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None of the contributors to the discovery of nuclear fission won the prize for Physics. Instead, the prize for Chemistry was awarded to Otto Hahn for his discovery of fission in Berlin in 1938. Lise Meitner also contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission, through her collaboration with Hahn. From the beginning, sh... | Wikipedia - Nobel Prize controversies | null | null | null |
Working there with the experimental data supplied to her by Hahn, she managed, with Otto Robert Frisch's participation, to incorporate Niels Bohr's liquid drop model (first suggested by George Gamow) into fission's theoretical foundation. She also predicted the possibility of chain reactions. In an earlier collaboratio... | Wikipedia - Nobel Prize controversies | null | null | null |
Bohr nominated both for this work, in addition to recommending the Chemistry prize for Hahn. Hahn's assistant, Fritz Strassmann, was not considered for the Physics prize.Chien-Shiung Wu disproved the law of the conservation of parity (1956) and was the first Wolf Prize winner in physics. | Wikipedia - Nobel Prize controversies | null | null | null |
She died in 1997 without receiving a Nobel. Wu assisted Tsung-Dao Lee personally in his parity laws development—with Chen-Ning Yang—by providing him in 1956 with a possible test method for beta decay that worked successfully. Her book Beta Decay (1965) is still a sine qua non reference for nuclear physicists. | Wikipedia - Nobel Prize controversies | null | null | null |
None of the group-13 elements has a major biological role in complex animals, but some are at least associated with a living being. As in other groups, the lighter elements usually have more biological roles than the heavier. The heaviest ones are toxic, as are the other elements in the same periods. Boron is essential... | Wikipedia - Boron Group | null | null | null |
It is found in humans, certainly as a essential trace element, but there is ongoing debate over its significance in human nutrition. Boron's chemistry does allow it to form complexes with such important molecules as carbohydrates, so it is plausible that it could be of greater use in the human body than previously thou... | Wikipedia - Boron Group | null | null | null |
Aluminium has no known biological role in plants or animals, despite its widespread occurrence in nature. Gallium is not essential for the human body, but its relation to iron(III) allows it to become bound to proteins that transport and store iron. Gallium can also stimulate metabolism. Indium and its heavier homologu... | Wikipedia - Boron Group | null | null | null |
None of the quantifiers previously discussed apply to a quantification such as There are many integers n < 100, such that n is divisible by 2 or 3 or 5.One possible interpretation mechanism can be obtained as follows: Suppose that in addition to a semantic domain X, we have given a probability measure P defined on X an... | Wikipedia - Logical quantifier | null | null | null |
Noniterative correlation-based tuning (nCbT) is a noniterative method for data-driven tuning of a fixed-structure controller. It provides a one-shot method to directly synthesize a controller based on a single dataset. Suppose that G {\displaystyle G} denotes an unknown LTI stable SISO plant, M {\displaystyle M} a user... | Wikipedia - Data-driven control system | null | null | null |
An LTI fixed-order controller is indicated as K ( ρ ) = β T ρ {\displaystyle K(\rho )=\beta ^{T}\rho } , where ρ ∈ R n {\displaystyle \rho \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , and β {\displaystyle \beta } is a vector of LTI basis functions. Finally, K ∗ {\displaystyle K^{*}} is an ideal LTI controller of any structure, guaranteeing... | Wikipedia - Data-driven control system | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle J(\rho )=\left\|F{\bigg (}{\frac {K^{*}G-K(\rho )G}{(1+K^{*}G)^{2}}}{\bigg )}\right\|_{2}^{2}.} J ( ρ ) {\displaystyle J(\rho )} is a convex approximation of the objective function obtained from a model reference problem, supposing that 1 ( 1 + K ( ρ ) G ) ≈ 1 ( 1 + K ∗ G ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{(1+K... | Wikipedia - Data-driven control system | null | null | null |
The input signal r ( t ) {\displaystyle r(t)} is supposed to be a persistently exciting input signal and v ( t ) {\displaystyle v(t)} to be generated by a stable data-generation mechanism. The two signals are thus uncorrelated in an open-loop experiment; hence, the ideal error ε ( t , ρ ∗ ) {\displaystyle \varepsilon (... | Wikipedia - Data-driven control system | null | null | null |
Nonlinear PCA (NLPCA) uses backpropagation to train a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) to fit to a manifold. Unlike typical MLP training, which only updates the weights, NLPCA updates both the weights and the inputs. That is, both the weights and inputs are treated as latent values. After training, the latent inputs are a ... | Wikipedia - Locally linear embeddings | null | null | null |
Nonlinear algebra is closely related to algebraic geometry, where the main objects of study include algebraic equations, algebraic varieties, and schemes. | Wikipedia - Nonlinear algebra | null | null | null |
Nonlinear algebraic equations, which are also called polynomial equations, are defined by equating polynomials (of degree greater than one) to zero. For example, x 2 + x − 1 = 0 . {\displaystyle x^{2}+x-1=0\,.} | Wikipedia - Nonlinear system | null | null | null |
For a single polynomial equation, root-finding algorithms can be used to find solutions to the equation (i.e., sets of values for the variables that satisfy the equation). However, systems of algebraic equations are more complicated; their study is one motivation for the field of algebraic geometry, a difficult branch ... | Wikipedia - Nonlinear system | null | null | null |
Nonlinear amplifiers do not have a linear relation between their input and output. The maximum noise of a nonlinear amplifier cannot be much smaller than that of an idealized linear amplifier. This limit is determined by the derivatives of the mapping function; a larger derivative implies an amplifier with greater unce... | Wikipedia - Quantum amplifier | null | null | null |
Nonlinear analysis is often necessary when the data is recorded from a nonlinear system. Nonlinear systems can exhibit complex dynamic effects including bifurcations, chaos, harmonics and subharmonics that cannot be analyzed using simple linear methods. Nonlinear data analysis is closely related to nonlinear system ide... | Wikipedia - Data Interpretation | null | null | null |
Nonlinear dynamical systems can be most easily understood with a one-dimensional example system where the change in some quantity x (e.g. protein concentration) abundance depends only on itself: x ˙ = d x d t = f ( x ) {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}={\frac {dx}{dt}}=f(x)\,} Instead of solving the system analytically, which ... | Wikipedia - Biological applications of bifurcation theory | null | null | null |
The mass of the object can be thought of as the control parameter, r, and the beam's deflection from the vertical axis is the dynamic variable, x. As r increases, x remains relatively stable. But when the mass reaches a certain point – the bifurcation point – the beam will suddenly buckle, in a direction dependent on m... | Wikipedia - Biological applications of bifurcation theory | null | null | null |
Nonlinear optimization methods are widely used in conformational analysis. | Wikipedia - Mathematical optimization | null | null | null |
Nonlinearity is related to fundamental uncertainty. It generates path dependency, which refers to local rules of interaction that change as the system evolves and develops. A consequence of path dependency is the existence of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystem development and the potential for threshold behavio... | Wikipedia - Socio-ecological system | null | null | null |
Nonlocality can be exploited to conduct quantum information tasks which do not rely on the knowledge of the inner workings of the prepare-and-measurement apparatuses involved in the experiment. The security or reliability of any such protocol just depends on the strength of the experimentally measured correlations P ( ... | Wikipedia - Quantum non-local connection | null | null | null |
Nonlocality can be understood as an instance of quantum contextuality. A situation is contextual when the value of an observable depends on the context in which it is measured (namely, on which other observables are being measured as well). The original definition of measurement contextuality can be extended to state p... | Wikipedia - Quantum foundations | null | null | null |
Nonlocality can be used to certify that the outcomes of one of the parties in a Bell experiment are partially unknown to an external adversary. By feeding a partially random seed to several non-local boxes, and, after processing the outputs, one can end up with a longer (potentially unbounded) string of comparable rand... | Wikipedia - Quantum nonlocality | null | null | null |
Randomness certification is the process of verifying that the output of a random number generator is truly random and has not been tampered with by an adversary. DI randomness certification does this verification without making assumptions about the underlying devices that generate random numbers. Instead, randomness i... | Wikipedia - Quantum nonlocality | null | null | null |
Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of DI randomness certification using entangled quantum systems, such as photons or electrons. Randomness expansion is taking a small amount of initial random seed and expanding it into a much larger sequence of random numbers. In DI randomness expansion, the expansion is... | Wikipedia - Quantum nonlocality | null | null | null |
The security of the expansion is guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics, which make it impossible for an adversary to predict the expansion output. Recent research has shown that DI randomness expansion can be achieved using entangled photon pairs and measurement devices that violate a Bell inequality. Randomness ... | Wikipedia - Quantum nonlocality | null | null | null |
In DI randomness amplification, this process is done using entanglement properties and quantum mechanics. The security of the amplification is guaranteed by the fact that any attempt by an adversary to manipulate the algorithm's output will inevitably introduce errors that can be detected and corrected. Recent research... | Wikipedia - Quantum nonlocality | null | null | null |
Nonnegative rank has important applications in Combinatorial optimization: The minimum number of facets of an extension of a polyhedron P is equal to the nonnegative rank of its so-called slack matrix. == References == | Wikipedia - Nonnegative rank (linear algebra) | null | null | null |
Nonparametric statistics are values calculated from data in a way that is not based on parameterized families of probability distributions. They include both descriptive and inferential statistics. The typical parameters are the mean, variance, etc. Unlike parametric statistics, nonparametric statistics make no assumpt... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Statistics | null | null | null |
The use of non-parametric methods may be necessary when data have a ranking but no clear numerical interpretation, such as when assessing preferences. In terms of levels of measurement, non-parametric methods result in "ordinal" data. As non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions, their applicability is much wider t... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Statistics | null | null | null |
In particular, they may be applied in situations where less is known about the application in question. Also, due to the reliance on fewer assumptions, non-parametric methods are more robust. One drawback of non-parametric methods is that since they do not rely on assumptions, they are generally less powerful than thei... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Statistics | null | null | null |
Low power non-parametric tests are problematic because a common use of these methods is for when a sample has a low sample size. Many parametric methods are proven to be the most powerful tests through methods such as the Neyman–Pearson lemma and the Likelihood-ratio test. Another justification for the use of non-param... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Statistics | null | null | null |
Nonsense coding occurs when one uses arbitrary values in place of the designated “0”s “1”s and “-1”s seen in the previous coding systems. Although it produces correct mean values for the variables, the use of nonsense coding is not recommended as it will lead to uninterpretable statistical results. | Wikipedia - Categorical variable | null | null | null |
Nonuniform polyhedra with all even-valance vertices can be snubbed, including some infinite sets; for example: | Wikipedia - Snub (geometry) | null | null | null |
Nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM) has been using B+ tree structure as the main memory access technique for the Internet Of Things (IoT) system because of its non static power consumption and high solidity of cell memory. B+ can regulate the trafficking of data to memory efficiently. Moreover, with advanced strat... | Wikipedia - B+ tree | null | null | null |
Norcros was founded on 29 May 1956. The name Norcros came from Normanby, North Lincolnshire, home of Normanby Hall. A Director of the company was John Vincent Sheffield, former High Sheriff of Lincolnshire from 1944-5, and great-uncle of the wife of David Cameron. Other members of the Sheffield family - Edmund and Geor... | Wikipedia - Magnadata Group | null | null | null |
Norprint International was based on Norfolk Street in Boston. It had a division on Valley Road in Dovercourt on the Essex coast with 550 staff. Norprint also made ticket printing machines. | Wikipedia - Magnadata Group | null | null | null |
Norprint claimed to be Europe's largest producer of industrial and retail labelling systems, and the largest in the world outside of America. In early 1968 it helped to start the I'm Backing Britain campaign, by running off the promotional stickers for free. Before the days of barcodes in supermarkets, Norprint made ha... | Wikipedia - Magnadata Group | null | null | null |
In April 1989 it received a Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for its magnetic striped and encoded tickets and payment tokens. Norprint produced tickets for airlines and the London Underground. It was owned by Norcros plc. | Wikipedia - Magnadata Group | null | null | null |
On 25 June 1998 Norcros put Norprint up for sale. In July 1998 Norprint was bought by a management buyout (MBO) for £7.9 million. After the buyout it was known as Norprint Labelling Systems. | Wikipedia - Magnadata Group | null | null | null |
In 2005 it developed the Nortag, a small inconspicuous RFID label on products to combat shoplifting, which won The Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation (Technology) in April 2005. It is known as electronic article surveillance (EAS). The Nortag took seven years to develop. | Wikipedia - Magnadata Group | null | null | null |
Nordazepam is similar to diazepam, except that the methyl group at the R1 position has been replaced with a hydrogen. Nordazepam can be synthesized with 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone and chloroacetyl chloride. Nordazepam itself can also be used in the synthesis of diazepam by methylating the R1 position using dimethyl s... | Wikipedia - Nordazepam | null | null | null |
Nordita is funded jointly by the Nordic countries via the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Swedish Research Council, and the host universities KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm University and Uppsala University. | Wikipedia - Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics | null | null | null |
Nordita is governed by a board consisting of one representative and one alternate member from each Nordic country, headed by a chair person. The board appoints a number of research committees which evaluate proposals and advice the board on scientific and educational matters. The Nordita board nominates a director who ... | Wikipedia - Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics | null | null | null |
Norepinephrine has been reported to exist in a wide variety of animal species, including protozoa, placozoa and cnidaria (jellyfish and related species), but not in ctenophores (comb jellies), whose nervous systems differ greatly from those of other animals. It is generally present in deuterostomes (vertebrates, etc.),... | Wikipedia - Norepinephrine | null | null | null |
Norethandrolone, also known as 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone). It is closely related to normethandrone (17α-methyl-19-nortestosterone) and to ethylestrenol (3-deketo-17α... | Wikipedia - Norethandrolone | null | null | null |
Norethisterone (NET) is the parent compound of a large group of progestins that includes most of the progestins known as the 19-nortestosterone derivatives. This group is divided by chemical structure into the estranes (derivatives of norethisterone) and the gonanes (18-methylgonanes or 13β-ethylestranes; derivatives o... | Wikipedia - Norethisterone | null | null | null |
Norethisterone is made from estr-4-ene-3,17-dione (bolandione), which in turn is synthesized by partial reduction of the aromatic region of the 3-O-methyl ether of estrone with lithium in liquid ammonia, and simultaneously of the keto group at C17α to a hydroxyl group, which is then oxidized back to a keto group by chr... | Wikipedia - Norethisterone | null | null | null |
Norethisterone, also known as 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethynylestra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is specifically a derivative of testosterone in which an ethynyl group has been added at the C17α position and the methyl group at the C19 position h... | Wikipedia - Norethisterone | null | null | null |
Noretynodrel, also known as 17α-ethynyl-δ5(10)-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethynylestr-5(10)-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is specifically a derivative of testosterone that has been ethynylated at the C17α position, demethylated at the C19 position, and dehydrogen... | Wikipedia - Noretynodrel | null | null | null |
In addition, it is an isomer of norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) in which the C4 double bond has been replaced with a double bond between the C5 and C10 positions. For this reason, noretynodrel is also known as 5(10)-norethisterone. Few other 19-nortestosterone progestins share the C5(10) double bond of ... | Wikipedia - Noretynodrel | null | null | null |
Norgesterone, also known as 17α-vinyl-δ5(10)-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-vinylestr-5(10)-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone. Analogues of norgesterone include norvinisterone (17α-vinyl-19-nortestosterone) and vinyltestosterone (17α-vinyltestosterone)... | Wikipedia - Norgesterone | null | null | null |
Norgestimate, also known as 17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone 3-oxime 17β-acetate or as 17α-ethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 3-oxime 17β-acetate, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is a racemic mixture of E and Z isomers. Norgestimate is more specifically a derivative of n... | Wikipedia - Norgestimate | null | null | null |
Norgestrel, also known as rac-13-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone or as rac-13-ethyl-17α-ethynylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is a racemic mixture of stereoisomers dextronorgestrel (the C13α isomer; l-norgestrel, L-norgestrel, or (+)-norgestrel) and levo... | Wikipedia - Norgestrel | null | null | null |
Norhopanes are a family of demethylated hopanes, identical to the methylated hopane structure, minus indicated desmethylated carbons. 28,30-bisnorhopane, the more common bisnorhopane biomarker, indicates the absence of methyl groups from C28 and C30, while 25,28,30-trisnorhopane, a related compound often found in concu... | Wikipedia - Bisnorhopane | null | null | null |
Norm-conserving and ultrasoft are the two most common forms of pseudopotential used in modern plane-wave electronic structure codes. They allow a basis-set with a significantly lower cut-off (the frequency of the highest Fourier mode) to be used to describe the electron wavefunctions and so allow proper numerical conve... | Wikipedia - Fermi's pseudopotential | null | null | null |
The original HSC norm-conserving pseudopotential takes the following form: V ^ ps ( r ) = ∑ l ∑ m | Y l m ⟩ V l m ( r ) ⟨ Y l m | {\displaystyle {\hat {V}}_{\textit {ps}}(r)=\sum _{l}\sum _{m}|Y_{lm}\rangle V_{lm}(r)\langle Y_{lm}|} where | Y l m ⟩ {\displaystyle |Y_{lm}\rangle } projects a one-particle wavefunction, s... | Wikipedia - Fermi's pseudopotential | null | null | null |
Norm-conserving pseudopotentials are constructed to enforce two conditions. 1. Inside the cut-off radius r c {\displaystyle r_{c}} , the norm of each pseudo-wavefunction be identical to its corresponding all-electron wavefunction: ∫ r < r c d r 3 ϕ R , i ( r → ) ϕ R , j ( r → ) = ∫ r < r c d r 3 ϕ ~ R , i ( r → ) ϕ ~ R... | Wikipedia - Fermi's pseudopotential | null | null | null |
Normal algorithms are verbal, that is, intended to be applied to strings in different alphabets. The definition of any normal algorithm consists of two parts: an alphabet, which is a set of symbols, and a scheme. The algorithm is applied to strings of symbols of the alphabet. The scheme is a finite ordered set of subst... | Wikipedia - Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
Each formula can be either simple or final. Simple substitution formulas are represented by strings of the form L → D {\displaystyle L\to D} , where L {\displaystyle L} and D {\displaystyle D} are two arbitrary strings in the alphabet. Similarly, final substitution formulas are represented by strings of the form L → ⋅ ... | Wikipedia - Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
Here is an example of a normal algorithm scheme in the five-letter alphabet | ∗ a b c {\displaystyle |*abc}: { | b → b a | a b → b a b → ∗ | → b ∗ ∗ → c | c → c a c → c | c → ⋅ {\displaystyle \left\{{\begin{matrix}|b&\to &ba|\\ab&\to &ba\\b&\to &\\{*}|&\to &b*&\\{*}&\to &c&\\|c&\to &c\\ac&\to &c|\\c&\to \cdot \end{matr... | Wikipedia - Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
If of the substitution formulas there is no left-hand side which is included in the V ′ {\displaystyle V'} , then the algorithm terminates, and the result of its work is considered to be the string V ′ {\displaystyle V'} . Otherwise, the first of the substitution formulae whose left sides are included in V ′ {\displays... | Wikipedia - Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
Then the algorithm terminates and the result of its work is considered to be R D S {\displaystyle RDS} . However, if this substitution formula is of the form L → D {\displaystyle L\to D} , then out of all of the possible representations of the string V ′ {\displaystyle V'} of the form of R L S {\displaystyle RLS} the o... | Wikipedia - Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
For other examples, see below. Any normal algorithm is equivalent to some Turing machine, and vice versa – any Turing machine is equivalent to some normal algorithm. | Wikipedia - Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
A version of the Church-Turing thesis formulated in relation to the normal algorithm is called the "principle of normalization." Normal algorithms have proved to be a convenient means for the construction of many sections of constructive mathematics. Moreover, inherent in the definition of a normal algorithm are a numb... | Wikipedia - Markov algorithm | null | null | null |
Normal and applicative order reduction are strong in that they allow reduction under lambda abstractions. In contrast, weak reduction does not reduce under a lambda abstraction. Call-by-name reduction is the weak reduction strategy that reduces the leftmost outermost redex not inside a lambda abstraction, while call-by... | Wikipedia - Reduction strategy (lambda calculus) | null | null | null |
In fact, applicative order reduction was also originally introduced to model the call-by-value parameter passing technique found in Algol 60 and modern programming languages. When combined with the idea of weak reduction, the resulting call-by-value reduction is indeed a faithful approximation.Unfortunately, weak reduc... | Wikipedia - Reduction strategy (lambda calculus) | null | null | null |
For example, λx. (λy.x)z is in normal form for a weak reduction strategy because the redex (λy.x)z is contained in a lambda abstraction. But the term λx. (λy.y)z can still be reduced under the extended weak reduction strategy, because the redex (λy.y)z does not refer to x. | Wikipedia - Reduction strategy (lambda calculus) | null | null | null |
Normal circulating levels of pregnenolone are as follows: Men: 10 to 200 ng/dL Women: 10 to 230 ng/dL Children: 10 to 48 ng/dL Adolescent boys: 10 to 50 ng/dL Adolescent girls: 15 to 84 ng/dLMean levels of pregnenolone have been found not to significantly differ in postmenopausal women and elderly men (40 and 39 ng/dL,... | Wikipedia - Pregnenolone | null | null | null |
Normal dent maize has two different pathways for starch formation one leading to branched chain (amylopectin) and the other to straight-chain polysaccharides (amylose). The amylopectin consists of chain of α-D-(1-4) and α-D-(1-6)-glucosidic linkages that form a branched molecule. Amylose is primarily linear with α-D-(1... | Wikipedia - Waxy corn | null | null | null |
The Wx gen catalyses the 1–4 linkage from glucose residues to amylose synthesis in the developing endosperm. This enzyme is located in the amyloplasts and is the major component of the starchbound protein in maize. Nelson showed that starch granules from wx wx wx endosperm had very low starch granule-bound glucosyltran... | Wikipedia - Waxy corn | null | null | null |
Nevertheless, the amylose content was the same in both types, suggesting that activity of the transferase is not directly linked to the amylose content.In maize and some other plants, there is evidence of a starch molecule that is intermediate in size to amylose and amylopectin. The intermediate fraction contains chain... | Wikipedia - Waxy corn | null | null | null |
In each macromolecule there is one C-chain, which carries the only reducing group. The B-chains are linked to the macromolecules linked by their potential reducing group, and may contain one or more A-chains that are similarly linked. The ratio of A-B chains (1:1 to 1,5:1) is a measure of the degree of multiple branchi... | Wikipedia - Waxy corn | null | null | null |
Nevertheless, the exact arrangement of chains within the amylopectin molecule is still not clear.Combining the recessive mutant (wx) maize variant with other mutant as for example amylose extender (ae)maize and dull (du) maize has an effect on the amylose and amylopectine structure of the starch. The amylose extender w... | Wikipedia - Waxy corn | null | null | null |
The aewx outer chains are longer than those of wx mutant and fewer in number per weight of starch. In general, the aewx starch had a unique structure that is similar to the anomalous amylopectin (intermediate fraction) reported in ae starch. Increased dosage at the ae locus, regardless of the genotype at the wx locus, ... | Wikipedia - Waxy corn | null | null | null |
Normal distribution, the most common continuous distribution Bernoulli distribution, for the outcome of a single Bernoulli trial (e.g. success/failure, yes/no) Binomial distribution, for the number of "positive occurrences" (e.g. successes, yes votes, etc.) given a fixed total number of independent occurrences Negative... | Wikipedia - Mathematical Statistics | null | null | null |
Normal human hemoglobins are tetrameric proteins composed of two pairs of globin chains, each of which contains one alpha-like (α-like) chain and one beta-like (β-like) chain. Each globin chain is associated with an iron-containing heme moiety. Throughout life, the synthesis of the alpha-like and the beta-like (also ca... | Wikipedia - Thalassaemia intermedia | null | null | null |
It declines during the first few months of life and, in the normal state, constitutes <1 percent of total Hb by early childhood. Hb F is composed of two alpha globins and two gamma globins (α2γ2). Adult Hb (Hb A) is the predominant Hb in children by six months of age and onward; it constitutes 96-97% of total Hb in ind... | Wikipedia - Thalassaemia intermedia | null | null | null |
It is composed of two alpha globins and two beta globins (α2β2). Hb A2 is a minor adult Hb that normally accounts for approximately 2.5-3.5% of total Hb from six months of age onward. It is composed of two alpha globins and two delta globins (α2δ2). | Wikipedia - Thalassaemia intermedia | null | null | null |
Normal persistence homology studies real-valued functions. The circle-valued map might be useful, "persistence theory for circle-valued maps promises to play the role for some vector fields as does the standard persistence theory for scalar fields", as commented in Dan Burghelea et al. The main difference is that Jorda... | Wikipedia - Topological Data Analysis | null | null | null |
Normal, classical optical signals are transmitted by varying the amplitude of light. In this case, a piece of paper, or a computer hard disk, can be used to store information on the lamp. In the quantum information scenario, however, the information may be encoded according to the amplitude and phase of the light. For ... | Wikipedia - Quantum memory | null | null | null |
To store quantum information, light itself needs to be stored without being measured. An atomic gas quantum memory is recording the state of light into the atomic cloud. When light's information is stored by atoms, relative amplitude and phase of light is mapped to atoms and can be retrieved on-demand. | Wikipedia - Quantum memory | null | null | null |
Normalization is a database design technique, which is used to design a relational database table up to higher normal form. The process is progressive, and a higher level of database normalization cannot be achieved unless the previous levels have been satisfied.That means that, having data in unnormalized form (the le... | Wikipedia - Normalised data | null | null | null |
In practice it is often possible to skip some of the normalization steps because the data is already normalized to some extent. Fixing a violation of one normal form also often fixes a violation of a higher normal form. In the example, one table has been chosen for normalization at each step, meaning that at the end, s... | Wikipedia - Normalised data | null | null | null |
Normalization process theory is regarded as a middle range theory that is located within the 'turn to materiality' in STS. It therefore fits well with the case-study oriented approach to empirical investigation used in STS. It also appears to be a straightforward alternative to actor–network theory in that it does not ... | Wikipedia - Normalization Process Theory | null | null | null |
Although it fits well with the interpretive approach of ethnography and other qualitative research methods, it also lends itself to systematic review and survey research methods. As a middle range theory, it can be federated with other theories to explain empirical phenomena. It is compatible with theories of the trans... | Wikipedia - Normalization Process Theory | null | null | null |
Normalization splits up data to avoid redundancy (duplication) by moving commonly repeating groups of data into new tables. Normalization therefore tends to increase the number of tables that need to be joined in order to perform a given query, but reduces the space required to hold the data and the number of places wh... | Wikipedia - Snowflake Schema | null | null | null |
Example: One million sales transactions in 300 shops in 220 countries would result in 1,000,300 records in a star schema (1,000,000 records in the fact table and 300 records in the dimensional table where each country would be listed explicitly for each shop in that country). A more normalized snowflake schema with cou... | Wikipedia - Snowflake Schema | null | null | null |
Normalizing the input reduces the alphabet size to at most the number of input strings. This can be useful for algorithms whose running times depend on the alphabet size. | Wikipedia - Closest string | null | null | null |
Normally all declarations are placed at the top of the code module (program, subroutine, function) before the first executable statement; this placement is a convention and not an enforced syntax rule. The declaration consists of the name, type, length (where applicable), additional modifiers (e.g. the number of implie... | Wikipedia - ABAP Objects | null | null | null |
Normally, TCP waits for 200 ms for a full packet of data to send (Nagle's Algorithm tries to group small messages into a single packet). This wait creates small, but potentially serious delays if repeated constantly during a file transfer. For example, a typical send block would be 4 KB, a typical MSS is 1460, so 2 pac... | Wikipedia - Selective acknowledgement | null | null | null |
This delay would become very annoying. Setting the socket option TCP_NODELAY overrides the default 200 ms send delay. Application programs use this socket option to force output to be sent after writing a character or line of characters. The RFC defines the PSH push bit as "a message to the receiving TCP stack to send ... | Wikipedia - Selective acknowledgement | null | null | null |
Normally, bacteria have different shapes and sizes which include coccus, rod and helical/spiral (among others less common) and that allow for their classification. For instance, rod shapes may allow bacteria to attach more readily in environments with shear stress (e.g., in flowing water). Cocci may have access to smal... | Wikipedia - Bacterial morphological plasticity | null | null | null |
Several bacteria alter their morphology in response to the types and concentrations of external compounds. Bacterial morphology changes help to optimize interactions with cells and the surfaces to which they attach. This mechanism has been described in bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori. | Wikipedia - Bacterial morphological plasticity | null | null | null |
Normally, in the control flow architecture, compilers analyze program source code for data dependencies between instructions in order to better organize the instruction sequences in the binary output files. The instructions are organized sequentially but the dependency information itself is not recorded in the binaries... | Wikipedia - Dataflow architecture | null | null | null |
A dataflow compiler records these dependencies by creating unique tags for each dependency instead of using variable names. By giving each dependency a unique tag, it allows the non-dependent code segments in the binary to be executed out of order and in parallel. Compiler detects the loops, break statements and variou... | Wikipedia - Dataflow architecture | null | null | null |
Normally, once a tissue is injured or infected, damaged cells elicit inflammation by stimulating specific patterns of enzyme activity and cytokine gene expression in surrounding cells. Discrete clusters ("cytokine clusters") of molecules are secreted, which act as mediators, inducing the activity of subsequent cascades... | Wikipedia - Neoplastic transformation | null | null | null |
A tissue can thereby heal, depending on the productive communication between the cells present at the site of damage and the immune system. One key factor in healing is the regulation of cytokine gene expression, which enables complementary groups of cells to respond to inflammatory mediators in a manner that gradually... | Wikipedia - Neoplastic transformation | null | null | null |
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