (#CITEREFTortoraMerkel1996) , p. 567. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science . 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ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-118769-6 – via Internet Archive. Lawrence, Carl, ed. (5 July 2014). High Performance Textiles and Their Applications (Hardcover, eBook). Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (1st ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 70–75, 80–82. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-180-6 – via Elsevier. Lyle, Dorothy Siegert (1982). Modern textiles . New York: John Wiley & Sons (/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons) . p. 29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-471-07805-0 – via Internet Archive. Miao, Menghe; Xin, John H, eds. (2017). Engineering of High-Performance Textiles . The Textile Institute Book Series. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-08-101885-9 . Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (29 September 2020). Chemical Management in Textiles and Fashion . Woodhead Publishing. p. 59. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-12-820497-9 . Parsons, Ken (26 December 2002). Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, Second Edition . CRC Press (/wiki/CRC_Press) . p. 182. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-23792-5 . Paul, Roshan, ed. (19 February 2019). High Performance Technical Textiles . John Wiley & Sons (/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons) . pp. 110, 121. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-119-32505-5 . Shishoo, Roshan, ed. (20 October 2008). Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry . Elsevier (/wiki/Elsevier) . p. 15. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-504-0 . Smith, Betty F. (1982). Textiles in perspective . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall (/wiki/Prentice-Hall) . pp. vii, 65. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-912808-0 – via Internet Archive. Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing . Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-539-2 . Tobler-Rohr, Marion I. (27 June 2011). Handbook of Sustainable Textile Production . Elsevier (/wiki/Elsevier) . p. 224. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85709-286-1 . Tortora, Phyllis G.; Collier, Billie J. (1997). Understanding textiles . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company (/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Company) . pp. 20, 21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-439225-7 – via Internet Archive. Tortora, Phyllis G.; Merkel, Robert S. (10 January 1996). Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles (7th ed.). New York: Fairchild Publications (/wiki/Fairchild_Publications) . p. 567. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87005-707-6 . Wang, Lijing (17 June 2016). Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications . Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 19. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-08-100578-1 . Williams, J. T. (29 September 2009). Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel . Elsevier. p. 222. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-717-4 . Yarborough, Portia Dalecene; Nelson, Cherilyn N. (2005). 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ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8031-3488-1 . v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon 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African American chemist Phillip Crews Born ( 1943-08-15 ) August 15, 1943 (age 80) Urbana, Illinois (/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois) , U.S. Nationality American (/wiki/United_States) Occupation Chemist Years active 1969–present Spouse Peggy Crews Phillip Crews (born August 15, 1943) is an African American chemist at UCSC (/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz) . His research work is around marine natural products chemistry (/wiki/Marine_pharmacognosy) and diversity education in chemistry. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science) in 2008. Early life [ edit ] Crews was born in Champaign-Urbana (/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area) , Illinois and lived in Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) until the family moved to Palo Alto in the 1950s. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) Crews attended Wilbur Junior High School and then Cubberley High School (/wiki/Ellwood_P._Cubberley_High_School) . He next attended UCLA (/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles) , where he received a BS in chemistry and wrote the senior thesis: “Coupling constant mechanisms in 1 H NMR”. He then received a PhD in chemistry at UCSB (/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara) under Dominic J. Bertelli with a thesis titled “Chemistry of non- benzenoid (/wiki/Benzenoid) aromatics”. [3] (#cite_note-3) Crews then wrote and was awarded an NSF postdoctoral fellowship to investigate the stereochemistry (/wiki/Stereochemistry) of organo-metalloids at Princeton University (/wiki/Princeton_University) with the late Kurt Mislow (/wiki/Kurt_Mislow) . [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) [4] (#cite_note-4) Research [ edit ] On an early expedition in the late 1970’s to investigate the biosynthetic products of sponges In 1970, Crews obtained a position in the chemistry department at UCSC (/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz) , where he began his research career investigating physical organic chemistry (/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1973 he shifted his research program towards the nascent area of marine natural products chemistry (/wiki/Marine_pharmacognosy) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) as an untenured assistant professor. Crews uses bioassay-guided isolation to discover natural products that may help treat or cure human diseases, incorporating elements of structure elucidation and employing state-of-the-art nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. [8] (#cite_note-:5-8) He became especially interested in the molecular structures of the psymberins (/wiki/Psymberin) and the bengamides, molecules isolated from Indo-Pacific sponges. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) Psymberin (/wiki/Psymberin) is one of his most important discoveries because of its potential for further development to treat solid tumor cancers. The mixed NRPS (/wiki/Nonribosomal_peptide) -PKS biosynthetic product comes from the marine sponge Psammocinia aff . Bulbosa . Crews research on psymberin has stimulated almost 100 studies and publications by other laboratories. Another molecule of importance is bengamide B, that led to an anti-cancer Phase I clinical trial on a close analog. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) In addition to these two molecules, Crews has discovered many small molecule tools derived from marine sponges, some of which are used worldwide by research teams as molecular probes. These small molecules include the actin inhibitors (/wiki/Cytoskeletal_drugs) , jasplakinolide and latrunculin (/wiki/Latrunculin) , [9] (#cite_note-9) the Mitochondrial Complex I (/wiki/Mitochondrial_complex_I) inhibitor, mycothiazole, the human methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor, and fascaplysins, an opioid receptor agonist. He is also a holder of a patent for oxazole anthelmintic agents of marine origin. [10] (#cite_note-10) Crews led and co-authored of the widely-used textbook, “Organic Structure Analysis”. [11] (#cite_note-11) , along with Marcel Jaspars and Jaime Rodriguez. The first edition was published by Oxford University Press in 1998 and with the second edition being published in 2009. Crews' goal was to highlight the intense complexity of spectroscopic analysis of natural products, from which the “Crews rule” emerged. The “Crews rule” states that if a molecule’s ratio of hydrogens to carbons is less than 1, then additional measures should be performed to confirm the structure. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) In 1990 he became the principal investigator in the National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group (NCDDG) program. [12] (#cite_note-12) , a position he held for 20 years. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) In 2017, he was honored with a special issue of the Journal of Natural Products. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) Diversity and outreach [ edit ] Crews has participated and led in numerous outreach programs, [13] (#cite_note-13) including running the NIH-supported ACCESS program [14] (#cite_note-14) for the past 27 years. This program helps first-generation and under-represented students from 2-year community colleges transition to 4-year university by giving them access to cutting edge research and building their confidence to continue in careers in science. His dedication to diversity and inclusion was recognized with UCSC's 2004 Excellence through Diversity Award. [15] (#cite_note-:3-15) He also gave the UCSC Spring 2019 Emeriti Lecture on “Inspirational Biomolecules from Oceania.” [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2021, the UCSC chemistry department established the Phillip Crews symposium, "Powered by Chemistry, Strengthened by Diversity" [17] (#cite_note-17) and student fellowship. Winery [ edit ] In Crews’ early days in academia, Crews wanted to add a new dimension to chemical education at UCSC by contributing to the general education curriculum. He therefore launched of a new course, “ Chemistry of wine - Introductory lecture-laboratory course for non-chemistry students ” [18] (#cite_note-18) as well as other lectures such as Wines & winemaking Merging Chemistry Fundamentals and Sensory Evaluation Outcomes to Gain a 21st Century Perspective at Cabrillo College (/wiki/Cabrillo_College) . [8] (#cite_note-:5-8) This coursework, as well as his keen interest in wine, lead him to found Pelican Ranch Winery [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) with his wife Peggy (BW CA-W-3444) in 1997. Awards and honors [ edit ] 1990 National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group (NCDDG) award [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) 2004 The UCSC Excellence Through Diversity Award [15] (#cite_note-:3-15) 2005 Arthur E. Schwarting Award, Journal of Natural Products [22] (#cite_note-22) 2008 Norman R Farnsworth American Society of Pharmacognosy (/wiki/American_Society_of_Pharmacognosy) Research Achievement Award [23] (#cite_note-23) 2008 Chair, Gordon Research Conference-Marine Natural Products, Ventura Beach, CA [24] (#cite_note-24) 2008 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science) [25] (#cite_note-25) 2009 Outstanding Faculty Award for the UC Santa Cruz Division of Physical and Biological Sciences [26] (#cite_note-26) 2012 American Society of Pharmacognosy Fellow [27] (#cite_note-27) 2014 American Society of Pharmacognosy President & Vice President [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) 2015 Edward A. Dickson Endowed Professorship award [29] (#cite_note-29) 2017 Special Issue of Journal Natural Products in Honor of Professor Phil Crews [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Phillip O. Crews - Blackpast" (https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/crews-phillip-o-1943/) . January 29, 2007 . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Cichewicz, Robert H.; Cragg, Gordon M.; Linington, Roger G.; Wright, Amy E. (2017). "Special Issue in Honor of Professor Phil Crews - ACS" (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.7b00161) . Journal of Natural Products . 80 (3): 579–581. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00161 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.7b00161) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28335607 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28335607) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Crews, Phillip (1961). "The question of aromaticity in non-benzenoid carbocycles : a re-evaluation of the mechanism for the silver catalyzed addition of benzyne to polyenes" (https://worldcat.org/en/title/1176032156) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rodríguez, Jaime; Crews, Phillip; Jaspars, Marcel (2012), Fattorusso, Ernesto; Gerwick, William H.; Taglialatela-Scafati, Orazio (eds.), "Contemporary Strategies in Natural Products Structure Elucidation" (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3834-0_7) , Handbook of Marine Natural Products , Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 423–517, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-90-481-3834-0_7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-3834-0_7) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-481-3834-0 , retrieved October 21, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Krajick, Kevin (April 30, 2004). "Medicine from the Sea: From slime to sponges, scientists are plumbing the ocean's depths for new medications to treat cancer, pain and other ailments" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/medicine-from-the-sea-99586066/) . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) BORG, JAMES C. (June 13, 1988). "Sea Cure : Scientists Enthusiastic About Potential Medical Compounds From Deep" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-13-me-3212-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Petkewich, Rachel (May 2007). "Taking The Familiar Route: Pharma Still Has Room For Natural Products Chemists" (https://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i20/Taking-Familiar-Route.html) . Chemical and Engineering News . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Wines & winemaking Merging Chemistry Fundamentals and Sensory Evaluation Outcomes to Gain a 21st Century Perspective" (https://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/4071149) . Retrieved September 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Amagata, Taro; Johnson, Tyler A.; Cichewicz, Robert H.; Tenney, Karen; Mooberry, Susan L.; Media, Joseph; Edelstein, Matthew; Valeriote, Frederick A.; Crews, Phillip (November 27, 2008). "Interrogating the Bioactive Pharmacophore of the Latrunculin Chemotype by Investigating the Metabolites of Two Taxonomically Unrelated Sponges" (https://doi.org/10.1021/jm8008585) . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 51 (22): 7234–7242. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/jm8008585 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm8008585) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0022-2623 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2623) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2772107 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772107) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18942825 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18942825) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "US Patent for Oxazole anthelmintic agents of marine origin" (https://patents.justia.com/patent/4785012) . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Organic Structure Analysis - Hardcover - Phillip Crews; Jaime Rodriguez; Marcel Jaspars - Oxford University Press" (https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/organic-structure-analysis-9780195336047?cc=us&lang=en&) . global.oup.com . Retrieved August 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "National Cooperative Drug Discovery/Development Groups (NCDDG) for the Treatment of Mental Disorders, Drug or Alcohol Addiction (U19)" (https://www.federalgrants.com/National-Cooperative-Drug-Discovery-Development-Groups-NCDDG-for-the-Treatment-of-Mental-Disorders-Drug-or-Alcohol-Addiction-U19-46172.html) . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Project 5-215 Indonesia" (https://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/PEER/PEERscience/PGA_174196) . National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research (PEER) . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "A C C E S S :: Home" (http://access.ucsc.edu/) . access.ucsc.edu . Retrieved August 12, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Donahue, Louise (June 24, 2004). "Awards honor 'excellence through diversity' (https://news.ucsc.edu/2004/06/522.html) " (https://news.ucsc.edu/2004/06/522.html) . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Phil Crews Emeriti Lecture Apr 9, 2019" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLauyOsakO0) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Phillip Crews Symposium: Powered by Chemistry, Strengthened by Diversity" (http://ucsc-expghost.imodules.com/controls/email_marketing/view_in_browser.aspx?sid=1069&gid=1001&sendId=2782738&ecatid=21&puid=515a2631-9fd9-46ce-81cb-fa6e42d7c70a) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Crews, Phillip (1977). "The Chemistry of Wine. An Introductory Lecture--Laboratory Course for Nonchemistry Students". Journal of Chemical Education . 54 (10): 630. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 1977JChEd..54..630C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977JChEd..54..630C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/ED054P630 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2FED054P630) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 95858110 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95858110) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "CRUSH TIME AT PELICAN RANCH WINERY" (https://ksqd.org/crush-time-at-pelican-ranch-winery/) . KSQD Community Radio . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Pelican Ranch Winery | Premium Wines" (https://pelicanranch.com/) . Retrieved August 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Walker, Tara Fatemi (May 1, 2018). "Quick Bites: Wine futurology at Pelican Ranch Winery" (https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2018/05/01/quick-bites-wine-futurology-at-pelican-ranch-winery/) . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Faculty Honors and Awards - UC Santa Cruz - Chemistry" (https://www.chemistry.ucsc.edu/about/honorsawards/faculty.html#arthur) . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Stephens, Tim (August 13, 2007). "Chemist Phil Crews earns Research Achievement Award" (https://news.ucsc.edu/2007/08/1477.html) . UC Santa Cruz Newsletter . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "2008 Marine Natural Products Conference GRC" (https://www.grc.org/marine-natural-products-conference/2008/) . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Stephens, Tim; Writer 459-2495, Staff. "Three UCSC professors elected AAAS Fellows" (https://news.ucsc.edu/2008/12/2641.html) . UC Santa Cruz News . Retrieved October 21, 2022 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-26) Strain, Daniel (November 8, 2009). "Chemistry professor Phil Crews receives outstanding faculty award" (https://news.ucsc.edu/2009/11/3356.html) . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "ASP Fellows" (https://www.pharmacognosy.us/what-is-pharmacognosy/the-asp-fellows/) . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_28-0) "Past Presidents of the ASP - The American Society of Pharmacognosy" (https://www.pharmacognosy.us/what-is-pharmacognosy/past-presidents-of-the-asp/) . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Stephens, Tim (August 19, 2015). "Dickson Emeriti Professorship awarded to chemist Phil Crews" (https://news.ucsc.edu/2015/08/crews-dickson-prof.html) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film portal (/wiki/Portal:Film) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) This article needs additional or more specific categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization) . 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A type of Chinese scarf, neckband or waistcoat Xiapei Portrait of Empress Dowager Du (/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Du) wearing scarf-like xiapei over her shoulders; a peizhui (ornament) is hanging at the front end, Song dynasty. Portrait of Mrs Chen wearing the waistcoat-like xiapei, Qing dynasty Chinese name Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 霞帔 Literal meaning "Rosy cloud scarf" or "Rosy cloud cape" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) xiápèi Alternative Chinese name Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 霞帔坠 Literal meaning Rosy cloud scarf pendant Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Xiápèizhuì Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 하피 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 霞帔 Literal meaning Rosy cloud cape Transcriptions Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) hapi Xiapei ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 霞帔 ; lit. 'Rosy cloud scarf'), also known as hapi ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 하피 ; Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) : 霞帔 ) in Korea, [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) is a type of Chinese clothing accessory in either the form of a long scarf, a neckband, or in the shape of waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) depending on the time period. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) It was also referred as xiapeizhui ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 霞帔坠 ) when it was ornamented with a peizhui ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 帔坠 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : pèizhuì ; lit. 'pendant') at its front end; the peizhui ornament could be made of diverse materials, such as silver, jade, and gold. [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) The xiapei appeared as early as the Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) and continues to be worn until now (although the shape of the xiapei evolved with time). [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Since the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) , peizhui started to be used to ornate the xiapei. [5] (#cite_note-5) In the Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) and Qing dynasties (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) , the xiapei , along with the fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) , became the daily clothing of queens and the formal clothing of the wives of senior officials. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The xiapei eventually became part of the traditional Chinese wedding attire for commoners. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The xiapei was also introduced and worn in the late Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) and Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) where it was called hapi ; it was bestowed by the Ming dynasty along with the jeokui (/wiki/Diyi) and many other garment items. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) History [ edit ] Qin and Han dynasty [ edit ] The xiapei appears as early as the Qin and Han dynasty and was in the shape of the long, thin-silk scarf. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties. [ edit ] During the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties, the xiapei was known as embroidered collar . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Sui and Tang dynasty [ edit ] In the Sui (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) and Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) dynasties, the xiapei gained its name due to its beauty like rosy clouds (霞; xia). [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) During this period, it became increasingly popular. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) In the Tang dynasty, the xiapei was an embroidered scarf made of silk which was attached to a woman's neck and shoulder that would wrap around her body. [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) [8] (#cite_note-:6-8) Song dynasty [ edit ] Southern Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) gold peizhui, an ornament used to decorate xiapei. In the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) , xiapei became a component part of the formal attire; the embellishment of the xiapei in this period were determined according to the social rank of its wearer. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Peizhui (帔坠), the ornament which was used to decorate the xiapei, were among the jewelries given by wealthy families and high status families to women on their wedding. [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) Similarly to the way it was worn in the Tang dynasty, the xiapei was still attached to the neck and shoulder of a woman, except that it was repositioned to also hang on her chest in order to display the ornament (i.e. peizhui) which was attached to the front end of the xiapei. [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) [8] (#cite_note-:6-8) Ming dynasty [ edit ] In the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , the xiapei was inherited from the one worn in the Song dynasty. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) The Ming dynasty xiapei was a form of long embroidered neckband which was trimmed with gold and lace. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) It was worn by queens as daily attires and by the wives of senior official as a formal attire. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) It was also used as part of the ceremonial attire for titled women. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) During the Hongwu Period (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) (1368 –1398 AD) of the Ming Dynasty, there were specific regulations on what kind of clothing a woman had to wear based on her social rank: [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) Women who were given rank of 1st and rank of 2nd by the Ming emperor had to wear a xiapei which was decorated with golden cloud and pheasant patterns embroidery. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Women who were given the rank of 3rd and 4th had to wear a xiapei which was embroidered with golden cloud and peacock pattern, [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Women who were given the rank of 5th had to wear a xiapei which was embroidered with cloud and mandarin duck pattern, [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Women who were given the rank of 6th and 7th had to wear a xiapei which was embroidered with cloud and magpie pattern, [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Women who were given the rank of 8th and 9th had to wear a xiapei which was embroidered with branch pattern. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The xiapei eventually became part of the wedding attire for commoners. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Ming dynasty Empress Xiao yizhuang. Ming fynasty Empress Xiao Chun Ming dynasty Empress Xiaoduan Ming dynasty Empress Xiaoduan wearing xiapei. Ming dynasty noblewomen wearing a green embroidered xiapei over her red robe. Ming dynasty noblewomen wearing a blue embroidered xiapei over her red robe. Woman wearing xiapei; portrait of an official woman. Woman wearing xiapei in late Ming. Qing dynasty [ edit ] In the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) , the Ming dynasty xiapei (long scarf) evolved into the Qing dynasty xiapei which was in the form of a sleeveless waistcoat. This waistcoat was made up of 3 pieces: [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The front and back parts which was decorated with the rank badges accordingly to the women's husband ranking, and Coloured tassels were decorated the bottom part of the waistcoat. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The waistcoat-shaped xiapei was tied at the sides, reached below the knee and had a fringed pointed bottom hem. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Similarly to the Ming dynasty, the waistcoat xiapei was worn by the queens as a daily form of attire while the wives of senior official as a formal attire. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Throughout the Qing dynasty, Han Chinese women, following the Ming dynasty customs, would wear the xiapei on their wedding day. [10] (#cite_note-10) The xiapei was actually first worn as part of the Wedding attire and after the wedding, it would be worn for special events. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Ordinary women wear allowed to wear xiapei on rare occasion, such as weddings and funerals. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Qing dynasty lady in a red robe and xiapei over shoulders. Chinese woman wearing xiapei, Xu Family of Guangzhou Chinese officials, Qing dynasty. Waistcoat-like xiapei, Qing dynasty. Women's waistcoat-like xiapei, Qing dynasty, late 19th century. Korea [ edit ] The xiapei was called hapi in Korea; it was a long, wide piece of black silk which was worn over the shoulders. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Hapi was an ornamental garment and was a ceremonial cape which was worn by the queens, crown princess, and royal women (including the consort of the crown prince, the consort of the crown prince's son, the queen dowager, and the grand queen dowager) along with the jeokui (/wiki/Diyi) . [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) The hapi was worn in Korea from the late Goryeo to the wedding ceremony of King Yeongchin in 1922. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) The hapi was bestowed by the Ming dynasty and was included in the set of ceremonial attire sent to the queen. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) According to the Annals of Joseon (/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty) , from 1403 to the first half of the 17th century the Ming Dynasty sent a letter, which confers the queen with a title, along with the hapi and many other items. [11] (#cite_note-11) Hapi (black silk band with gold ornament motifs) is worn over the shoulders. Black hapi worn on top of jeokui (/wiki/Diyi) . See also [ edit ] China portal (/wiki/Portal:China) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) Qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) Yuanlingshan (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) List of Hanfu (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu) Hanfu footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Hapi(霞帔)" (https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/7248) . Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Yang, Shaorong (2004). Traditional Chinese clothing : costumes, adornments & culture (1st ed.). San Francisco: Long River Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-59265-019-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 52775158 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52775158) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The complete costume dictionary . Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 319. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8108-4004-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 694238143 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/694238143) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d KESSLER, ADAM T. (2017-08-23). "The Last Days of the Song Dynasty: Evidence of the Flight of Song Officials to Southeast Asia before the Mongol Invasions" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186317000384) . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 28 (2): 315–337. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/s1356186317000384 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1356186317000384) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1356-1863 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 164576372 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164576372) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "History of Peizhui - Most Exquisite Hanfu Ornament" (https://www.newhanfu.com/9539.html) . www.newhanfu.com . 28 December 2020 . Retrieved 2022-01-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jeogui: The Most Formal Ceremonial Robe of the Joseon Queens" (https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/recommend/view?relicRecommendId=519662) . National Museum of Korea . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Xun Zhou; Chunming Gao (1987). 5000 years of Chinese costumes . San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. pp. 150, 195. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8351-1822-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 19814728 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728) . ^ Jump up to: a b "【金银器】帔坠_收藏文化_银元收藏网" (https://www.mugwum.com/shoucangwenhua/2905.html) . www.mugwum.com . Retrieved 2022-01-02 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Tibberts, Jennifer (2021-01-01). "Investigating How Qipao and Hanfu Dresses are Representative of China" (https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/honors/1089) . Senior Honors Theses : 1–52. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Vollmer, John E. (2007). Dressed to rule : 18th century court attire in the Mactaggart Art Collection . Mactaggart Art Collection. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. p. 46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55195-214-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 166687933 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166687933) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Jeokgwan" (https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/7163) . Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture . v t e Traditional Han Chinese clothing (/wiki/Hanfu) Characteristics Garment and neckline (list) (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) Jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Cross-collars) Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) Fastening Pankou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Chinese button knot (/wiki/Chinese_button_knot) Zimukou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Styles Baoyi bodai (/wiki/Paofu#Baoyi_bodai) Shangjian xiafeng (/wiki/Ruqun#Shangjian_xiafeng) Fuyao (/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)) Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) Textile decoration and craft Diancui (/wiki/Tian-tsui) Chinese knotting (/wiki/Chinese_knotting) Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list) (/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing) Xiangyun (/wiki/Xiangyun_(Auspicious_clouds)) Lishui (sea-waves) (/wiki/Lishui_(sea-waves)) Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) Chinese ornamental gold silk (/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk) Goldwork (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) Chinese patchwork (/wiki/Chinese_patchwork) Belief system and social movement Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) Wufu (/wiki/Wufu) Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) (/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)) Yin and Yang (/wiki/Yin_and_Yang) Hanfu movement (/wiki/Hanfu_movement) Sumptuary laws Tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) Related rituals Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) Ji Li (ceremony) (/wiki/Ji_Li_(ceremony)) Garments Set of attire Ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) Tanling ruqun (/wiki/Tanling_ruqun) Qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) Qungua (/wiki/Qungua) Xiuhefu (/wiki/Xiuhefu) Mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) Bianfu (/wiki/Bianfu) Tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) Xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) Diyi (/wiki/Diyi) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Shanku (/wiki/Shanku) Upper garment Ru (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Shan (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Chang'ao (/wiki/Chang%27ao) Baijiayi (/wiki/Baijiayi) Daxiushan (/wiki/Daxiushan) Bijia (/wiki/Bijia) Banbi (/wiki/Banbi) Dahu (/wiki/Dahu_(clothing)) Beizi (/wiki/Beizi) Pifeng (/wiki/Beizi) Hechang (/wiki/Beizi) Shuitianyi (/wiki/Shuitianyi) Yuanlingshan (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Robe Shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) Zhiju (/wiki/Shenyi) Quju (/wiki/Shenyi) Paofu (/wiki/Paofu) Daopao (/wiki/Daopao) Zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) Yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Fanlingpao (/wiki/Fanlingpao) Panling Lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) Longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) Mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) Tieli (/wiki/Terlig) Yesa (/wiki/Yesa_robe) Zhisun (/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn) Feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) Inner and undergarment Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Hezi (/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)) Moxiong (/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)) Maweiqun (/wiki/Maweiqun) Lower garment Ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) Qun (/wiki/Qun) Baidiequn (/wiki/Baidiequn) Mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) Religious clothing Daojiao fushi (/wiki/Daojiao_fushi) Headwear (list) (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear) Guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) Mianguan (/wiki/Mianguan) Fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Tang official headwear (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Song official headwear (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Mao Humao (/wiki/Humao) Damao (/wiki/Damao_(hat)) Liangmao (/wiki/Liangmao) Weimao (/wiki/Weimao) Jin Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Wangjin (/wiki/Wangjin) Hairpin Chinese hairpin (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) Buyao (/wiki/Buyao) Comb Shubi (/wiki/Shubi_(comb)) Veil Honggaitou (/wiki/Honggaitou) Mili (/wiki/Mili_(veil)) Footwear (list) (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Xiuhuaxie (/wiki/Xiuhuaxie) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Accessories (list) (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) Head Lingzi (/wiki/Lingzi) Neck Yingluo (/wiki/Yingluo_(ornament)) Yunjian (/wiki/Yunjian) Fangxingquling (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) Shoulders Pibo (/wiki/Pibo) Xiapei Chest Yajin (/wiki/Yajin) Waist Yaoqun (/wiki/Yaoqun) Lap Bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) Ribbons and knots Lào zi (/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi) Portable Hebao (/wiki/Hebao) Xiangnang (fragrant sachet) (/wiki/Hebao) Hu (ritual baton) (/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)) Fu (tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)) Yufu (fish tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu) Yudai (fish bag) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Yudai) Folding fan (/wiki/Hand_fan) Tuanshan (/wiki/Tuanshan) Jewellery Longevity lock (/wiki/Lock_charm) Yupei (/wiki/Yupei) Jinbu (/wiki/Yupei#Jinbu_(禁步)) Influenced clothing Traditional clothing Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Performance costume Xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) Guzhuang (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) Cosmetics Huadian (/wiki/Huadian_(make-up)) List of Hanfu (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐d4d7fbdcf‐sk8m8 Cached time: 20240716094019 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.487 seconds Real time usage: 0.663 seconds 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Legal situation of wearing a burqa in different countries Countries with burqa bans as of 2023 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burqa_by_country&action=edit) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Islamic_female_clothing) on Islamic (/wiki/Islam) female (/wiki/Women_in_Islam) dress (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Types (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Al-amira (/wiki/Al-amira) Battoulah (/wiki/Battoulah) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Çarşaf (/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Faf) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Haik (/wiki/Haik_(garment)) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Jilbaab (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Kerudung (/wiki/Kerudung) Kimeshek (/wiki/Kimeshek) Khimar (/wiki/Khimar) Kurhars (/wiki/Kurhars) Mukena (/wiki/Mukena) Niqaab (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Safseri (/wiki/Safseri) Selendang (/wiki/Selendang) Shayla (/wiki/Shayla) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Practice and law by country (/wiki/Hijab_by_country) Australia (/wiki/Burka_ban_in_Australia) Britain (/wiki/British_debate_over_veils) Canada (/wiki/Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country#Canada) Egypt (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt) France (/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France) Indonesia (/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia#National_law_and_sharia) Iran (/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran) Pakistan (/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan#Culture) Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia#Hijab_and_dress_code) Taliban Afghanistan (/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women#Gender_policies) Turkey (/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey) Concepts Andaruni (/wiki/Andaruni) Awrah (/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam) Fahisha (/wiki/Fahisha) Gender segregation (/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation) Haya (/wiki/Haya_(Islam)) Purdah (/wiki/Purdah) Zenana (/wiki/Zenana) Other Hijabophobia (/wiki/Hijabophobia) Hujum (/wiki/Hujum) Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) My Stealthy Freedom (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) World Hijab Day (/wiki/World_Hijab_Day) v t e The burqa (/wiki/Burqa) is worn by women in various countries. Some countries have banned it in government offices, schools, or in public places and streets. There are currently 16 states that have banned the burqa and niqab (/wiki/Niqab) , both Muslim-majority countries and non-Muslim countries, including Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) , [1] (#cite_note-reuters.com-1) Austria (/wiki/Austria) , Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) , France (/wiki/France) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) , Tajikistan (/wiki/Tajikistan) , Uzbekistan (/wiki/Uzbekistan) , Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) , [2] (#cite_note-smh-2) Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) , Chad (/wiki/Chad) , the Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) , Gabon (/wiki/Gabon) , the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) , [3] (#cite_note-3) China (/wiki/China) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) , Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) and Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) . Europe [ edit ] Europe burqa bans as of 2023 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burqa_by_country&action=edit) National ban – country bans women from wearing full- face veils (/wiki/Face_veil) in public Local ban – cities or regions ban full-face veils Partial ban – government bans full-face veils in some locations Austria [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Austria (/wiki/Islam_in_Austria) Liebende Eltern ('Loving Parents') by Matthias Laurenz Gräff (/wiki/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff) (2018), a painting about the discussion of face-covering clothing, showing Austrian Chancellor (/wiki/Austrian_Chancellor) Sebastian Kurz (/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz) , Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache (/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache) , and a Muslim child In 2017, a legal ban on face-covering clothing was adopted by the Austrian parliament (/wiki/Austrian_parliament) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Belgium [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Belgium (/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium) As of 2015, Belgium has specific bans on face-covering dress, such as the niqab (/wiki/Niqab) or burqa. On 11 July 2017, the European Court of Human Rights (/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) upheld Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face veils. [7] (#cite_note-auto-7) Bulgaria [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Bulgaria (/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria) In 2016, a ban on the wearing of face-covering clothing in public was adopted by the Bulgarian parliament. [2] (#cite_note-smh-2) The Bulgarian parliament enacted the ban on the basis of security concerns, however the ban stimulated conflict as 10 percent of the country's population identifies as Muslim. Women who violate the burqa ban face fines up to €770 (~US$848) and have their social security benefits suspended. [8] (#cite_note-8) Denmark [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Denmark (/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark) In autumn 2017, the Danish government (/wiki/Danish_government) considered adopting a law prohibiting people to wear "attire and clothing masking the face in such a way that it impairs recognizability". [9] (#cite_note-9) The proposal was met with support from the three largest political parties [10] (#cite_note-10) and was passed into law on 31 May 2018, becoming § 134 c of the Danish Penal Code (/wiki/Danish_Penal_Code) , stating that "[a]ny person who in a public place wears a item of clothing that covers said person's face shall be liable to a fine" with an exception for coverings that serve "a creditable purpose" (e.g. sports equipment, protection against the cold, masks for carnivals, masquerades, etc.). [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The law came into force on 1 August 2018. On the first day of the implementation of the burqa ban, hundreds of protesters rallied wearing face veils in public. According to the ban, wearing a burqa or a niqab in public can lead to a fine of 1000 kroner (/wiki/Danish_krone) (~US$156) in the case of first time offences, rising to 10,000 kr. (~US$1560) for a fourth offence. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Under the ban, police are instructed to order women to remove their veils or to leave the public space. Police officers that fail to obey the orders of the ban are subject to be fined. France [ edit ] Main article: Islam in France (/wiki/Islam_in_France) France is a secular country (/wiki/Secular_country) . One of the key principles of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State (/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State) is the freedom of religious exercise. At the same time, this law prohibited public servants from wearing any religious signs during work. In 1994, the French Ministry of Education (/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Education) sent out recommendations to teachers and headteachers to ban the Islamic veil (specified as hijab, niqab, and burka) in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the IZA Institute of Labor Economics (/wiki/IZA_Institute_of_Labor_Economics) , a higher proportion of girls of Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school, bringing their graduation rates closer to the non-Muslim female cohort. [15] (#cite_note-15) Having a "Muslim background" was defined as having an immigrant father from a predominantly Muslim country (hence, indigenized Muslims with a longer history in France were not considered), as the study was highlighting the "difficulties faced by adolescents with a foreign cultural background in forming their own identity". Males in the Muslim group also had a lower graduation rate than males in the non-Muslim group. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion (/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) , the study concluded that for the French context, the "implementation of more restrictive policies in French public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students". [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2004, the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools (/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools) banned most religious signs, including the hijab, from public primary and secondary schools in France. The proposed ban was extremely controversial, with both sides of the political spectrum being split on the issue, some people arguing that the law goes against religious freedom and is racist because it affects mostly Muslim women and Jewish men. In 2010, a ban on face covering (/wiki/French_ban_on_face_covering) , [17] (#cite_note-17) targeting especially women wearing chador (/wiki/Chador) and burqa, was adopted by the French Parliament. According to The Guardian , the ban was challenged and taken to the European Court of Human Rights which upheld the law on 1 July 2014, accepting the argument of the French government that the law was based on "a certain idea of living together". [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2013 the applicant stood outside the Élysée Palace (/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace) in niqab and subsequently received a criminal conviction. The French criminal courts noted in 2014 that the lower court was wrong to dismiss her rights covered under article 18 but dismissed her appeal. : 16 The French delegation argued that wearing face coverings violated the principle of "living together". Judges Angelika Nussberger (/wiki/Angelika_Nussberger) and Helena Jäderblom (/wiki/Helena_J%C3%A4derblom) dissented, calling the concept, "far-fetched and vague." : 61 Going on to note that the very decision of declaring what a woman is allowed to wear was hypocritical and antithetical to the aim of protecting human rights. [19] (#cite_note-19) The committee came to the determination in 2018 that the case had been incorrectly dismissed after review by a single judge on the grounds that, "the conditions of admissibility laid down in articles 34 and 35 of the Convention [had] not been met." Upon review the committee concluded that the applicants' human rights had been violated under article 18 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights) . : 13 The committee dismissed the notion of "living together" as a vague notion not protected under international law. [20] (#cite_note-20) Latvia [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Latvia (/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia) In 2016 The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) reported that a legal ban of face-covering Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) was adopted by the Latvian parliament (/wiki/Latvian_parliament) . [21] (#cite_note-independent.co.uk-21) After long public discussions draft legislation was approved by the Latvian government on 22 August 2017, however it was never adopted by the parliament as a law. [22] (#cite_note-22) Netherlands [ edit ] Main article: Islam in the Netherlands (/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands) The States General of the Netherlands (/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands) enacted a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", in January 2012. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) The burqa ban came into force on 1 August 2019 in schools, public transport, hospitals and government buildings, but there are doubts over whether it will be applied in practice. [25] (#cite_note-25) Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) Mayor Femke Halsema (/wiki/Femke_Halsema) spoke out in her opposition of the law. She stated that removing someone wearing a burqa from public transport in the capital would not be fitting with current Dutch society. Chairman of the Dutch Public Transport Association Pedro Peters also voiced his opinion on the ban. Peters said: "You are not going to stop the bus for half an hour for someone wearing a burqa", waiting for the police to arrive; "we are also not allowed to refuse anyone because we have a transport obligation". [26] (#cite_note-French-26) Known officially as the Partial Ban on Face-Covering Clothing Act, the act also details that those who refuse to uncover their faces may pay a fine of at least €150 and can be arrested. [26] (#cite_note-French-26) Dutch police have also stated that enforcing the ban is not a priority, and that they likely would not respond to a complaint within a thirty-minute timeframe. [27] (#cite_note-27) Norway [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Norway (/wiki/Islam_in_Norway) In 2018 the Norwegian parliament (/wiki/Norwegian_parliament) voted to ban the burqa in schools and universities. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Russia [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Russia (/wiki/Islam_in_Russia) In July 2024, the niqab and other full face veils were temporarily banned in the Muslim-majority republic of Dagestan (/wiki/Dagestan) by the Muftiate, an Islamic authority. The ban followed the 2024 Dagestan attacks, (/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks) where reports said one attacker planned to use the niqab as a disguise to escape. [30] (#cite_note-30) Sweden [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Sweden (/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden) In December 2019, the municipality of Skurup (/wiki/Skurup) banned Islamic veils in educational institutions. Earlier, the municipality of Staffanstorp (/wiki/Staffanstorp) approved a similar ban. [31] (#cite_note-31) Switzerland [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Switzerland (/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland) In a referendum (/wiki/Referendum) on 7 March 2021, Swiss voters approved a nationwide ban on the burqa, with over 51% of the electorate supporting it. [32] (#cite_note-32) Earlier, in September 2013, a constitutional referendum in the Canton of Ticino (/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino) on a popular initiative (/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)) banning full-face veils was approved with 66.2% of the vote. [33] (#cite_note-33) In May 2017, the Landsgemeinde (/wiki/Landsgemeinde) in the Canton of Glarus (/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus) rejected adopting a similar measure with about two-thirds of the vote. [34] (#cite_note-34) In September 2018, the Canton of St Gallen (/wiki/Canton_of_St_Gallen) become the second canton in Switzerland to vote in favor of a ban on facial coverings in public with two-thirds casting a ballot in favor. [35] (#cite_note-35) Muslim world [ edit ] Algeria [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Algeria (/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria) In 2018, the government (/wiki/Government_of_Algeria) passed a law banning the wearing of full face-veils, called burqas or niqabs, for female public servants (/wiki/Public_servant) while at work. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) The Prime Minister at the time, Ahmed Ouyahia (/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia) , pushed the ban because of his belief that women should be identifiable in the workspace. [38] (#cite_note-38) Egypt [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Egypt (/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt) Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab Woman wearing a niqab (/wiki/Niqab) in Egypt In 1953, Egyptian leader President Gamal Abdel Nasser (/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) was told by the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood (/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded: "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college – and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear it?". The veil gradually disappeared in the following decades, so much so that by 1958 an article by the United Press (/wiki/United_Press_International) (UP) stated that "the veil is unknown here." [39] (#cite_note-39) However, the veil has had a resurgence since the Iranian Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) , concomitant with the global revival of Muslim piety. According to The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , as of 2007 about 90 percent of Egyptian women currently wear a headscarf. [40] (#cite_note-40) Small numbers of women wear the niqab. The secular government does not encourage women to wear it, fearing it will present an Islamic extremist political opposition. In the country, it is negatively associated with Salafist (/wiki/Salafist) political activism. [41] (#cite_note-kuwait-times-41) [42] (#cite_note-hijabworld-42) There have been some restrictions on wearing the hijab by the government, which views it as a political symbol. In 2002, two presenters were excluded from a state run TV station for deciding to wear hijab on national television. [43] (#cite_note-egypttv-43) The American University in Cairo (/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo) , Cairo University and Helwan University (/wiki/Helwan_University) attempted to forbid entry to niqab wearers in 2004 and 2007. [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy (/wiki/Muhammad_Sayyid_Tantawy) , Grand Imam of al-Azhar (/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar) , issued a fatwa (/wiki/Fatwa) in October 2009 arguing that veiling of the face is not required under Islam. He had reportedly asked a student to take off her niqab when he spotted her in a classroom, and he told her that the niqab is a cultural tradition without Islamic importance. [41] (#cite_note-kuwait-times-41) Government bans on wearing the niqab on college campuses at the University of Cairo (/wiki/University_of_Cairo) and during university exams in 2009 were overturned later. [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Minister Hany Mahfouz Helal (/wiki/Hany_Mahfouz_Helal) met protests by some human rights and Islamist groups. Morocco [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Morocco (/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco) A group of Moroccan women wearing headscarves and veils In Morocco, the headscarf is not forbidden by law, and women are free to choose to wear one. The headscarf is more frequent in the northern regions, small to medium cities and rural regions. As it is not totally widespread, wearing a hijab is considered rather a religious decision. In 2005, a schoolbook for basic religious education was heavily criticized for picturing female children with headscarves, and later the picture of the little girl with the Islamic headscarf was removed from the school books. [51] (#cite_note-51) The headscarf is strongly and implicitly forbidden in Morocco's military and the police. In January 2017 Morocco banned the manufacturing, marketing and sale of the Afghan burqa, [52] (#cite_note-52) however this does not apply to other types of niqab. [53] (#cite_note-53) Syria [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Syria (/wiki/Islam_in_Syria) Woman in niqab in Aleppo, Syria (/wiki/Aleppo,_Syria) In 2010, Ghiyath Barakat, Syria's minister of higher education, announced a ban on women wearing full-face veils at universities (/wiki/University) . The official stated that the face veils ran counter to secular and academic principles of Syria. [54] (#cite_note-54) However, the ban strictly addresses veils that cover the head and mouth, and does not include hijabs, or headscarfs, which most Syrian women wear. [55] (#cite_note-55) Tajikistan [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Tajikistan (/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan) In 2017, the government of Tajikistan (/wiki/Tajikistan) passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik (/wiki/Tajiks) headscarf tied behind the head. [56] (#cite_note-56) Tunisia [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Tunisia (/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia) On 6 July 2019 the government (/wiki/Government_of_Tunisia) banned the wearing of the niqab in public institutions citing security reasons. [57] (#cite_note-57) Africa [ edit ] Women in Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) wearing a haïk (/wiki/Haik_(garment)) , a type of veil Cameroon [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Cameroon (/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon) On 12 July 2015, two female suicide bombers (/wiki/Female_suicide_bomber) dressed in burqas blew themselves up (/wiki/Suicide_bombing) in Fotokol (/wiki/Fotokol) , Far North Region (/wiki/Far_North_Region_(Cameroon)) , killing 13 people. Following the attacks, since 16 July, Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) banned the wearing of full-face veils, including the burqa, in the Far North. Governor Midjiyawa Bakari of the mainly Muslim region said the measure was to prevent further attacks. [58] (#cite_note-cameroonban-58) Chad [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Chad (/wiki/Islam_in_Chad) Following a two suicide bombings (/wiki/2015_N%27Djamena_bombings) on 15 June 2015 which killed 33 people in N'Djamena (/wiki/N%27Djamena) , the government (/wiki/Government_of_Chad) announced on 16 June 2015 the banning of the wearing of the burqa in its territory for security reasons. [59] (#cite_note-59) The 2015 prime minister, Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet (/wiki/Kalzeubet_Pahimi_Deubet) , called the burqa " camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) ". [60] (#cite_note-60) Women who violate this ban are subject to jail time. [61] (#cite_note-61) Gabon [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Gabon (/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon) On 15 July 2015, Gabon (/wiki/Government_of_Gabon) announced a ban on the wearing of full-face veils in public and places of work in response to the Fotokol bombings. [58] (#cite_note-cameroonban-58) Republic of the Congo [ edit ] Main article: Islam in the Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo) The full-face veil was banned in May 2015 in public places in the Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) to " counter terrorism (/wiki/Counter_terrorism) ", although there has not been an Islamist (/wiki/Islamist) attack in the country. [58] (#cite_note-cameroonban-58) Asia-Pacific [ edit ] Australia [ edit ] Main article: Burka ban in Australia (/wiki/Burka_ban_in_Australia) Say no to burqas mural in Newtown, New South Wales (/wiki/Newtown,_New_South_Wales) In September 2011, Australia (/wiki/Australia) 's most populous state, New South Wales (/wiki/New_South_Wales) , passed the Identification Legislation Amendment Act 2011 (/w/index.php?title=Identification_Legislation_Amendment_Act_2011&action=edit&redlink=1) to require a person to remove a face covering if asked by a state official. The law is viewed as a response to a court case of 2011 where a woman in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) was convicted of falsely claiming that a traffic policeman (/wiki/Traffic_police) had tried to remove her niqab. [62] (#cite_note-62) The debate in Australia is more about when and where face coverings may legitimately be restricted. [63] (#cite_note-Barker-63) In a Western Australian case in July 2010, a woman sought to give evidence in court wearing a niqab. The request was refused on the basis that the jury needs to see the face of the person giving evidence. [63] (#cite_note-Barker-63) China [ edit ] Main article: Islam in China (/wiki/Islam_in_China) In 2017, China banned the burqa in the Islamic region of Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) . [64] (#cite_note-64) India [ edit ] A Muslim woman wearing a niqab in India Main article: Islam in India (/wiki/Islam_in_India) In India, Muslim women are allowed to wear the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) and burqa (/wiki/Burqa) anytime, anywhere. [65] (#cite_note-thestar1-65) [66] (#cite_note-BBC_larger_bench-66) [67] (#cite_note-csm-67) However, in April 2019, Shiv Sena (/wiki/Shiv_Sena) party member Sanjay Raut (/wiki/Sanjay_Raut) called for the burqa to be banned. [68] (#cite_note-68) [69] (#cite_note-69) In February 2020, Uttar Pradesh (/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh) 's labor minister Raghuraj Singh (/wiki/Raghuraj_Pratap_Singh) called for an outright ban on women wearing burqas, suggesting that terrorists (/wiki/Terrorism_in_India) have been using them to elude authorities. [70] (#cite_note-70) In January 2022, some students in Karnataka (/wiki/Karnataka) asked for special rights (/wiki/2022_Karnataka_hijab_row) to wear the burqa even when educational institutes have a pre-decided rule of wearing uniforms (/wiki/School_uniform) . [71] (#cite_note-71) On 15 March 2022, through a verdict, the Karnataka High Court (/wiki/Karnataka_High_Court) upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions as a non-essential part of Islam [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) and suggested that wearing hijabs can be restricted in government colleges where uniforms are prescribed and ruled that "prescription of a school uniform" is a "reasonable restriction". Myanmar [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Myanmar (/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar) At a conference in Yangon (/wiki/Yangon) held by the Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion (/wiki/Organization_for_the_Protection_of_Race_and_Religion) on 21 June 2015, a group of monks declared that the headscarves "were not in line with school discipline", and recommended that the Burmese government ban the wearing of hijabs by Muslim schoolgirls and ban the butchering of animals on the Eid (/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) holiday. [74] (#cite_note-74) Sri Lanka [ edit ] Main article: Islam in Sri Lanka (/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka) A Sri Lankan MP called for both the burqa and niqab to be banned from the country in wake of the Easter terror attack (/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings) which happened on 21 April 2019 during a local parliamentary (/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka) session. [75] (#cite_note-75) [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) The Sri Lankan government (/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government) banned all types of clothing covering the face, including the burqa and niqab, on 29 April 2019. [78] (#cite_note-78) North America [ edit ] Canada [ edit ] See also: Islam in Canada (/wiki/Islam_in_Canada) On 12 December 2011, the Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (/wiki/Minister_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration) issued a decree banning the niqab or any other face-covering garments for women swearing their oath of citizenship; the hijab was not affected. [79] (#cite_note-79) This edict was later overturned by a Court of Appeal on the grounds of being unlawful. In November 2013, the Quebec Charter of Values (/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Values) was introduced in the National Assembly of Quebec (/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec) by the Parti Québécois (/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois) that would ban overt religious symbols in the Quebec public service. Thus would include universities, hospitals, and public or publicly funded schools and daycares (/wiki/Daycare) . [80] (#cite_note-80) In 2014 however, the ruling Parti Québécois was defeated by the Liberal Party of Quebec (/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Quebec) and no legislation was enacted regarding religious symbols. [ citation needed ] In October 2017, Bill 62, a Quebec ban on face covering (/wiki/Quebec_ban_on_face_covering) , made headlines. As of July 2018 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burqa_by_country&action=edit) , the ban has been suspended by at least two judges for violating the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms) . It was first suspended in December 2017. [81] (#cite_note-81) [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) With regards to public opinion, a 27 October 2017 Ipsos (/wiki/Ipsos) poll found that 76% of Quebecers backed Bill 62, with 24% opposing it. The same survey found the 68% of Canadians in general supported a law similar to Bill 62 in their part of Canada. [84] (#cite_note-84) A 27 October Angus Reid Institute (/wiki/Angus_Reid_(market_research)) poll found that 70% Canadians outside of Quebec supported "legislation similar to Bill 62" where they lived in the country, with 30% opposing it. [85] (#cite_note-85) As of June 2019, wearing religious symbols is prohibited for certain public servants in positions of authority in Québec: police, judges and teachers. People such as Tarek Fatah (/wiki/Tarek_Fatah) [86] (#cite_note-86) [87] (#cite_note-87) [88] (#cite_note-88) and Ensaf Haidar (/wiki/Ensaf_Haidar) [89] (#cite_note-89) have called on the burka to be banned. In 2017 the mayor of Quebec City (/wiki/Mayor_of_Quebec_City) , Régis Labeaume (/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Labeaume) , said he supports legislation banning the wearing of the niqab or burqa in public spaces. [90] (#cite_note-90) [91] (#cite_note-91) A 2017 Canadian poll found that 54% supported banning the burka. [92] (#cite_note-92) Ban chronology [ edit ] The table below lists, in chronological order, states that are either United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) (UN) members or have UN observer status that have completely banned the burqa. Year banned Countries Countries per year Cumulative countries 2010 France (/wiki/France) 1 1 2011 Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) 1 2 2015 Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgaria) Chad (/wiki/Chad) Congo (/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) Gabon (/wiki/Gabon) 4 6 2017 Austria (/wiki/Austria) 1 7 2018 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) 1 8 2019 Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) 2 10 2021 Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) 1 11 See also [ edit ] Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Women in Islam (/wiki/Women_in_Islam) Islam in Europe (/wiki/Islam_in_Europe) Islamic dress in Europe (/wiki/Islamic_dress_in_Europe) Clothing laws by country (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) Headscarf controversy in Turkey (/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey) Hijab controversy in Quebec (/wiki/Hijab_controversy_in_Quebec) Multiculturalism (/wiki/Multiculturalism) Hijab by country (/wiki/Hijab_by_country) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-reuters.com_1-0) "Tunisian PM bans wearing of niqab in public institutions" (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-niqab-security-idUKKCN1U01CH) . Reuters. 5 July 2019 . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ a b Krasimirov, Angel (2016-09-30). "Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places" (https://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Halasz, Stephanie; McKenzie, Sheena (27 June 2018). "The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces" (https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Phillips, Tom (13 January 2015). "China bans burqa in capital of Muslim region of Xinjiang" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11342070/China-bans-burqa-in-capital-of-Muslim-region-of-Xinjiang.html) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Integration: Österreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe" (https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article164642964/Oesterreich-stellt-Tragen-von-Burka-und-Nikab-unter-Strafe.html) . Die Welt . 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Burqa ban takes effect in Austria" (http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/10/02/burqa-ban-takes-effect-austria) . SBS News . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto_7-0) Lizzie Dearden (11 July 2017). "European Court of Human Rights upholds Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face Islamic veils" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-burqa-ban-upheld-european-court-of-human-rights-dakir-v-full-face-islamic-veils-headscarf-hijab-a7835156.html) . The Independent . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Another European country just banned the burqa" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html) . The Independent . 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Denmark is about to ban the burqa" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/denmark-ban-full-face-covering-burqa-jakob-ellemann-jensen-a7986561.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 6 October 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-10) L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven (https://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/lovforslag/L219/105/afstemninger.htm) , Folketinget (/wiki/Folketinget) ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab) . The Guardian . 31 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven. (Law as passed.)" (https://www.ft.dk/ripdf/samling/20171/lovforslag/l219/20171_l219_som_vedtaget.pdf) [L 219 Motion to amend the penal code. (Law as passed.)] (PDF) (in Danish). Danish Parliament. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Denmark's burqa ban is greeted by protest and confusion" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/denmark-s-burqa-ban-is-greeted-by-protest-and-confusion-1.3583365) . The Irish Times . Retrieved 10 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Denmark becomes latest European country to ban full Islamic face veil in public spaces" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/31/denmark-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-full-islamic-face/) . The Telegraph . 31 May 2018. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Maurin, Éric; Navarrete H., Nicolás (September 2019). "Behind the Veil: The Effect of Banning the Islamic Veil in Schools" (https://docs.iza.org/dp12645.pdf) (PDF) . 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(http://torontosun.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever) . 15 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-89) "Wife of jailed Saudi blogger Raif Badawi calls for burqa ban in Ontario" (https://globalnews.ca/news/4307779/raif-badawi-wife-ensaf-haidar-burqa-ban/) . July 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-90) "Labeaume wants Quebec City to ban face-covers in public spaces" (https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/labeaume-wants-quebec-city-to-banish-face-covers-in-public-spaces) . Montreal Gazette (/wiki/Montreal_Gazette) . August 22, 2017. "Personally, for me, one should not be allowed to hide one's face in a public space," he said in a news conference at city hall. "The face-covering of a protester (...) and the burqa and the niqab are all the same thing." [...] He said he agreed with the French law that prohibits wearing the burqa in a public space. ^ (#cite_ref-91) Hébert, Chantal (August 25, 2017). "Religious rights may dominate remaining weeks of NDP leadership campaign: Hébert" (https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/08/25/religious-rights-may-dominate-remaining-weeks-of-ndp-leadership-campaign-hbert.html) . The Toronto Star (/wiki/The_Toronto_Star) . Quebec City Mayor Régis Labeaume, among others, is arguing for a blanket ban on the wearing of burkas and niqabs in the public space. ^ (#cite_ref-92) "Majority of Canadians Support Banning the Burka" (https://www.campaignresearch.com/single-post/2017/10/31/banning-burka-supported-by-majority-of-canadians) . 2 November 2017. External links [ edit ] Media related to Hijabs by country (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hijabs_by_country) at Wikimedia Commons Burqa ban: What it means for the West (http://twocircles.net/2010aug17/burqa_ban_what_it_means_west.html) – TCN News Veil Project (https://web.archive.org/web/20070707130810/http://www.univie.ac.at/veil/Home3/index.htm) – Values, Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies. Debates about Muslim Headscarves in Europe ( University of Vienna (/wiki/University_of_Vienna) ) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐nv9nn Cached time: 20240720123350 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.036 seconds Real time usage: 1.256 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6622/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 167934/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4662/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 33/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 327830/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.649/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15692779/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1091.644 1 -total 43.24% 472.014 1 Template:Reflist 28.89% 315.371 63 Template:Cite_news 9.47% 103.341 1 Template:Lang 8.40% 91.726 1 Template:Islamic_female_dress 8.20% 89.468 1 Template:Sidebar 6.97% 76.059 26 Template:Main 6.84% 74.693 1 Template:Short_description 6.42% 70.087 17 Template:Cite_web 4.18% 45.648 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68591831-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720123350 and revision id 1235650500. 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1951 birthday dress worn in England Cream Dior dress of Princess Margaret Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) 's 21st birthday portrait, taken by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) Designer Dior (/wiki/Dior) Year 1951 Type Off-the-shoulder couture gown Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) organza over satin (/wiki/Satin) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) wore a cream Dior (/wiki/Dior) dress for her 21st birthday commemorations at Sandringham House (/wiki/Sandringham_House) in 1951. The off-the-shoulder silk gown was created and customised by designer Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , whom Margaret became closely associated with. The princess was captured in the piece, dubbed one of her favourite dresses, by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , with the portrait becoming one of the most memorable royal photographs of the twentieth century. The dress has been cited as a part of fashion history, and has been a part of the permanent collection at the Museum of London (/wiki/Museum_of_London) since 1968. Background [ edit ] Princess Margaret originally met Dior during her first trip to Europe. [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) Following his first fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) in London, Dior put together a special presentation at the Embassy of France (/wiki/Embassy_of_France,_London) for members of the royal family, including Margaret, Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) , Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (/wiki/Princess_Marina,_Duchess_of_Kent) , and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Princess_Olga_of_Greece_and_Denmark) . [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) Dior admired the princess's style and described her as "very charming". [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) In terms of dressing, her sister was expected to remain loyal to British brands, whereas Margaret could afford to take bolder risks with fashion. [2] (#cite_note-people-2) She subsequently became one of his first high-profile English clients. [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) In 1951, Princess Margaret ordered her 21st birthday gown from the Dior's 'Oblique' line, an adaption of the 'Matinee Poetique' design that had been presented in the Spring/Summer collection. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) [2] (#cite_note-people-2) Design and debut [ edit ] The dress is an embroidered, off-the-shoulder cream couture gown with chiffon sleeves, made of silk organza over satin, and featuring beads, mother-of-pearls, sequins and raffia detailing. [5] (#cite_note-w-5) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) The outfit is a two-piece, with the top consisting of boned bodice as well as a dropped shoulder sash. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) [6] (#cite_note-telegraph-6) The seven-layer voluminous skirt, which is gathered into a 55 cm waist, has an inner layer of silk, three layers of netting, and two outer layers of organza. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) During the dress's customisation, Dior asked Margaret if she felt like a silver or gold person; she chose gold. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) As a result, the front panel is intricately embroidered with gold rhinestones. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The use of synthetic materials permitted for specific colors and effects, and was considered a modern choice made by the princess for a royal event. [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [7] (#cite_note-mental-7) This was Dior's intention, as he aimed to "mark a departure" from the simplistic fashions of wartime years. [7] (#cite_note-mental-7) The raffia (/wiki/Raffia) elements were in line with trends of the 1950s, with the dress embodying Dior's New Look (/wiki/New_Look_(style_of_clothing)) , which reintroduced feminine features and voluminous skirts in a post- World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) era. [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [2] (#cite_note-people-2) Upon viewing the gown, the princess joked that the adornments resembled potato peelings. [7] (#cite_note-mental-7) Princess Margaret wore the dress to her birthday commemorations, which took place at Sandringham House (/wiki/Sandringham_House) . [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) She was photographed in the gown by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) for her official birthday portrait; she was captured reclining on a plush red sofa with an ornate tapestry backdrop, wearing a five-strand pearl necklace. [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The photograph became one of the most famous royal portraits of the twentieth century. [8] (#cite_note-8) The princess rewore the dress two months later on 21 November 1951, where she was the guest of honour at a charity gala organised by the Cercle de l'Union interalliée (/wiki/Cercle_de_l%27Union_interalli%C3%A9e) in benefit of the Hertford British Hospital (/wiki/Hertford_British_Hospital) . [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The event took place at the Hôtel Perrinet de Jars (/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Perrinet_de_Jars) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , and had "the grandest names of the French aristocracy" in attendance. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) Princess Margaret accessorised the gown with a Cartier platinum and diamond tiara, a diamond necklace, two bracelets, and evening gloves (/wiki/Evening_gloves) . [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The princess later stated that the piece was her "favourite dress of all", keeping the gown for seventeen years before its donation to the Museum of London (/wiki/Museum_of_London) , which was then based at Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) Legacy and exhibition [ edit ] Princess Margaret, considered a fashion icon (/wiki/Fashion_icon) , remained a customer of Dior throughout her life, through the tenure of Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , transitioning from couture to ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) . [10] (#cite_note-another-10) [2] (#cite_note-people-2) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) In his autobiography, Dior wrote that Margaret "crystallised the whole popular frantic interest in royalty". [10] (#cite_note-another-10) Several Dior pieces were marketed 'as worn by Princess Margaret' after her purchase. [10] (#cite_note-another-10) Katie Frost for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Katie Trotter of Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) , Dean Mayo Davies from Another Magazine (/wiki/Another_Magazine) , and Brigit Katz of Smithsonian (/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)) magazine all referred to both the gown and portrait as "iconic", with Katz calling the look "the vision of a princess." [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [11] (#cite_note-evogue-11) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [10] (#cite_note-another-10) Beatrice Behlen, curator of the Museum of London, compared the dress's "sweeping lines" to Cinderella (/wiki/Cinderella) 's ballgown. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) Vogue Arabia deemed the dress as one of the 10 most important moments in fashion history. [11] (#cite_note-evogue-11) In 2019, the dress was loaned from the London Museum to the V&A Museum (/wiki/V%26A_Museum) , as part of 'Dior in Britain' exhibition, covering the impact of his 'New Look'. [12] (#cite_note-12) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) A gala was held in January to mark the exhibit, attended by Princess Margaret's children, Lady Sarah Chatto (/wiki/Lady_Sarah_Chatto) and David Armstrong-Jones, Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/David_Armstrong-Jones) . [2] (#cite_note-people-2) The gown was the centrepiece of the exhibit, and had to be restored by curators upon its arrival, with conservator Emily Austin speculating that the wear-and-tear indicated that the gown was "well-loved". [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) Harper's Bazaar called the dress "one of the standout dresses of the show". [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) Upon viewing the exhibition, Another Magazine stated that "the gown wears beautifully the fragile passing of time – it has enjoyed itself, as it should – yet its intricate couture embroidery remains, bulletproof: you get what you pay for". [10] (#cite_note-another-10) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wedding dress of Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret) Poltimore Tiara (/wiki/Poltimore_Tiara) Coronation gown of Elizabeth II (/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II) Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) Revenge dress (/wiki/Revenge_dress) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Frost, Karie (30 January 2019). "Princess Margaret's iconic 21st birthday gown goes on display at the V&A's Dior exhibition" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a26084601/princess-margaret-birthday-portrait-gown-dior-exhibition/) . Harper's Bazaar . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jessen, Monique. "See Princess Margaret's Epic 21st Birthday Dress on the Anniversary of Her Birth" (https://people.com/royals/princess-margaret-birthday-dress-display-dior-london/) . People . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Katz, Brigit. "Princess Margaret's Iconic 21st Birthday Dress Goes on Display" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/princess-margarets-iconic-21st-birthday-dress-goes-displaystains-and-all-180971404/) . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Behlen, Beatrice. "Christian Dior, Princess Margaret & Cinderella" (https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/princess-margarets-cinderella-london-dior-dress) . Museum of London . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-w_5-0) Park, Andrea (31 January 2019). "Princess Margaret's 21st Birthday Christian Dior Gown Is Going on Display at the Victoria and Albert Museum" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/princess-margaret-dior-dress) . W Magazine . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_6-0) Armstrong, Lisa (26 January 2019). "Is Dior the greatest fashion house of the past century?" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/dior-greatest-fashion-house-past-century/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Petsko, Emily (5 February 2019). "Princess Margaret's 21st Birthday Dress Is On Display at London's Victoria and Albert Museum" (https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/573009/princess-margaret-christian-dior-dress-display-london) . Mental Floss . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Storochuck, Jessica (21 August 2021). "Fashion Favourite: Princess Margaret and Christian Dior" (https://royalcentral.co.uk/uk/fashion-favourite-princess-margaret-and-christian-dior-164518/) . Royal Central . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hills, Megan C. (February 2019). "The Christian Dior exhibition in London: The story behind Princess Margaret's iconic gown and more" (https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/style/christian-dior-exhibition-london-how-to-get-tickets-dates-dresses-a4046851.html) . The Standard . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mayo Davies, Dean (31 January 2019). "How Christian Dior and Princess Margaret Formed a Fashion Friendship" (https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11455/christian-dior-princess-margaret-21st-birthday-dress-designer-of-dreams-v-and-a) . Another Magazine . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Trotter, Katie (20 April 2020). "10 Most Important Fashion Moments in History" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/10-historical-fashion-moments/) . Vogue Arabia . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Princess Margaret's 21st birthday dress among star-studded frocks in UK's largest Dior exhibition" (https://www.itv.com/news/2019-01-30/princess-margarets-21st-birthday-dress-shown-in-uks-largest-dior-exhibition) . ITV . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . v t e Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002 ( 1930-08-21 – 2002-02-09 ) Titles (1960–1978) Countess of Snowdon (/wiki/Earl_of_Snowdon) Viscountess Linley Family Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon) (former husband) wedding (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Margaret_and_Antony_Armstrong-Jones) David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/David_Armstrong-Jones,_2nd_Earl_of_Snowdon) (son) Lady Sarah Chatto (/wiki/Lady_Sarah_Chatto) (daughter) George VI (/wiki/George_VI) (father) Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) (mother) Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) (sister) Fashion Wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) Cream Dior dress Poltimore Tiara (/wiki/Poltimore_Tiara) Memorials LMS Princess Royal Class 6203 Princess Margaret Rose (/wiki/LMS_Princess_Royal_Class_6203_Princess_Margaret_Rose) Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Cancer_Centre) Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital,_Christchurch) Princess Margaret Hospital, Funafuti (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital,_Funafuti) Princess Margaret Hospital (Hong Kong) (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_(Hong_Kong)) Princess Margaret Hospital for Children (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_for_Children) Princess Margaret Mountain (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Mountain) Princess Margaret Road (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Road) Princess Margaret Rose (gladiolus) (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Rose_(gladiolus)) Princess Margaret Rose Cave (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Rose_Cave) Princess Margaret School (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_School) Princess Margaret Secondary School, Penticton (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Secondary_School,_Penticton) Princess Margaret Secondary School, Surrey (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Secondary_School,_Surrey) Popular culture Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor (1950) (/wiki/Conversation_Piece_at_the_Royal_Lodge,_Windsor) Spitting Image (1984–1996) (/wiki/Spitting_Image) Willi und die Windzors (1996) (/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors) The Queen's Sister (2005) (/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Sister) The Queen (2009) (/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)) A Royal Night Out (2015) (/wiki/A_Royal_Night_Out) The Crown (2016–2023) (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) Ma'am Darling (2017) (/wiki/Ma%27am_Darling) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐sdbzs Cached time: 20240712185946 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.355 seconds Real time usage: 0.462 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1296/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39522/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1058/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62753/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.231/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5622878/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 411.755 1 -total 38.13% 157.012 1 Template:Reflist 25.27% 104.049 1 Template:Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon 22.13% 91.134 1 Template:Cite_magazine 20.43% 84.126 1 Template:Navbox 16.01% 65.906 1 Template:Short_description 10.11% 41.641 10 Template:Cite_web 8.88% 36.578 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 8.52% 35.092 2 Template:Pagetype 8.48% 34.909 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69141391-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712185946 and revision id 1212782290. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cream_Dior_dress_of_Princess_Margaret&oldid=1212782290 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cream_Dior_dress_of_Princess_Margaret&oldid=1212782290) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1950s fashion (/wiki/Category:1950s_fashion) British royal attire (/wiki/Category:British_royal_attire) Royal dresses (/wiki/Category:Royal_dresses) White dresses (/wiki/Category:White_dresses) Dior (/wiki/Category:Dior) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022)
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Dress made of flags of nations where same-sex relations are illegal Amsterdam Rainbow Dress The dress in Madrid in 2018 The dress in the Netherlands in 2017 The Amsterdam Rainbow Dress is a dress made of more than 70 flags of nations where same-sex relations are illegal (/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory) , [1] (#cite_note-gaystarnews-1) commemorating LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) + victims of persecution. The dress has a diameter of 52 feet and has been displayed in San Francisco, [2] (#cite_note-abc7news-2) [3] (#cite_note-abc11-3) Cape Town, [4] (#cite_note-dailymaverick-4) and Ottawa, [5] (#cite_note-ottawacitizen-5) among other cities. Icesis Couture (/wiki/Icesis_Couture) and Lola Rodríguez (/wiki/Lola_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(actress)) have modeled the dress. List of flags [ edit ] The Amsterdam Rainbow Dress in its current form consists of 68 national flags, 4 Amsterdam city flags, and 9 rainbow flags which represents countries whose flag has been formerly represented in this dress but have since adopted LGBTQIA+ legislation. [6] (#cite_note-List_of_countries_in_the_Amsterdam_Rainbow_Dress_Foundation-6) Row 1 [ edit ] Rainbow flag (/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)) (Formerly Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) ) Rainbow flag (Formerly Angola (/wiki/Angola) ) Uganda (/wiki/Uganda) Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) Row 5 [ edit ] Mauritius (/wiki/Mauritius) Comoros (/wiki/Comoros) Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) Turkmenistan (/wiki/Turkmenistan) Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) Palestine (/wiki/State_of_Palestine) Row 11 [ edit ] Namibia (/wiki/Namibia) Egypt (/wiki/Egypt) Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) Dominica (/wiki/Dominica) Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) Row 17 [ edit ] Malawi (/wiki/Malawi) Samoa (/wiki/Samoa) Kenya (/wiki/Kenya) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Uzbekistan) Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) Row 23 [ edit ] Papua New Guinea (/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) Sudan (/wiki/Sudan) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) Cook Islands (/wiki/Cook_Islands) United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) Maldives (/wiki/Maldives) Eswatini (/wiki/Eswatini) Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) Row 31 [ edit ] Rainbow flag (Formerly Antigua and Barbuda (/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda) ) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Zimbabwe) Rainbow flag (Formerly Botswana (/wiki/Botswana) ) Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) bodice (upper) Tanzania (/wiki/Tanzania) Togo (/wiki/Togo) Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) Row 39 [ edit ] Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) Iraq (/wiki/Iraq) Amsterdam bodice (lower) Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) Guyana (/wiki/Guyana) Rainbow flag (Formerly Belize (/wiki/Belize) ) Row 47 [ edit ] Guinea (/wiki/Guinea) Yemen (/wiki/Yemen) Jamaica (/wiki/Jamaica) Grenada (/wiki/Grenada) Tonga (/wiki/Tonga) Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) Eritrea (/wiki/Eritrea) Rainbow flag (Formerly Saint Kitts and Nevis (/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) ) Row 55 [ edit ] Oman (/wiki/Oman) Iran (/wiki/Iran) Kiribati (/wiki/Kiribati) Tuvalu (/wiki/Tuvalu) Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) Row 61 [ edit ] Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Barbados (/wiki/Barbados) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) The Gambia (/wiki/The_Gambia) Rainbow flag (Formerly Bhutan (/wiki/Bhutan) ) Rainbow flag (Formerly India (/wiki/India) ) Row 67 [ edit ] Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) Burundi (/wiki/Burundi) Solomon Islands (/wiki/Solomon_Islands) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Sierra_Leone) Mauritania (/wiki/Mauritania) Saint Lucia (/wiki/Saint_Lucia) Row 73 [ edit ] Syria (/wiki/Syria) Libya (/wiki/Libya) Rainbow flag (Formerly Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago) ) Liberia (/wiki/Liberia) Chad (/wiki/Chad) Row 78 [ edit ] South Sudan (/wiki/South_Sudan) Zambia (/wiki/Zambia) Somalia (/wiki/Somalia) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) LGBT portal (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-gaystarnews_1-0) "The 'Amsterdam Rainbow Dress' is made from flags of 72 countries that outlaw homosexuality" (https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/amsterdam-rainbow-dress-transgender-pride/) . gaystarnews.com . 8 August 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211210184159/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/amsterdam-rainbow-dress-transgender-pride/) from the original on 2021-12-10 . Retrieved 2021-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-abc7news_2-0) "Amsterdam rainbow dress displayed at San Francisco City Hall - ABC7 San Francisco" (https://abc7news.com/rainbow-dress-amsterdam-made-from-flags-of-countries-where-homosexuality-is-a-crime/2025156/) . abc7news.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211210184157/https://abc7news.com/rainbow-dress-amsterdam-made-from-flags-of-countries-where-homosexuality-is-a-crime/2025156/) from the original on 2021-12-10 . Retrieved 2021-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-abc11_3-0) "Amsterdam rainbow dress displayed at San Francisco City Hall - ABC11 Raleigh-Durham" (https://abc11.com/rainbow-dress-amsterdam-made-from-flags-of-countries-where-homosexuality-is-a-crime/2027481/) . abc11.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205819/https://abc11.com/rainbow-dress-amsterdam-made-from-flags-of-countries-where-homosexuality-is-a-crime/2027481/) from the original on 2021-12-10 . Retrieved 2021-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-dailymaverick_4-0) "Zeitz MOCAA weaves local lives into the global fabric o..." (https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-12-14-zeitz-mocaa-weaves-local-lives-into-the-global-fabric-of-the-amsterdam-rainbow-dress/) dailymaverick.co.za . 14 December 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211210184158/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-12-14-zeitz-mocaa-weaves-local-lives-into-the-global-fabric-of-the-amsterdam-rainbow-dress/) from the original on 2021-12-10 . Retrieved 2021-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-ottawacitizen_5-0) "Amsterdam Rainbow Dress makes Canadian début in the capital region" (https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/amsterdam-rainbow-dress-makes-canadian-debut-in-the-capital-region) . Ottawa Citizen . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211210054027/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/amsterdam-rainbow-dress-makes-canadian-debut-in-the-capital-region) from the original on 2021-12-10 . Retrieved 2021-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-List_of_countries_in_the_Amsterdam_Rainbow_Dress_Foundation_6-0) "List of Countries" (https://www.amsterdamrainbowdress.com/list-of-countries/) . Amsterdam Rainbow Dress Foundation . Retrieved 10 July 2023 . This article about lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (/wiki/LGBT) topics is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam_Rainbow_Dress&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐sh6zb Cached time: 20240722070939 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.504 seconds Real time usage: 0.888 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6505/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48020/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10415/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30965/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.212/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4323607/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 621.151 1 -total 34.77% 215.972 78 Template:Flag 22.00% 136.667 1 Template:Reflist 17.63% 109.483 1 Template:Short_description 17.32% 107.572 6 Template:Cite_web 11.52% 71.542 1 Template:LGBT-stub 10.84% 67.355 1 Template:Asbox 9.10% 56.538 3 Template:Main_other 8.79% 54.630 1 Template:SDcat 7.51% 46.641 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69480183-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722070939 and revision id 1188822542. 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Traditional Indonesian weaving technique Tenun A traditional weaver from Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) Type Art Fabric Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) , cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , gold (/wiki/Gold) , silver (/wiki/Silver) Place of origin Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) [1] (#cite_note-Tenun-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Manufacturer Indonesians (/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia) Tenun is an artful Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_culture) technique of making a fabric by weaving (/wiki/Weaving) different colours of threads. [1] (#cite_note-Tenun-1) Tenun belongs to one of the typical Indonesian cultural arts (/wiki/Art_of_Indonesia) produced by hand skills using traditional looms (/wiki/Loom) . The word Tenun itself has a high meaning, historical value, and technique in terms of colors, motifs, and types of materials and threads used and each region has its own characteristics. In addition, Tenun is also one of Indonesia's original cultural heritages that is still maintained and preserved to this day. [3] (#cite_note-Tenun_1-3) [4] (#cite_note-Tenun_2-4) [5] (#cite_note-Tenun_3-5) Tenun fabrics are made in various places in the Indonesian archipelago (/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago) such as on the islands of Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) , Java (/wiki/Java) , Bali (/wiki/Bali) and Sulawesi (/wiki/Sulawesi) , where each region has its own uniqueness and characteristics in terms of motifs and colors. These differences are caused by geographical location, beliefs, customs and the surrounding natural conditions including flora and fauna, each region has certain differences and uniqueness as well as contacts or relationships between regions, from the many types of Tenun , ikat (/wiki/Ikat) and songket (/wiki/Songket) are the most famous, even tenun ikat is well known and popular in many countries. [6] (#cite_note-Tenun_4-6) [7] (#cite_note-Tenun_5-7) [8] (#cite_note-Tenun_6-8) Since 2010, various Tenun traditions practiced throughout Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) officially recognized and regarded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of Republic Indonesia (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Research,_and_Technology) as integral part of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage (/wiki/National_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Indonesia) of Indonesia. [9] (#cite_note-9) Etymology [ edit ] The technique of weaving cloth was brought to Insular Southeast Asia (/wiki/Insular_Southeast_Asia) (ISEA) as a result of the Austronesian expansion (/wiki/Austronesian_expansion) . The word tenun goes back the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian (/wiki/Proto-Austronesian) form *tenun 'to weave (cloth)', which is widely attested in Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) and ISEA. [10] (#cite_note-10) History [ edit ] The Tenun weavers in Yogyakarta (/wiki/Yogyakarta) , circa 1900 Tenun fabrics are thought to have existed since the Neolithic period (/wiki/Neolithic_period) . This has been proven by the discovery of prehistoric (/wiki/Prehistoric) objects, such as woven (/wiki/Woven) stamps, tools (/wiki/Tools) for spinning (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) , and materials that are clearly woven on cloth made of cotton, which are more than 3,000 years old at the East Sumba site, Gunung wingko (/wiki/Bantul_Regency) , Yogyakarta (/wiki/Yogyakarta) , Gilimanuk (/wiki/Bali) and Melolo (/wiki/Melolo_River) . [11] (#cite_note-Tenun_10-11) In the Neolithic period, the materials for making clothes were still very simple, such as fibers (/wiki/Fibers) , leaves (/wiki/Leaves) , bark (/wiki/Bark_(botany)) , animal skins (/wiki/Animal_skins) , and plant roots (/wiki/Plant_roots) . The manufacture of clothes from bark must choose a type of tree that is hard and has long wood fibers, then the tree is skinned, then the wood fiber is soaked in water to make it soft. Then use a bat in the form of a stone to shape the bark into cloth. The remnants of the tradition of making this kind of cloth are still found in the area of Central Sulawesi (/wiki/Central_Sulawesi) called Fuya and in Papua (/wiki/Western_New_Guinea) called Capo . In Old Javanese (/wiki/Kawi_language) inscriptions, terms can be found that describe the existence of weaving in the past. On the Karang Tengah inscription dated 847, there is the inscription "white hlai 1 (one) kalambi" which means one piece of white cloth and clothes. In the "Baru" inscription in 1034 AD the word Pawdikan means batik or weaver. In the "Tebu" inscription in 1021 AD and the inscription from Singhasari (/wiki/Singhasari) in 929 AD there is the term "makapas" or cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . In folklore that has to do with weaving is the story of Sang Kuriang, an important character in the story, Dayang Sumbi, whose daily job is weaving. The manufacture of clothing in the past can be traced to the relief Perempuan menenun ("women are weaving") carved on a 14th-century stone pedestal from the Trowulan (/wiki/Trowulan) area, now stored in the Trowulan Museum (/wiki/Trowulan_Museum) , East Java (/wiki/East_Java) . [12] (#cite_note-Tenun_7-12) [13] (#cite_note-Tenun_8-13) [14] (#cite_note-Tenun_9-14) In South Sumatra (/wiki/South_Sumatra) , songket weaving has existed since the seventh century. Based on the analysis conducted on the statues at the Bumiayu temple (/wiki/Bumiayu_temple) , it can be seen that songket has been worn by the people of South Sumatra since the seventh century AD, when Srivijaya was based in Palembang. This statue was found at the Bumiayu Temple Archaeological Site which is located on the downstream bank of Lematang River which empties into Musi River, precisely in Tanah Abang District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir district approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) to the west of Palembang (/wiki/Palembang) City. Technique [ edit ] Tenun techniques can be divided into two major groups, namely techniques in making cloth (/wiki/Cloth) and techniques for making decorations (/wiki/Decorative_arts) . In addition, there are two other things that are very important in making tenun, namely preparing the manufacture of yarn and making dyes. Traditionally, yarn is made using weights that are rotated with the fingers ( Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_language) : diplintir ), the ballast is shaped like a top (/wiki/Spinning_top) made of wood (/wiki/Wood) or terracotta (/wiki/Terracotta) . In western Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok) there is another way to make yarn using "Antih," this tool consists of a wide wheel that can be turned along with a dial ( ontel ) to turn the wheel (/wiki/Wheel) . The manufacture of dyes in the past consisted of two colors blue and red. The blue color is obtained from indigo or Mirinda Citrifonela or noni. In addition there are dyes from other plants such as Achiote (/wiki/Achiote) . Type of Tenun [ edit ] Several types of traditional Indonesian woven fabrics Tenun Baduy (/w/index.php?title=Tenun_Baduy&action=edit&redlink=1) Bentenan (/w/index.php?title=Bentenan&action=edit&redlink=1) Cepuk (/w/index.php?title=Cepuk&action=edit&redlink=1) Endek (/wiki/Endek) Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Hinggi (/w/index.php?title=Hinggi&action=edit&redlink=1) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kamohu (/w/index.php?title=Kamohu&action=edit&redlink=1) Kumbu (/w/index.php?title=Kumbu&action=edit&redlink=1) Lamak (/w/index.php?title=Lamak_(fabric)&action=edit&redlink=1) Lau (/w/index.php?title=Lau_(fabric)&action=edit&redlink=1) Limar (/w/index.php?title=Limar&action=edit&redlink=1) Lunggi (/w/index.php?title=Lunggi&action=edit&redlink=1) Lurik (/w/index.php?title=Lurik&action=edit&redlink=1) Pagatan (/w/index.php?title=Pagatan&action=edit&redlink=1) Palepai (/wiki/Palepai) Porilonjong (/w/index.php?title=Porilonjong&action=edit&redlink=1) Kain Pua (/w/index.php?title=Kain_Pua&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenun Samarinda (/w/index.php?title=Tenun_Samarinda&action=edit&redlink=1) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tenun Sora (/w/index.php?title=Tenun_Sora&action=edit&redlink=1) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Tenun Troso Uis Ulap Doyo (/wiki/Tenun_Ulap_Doyo) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Culture of Indonesia (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) Art of Indonesia (/wiki/Art_of_Indonesia) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Kahdar, Kahfiati; Jay, Sian E. (2010). Tenun: Handwoven Textiles of Indonesia . Tuttle. p. 191. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-602-97473-0-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kartiwa, Suwati (2009). Tenun Ikat: Indonesia's Ikat Weaving Traditions . National Library of Australia. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_1_3-0) "Tenun: Indonesian Ikat Fabric – Kinds and Art of Weaving Threads" (https://factsofindonesia.com/indonesian-ikat-fabric) . Retrieved 6 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_2_4-0) Indonesia, Cita Tenun (10 September 2011). Tenun: Handwoven Textiles of Indonesia . Tuttle. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9786029747300 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_3_5-0) "Textiles of Indonesia" (https://www.baliadvertiser.biz/tenun-handwoven-textiles-of-indonesia/) . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_4_6-0) "5 Traditional Indonesian Fabrics and the Stories behind Them" (https://www.indonesia.travel/id/en/trip-ideas/5-traditional-indonesian-fabrics-and-the-stories-behind-them) . ndonesia.travel . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_5_7-0) "Inilah 9 Jenis Kain Tenun Tradisional Nan Eksotis Kekayaan Indonesia Yang Perlu Anda Ketahui" (http://bdipadang.kemenperin.go.id/forum/thread/inilah-9-jenis-kain-tenun-tradisional-nan-eksotis-kekayaan-indonesia-yang-perlu-anda-ketahui) . kemenperin.go.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_6_8-0) "Diplomasi Batik, Sejarah Panjang Tenun Keragaman" (https://www.indonesia.go.id/ragam/seni/seni/diplomasi-batik-sejarah-panjang-tenun-keragaman) . indonesia.go.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Tenun" (https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?cari=Tenun&provinsi=&domain=) . Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia. 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Buckley, Christopher (2017). "Looms, Weaving and the Austronesian Expansion". In Andrea Acri; Roger Blench; Alexandra Landmann (eds.). Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia . Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. pp. 273–324. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1355/9789814762779-009 (https://doi.org/10.1355%2F9789814762779-009) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789814762779 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_10_11-0) "Pengertian Menenun dan Sejarahnya" (https://kumparan.com/berita-update/pengertian-menenun-dan-sejarahnya-1wlGPM7EFCe) . kumparan.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_7_12-0) "Kain Tenun" (http://repo.undiksha.ac.id/1599/3/1515011028-BAB%201%20PENDAHULUAN.pdf) (PDF) . undikssha.ac.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_8_13-0) "Sejarah Kain Tenun" (http://www.sanabila.com/2016/02/sejarah-kain-tenun.html) . indonesia.go.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tenun_9_14-0) "Mengenal Sejarah Proses Pembuatan Kain Tenun di Sikka Flores" (https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/04/14/140500127/mengenal-sejarah-proses-pembuatan-kain-tenun-di-sikka-flores-?page=all) . kompas.com (in Indonesian). 14 April 2019 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . Bibliography [ edit ] Indonesia, Cita Tenun (2010). Tenun: Handwoven Textiles of Indonesia . Tuttle. p. 191. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-602-97473-0-0 . Tenun Ikat: Indonesia's Ikat Weaving Traditions . National Library of Australia. 2009. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) v t e Indonesian clothing (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Clothing identified with Indonesian culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) and still worn today Textiles and weaving Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Kain Bali (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Kain Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) Kain kulit kayu (/wiki/Barkcloth) Lurik Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Tenun Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Dyeing Batik (/wiki/Batik) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Jumputan (/wiki/Tie-dye) Prada Clothing Angkin (/wiki/Sash) Baju Bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Baju kain rumput Baju Koko Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Beskap Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Kain jarik Kain panjang Kain samping (/wiki/Samping) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kemeja Batik (/wiki/Batik) Koje Koteka (/wiki/Koteka) Rok Rumbia Sarung (/wiki/Sarong) Selendang (/wiki/Sash) Surjan Uis Gara Headgear Beluko Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Caping (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Iket Jamang Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Kerudung (/wiki/Veil) Kopiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Konde or sanggul (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( hair extension (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) ) Makuta (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Peci (/wiki/Songkok) Siger Suntiang Tanjak (/wiki/Tanjak) (destar) Tengkuluk Tudung (/wiki/Tudong) Udeng Jewelry and ornaments Anting-anting (/wiki/Earring) Cincin (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) Gelang (/wiki/Bracelet) Giwang Gesper (/wiki/Belt_buckle) Kembang goyang (cunduk mentul) Kelat bahu (/wiki/Arm_ring) Kerongsang Pending Sabuk (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Subang Sumping Tusuk konde (/wiki/Hairpin) Upawita (/wiki/Upavita) Armour Baju Empurau (/wiki/Baju_Empurau) Baju Lamina (/wiki/Baju_Lamina) Baju Rantai (/wiki/Baju_Rantai) Baru Lema'a (/wiki/Baru_Lema%27a) Baru Öröba (/wiki/Baru_%C3%96r%C3%B6ba) Karambalangan (/wiki/Karambalangan) Kawaca (/wiki/Kawaca) Siping-siping (/wiki/Siping-siping) Footwear Bakiak (kelom) (/wiki/Clog) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Selop Sepatu NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wbmh6 Cached time: 20240712184404 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.604 seconds Real time usage: 0.889 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1377/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 46048/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 972/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 95526/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.375/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14829542/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 710.636 1 -total 22.93% 162.945 1 Template:Reflist 17.43% 123.843 6 Template:Lang 16.51% 117.349 6 Template:Cite_book 13.22% 93.952 1 Template:Indonesian_clothing 12.70% 90.281 1 Template:Navbox 10.55% 74.992 1 Template:Short_description 6.82% 48.485 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_type 6.49% 46.090 1 Template:Infobox 5.87% 41.725 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69693612-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712184404 and revision id 1219288530. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenun&oldid=1219288530 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenun&oldid=1219288530) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Textile arts of Indonesia (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Indonesia) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing Indonesian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text) Articles containing Javanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Javanese-language_text)
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