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Cancer cells do not communicate with their tissue microenvironment in a manner that protects tissue integrity; instead, the movement and the survival of cancer cells become possible in locations where they can impair tissue function. Cancer cells survive by "rewiring" signal pathways that normally protect the tissue fr... | Wikipedia - Neoplastic transformation | null | null | null |
NF-κB activates the expression of numerous genes involved in the transition between inflammation and regeneration, which encode cytokines, adhesion factors, and other molecules that can change cell fate. This reprogramming of cellular phenotypes normally allows the development of a fully functional intact tissue. NF-κB... | Wikipedia - Neoplastic transformation | null | null | null |
This tight regulation of signal exchange between cells protects the tissue from excessive inflammation, and ensures that different cell types gradually acquire complementary functions and specific positions. Failure of this mutual regulation between genetic reprogramming and cell interactions allows cancer cells to giv... | Wikipedia - Neoplastic transformation | null | null | null |
Normally, people are unaware of their muscle tone in their daily activities. The body maintains the balance between the tone of flexor and extensor muscle groups. Sometimes, in normal, healthy people, that tone is lost either in flexors or extensor muscle groups in isolation, temporarily and intermittently resulting in... | Wikipedia - Muscle tonus | null | null | null |
Generally, muscle relaxants or quinine can help with cramps and is warranted when they become troublesome. But these medication cause their relaxing effect in both groups by moderating their tone. | Wikipedia - Muscle tonus | null | null | null |
The cause of disproportionate intermittent contractions of either flexors or extensors or the cause of cramps is unknown. The stimulus for these "cramps" may originate in the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord, or the muscle itself. This could indicate developing pathology or other problems in the future. | Wikipedia - Muscle tonus | null | null | null |
Normally, when a program OPENs a DCB for EXCP, OPEN creates a Data Extent Block (DEB) containing each extent for the first volume of the associated dataset; however, for parallel mount OPEN creates a DEB containing all extents for all volumes. Each DEB is forward- and backward-chained to the DCB, and EXCP checks the ch... | Wikipedia - Execute Channel Program | null | null | null |
Norman Johnson sought which convex non-uniform polyhedra had regular faces, although not necessarily all alike. In 1966, he published a list of 92 such solids, gave them names and numbers, and conjectured that there were no others. Victor Zalgaller proved in 1969 that the list of these Johnson solids was complete. | Wikipedia - Polyhedral surface | null | null | null |
Norman conducted multiple experiments involving measurements of cross sections for reactions important for understanding the synthesis of elements in stars. He also led research focused on the impacts of high temperatures, and densities that occur in various astrophysical environments on the decay rates of key radioact... | Wikipedia - Eric B. Norman | null | null | null |
Norman has worked extensively on two aspects of neutrino physics, the solar neutrino problem, and searches for neutrinoless double beta decay. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he led a group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in its participation in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. His group designed and built... | Wikipedia - Eric B. Norman | null | null | null |
SNO ultimately solved the solar neutrino problem by demonstrating that two thirds of the electron-type neutrinos produced through fusion reactions in the Sun oscillate into mu- and/or tau- neutrinos before reaching the Earth. This measurement led to the awarding of the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics and the 2015 Breakthro... | Wikipedia - Eric B. Norman | null | null | null |
Observation of this decay mode could help to explain the origin of the matter/anti-matter asymmetry of the universe. This experiment is located in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy and utilizes approximately 1000 5x5x5-cm crystals of TeO2 operated as cryogenic bolometers at a temperature of approximate 10 mK.... | Wikipedia - Eric B. Norman | null | null | null |
Normative knowledge A collection of desirable value ranges for the individuals in the population component e.g. acceptable behavior for the agents in population. Domain specific knowledge Information about the domain of the cultural algorithm problem is applied to. Situational knowledge Specific examples of important e... | Wikipedia - Cultural algorithm | null | null | null |
North American and European pesticide regulatory authorities have identified specific data gaps and uncertainties for which clothianidin manufacturers must provide data. Studies required of the manufacturers will further investigate clothianidin's: environmental persistence in soil and subsequent uptake in rotational c... | Wikipedia - Clothianidin | null | null | null |
USEPA's analysis of nine pollinator field studies submitted concluded that three were invalid, so EPA did not use the data they provided in making its regulatory decision for clothianidin. EPA classified the remainder as supplemental, generally because Bayer AG conducted the studies without EPA first approving the prot... | Wikipedia - Clothianidin | null | null | null |
Indicative of the rapid advance of regulators' understanding of pollinator science, USEPA first accepted one of the studies as sound science in 2007, then reclassified it as invalid in November 2010 only to reclassify it as supplemental one month later. The changes in EPA's classification of this study have no effect o... | Wikipedia - Clothianidin | null | null | null |
North Korea began to develop its own chemical industry and chemical weapon (CW) program in 1954, immediately following the end of the Korean War. However, substantial progress was not made until the 1960s, when Kim Il Sung "issued a 'Declaration for Chemicalization' whose aim was to further develop an independent chemi... | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
It is unclear when North Korea "acquired the capability for independent CW production"; estimates range from the 1970s to early 1980s. However, by the late 1980s, North Korea's CW capabilities had expanded; the South Korean Ministry of National Defense reported in 1987 that the North "possessed up to 250 metric tons of... | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
The South Korean Ministry of National Defense had the same estimate in 2010. In 2014, the South Korean Defense Ministry estimated that "the North had stockpiled 2,500 to 5,000 tons of chemical weapons and had a capacity to produce a variety of biological weapons." In 2015, the U.S. | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
Department of Defense reported to Congress that North Korea's CW program "likely possesses a CW stockpile" and likely had "the capability to produce nerve, blister, blood, and choking agents." The report also found that "North Korea probably could employ CW agents by modifying a variety of conventional munitions, inclu... | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
The report indicated that North Korea "continues to develop its biological research and development capabilities" and "may consider the use of biological weapons as an option, contrary to its obligations under the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention. "North Korea is a signatory to the Geneva Protocol, which prohib... | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
Although the nation has signed the BWC, it "has failed to provide a BWC Confidence-Building Measure declaration since 1990." North Korea is not a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). It is one of four countries that have not ratified the CWC (the others are Israel, Egypt, and South Sudan).North Korea has ref... | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
The agency also announced the renovation of underground emergency shelters. Gas masks are effective against some chemical agents, but not against blister agents such as mustard gas, Lewisite, and Phosgene oxime, which North Korea is thought to have in its stockpiles. | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
In October 2013, South Korea and the United States "agreed to build a joint surveillance system to detect biochemical agents along the demilitarized zone" and to share information.Also in 2015, Melissa Hanham of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies released an analysis of a photograph of North Korean su... | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
A number of other experts agreed that "the photos most likely show an operational biological weapons facility." The North Korean government denied the allegations; an official spokesperson for the National Defence Commission, through the official Korean Central News Agency, challenged the U.S. | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
Congress to inspect the Institute and "behold the awe-inspiring sight of the Pyongyang Bio-technical Institute. "North Korea possesses various types of chemical weapons, including nerve, blister, blood, and vomiting agents, as well as some biological weapons, including anthrax, smallpox, and cholera.In 2017, Kim Jong-n... | Wikipedia - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction | null | null | null |
North Song dynasty mathematician Jia Xian invented Horner scheme for solving simple 4th order equation of the form x 4 = a {\displaystyle x^{4}=a} South Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao improved Jia Xian's Horner method to solve polynomial equation up to 10th order. The following is algorithm for solving − x 4 + ... | Wikipedia - Rod calculus | null | null | null |
Northern Canada and the Northwest Territories are famous for gas hydrates, also known as methane clathrate—methane gas frozen in thick sediments, which might hypothetically lead to intense climate change if they melted. Recognized from bore holes, gas flow during drilling or seismic data, it was not until March and Apr... | Wikipedia - Geology of the Northwest Territories | null | null | null |
Northern Rocky Mountain Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest Rocky Mountain Subalpine Mesic Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland Northwestern Great Plains - Black Hills Ponderosa Pine Woodland and Savanna Northern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest Rocky Mountain Foothill Limber Pine - Juniper Woodland North... | Wikipedia - Ecological systems of Montana | null | null | null |
Northern Song dynasty mathematician Jia Xian developed an additive multiplicative method for extraction of square root and cubic root which implemented the "Horner" rule. Four outstanding mathematicians arose during the Song dynasty and Yuan dynasty, particularly in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries: Yang Hui, Qin J... | Wikipedia - Chinese mathematics | null | null | null |
Li Zhi on the other hand, investigated on a form of algebraic geometry based on tiān yuán shù. His book; Ceyuan haijing revolutionized the idea of inscribing a circle into triangles, by turning this geometry problem by algebra instead of the traditional method of using Pythagorean theorem. Guo Shoujing of this era also... | Wikipedia - Chinese mathematics | null | null | null |
At this point of mathematical history, a lot of modern western mathematics were already discovered by Chinese mathematicians. Things grew quiet for a time until the thirteenth century Renaissance of Chinese math. This saw Chinese mathematicians solving equations with methods Europe would not know until the eighteenth c... | Wikipedia - Chinese mathematics | null | null | null |
The high point of this era came with Zhu Shijie's two books Suanxue qimeng and the Siyuan yujian. In one case he reportedly gave a method equivalent to Gauss's pivotal condensation. | Wikipedia - Chinese mathematics | null | null | null |
Qin Jiushao (c. 1202–1261) was the first to introduce the zero symbol into Chinese mathematics. Before this innovation, blank spaces were used instead of zeros in the system of counting rods. | Wikipedia - Chinese mathematics | null | null | null |
One of the most important contribution of Qin Jiushao was his method of solving high order numerical equations. Referring to Qin's solution of a 4th order equation, Yoshio Mikami put it: "Who can deny the fact of Horner's illustrious process being used in China at least nearly six long centuries earlier than in Europe?... | Wikipedia - Chinese mathematics | null | null | null |
Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Google, Raytheon, Impresa Aerospace, Cooler Master, John Deere. == References == | Wikipedia - Beach Cities Robotics | null | null | null |
Northwestern Great Plains Mixedgrass Prairie Western Great Plains Sand Prairie Northern Rocky Mountain Lower Montane, Foothill and Valley Grassland Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Mesic Meadow Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Upper Montane Grassland | Wikipedia - Ecological systems of Montana | null | null | null |
Northwestern Great Plains Shrubland Rocky Mountain Lower Montane-Foothill Shrubland Northern Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Deciduous Shrubland Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Deciduous Shrubland Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Steppe Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush Steppe Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sageb... | Wikipedia - Ecological systems of Montana | null | null | null |
Nortriptyline is a tricyclic compound, specifically a dibenzocycloheptadiene, and possesses three rings fused together with a side chain attached in its chemical structure. Other dibenzocycloheptadiene TCAs include amitriptyline (N-methylnortriptyline), protriptyline, and butriptyline. Nortriptyline is a secondary amin... | Wikipedia - Nortriptyline | null | null | null |
Other secondary amine TCAs include desipramine and protriptyline. The chemical name of nortriptyline is 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N-methyl-1-propanamine and its free base form has a chemical formula of C19H21N1 with a molecular weight of 263.384 g/mol. The drug is used commercially mostly as the... | Wikipedia - Nortriptyline | null | null | null |
Norwegian shale and Japanese chert from the Ladinian-Carnian boundary show a marked change in the ratio of seawater osmium isotopes. The relative abundance of osmium-187 over osmium-188 declines strongly through most of the Julian before rebounding and stabilizing in the Tuvalian. The decline is attributed to early pha... | Wikipedia - Carnian pluvial episode | null | null | null |
Nose and throat work as regenerative heat exchangers during breathing. The cooler air coming in is warmed, so that it reaches the lungs as warm air. On the way back out, this warmed air deposits much of its heat back onto the sides of the nasal passages, so that these passages are then ready to warm the next batch of a... | Wikipedia - Regenerative heat exchanger | null | null | null |
Not all European countries monitor data on the number of fires that occur as a result of home oxygen. Despite a European Union Medical Device Directive requiring incidents to be reported to national vigilance authorities, there is often inadequate coordination to publish the information centrally. According to the Germ... | Wikipedia - Oxygen firebreak | null | null | null |
By contrast, a white paper report, published by BPR Medical in April 2022, found that 23 deaths from home oxygen fire incidents in France and Italy, had been reported by the media between 2017 and 2021. In England and Wales, central reporting of adverse incidents is a requirement of the NHS Service Specification for Ho... | Wikipedia - Oxygen firebreak | null | null | null |
Not all algebraic groups are linear groups or abelian varieties, for instance some group schemes occurring naturally in arithmetic geometry are neither. Chevalley's structure theorem asserts that every connected algebraic group is an extension of an abelian variety by a linear algebraic group. More precisely, if K is a... | Wikipedia - Algebraic groups | null | null | null |
Not all algorithms try to either find a unique cluster assignment for each point or all clusters in all subspaces; many settle for a result in between, where a number of possibly overlapping, but not necessarily exhaustive set of clusters are found. An example is FIRES, which is from its basic approach a subspace clust... | Wikipedia - Clustering high-dimensional data | null | null | null |
An important question in such data is to compare and correlate patient conditions and therapy results along with combinations of dimensions. The number of dimensions is often very large, consequently one needs to map them to a smaller number of relevant dimensions to be more amenable for expert analysis. This is becaus... | Wikipedia - Clustering high-dimensional data | null | null | null |
Not all approximation algorithms are suitable for direct practical applications. Some involve solving non-trivial linear programming/semidefinite relaxations (which may themselves invoke the ellipsoid algorithm), complex data structures, or sophisticated algorithmic techniques, leading to difficult implementation issue... | Wikipedia - Approximation algorithm | null | null | null |
In this way, the study of even very expensive algorithms is not a completely theoretical pursuit as they can yield valuable insights. In other cases, even if the initial results are of purely theoretical interest, over time, with an improved understanding, the algorithms may be refined to become more practical. One suc... | Wikipedia - Approximation algorithm | null | null | null |
Not all countries have every level of division, depending on their size. For example, Luxembourg and Cyprus only have local administrative units (LAUs); the three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself. | Wikipedia - Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics | null | null | null |
Not all earthworms become two worms when cut in half. Only a limited number of earthworm species are capable of anterior regeneration. Houseflies have an average lifespan of 20 to 30 days, not 24 hours. The misconception may arise from confusion with mayflies, which, in one species, have an adult lifespan of as little ... | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
The daddy longlegs spider (Pholcidae) is not the most venomous spider in the world; their fangs are capable of piercing human skin, but the tiny amount of venom they carry causes only a mild burning sensation for a few seconds. Other species such as harvestmen, crane flies, and male mosquitoes are also called daddy lon... | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
Most people also wake up from sleep when they have a spider on their face.Female praying mantises do not always eat the males during mating.It is not true that aerodynamic theory predicts that bumblebees should not be able to fly; the physics of insect flight is quite well understood. The misconception appears to come ... | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
The name may be a reference to the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded. While certainly critical to the pollination of many plant species, European honey bees are not essential to human food production, despite claims that without their pol... | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
The ten most important crops, accounting for 60% of all human food energy, all fall into this category. Ticks do not jump or fall from trees onto their hosts. | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
Instead, they lie in wait to grasp and climb onto any passing host or otherwise trace down hosts via, for example, olfactory stimuli, the host's body heat, or carbon dioxide in the host's breath. Though they are often called "white ants", termites are not ants, nor are they closely related to ants. Termites are actuall... | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
While cockroaches have a much higher radiation resistance than vertebrates, they are not immune to radiation poisoning, nor are they exceptionally radiation-resistant compared to other insects. Cockroaches would not be the only organisms capable of surviving in an environment contaminated with nuclear fallout. Since no... | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
Cockroaches are not capable of surviving a direct nuclear blast. Applying urine to jellyfish stings does not relieve pain. A centuries-old old wives' tale, the idea may have been popularized by an episode of Friends. | Wikipedia - Historical myth | null | null | null |
Not all experts agree that the Huygens' principle is an accurate microscopic representation of reality. For instance, Melvin Schwartz argued that "Huygens' principle actually does give the right answer but for the wrong reasons".This can be reflected in the following facts: The microscopic mechanics to create photons a... | Wikipedia - Huygens' Principle | null | null | null |
The Huygens analysis also does not include polarization for light which imply a vector potential, where instead sound waves can be described with a scalar potential and there is no unique and natural translation between the two. In the Huygens description, there is no explanation of why we choose only the forward-going... | Wikipedia - Huygens' Principle | null | null | null |
The Fresnel approximation can be interpreted in a quantum probabilistic manner but is unclear how much this sum of states (i.e., wavelets on the wavefront) is a complete list of states that are meaningful physically or represents more of an approximation on a generic basis like in the linear combination of atomic orbit... | Wikipedia - Huygens' Principle | null | null | null |
Not all individuals in some species are identical in appearance. For example, Papilio glaucus (eastern tiger swallowtail), Y-linkage determines whether the females are either wild-type (yellow and black) or melanic (dark melanin replaces the yellow background). This genetic difference stems from the fact that melanism ... | Wikipedia - Swallowtail butterfly | null | null | null |
Without the pigmentation, the butterfly appears mostly black (the melanic form) and is a Batesian mimic of Battus philenor, the pipevine swallowtail. There are also Papilio glaucus that are not wholly black; several possess an intermediate "sooty" color and are sensitive to temperature.The different polymorphisms (wild... | Wikipedia - Swallowtail butterfly | null | null | null |
Not all information stored on the computer is stored in files. Accurately recovering a complete system from scratch requires keeping track of this non-file data too. System description: System specifications are needed to procure an exact replacement after a disaster. Boot sector: The boot sector can sometimes be recre... | Wikipedia - Backup | null | null | null |
It usually isn't a normal file and the system won't boot without it. Partition layout: The layout of the original disk, as well as partition tables and filesystem settings, is needed to properly recreate the original system. File metadata: Each file's permissions, owner, group, ACLs, and any other metadata need to be b... | Wikipedia - Backup | null | null | null |
Not all logical systems are truth-valuational in the sense that logical connectives may be interpreted as truth functions. For example, intuitionistic logic lacks a complete set of truth values because its semantics, the Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation, is specified in terms of provability conditions, and not... | Wikipedia - Truth value | null | null | null |
Not all mathematical structures are F-algebras. For example, a poset P may be defined in categorical terms with a morphism s:P × P → Ω, on a subobject classifier (Ω = {0,1} in the category of sets and s(x,y)=1 precisely when x≤y). The axioms restricting the morphism s to define a poset can be rewritten in terms of morp... | Wikipedia - F-algebra | null | null | null |
However, lattices, which are partial orders in which every two elements have a supremum and an infimum, and in particular total orders, are F-algebras. This is because they can equivalently be defined in terms of the algebraic operations: x∨y = inf(x,y) and x∧y = sup(x,y), subject to certain axioms (commutativity, asso... | Wikipedia - F-algebra | null | null | null |
Not all of the rules obtained are numerically robust in extreme examples, for example when an angle approaches zero or π. Problems and solutions may have to be examined carefully, particularly when writing code to solve an arbitrary triangle. | Wikipedia - Spherical polygon area | null | null | null |
Not all organizational data can be tokenized, and needs to be examined and filtered. When databases are utilized on a large scale, they expand exponentially, causing the search process to take longer, restricting system performance, and increasing backup processes. A database that links sensitive information to tokens ... | Wikipedia - Tokenization (data security) | null | null | null |
Not all oriented matroids are representable—that is, not all have realizations as point configurations, or, equivalently, hyperplane arrangements. However, in some sense, all oriented matroids come close to having realizations are hyperplane arrangements. In particular, the Folkman–Lawrence topological representation t... | Wikipedia - Oriented matroid | null | null | null |
In this sense a pseudosphere is just a tame sphere (as opposed to wild spheres). A pseudosphere arrangement in S d {\displaystyle S^{d}} is a collection of pseudospheres that intersect along pseudospheres. Finally, the Folkman Lawrence topological representation theorem states that every oriented matroid of rank d + 1 ... | Wikipedia - Oriented matroid | null | null | null |
Not all people with breast cancer experience their illness in the same manner. Factors such as age can have a significant impact on the way a person copes with a breast cancer diagnosis. Premenopausal women with estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer must confront the issues of early menopause induced by many of the ... | Wikipedia - Mammary carcinoma | null | null | null |
With nearly 3 million BC survivors in the USA, the 5-year survival rate for patients has increased to over 90% thanks to advancements in breast cancer treatment and earlier detection. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are becoming more widely acknowledged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality as breast cancer p... | Wikipedia - Mammary carcinoma | null | null | null |
Not all quantum states are equally valuable as a resource. To quantify this value, different entanglement measures (see below) can be used, that assign a numerical value to each quantum state. However, it is often interesting to settle for a coarser way to compare quantum states. | Wikipedia - Maximally entangled state | null | null | null |
This gives rise to different classification schemes. Most entanglement classes are defined based on whether states can be converted to other states using LOCC or a subclass of these operations. The smaller the set of allowed operations, the finer the classification. | Wikipedia - Maximally entangled state | null | null | null |
Important examples are: If two states can be transformed into each other by a local unitary operation, they are said to be in the same LU class. This is the finest of the usually considered classes. Two states in the same LU class have the same value for entanglement measures and the same value as a resource in the dis... | Wikipedia - Maximally entangled state | null | null | null |
There is an infinite number of different LU classes (even in the simplest case of two qubits in a pure state). If two states can be transformed into each other by local operations including measurements with probability larger than 0, they are said to be in the same 'SLOCC class' ("stochastic LOCC"). Qualitatively, two... | Wikipedia - Maximally entangled state | null | null | null |
E.g., for two pure qubits there are only two SLOCC classes: the entangled states (which contains both the (maximally entangled) Bell states and weakly entangled states like | 00 ⟩ + 0.01 | 11 ⟩ {\displaystyle |00\rangle +0.01|11\rangle } ) and the separable ones (i.e., product states like | 00 ⟩ {\displaystyle |00\rang... | Wikipedia - Maximally entangled state | null | null | null |
A very important (and very coarse) classification is based on the property whether it is possible to transform an arbitrarily large number of copies of a state ρ {\displaystyle \rho } into at least one pure entangled state. States that have this property are called distillable. These states are the most useful quantum ... | Wikipedia - Maximally entangled state | null | null | null |
Not all regard data races as a subset of race conditions. The precise definition of data race is specific to the formal concurrency model being used, but typically it refers to a situation where a memory operation in one thread could potentially attempt to access a memory location at the same time that a memory operati... | Wikipedia - Race condition | null | null | null |
Similarly, if one thread reads from a location while another thread is writing to it, it may be possible for the read to return a value that is some arbitrary and meaningless combination of the bits representing the value that the memory location held before the write, and of the bits representing the value being writt... | Wikipedia - Race condition | null | null | null |
Not all supernovae are triggered by runaway nuclear fusion. Type Ib, Ic and type II supernovae also undergo core collapse, but because they have exhausted their supply of atomic nuclei capable of undergoing exothermic fusion reactions, they collapse all the way into neutron stars, or in the higher-mass cases, stellar b... | Wikipedia - Thermal runaway | null | null | null |
Not all traits of organisms are evolutionary adaptations. As noted in the table below, traits may also be exaptations, byproducts of adaptations (sometimes called "spandrels"), or random variation between individuals.Psychological adaptations are hypothesized to be innate or relatively easy to learn and to manifest in ... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologists | null | null | null |
However, variations in manifest behavior can result from universal mechanisms interacting with different local environments. For example, Caucasians who move from a northern climate to the equator will have darker skin. The mechanisms regulating their pigmentation do not change; rather the input to those mechanisms cha... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologists | null | null | null |
One of the tasks of evolutionary psychology is to identify which psychological traits are likely to be adaptations, byproducts or random variation. George C. Williams suggested that an "adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary." As noted by Williams and others, a... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary psychologists | null | null | null |
Not all weather satellites are direct imagers. Some satellites are sounders that take measurements of a single pixel at a time. They have no horizontal spatial resolution but often are capable or resolving vertical atmospheric layers. Soundings along the satellite ground track can still be gridded later to form maps. | Wikipedia - Meteorological satellites | null | null | null |
Not every algebra admits an involution: Regard the 2×2 matrices over the complex numbers. Consider the following subalgebra: Any nontrivial antiautomorphism necessarily has the form: for any complex number z ∈ C {\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} } . It follows that any nontrivial antiautomorphism fails to be idempotent: ... | Wikipedia - Involutive ring | null | null | null |
Not every application can run in a high-availability cluster environment, and the necessary design decisions need to be made early in the software design phase. In order to run in a high-availability cluster environment, an application must satisfy at least the following technical requirements, the last two of which ar... | Wikipedia - High-availability cluster | null | null | null |
Most importantly, the application must store as much of its state on non-volatile shared storage as possible. Equally important is the ability to restart on another node at the last state before failure using the saved state from the shared storage. The application must not corrupt data if it crashes, or restarts from ... | Wikipedia - High-availability cluster | null | null | null |
A number of these constraints can be minimized through the use of virtual server environments, wherein the hypervisor itself is cluster-aware and provides seamless migration of virtual machines (including running memory state) between physical hosts—see Microsoft Server 2012 and 2016 Failover Clusters. A key difference... | Wikipedia - High-availability cluster | null | null | null |
Not every complex analytic variety is algebraic, though. | Wikipedia - Complex algebraic varieties | null | null | null |
Not every monoid sits inside a group. For instance, it is perfectly possible to have a monoid in which two elements a and b exist such that a • b = a holds even though b is not the identity element. Such a monoid cannot be embedded in a group, because in the group multiplying both sides with the inverse of a would get ... | Wikipedia - Continuous monoid | null | null | null |
That is how the additive group of the integers (a group with operation +) is constructed from the additive monoid of natural numbers (a commutative monoid with operation + and cancellation property). However, a non-commutative cancellative monoid need not be embeddable in a group. If a monoid has the cancellation prope... | Wikipedia - Continuous monoid | null | null | null |
This means that the cancellative elements of any commutative monoid can be extended to a group. The cancellative property in a monoid is not necessary to perform the Grothendieck construction – commutativity is sufficient. However, if a commutative monoid does not have the cancellation property, the homomorphism of the... | Wikipedia - Continuous monoid | null | null | null |
Not every ring is a unique factorization domain. For instance, in the ring of numbers a + b − 5 {\displaystyle a+b{\sqrt {-5}}} (for integers a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} ) the number 21 {\displaystyle 21} has two factorizations 21 = 3 ⋅ 7 = ( 1 + 2 − 5 ) ( 1 − 2 − 5 ) {\displaystyle 21=3\cdot 7=(1+2{\sq... | Wikipedia - Prime factor | null | null | null |
The prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals (0), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11), ... The fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the Lasker–Noether theorem, which expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals, which are the appropriate generalizations of prim... | Wikipedia - Prime factor | null | null | null |
These concepts can even assist with in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers. For example, prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity, a statement that concerns the existence of square roots modulo integer prime numbers. Early attempt... | Wikipedia - Prime factor | null | null | null |
Not every successful reading of a tag (an observation) is useful for business purposes. A large amount of data may be generated that is not useful for managing inventory or other applications. For example, a customer moving a product from one shelf to another, or a pallet load of articles that passes several readers wh... | Wikipedia - Radio Frequency Identification | null | null | null |
Not every topological manifold admits a PL structure, and of those that do, the PL structure need not be unique—it can have infinitely many. This is elaborated at Hauptvermutung. The obstruction to placing a PL structure on a topological manifold is the Kirby–Siebenmann class. To be precise, the Kirby-Siebenmann class ... | Wikipedia - PL structure | null | null | null |
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