text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
It is important to test for ammonia, since it is a chemical precursor of nitrites and nitrates, also harmful to fish. Ammonia is removed from the water through the nitrogen cycle, which takes place within the aquarium filter, which takes a few weeks to start processing the ammonia. The processed ammonia is converted to... | Wikipedia - Community aquarium | null | null | null |
Weekly water changes (25% of aquarium volume), while vacuuming debris from the bottom of the tank, can solve this problem of nitrate build-up, provided the tank is not overcrowded. Build-up of algae is largely related to light level and mineral imbalance. An aquarium near a window is likely to be overgrown with algae. | Wikipedia - Community aquarium | null | null | null |
A material known as a "phosphate sponge" is available at aquarium shops to leach the phosphate out of the aquarium and reduce the growth of algae. Also, plants such as java moss (not java fern) compete with algae for another necessary plant nutrient, nitrate, and reduce algae growth. Java moss also forms a ground cover... | Wikipedia - Community aquarium | null | null | null |
Most freshwater turtles lay their eggs on land, typically near a water source, but some species of Emys have been found to lay their eggs no less than 150 m (490 ft) from water. The search for nesting areas, by adult females, can last several hours to several days. Once an appropriate site is found, females take their ... | Wikipedia - European pond turtle | null | null | null |
This process varies in duration; laying can take merely half an hour or upwards of several hours, depending on weather, interference by other animals, humans, etc. When laying is complete (and still facing away from the nest), the female turtle will use her back limbs this time, to cover and close the nest. This is ano... | Wikipedia - European pond turtle | null | null | null |
If an E. orbicularis female must change from nest to nest, she will typically select a site in relatively close proximity. In addition, females may also lay eggs in an abandoned nesting site if the conditions are an improvement, and deemed to be better suited for egg survival. If the environmental conditions of a nesti... | Wikipedia - European pond turtle | null | null | null |
Due to unforeseen ecological changes, such as thick vegetation growing over a season (and blocking sun to the nest), a nest site may become inadequate for incubating eggs. Females that do not exhibit nesting fidelity, and continue to lay in the same area for long periods of time—even with the ecological changes—may end... | Wikipedia - European pond turtle | null | null | null |
Most fundamental are the cobalt complexes with only alkyl ligands. Examples include Co(4-norbornyl)4 and its cation.Alkylcobalt is represented by vitamin B12 and related enzymes. In methylcobalamin the ligand is a methyl group, which is electrophilic. in vitamin B12, the alkyl ligand is an adenosyl group. | Wikipedia - Organocobalt compound | null | null | null |
Related to vitamin B12 are cobalt porphyrins, dimethylglyoximates, and related complexes of Schiff base ligands. These synthetic compounds also form alkyl derivatives that undergo diverse reactions reminiscent of the biological processes. The weak cobalt(III)-carbon bond in vitamin B12 analogues can be exploited in a t... | Wikipedia - Organocobalt compound | null | null | null |
Most fungi are part of the Ascomycetes. The composition of the fungal complex varies depending on the region. Their complete life cycle is as of yet unknown. The fungi are hibernating on wild plants like willow, ash or brambles, which are the locus of primary infections. | Wikipedia - Sooty blotch and flyspeck | null | null | null |
Whether fungi stay within apple orchards is unknown. They probably thrive on apple juice, which exits through minute tears of the cuticula during growth.Flyspeck disease is caused by Schizothyrium pomi. | Wikipedia - Sooty blotch and flyspeck | null | null | null |
It causes sharply demarcated grey blotches consisting of many small black flyspeck like dots. They can be rubbed off like sooty blotch, but no tear formation occurs. Fruit develop normally. Flyspeck frequently occurs in older trees with light colored peels (Golden Delicious, etc.). Because of their similarity the two d... | Wikipedia - Sooty blotch and flyspeck | null | null | null |
Most generalized Kac–Moody algebras are thought not to have distinguishing features. The interesting ones are of three types: Finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebras. Affine Kac–Moody algebras Algebras with Lorentzian Cartan subalgebra whose denominator function is an automorphic form of singular weight.There appear... | Wikipedia - Borcherds algebra | null | null | null |
There are similar examples associated to some of the other sporadic simple groups. It is possible to find many examples of generalized Kac–Moody algebras using the following principle: anything that looks like a generalized Kac–Moody algebra is a generalized Kac–Moody algebra. More precisely, if a Lie algebra is graded... | Wikipedia - Borcherds algebra | null | null | null |
In particular one can use vertex algebras to construct a Lie algebra from any even lattice. If the lattice is positive definite it gives a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra, if it is positive semidefinite it gives an affine Lie algebra, and if it is Lorentzian it gives an algebra satisfying the conditions above... | Wikipedia - Borcherds algebra | null | null | null |
Most geologists agree that crude becomes ‘heavy’ as a result of biodegradation, in which lighter oils are preferentially consumed by bacterial activity in the reservoir, leaving heavier hydrocarbons behind. This hypothesis leans heavily on the techniques of petroleum geochemistry. Poor geologic reservoir sealing expose... | Wikipedia - Heavy crude | null | null | null |
Most hard-bodied insect specimens and some other hard-bodied invertebrates such as certain Arachnida, are preserved as pinned specimens. Either while still fresh, or after rehydrating them if necessary because they had dried out, specimens are transfixed by special stainless steel entomological pins. As the insect drie... | Wikipedia - Zoological specimen | null | null | null |
The pins offer a means of handling the specimens without damage, and they also bear labels for descriptive and reference data. Once dried, the specimens may be kept in conveniently sized open trays. The bottoms of the trays are lined with a material suited to receiving and holding entomological pins securely and conven... | Wikipedia - Zoological specimen | null | null | null |
Cork and foam plastics are convenient examples. However, open trays are very vulnerable to attack by museum beetle and similar pests, so such open trays are stored in turn inside glass-topped, insect-proof drawers, commonly protected by suitable pesticides or repellents or barriers. Alternatively, some museums store th... | Wikipedia - Zoological specimen | null | null | null |
Most hieroglyphic Egyptian texts are written in a literary prestige register rather than the vernacular speech variety of their author. As a result, dialectical differences are not apparent in written Egyptian until the adoption of the Coptic alphabet. Nevertheless, it is clear that these differences existed before the... | Wikipedia - Egyptological pronunciation | null | null | null |
1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine. "Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and so... | Wikipedia - Egyptological pronunciation | null | null | null |
Most high-throughput, next generation sequencing platforms produce shorter read lengths compared to Sanger sequencing. These new platforms are able to generate large quantities of data in short periods of time, but until methods were developed for de novo assembly of large genomes from short read sequences, Sanger sequ... | Wikipedia - Scaffolding (bioinformatics) | null | null | null |
The release of the SMRT platform, from Pacific Biosciences, marked the beginning of single molecule sequencing and long read tech. It has been shown that 80-100X coverage with SMRT technology, which generates average read with lengths of 5456bp, is usually sufficient to create a finished de novo assembly for prokaryoti... | Wikipedia - Scaffolding (bioinformatics) | null | null | null |
When the funds for that level of coverage are not available to a researcher, they might decide to use a hybrid approach. Goldberg et al. evaluated the effectiveness of combining high throughput pyrosequencing with traditional Sanger sequencing. They were able to greatly increase N50 contig length and decrease gap lengt... | Wikipedia - Scaffolding (bioinformatics) | null | null | null |
Most histological samples need preparation before microscopic observation; these methods depend on the specimen and method of observation. | Wikipedia - Histology | null | null | null |
Most historians and sociologists of technology have worked in industrial societies, where ample information about the thoughts and motivations of adopters and users of new technologies exist, and where the social effects of new technologies can be assessed. But how can this be done for the archaeological past, where al... | Wikipedia - Anthropology of technology | null | null | null |
Technical choices can be made among decisions about raw material, tools used to shape the raw material, the energy sources, the techniques used to manipulate the material, and the chaîne opératoire that produced the artifact. For example, one article by Ottaway sets forth all the variety of technical choices possible i... | Wikipedia - Anthropology of technology | null | null | null |
Establishing the choices made often requires detailed laboratory analysis of the materials to establish the irreducible properties of artifacts. For example, to alloy copper with tin requires one to be able to reach the melting point of copper (1083 °C), but this temperature can be achieved with a variety of crucibles ... | Wikipedia - Anthropology of technology | null | null | null |
AOT analyses of the details of the ancient system demonstrated how a competent but decentralized metal production and manufacturing system emerged and endured over millennia, a system that served the needs of heterarchical metal age economies. A related concept to technical choice is that of ‘technological style’, the ... | Wikipedia - Anthropology of technology | null | null | null |
The most famous example in the literature is Lechtman's linking of Incan techniques of gold working and textile that both share a preoccupation with ‘essence’, the design and the gold must be integral to the product: no plating or applique is allowed. Few archaeologists have established this kind of cross-material conc... | Wikipedia - Anthropology of technology | null | null | null |
Most human civilizations - India, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Maya, and Inca, among others - based their culture on complex systems of astrology, which provided a link between the cosmos with the conditions and events on earth. For these, the astrological practice was not mere divination because it also served as the fo... | Wikipedia - Comparative mythology | null | null | null |
The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation, or mythology. Different cultures and countries adopted their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were intern... | Wikipedia - Comparative mythology | null | null | null |
Most if not all anthropologists dispute the "universal" nature of social stratification, holding that it is not the standard among all societies. John Gowdy (2006) writes, "Assumptions about human behaviour that members of market societies believe to be universal, that humans are naturally competitive and acquisitive, ... | Wikipedia - Social hierarchy | null | null | null |
Most ignimbrites are silicic, with generally over 65% SiO2. The chemistry of the ignimbrites, like all felsic rocks, and the resultant mineralogy of phenocryst populations within them, is related mostly to the varying contents of sodium, potassium, calcium, the lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.Some rare ignimbrites... | Wikipedia - Ignimbrite | null | null | null |
Most infants develop visible jaundice due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin concentration during their first week. This is called physiological jaundice. This pattern of hyperbilirubinemia has been classified into two functionally distinct periods. Phase oneTerm infants - jaundice lasts for about 10 days with a ra... | Wikipedia - Neonatal jaundice | null | null | null |
Preterm infants - jaundice lasts for about two weeks, with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 255 μmol/L (15 mg/dL).Phase two - bilirubin levels decline to about 34 μmol/L (2 mg/dL) for two weeks, eventually mimicking adult values.Preterm infants - phase two can last more than one month. Exclusively breastfed infant... | Wikipedia - Neonatal jaundice | null | null | null |
After birth, it takes some time for this enzyme to gain function. Shorter life span of fetal red blood cells, being approximately 80 to 90 days in a full term infant, compared to 100 to 120 days in adults. Relatively low conversion of bilirubin to urobilinogen by the intestinal flora, resulting in relatively high absor... | Wikipedia - Neonatal jaundice | null | null | null |
Most infrastructure is designed by civil engineers or architects. Generally road and rail transport networks, as well as water and waste management infrastructure are designed by civil engineers, electrical power and lighting networks are designed by power engineers and electrical engineers, and telecommunications, com... | Wikipedia - Infrastructure and economics | null | null | null |
In terms of engineering tasks, the design and construction management process usually follows these steps: Planning and Preliminary Engineering StudiesIn general, infrastructure is planned by urban planners or civil engineers at a high level for transportation, water/waste water, electrical, urban zones, parks and othe... | Wikipedia - Infrastructure and economics | null | null | null |
Most instructions considered so far contain the size (lengths) of their operands within the operation code. Frequently available operand lengths are 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 bytes. But there are also architectures where the length of an operand may be held in a separate field of the instruction or with the operand itself, e.g... | Wikipedia - Network byte order | null | null | null |
Such an approach allows operand lengths up to 256 bytes or larger. The data types of such operands are character strings or BCD. Machines able to manipulate such data with one instruction (e.g. compare, add) include the IBM 1401, 1410, 1620, System/360, System/370, ESA/390, and z/Architecture, all of them of type big-e... | Wikipedia - Network byte order | null | null | null |
Most ixodid ticks require three hosts, and their life cycles typically span three years. The female tick drops off its host, often in the fall, and lays thousands of eggs. The larvae hatch in the winter and emerge in the spring. When the larvae emerge, they attach and feed primarily on small mammals and birds. | Wikipedia - Tick bites | null | null | null |
During the summer the larvae become engorged and drop off the first host to molt and become nymphs, this often occurs during the fall. The following spring the nymphs emerge and seek out another host, often a small rodent. The nymphs become engorged and drop off the host in the fall to molt and become adults. | Wikipedia - Tick bites | null | null | null |
The following spring the adult ticks emerge and seek out a larger host, often a large mammal such as cattle or even humans. Females will mate on their third host. Female adults then engorge on blood and prepare to drop off to lay her eggs on the ground, while males feed very little and remain on the host in order to co... | Wikipedia - Tick bites | null | null | null |
Most kinds of data can be embedded in MPEG-4 Part 14 files through private streams. A separate hint track is used to include streaming information in the file. The registered codecs for MPEG-4 Part 12-based files are published on the website of MP4 Registration authority (mp4ra.org), but most of them are not widely sup... | Wikipedia - MP4 file format | null | null | null |
Most krill, small shrimp-like crustaceans, form large swarms, sometimes reaching densities of 10,000–60,000 individual animals per cubic metre. Swarming is a defensive mechanism, confusing smaller predators that would like to pick out single individuals. The largest swarms are visible from space and can be tracked by s... | Wikipedia - Swarm behaviour | null | null | null |
One swarm was observed to cover an area of 450 square kilometres (175 square miles) of ocean, to a depth of 200 meters (650 feet) and was estimated to contain over 2 million tons of krill. Recent research suggests that krill do not simply drift passively in these currents but actually modify them. Krill typically follo... | Wikipedia - Swarm behaviour | null | null | null |
By moving vertically through the ocean on a 12-hour cycle, the swarms play a major part in mixing deeper, nutrient-rich water with nutrient-poor water at the surface. Until recently it has been assumed that they spend the day at greater depths and rise during the night toward the surface. It has been found that the dee... | Wikipedia - Swarm behaviour | null | null | null |
Later work suggested that swimming activity in krill varied with stomach fullness. Satiated animals that had been feeding at the surface swim less actively and therefore sink below the mixed layer. As they sink they produce faeces which may mean that they have an important role to play in the Antarctic carbon cycle. | Wikipedia - Swarm behaviour | null | null | null |
Krill with empty stomachs were found to swim more actively and thus head towards the surface. This implies that vertical migration may be a bi- or tri-daily occurrence. Some species form surface swarms during the day for feeding and reproductive purposes even though such behaviour is dangerous because it makes them ext... | Wikipedia - Swarm behaviour | null | null | null |
Dense swarms may elicit a feeding frenzy among fish, birds and mammal predators, especially near the surface. When disturbed, a swarm scatters, and some individuals have even been observed to moult instantaneously, leaving the exuvia behind as a decoy. In 2012, Gandomi and Alavi presented what appears to be a successfu... | Wikipedia - Swarm behaviour | null | null | null |
Most languages use pitch as intonation to convey prosody and pragmatics, but this does not make them tonal languages. In tonal languages, each syllable has an inherent pitch contour, and thus minimal pairs (or larger minimal sets) exist between syllables with the same segmental features (consonants and vowels) but diff... | Wikipedia - Tonal language | null | null | null |
A minimal set based on ma are, in pinyin transcription: mā (媽/妈) 'mother' má (麻/麻) 'hemp' mǎ (馬/马) 'horse' mà (罵/骂) 'scold' ma (嗎/吗) (an interrogative particle)These may be combined into a tongue-twister: Simplified: 妈妈骂马的麻吗? Traditional: 媽媽罵馬的麻嗎? Pinyin: Māma mà mǎde má ma? | Wikipedia - Tonal language | null | null | null |
IPA /máma mâ màtə mǎ ma/ Translation: 'Is mom scolding the horse's hemp? 'See also One-syllable article. A well-known tongue-twister in Standard Thai is: ไหมใหม่ไหม้มั้ย. | Wikipedia - Tonal language | null | null | null |
IPA: /mǎi mài mâi mái/ Translation: 'Does new silk burn? 'A Vietnamese tongue twister: Bấy nay bây bày bảy bẫy bậy. IPA: Translation: 'All along you've set up the seven traps incorrectly! | Wikipedia - Tonal language | null | null | null |
'A Cantonese tongue twister: 一人因一日引一刃一印而忍 Jyutping: jat1 jan4 jan1 jat1 jat6 jan5 jat1 jan6 jat1 jan3 ji4 jan2 IPA: Translation: 'One person endures a day with one knife and one print. 'Tone is most frequently manifested on vowels, but in most tonal languages where voiced syllabic consonants occur they will bear tone a... | Wikipedia - Tonal language | null | null | null |
Most large molecules, including virtually all proteins and many polysaccharides, can serve as antigens. The parts of an antigen that interact with an antibody molecule or a lymphocyte receptor, are called epitopes, or antigenic determinants. Most antigens contain a variety of epitopes and can stimulate the production o... | Wikipedia - Adaptive immune system | null | null | null |
Even in the absence of antigen stimulation, a human can produce more than 1 trillion different antibody molecules. Millions of genes would be required to store the genetic information that produces these receptors, but, the entire human genome contains fewer than 25,000 genes.Myriad receptors are produced through a pro... | Wikipedia - Adaptive immune system | null | null | null |
To generate each unique antigen receptor, these genes have undergone a process called V(D)J recombination, or combinatorial diversification, in which one gene segment recombines with other gene segments to form a single unique gene. This assembly process generates the enormous diversity of receptors and antibodies, bef... | Wikipedia - Adaptive immune system | null | null | null |
Throughout an animal's lifetime, lymphocytes that can react against the antigens an animal actually encounters are selected for action—directed against anything that expresses that antigen. The innate and acquired portions of the immune system work together, not in spite of each other. The acquired arm, B, and T cells ... | Wikipedia - Adaptive immune system | null | null | null |
Most late-model vehicles, including Teslas, are equipped with event data recorders which collect approximately five seconds of data to aid crash investigations, including speed, acceleration, brake use, steering input, and driver assistance feature status; Tesla vehicles permanently record this data as "gateway log" fi... | Wikipedia - Tesla Full Self-Driving | null | null | null |
Snapshot data always are captured when the vehicle crashes (defined as deploying the airbags) and uploaded via a 4G cellular network. Snapshots sometimes also are captured for other events defined by Tesla. Even when Autopilot is not actively providing steering, throttle, and brake controls, 2016 and later model year T... | Wikipedia - Tesla Full Self-Driving | null | null | null |
When the control inputs generated by the shadow mode Autopilot do not match those of the human driver, the vehicle may record a snapshot to assist in training the system, after which the data may be reviewed by the Autopilot team. As explained by Karpathy, Tesla can deploy additional software "detectors" triggered by s... | Wikipedia - Tesla Full Self-Driving | null | null | null |
A trip starts when the vehicle shifts from Park to Drive, and ends when shifted back to Park. Trail data also includes vehicle speed, road type used, and Autopilot status. Like the snapshots, these trail data are deleted locally after being uploaded to Tesla. The trail data are meant to be anonymized by stripping the v... | Wikipedia - Tesla Full Self-Driving | null | null | null |
Most lone actor shootings are committed by individuals with a grievance against an institution, such as their former school or workplace, with no ideological motivation. In the United States, the perpetrators generally use guns, whereas in other countries where the public have less access to guns (such as China), knive... | Wikipedia - Lone wolf attack | null | null | null |
Most machine tool builders source their CNC controls from partners such as Fanuc, Mitsubishi Electric, Siemens, and Heidenhain. Several builders have developed their own CNC controls over the years (including Mazak, Okuma, Haas, Dalian Kede and others), but Okuma is unusual among machine tool builders for the degree to... | Wikipedia - Okuma Corporation | null | null | null |
It offers closed-loop positioning via its absolute position feedback system. The "OSP" name began as an abbreviation for "Okuma Sampling Pathcontrol". In an industry that pushes hard for continual technological innovation, Okuma has often been an innovative leader. | Wikipedia - Okuma Corporation | null | null | null |
For example, it has been among the leaders of development for thermal compensation and collision avoidance. Thermal compensation is designing the machine elements and control to minimize the dimensional distortion that results from the heat generated by machining. This is done both by preventing heat buildup (for examp... | Wikipedia - Okuma Corporation | null | null | null |
Most manufacturing models will have a forensic component that monitors early failures to improve quality or efficiencies. Insurance companies use forensic engineers to prove liability or nonliability. Most engineering disasters (structural failures such as bridge and building collapses) are subject to forensic investig... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering | null | null | null |
Furthermore, appliances, consumer products, medical devices, structures, industrial machinery, and even simple hand tools such as hammers or chisels can warrant investigations upon incidents causing injury or property damages. The failure of medical devices is often safety-critical to the user, so reporting failures an... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering | null | null | null |
Problems have been reported with breast implants, heart valves, and catheters, for example. Failures that occur early in the life of a new product are vital information for the manufacturer to improve the product. New product development aims to eliminate defects by testing in the factory before launch, but some may oc... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering | null | null | null |
Testing products to simulate their behavior in the external environment is a difficult skill, and may involve accelerated life testing for example. The worst kind of defect to occur after launch is a safety-critical defect, a defect that can endanger life or limb. Their discovery usually leads to a product recall or ev... | Wikipedia - Forensic engineering | null | null | null |
Most marketers are familiar with Search Marketing (both Search engine marketing and search engine optimization) as an intent data source, but there are other important sources, including: site data off-site web activity point-of-sale, CRM social data content consumption data.In essence, intent data is the digital footp... | Wikipedia - Intent marketing | null | null | null |
Most medical devices emit some form of exhaust data, such as many pacemakers, dialysis machines, and cameras used during surgery. The majority of this data is never captured, and is primarily abandoned after the surgery is completed, or the device makes its next routine check. Some issues have arisen regarding the use ... | Wikipedia - Data exhaust | null | null | null |
Most megabats are primarily frugivorous. Throughout the family, a diverse array of fruit is consumed from nearly 188 plant genera. Some species are also nectarivorous, meaning that they also drink nectar from flowers. In Australia, Eucalyptus flowers are an especially important food source. | Wikipedia - Fruit bats | null | null | null |
Other food resources include leaves, shoots, buds, pollen, seed pods, sap, cones, bark, and twigs. They are prodigious eaters and can consume up to 2.5 times their own body weight in fruit per night.Megabats fly to roosting and foraging resources. They typically fly straight and relatively fast for bats; some species a... | Wikipedia - Fruit bats | null | null | null |
Species can commute 20–50 km (12–31 mi) in a night. Migratory species of the genera Eidolon, Pteropus, Epomophorus, Rousettus, Myonycteris, and Nanonycteris can migrate distances up to 750 km (470 mi). Most megabats have below-average aspect ratios, which is measurement relating wingspan and wing area. : 348 Wing loadi... | Wikipedia - Fruit bats | null | null | null |
Most metals form coordination complexes containing covalently attached carbon monoxide. Only metals in lower oxidation states will complex with carbon monoxide ligands. This is because there must be sufficient electron density to facilitate back-donation from the metal dxz-orbital, to the π* molecular orbital from CO. ... | Wikipedia - Carbon Monoxide | null | null | null |
This electron donation is also exhibited with the cis effect, or the labilization of CO ligands in the cis position. Nickel carbonyl, for example, forms by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and nickel metal: Ni + 4 CO → Ni(CO)4 (1 bar, 55 °C)For this reason, nickel in any tubing or part must not come into prolo... | Wikipedia - Carbon Monoxide | null | null | null |
In these situations, carbon monoxide is called the carbonyl ligand. One of the most important metal carbonyls is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5: Many metal–CO complexes are prepared by decarbonylation of organic solvents, not from CO. For instance, iridium trichloride and triphenylphosphine react in boiling 2-methoxyethan... | Wikipedia - Carbon Monoxide | null | null | null |
Most methods of solution of nonlinear systems of equations are iterative methods. For a particular parameter value λ 0 {\displaystyle \lambda _{0}} a mapping is repeatedly applied to an initial guess u 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} _{0}} . If the method converges, and is consistent, then in the limit the iteration appro... | Wikipedia - Numerical continuation | null | null | null |
The solution at one value of λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is used as the initial guess for the solution at λ + Δ λ {\displaystyle \lambda +\Delta \lambda } . With Δ λ {\displaystyle \Delta \lambda } sufficiently small the iteration applied to the initial guess should converge. One advantage of natural parameter continuat... | Wikipedia - Numerical continuation | null | null | null |
All that is required is that an initial solution be given (some solvers used to always start at a fixed initial guess). There has been a lot of work in the area of large scale continuation on applying more sophisticated algorithms to black box solvers (see e.g. LOCA). However, natural parameter continuation fails at tu... | Wikipedia - Numerical continuation | null | null | null |
Most military and defense facilities, along with many private homes, appear blurred in mapping services. The vast majority of Antarctica is also in low resolution due to the bright, often featureless, ice and snow making high-resolution imaging both difficult and largely unnecessary. The following is a partial list of ... | Wikipedia - Satellite map images with missing or unclear data | null | null | null |
Most modeling languages exploit the similarities between structured models and relational databases by providing a database access layer, which enables the modelling system to directly access data from external data sources (e.g. these table handlers for AMPL). With the refinement of analytic technologies applied to bu... | Wikipedia - Algebraic modeling language | null | null | null |
Most models simulate lithospheric plates with a viscoelastic-plastic rheology. In this simulation, plates deform viscoelastically up to a threshold level of stress, at which point they deform in a plastic manner. The lithospheric yield stress is a function of pressure, stress, composition, but temperature has a disprop... | Wikipedia - Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets | null | null | null |
Most modern approaches to mathematical general relativity begin with the concept of a manifold. More precisely, the basic physical construct representing gravitation — a curved spacetime — is modelled by a four-dimensional, smooth, connected, Lorentzian manifold. Other physical descriptors are represented by various te... | Wikipedia - Mathematics of general relativity | null | null | null |
For example, in the theory of manifolds, each point is contained in a (by no means unique) coordinate chart, and this chart can be thought of as representing the 'local spacetime' around the observer (represented by the point). The principle of local Lorentz covariance, which states that the laws of special relativity ... | Wikipedia - Mathematics of general relativity | null | null | null |
Most modern input method implementations would adjust the positions of word candidates in the candidate list based on prior usage statistics. In addition, the input method would also support user-defined phrases via a user dictionary. | Wikipedia - Pinyin input method | null | null | null |
Most modern laboratories use a refinement of total plate count in which serial dilutions of the sample are vacuum filtered through purpose made membrane filters and these filters are themselves laid on nutrient medium within sealed plates. The methodology is otherwise similar to conventional total plate counts. Membran... | Wikipedia - Bacteriological water analysis | null | null | null |
Most modern neurological studies of bilingualism employ functional neuroimaging techniques to uncover the neurological underpinnings of multilingualism and how multilingualism is beneficial to the brain. Neuroimaging and other neurological studies have demonstrated in recent years that multilingualism has a significant... | Wikipedia - Bimodal bilingualism | null | null | null |
Multilingualism, especially bimodal multilingualism, can help slow to process of cognitive decline in aging. It is thought that this is a result of the increased work load that the executive system, housed mostly in the frontal cortex, must assume in order to successfully control the use of multiple languages at once. ... | Wikipedia - Bimodal bilingualism | null | null | null |
Gray matter volume (GMV) has been shown to be significantly preserved in bimodal bilinguals as compared to monolinguals in multiple brain areas, including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior temporal lobes, and left insula. Similarly, neuroimaging studies that have compared monolinguals, unimodal bilinguals, and bimoda... | Wikipedia - Bimodal bilingualism | null | null | null |
Bilinguals also require an effective and fast neural control system to allow them to select and control their languages even while code switching rapidly. Evidence indicates that the left caudate nucleus—a centrally located brain feature that is near the thalamus and the basal ganglia—is an important part of this mecha... | Wikipedia - Bimodal bilingualism | null | null | null |
There is also evidence that suggests that the age at which an individual acquires a second language may play a significant role in the varying brain functions associated with bilingualism. For example, individuals who acquired their second language early (before the age of 10) tend to have drastically different activat... | Wikipedia - Bimodal bilingualism | null | null | null |
While hearing bimodal bilinguals showed less parietal activation than deaf signers when asked to use only sign language, those same bimodal bilinguals demonstrated greater left parietal activation than did monolinguals. Parietal activation is not typically associated with language production but rather with motor activ... | Wikipedia - Bimodal bilingualism | null | null | null |
Moreover, it has been proven that there is a parallel or simultaneous language activation during language use. This activation occurs when the bilingual uses language, regardless of the L1 or L2, being used. The dominance or lack of dominance of a language does not impact the stimulation of the brain when a language is... | Wikipedia - Bimodal bilingualism | null | null | null |
Most modern operating systems implement Nagle's algorithms. In AIX, Linux, and Windows it is enabled by default and can be disabled on a per-socket basis using the TCP_NODELAY option. | Wikipedia - Nagle's algorithm | null | null | null |
Most modern petrologists classify igneous rocks, including volcanic rocks, by their chemistry when dealing with their origin. The fact that different mineralogies and textures may be developed from the same initial magmas has led petrologists to rely heavily on chemistry to look at a volcanic rock's origin. The chemica... | Wikipedia - Effusive rock | null | null | null |
Ultramafic rock and carbonatites have their own specialized classification, but these rarely occur as volcanic rocks. Some fields of the TAS diagram are further subdivided by the ratio of potassium oxide to sodium oxide. | Wikipedia - Effusive rock | null | null | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.