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12458_BowesCastle | castle castle medieval castle village county durham england built perimeter roman fort early timber castle site replaced substantial stone structure orders henry_ii planned village built alongside castle castle scottish attack great revolt successfully looted rebels castle went decline largely dismantled english civil war ruins owned english_heritage run tourist attraction history 12th century castle built ruins roman fort route passes link england scotland remained strategically important medieval period castle site lay honour richmond grouping lands traditionally owned early medieval period land estate owned crown built timber castle north west corner old fort use older roman fortification similar nearby castles castle inherited son conan turn died claimed henry_ii royal concerns security led henry_ii investing heavily new castle structure site unusual new royal castle built england 12th century henry appears driven military threat scotland great revolt henry_ii spent castle years rebuilding older structure supervision local tenants stephen rebuilt castle featured hall uncommon design english castles built stone structure feet long feet wide feet high internally divided form long hall solar lit large rounded windows architectural similarities nearby castles region particular ditch formed inner defensive bailey old fort forming larger outer bailey mill essential castle built river supply flour garrison village built castle formed planned site running castle complete church market place form planned village unusual england england great revolt henry rule involved coalition rebel barons bolstered support european allies william lion pushed south scotland castle damaged raids work carried anticipation attacks following year including repairs chamber gates construction year william scotland directly besieged castle forced retreat arrival relief force led henry illegitimate son 13th 14th centuries henry_ii successful great revolt peace treaty agreed extending henry authority north scotland subsequent years security situation north england improved significantly king john gave control castle robert important administrator north retained control fortification john stayed castle briefly hold john niece eleanor brittany placed custody granted briefly given duke peter brittany count earl richmond given king castle remained hands poor state repair gave castle john instead local tenants earl richmond rebelled attacked castle lord castle away time attackers burnt hall drank wine stole armour goods conflict scotland led raids castle surrounding manor neighbouring fields abandoned result castle ruins manor worth later history ruined castle reclaimed crown controlled family powerful regional landowners crown james sold castle early 17th century remaining fortifications dismantled century english civil war castle poor condition little interest shown locals owner facing death duties estate agreed pass castle care 21st century castle controlled english_heritage operated tourist attraction ruins survive largely intact protected grade listed building scheduled monument | Bowes Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
12864_BeestonCastle | castle royal castle grid reference rocky sandstone feet built 6th earl chester return took ownership kept good repair 16th century considered military use pressed service english civil war castle partly demolished accordance destruction order prevent use stronghold 18th century site quarry rumoured treasure belonging lies castle grounds searches carried failed find trace castle ruins walls outer bailey walls gatehouse inner bailey separately recorded designated grade listed buildings castle scheduled ancient monument owned english_heritage chain rocky hills stretching pits dating 4th millennium indicate site castle inhabited communal gathering place period archaeologists discovered flint arrow heads remains community iron age hill fort associated bronze age activity dated seven circular buildings identified late early iron age origin specialist site design built 6th earl chester stronghold symbol power castle outer bailey walls chosen advantage fortifications remaining earlier medieval documents castle described castle rock major castles built shortly return fifth crusade lincolnshire share similar architectural features particular design towers unlike castles period line defence instead natural features land massive walls strong carefully positioned towers stronghold defences consisted parts firstly rectangular castle summit hill sheer drop sides defensive ditch feet deep places cut rock fourth secondly outer bailey built lower slopes massive gatehouse protected feet wide feet deep ditch outer bailey roughly rectangular feet thick walls faced sandstone rubble walls parts remain contain number shaped towers innovation english castles time towers allowed defenders fire walls forwards open backed design meant offer cover attackers gained access outer bailey inner bailey situated rocky summit western end provide castle inhabitants supply fresh water wells dug rock feet deep deepest castle wells england royal castle defences place time death living quarters death successor john john died male heir allowing king henry enlarged castle wars wales prison welsh captives attempt equip castle permanent residence halls chambers garrisons probably housed wooden structures outer bailey henry gave lands son prince edward gave title earl chester prince title conferred heir throne england edward crowned king england completed conquest wales middle 14th century references men royal castle constable probably lived near gatehouse described account castle describes strong gatehouse strong wall buildings flourished convenient great kept good repair improved edward reign 14th century 16th century castle considered use english crown sold sir hall persistent rumours treasure hidden castle grounds richard supposed hidden personal wealth journey chester boarding ship ireland suppress rebellion return richard deposed henry duke lancaster future treasure said remained searches carried focusing deep inner bailey found hidden treasure founded recorded having recovered richard gold jewellery hiding places civil war english civil war neglected castles pressed service seized february parliamentary forces commanded sir walls repaired cleaned royal army ireland landed chester december captain soldiers army night possibly aided surprised castle governor captain shaken event surrendered promise allowed march castle honours tried shot failure hold castle survived siege parliamentary forces november november lack food forced surrender castle partially demolished prevent use stronghold later history carried castle grounds 18th century gatehouse leading outer bailey demolished build track stones removed site castle purchased 1st baron time largest landowner larger estate mid-19th century castle site annual day raising money local attracting visitors day present day castle owned english_heritage ruins walls towers place provide clear picture looked prime open visitors small museum visitor centre lodge house built 19th century expanded 20th century lodge storeys high circular towers central designated grade listed building offers spectacular views castle england stretching counties east west | Beeston Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
13064_CalshotCastle | castle castle artillery fort constructed henry_viii hampshire england formed king device programme protect invasion france defend southampton water met castle centre surrounded curtain wall moat initially heavily armed garrison men artillery guns castle continued use years surviving english civil war intact extensively 19th century castle base smuggling fresh fears french invasion led brought use artillery fort large coastal battery constructed alongside older castle boom built controlled castle world war castle primarily base deployed anti submarine patrols english channel guns removed end war probably use france air base called grew size inter war years hosting trophy air races outbreak second world war armed face possible german invasion station continued use war military obsolete finally closed short period use castle opened public english_heritage 1980s restored appearance castle received visitors considers preserved example king henry device forts history 16th century construction castle built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope long standing marriage catherine catherine aunt took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain response henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline castle designed protect body water led english channel naval base portsmouth important port southampton castle forts lord admiral decided build improve defences east west constructed narrow spit overlooking deep water channel running southampton temporary defences gun batteries erected interim measure castle built quickly finished end probably reused stone lead recently closed castle initially garrison gunners soldiers lieutenant command captain late heavily armed standards time pieces artillery castle caught fire timber needed repairs required trees sent work carried prompted threat spanish invasion time garrison men 17th 19th centuries early england peace france spain coastal defences received little attention english civil war held parliamentary forces king charles protected strong garrison annual cost parliament considered fortress important kept supplied ammunition unlike local forts parliament kept castle operational probably ongoing role defending early 18th century war spanish succession equipped guns castle new central alterations gun outer wall expansion gatehouse additional set rooms castle captain reports showed castle guns poor condition complained fortification command elderly master gunner improvements probably start revolutionary wars year described castle merely garrison castle store munitions fishing boats volunteer naval vessels counter threat french invasion seven guns added castle arsenal protect french attack end napoleonic wars government took control castle base combat smuggling taking advantage water spit good location position waiting interception vessels middle century officers men stationed 1850s renewed military interest site proposals mount artillery guns plans taken forward noted presence 16th century stone create dangerous splinters event enemy artillery fire landing established castle spit 1880s concerns raised southampton vulnerable french attack small ships armed torpedoes result took castle building boom moved 16th century castle small host gun battery protect boom larger battery built south old castle armed inch pounder quick firing guns supported mounted older castle walls boom managed towers called castle far water pounder quick firing guns turn supported machine guns creation defences ultimately forced nearby yacht club southern end spit years 20th century defensive role continued unchanged castle redesigned allow house castle quick firing guns roof new lighter ladder boom installed years approach replaced plan block boom floating plan proposed castle garrisoned wartime officers men housed nearby fort additional naval personnel needed man support vessels boom built alongside castle house experimental intended support royal naval fleet operating channel particularly suitable surrounding waters coastline relatively quiet calm world war broke military opinions utility shifted considerably decision taken rely primarily gun batteries entrances start conflict boom removed replaced anti submarine nets coast guns removed following year protect new nets training purposes took anti submarine patrols channel german raids started inflict critical damage hours flown aircraft year flown months subordinate air stations created portland cabin built oversee air operations taken use officers mess air station spread spit including occupying battery remaining guns removed probably dispatched line france inter war years taken royal_air_force onwards began housing battery demolished create additional space growing station narrow gauge railway constructed spit parts castle moat provide parking planes twice hosted trophy air races sequence popular international events designed encourage development new high speed technology empire air day events held attracting visitors second world war castle initially defended troops barge equipped inch anti aircraft guns millimetre gun air raid shelters constructed castle moat boats base taking evacuation threat german invasion increased defences expanded pounder quick firing guns placed roof supported additional subordinate batteries built following year south west coast castle damaged war placed care maintenance basis acting way station passing aircraft 21st century war returned duty active air base housing squadrons flying boats took berlin passed built tower castle following year began construct signal station tower complete radar radio facilities opened military obsolete raf station finally closed leased site crown estates castle passed state activity centre station opened alongside castle foot replacement tower constructed years later english_heritage took management castle stripped 20th century additions present appeared including old signal station tower site remains open visitors received visitors castle protected law grade listed building scheduled monument air station recreation centre architecture castle storey circular fortification comprising gatehouse curtain wall predominantly constructed portland stone built 16th century designed carry tiers artillery positioned second floor roof central outer curtain wall additional guns placed roof gatehouse floor considers form preserved example device forts castle surrounded water filled sided moat metres accessed 20th century bridge gatehouse 18th century design based simpler 16th century original gatehouse altered addition brick built buildings southern end probably intended provide additional living space garrison gatehouse leads originally sided courtyard gun round curtain wall wall lowered current height concrete building house dating stretches southern end castle centre castle external diameter metres octagonal lower storey circular walls upper levels originally held accommodation captain garrison heavily redeveloped 19th 20th centuries exterior walls ground level originally store ammunition castle guns basement redesigned 1890s electrical generators installed protected new thicker concrete ceiling originally vaulted stone similar style nearby castle floor restored early 20th century appearance barracks room second floor redeveloped late 19th century form barracks room ceiling incorporating additional early 20th century concrete support gun battery roof pounder gun mounts original gun pounder gun display originally royal naval vessel roof originally flat artillery roof removed | Calshot Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
13070_CaerphillyCastle | castle castle welsh medieval fortification castle constructed 13th century campaign conquer saw extensive fighting gilbert descendants native welsh rulers surrounded extensive artificial lakes considered historian elaborate water defences britain occupies acres second largest castle britain famous having introduced concentric castle defences britain large gilbert began work castle following occupation north majority construction occurring years considerable cost project opposed gilbert welsh rival leading site burnt taken royal officials despite gilbert successfully completed castle took control region core including castle luxurious accommodation built central island surrounding artificial lakes design gilbert probably derived dams lakes fortified island west provided additional protection concentric rings walls inspired edward castles proved historian termed turning point history castle britain castle attacked revolt uprising overthrow late 15th century fell decline 16th century lakes drained away walls robbed stone acquired property fourth extensive restoration took place castle grounds given state water defences flooded 21st century welsh heritage agency manages site tourist attraction history 13th century built second half 13th century anglo norman expansion began incursions wales late onwards pushing westwards bases recently occupied england advance marked construction castles creation regional task region given gloucester efforts continued 12th early 13th centuries accompanied extensive fighting anglo norman lords local welsh rulers powerful family acquired continued attempt conquer known red gilbert colour hair inherited family lands opposing native welsh prince taken advantage chaos civil war england rebel barons expand power region allied faction england exchange granted authority local welsh territories region including believed lands power threat allied rebel barons revolt crushed leaving free advance north main base cardiff started construct castle control new gains castle lay basin alongside heart network paths roads adjacent roman fort work began huge pace ditches cut form basic shape castle temporary wooden erected extensive water defences created local stream walls internal buildings built speed forming main castle architect castle precise cost construction unknown modern estimates suggest cost castles huge sum period responded intervening forces outright conflict prevented diplomatic efforts continued building work responded attacking burning site probably destroying temporary defences stores began work following year raising tensions prompting henry send bishops control site solution dispute bishops took possession castle later promised building work temporarily cease negotiations begin following summer february year men seized castle threw bishops soldiers protesting innocence events began work henry readily intervene able lay claim work castle continued additional water defences towers added power declined decades henry son edward invaded wales following dispute prince breaking power edward second campaign resulted death collapse independent welsh rule defences added walls work stopped local disputes remained argued earl following year case brought king resulting temporary royal seizure rebelled english rule major insurrection campaign welsh appear risen introduction taxation considerable popular support morgan led local uprising morgan saw chance regain lands morgan attacked burning half town failed castle spring edward pressed home counter attack putting uprising arresting attacked morgan forces retook region april resulting morgan surrender died end leaving good condition linked small town emerged south large deer park nearby 14th 17th centuries gilbert son called inherited castle died fighting battle young family lands initially placed control crown decision taken inheritance revolt broke anger actions royal administrators caused rise january attacking castle large force men castle attack town destroyed rebellion spread royal army deal situation defeating battle breaking welsh siege castle settled inheritance castle eleanor married royal favourite hugh hugh relationship king expand power region taking lands hugh employed master expand great hall castle including richly carved windows doors edward wife isabella france government forcing king hugh flee west pair stayed castle end october early november leaving escape isabella approaching forces abandoning extensive stores held castle besieged castle force soldiers constable sir hugh son called hugh garrison men inside held march garrison surrendered condition younger hugh pardoned father having executed tensions welsh english persisted outbreak uncertain castle played conflict survived intact castle passed marriage husband earl worcester second husband earl second husband invested heavily castle conducting repairs making suitable use main residence region castle passed earl castle went decline eclipsed fashionable residence cardiff castle gates fell disrepair water defences probably drained away antiquarian visited castle described having wonderful tower hold prisoners ruins surrounded earl castle court castle leased stripped stone extend house causing extensive damage english civil war broke royalist supporters charles parliament predominantly royalist sympathy conflict small fort built overlooking north west site old roman fort uncertain built royalist forces parliamentary army occupied area final months war march fort guns dominated interior castle uncertain deliberately parliament prevent future use fortification towers collapsed 18th century possibly result operation probable deterioration actually result damage caused water defences retreated evidence deliberate destruction having ordered 18th 21st centuries acquired castle took steps protect ruins great grandson immensely rich result family holdings interested medieval period site fully surveyed architect great hall 1870s began process buying properties castle intent clearing town houses built edge site fourth enthusiastic builder commissioned major restoration project stonework carefully repaired recreate missing pieces rebuilt towers carried landscaping work intent eventually flooding lakes thanks decades purchases finally able demolish local houses view castle fifth inherited castle family land john sold family remaining property interests gave castle state lakes flooded final stages restoration work completed 1950s 1960s 21st century castle managed welsh heritage agency tourist attraction castle saw visitors protected scheduled monument grade listed building architecture comprises set eastern defences protected fortifications protected site acres size making second largest britain constructed natural gravel bank local river basin castle walls built pennant sandstone castle architecture famous historically significant castle introduced concentric castle defences britain changing future course country military architecture incorporated huge gatehouse castle featured sophisticated network dams considered historian elaborate water defences britain eastern defences reached outer main gatehouse featured circular towers resting spurred bases design particular castles originally gatehouse reached sequence linked intervening tower destroyed north gatehouse protected substantial towers supported castle stables despite damage dam holds massive structure metres long ending huge wall remains castle mill originally powered water dam survive replica siege engines placed display dam ended tower square fortification designed protect regulating water levels dam called originally accessed led town water defences certainly inspired similar set artificial lakes dams created fought siege seen hand water defences provided particular protection mining undermine castle walls period considered advanced kind britain central island held inner defences roughly square design walled inner middle ward inner ward protected turrets corners walls inner ward overlooked middle ward producing concentric defence enclosed rings walls medieval period walls middle ward higher today forming substantial defence concentric castle britain pre dating edward famous programme concentric castles years design influenced design edward later castles historian considers turning point history castle britain probable caused south east tower lean angle degrees access central island occurred pair eastern castle based gatehouse built reinforced trend gatehouse design england wales termed gatehouse fortification exterior interior defences enabling defended perimeter castle breached huge towers flanked gatehouse entrance protected murder holes substantial size gatehouse allowed accommodation defence comfortably equipped grand scale probably use castle constable family pair protected west inside inner ward castle great hall accommodation built fashionable high status accommodation similar built time castle medieval period great hall subdivided wooden screens colourful decorations rich detailed carving warmed large central fireplace carved medieval shape male female heads survive hall today possibly depicting royal court including isabella france east great hall castle chapel positioned west hall castle private apartments solar blocks luxurious fittings central island probably reached island called welsh meaning people fort town protection conflicts north west site roman fort acres remains 17th century civil war fortification built location popular culture long running british television doctor chose filming location episodes including occasion producers residential quarters gallery filming dungeon fictional | Caerphilly Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
13654_ThetfordCastle | medieval bailey castle market town area norfolk england castle probable 11th century norman called red castle replaced 12th century larger bailey castle town new castle largely destroyed henry_ii huge second largest man mound england remained intact recognised scheduled monument forms local park remains known variously castle hill history 11th century 11th century largest towns england concentrated east south east country especially important settlement period second largest town comes ford key point ancient way important international trading hub centre pottery production earth timber fort built site iron age period left decay late saxon era town protected enclosure surrounded town castle site red castle probably built shortly norman conquest england earl surrey castle design positioned line defensive saxon ditch process cutting local church inside town building local cemetery 12th century town controlled earl norfolk decided build new bailey castle positioning guard town local crossing way heart castle huge artificial mound sunk deep surrounding ditch protected north site sets complex probably original iron age fortifications site high base ditch wide base second largest man mound england castle probably included large timber rectangular bailey fortification approximately stretched away exploiting iron age fortifications new castle dominated saxon town castle earthworks built local chalk ditches dug fortification provided mound local tradition suggests earth instead nearby town castle constructed hand workers digging wooden probably estimated taken man days effort build family continued build grip region taking advantage powerful castles roger son played prominent role civil war years anarchy king stephen strongholds appears likely stone wall built bailey time recent work speculated stone erected site end war henry_ii took throne attempted restore royal power region henry seized castles ultimately returned retained use joined revolt henry sons seizing castle henry forces captured castle destroyed fortifications mound proved effectively 13th 20th centuries declined 12th century castle rapidly disused late use said surrounded stone wall east bank outer bailey destroyed group trees planted near mound interest continued origins castle period forgotten local medieval tradition suggested mound devil completed victorian period academics concluded mound celtic norman origin late victorian scholars correctly concluding norman period likely traditions claimed mound covered palace filled treasure silver bells archaeological investigations red castle early 1960s revealed design date castle site 21st century today owned local authority forms castle bailey known military parade site scheduled monument | Thetford Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
13879_BroughCastle | castle ruined castle village castle built old roman fort protect key route mountains initial bailey castle attacked destroyed scots great revolt henry_ii rebuilt war square constructed rest castle converted stone family took possession second barons war built tower undertook sequence renovations castle creating fortification typical northern english style held christmas feast castle major fire broke destroying property castle remained abandoned restored property northern country homes fire broke rendering castle went sharp decline stripped fittings stonework castle masonry began collapse given state run english_heritage tourist attraction listed building scheduled monument 11th century castle built site roman fort acre fortification occupied 5th century site protected pass stretched roman road connecting street valuable trading route period following norman conquest england subdued north country sequence harsh campaigns north west region contested border territory scottish kings william son invaded north west built castle placing north old roman fort order use existing earthworks similar way nearby lancaster north site castle appears bailey design stone foundations main structure built timber rest fort turned bailey village created alongside castle time form planned settlement norman low lands region 12th century region continued disputed kings england scotland invaded great revolt rule henry_ii william army struck south failed moved attack instead failed successfully took turning attention guarded knights strong resistance william took outer defences besieged threatening execute garrison castle surrendered set fire forcing surrender garrison including knight according chronicler fought spears wooden stakes finally overwhelmed william destroyed remaining defences castle flemish mercenary troops henry_ii forces defeated william battle castle recovered later year henry_ii square stone constructed rebuilt remains castle placed bailey wall allowing directly support outer defences conducted work king john converting castle entirely stone 13th 15th centuries king john granted including robert enlarged castle order exert authority region competing control members extended family king john briefly entrusted captive niece eleanor custody robert robert died leaving substantial debts crown passing castle young son john son guardian appointed prior run estate castle left fall ruin john died supporting rebels lands divided daughters inherited eastern estates gave lands roger married acquiring lands beginning long period control castle successfully estates able controlled valley castles controlled improved defences rebuilding east wall constructing new hall alongside apartments located new circular tower called apartments similar surviving castle built robert robert died fighting scots battle region castle attacked causing significant damage neighbouring time village established road overlooked castle attempt possibilities profits trade valley acquired royal charter rapidly overtaken main settlement area roger fifth baron decided modify castle partially improve defences roger conducted work castles area rebuilt south wall reconstructed living accommodation replacing existing hall fashionable floor hall chamber block converted use old hall converted solar exception tower renovations reflected popular architectural style castles north england time stressing square lines towers preference shapes prevalent south bailey time gatehouse reinforced buttresses additional courtyard built bailey possibly wars roses rival houses supported thomas died followed son john temporarily seized john son henry restored lands 16th 17th centuries castle fire broke lavish christmas feast destroying parts castle henry died shortly castle remained ruined years castle restored 17th century major landowner family retired north years commonwealth english civil war anne royalist protected powerful friends ruling parliamentary faction able enjoy properties freely rebuilt number castles including conducted restoration work anne undertook work estates aiming restore condition anne familiar contemporary styles restoration work traditional approach drawing existing northern castle architecture deliberately trying recreate 12th century features work new windows ground floor entrance new service accommodation installed allow live late 17th century lifestyle castle anne renamed roman tower belief built romans divided time castle living castle apartments work progressed able spend christmas castle time fire struck castle rendering aftermath remaining buildings bailey converted use law court anne died castle 18th 21st centuries anne daughter margaret married earl john son thomas stripped castle support reconstruction sold stone plundered use construction castle subsequently completely abandoned south west corner partially collapsed south west corner collapsed castle owner lord gave property work ruins carried castle listed building ancient monument eventually passed control english_heritage tourist attraction initial archaeological excavations site work erosion continues threat castle masonry english_heritage considered castle condition declining parts particular risk | Brough Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
14034_StBriavelsCastle | castle norman castle english county gloucestershire castle noted huge gatehouse guards entrance originally built royal administrative centre 13th century castle favourite hunting lodge king john primary centre england manufacture large numbers required medieval warfare castle transferred times royal favourites 14th 15th centuries slowly declined appearance importance primarily court notorious prison conditions documented prison reformer following local riots parliamentary investigation 1830s reforms 19th century brought end castle use prison extensive renovation turn 20th century allowed castle taken remains role today owned english_heritage open public castle classed grade listed building scheduled monument architecture castle located spur dominating position western edge castle predominantly built local old red sandstone limestone castle site surrounded filled moat garden moat originally wet fed spring underneath moat castle collapsed demolished 18th century originally square norman design size built clay stone intact approximately tall resembled keeps castle white castle similar period design region protected stone curtain wall survives today forming castle bailey irregular plan suggests built site earlier originally small round tower protecting south east corner probably gateway south wall alongside demolished buildings included forge buildings north east bailey set medieval domestic buildings stand north west bailey including hall solar chapel originally providing accommodation castle constable king buildings restored 19th century current condition features including hall range fireplace capitals appear date 13th century hall solar form storey building wide alongside 14th century chapel incorporates later 17th century adjustments windows end domestic range famous horn chimney forest warden horn symbol castle authority buildings include sunken pit prison graffiti dated use purpose time gatehouse castle described magnificent fine example royal work period massive structure large shaped towers flanking wide gate passage long linked large room sort gatehouse termed gatehouse gatehouse massive size defences inner outer sides building gatehouse sort built castle examples exist castle uniquely gatehouse protected sets built slots installed notable feature existence smaller defend passage gatehouse originally taller today entrance included removed 20th century base gatehouse defended large spurs design feature characteristic castles including unlike castles depends solid octagonal square based interacting form circular towers gatehouse defended upper windows rear upper floors designed high status guests windows provided adequate light chambers south east gatehouse relatively modern having rebuilt past collapse history 11th 12th centuries castle appears date norman times village norman period area acquired earl built number castles region including appear built castle site revolt son resulted village taken possession royal constructed royal mandate precise date uncertain son castle administrative centre location castle placed english border area little welsh presence invasion appears established purposes royal governance protect west south west include castle devon cornwall regional royal administrative centres alternative view sees intended protect estuary south royal castles bristol gloucester early castle bailey design probably wood miles partner pain strengthened hold welsh border years henry king death england descended civil war anarchy factions loyal king stephen fought control country killed early fighting miles declared favour took control castle right empress confirmed miles earl formally granted castle miles castle escaped worst fighting anarchy miles son continued hold castle reign henry_ii empress son confrontation king resulted removed taken royal ownership henry_ii rebuilt castle replacing older wooden structure stone royal forests early medieval period subject special royal jurisdiction forest law harsh arbitrary matter purely king forests expected supply king hunting grounds raw materials goods money hunting important king major centre thanks plentiful supply trees making iron deposits limestone stone region iron goods constructed locally stored castle shipped royal locations quantities produced substantial example henry_ii received axes picks nails richard took crusade constable wide ranging responsibilities forest including managing rights privileges iron workers exercised miners castle 13th century king john enjoyed regular hunting forest november castle base trips king entertained welsh lord castle royal interest resulted building works substantial expenditure spent years stone curtain wall replaced earlier wooden complete tower gateway inside bailey number buildings suitable use king lodge constructed wooden chapel built castle castle expansion funded increased taxes iron working areas end john reign castle mature form charter forest passed worst royal jurisdiction forest laws allow wide range fines imposed local peasants broke numerous place protect wildlife trees forest courts held castle imposed relatively large number fines illegal wood cutting period castle began prison shortly partially forest pay required fines king john death primary centre english quarrel manufacture important military advance older short bow favoured weapon time richard needed supply royal forces primarily built tower london local forest provide raw materials national centre quarrel manufacture arrived castle began production operations forge built bailey production level day period achieved men like able produce day barrels shipped kingdom large quantities iron castle sent build siege engines manufacturing capability castle gave king distinct advantage potential enemies supply arms castle threatened welsh royal power period centre arms manufacture castle secure new defensive ditch repaired walls new chapel castle garrisoned royal troops uprising suggesting considerable military value time indicator military importance castle surrounding forest fee year paid constable castle par larger castles nottingham edward massive gatehouse built protect castle entrance including special protection speculation royal architect responsible building work occurred cost reason king extending castle time unclear castle relatively far welsh border particular risk attack popular explanation given quantities weapons money stored property time gatehouse designed improve internal security castle presence additional support explanation old wooden chapel rebuilt stone extension castle wall constructed cost called followed line old gave additional protection 14th 17th centuries castle remained important location reign key region wars king favourites noble factions period roger constable castle early years edward reign royal favourite visited castle times extensive renovation rooms quarters occurring time spent work substantial sum supplanted king favour younger fought king war war edward placed marches control elder taking particular responsibility appointed keeper confiscated castles marches violence began break region response harsh rule deputy attacked july way castle london eyes torn arms legs broken records money stolen edward deposed shortly edward wife isabella france isabella set expanding lands victory took castle royal castles possession isabella overthrown son castle reverted crown end 14th century england saw increasing conflict rival factions passed forth senior nobility playing major conflict castle initially given king edward son thomas duke gloucester fall thomas favour uprising thomas received life grant castle reward serving richard thomas fall power castle given henry son duke duke close friend acquired forest dean rewarded castle support faction wars roses executed earl took castle died battle briefly held restored castle widow 16th anne death castle passed control time slow period decline years similar royal castles region including bristol gloucester minor improvements including light windows added internal buildings 15th century extensive chapel 17th century extent castles successfully converted luxurious dwellings james charles castle traditionally granted time english civil war castle held 4th earl friend king sided parliament played little conflict restoration return charles_ii power castle removed given instead henry lord life henry death duke granted property disgrace duke years later castle changed hands subsequent owners modest figures english public life case previous years 18th 19th centuries 18th century buildings inside bailey knocked valuable materials including lead roof recycled partially collapsed remainder falling victorian writers blamed progress time theft stones local peasants collapse famous horn chimney moved original location west building whilst achieving picturesque status ruined area georgian visitors noted beautiful romantic scenery surrounds ruins castle principally prison court operating authority constable forest law originally established remaining buildings inside bailey converted courtroom jury room west gatehouse jail prisoners primarily prison england act individuals unable pay debts fines detained prison indefinitely encourage payment conditions castle prison increasingly notorious visit prison reformer research edition book state prisons published years later howard found prison greatly repair inmates locked single room exercise best year fresh water financial support graffiti stone walls castle jail includes inscription prisoner period great space weary place extensive riots led intervention military dispersed order restored range complaints levied enforcement local laws miners metal workers attacks castle locals degree violence case greater act parliament followed establishing number commissioners investigated local practices recent events castle prison castle came particular scrutiny emerged cases brought court castle extremely small sums debt prices increasingly unacceptable victorian eyes penalty prices charged case making process extremely local poor prosecuted way investigation found keeper prison hold inmates time appointed constable income charging prisoner week use beds prison public funding prisoners depended friends relatives food donations original parishes castle prison found bad condition commissioners noted prison window foot wide open door outer end passage hole considered necessary air dark winding leads hole going building inaccessible cleaning years ago drain moat air draws passage room water prisoners liberty obliged person prison reforms followed including improving conditions castle facilities visitors continued note castle like worn shoe role constable transformed chief commissioner woods forests court jury rooms turned local school occasional courts attachment held chapel castle retained function prison remaining inmates transferred prison today gatehouse buildings inside bailey youth moat partly turned garden castle classed grade listed building scheduled monument site remains open public managed english_heritage | St Briavels Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
14250_EdzellCastle | castle castle ruined 16th century castle century walled garden located close miles north angus scotland begun 9th earl expanded son sir lord laid garden castle saw little military action design construction use country house defensive structure briefly occupied english troops invasion scotland sold family eventually came ownership earl given state care 1930s visitor attraction run open year entrance charge castle consists original tower house building ranges courtyard adjacent renaissance walled garden incorporating intricate relief carvings unique scotland 1930s considered links traditions including history origins castle timber bailey structure built guard mouth strategic pass leading north highlands mound visible metres south west present castle dates 12th century seat family centre vanished original village succeeded lords turn sir son married alexander son david created earl property junior branch family descended 3rd earl inherited decided abandon original castle built tower house courtyard sheltered location nearby selection site overlooked higher ground north suggests defence primary concern david earl death cousin 8th earl son alexander wicked master proceeded extend simple tower house addition large west range incorporating new entrance gate hall lord built castle miles north possibly hunting lodge time sir lord 9th earl son educated paris cambridge travelled continental europe father nominated son alexander wicked master heir returning title senior line family succeed father death lord session senior judge taking title lord appointed renaissance man undertook improvements estates including mining woodland planting german invited search precious metals august received mary queen scots queen royal progress aim rebellious earl spent nights stay convened meeting attended nobility scotland son king visited twice june august sir david extended castle late 16th century addition large north range round corner towers laid garden symbols england scotland ireland celebrate english throne death cousin sir david died heavily debt result fines handed conduct son garden north range incomplete damage decline affected campaigns royalist properties son sir david attacked english civil war invaded scotland september troops took stationed month time presbyterian settlement lord david son switched parish minister barred parish church episcopal services held great hall castle began decline time rising lord david supporter exiled old faced mounting family debts david sold castle fellow scots equivalent sterling lord lands property taking failed rebellion sold crown london company branched buying selling property proceeded asset strip property castle saw military event unit government troops occupied building causing damage bankrupt remaining contents castle including roofs removed sold pay company creditors avenue beech trees linked castle village property sold nephew earl died property passed nephew 8th earl later history castle remained property appointed 1870s built cottage use visitor centre walled garden passed state care followed rest castle castle garden currently maintained open public year round castle protected castle category listed building highest level protection historic building garden included inventory national listing significant gardens house category listed building description known remainder castle lies south west later castle bend comprises low partially natural mound aligned north west south east metres long metres point metres high outer bailey courtyard metres surrounded bordered deep ditch castle castle comprises early 16th century tower house slightly later west range late 16th century north range buildings east south vanished red sandstone walls originally storey tower house named tower original lords old built metres high measures metres metres plan walls metres thick basement metres floor tower house entered north door protected inverted shaped gun holes slot adjacent door held draw bar reinforce entry mason marks remain door hall occupies floor vaulted marks wall position gallery timber screen concealed serving area accessed narrow cellar broad main spiral led storeys private chambers reaching small rooftop chamber giving access walk corners tower open turrets similar projections occur halfway wall supported projecting stones arranged pattern tiers alternate rendering lower tier purely decorative represents early occurrence style known widespread later 16th century storey west range contains main entrance enters courtyard arched passage outside gate spaces panels displayed windows larger original ones tower house iron small gun holes beneath entrance kitchen larger hall drawing room western storey north range completed planned complete courtyard range kitchen private chambers round tower north west corner entered turret courtyard fragments remain including parts carved door surround foundations east south buildings remain probably contained stables walled garden addition extending castle sir created unusual feature walled garden similar gardens probably relatively common scotland renaissance rare survivor garden provided retreat castle intended delight entertain sir david distinguished guests started shows signs hastily completed death rectangular enclosure metres north south metres east west surrounded metres high wall north wall castle courtyard remaining decorated walls divided removed regular sections compartments metres compartment niche possibly containing statues east wall semi circular carved national symbols rose recalling scotland south wall square west wall indicating work prematurely come halt sir david death compartments alternating design sets seven carved panels occupy compartment walls decorated representation coat arms form band seven pointed stars taken arms spaces walls including inside stars intended nesting holes birds carved panels sets carved panels depict seven cardinal virtues west wall seven south seven deities east wall panel approximately metre high wide deities depicted shaped elliptical frames arts arches virtues plain describes arts panels weakest set carvings suggesting money short west wall declared arts panels finest work compares style deities contemporary carvings found suggesting mason responsible come carvings based popular series published pattern books origin numerous books brought specifically images deities derived german artist pupil initials appear carving mars arts virtues based derived paintings flemish artist widely distributed scotland deities image identical king master works spectacular display welcome scotland following marriage buildings planting complement garden bath house summer house constructed corners garden castle bath house ruined storey summer house survives intact comprises groin vaulted lower room upper chamber containing surviving example castle carved oak wall attributes design construction garden buildings based decorated gun holes summer house planting recreated 1930s original plan renaissance garden survives records fruit grown 17th century garden decorative trimmed shapes scottish english rose french planting letters spelling family breathe hope endure endure firmly interpretations symbolism garden particularly carvings repetition inspired interpretations carvings based commonplace scotland time frequently art memory memory technique associated art memory feature scottish culture court danish consort operative potential influence danish symbolic garden visited scotland noted sir aware symbolic allusions carvings correspondence brother lord discusses relationship planets metals employed search land sir david nephew 1st lord noted interest suggested garden associated seen early 17th century mystery temple describes garden place instruction remarks structure reminiscent description ancient carved walls initiation temples candidate taken sequence symbols backs suggestion observation set 15th century thought deck includes images symbols | Edzell Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
14847_PendennisCastle | castle castle artillery fort constructed henry_viii near cornwall formed king device programme protect invasion france defended mouth original circular gun platform expanded end century cope increasing spanish threat ring extensive stone built older castle saw service english civil war held taken parliament long siege survived charles_ii renovated fortress restoration throne ongoing concerns possible french invasion resulted defences upgraded napoleonic wars castle held guns 1880s 1890s electrically operated minefield laid operated new quick firing guns installed support defences castle saw service second world wars obsolete decommissioned passed control cleared away modern military buildings opened site visitors 21st century castle managed english_heritage tourist attraction receiving visitors heritage agency considers finest examples post medieval defensive fort country history 16th 17th centuries construction castle built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely basic defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke order long standing marriage wife catherine catherine aunt took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain response henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline stretch water known mouth important anchorage serving shipping arriving atlantic mediterranean small gun tower called built overlooking entrance plans protect anchorage additional castles event constructed castle positioned able provide overlapping fire water prominent member local gentry probably oversaw construction built land appointed captain castle cost construct initial operation controlled castle decades son grandson continuing turn captain captains frequently argued legal dispute broke rights search incoming shipping castles argued traditional right admiralty eventually issued compromise proposing castles share searching traffic lasting peace france initial invasion threat passed spanish threat south west england war broke result defensive constructed north west castle protect attack land additional gun battery facing installed alongside levels garrison varied considerably period garrison men mustered men reportedly guarded soldiers spanish threat continued raiding parties destroyed family home spanish ships attacked towns coast spanish fleet men set assault invade england prevented landing bad weather failed attack caused considerable concern inside government informed castle sufficient prevent spanish landing coast subsequent review carried sir sir sir recommended castle defences significantly extended military engineer paul constructed italian styled ring earthworks stone ditch original castle team local workers costing week wages early england peace neglected reportedly garrison pay years forcing gather shoreline food nonetheless new italian styled gatehouse added castle probably war spain broke new defensive line artillery built peninsula english civil war restoration civil war broke king charles parliament south west england held growing town strategically important supply route continent formed base royalist piracy english channel war turned favour preparations shelter winter surrounding fortifications improved event charles stayed castle briefly early shortly isles march entered cornwall substantial army royalist positions england fallen surrendered immediately approached continued hold defended soldiers command sir determined hold announced die surrender parliamentary hammond directed bombardment castle land captain flotilla ships blockaded sea preventing fresh supplies arriving garrison defences supported artillery fire royalist warship deliberately run aground north castle produce additional gun platform july food begun run short garrison unsuccessfully attempted break sea acquire supplies agreed honourable surrender august survivors left fort days later ill penultimate royalist fortification hold war parliament maintained garrison castle cut levels armed forces country soldiers lost posts offered months pay month pay offered garrison led colonel seized visiting parliamentary commissioners refused leave castle additional pay granted fearing wider uprising parliament negotiated end confrontation paying garrison offering fresh employment smaller reliable garrison installed castle radical restoration king charles_ii throne royalist sir new captain castle fears invasion continued additional gun battery constructed crab south east main fortification end century new guard barracks gate constructed probably constructed france 18th 19th centuries castle continued use 18th 19th centuries command successive captains operating partnership colonel carried inspection fortification finding condition noting body fort having years neglected condition collapsed easily scaled ditches filled little remedy castle extensively interior redesigned rebuilt castle guns replaced incorporating new pounder cannons american revolutionary war france allied revolutionaries causing war britain break napoleonic wars followed period important military depot crown purchased castle land family reinforced fortress deal fresh threat invasion government installed guns built new gun position called half moon battery outside 16th century walls defences reinforced new barracks buildings built inside fortress peak castle equipped artillery pieces new volunteer unit artillery formed support forts harbour carrying training guns deploying cornwall end napoleonic wars neglected guns buildings fell ruin old post captain castle abolished fortification commanded conventional military appointment 1850s renewed fears french invasion led investment new artillery castle nineteen pounder guns installed continued important harbour particularly royal_navy new concerns france emerged operated minefield laid jointly controlled new pounder quick firing guns supported machine guns close defence assigned castle deal emerging threat enemy torpedo boats 20th 21st centuries regiment royal garrison artillery took manning castle new barracks built house signal station constructed old coordinate operations shipping 16th century alongside demolished castle reinforced territorial soldiers world war additional defences constructed continued defend harbour training purposes war continued training gunners 16th century buildings placed fortification artillery removed castle rearmed beginning second world war twin pounder guns longer range artillery installed trenches dug protection new buildings added site 16th century fort headquarters managed artillery area new radar controlled inch guns followed played important role supporting day invasion france preparations invasion gun batteries defend german boats war initially training castle obsolete decommissioned site placed opened visitors ministry focused attention 16th century castle modern buildings destroyed barracks youth heritage agency english_heritage took control castle placed greater priority conservation modern features extensive work carried castle 1990s fortifications open new facilities visitors accompanied archaeological surveys excavations 2000s sergeant mess house converted holiday cottages 21st century castle managed english_heritage tourist attraction receiving visitors protected law grade listed building scheduled monument architecture castle located end peninsula overlooking sea includes original 16th century device fort surrounded ring outer defences based later adapted 18th 19th 20th centuries gun batteries located closer shore heritage agency considers finest examples post medieval defensive fort country demonstrating long history different defensive approaches english_heritage describes site finest surviving examples coast fortress england gatehouse castle located western dates classical facade mid-19th century stone bridge reaching external ditch built stone protective ditches angular provide overlapping fire innovative design england constructed north gatehouse holding quick firing gun battery quick firing guns dating underground magazines converted battery plotting room second world war south gun battery built comprises fixed line gun south east corner gun battery originally held disappearing gun designed pivot steel shield fired built approach proved unsuccessful gun removed remains rare survival type weapon pig pound protect southern western parts range artillery anti aircraft guns defences including 19th century 20th century pieces field gun inch cwt anti aircraft gun pounder inner castle heart castle 16th century fortification built combination granite rubble comprises circular surrounded gun platform entered bridge metre thick walls inside octagonal basement originally kitchen cellar castle ground floor initially designed gun room complete gun altered initial construction project form living accommodation garrison instead gun room occupies floor seven gun dressed appear 16th century roof seven gun turret gun platform sides total gun storey dates second half 16th century rooms level linked spiral staircase originally house captain castle entrance guarded roof designed stone bridge stretches ditch protects castle dates originally protected rectangular gatehouse demolished start 20th century rest interior fortress times occupied range different military buildings demolished form large parade ground surviving buildings barracks located north parade ground built hold soldiers man rooms alongside barracks originally use senior non commissioned officers dating napoleonic wars guard barracks form early example form military architecture england buildings survived include 19th century field train shed 18th century gunpowder magazine converted shelter gunners external defences defensive positions positioned outside main castle south reached underground passage half moon battery constructed redesigned gun houses inch guns dating second world war held team soldiers south near waterline shaped gun position dating altered adapted form larger fortification covering point late 16th century built rubble exterior turret survive intact shoreline north east crab set defences originating 16th century intended prevent amphibious landing extensively | Pendennis Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15135_Chlemoutsi | greek medieval castle northwest regional unit peninsula southern greece municipality built early rulers main stronghold finest fortification early period rule greece preserved country today castle located small plateau metres sea level comprises central built inner courtyard containing halls entire length complemented outer wall outer yard western castle largely preserved original 13th century state minor later modifications installation artillery located near capital chief port played central role history actually besieged coming byzantine rule captured ottoman_empire rest byzantine ottoman times minor additions provide platforms artillery castle progressively lost significance completely deserted late 18th century greek war independence outer wall demolished prevent greek rebels today preserved monument open public history castle built rule result dispute prince clergy asked clergy owned lands obliged render military service additional donations help defend realm clergy refused claiming owed allegiance pope confiscated church property began construction new funds fortress set new foundation previous structure identifiable site french probably gave rise greek form recently theories proposed origin suggestions greek slavic roots pre dating fortress 15th century italian sources came apparently confusion seat mint nearby middle 14th century silver coins new fortress near capital kilometres away kilometres largest port town sites administrative heart fortress south served secure control fertile plain formed major domain valley despite importance history object major military operations main function prison distinguished captives byzantine generals taken captive battle died captivity prince died domain title went king naples charles according provisions treaty granted william wife retained hereditary anna married baron lord half acquisition fertile lands powerful fortress words french addition wealth inherited marriage worried september agreement reached ceded domain exchange half lands recently deceased comprising estates italy early son successor held hostage father behaviour sole surviving daughter margaret sought virtue descent claim portion including kings naples controlled end february daughter passed titles claims returned imprisoned died february march ferdinand landed june claiming nominee fell rapidly ferdinand control eventually defeated killed july remaining troops ceded fortresses held set sail home shortly passed hands began expand territories expense prince defeat byzantine navy battle forced possessions byzantine emperor form daughter constantine residence base operations major latin stronghold city castle remained byzantine hands captured rest ottoman_empire son imprisoned managed escape lead rebellion ottoman conquest castle lost strategic significance occupied ottoman venetian war attacked period venetian rule war served seat fiscal district reports venetian governors time dismiss small size barely inhabited proposed destroyed far sea vital concern maritime minded republic difficult defend recommended abandoned ruined rebuilt instead returned ottoman control early 19th century fortress completely deserted greek war independence forces egypt took castle dismantled portion walls greek rebels today castle preserved landmark 6th byzantine visited easily accessible car nearby location architecture remains beautiful testimony military art according location small plateau metres sea level near modern village gives commanding view surrounding countryside encompassing coastal plain reaching coast greek mainland view location scale quality construction prove according built citadel fulfilled independent military role securing control wider region castle located irregular plateau southern eastern northern slopes abrupt softer western slope modern village offering easiest access heart fortress consists large complemented west terrain accessible additional outer wall likewise irregular outline second wider courtyard outer ward outer ward outer gate fortress lies northwestern outer ward originally small outer curtain wall protected later filled turks smaller set walls preserve outer wall frontage ottomans added additional buttresses junctions wall original curtain wall space original gate new ottoman entrance left open sky gate outer wall continues east south distinct stretches walls wall built limestone masonry little evidence brick tiles topped small inner ottoman built largely ruined beginning buildings built leaning outer wall evidenced remnant foundations walls joining curtain wall inner face presence windows curtain wall buildings largely preserved immediately outer gate windows etc display style points construction time fortress point outer wall joins small located leading outer wall gate curtain wall continues stretches southwest south tower probably ottoman addition junction turning sharply east built southwestern corner turks artillery platform western wall evidence buildings erected adjoining curtain wall southern wall shows evidence later probably turkish repairs broken tiles alternating stone courses stretch cannons effected breach wall roughly halfway southwestern corner wall abruptly turns metres ottoman built tower continuing east northeast join located metres junction walls irregular shape measuring metres east west metres south north walls inner courtyard metres metres walls hold series halls forming ring rooms central courtyard lower storey separated upper wooden floors collapsed support beams existence arches opening courtyard upper storey features large galleries barrel supported walls limestone blocks regularly spaced transverse arches metres collapsed set wall topped byzantine style galleries feature uniform style common 12th century french architecture double arched windows set vaulted depression walls galleries feature similar outer curtain wall associated buildings reinforcing stylistic castle suited residence halls arranged inner courtyard comfortable lit cool summer provided winter months entrance located avant corps northern vaulted gates leading outer courtyard inner rooms features round towers diameter square bases located western outer ward southern totally ruined probably result destruction exposed eastern southern sides featured towers according historian judged adequately protected steep terrain roof appears originally sloping shaped outer face rebuilt outer wall raised roof replaced current platform like terrace access roof given staircase courtyard immediately main entrance spiral staircase collapsed western corner inner new roof survives traces outer remain ottoman era provision appears installation guns architecture importance judging relative construction castle appears built years architectural elements found castle typical french 12th century architecture writes lacking purely gothic features appears transition native byzantine elements apparent blocks use local material remains important best preserved castles greece maintains character intact period decline military importance additions alterations byzantine rule left traces ottomans minor repairs modifications artillery | Chlemoutsi | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15193_EtalCastle | castle castle ruined medieval fortification village northumberland england built comprised residential tower gatehouse corner tower protected curtain wall castle involved local feuding border wars england scotland battle rival manners families outside walls briefly captured king scotland invasion england castle passed hands crown garrisoned border defences fell disrepair abandoned military fortification 18th century ceased domestic dwelling 21st century castle owned family managed english_heritage open public protected law ancient monument grade listed building history 14th 15th centuries castle built village robert granted licence king edward iii order defend location scots manners family owned manor earliest castle residential tower tower built site older house owned family site incorporating structure new tower alternatively central tower built point late 13th early 14th centuries complete case licence served allow manners extend perimeter fortifications castle surrounded manor included mills corn lime coal mines work continued robert son inherited property minor sir acquired property site described weakly defended location passed joan widow considered fully fledged castle powerful regional figure granted order retain loyalty face military advances scots wife allegedly ran surrounding estate resulting commission established investigate abuses died probably leaving castle son robert turn left property son john involved long running feud neighbouring family owned neighbouring ford castle january fight sides outside castle died precise events unclear formed basis subsequent lawsuit john argued william assaulted castle attack died john direct involvement death william widow blamed john eldest son called john william death demanded compensation arbitration church eventually john agreed pay masses william soul marks widow sons robert inherited castle estates lands fallen value considerably preceding years result wars scots feuding poverty lands robert son inherited property passed castle son george death george inherited title mother family castle abandoned residence family end 15th century manners moved closer royal court 16th century absence manners castle managed family gradually castle hereditary renting lands estate family castle heavily involved border wars scotland usually holding garrison men forming important strategic defensive location step removed fortifications border august scotland invaded england large army equipped modern artillery took border castles moved south castle surrendered quickly hope avoiding james army nonetheless partially deliberately damaged prevent defence english victory battle following month castle garrisoned lord store captured scottish artillery guard sir lord went use castle extensively royal commission reported castle buildings great recommending fortification repaired crown bought castle manners exchange estates england putting sir charge property garrison horsemen foot soldiers years acting castle position retain rest century castle remained important defence border fell poor repair described poor condition able lodge captain report reiterated similar problems commissioners wrote poor maintenance years left need repairs order 17th 21st centuries scotland inherited kingdom england uniting lost military value soon passed private ownership 18th century ceased residence ruins painted based visit castle autumn lord bought castle ruins cleaned ivy castle placed state archaeological excavations surveys carried site 21st century managed english_heritage protected law grade listed building ancient monument architecture castle originally overlooked bridge protected steep banks running river castle forms rectangular enclosure approximately feet protected relatively thin stone curtain wall feet inches thick wall ground destroyed foundations remaining residential tower north east corner entered unusual region feet inches feet inches size protected storeys tall floor tower reached spiral staircase comprised rooms large small chamber tower built sandstone floor lighter sandstone lower floors added ground floor feet originally vaulted ceiling upper floors lit large windows complete window seats second floors probably manners family large floor castle staff tower possibly linked neighbouring hall complex doorway floor complex lost gatehouse south east corner feet square vaulted originally protected gate vaulted feet long feet inches wide floor lost large chamber feet wide room feet inches square doorway led form platform gatehouse architectural historian described flamboyant window tracing manners coat arms carved entrance gatehouse north west corner tower feet feet inches inside entrance door east originally floor remains uncertain second corner tower built south east corner castle complex excavations possible location failed find traces survey proved inconclusive | Etal Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15539_HimejiCastle | castle castle japanese castle complex located japan castle regarded finest surviving example japanese castle architecture comprising network buildings advanced defensive systems feudal period castle frequently known white castle white castle brilliant white exterior supposed resemblance bird taking flight dates built fort fort dismantled rebuilt castle centuries later significantly added story castle awarded castle help completely rebuilt castle expanding large castle complex buildings later added castle complex years remained intact extensive bombing world war natural disasters great earthquake largest visited castle japan registered country area middle moat castle complex designated special historic site structures castle designated considered japan premier castles order preserve castle buildings underwent restoration work years reopened public march works removed decades dirt restoring gray roof original brilliant white color history castle construction dates fort constructed hill ruler ancient son demolished fort built place clan stationed order clan feudal ruler castle completing work presented castle significantly castle building story area following battle granted castle son law reward help battle demolished story created completely rebuilt expanded castle adding transforming castle complex seen today expenditure labor involved expansion believed totaled million man days died passing castle son died years later family inherited castle added buildings castle complex including special tower daughter law period japanese castles destroyed abandoned castle corridors gates destroyed room japanese army barracks entirety castle complex slated demolished government policy spared efforts army colonel stone monument honoring placed castle complex gate gate spared japanese castles obsolete preservation costly han feudal system abolished castle auction castle purchased resident japanese today buyer wanted demolish castle complex develop land cost destroying castle estimated great spared heavily bombed end world war surrounding area burned ground castle survived intact dropped floor castle failed explode order preserve castle complex substantial repair work undertaken starting labor expenditure man days cost million january city substantially damaged great earthquake castle survived virtually undamaged demonstrating remarkable earthquake resistance bottle sake placed altar floor remained place historical recognition castle registered december japan structures castle designated main northwest small west small east small corridors kitchen area middle moat castle complex designated special historic site considered japan premier castles visited castle japan receiving visitors starting april underwent restoration work preserve castle buildings reopened public march design details castle largest castle japan serves excellent example japanese castle architecture containing defensive architectural features associated japanese castles curved walls said resemble giant fans principal materials structures stone wood feudal family installed architecture building signifying lords inhabited castle history complex located center hill called sea level castle complex comprises network buildings gates corridors turrets buildings designated important cultural assets corridors turrets gates walls highest walls castle complex height joining castle complex garden japanese garden created commemorate city 100th anniversary east west castle complex length north south length castle complex covers area hectares acres making roughly times large tokyo dome times large stadium main center complex high standing sea level main smaller subsidiary keeps form cluster towers externally appears floors second floors appear single floor actually floors basement basement main area interior contains special facilities seen castles including drain board kitchen corridor main pillars standing east standing west east pillar base diameter originally single fir tree original base west pillar japanese restoration japanese tree length brought replaced old pillar tree broken process tree brought trees joined floor floor main area called thousand mat room walls floor weapon racks holding spears point castle contained guns spears second floor area roughly floor area fourth floor area fourth floors platforms situated north south windows called stone throwing platforms defenders observe throw objects attackers small enclosed rooms called warrior hiding places defenders hide kill attackers surprise entered final floor sixth floor area sixth floor windows iron bars place feudal period view windows defenses castle contains advanced defensive systems feudal period shape circles squares located castle intended allow defenders armed fire attackers exposing roughly exist castle buildings remaining today angled called stone drop windows set numerous points castle walls enabling stones boiling oil poured heads attackers passing underneath white plaster castle construction resistance fire castle complex included outer moat buried parts central moat inner survive average width maximum width depth country moat pond exists inside castle purposes moat store water use fire prevention castle complex particularly waist quarter contains numerous warehouses store rice salt water case siege building known specifically store salt estimated contained bags salt castle complex use castle complex contained wells inner moat remain deepest depth castle important defensive elements confusing maze paths leading castle gates outer walls complex organized confuse approaching force causing travel spiral pattern complex way castle complex originally contained gates named according japanese etc present gates castle complex remain intact named according japanese cases castle turn greatly navigation example straight distance gate main path longer passages steep narrow entry system allowed watched fired lengthy approach attacked manner system remains today route clearly marked visitors trouble navigating castle complex cultural impact castle frequently known white castle white castle brilliant white exterior supposed resemblance bird taking flight castle featured extensively foreign japanese films including james_bond movie live twice ran television miniseries served stand feudal era osaka castle lost surrounding fortifications video game civilization revolution castle available build world landmark lore legend castle associated number local legends known japanese ghost story dish mansion set tokyo variant called dish mansion set castle disputed claim castle location entire legend alleged remains castle day according legend falsely accused losing dishes valuable family treasures killed thrown ghost remained night counting dishes tone legend old widow stone folklore story associated castle according legend ran stones building original story old woman heard trouble gave hand needed trade said people heard story inspired offered stones speeding construction castle day supposed stone seen covered wire net middle stone walls castle complex folklore story associated master carpenter construction according legend dissatisfied construction feeling little southeast eventually distraught climbed jumped death mouth visitor statistics april total number visits era restoration surpassed million gallery overview views views views night views views interior views cherry | Himeji Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15573_ConwyCastle | castle welsh english medieval fortification north coast wales built edward conquest wales constructed wider project create walled town combined defences cost huge sum period centuries castle played important wars siege winter acted temporary haven held months forces loyal following outbreak english civil war castle held forces loyal charles holding surrendered parliamentary armies aftermath castle partially parliament prevent revolt finally completely ruined remaining iron lead stripped sold attractive destination painters late 18th early 19th centuries visitor numbers grew initial restoration work carried second half 19th century 21st century ruined castle managed tourist attraction considers finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe classed site rectangular castle built local imported stone occupies coastal ridge originally overlooking important crossing point divided inner outer ward defended large towers gate leading river allowing castle sea retains earliest surviving stone britain historian described best preserved suite medieval private royal chambers england wales keeping castles architecture close links found kingdom period influence probably derived origins main architect history 13th century english built town site occupied monastery favoured welsh princes location controlled important crossing point coastal inland areas years defended kings england welsh princes control region conflict resumed 13th century leading edward intervening second time reign edward invaded huge army pushing north westwards montgomery chester edward captured march decided location form centre new county relocate abbey miles valley new site establishing build new english castle walled town monastery site ruined castle abandoned rebuilt edward plan colonial enterprise placing new town walls high status native welsh site symbolic act demonstrate english power work began cutting ditch castle days edward decision work controlled sir overseen master mason james george phase work focused creating exterior curtain walls towers second phase interior buildings erected work began walls neighbouring town castle complete builders recruited huge numbers labourers england task summer building season labourers chester walked wales edward separate costs town walls castle total cost projects came huge sum period castle constable royal charter mayor new town oversaw castle garrison soldiers including supported carpenter chaplain engineer rebelled english rule edward besieged welsh december january supplied sea forces arrived relieve february suggested given conditions edward refused drink private supply wine instead shared garrison years castle formed main residence visiting senior figures hosted edward son future visited region receive homage welsh leaders 14th 15th centuries maintained early 14th century survey reported poorly equipped limited stores suffering leaking roofs rotten problems persisted edward black prince took control castle sir chamberlain conducted repairs building new stone support arches great hall parts castle death black prince fell neglect end 14th century castle refuge forces rival august returning ireland richard way castle met negotiations swore chapel harm king august richard surrendered flint castle promising life spared king taken london died later captivity castle took english throne rule rebellion broke shortly leadership march brother cousins undertook surprise attack castle pretending repairing castle gained entry killed duty took control fortress welsh rebels attacked captured rest walled town brothers held months negotiating surrender agreement pair given royal pardon henry war roses fought rival factions reinforced played little fighting henry_viii conducted restoration work time castle prison depot potential residence visitors 17th 21st centuries fell disrepair early 17th century charles sold edward son called edward inherited ruin english civil war broke charles royalist supporters parliament archbishop york took charge castle behalf king set repairing expense sir appointed governor castle instead leading bitter dispute men archbishop defected parliament town fell august november general finally took castle substantial siege aftermath siege colonel appointed governor castle fresh repairs carried appointed parliament ordered castle military use tower probably deliberately partially pulled time restoration charles_ii conway returned years later edward decided strip remaining iron lead castle sell work completed supervision despite opposition leading citizens turned castle total ruin end 18th century ruins considered picturesque sublime attracting visitors artists paintings castle bridges built river linking town 19th century including road bridge rail bridge improved communication links castle increased tourist numbers passed holland family leased descendants civic leadership town restoration work ruins began including reconstruction damaged tower castle leased undertook wide range repairs extensive research castle history additional road bridge built castle protected scheduled monument declared castles king edward 21st century castle managed tourist attraction tourists visited castle new visitor centre opened castle requires ongoing maintenance repairs cost financial year architecture considers finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe rocky coastal ridge grey limestone stone castle largely taken ridge probably site cleared local stone sufficient quality carving details windows accordingly sandstone brought peninsula sandstone colourful local grey stone probably deliberately chosen appearance castle rectangular plan divided inner separated cross wall large foot tall towers originally castle white washed lime render outside towers holes original construction inserted create ramp builders somewhat decayed originally sported triple designs featured sequence square holes running outside walls uncertain holes drainage holes supports defensive displaying ornamental shields main entrance castle western exterior defence main gate built reached masonry ramp came sharply town modern path cuts east outside walls features earliest surviving stone britain gate originally protected gate leads built administrative service buildings north west tower reached porter lodge contained limited accommodation space stores south west tower castle constable castle garrison contained south ward range buildings included great hall chapel sitting exposed surviving stone arches seen great hall tower constable prisoners included special room holding prisoners called chamber 16th century underground dungeon north ward range service buildings including kitchen backed kitchen tower containing accommodation store rooms originally separated outer ward internal wall gate protected ditch cut rock ditch filled 16th century removed spring fed castle built alongside gate survives today foot deep inside ward contained chambers royal household immediate staff service facilities today historian considers best preserved suite medieval private royal chambers england wales designed form royal palace miniature necessary sealed rest castle supplied eastern gate sea indefinitely practice rarely royal family royal rooms positioned floor range buildings ran outside ward facing courtyard towers protected contained service facilities chapel tower containing private royal chapel tower additional turret probably intended security allow prominent display royal flag arrangement originally similar 13th century castle provided combination privacy king providing extensive personal security sets apartments later unified single set rooms including great chamber outer chamber inner chamber east castle garden overlooked royal apartments changed style years early 14th century lawn late 14th century 16th century crab apple trees lawn 17th century formal ornamental flowers gate originally led river small dock built allowing key visitors enter castle private fortress boat gate concealed later bridges built site architecture close links found kingdom period include window styles type towers positioning holes usually ascribed influence architect master james links straightforward cases relevant structures built james left region similarity architectural details result wider role played engineers project | Conwy Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15688_CastellyBere | welsh castle near pennant wales constructed stone castle intended maintain authority local people defend south west war edward england resulted death grandson fell english forces edward expanded castle established small town welsh leader mounted major revolt castle besieged apparently burnt edward repair ruined today hands operated tourist attraction history built rocky overlooking near pennant traditionally welsh princes constructed castles instead palaces called courts late 11th century onwards advanced wales taking lands north establishing band occupied territory south called 12th century timber castles began built small numbers initially controlled grew powerful course reign extending influence wales early years 13th century faced challenges including dealing threat kings england maintaining authority native welsh took control neighbouring son previously placed power father son fallen prince began build castle intent controlling local population securing new south west border included mountain trade routes stone castles built initial castle consisted towers positioned courtyard situated rocky near following death power declined eastern lands taken england grandson took power imprisoned brother extending power wales extended castle additional tower south similar built probably order provide additional accommodation conflict welsh princes english kings continued reign fought final campaign edward ending prince death near december brother assumed power forced south forces command marched south wales placing siege taking april edward deployed troops finally captured executed october team command master engineer left conduct unspecified work english army left edward continued invest money time visited times establishing small town alongside castle possibly east walter appointed constable castle edward spent building new chamber potentially king use visits spent year following revolt pair linking walls south tower probably built time external gate towers built time welsh leader mounted major revolt wales earl ordered mid october ensure castle secure late october castle siege forces castle constable sent lead relief expedition final fate uncertain probably taken welsh forces late subsequently burnt century following revolt new english town abandoned castle situated unlike new coastal castles built edward sea result fit plan controlling 16th century castle state decay welsh poet observed banks river stood large strong building destroyed cast ground years site finally cleared 1850s revealing castle remains owner site carried archaeological investigations private owner ruins placed state 21st century site care protected scheduled monument maintained tourist attraction light welsh political changes history similar welsh castles increasing prominent response noted intend increased priority communicating history castles welsh princes architecture today ruins stand rocky protective ditches cut stone south east sides entrance castle lies west probably built edward contains overlooking stone steps approaching inner gate castle courtyard containing large remains internal buildings uncertain date north tower shaped design characteristic welsh castles early 13th century originally contained hall chapel today middle tower originally southernmost defences leads ditch yard south tower design contained accommodation towers lacked main chambers instead central heat rooms unusually early welsh castle evidence decorative sculpture including statues soldiers having built castle decorative floor tiles castle display features considers castle delivered finest stone carving thirteenth century wales | Castell y Bere | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15865_SouthamptonCastle | southampton castle southampton castle located town southampton hampshire england constructed norman conquest england located north west corner town overlooking river test initially wooden bailey design late 12th century royal castle largely converted stone playing important wine trade conducted southampton docks end 13th century castle decline threat french raids led undertake extensive rebuilding result defended castle england equipped cannon castle declined 16th century sold property purposes including construction gothic mansion early 19th century site flattened largely redeveloped elements castle remain visible southampton history 11th 13th centuries constructed late 11th century point norman conquest england southampton time relatively large town significant later medieval period royal castle erected existing town site probable large english hall considerable damage caused surrounding local buildings space opened new fortification town southampton protected water sides surrounded protective ditches banks castle built rising ground north west corner town overlooking mouth river test important medieval initial castle timber bailey design feet metres bailey walls rebuilt stone half 12th century wealthiest parts southampton west town south castle districts castle north east castle positioned town years anarchy stephen fought control england castle held william bishop winchester supporter stephen henry_ii came throne took castle took steps improve condition southampton castle attempt improve general standard security south time southampton considered key fortification classed alongside important castles tower london windsor oxford lincoln winchester second half 12th century valued role coastal defence coastal base operations continent value ensuring internal security following threat french invasion henry_ii invested modest additional resources castle wooden converted stone shell john increased spending castle reign royal visits southampton common additional royal accommodation called built outside castle southampton important trading port 12th century trade routes normandy levant castle played important role trade forming warehouse king imports process managed royal purchases wine particularly important castle stored distributed royal properties south england castle hall turned subterranean vault 13th century probably storing wine 14th 15th centuries southampton major port large provincial town population successful french attack southampton burning buildings damaging castle responded improving quality town defences including building walls old ditch bank defences particularly focusing improving west town little work appears improve castle middle 14th century sat alongside quarter miles town walls castle walls kept separate french successful attack portsmouth commencing new sequence raids english coast course edward richard responded new building programme castles including work southampton castle poor condition owing theft building materials including stone lead citizens town architect rebuilt whilst additional defences added including protective wall appointed castle chaplain paid unusually high wage year reflecting skills military engineer equipped cannon making castles country equipped time cannon unreliable capable reaching relatively short ranges required construction specialist decision driven fears french attack expert guns management artillery retained 15th century manage new weaponry scare french troops successfully attacked town sandwich south coast alert captains given control castle life despite investment castle declining antiquarian describe new early 16th century glory castle large fair strong works site 16th 19th centuries castle began second period decline 16th century money spent repairing castle inner bailey rubbish tip small scale agriculture castle contrast royal castles converted southampton prisons instead built town fish street james sold castle property sold local merchant subsequently built castle played role subsequent english civil war masonry strengthen town walls entrances castle demolished late 18th century remaining castle buildings fell significant disrepair short lived buildings later constructed turn 19th century house constructed lord built mansion gothic style stone remains old known providing famous views town pulled subsequently flattened late 19th century onwards castle site subject considerable development new road upper street built old bailey site local council buildings constructed development continued second world war large parts city castle significantly damaged bombing today fragments medieval castle survive today original site covered modern buildings dominated block flats built remaining castle castle hall castle seen surviving parts south bailey wall castle fragments north wall sequence archaeological investigations excavated total castle area limited work occurred including watching brief excavation carried forest view road | Southampton Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15930_RoslinCastle | partially ruined castle near village scotland located miles south edinburgh north bank metres famous castle site early 14th century family fortified site present ruins slightly later date following destruction war rough castle rebuilt structure built cliffs remained partially castle accessed high bridge replaced earlier renovated 1980s serves holiday accommodation history castle built late 14th early 15th century begun earl baron family french origin held castle built rocky near site scots defeated english henry son henry 2nd earl built new rectangular round south west corner courtyard entered artificial ditch giving access small north range castle contained 15th century manuscripts dating include hay manuscript believed earliest extant work scots prose castle damaged domestic fire legend domestic fire earl valuable manuscripts lowered safety window chaplain severely damaged earl burned castle war rough totally destroyed remaining ruined wall seen castle rebuilt late 16th century new storey east range built rock gatehouse rebuilt time permanent stone bridge upper east range renovated renaissance details carving door window surrounds suffered artillery commander scotland general damaged reforming mob 18th century structure dilapidated east range remained inherited estates cousin adopted surname inherited title earl created date estate possession earl east range restored architects simpson brown current owner earl descendant castle holiday accommodation castle scheduled ancient monument category listed building architecture castle stands loop protects sides rocky breached north form ditch giving protection castle approached ditch bridge ruined gatehouse ruins remains gatehouse north range comprise fragments walls entrance arch remains west castle 15th century curtain wall remains standing considerable height section wall openings base served gate outer face bays divided rounded buttresses old sketches buttresses wall walk connecting south wall remaining wall mound beneath formed collapsed remnants walls ruin suggests walls thick rising east range restored east range measures pitched roof crow step entered richly carved doorway dated sir gives access floor lower floors cut rock vaulted rooms fifth south east tower lower levels service rooms principal rooms upper floors lowest level kitchen exterior found south wall shot holes east floors connected central scale staircase added early 17th century replace south west rooms upper floors impressive decorated ceilings main hall south block divided retains large fireplace carved initials wife date cultural references places featuring sir poem ballad named written 18th century cumberland lyrics music recorded volume collection scottish songs castle location film adaptation book code | Roslin Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
15936_PielCastle | castle castle known castle situated south eastern point coast peninsula north west england built century abbot neighbouring intended trade local harbour protect scottish raids castle built stones local beach featured large surrounding inner outer base fallen ruin passed hands crown sea erosion began cause significant damage castle early 19th century 1870s castle owner duke carried extensive restoration work erected protect damage sea castle given town care english_heritage history castle built overlooking deep water port harbour outside called earlier 12th century fortification island possibly built local monks reign uncertain castle built abbot gave abbey licence site comprising inner outer bailey castle intended oversee trade harbour provide defence abbey faced raids scotland architectural historian argues castle built phases starting central believes intended largely summer residence abbot increased threat scotland granting licence suggests inner bailey wall constructed better defend followed outer bailey wall final phase work abbot john decided cost maintaining castle excessive attempted pull defences prevented followed period rebuilding castle smuggling abbey leading complaints merchants english controlled illegally trafficking wool period legally sold french port landed sought help potential local supporters held court castle advancing inland ultimately defeated castle fallen ruin described report sore decayed dissolution abbey property crown given duke late 18th century island base maritime pilots castle passed possession poet visited area wrote poem entitled castle describing site sea caused significant erosion period collapsed early 19th century duke purchased rest island carried extensive expensive restoration castle destroying traces medieval occupation site process restoration involved constructing prevent sea erosion replacing damage stone features castle protecting tops stone walls decided sell island castle local mayor intervened following year duke instead agreed castle island local authorities memorial lost life world war castle passed care central government controlled english_heritage operate site tourist attraction archaeological survey commissioned english_heritage carried findings survey led program restoration work completed protected law grade listed building architecture castle built concentric design south eastern corner protected inner outer bailey stone curtain walls extending north west castle built stones local beach liquid mortar finer stonework windows red sandstone imported mainland surrounding island eroded sea castle lost fallen stone fragments visible beach storey stands low mound clay similar making base rest castle foot high feet feet reinforced protruding buttresses tower south eastern corner original entrance ground level gatehouse feet feet built north raising floor carved female figure seen entrance arch representation large windows second floors lower level later blocked unusually divided sections creating central hallway level eastern collapsed consequence land erosion argues term inappropriate building seen residential tower house similar castle inner outer bailey walls damaged sea erosion originally formed concentric squares protected ditches outer bailey wall foot thick places longer substantial built weak protected moat metres wide metres deep protected towers outer bailey towers foot wide inner bailey wall foot thick protected foot wide moat towers later addition original design gatehouse inner bailey wall built shortly construction castle fortifications slightly old fashioned period outer bailey holds stone building called chapel feet feet size original use unknown appears built late castle history possibly local legends exist tunnel castle allegedly monks escape route mainland exists | Piel Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
16045_BrownseaCastle | castle castle known historically originally device fort constructed henry_viii protect harbour threat french attack located comprised stone gun platform garrisoned local town soldiers armed artillery pieces castle remained use original invasion scare passed occupied parliament english civil war end century fallen castle converted private residence despite complaints town subsequent owners extended original form country house landscaping surrounding island create ornamental gardens lakes 19th century saw continued building work castle occupants including entrepreneur colonel erected extensions fire castle restored major wealthy led lavish lifestyle start 20th century house collection antique musical instruments purchased allowed property fall disrepair time death poor condition purchased leased restored years 21st century partnership corporate hotel employees staff history 16th century castle built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking small role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope order long standing marriage wife catherine resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england henry responded ordering instruction called device construction fortifications vulnerable parts coast immediate threat passed resurfaced france threatening invasion channel backed allies scotland henry issued device improve country defences particularly south coast castle built south east corner protect entrance busy harbour island belonged crown having confiscated conservative design storey square reported feet able support guns roof sub divided rooms originally intended storeys height achieved surrounded gun platform moat sides foot long south west allow access construction paid combination crown local town took responsibility maintaining early years elizabeth reign normal garrison described comprising men equipped artillery pieces additional work gun platform costing carried work carried develop castle defences cost castle needed regular investment piles driven probably combat coastal erosion town petitioned crown help repairs provision new cannons petition similar help resulting repairs years later costing requiring tonnes long tons short tons stone work followed including building additional foot high wall castle elizabeth granted castles life sir making admiral argued town claiming right search inspect ships going rights revenues local ferry service lost legal case rights gift refused pull inspection arguing valid pass leave castle fired vessel killing crew castle captain tried conflicted ultimately pardoned rest island castle leased landowners years 17th 18th centuries castle garrisoned 17th century civil war supporters charles parliament castle held parliament control governor castle parliament ordered pieces artillery muskets sent castle garrison men wealthy merchant sir bought surrounding island probably live castle fell disrepair end century town refused garrison decaying defences amateur architect bought island heirs set converting castle private residence amid complaints authorities town took matter attorney general argued bought rights castle island castle national fortification originally built henry_viii owned argued building originally castle lodging house built henry crown particular rights previous owners island simply allowed town government place artillery matter eventually dropped demolished external fortifications created great hall planted trees rare plants island castle sold sir cousin sir extended castle 16th century core form styled storey tower new wings stretching away sides built walled courtyard hot houses castle island lakes large number fir trees cost son castle primary home living result involvement napoleonic wars 19th 21st centuries son called charles inherited property sold sir invested significantly castle visited arriving salute castle guns diplomat sir acquired castle retirement committed suicide castle having termed state temporary insanity following disease heart lungs retired indian amy officer colonel bought island hoping turn profitable pottery works carried restoration work castle built new styled range south east sides castle constructed gatehouse entrance courtyard styled family pier sea castle commercial venture failure fled creditors spain period ownership continued pottery scheme property eventually politician lawyer furnished castle extensive collection sculpture closed pottery works gave island family home son william paying castle extensively renovated william wife moved died extensive debts forcing william sell castle island major castle caught fire january interiors blaze rebuilt property services architect complex aspects castle design wife fell ill decided sell island maintained lavish lifestyle castle holding grand house parties summer months complete servants time musical band assembling rare collection historical musical instruments europe asia africa castle charles died wife florence stayed florence death castle sold sir promptly decided auction remaining contents intent property sale included collection instruments paintings book library produced castle demolished planned instead purchased later year decided live nearby house castle allowing island return nature castle fall disrepair time death roof partially collapsed tree growing centre building facing large death duties grandson island sale agreeing donate state lieu taxes took ownership castle island considered castle little antiquity architectural interest leased castle trust use corporate hotel employees gradually restoring buildings stages remain current tenants 19th century interior features survive including wood ornamental ceilings carved stone venice castle cannons probably dating 17th early 18th century castle protected law grade listed building | Brownsea Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
16539_WressleCastle | ruined palace fortress yorkshire england built privately owned open public originally consisted ranges built central courtyard tower corner structure entered gatehouse east wall facing village executed passed royal control occasional periods granted people castle royal control returned family 5th earl northumberland refurbished castle gardens bringing standard royal properties castle embedded ornamental landscape gardens laid time castle founded created later intended high status residence fortress besieged held parliament english civil war demolished nearly years later damaged fire remains ground building south range history later middle ages family major land owning yorkshire 14th century saw properties spread northumberland yorkshire remained important held manor early 14th century granted documented probably built spent nearly years abroad soldier diplomatic active royal sphere friends according archaeologist architectural historian built residence reflecting earl pedigree distinguished state service gave influence south wales relations deteriorated partly delays payment nephew rose armed rebellion july thomas joined rebellion culminated battle captured days later july beheaded property including castle subsequently confiscated crown ownership castle swapped crown reigning monarch chose grant short periods given 4th earl northumberland returning family son 5th earl northumberland undertook extensive programme refurbishment castle interior gardens time richest men england compiled time details day day domestic activities castles historians study late medieval household died succeeded son 6th earl northumberland popular revolt rule henry_viii partly response dissolution monasteries rebels yorkshire led october sought support family travelled castle tried persuade time suffering illness join rebellion initially opposed eventually gave control castle fallen younger brothers died surviving brother inherit imprisoned role crown resumed control henry_viii visited nights antiquarian visited wrote castle proper trent newly castle fair great squared stone gave surviving description castle gardens noting fair moat castle garrisoned english civil war time badly damaged time estimated damaged castle surrounding area repair partially demolished occasions demolition work focused castle contemporary letter noting parliament agents care preserving materials pitched stones ground destruction extensive years later 10th earl northumberland ordered demolish remain south range castle earl allowed use surviving range manor house damage confined castle buildings probably affected ornamental landscape castle remained family century passed lands castle inherited assumed later occupied tenant farmer february caused fire castle remaining wing trying clear chimney report months later gentleman magazine noted loss truly national significance farm continued leased tenants farmhouse stands built castle partially covered ivy castle farm sold family site today grade listed ruin scheduled monument remains include earthworks indicating moat parts castle remains towers south range building fragment thought according site investigated held watching brief state site deteriorated point included heritage risk register natural england invested repairing castle longer considered risk removed register included architectural landscape surveys carried funding landscape survey architecture castle laid ranges square courtyard corner tower centre east storey gatehouse clockwise north east corner towers named constable tower constable ran castle daily basis lived lord tower kitchen tower opposite gatehouse castle west range great hall lord tower south west contained owner accommodation private rooms based architectural similarities castles historian suggested castle built quarter 14th century career designed great tower castle worked properties archaeologist suggests designed difficult believe designed independently landscape village pre dates castle recorded book castle built west end settlement main roads unclear centre castle built entirely new site castle given multiple gardens likely resulted parts village built river flows north south feet west castle gardens castle probably created time castle built documentary evidence indicates century gardens located south castle probably south moat castle moat garden south moat garden new garden laid north castle old covered acre brick wall later enclosed wet moat old garden contained orchard bowling walking popular nobility 16th century onwards contained storey 15th century building known school house 5th earl northumberland read house built inside south west corner moat probably built 16th century dilapidated state base court enclosed area added castle gatehouse main complex built unclear wetland areas south east castle emulate mere type broad shallow lake dating uncertain 16th century quality gardens ornamental landscape paralleled interior renovated buildings possibly gardens royal properties | Wressle Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
17290_Kamianets-PodilskyiCastle | castle castle ukrainian polish russian turkish lithuanian castle later polish fortress located historic city ukraine historic region western country attributed root word slavic word stone historical accounts date castle early 14th century recent archaeological evidence proved human existence area 12th 13th century initially built protect bridge connecting city mainland castle sits peninsula carved winding forming natural defense system historic old town neighborhood location strategic transport castle prime target foreign invaders rebuilt castle suit needs adding architectural diversity specifically complex consists old town fortified king old castle rebuilt founded spite architectural engineering changes original structure castle forms coherent architectural design medieval constructions ukraine relatively preserved old town neighborhood castle listed sanctuary complex candidate nominated ukrainian representatives ukraine today castle recognized landmark city serving important regional national tourist attraction history foundation early history traditionally castle thought founded second half 14th century accurate historical accounts castle date century territories western control grand lithuania written document example mentions rights presented inside castle archaeological excavations 1960s provided contrasting evidence suggesting castle date earlier end 12th beginning 13th centuries clear historical archaeological evidence fortress existed area time east slavic state site current castle castle outdated remained vital defense nearby trade routes result began complex turn 15th century reconstruction old towers renovated new towers added century half later castle updated time military engineer architect built new western eastern towers castle eastern wall underground gallery gates housing town community continuous attacks invaders centuries castle located main polish lithuanian commonwealth annexation russian_empire castle played major role defense oncoming ottoman invasions 15th 17th centuries castle attacked total times invasions ottoman siege caused damage castle city invasions successfully repelled castle played important role led allied local ukrainian polish lithuanian commonwealth army militia uprising castle unsuccessfully besieged local insurgents led commander castle subject siege led unexpected counterattack polish insurgents commanders established polish presence area relieved siege force army led control castle year later castle attacked time strong beginning august ottoman force led combined force led laid siege castle conducting negotiations attackers city leaders surrendered control fortress ottomans august sign protest fortress major blew castle remaining gunpowder killing defenders years attack fortress served base ottoman rule peace treaty saw return polish control area ottoman_empire ceded control area castle prison beginning 18th century castle lost defensive role military prison military fortification numerous people executed held captive prison including officers year old polish throne august lost defensive role strongest fortresses crown second partition poland april castle city transferred sovereignty russian_empire day castle commandant gave key castle swore allegiance empire city cathedral artillery cannons later commandant decision inside castle french invasion russia stationed castle later known poet writer stationed officer castle poet stationed castle time established pro organization progressively minded army officers fortress converted military prison jail criminals political prisoners russian worked castle time writing dictionary russian language castle center anti movement 19th century led patriotic war cavalry veteran regarded national folk hero museum conservation series political changes following revolution political parties organizations allowed law russian_empire total political organizations based castle newspaper spark decree issued ukrainian soviet declared castle complex historical cultural preserve late 1930s plans turn castle museum reconstruction work buildings started museum attractions added scene depicting castle prison cell pope tower kept imprisonment castle visitor numbers castle 1930s reached year castle placed union list historic preserves memorial plaque relief resembling erected near exposition april archaeological works conducted castle supervision architects established september placed reserve tentative list reserve upgraded national preservation district august complex declared ukraine came 3rd place nationwide competition severe storm august partially destroyed city mayor office didn deny tower structural integrity weakened reconstruction paving way collapse years later architecture castle rests limestone formation surrounded canyon consequently foundations built limestone local imported brick stone castle attributed root slavic word stone main parts castle ukrainian new castle ukrainian built different periods old castle defended approach constructed protect direct assaults enemy soldiers formed numerous later castle purpose provide protection enemy field armies designed support newer military long range artillery cannons towers important large fortification complex castle towers added later castle towers located peninsula main castle sits towers located steep slopes towers roman tower stood outside eastern walls half tower located western end castle bridge towers remain unscathed today specifically towers pope tower known julian tower built 15th 16th centuries artillery arsenal powder warehouse treasury mill housed tower extensive southern tower called tower earlier tower originating 14th 16th centuries town nobility 14th 16th centuries commemorated family white tower known tower constructed 15th century housed additional artillery arsenal daily tower called tower large tower second floor artillery intersection guns firing position housed small lutheran chapel smaller observation tower great tower built served tower contained castle printing presses provided artillery platform cover vast fields surrounding damaged severe storm known tower constructed 14th 16th centuries housed prison tower basement towers finished specially designed conical vault draw away gases gunpowder stored known tower castle later constructions dating 15th 18th centuries connected castle field gate located distance away main compound northern contained drew water adjacent secret tunnel existence known local built 15th century tower second tower built 14th 16th centuries commemorated family black tower remains tower exist dating 15th 16th centuries served magazine blown protest earlier history section built fortification walls walls castle divided sections northern southern eastern walls northern terrace metres feet length defend inner courtyard courtyard northwestern walls form ending day towers parallel walls include remnants level fortified gun older walls dates beginning 12th century built located eastern walls entrance castle eastern walls known new castle gate gates northern walls called old castle gate field gate connecting water tower rest castle northern walls reinforced northern length built second partition poland new castle designed located west main castle complex eastern castle courtyard remnants located tomb stood eastern orthodox church buried courtyard southern walls towers cart shed near northern walls tower residence tower stood served water storage tank castle southern walls closer white tower white towers kitchen adjacent southern walls white day towers stood headquarters located western walls quarters housed served castle located outside northern walls castle stables house horses 16th century castle garrison soldiers lived town industrial school investigated castle walls discovered area quick sand sub castle neighborhood city previous year partially undermined castle supporting walls effects quick sand uncovered fortress foundation walls little deep foundation walls built limestone creates canyon river valley excavation work showed walls stretched west new support old castle bridge found ditch south wall wide tall opening assumed water flowed preserved northwestern walls high measured outside castle high courtyard result numerous walls depth changed centuries deep medieval period 14th 15th centuries average reconstruction 16th 17th centuries conservation works recently conducted walls preserve old fragments castle bridge result castle unique location peninsula castle bridge ukrainian serves transport link city old town neighborhood considered represent considerable feat medieval engineering bridge length entrance bridge width end narrows bridge height entrance dropping far beginning 15th century large round gate tower constructed castle end bridge bridge height including tower equivalent modern stories unsuccessful polish siege city castle bridge rebuilt fortified turks acquiring turkish bridge ukrainian locals today bridge stone façade poor repair end 19th century subsequent lack preservation work earthquake damage contributed poor condition included castle bridge world monuments watch legacy castle recognized attraction city castle sees large number tourists ukraine abroad attracting thousands tourists annually legacy left local legends according legend ottoman sultan came capture city allegedly impressed strength fortifications asked built great city replied god capture castle replied let god city local legend turkish gold buried tunnel leads fortress castle events ottoman siege depicted historical novel fire written polish nobel prize castle appeared commemorative coin ancient fortresses river series issued internationally republic | Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
17486_BucktonCastle | medieval near england listed scheduled ancient monument proximity quarry castle oval stone curtain wall metres wide surrounded ditch metres wide metres deep probably constructed late 12th century lying derelict small number finds retrieved archaeological investigation site indicates completed 16th century site beacon 18th century castle interest treasure hunters following rumours presence buried treasure anti aircraft site second world war castle heather ground ruins involved excavations maintain site reveal information origins purpose location lies metres sea level steep sandstone ridge grid reference south valley brook west valley close east castle kilometres south east site castle positioning allow garrison guard castle valley medieval manor manor division land administered lord manor representative case larger history probably built late 12th century lord possible constructed chester given late 12th century date contemporary castles manchester common castles built timber rebuilt stone stone structure start likely centre castle boundaries artefacts site suggests construction completed earliest documented evidence dating castle estate survey recorded ruined castle called value time property edward black prince castle lay derelict castle fallen use period consistent use castles area 13th century apart castle indication activity castles 16th century site beacon castle subject antiquarian studies 18th century originally thought location hill fort interior castle damaged random trenches treasure hunters early 18th century nearby quarry threatened site led castle protection scheduled ancient monument july oldest ruined building second world war castle anti aircraft felt longer necessary excavations site undertaken behalf work partly funded grant initial excavations repair holes treasure hunters included test pits unit began extensive work investigate site determine use date construction final season excavation completed trenches revealed castle stone wall gateway tower internal buildings discovered dating evidence found underneath collapsed gateway consisted animal bones locally produced pottery 12th 13th centuries today site heather layout castle roughly circular area enclosed defences ditch similar bailey bailey castle castle oval measuring metres minor axis metres major surrounded metre wide metre deep ditch dug sandstone entrance northwest site near entrance possible remains stone tower south facing site remains stone curtain wall metres thick excavations shown thought bailey fact recent origin probably anti aircraft date medieval period north west gateway protected stone tower metres metre thick walls wall thickness suggests tower probably storeys high interior castle artificially raised metres ground level uncommon form fortification medieval england majority castles demonstrated fact historic counties lancashire local soil thin build according survey property hall chapel 18th century antiquarian recorded castle walls buildings inside castle standing height metres features longer obvious wrote castle discovered archaeological excavations | Buckton Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
17682_FramlinghamCastle | castle market town suffolk england early bailey norman castle built site destroyed aftermath revolt replacement constructed earl norfolk unusual time having central instead curtain wall thirteen mural towers defend centre castle despite castle successfully taken king john short siege end 13th century luxurious home surrounded extensive hunting 15th 16th centuries heart estates powerful howard families artificial built castle expanded fashionable brick large wealthy household maintain castle purchased supplies england brought luxury goods international markets extensive pleasure gardens built castle older parts redesigned allow visitors enjoy resulting views end 16th century castle fell disrepair final howard owner entered financial difficulties castle surrounding estates sold given gesture internal buildings taken way construction site castle way facility closed castle drill hall county court donated commissioner works second world war british military regional defences potential german invasion today owned english_heritage run tourist attraction protected law grade listed building scheduled monument history 11th 12th centuries population suffolk rose sharply norman invasion england village turned small town inhabitants surrounded valuable lands prosperous parts country region owned powerful hugh earl chester granted turn bailey castle built 11th early 12th century northern half current castle documentary reference castle occurs actual date construction uncertain possible options suggested academics possibility castle built late 11th century similar founding nearby eye second possibility roger son built years anarchy site existing manor house castle similar fortification possibility fact castles built late 11th century demolished order way newer larger castle historian alexander castle built set pre existing high prestige buildings practice common possibly echoing arrangement castle acre likely castle built 11th century late 12th century family come dominate suffolk holding title earl norfolk owning major castles set stone buildings including hall built castle tensions persisted period crown group barons anarchy reign coming power henry_ii attempted establish royal influence region effort henry confiscated castles hugh returned payment large fine hugh joined revolt henry sons attempt overthrow henry unsuccessful punishment king ordered castles including destroyed king engineer destroyed fortifications filled moat total cost probably destroyed internal stone buildings hugh son favour henry initially denied family estates roger finally regained royal favour richard succeeded throne roger set building new castle site work conducted relatively quickly castle certainly complete new castle comprised defended mural towers adjacent smaller stone walls towers larger bailey timber defences time castle guard system place lands granted local lords return providing knights soldiers guard castle 13th century barons war began king john faction rebel barons opposed rule key opponents john having argued john requirements military royal troops plundered surrounding lands john army arrived march followed john day john permission messages sent 14th castle roger influenced fate previous year agree garrison knights priest surrender fight john forces moved essex roger appears later regained castle grandson roger inherited large park called great park created castle park noted constructed somewhat earlier great park enclosed hectares acres stretching north castle characterised possessing bank ditch boundaries common england unusual suffolk park lodge built later recreational garden built like parks period great park hunting exploited wider resources records burning conducted park example smaller parks located near castle extending potential hunting long east west belt land 5th earl inherited castle undertook extensive renovations whilst living considerable luxury style extremely wealthy having borrow increasing sums jewish community expulsion jews italian merchants end century roger heavily debt edward result roger led opposition edward request additional taxes support french wars edward responded seizing roger lands releasing condition roger granted crown death roger agreed castle passed crown death end 13th century large prison built castle probably constructed north west corner overlooked prison tower prisoners kept medieval period included local 15th century religious including supporters 14th century gave castle half brother thomas earl norfolk records partially furnished time unclear limited use fittings moved castle castle owner traveled castle simply castle complex continued thrive thomas death castle passed widow mary family earl suffolk held castle peasants revolt revolt occurring close castle passed self styled marshall duke norfolk castle main seat power 15th century people living castle time castle played major role surrounding economy period large amounts food drink purchased support household months example spent including purchase imperial gallons bread 14th century castle purchasing goods western europe wine imported france parks far away far_east london based merchants castle purchased goods salt annual fair nearby cambridge biggest economic events europe expenditure supported manor attached castle comprised hectares acres land days labour feudal law created castle late 12th century horse mill built castle 14th century surrounding fed resources castle months received castle wider region large lakes called formed alongside castle local stream southern mere visible today origins smaller natural lake covered hectares acres island built fishing boating extensive aesthetic appeal uncertain exactly built theory suggests built early 13th century documentary record theory formed half 14th century time constructed possibility howard family introduced late 15th century castle 15th 16th centuries castle passed duke norfolk probably began sequence improvements castle tudor period castle extensively fashionable brick improve parts castle ornamental chimneys added reduced size apparent height walls howard coat arms added gatehouse probably built time linking great hall chapel chambers east castle different rooms castle outside gatehouse replaced current permanent bridge time half moon defensive structure built stone defend pleasure garden built 16th century ornamental ponds garden probably fruit trees gardens pleasure garden built bailey second bridge built moat allow access directly prison tower redesigned viewing gallery new formal gardens wars roses 15th century saw prolonged fighting control english throne supporter killed field aftermath son thomas 2nd duke heirs rights properties titles placed tower london victor granted castle thomas finally regained favour henry_viii fighting victory returned thomas duke spent retirement decorated table castle gold silver plate seized scots castle decorated lavish style period including velvet silver chapel fittings luxury suits armour stored castle thirty horses kept stables 3rd duke norfolk called thomas far use castle principal residence thomas supporting claim mary throne henry_viii died day thomas executed tower successor mary half brother thomas kept tower giving mary mary seized power collected forces castle successfully marching london thomas released tower mary reward loyalty retired castle leased 4th duke thomas executed treason elizabeth castle passed crown repairs castle appear minimal onwards mary left castle went fast decline survey noted stonework timber needed urgent maintenance potential cost great park turned fields religious laws catholics increased castle prison onwards castle prison contained prisoners roman catholic priests 17th 21st centuries james returned castle earl suffolk castle derelict chose live instead thomas son howard fell heavily debt sold castle estate great park sir established parks eye great park broken turned separate estates died following year leaving castle manor cambridge college destroy internal castle buildings construct site instead operating terms recently passed poor law collapse power county suffolk controlled protestant gentry 17th century play prominent english civil war occurred escaped occurred english castles time law courts work begin late time internal buildings castle broken value stone chapel destroyed way finally built home poor families proved unsatisfactory following funds closed public house instead maintenance ceased time area returned meadow attempt open site resulting destruction great chamber failed attempt great hall pulled current built site instead opposition poor law grew law changed reform system castle site closed inhabitants moved castle continued local functions outbreak plague castle isolation ward infected patients napoleonic wars castle hold equipment stores local regiment following closure castle drill hall county court containing local parish jail stocks passed parliament took opportunity donate commissioner works present form commissioner maintenance works second world war important defensive location british forces concrete box built near castle plans counter german invasion erected park created bailey today scheduled monument grade listed building owned english_heritage run tourist attraction incorporating local history castle mere owned run architecture design located bluff overlooking today distinct parts bailey surrounded remaining mere farmland bailey lies south walled originally topped wooden earthworks survive bailey entered eastern gate contained range buildings probably including great stable modern visitors castle enter complex bailey south contains modern car park castle castle lies bailey 15th century bridge replaced earlier site gate tower forms entrance relatively simple design 12th century fashion gatehouse designs began shortly 2nd duke norfolk 16th century adding coat arms additional ornamentation walls formed stone curtain wall local flint stone high thick protected thirteen square mural towers open backs high corners sandstone wall walk runs towers wall originally buildings built curtain wall moving clockwise entrance shape 12th century castle chapel curtain wall convention time required chapel point north east south east axis order achieve chapel extend considerably bailey similar design white castle chapel adjacent site stone hall castle built 16th 17th centuries chapel tower probably cannon far built site 12th century great hall forms wings 17th century south 18th century middle wing northern end incorporates original great hall building subject 19th century renovation work carved medieval stone heads set taken older medieval castle buildings gate leads prison tower prison tower called western tower significant defensive work redesigned 16th century feature larger windows middle castle deep number carved brick chimneys dating tudor period seen unique design purely ornamental historian describes addition castle architectural perspective functional tudor chimneys use original century chimneys circular design earliest surviving structures england castle seen west castle 16th century lakes larger today complete wharf dramatic use water reflect image castle similar castles period including water castles greater use water necessary defence enhanced appearance castle view great hall originally included gardens framed mere great park area castle today remains designed managed landscape great park covered fields view gives sense castle landscape meant appear late medieval owners interpretation late 12th century defences castle invoked debate scholars interpretation forward example historian relatively advanced time represented change contemporary thinking military defence example popular feature previous anglo norman castles castle breaks tradition relying curtain wall mural towers instead pattern ground level similarly innovative time enabling flanking fire attackers design defences similar ways henry_ii innovative work dover defensive architecture castle contains weaknesses overlooked bailey example north largely exposed positioning arrow slits curtain wall ignores castle open backed mural towers whilst cheaper build closed towers easily defended wall penetrated projected little way wall provided little options fire attackers close walls weaknesses historians argue architecture castles influenced cultural political requirements purely military intent focusing cultural political use architecture historian forward interpretation castle architecture late medieval period suggests castle intended entered north end passing ornamental gardens travellers entering gate prison tower interpretation tower provided high status visitors dramatic views castle reinforcing political prestige owners historian alexander disputes arrangement agrees route practical hunting parties proceeding local | Framlingham Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
18167_SkipseaCastle | castle castle norman bailey castle near village east riding yorkshire england built designed secure newly conquered region defend potential danish invasion control trade route region leading north_sea bailey separated artificial lake linked sea medieval period channel village grew castle church fortified town built alongside castle potential trade castle owner count rebelled fortification captured royalist forces king ordered destroyed remains castle little value end 14th century failed attract inhabitants castle passed control state early 20th century archaeological investigations carried 21st century castle managed english_heritage open visitors history 11th 12th centuries castle built flemish mercenary lord following norman conquest england north region frontier norman power intended protect central yorkshire potential danish raids north_sea formed administrative centre huge estates stretched serving principal residence scandinavian roots meant lake ships medieval period site inland harbour connected channel north_sea 21st century kilometres away surrounding region referred island period surrounding estuary flood plains site castle strategically important lay main trading route marshes accessible sea castle military economic functions designed control newly conquered norman lands manage trade inland harbour castle took form bailey design dam probably constructed turn surrounding low lying land artificial lake called mere turn connected channel leading sea complex private harbour probably boat yard fresh water fishery end 11th century church built east castle mere village soon grew alongside church settled knights lands near castle arrangement known castle guard system knights helped guard castle return estates probably built smaller fortification nearby suspicious death wife fled england castle reassigned count passed returned held trade initially flourished result william founded fortified town south castle probably town intended bring valuable revenue helped defend castle vulnerable overlooked castle guard system surrounding estates paying cash instead 13th 14th centuries castle declined importance poorly situated threat danish raids passed nearby manor new administrative centre instead january count marriage rebelled dispute involved ownership estate miles away castle henry seized previous year william disagreement henry policies years william promptly henry moved quickly suppress revolt barons north ordered william castles including william shortly surrendered king ultimately pardoned following rebellion henry ordered castle destroyed uncertain extent order actually carried william passed castle son william death son widow isabella passed crown mere drained second half 14th century castle considered worthless acres land animals counts manor house nearby visited area probably poor location town proved unsuccessful commercial site town paying rent late 14th century town largely abandoned people registered poll tax settlements combined 15th 21st centuries drainage mere occurred land reclaimed farming ground remained occasionally flooded start 20th century castle placed later passing control government heritage agency english_heritage archaeological surveys site carried castle protected scheduled monument law remaining earthworks generally preserved english heritage expressed concerns condition impact drainage consequent drying land castle earthworks handful buildings survive castle planned town architecture landscape castle bailey design parts fortification divided mere surrounded south east corner mere cut south east recorded caught lake 13th century south eastern corner formed fresh water fishery curved channel approximately metres size ultimately leading north_sea flowed south west giving boats access inside bailey concluded possible boat yard eastern end channel additional inland harbour west bailey archaeologists divided issue constructed sand gravel deliberately built natural glacial mound making appear unusually large metres diameter metres high acres space protected base metres high bank ditch metres wide built taller deeper today timber possibly stone gatehouse south east corner leading causeway crossed mere south link bailey eastern causeway linked church village bailey approximately metres covering area acres curving west south castle earthworks built clay metres high protected metre wide ditch originally metres deep main entrance bailey positioned southern known bail gate guarded gatehouse subsidiary entrance north linked path break earthworks called cut 13th century destruction castle bank damaged ways installation drainage works | Skipsea Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
18258_DirletonCastle | medieval fortress village east scotland lies miles west miles east edinburgh oldest parts castle date 13th century abandoned end 17th century begun castle heavily damaged wars scottish independence twice taken english 14th century repaired family acquired involved plots mary queen scots king eventually castle ceased residence forced castle flush band english civil war damaged castle acquired lord decided build new country house nearby family continued maintain castle gardens handing state care ruins gardens maintained stands rocky heart rich agricultural lands guards coastal approach edinburgh england port ruins comprise 13th century 16th century house built adjacent basement levels survive 15th century additions built comprised large hall tower house east range buildings courtyard demolished surrounding castle gardens laid 16th century present planting largely 20th century garden walls 16th century house history norman family originated northern france settled england following brothers cousins number knights invited scotland granted land king david scotland 12th century given time scotland granted john built castle probably north west modern named island survives gifted monks william son john held hostage england good conduct king william lion succeeded began construction replacement recorded refer earlier timber structure appointed steward marriage king daughter lord builder probably served model 13th century stone castle remains represented status required peaceful times permit prolonged construction project peaceful times ended outbreak wars scottish independence guarded route edinburgh english border changed hands times invasions english king campaign summer castle besieged english forces assault months english victory allowed bring large siege engines castle soon reduced garrisoned english scots english commander 2nd earl recaptured finally scots time deliberately damaged prevent reuse english castle lands passed family married family shortly castle repaired seized 1st earl douglas brief rebellion king later returned sir acted hostage exchange release king james held captive english rewarded appointed treasurer scotland walter eldest son john lord parliament title lord carried extensive works original towers constructing new gatehouse south east large hall tower house added castle 15th century forming east range king visited gave money engaged works north east castle later year patrick died estates divided daughters margaret eldest daughter married 2nd lord castle passed family son william patrick 3rd lord leaders group murdered private secretary mary queen scots patrick forced flee england died leaving son william created lord led plot later known raid year old king seized august ruled king james held captive pardoned following year executed plot seize lands crown keen amateur lord thought laid gardens planted numerous trees today known stories told plot attempted kidnap king james king men murdered 3rd earl brother alexander plot revenge murder king paying large debt owed earl evidence forged kings order granted earl entertained king following year castle restored widow earl passed 3rd earl second son august year event known lord younger brother killed attempting kidnap assassinate perth lord said persuaded join plot offering bribe logan described dwelling scotland failure plot led family castle granted killed lord helped save king permitted live death castle ceased noble residence later created 1st earl sold castle sir douglas sold sold turn created army invaded scotland english civil war defeated scots september victory gained effective control southern scotland bands royalist moss continued harry english supply lines band based ordered general general troops capture castle achieved november mortars destroy inner gate captain moss hanged walls comrades castle briefly field hospital left decay soldier engineer responsible effective use artillery german major designed fortresses near directed mortar fire siege august later spent year secretary state estate purchased widowed lawyer took title lord appointed judge built new house north west village continued maintain gardens castle park installed bowling green 19th century garden walls added wife earl mid-19th century new laid head survived west garden restored based 19th century plans north garden replaced 1920s arts crafts style garden borders 1920s castle passed state care maintained agency castle grounds protected scheduled ancient monument gardens appear inventory gardens designed landscapes scotland national register historic gardens castle boundary walls category listed buildings highest level protection historic building scotland erected crown benefit present baron born brazil educated brazil israel serving served assistant community envoy spokesman philadelphia late member acting consul united_states consul presently heads foundation patron london south_africa baron married ann children jay description castle built natural rocky low ridge overlooking farmland east comprises shaped courtyard metres metres flanked buildings south east sides substantial remains gatehouse south basement east range survives fragments north west curtain walls outline courtyard divided 16th century buildings castle originally approached south bridge metre metre wide ditch 16th century steps built access lodging west survives largely intact 13th century forms south west present castle described architectural historian cluster comprises large round tower south smaller round tower west joined square tower masonry squared dressed stone blocks internally original use rooms difficult interpret round towers served private lord lady large tower contains sided chamber ground level possibly kitchen seven sided main chamber room pointed vaulted ceiling window seats large windows south wall carved fireplace north east door adjacent floor hatch allowed food transferred directly kitchen room square tower west possibly lord bedroom holes ceiling allow smoke escape ruined west round tower probably contained hall chambers storage 17th century main round tower lowered form gun platform fragments rest 13th century castle remain fourth tower lodging stands completed cluster bases round towers south east north east corners castle visible later walls parts north west wall 13th century work blocked basement east range overall plan castle greatly changed later rebuilding work earliest dated example scotland castle round towers project curtain wall opposed example towers contained walls new form subsequently 13th century scottish castles including east range gatehouse gatehouse east range built 14th 15th centuries gatehouse built 14th century east similar nearby castle fronted high pointed arch small round turrets gate protected outer ditch sets doors guard rooms open entrance passage round opening roof known murder hole allowed defenders drop objects attacker breached outer gate large occupy south east angle castle metre high main kitchen metre wide cooking circular vent vaulted ceiling floor access metres deep adjacent passage linked kitchen hall east range east range runs length east castle originally comprised large hall square tower house north east corner basement survives formed finest noble residences time scotland similar contemporary buildings castle basement single tunnel vault low walls area stores large lie south end east 13th century blocked wall support new buildings fireplace north end basement vaulted prison rock cut pit metres square house prisoners peasant classes prison basement vaulted chapel ceremonial water basin private chamber priest door hall metres metres high timber roof gallery south end carved stone located wall formed kitchen north east corner castle tower house provided accommodation lord family guests lowest floor remains chapel probably formed private chamber lord connected adjacent hall lodging constructed acquired castle lodging represents final stage building later 16th century served main residence wife earl children storey building constructed like range stone lodging decorated string courses horizontal running walls large windows protected iron small gun holes rectangular lodging immediately north building separated narrow irregular courtyard accessed passage ground floor lodging remainder ground floor occupied family rooms upper floors floor dining room paved patterned floor tiles painted timber ceiling gardens castle set extensive gardens bounded 19th century wall gardens laid 16th century undergone changes bowling green lies west castle fringed trees formed area west bowling green flower garden laid 18th century design containing cedar monkey puzzle trees north 1920s arts crafts garden home metre border overlooked 19th century summer house border recognised longest world rest gardens comprise numerous mature specimen trees including beech preserved 16th century shaped house castle grounds metres high contains nesting boxes important source food castle inhabitants north east located outside castle gardens 16th century gateway served castle serves adjacent farm | Dirleton Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
18820_DunstanburghCastle | castle castle 14th century fortification coast northumberland northern england located villages castle built lancaster taking advantage site natural defences existing earthworks fort thomas leader faction opposed king probably intended act secure refuge political situation southern england deteriorate castle served statement earl wealth influence invited comparisons neighbouring royal castle thomas probably visited new castle captured attempted flee royal forces safety thomas executed castle property crown passing defences expanded john duke lancaster light threat scotland peasant uprisings castle maintained 15th century crown formed strategic northern stronghold region wars roses exchanging hands rival factions times fortress recovered campaigns 16th century warden scottish marches described having fallen great scottish border stable military utility castle steadily diminished king james finally sold property private ownership grey family owned centuries increasingly popular subject artists including formed basis poem 1920s castle owner sir longer afford maintain property placed state second world war broke measures taken defend northumberland coastline potential german invasion castle observation post site trenches barbed wire boxes field golf course built property expanded 21st century castle owned run english_heritage ruins protected law grade listed building forming important natural environment birds amphibians built center designed medieval landscape surrounded artificial lakes called covering total hectares acres curtain walls acres making largest castle northumberland prominent castle great gatehouse massive storey fortification considered historians imposing structures english castle multiple rectangular towers protect walls including tower looks castle positioned cove internal complexes buildings ruined supported earl household castle constable household running surrounding estates harbour built south east castle stone survives history 13th century site castle northumberland probably occupied prehistoric times fort defences built location end iron age possibly occupied 3rd century roman period 14th century defences long abandoned land crops formed village lay inland west traditionally owned lancaster origins earliest appearance uncertain versions use time castle construction stem combination local village word meaning fortress early 14th century construction castle constructed thomas earl lancaster thomas immensely powerful english baron second richest man england king major land holdings kingdom turbulent relationship cousin king capture killing edward royal favourite uncertain exactly thomas decided build located strong defensive site distance local settlements strategic sites value thomas held lands northumberland insignificant comparison estates yorkshire paid little attention years following death civil conflict england rarely far away currently believed thomas probably intended create secure retreat safe distance away edward forces south probably hoped erect prominent status symbol illustrating wealth authority challenging king hoped create planned town alongside castle possibly intending relocate population building work castle commenced labourers beginning process moat starting construct castle buildings outer wall built workers feudal thomas operations overseen mason master possibly previously involved construction iron newcastle coal scandinavian wood brought use project end year spent work continued years licence form royal new castle issued castle constable appointed charged defending castle surrounding castle probably complete resulting castle huge protected sea cliffs stone curtain wall massive gatehouse towers outside harbour built south fortress enabling access sea region period suffering activities thieves type border members household harbour represented safer way reach castle land routes loss thomas lancaster little use new castle time visited way north join edward military campaign scotland civil war broke edward enemies barons initial royalist successes thomas fled south intercepted route sir resulting battle thomas captured later executed castle passed royal control edward considered useful fortress protection threat scotland initially managed merchant newcastle protected garrison men arms light horsemen politically member thomas army appointed constable followed sir northumberland turn replaced castle garrison took garrison subsequently increased men predominantly light horsemen formed key northern defences scots castle given thomas brother henry lancaster returning constable continued use defence scottish invasions decades late 14th century castle acquired john marriage henry lancaster granddaughter younger brother duke lancaster wealthiest men generation lieutenant scottish marches visited castle primary strategic target scottish attack positioned away main routes region kept garrisoned scottish wars surrounding manor nonetheless suffered scottish raids concerns condition castle defences ordering building additional fortifications gatehouse surrounding lands castle brought agricultural production time feed growing garrison protect crops scottish attacks peasants revolt broke england targeted rebels especially hated member administration found stranded north england early revolt considered secure function safe haven forced turn instead refused let fearing presence invite rebel attack experience encouraged expand defences years wide range work carried direction constable thomas mason henry including blocking entrance gatehouse turn scottish army attacked castle lacked siege equipment unable defences lost interest property gave role lieutenant marches remained annexed crown son took throne england 15th 16th centuries scottish threat persisted castle constable probably accompanied garrison took inherited throne decades numerous repairs undertaken property buildings outer defences fallen disrepair wars roses conflict rival houses lancaster york broke middle 15th century castle initially held castle constable sir died battle fighting castle formed sequence fortifications protecting eastern route scotland king edward attempted break region sir joint defended castle september surrendered wife margaret invaded england french army landing switched sides declared army dispatched north november joint command worcester sir besieged castle surrendered christmas left charge attempts reconciliation year switched sides returning castle died battle earl castle june following short siege castle probably damaged wars minor repairs spent repairs fell disrepair base piracy roof robbed lead use castle lead timber taken hall described royal report henry_viii house small strength observed gatehouse repairs carried walls sir king receiver survey showed poor condition warden middle eastern marches sir described great report suggested cost restore castle argued far scottish border worth repairing wealthy widow occupied castle probably living gatehouse carried restoration work farming surrounding estate 16th century local farmers bought right use outer bailey castle store cattle event scottish raids price year 17th 19th centuries unification scottish english crowns eliminated need need castle royal fortress following year king james sold castle sir turn sold sir nearby landowner following year son affirmed owner castle grey dynasty maintained ownership castle passed family following law case lands castle outer bailey growing wheat walls robbed stone building work small settlement called built site castle harbour possibly scottish immigrants published castle 18th century including somewhat inaccurate depiction samuel respectively mary descendants owned property heavily 6th earl sold trustees estate late attempts restoration early 19th century gatehouse modified reopened historian undertook castle 1880s publishing comprehensive work professional architectural plan ruins produced nonetheless representative estate expressed concern newcastle condition castle noting poor repair stonework importance ongoing preservation work estate undertaking ruins popular topic artists end 18th century onwards toured region painted castle picture dominated art historian describes forces nature wild waves dark clouds ruins influenced painted castle similarly focused wind waves ancient ruins taking artistic licence view castle reinforce sense isolated turner drew visit produce works sketches 1830s making castle common subjects corpus work 20th 21st centuries golf course constructed alongside castle estate later sold sir wealthy opened additional course castle designed scottish costs maintaining property undertaking years clearance work 1920s placed castle state taking control property archaeological investigations carried clearance work exposing main gatehouse work carried 1930s aerial photography carried ordnance survey shortly outbreak second world war concerns grew british government threat german invasion east coast england bays north castle vulnerable targets enemy amphibious landing efforts castle surrounding area wider line defences erected sir castle occupied unit served observers soldiers appear relied stone walls protection trenches unusually additional firing points cut stonework typically happened surrounding beaches defended lines barbed wire trenches square weapons pits reinforced concrete north south castle partially laid 1st foot wide ditch dug north end moat prevent tanks breaking following track south past castle foot foot wide anti personnel minefield laid south west prevent infantry soldiers castle defences advancing end war barbed wire cleared away beaches local italian prisoners war remnants anti tank ditch trenches weapons pits remain arthur son sir passed estate archaeological surveys carried researchers english_heritage carried major archaeological investigation hectares acres land castle 21st century castle remains owned managed english_heritage site scheduled ancient monument ruins protected law grade listed building lies outstanding natural beauty parts site comprising conservation wild birds encouraged land outside castle remain enable conservation amphibians bird species inside castle protected grazing animals encourage nesting birds architecture landscape landscape castle occupies acre site larger acre body land coast castle situated prominent great geological formation south castle gentle slope low lying ground northern cliffs form natural barrier metre high cliffs punctuated formed weaknesses black rock including famous landscape castle carefully designed 14th century deer park planned borough looked similar contemporary castles leeds particular specific model area castle dominated shallow artificial lakes called accessed gates north west south sides fed fresh water spring feet inland linked underground stone channel originally bounded cast boundary bank ditch today heavily eroded foot inches high main route land castle village acres large blocked northern end cast bank adjacent site southern half takes form foot long moat recorded foot deep medieval period terminating northern mere occasionally floods 21st century creating temporary lake section usually contains standing water west mere covering acres stretches away location blocked far end small stone dam rectangular built alongside smallest probably pond raising young fish fed water lake protective bank probably originally reinforced timber ran approximately feet gatehouse probably built far end lake complex acres size positioned eastern corner harbour built south east castle originally receive building materials later senior members castle household important guests remains harbour foot built frequent use medieval period safely periods good weather west castle later remains south rectangular walls foot inches high siege fortification fact unique survival england period architecture castle buildings located outside fortification outer bailey enclosed stone curtain wall acres making largest castle northumberland possibly start castle certainly castle buildings formed distinct complexes supporting earl household castle constable administration respectively inside bailey shows marks strip farming seen winter southern western parts walls originally faced local sandstone core rubble sandstone sandstone stripped western parts wall sandstone eastern end walls gives way small limestone blocks originally laid foot high foot inches later raised height additional probably wars roses uncertain curtain wall originally extended cliffs northern edge castle moving counter clockwise curtain wall north west rectangular tower looks beach tower named early castle constable built thomas lancaster intended high status residence foot high foot square foot thick walls soldiers ground floor rectangular towers reflects local tradition northumberland similar nearby wall remains small tower called local tradition earthworks inside curtain wall suggest complex buildings stretching south west corner walls castle prominent great gatehouse massive storey fortification comprising drum shaped towers stone originally foot high heavily influenced contains unique features frontal towers considered historians imposing structures english castle gatehouse strengthened foot long rubble foundations survive foot inches high gatehouse protected possibly set wooden gates ground floor contained foot wide spiral corner gatehouse running floor relatively lit chambers probably accommodated garrison officers continued second floor containing castle great hall originally intended use thomas lancaster family towers extended gatehouse lead covered roof additional storeys height giving extensive views surrounding area design influenced construction gatehouse lancaster castle immediately west great gatehouse john gatehouse originally storeys tall surviving foundation level gatehouse replaced great gatehouse main entrance contained porter lodge defended combination foot long inner bailey approximately foot foot defended foot high wall constructed john gatehouse complex comprised vaulted inner gatehouse foot square buildings including kitchen south walls square tower containing comfortable accommodation castle constable including stone window seats inside walls foundations hall chamber built larger complex buildings constable household approximately foot square west small turret projects upper wall unusual feature similar castle mural east small turret single chamber foot foot south east corner walls tower means eagle dialect cove storey square building foot designed house castle official included small gateway castle use castle constable possibly local people gate eastern wall added gateway north eastern corner gave access inside curtain walls foundations yard foot foot large rectangular building usually identified barn probably supported administration estates included chamber facilities interpretation early analysis focused qualities military defensive site recent work emphasised symbolic aspects design surrounding landscape castle intended secure bolt hole thomas lancaster events south england clearly hiding place english_heritage research team pointed spectacular construction located centre huge carefully designed medieval landscape surrounding castle reflected castle walls towers turning virtual island producing historians called awe inspiring beautiful sight different elements castle positioned particular effect unusually huge faced south east away main road hiding extraordinary architectural features thomas intended establish new settlement gatehouse probably intended viewed harbour senior visitors expected arrive positioned clearly visible castle miles away coast framed great gatehouse visitors positioned set natural pillars build enhanced dramatic appearance reflection design castle alluded mythology popular set ideals beliefs english ruling classes time thomas appears interest legends pseudonym king arthur correspondence scots ancient fort center encircled water allusion turn thomas claim political authority failing similar contemporary depictions sir castle garde folklore castle closely associated legend sir guy early 19th century different versions story vary slightly details typically involve knight sir guy arriving castle met wizard led inside comes noble lady imprisoned inside crystal tomb guarded sleeping army wizard offers guy choice sword hunting horn help free lady incorrectly chooses horn wakes sleeping knights sir guy finds outside castle spends rest life attempting find way inside unclear story emerged similar stories possibly inspired medieval legends exist nearby locations wrote poem sir guy story subsequent versions produced tale continues told local oral tradition oral traditions castle survive involves child prisoner castle escaped throwing key dungeon nearby field argued land north west castle onwards centres man called left charge castle margaret entrusted set captured escaped later returned reclaim glasses historian katrina noted 14th century records receivers castle called potentially linked origins story local stories tunnels stretching tower tunnel running castle west castle stories linked presence drainage system castle | Dunstanburgh Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
19024_Baynard'sCastle | castle castle refers buildings neighbouring sites london station stand norman fortification constructed demolished king john second medieval palace built short distance southeast destroyed great fire london according sir house london interesting original castle built point old roman walls met river thames east station norman castle stood century demolished king john appears rebuilt barons revolt site sold form great century later new mansion constructed land reclaimed thames southeast castle house rebuilt london headquarters wars roses king edward queen mary england crowned castle house reconstructed royal palace end 15th century henry_viii gave catherine eve wedding henry death house came hands brother law built large extension second courtyard family took parliament civil war restoration house occupied earl royalist castle left ruins great fire london fragments survived 19th century site occupied office called house castle commemorated castle street ward norman castle today reduced new bridge street emerges development london largest river area thames formed western boundary roman city london strategic importance junction fleet thames means area probably fortified early times richard suggests spent christmas fort executed accounts claim triggered argument game chess suggests held fort death granted standard bearer representative king privileges section fort apparently rebuilt norman invasion follower sheriff essex inside roman walls second norman fort tower metres north site castle adjacent church andrew wardrobe southern queen victoria street times office archaeologists found fortifications stretching metres south site proposed development dock mentioned survey gave springs near called later shortened castle inherited son grandson lands early reign henry supporting henry brother claim throne years hands king castle passed count gives date later henry reign honour castle granted king steward parish andrew wardrobe adjacent norman castle roughly corresponds eponymous ward castle eventually inherited grandson barons revolt leader barons revolt king john culminated chronicle relates king john desired daughter forced arms defend honour daughter romantic tale propaganda giving legitimacy rebellion prompted reluctance pay tax dispute plotted welsh prince john got wind plot exiled fled france scotland respectively january king destroyed castle terms king submission pope innocent iii estates restored july according given licence repair castles clear extent castle rebuilt grandson called robert given licence sell site archbishop_of_canterbury great dominican built tower included sale having destroyed king john building required roman walls rerouted military functions castle taken new tower river end walls started great castle builder edward completed reign demolished probably tower inn given privileges lord appears held special place nobility london robert explicitly retained franchises privileges associated sale claimed son robert tried king justices brother tried mayor success suits centred claim chief london created reign edward knights led troops battle banner entitled ancestors carry banner london leaders london forces claimed thames london king banner bearer guardian city london times peace court sentenced criminals convicted mayor maintained prison stocks drowned tied post tide overwhelmed wood wharf invited held great council sitting lord mayor making represent combination post conquest roles feudal constable local office king standard bearer war spokesman danish thing 11th century governing assembly new site called old listed possessions edward duke york killed acquired house marriage widow declaration appears identify building town house built land reclaimed river metres southeast original castle duke gloucester rebuilt house great fire wings shape courtyard excavations shown roman riverside wall south medieval thames street formed foundation north wall new house nearby waterfront known castle original castle destroyed transferred building new site gloucester died days arrested treason house passed crown occupied edward nephew 3rd duke york lord protector kept gentlemen men arms castle pursuit claim throne killed battle london allowed york son crown hall castle whilst margaret campaigning northern england edward gave castle mother june weeks coronation family safety decisive edward brother richard declared illegitimate imprisoned tower london edward brother richard assumed title king castle depicted shakespeare play henry vii new house strongly fortified castle like beautiful prince estate henry alterations included projecting towers existing corner towers henry recorded staying castle attending functions son gave castle catherine june day wedding queen took residence later henry favourite sir tutor future lived castle house passed 1st earl year influential earl castle met end reign mary queen england wife sister henry_viii queen died castle house extended west wings brick faced stone second courtyard formed extension clearly visible view london great fire old prints large gateway middle south bridge arches steps river house remained family 4th earl appointed chancellor university_of_oxford preferred live wife anne took residence castle describing memoirs house secured lying sided english civil war died time restoration house occupied earl fought royalist army defeat worcester samuel records june lord went night king castle supper morning lay long bed day came home late supper king charles_ii arrived london appoint lord earl sandwich weeks later great fire destroyed great fire london depicted considerable ruins standing fire including stone facade river round tower left writing tower converted dwelling rest site timber yards wood running site thames street map shows copper wharf belonged remaining tower sources survived pulled 19th century way warehouses 1970s area redeveloped construction office block occupied site scheduled ancient monument archaeological evidence second castle comes excavations construction house parts north wing original house extension found including north gate entrance thames street east west limestone walls found suggested northerly curtain wall castle replacement brick facing rubble core rectangular pier attached castle foundations chalk mortar built entirely reclaimed land phases building late 17th century identified excavations uncovered corner tower tudor castle codes excavations | Baynard's Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
19107_UpnorCastle | castle castle artillery fort located west bank kent village opposite short distance time key naval facility fort intended protect dockyard ships royal_navy anchored constructed orders elizabeth period tension spain european powers castle consists main building protected curtain wall towers triangular gun platform projecting river garrisoned men peak armament cannon despite strategic importance castle defences thames badly neglected 17th century mounted unexpected naval raid june dutch fleet able breach defences capturing warships burning anchor river chatham worst defeats suffered royal_navy castle acquitted better defensive sites upper despite lack gun fire fort adjoining forced dutch retreat couple days able burn dockyard raid exposed weaknesses defences led castle losing role artillery fortification new stronger forts built following centuries culminating construction massive forts castle naval ammunition depot storing great quantities gunpowder ammunition cannon warships came chatham repair resupply remained military use late castle subsequently opened public english_heritage property history strategic context river major tributary thames merging estuary miles east london upper reaches rochester confluence thames sand mud banks miles water flows slowly strong currents free rocks surrounding hills provide shelter south west wind characteristics section river rochester bridge desirable anchorage large ships anchored safely grounded repairs complexity channel navigation provided defensive advantages henry_viii reign upper gradually principal anchorage ships royal_navy ordinary commission usually stripped sails rigging state opportunity taken refit repair facilities built towns chatham eventually nucleus chatham dockyard time elizabeth came throne royal fleet section known chatham anchorage thames defended naval attack henry_viii time built chain coastal defences medieval castles castle existed river south bank intended defend approaches little use defence pressing need proper defences protect vulnerable ships shore facilities upper construction castle commissioned order indifferent persons chose site opposite creek chatham acres land belonging thomas acquired crown possibly purchased sum military engineer sir given task designing new fortification appears fully occupied working defences project carried designs deputy took role surveyor chief carpenter rochester mayor navy managed project day day basis handled accounting castle original appearance differed significantly today arrow shaped facing main block original design towers end water frontage subsequently replaced towers different design gatehouse moat later additions number derelict buildings rochester castle pulled provide stone castle main structure completed took years extra funds finish project total cost came improvements repairs late 16th century tensions grew protestant england catholic spain leading ultimately anglo spanish war spain strong position attack south england possessions new fortifications erected including chain stretched width river castle castle poorly manned lord high admiral 1st earl nottingham highlighted recommended garrison increased garrisoned eighty men paid day equivalent today continued fears spanish led castle defences strengthened sir shaped timber erected water block attempted landings ditch metres deep metres wide dug castle flanking turrets constructed protect site present north south towers raised high added edge gatehouse built protect castle survey conducted recorded castle guns plus guns split known bay castle armament consisted cannon chambers armed eighteen guns recorded mounted castle years later garrison armament included indication military value late date time castle state disrepair raising mechanism broken gun platforms needed repairs courtyard wall collapsed new curtain wall built protect castle foundations reported washed away tide appears allowed fall ruin castle fell parliamentary hands fight english civil war broke subsequently intern royalist officers royalist uprising took place kent essex seizing number towns including rochester dover defeated june castle restored parliamentary hands parliamentary commander chief sir inspected castle ordered repairs strengthening gun platforms appears height gatehouse increased time north south towers built appear left open course repairs making suitable use troop accommodation raid castle saw action history dutch raid june second anglo dutch war dutch nominal command lieutenant admiral bombarded captured town sailed thames chatham way past chain supposed block river sailed past castle towed away unity burning ships anchor dutch anchored overnight june duke took charge defences ordered hasty construction gun battery guns taken chatham castle guns garrison muskets new battery bombard dutch ships attempted second time sail past chatham dutch able burn ships anchorage unable progress withdraw outcome raid described worst naval defeat england sustained castle acquitted eyes contemporary observers despite inability prevent raid dedication garrison praised pro government reported warmly entertained major commanded sir battery received shattering ships sinking manned great number men kill prisoners taken forced retire military historian observes presenting facts favourable light ministers secretary got closer truth noted diary castle garrison poorly castle received hurt played long shot till hardly gun left carriages badly provided usage magazine naval facility castle neglected previously dutch attack prompted government order maintained fort place strength end raid marked end castle career fortress new powerful forts built farther aim preventing enemies reaching chatham making castle redundant converted place stores magazines new purpose supplying munitions naval warships anchored guns gun carriages shot gunpowder stored great quantities main building castle increased height floors reinforced accommodate weight england leading magazine iron guns standing carriages ships carriages pieces iron shot muskets types barrels powder considerably held largest magazine tower london castle ceased magazine converted gunpowder explosives stored magazines continued built nearby linked originally narrow gauge line built steam locomotives castle associated depot came control admiralty ending arrangement managed site admiralty providing funding group facilities country castle magazine time testing firearms explosives castle remained military ownership museum 1920s onwards second world war castle service damaged enemy bombs fell bombing pieces plaster castle south tower gatehouse discovered old graffiti including drawing ship dated castle today following end war admiralty gave approval castle opened public subsequently underwent degree restoration castle scheduled ancient monument january currently managed english_heritage remains description castle buildings constructed combination blocks plus red bricks timber main building rectangular block measures aligned north east south west direction west bank later known magazine changed considerably original construction included limited accommodation possibly small second storey placed gun platforms roof building converted magazine changes obscured earlier design second storey appears extended length building covering earlier rooftop gun platforms gave room storage interior ground floor divided compartments floor copper doors reduce risk sparks stores housed floor raise stores circular staircase building gives access castle main gun platform water low triangular structure projecting river castle main armament mounted open air represented mid-19th century guns original carriages facing downstream upstream rounded designed shot water additionally protected wooden follows triangular course metres river present modern recreation original structure pair towers stand river edge short distance main building originally open backed structures gun platforms situated floors providing flanking fire line ditch castle perimeter later adapted use accommodation backs closed bricks towers increased height provide storey traces gun seen point original said use castle governor lack comfort meant successive governors declined live towers linked main building curtain wall additional cannon north south castle principal buildings situated east rectangular courtyard stand large turkey oaks said grown brought war stone curtain wall topped brick surrounds courtyard standing thick high courtyard entered north western gatehouse gun additional defensive strength substantially rebuilt badly damaged fire traces seen form stones floor walls central gateway round arch leads passage gives access courtyard gateway late 18th century clock inserted existing structure wooden added early 19th century modern building curtain wall surrounded dry ditch originally nearly wide deep partially visitors castle crossed longer extant reach gatehouse secondary entrance castle provided port north wall inside curtain wall brick foundations buildings seen originally lean structures constructed 17th century provide storage facilities garrison short distance south west castle barracks block associated storage buildings constructed soon built replace original accommodation castle redeveloped convert magazine changed little externally years rare surviving example 18th century building type distinct barracks built england depot buildings associated castle survive area immediately north east remain hands constructed earlier gun traces seen form broad bank running north east castle depot | Upnor Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
19757_HarlechCastle | located wales medieval fortification constructed atop spur rock close built edward invasion wales substantial cost centuries castle played important wars siege falling residence military headquarters remainder uprising recaptured english forces 15th century wars roses held seven years troops forced surrender siege song following outbreak english civil war castle held forces loyal charles holding fortification surrender parliamentary armies 21st century ruined castle managed historic environment service tourist attraction considers finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe classed site fortification built local stone concentric design featuring massive gatehouse probably provided high status accommodation castle constable visiting dignitaries sea originally came closer modern times water gate long flight steps leads castle shore allowed castle sea keeping edward castles architecture close links found period influence probably derived origins main architect history 13th 14th centuries local mythology site castle associated legend welsh princess evidence native welsh fortification having built kings england welsh princes control conflict renewed 13th century leading edward intervening second time reign edward invaded huge army pushing north westwards montgomery chester english forces advanced valley sir took infantry edward ordered construction castle seven built wake campaign money pay initial phase arrived mid dispatched june july commence work winter feet inner walls constructed allowing castle defended event attack small planned town founded alongside castle sir appointed constable castle death wife took role construction continued overall direction architect military engineer height construction workforce comprised general labourers project costing nearly month castle essentially complete end having cost estimated percent edward spent castle building wales established garrison men constable men including chaplain smith carpenter master james rewarded constable began uprising english rule spread quickly wales english held towns razed besieged winter fresh supplies sent ireland sea arriving water gate uprising aftermath revolt additional defences built route sea work undertaken following war threatened region lord family ordered sheriff sir extend defences leading gatehouse additional towers 15th 17th centuries revolt broke english rule led handful castles including stood rebels castle equipped staffed withstand siege garrison having shields helmets pairs gloves guns end castle fell residence family home military headquarters years held second parliament august english forces command future placed commander siege conducting bombardment cannon probably destroying south east parts outer walls failed castle henry left charge siege moved deal supplies finally ran short men died exhaustion fell february 15th century involved series civil wars known wars roses broke rival factions following fled castle held supporters command thanks natural defences supply route sea held fortresses fell eventually major stronghold control castle base operations region planned operations sir mounted attacks landed french reinforcements raiding town arrival caused order army possibly strong finally seize castle month siege small garrison surrendered august siege credited inspiring song broke royalist supporters charles supporters parliament apparently repaired following siege completely dilapidated exception gatehouse local prince appointed local royalist colonel castle constable owen entrusted repairing fortifications long siege ensued june march garrison men surrendered castle mainland royal fortress surrender war date marked end phase war castle longer required security prevent use parliament ordered destruction orders partially carried gatehouse destroyed castle rendered generally totally demolished stone castle reused build houses local town 18th 21st centuries 19th centuries picturesque ruins began attract visits prominent artists including transferred control commenced major restoration project end world war castle transferred manage property 21st century tourist attraction declared castles king edward site considering finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe architecture castle rests spur rock feet high land falls away sharply north west ditch cut rock protects remaining approaches castle castle concentric design line defences enclosed forming inner outer ward outer wall originally somewhat taller today built local grey green sandstone large regular blocks towers irregular material possibly taken ditch walls softer yellow sandstone decorative work castle possibly near main entrance castle involved crossing stone bridge easterly ditch bridge towers main gatehouse little remains bridge towers today timber entrance way gatehouse replaces bridge water gate protected steps runs foot cliffs 13th century sea came close allowing resupply sea today sea retreated significantly making difficult concept original setting gatehouse follows design termed style popular 13th century massive shaped defensive towers flanking entrance passage castle guarded heavy doors gatehouse upper floors broken rooms floor large windows overlooking inner ward second floor additional grand windows sides gatehouse gatehouse fitted originally prominent chimneys use rooms subject academic debate historian argued floor gatehouse constable living accommodation second floor senior visitors challenged interpretation suggesting high status accommodation instead located inner ward gatehouse purposes inner ward guarded large circular towers time acquired names clockwise north east called ultra renamed towers respectively incorporated dungeon contained artillery workshop 16th century ranges buildings built inner ward including chapel kitchen service buildings great hall originally built triple similar fashion little remains modern era architecture close links found kingdom period include semi circular door arches window styles towers positioning holes usually ascribed influence architect master james links straightforward cases relevant structures built james left region similarity architectural details result wider role played engineers project | Harlech Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
20315_PeckfortonCastle | victorian country house built style medieval castle stands woodland north end mile northwest village recorded designated grade listed building house built middle 19th century family home wealthy landowner estate manager member parliament designed gothic style second world war physically handicapped children family castle occasional gatherings unused castle leased lord private residence closed public right wing tower castle gardens restored glory american employed daughter wedding held chapel special decree obtained archbishop_of_canterbury legally hold catholic weddings grounds castle 1970s 1980s location shooting films television programmes castle bought converted hotel purchased family expanded use include hosting weddings conferences functions early history built largest landowner time described greatest estate manager day choice architect appointed paid thousand today compensation instead appointed greater reputation experience carried work manor house suffolk castle built dean son acting clerk works stone obtained quarry mile west site railway built carry stone castle cost million built family home design medieval castle gatehouse dry moat external windows little arrow slots large towers said exhibit peculiar castle sir called largest carefully executed gothic mansion present height regarded fortified home built england executed highest standards great buildings age debate motives building complete medieval style castle 19th century great estate manager perceived man considerable opinion protecting family political troubles time defensive building able protect revolution masses nearby manchester liverpool possible practical reason building solid residence style villa provide shelter adverse weather conditions affect plain comes conclusion decisive factors use vast inheritance provide house impressive dominant suitable greatest landowner location stands wooded area near northern elevation feet land falls downwards north west castle long distance runs base slopes ruins castle stand separate sloping hill miles north village miles northeast village mile southeast access road architecture castle external castle faced red sandstone lead asphalt tile roofs mainly storeys storey tower buildings arranged ward principal accommodation north surrounded dry moat gatehouse west inner ward stables coach house rectangular bell tower service area north great hall range consists bays entrance hall circular main tower east end gallery wing octagonal library tower outer walls castle height slender turrets changes direction tables support walls contain arrow slots gatehouse flat roof internal porch leads great hall tile floor large stone chimney piece east wing long gallery oak chimney piece ceiling long gallery irregularly shaped room drawing room south library great hall main staircase circular tower north west corner contains octagonal dining room tile floor vault radial ribs running central boss room contains oak carved dining room wine cellar fifth floor circular tower room designed playing approached stone spiral staircase garden castle formal garden drive kitchen gardens included vegetable gardens orchard extensive glass houses large time employed chapel east ward family private chapel grade listed building designed constructed rock faced sandstone tile roof plan consists bay nave south aisle narrower lower single bay chancel ends nave chancel stone cross chancel arch stone inside chapel arcade gothic arches separates south aisle nave oak inscribed lord prayer benches nave carved west end contains carved stone font carved oak cover described modest building chapel considered complete ensemble castle entrance lodge entrance lodge southeast castle listed grade designed constructed red brick stone tile roof consists round turret storey lodge left later history present use moving castle 1890s 2nd baron added central heating electric light large scheme started hills resulting woodland granted status grandson family left outbreak second world war war castle physically handicapped children evacuated london area died sons estate passed cousin 1970s 1980s early 1990s castle location shooting films television programmes include doctor serial time warrior broadcast movie starring world live action role playing games took place site castle purchased american million renovated building secured planning permission convert hotel married castle following family bought property luxury hotel venue corporate events weddings building severely damaged fire june wedding cost damage region million december admitted charge arson | Peckforton Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
20728_CastleRising(castle) | castle ruined medieval fortification village norfolk england built soon william risen ranks anglo norman nobility earl new wealth constructed surrounding deer park combination fortress hunting lodge inherited william descendants passing hands family later sold castle lived fall power isabella extended castle buildings enjoyed lifestyle entertaining son occasions death granted edward black prince form 15th century castle increasingly valued hunting facilities military defences fell disrepair despite construction new living quarters service facilities middle 16th century derelict henry_viii sold property duke norfolk castle buildings demolished 19th century mary inherited property castle renovated restored victorian scholars examined site opened public castle passed custody state carried work programme archaeological investigation english heritage passed management site current owner baron continues operate castle tourist attraction comprises defended large earthworks covering total area hectares acres historians consider impressive britain inner bailey great probably modelled features extensive designs including buttresses historians believe finest norman keeps military utility political symbolism extensively discussed academics castle originally surrounded carefully managed landscape planned town castle deer park rabbit stretched intended viewed lord chamber great history 12th 13th centuries built soon william mobile anglo norman noble owned surrounding manor william married widow king henry year earl transformed social position chronicler complained looked world king new wealth william built new castle norfolk expanded castle castle located miles port king 12th century typically reached boat channel ran nearby following norman conquest england land granted administrative centre buildings site later castle norfolk prosperous region period location castle strategically important militarily significance regional muster point surrounding lands populated poor acidic agricultural soil attraction site william believed relatively cheap easy place build substantial new building establish large hunting park argues william essentially built hunting lodge site massive resources required construct included large defences stone adjacent deer park castle project existing settlement moved away north planned settlement adjacent new castle pre existing norman chapel site built encircled castle defences new parish church built town instead possible church pre dates castle william received permission king stephen open mint castle probably linked development settled community jews town uncertain william actually stayed new castle wife probably preferred reside estates south england william descendants chose new buckingham castle serve main castle norfolk prolonged civil war known anarchy broke england followers king stephen ending son henry_ii finally inherited kingdom despite william having backed stephen war end conflict proved loyal supporter henry allowed retain possessions henry operation regional closed facility castle rising local jews king second rapid phase construction work castle occurred probably response major rebellion henry_ii william supported king fought rebels battle neighbouring suffolk time height earth defences doubled internal level west bailey raised form platform castle inherited william turn son grandson died leaving brother hugh probably time chapel inside castle walls fallen use religious building instead employed secular purposes metres walls different rest building theory explain castle fact completed lifetime final work walls carried descendants hugh died childless castle passed 14th century prominent family estates region family fortunes declined younger brother robert childless sold rights castle crown marks effectively selling crown life time lease wife emma alternative theory explain different style stonework building completed william dilapidated start 14th century requiring extensive repairs robert raised height end time new peaked roof added imposing timber framed brick kitchen built inner bailey time robert agreement crown government england controlled france ruling regent young son isabella fell power edward toppled coup état short period house arrest led relatively normal life enjoying considerable status king mother edward granted isabella royal castles england including robert died emma sold rights castle isabella isabella main residences death isabella wealthy woman king granted yearly income increased enjoyed lifestyle norfolk maintaining received visits edward royal household occasions despite large income isabella ran long standing debts local merchants near castle time took castle new set buildings constructed central bailey including west range containing residential suite new private chapel south range linking service buildings existing kitchen reused great hall isabella lived west range formal occasions accommodation senior guests brick wall outside inner bailey built time provide additional security castle passed isabella grandson decreed son inherit castle isabella death complete surrounding manor right tolls king brought relatively modest year arrangement king declared castle permanent estate traditionally assigned use prince wales prince undertook repairs castle including spending repairing tower uncertain castle refers prince died returning control crown time appears maintained good condition ordered occasions raise local forces counter threat french invasion equipped cannons built isabella brick wall inner bailey constructed period rights castle changed hands times despite edward charter having permanent richard government gave castle john duke brittany exchange richard subsequently gave castle uncle thomas duke gloucester uncle duke york shortly richard overthrown courts declared grants illegal returned castle possession future 15th 18th centuries 15th early 16th centuries continued owned cornwall castle military defences wars roses increasingly prominent hunting facility role constable castle combined surveyor ranger castle castle prestigious location period facilities extensive castles known hunting senior visitors castle included queen france duke suffolk included nobles lord earl oxford minor repairs castle carried period including castle bridge state property gradually declined old removed early 15th century new larger facility constructed place built new rest buildings inner bailey left deteriorate reports stated buildings longer survey carried described castle noted roof rotten survey urged existing repair works buildings bailey completed suggested worth repairing excessive cost despite challenges fresh construction work carried time southern range kitchen pulled replaced new set guests complete stables resulting buildings particularly robust problems reappeared survey noted exception new castle ruin roof collapsed probably floors great hall chamber survey necessary repairs walls inner bailey time adapted form separate smaller set chambers point dug walls link passing floor rooms henry_viii bequeathed castle duke norfolk property continued decline castle earthworks allowed infested rabbits caused extensive damage survey suggested fully castle cost pulled sold value materials realise end century inner bailey finally cleared buildings new pulled west range old norman chapel leaving ruined alongside newer chapel uncertain foundations old chapel slowly covered earth defences 17th century ground floor hardened gravel dug probably reuse roads pathways apartments abandoned fell decay lands surrounding castle bringing end stone stripped castle help repair nearby gate 19th 21st centuries continued owned howard family 19th century inherited husband began undertake restoration work basement repairing stonework ground level inner bailey built years lowered metre according contemporary archaeologist process required thousands loads earth dug removed great deal medieval archaeological evidence destroyed process work uncovered old norman chapel excavated building mary continued excavation work castle site death restored stonework chapel initially chapel believed origin buried earthworks constructed argument ensued antiquarian championed anglo saxon dating site insisted chapel fact norman origin issue settled later 20th century norman date confirmed castle open public overseen lived corner section turned apartment castle condition deteriorated took legal custody site continued owned howard family conservation work took place 1960s stonework archaeological investigations carried focusing church defences inner bailey research centred archaeological excavations recording remains similar castles investigated period site preserved monument grass laid remaining stonework foundations excavations carried construction ticket office castle english_heritage took control castle continued operate tourist attraction 21st century castle protected law ancient monument grade listed building remains custody english_heritage managed owner baron architecture landscape landscape fortification constructed carefully designed landscape castle town moved new site castle built settlement appears laid grid plan design possibly bounded ditches castle positioned similar fashion new religious house founded nearby important symbols time considered essential parts properly established castle castle deer park merged larger positioned castle similar way castle castle effectively formed interface town park great hall faced settlement lord chamber overlooked park creating symbolic divide public private aspects building rising chase miles square miles km2 utilised marginal farm land contributed design light woodland south castle ideal grazing deer park designed aesthetics mind shaped boundaries stretched horizon viewed similar design park originally provided castle products probably ornamental practical character including space open grazing centre park designed visible castle chamber castle incorporated large rabbit warren important source food fur period stretched kilometres away south west castle architecture rectangular west east oval inner bailey middle substantial defences ditches earthworks cover total area hectares acres considered historians impressive britain interior western bailey form platform longer directly connected rest castle eastern bailey metres metres formed protective covering entrance way inner bailey stone bridge connects eastern bailey inner bailey metres retaining original stonework base remainder rebuilt times bridge leads stone gatehouse dating built substantially taller longer today originally equipped stone later built outside additional protection gatehouse inner bailey forms metres metres size metres banks metres high defensive ditch originally half height uncertain placed bank built wooden possibly timber remains 14th century brick wall built additional metre layer sand stability survived bank towers built walls medieval period left mark earth banks location uncertain main architectural focus inner bailey great contained norman chapel 14th century onwards complex smaller residential service buildings visible stone foundations north belong chapel range built bailey seen north bailey remains norman chapel comprised nave square tower chancel metres metres metres square square metres metres respectively built local grey sandstone roman tiles nearby construct roof incorporated walls originally tower church bell casting pit buried floor nave stone bench runs base walls 19th century stone base font nave lost piece early medieval graffiti possibly depicting norman soldier survived south exterior wall fireplace added chapel tudor period use years abandoned consider finest norman keeps early example longer form buildings called hall taken huge resources erect externally resembles henry keeps appears inspired design rising internal layout probably based imitating royal castle county intended loyalty crown troubled years anarchy built courses local brown rubble strengthened laid stone walls reinforce structure main body metres metres wide walls approximately metres high running east prominent buttresses giving describes impression strength dignity corners buttresses forming turrets extensive detail outside including west decorative stonework interior divided internal wall improve structural strength division running north south building basement main sections north room metres metres pillars supporting great hall south chamber metres metres size leads ground floor metres wide steps arched waiting room windows mixture tudor modern floor great hall metres metres open sky original entrance way blocked chimney converted separate apartment tudor period additional entrance way inserted castle wall fireplace later filled tudor tiles mural dug tudor period leads kitchen service quarters southern great chamber large original 12th century fireplace mixture original tri windows 19th century additions far end great chamber ornate chapel norman originally built relatively self contained needed additional function residence second floor limited space contains small room chapel possibly chaplain castle guards later equipped additional room level metres metres remained inhabited longer rest castle contains 19th century fireplace upper metres walls different design main body building described result final phase construction period repair renovation shortly utility symbolism 20th century historians stressed potential military strength example concluded defence overwhelming consideration design construction argued final refuge case attack siege believe military strength castle failed impress contemporaries suggested effective defensive feature enabling defenders attack way stairs describing deadly near approach castle interior despite defensive qualities extensively debated historian argues large windows significant weakness easy fire arrows bailey questioned utility defensive arrow slits suggests positioned designed site overlooked higher ground considers key defensive weakness great keeps important symbolically 12th century historian described castle rising fortress palace forming palace surrounding earthworks practical defences reflected status typically owners recently advanced social scale william keen impress new authority mind positioning exposed higher ground prominent valley entrance castle designed communicate visitor status castle lord came gatehouse past earthworks bailey south deliberately facing entrance revealed covered fashionable carving decorative features visitors walked stairs waiting room originally largely open elements allowed decorative entrance door doorway led great hall lord possibly sat throne left met visitor ceremonial entrance | Castle Rising (castle) | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
20761_ClareCastle | medieval castle small town suffolk england built shortly norman conquest england bailey castle later improved stone 14th century castle home richest women england maintained substantial household castle passed hands crown 16th century ruins damaged construction great eastern railway castle remains castle local park scheduled monument grade listed building history 11th 13th centuries soon norman conquest england granted blocks land kent later suffolk essex richard built castles defend new lands kent followed suffolk exact date construction unknown documentary records castle appear 11th century suffolk prosperous parts country built took form bailey design common feet wide base feet tall flat summit feet stretching alongside north east protected deep ditches steep causeway linking inner outer bailey inner bailey sheltered curve castle built site anglo saxon manor house probably reflective wider norman effort demonstrate authority replaced previous lords castles termed historian describes having defensive value represented reflected rank dignity lord castle surrounded parks including great park established like major castles local religious house founded close castle grew contain new built probably 13th century took form shell fourteen triangular buttresses supporting foot thick walls inner bailey strengthened new stone walls feet tall earlier earth banks walls built flint rubble castle manned period castle guard system lands given local lords return providing knights soldiers serve castle 14th century early 14th century outbreak town population continued estates england suffolk possessions concentrated estates castle castle passed line died battle estate passed sisters husband died previous year acquired castle combined estates elizabeth wealthiest women england elizabeth castle main residence castle developed time reached gates positioned wider estate called castle stone towers protecting entrance inner bailey called elizabeth built chamber use castle substantial water garden forming moat east existed castle period included fountain probably geometric form possibly similar garden nearby norfolk surrounded property castle parks continued active use local programme local deer moved animals grew older castle estates supported luxurious wealthy lifestyle owners elizabeth income approximately year spent supporting household centred spent food drink including salmon german goods bought locally cloth wine imported castle international held bury london king staff castle included supported necessary knights castle produce bread day average gallons litres days 15th 21st centuries death passed marriage sir acquired castle contemporaries reported good repair stocked subsequent years saw heavily involved wars roses death castle passed richard york turn son crown castle deteriorated period masonry castle probably stripped use local building materials england traditionally short suitable stone gave castle sir reverted mary castle acquired sir family retained 19th century point surviving east south sides inner bailey walls destroyed cambridge branch line great eastern railway built castle cutting largely destroying inner bailey order room new station railway line later closed axe castle consists stands outer bailey earthworks fragments inner bailey stone wall seen disused station goods yard castle grounds developed country park water old called castle country park crossed park opened june acres donated acres railway land bought curtain wall extensively consolidated assistance english heritage surviving capped walkway reintroduced protect surviving original masonry fixed outer wall march park transferred trust manages castle country park behalf town council support local volunteers castle scheduled monument grade listed building castle scheduled monument grade listed building | Clare Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
20823_StAndrew'sCastle,Hamble | castle andrew castle artillery fort constructed henry_viii near rice hampshire formed king device programme protect invasion france defended near comprised gun platform protected moat castle decommissioned english civil war largely destroyed coastal erosion history castle built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely basic defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope order long standing marriage wife catherine catherine aunt took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain response henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline castle built defend body water linked important port southampton positioned shore common south village rice located end old ditch area previously occupied period built coast construction took place fortification fully completed henry death castle comprised tall square stone semi circular gun platform protected metre wide moat wooden similar design contemporary fortification survey reported castle heavily armed artillery comprising iron iron iron bases iron falcon iron quarter lighter guns probably placed roof heavy weapons lower remainder external gun platform held bows hand weapons close defence later winchester appointed keeper captain castle paid year perform role garrison included master gunner porter soldiers controlled castle coast garrison decreased slightly comprising captain gunners soldiers castle operational decommissioned parliamentary forces english civil war site heavily affected coastal erosion local shoreline retreating metres year 1990s parts masonry earthworks seen 21st century remains castle surrounding common land protected law scheduled monument | St Andrew's Castle, Hamble | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
21031_SandownCastle,Kent | kent artillery fort constructed henry_viii kent formed king device programme protect invasion france defended strategically important downs anchorage english coast comprising circular stone castle covered acres firing positions upper levels artillery basement cost crown total build castles deal lay adjacent coast connected defences original invasion threat passed second english civil war seized pro royalist insurgents parliamentary forces months fighting 19th century castle suffering badly effects coastal erosion remained military use demolished upper levels explosives carrying second wave demolition work destroying surviving stonework remains purchased town deal form local sea defences remaining masonry concrete late 1980s form sea wall remains vulnerable erosion sea history 16th century built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope long standing marriage wife catherine catherine aunt charles took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain response henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline adjacent castles deal constructed protect downs east kent important anchorage formed sands gave access enemy soldiers easily landed stone castles supported line forts known great turf great white clay miles long defensive ditch bank collectively castles known castles downs cost crown total castle built april autumn team including surveyor master carpenter master mason nearly identical sister castle tall feet centre flanked rounded called moat surrounded turn curtain wall curved walls feet thick total approximately feet covering acres historian considered castle form transitional design older medieval english designs newer italian styles defence tiers artillery heaviest longest range weapons occupying upper levels total firing positions basement close defence required walls widely provide maximum possible space guns operate traverse interior castle designed allow smoke guns escape initially garrisoned captain gunners soldiers annual cost year 17th century original invasion threat passed continued military use 17th century survey nonetheless reported range repairs needed estimated total cost survey noted work estimated required contrast inspection showed castle reasonable structural condition design report produced suggested investment required castles downs including additional sea defences play prominent role english civil war broke supporters king charles parliament taken parliamentary forces start conflict following years peace second civil war broke time charles royalist supporters joined scottish allies parliamentary navy based downs protected castles royalist insurrection underway kent vice admiral forced parliamentary officials resign post commander fleet previous year encouraged fleet join royalist faction sir sailor accompanied members gentry called fleet revolt taking advantage fellow men crews declared king followed shortly garrisons deal coastal fortresses navy royalist control parliament feared foreign forces landed coast aid sent scots parliament defeated wider battle start june sent force command colonel rich deal castles downs besieged surrendered july fort built deal defended men deal attacked late july august artillery assaults began mounted attack fleet august second attack following august involving landing men supported soldiers operation successful finally surrendered september weeks surrender deal parliament ordered supplies ammunition powder sent castles downs fresh earthworks erected deal address threat dutch attack garrison remained substantial period governor soldiers charles_ii restored throne reduced numbers captain men glorious revolution charles brother king deal seized behalf colonel detained crown wife subsequently widely publicised case described castle imprisonment months died castle doctor blaming physical decline conditions kept 18th 21st centuries sea broke outer walls castle coastal erosion continued years castle initially described barely considered unfit repaired garrisoned french revolutionary wars new artillery batteries constructed north castle early 19th century castle early suppression local smuggling coastal erosion continued 19th century consequence sold materials fortification demolished upper parts castle leaving level platform lower parts stone purchased earl building work castle masonry reused construction deal pier sea continued remaining stonework destroyed adjacent artillery batteries converted use explosives remove tonnes long tons short tons masonry castle use construction officer house dover castle causing damage architectural historian complained needed protect ruins contrasting poor treatment castles coast despite concerns continued raised safety ruins facing sea blew town deal bought remains government use local sea defences coastal erosion continued remains concrete form sea wall remain vulnerable coastal erosion remains castle protected law scheduled monument | Sandown Castle, Kent | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
21726_CambridgeCastle | cambridge castle cambridge castle locally known located cambridge england originally built norman conquest control strategically important route north england played role conflicts anarchy second barons wars hugely expanded edward castle fell rapidly late medieval era stonework recycled building purposes surrounding colleges cambridge castle english civil war fell primarily county castle finally demolished new prison built castle bailey prison demolished replaced modern hall castle limited earthworks stand site open public daily offers views historic buildings city history 11th century cambridge castle castles built east england late aftermath northern campaign capture york cambridge known old roman route london york strategically significant risk rebellion initial building work conducted high sheriff later founded castle castle built bailey design existing town houses destroyed space centuries castle held norman kings civil war anarchy broke castles played key role conflict king stephen supporter empress attacked cambridge town raided castle temporarily captured stephen responded counter attack forcing retreat castle cambridge castle remained exposed stephen decided build supporting fortification provide additional protection died attacking following year leaving secure henry_ii castle adequately maintained little additional work undertaken improve castle guard system established lands cambridge granted local lords condition provide guard forces castle castle primarily hold sheriff court records king john expanded castle years work concentrated constructing new hall chamber cost war rebel barons supported captured eastern england cambridge castle fell castle returned royal control war conducted basic maintenance fortification cambridge attacked second barons war time town castle held long relieved henry forces king reinforced city defences large ditch later known cambridge castle remained basic fortification edward decided undertake major expansion works years king spent rebuilding castle stone edward castle sided circular towers corner guarded gatehouse circular stone built result major fortress latest fashion albeit completed edward stayed castle nights centuries 14th century castle allowed fall disrepair onwards little money spent maintaining property 15th century castle ruins castle hall chamber 15th century ordered buildings destroyed stone reused constructing parts castle help build chapel stonework given away mary 16th century building mansion nearby grants stone given colleges gatehouse remained intact surrounding walls described contemporaries utterly civil war broke england rival factions parliament occupied parliamentary forces year war ordered emergency work conducted repair defences resulting new added castle brick barracks constructed old bailey governor cambridge described town castle strongly fortified castle saw fighting war parliament ordered remaining fortifications damaged use centuries castle rapidly deteriorated remaining walls taken leaving gatehouse earth gatehouse remained use county 19th century run like similar prisons private business keeper castle paid equivalent prices year county came end new county prison built grounds castle bailey new prison built innovative octagonal structure influenced designs prison reformer castle gatehouse destroyed way new county court building today remaining parts medieval castle left today metre feet high rests highest point city fragments surrounding earthworks open public daily admission fee offers views historic buildings city earthworks scheduled ancient monuments site castle bailey 19th century prison occupied headquarters hall built | Cambridge Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
22055_AberdourCastle | castle castle located village scotland parts castle date making oldest standing castles scotland built time earliest castle comprised modest hall house site overlooking years castle expanded according contemporary architectural ideas hall house tower house 15th century extended twice 16th century final addition refined renaissance details complemented walled garden east gardens south dating century form oldest gardens scotland offer extensive views castle largely creation held 14th century second home primary residence sold fire late 17th century followed repairs family purchased nearby house medieval castle allowed fall decay today 17th century wing remains tower collapsed care open public year history origins acquired sir marriage daughter sir sir built church stands castle family probably built original hall house possibly earlier recorded granting land monks record happened early 14th century king grandson granted turn sir sir gave lands nephew sir retained castle death years later grant confirmed king combined form single principal seat near edinburgh secondary residence james fourth lord succeeded joint created earl prior marriage deaf mute daughter newly created earl expanded existing hall house rebuilding structure suit elevated status second earl carried extensions castle building new tower south block 16th century james summoned 3rd earl accusing non payment feudal banished reached angus signed deed resigning lands compelled resign lands turn permitted castle death late earl assisted lands including return sons marry daughters son james married elizabeth succeeded 4th earl reserved mother law mary queen scots confirmed right involved planning rebellion queen resulted murder queen mary secretary failed gain momentum forced flee england end year returned july following year mary imprisoned forced scottish appointed regent scotland child king undertook extensions castle rebuilding south block extending south form present central range drew inspiration contemporary gardens england laying gardens met castle august regency came end later implicated murder queen mary husband lord executed orders young king prison lands given nephew 8th earl angus granted earl execution returned lands angus acknowledged 5th earl angus death passed william son father widow continued live husband 1st lord later 7th earl numbered 6th earl inherited grandfather treasurer scotland strong supporter stewart dynasty wars kingdoms compelled spend fortune royal interest leading financial difficulty forcing sell earl built renaissance east wing probably certainly standing inventory records luxurious furniture walled garden built improvements suitable principal residence sale continued live regained earlier high status castle badly damaged fire 11th earl consulted architect smith surveyed damage drew proposals repairing extending castle wing north east range earl sought estimates demolition tower house central range came proposals repairs carried east range completed final decline government troops stationed castle rising stay second fire caused extensive damage bought adjacent property renamed castle ceased residence east range repaired purposes including school room barracks hall castle gardens placed state care continue managed visitor attraction south east wing initially restored home houses cafe castle protected scheduled ancient monument castle walled garden category listed buildings highest level protection historic building scotland grounds surrounding parks listed inventory gardens designed landscapes national register significant gardens description castle originally comprised 13th century hall house extended 15th century 16th century central range built south tower house new inner outer courtyard walls constructed east inner courtyard wall reduced foundations base round tower porter lodge survive west inner courtyard wall remains service courtyard comprises brewery east range added 17th century south edge outer courtyard castle originally approached north entrance moved west 17th century gate railway line constructed tower house tower house measures metres metres rectangular plan lower storeys comprise oldest castle dated upper parts 15th century date original building based pieces evidence blocks masonry flat north east widening base walls indicative date collapsed south wall contained early 13th century style double window original structure type known hall house probably storeys comprising floor hall basement surrounded defensive timber enclosure 15th century rebuilding added upper floors rearranged interior vaulted including kitchen spiral inserted heightened wall topped spaces objects dropped attackers base wall tower suffered major collapses today basement survives small section south east wall standing height central range central range begun possibly storey building containing great hall fragments building remain south entrance tower house blocked replaced ground floor entrance east new tower broad spiral built south east corner originally topped conical roof gave access upper floors tower central range 4th earl rebuilt block extending south form new apartments block forming present storey central range includes vaulted kitchen cellar basement rooms floor west apartment accessed garden south west private led chamber suggesting earl apartments upper storey timber floor missing comprised apartments including exterior block decorated horizontal decorative strip masonry known string course floor window decorated carved stone similar style windows edinburgh castle borders built regency east range east range comprises long narrow building short projecting wing south east castle floor wing occupied long gallery accessed central range stables long gallery entertaining recorded containing pictures furniture south east wing chambers floor linked spiral floor room 17th century painted ceiling decorated fruit foliage south east wing crow step corner east window long gallery decorated roof 18th century date lower original resulting loss triangular topped windows gardens gardens castle garden dates time 4th earl succeeded comprises broad shaped orchard laid recently extent rediscovered following excavations 1970s parts garden use market garden archaeological investigations undertaken determine lower depicted map existed foundations found remains precisely dated thought constructed second half 16th century high retaining walls rebuilt laid grass excavations revealed evidence historic planting schemes 16th century shape house located south containing nesting boxes metres structure rises steps divided rat courses projecting ribs prevented rats climbing inside 17th century walled garden covers square metres acres walls metres high lies west outer courtyard originally entered doors south west north east corners doors carved douglas heart emblem west door led east door led carved date initials earl kitchen garden located bee located walls summer house built south east garden wall demolished 18th century botanist supplied exotic plants including persian edinburgh forerunner later entrance west wall dates second world war garden use market garden pig centre garden early 17th century mounted 19th century base brought 1970s possibly south west scotland originally named house built 17th century dated enlarged owner earl purchased finally moving dilapidated castle 12th earl consulted improvements uncertain proposals executed doorway surround style 20th century house disused redeveloped private flats 1990s house category listed extensive gardens included surviving metre high built 13th earl visible estate | Aberdour Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
22580_SouthseaCastle | castle castle historically known south castle castle artillery fort originally constructed henry_viii hampshire formed king device programme protect invasion france defended eastern approach portsmouth castle square central rectangular gun platforms east west angled rear early english example trace style fortification popular continent depicted henry_viii visiting castle despite fires remained service saw brief action start english civil war stormed parliamentary forces castle expanded sir period neglect 18th century redesigned napoleonic wars brief period use military prison 1840s fortification expanded 1850s 1860s additional gun batteries east west sides defences upgraded century fears french invasion formed plan defending portsmouth world war interwar years fortifications stood castle saw service second world war involved operation grasp seizure french naval vessels portsmouth harbour obsolete sold restored appearance opened tourist attraction receiving visitors history 16th century castle built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope long standing marriage catherine catherine aunt took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain response henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline immediate threat passed resurfaced france threatening invasion channel backed allies scotland henry issued device improve country defences particularly south coast castle built southern end protect deep water channel running royal naval base portsmouth work began early overall direction sir governor portsmouth supported dean captain garrison appointed master mason uncertain designed castle described majesty device typically indicated king taken personal role design abandoned earlier use semi circular fully covered flanking fire supporting walls instead angular design forming early imperfect adoption trace style fortification use work carried quickly risk french attack july brass guns mounted site cost came proceeds chalk stone timber brought neighbouring castle completed october formed fortification square rectangular gun platforms east west angled rear appointed new captain team soldiers gunners porter castle armed seven brass artillery pieces cannon cannon iron guns french invasion emerged admiral crossed channel arrived ships july landing troops henry fleet brief sortie resulting english flagship lost retreating safely protective fortifications henry present portsmouth time battle depicts visiting castle french expedition moved coast july bringing end immediate invasion threat henry gave orders additional improvements fortification summer including construction stone timber guard potential infantry attack spent night castle defences portsmouth 17th century early england peace france spain result coastal defences received little attention survey found ill prepared defence guns mounted walls stocks powder march fire broke destroyed interior generated panic ships moored nearby damage repaired loads timber sent use work fire broke causing damage store rooms start english civil war fighting broke portsmouth royalist forces led colonel command colonel held royalist captain supported small garrison men guns decided attack fortification infantry troops cavalry assault took place early hours morning september garrison positioned guns point inland attackers stormed moat demanded garrison surrender drinking heavily night refused discuss asked return later day fresh assault began garrison surrendered loss life capture castle meant left portsmouth position town surrendered significant garrison installed castle castle primarily prison early days restoration concerns potential dutch attack grew king charles_ii commissioned dutch born master engineer sir carry major scheme improve defences portsmouth including funding poor organisation meant work begin included constructed castle new castle gate projecting turrets redesign central large stone plaque gatehouse entrance bearing charles coat arms dated opposition grew catholic king military establishment portsmouth controlled king illegitimate son duke revolution broke period portsmouth defences important king potential exit route france late december route longer needed baron hand control protestant captain carter december portsmouth surrendered revolution days later traveller visited castle observed fine think little strength service 18th 19th centuries east castle badly damaged explosion august caused cooking sparks fell gunpowder stored castle men women children killed probably consequence event new powder store called built outside north castle second half century castle poor condition according contemporary account garrisoned old sergeant men sell master general ordnance duke richmond reported bad form deserve expense necessary repair proposed building modern fort coast instead end century coastal erosion destroyed 18th century grand battery outbreak revolutionary napoleonic wars end 18th century castle importance increased french invasion appeared imminent castle action pounder pounder guns available poor condition work begun expand castle direction fisher work carried mixture soldiers civilian contractors arguing easier contain costs prevent union activity project cost estimated fort extended north feet interior bailey redesigned brick moat rebuilt built round edge work finished final elements completed lighthouse commissioned admiralty constructed western gun platform rising feet base atop walls lighthouse keeper housed castle looked management military offenders south england decided bring use military prisons reduce pressure civilian area provide suitable military environment prisoners prison holding offenders supervision sergeant oversaw remaining artillery defences introduction shell guns steam ships 1840s created new risk french successfully attack south coast closure prison seven inch guns mounted walls brick concerns defences auxiliary batteries built alongside castle house additional guns end war large review fleet attended queen_victoria numerous tourists naval launched mock attack castle responded firing volley inch guns causing chaos crowds watching base fortification fresh worries france combined development rifled cannon iron clad warships led defence united_kingdom expressing fears security portsmouth lieutenant colonel oversaw broader programme work country supported lieutenant colonel fisher new gun batteries underground magazines constructed west east sides castle form acre complex enclosed defensive wall old castle range direction finding house weapons left slowly decline site armed rifled muzzle loading guns design praised visiting russian military engineer 1890s castle defences obsolete development torpedo boats superior breech loading guns response pounder quick firing guns installed deal torpedo boat threat east battery converted hold breech loading guns cost government taken possession surrounding castle ensure remained open accessible fort guns deployed fill marshes onwards surrounding area began develop urban centre seaside facilities established start century 1840s new private housing built edge common military naval officers construction railway line london enabled settlement named castle turn prosperous resort leased local government population grew practising firing castle guns difficult 20th 21st centuries start 20th century formed fortress portsmouth plan defending east battery equipped inch guns inch guns west battery armed pounders inch gun world war castle manned number company later units transferred france replaced response threat german raids inch cwt anti aircraft gun added castle castle remained active military use conflict tourist attraction visitors able watch castle garrison carry practice sea common bought turned park west battery disarmed second world war occupied castle war castle manned range units including coastal artillery regular army home guard east battery armed inch mark guns living conditions poor described member cold wet horrible castle protected barrage balloons hit bombs little damage war castle involved armed stand french naval vessels fall france french ships way british ports including portsmouth fears rose warships leave fall german hands june castle ordered man guns prepared fire french navy prevent departure gun albeit ready action fleet french destroyer responded aiming guns castle shooting ensued july british forces boarded seized ships ending confrontation obsolete post war years sold council carried restoration work archaeological surveys removing later features landscaping surrounding area opened museum lighthouse remained operation west east batteries partially demolished council 1960s 21st century castle operated tourist attraction council received visitors castle houses collection cannon pounder inch ton gun location grounds castle pounder pounder cwt rifled pounder breech dating castle protected law scheduled ancient monument | Southsea Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
22754_OrfordCastle | castle village suffolk england located miles northeast views built henry_ii england consolidate royal power region preserved described historian remarkable keeps england unique design probably based byzantine architecture stands earth covered remains outer fortifications history 12th century prior building castle suffolk dominated family held title earl norfolk owned key castles group barons anarchy reign henry_ii wished establish royal influence region henry confiscated castles hugh returned hugh henry decided build royal castle near construction work began concluding site miles sea lying flat ground terrain slowly stretching away river ore half mile away design unique termed remarkable keeps england historian foot metre high central tower circular cross section rectangular towers built foot metre wide structure tower based precise set proportions dimensions following root ratio found english churches period interior built high quality stonework broad foot inch metre wide best chambers designed catch early morning sun whilst parts draught doors carefully designed windows originally roof upper hall formed effect tall surrounded curtain wall probably flanking towers fortified gatehouse protecting relatively small bailey outer defences probably represented main defences castle marshes nearby drained turning village sheltered port castle including surrounding ditch stone bridge cost build work possibly conducted master mason brought far away detailed stonework carved limestone normandy remainder stone variously local limestone design attracted historical interest traditional explanations unusual plan argued castle transitional military design combining circular features later castles square angled buttresses earlier norman fortifications recent scholarship explanation design hard justify military terms buttresses created additional blind spots defenders whilst chambers staircase corners weakened walls attack keeps continued built whilst henry_ii aware fully circular castle designs building round constructed norfolk example historians questioned extent design seen legitimately transitional instead historians believe design castle instead probably driven political symbolism argues plain simple architecture century nobility summoned images king arthur widely believed roman greek links banded angular features resembled image imperial power including roof based hall recently built constantinople 13th 15th centuries start 13th century royal authority suffolk firmly established henry_ii crushed revolt heavily garrisoned conflict knights based collapse rebellion henry ordered permanent castle political importance castle diminished henry death port grew importance handling trade famous port beginning century castle captured invaded england invitation english barons disillusioned king john governor royal castle young followed edward governorship castle given family passed marriage 1st earl suffolk granted longer royal castle passed families whilst surrounding economy went decline estuary river ore spit increased making harbour access difficult resulting decline trade reducing importance castle centre local government castle surrounding lands bought family century north wall bailey survived roof upper floors badly decayed 2nd proposed destroying building prevented government grounds formed valuable landmark ships approaching holland wishing avoid nearby francis son called francis undertook conservation efforts installing new relatively flat lead roof replacement upper floor installed francis furnished use apartment guests 1840s surrounding bailey wall mural towers vanished having stone foundations seen modern period sir bought castle gave property appeal money maintain restore began shortly second world war castle barbed wire form originally intended anti aircraft erected castle instead radar concrete floor installed south east tower support equipment buildings removed end conflict given maintained english_heritage castle structure remaining intact remains bailey wall visible ditches visible earthworks medieval instead result earlier bailey walls created exhibits upper hall featuring displays archaeological artefacts found locally archaeological work understand surrounding environment continued recently castle scheduled monument grade listed building wild man castle associated legend wild man according chronicler naked wild man covered hair caught nets local fishermen man brought castle held months questioned tortured said behaved feral fashion wild man finally escaped castle later accounts described captive incident appears encouraged growth wild men carvings local later medieval period exist coastal areas suffolk norfolk near | Orford Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
22859_CaludonCastle | scheduled ancient monument grade listed building second site metres south scheduled ancient monument right castle ruin remains large fragment sandstone wall remains estate urban park owned run sold developed housing estates early 20th century site occupied 11th century original building pre dating norman conquest england large house property earl chester conquest house given family 13th century described manor licence granted point house thought styled castle licence received property rebuilt 14th century came possession 1st duke norfolk banished castle fell disrepair son john inherited building remained family passed 1st berkeley rebuilt circa time mansion having derelict castle destroyed remained ruins remains construction farmhouse site estate divided sold remained hands multiple private owners land purchased world war housing developments architecture remains estate today located suburban area east centre portions sold 19th century estate expansive estate historically detached parish transferred turn absorbed original boundary estate ran bridge known south east high ground near north west original castle oval shape surrounded defensive wall including towers moat entrance gatehouse bridge east living quarters north west sides enclosure offices south east farm buildings associated castle lay outside moat bowling green gardens acre field known pool property converted mansion circa recorded standing including porter lodge house survey conducted found foundations rectangular building oriented north north west thought remains large hall metres feet north hall survey found magnetic representing complex living buildings styled manor house survey found large magnetic eastern site buried rubble demolition farmhouse remains filled believed built site evidence interior site discovered given evidence found likely represent phase construction proven methods moat approximately metres feet south castle constructed times likely time rebuilding scheduled ancient monument right moat approximately acre land property moat enclosure surrounding farm buildings connected castle history site originally occupied house pre dated norman conquest england conquest came possession chester circa 6th earl chester gave house served chief england son inherited property passed son 1st baron created house described manor time permanent nobleman residence estate expanded slightly north purchased mill house likely rebuilt castle 2nd baron nicholas son granted licence king edward england property rectangular gaps wall fire largely status symbol time build moat wall property extended chapel time rebuilding undertaken licence received second half 14th century castle inherited 1st duke norfolk accused later king treason king duel castle banished duel place henry took throne stripped died exile shortly succeeded 2nd duke norfolk restored property remained family death 8th child bride richard 1st duke york anne estate divided 1st duke norfolk 1st berkeley took possession castle lay derelict shortly late 16th century circa rebuilt 7th baron berkeley style mansion large hall added later elizabeth née wife 8th baron berkeley kept house sold sir 1st passed morgan sir marriage morgan daughter heir jane house badly damaged king charles_ii took revenge heavily sympathies english civil war son sir inherited estate death passed daughter anne husband 2nd baron retained property ruins castle build large farmhouse estate divided sold estate held private owners world war purchased developed area suburban housing estates modern day castle ruin remains ground large grey sandstone wall remnant building site early 18th century includes large windows decorated red sandstone stand grey red sandstone appears ends walls suggesting windows meaning wall twice length surviving fragment built beneath large windows smaller ones suggestive runs sets windows wall fragment thought 14th century likely dating reconstruction castle situated small urban park called castle park owned managed moat dry filled parts visible earthworks remaining wall scheduled ancient monument site south wall grade listed building status | Caludon Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
22867_SandgateCastle | castle artillery fort originally constructed henry_viii kent formed king device programme protect invasion france defended vulnerable point coast comprised central stone towers gatehouse hold tiers artillery fitted total firing points cannon taken parliament start english civil war seized royalist rebels second civil war castle extensively redesigned napoleonic wars height castle significantly reduced turned tower work completed armed pounder guns hold garrison men castle begun suffer damage sea early 17th century middle 19th century coastline reached edge castle walls high costs repair contributed government decision sell site initially bought railway company passed private ownership coastal erosion continued 1950s southern castle destroyed sea remaining castle restored peter turned private residence 21st century remains private ownership protected law grade listed building history 16th century built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke order long standing marriage wife catherine catherine aunt took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain response henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline intended defend vulnerable point kent cliffs west enemy force potentially land way easily inland construction supervised engineer acted commissioners project initial stages work team men employed wood preparing site drawn far away somerset gloucestershire summer work including labourers pause winter months work picked summer year working castle july castle foundations rested underlying beach walls roughly laid work finer stone detailing collected local beaches suitable west east site tons stone recycled christ church recently dissolved henry total bricks produced different tiles manufactured loads lime tons coal tons timber total cost project came centre new castle circular towers north west north east south sides gatehouse north surrounded curtain walls forming triangular inner outer ward covered stone storeys high linked towers gatehouse outer ward stone north east tower linked inside castle castle entered doorway rear gatehouse originally called half moon linked covered tiers guns finished castle ground level roof total firing points cannon design closely resembling nearby deal castles completed autumn henry come castle visiting elizabeth visited fortification period married queen wishes castle reported equipped seven artillery pieces muskets bows arrows 17th 18th centuries garrison comprised captain lieutenant soldiers gunners mortar castle particularly poor begun seriously decay survey year showed castle substantially dilapidated cost proposed repairs estimated noted feet gun platform weapons built southern walls replace original southern battery report echoed problems noting sea caused southern wall collapse necessary repairs including strengthening walls projected years later amid fears war france spain castle captain reported fortification poor condition assault way fit command roads inspection team observed straightforward climb castle ruined walls rotten result artillery placed beach instead castle probably repaired seized parliamentary forces start english civil war supporters king charles parliament captain remained post war ended years peace second civil war broke parliamentary navy based kent protected castles deal royalist insurrection way county fleet joined rebellion sister castles occupied parliament defeated wider battle start june sent force command colonel rich deal castles occupied august rich sent forces prevent garrison intervening disrupt assault deal recaptured soon initially continued captain replaced resulting complaints treated owed money parliament period garrison increased include governor soldiers gunners charles_ii restored throne initially remained heart south coast defences design garrison cut pre war levels reduced men fallen poor condition assigned repair castle met partially proceeds lands confiscated supporters parliament 19th century use napoleonic wars start 19th century heavily rebuilt brigadier general surveyed south coast proposed building series new defensive towers proposed converted secure sea battery opposition delays work castle finally began project lowered height castle considerably destroying fortification process upper storeys towers covered gatehouse demolished buildings inner ward resulting rubble outer ward raising height effectively turning inner ward dry moat inner curtain wall reduced storey height outer curtain wall wall walk built remaining outer walls supported gun circular turned tower type napoleonic artillery fortification storeys tall remaining original interior walls largely survived untouched accessed floor unusual sliding supported rails floor different storeys linked spiral staircase ground floor included brick built magazine roof supported central pillar running building held single large gun north east north west towers storey tall covered turf turning rear outer ward flat southern tower reduced height storeys remained use gun platform covered corridors towers storey high linking buried towers north east north west upper storeys gatehouse rebuilt ground floor remained 16th century condition modified castle completed held pounder guns outer wall gun roof southern new castle hold garrison men castle equipped heavier artillery combination pounder pounder guns new magazine constructed comprising large brick built building divided rooms storing gunpowder specially designed powder dry exterior gun redesigned foundations surviving north east north west date coastal erosion remained problem middle century tides reached southern edge castle report stated walls undermined sea despite protective piles driven castle badly affected flooding creating stonework high costs maintaining property combined utility encouraged government sell castle company intended turn railway station sold private owners small museum created castle opened public entry price penny 20th 21st centuries coast line continued threaten severe storms undermined large parts castle time new built early 1950s southern castle entirely destroyed peter began restore ruins castle support british_army project archaeological investigations carried north east excavated revealing lower 16th century stonework tower east magazine retaining wall built support newly exposed walls created levels outer bailey higher level western covered north west tower lower eastern turned private residence new sun room built gun platform wife acquired castle boot company south eastern ltd castle protected law grade listed building 16th century books original construction written project clerk survive pages long form historian described complete building account tudor fortification | Sandgate Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
22960_BeaumarisCastle | located town wales built edward campaign conquer north wales plans probably construct castle delayed lack funds work began following uprising substantial workforce employed initial years direction james george edward invasion scotland soon diverted funding project work stopped invasion scare work finally ceased total spent huge sum period castle remained incomplete taken welsh forces rebellion recaptured royal forces following outbreak english civil war castle held forces loyal charles holding surrendered parliamentary armies despite forming local royalist rebellion castle escaped garrisoned parliament fell ruin eventually forming local home park 19th century 21st century ruined castle managed tourist attraction described britain perfect example symmetrical concentric planning fortification built local stone outer ward guarded towers overlooked inner ward large shaped massive towers inner ward designed contain ranges domestic buildings accommodation able support major households south gate reached ship allowing castle directly supplied sea considers finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe classed site history 13th 14th centuries kings england welsh princes control conflict renewed 13th century leading edward intervening second time reign edward invaded huge army pushing north westwards montgomery chester edward decided permanently provisions governance set statute enacted march wales divided counties england governed new created north west new towns protective castles established administrative centres castle walled town built nearby plans probably establish similar castle settlement near town wealthiest borough wales largest terms population important trading port preferred route ireland huge cost building castles meant project postponed rebelled english rule revolt bloody casualties sheriff edward suppressed rebellion winter april immediately began progress delayed plans area chosen site called meaning fair marsh derives norman french latin castle termed mile decision taken welsh population miles south west settlement created local welsh opened way construction prosperous english town protected substantial castle castle positioned corner town following similar town plan town town walls constructed despite foundations laid work began summer overseen master james george james appointed master king works wales reflecting responsibility construction design onwards primary responsibility frequently given title work recorded considerable detail pipe rolls continuous records medieval royal expenditure result early stages construction relatively understood period huge work undertaken summer average site consumed week wages project rapidly fell forcing officials issue leather instead paying workforce normal centre castle filled temporary house workforce winter following spring james explained employers difficulties high costs involved case wonder money week know needed shall continue need layers skilled wagons boats bringing stone sea coal putting floor boards necessary jobs takes account garrison purchases material great quantity men pay having greatest difficulty keeping simply live construction slowed debts continued build work dropped following year stopping entirely spent halt primarily result edward new wars scotland begun consume attention financial resources left castle partially complete inner walls towers fraction proper height north north west sides lacked outer defences altogether edward concerned possible scottish invasion unfinished castle fallen poor state repair work completing outer defences james direction death master work finally halted castle built intended height end project spent sum period royal survey suggested needed complete castle invested 15th 21st centuries revolt broke english rule led placed siege captured rebels royal forces castle ill maintained fell disrepair castle constable rain leaking rooms report complained protected arsenal small guns bows castle new constable considered completely inadequate protecting fortress potential scottish attack matters worsened castle classed decayed english civil war broke royalist supporters charles supporters parliament strategic location war controlled route king bases ireland operations england family involved management castle centuries held king spent improving defences parliament defeated royal armies castle surrendered colonel june revolted parliament briefly royalist forces surrendering second time october year war castles damaged military use parliament concerned threat royalist invasion scotland spared colonel castle governor garrison installed inside cost year charles_ii returned throne restored family castle appears stripped valuable lead remaining resources including roofs lord bought castle crown incorporating park surrounded local residence baron hill castles attractive locations visiting painters travellers considered ivy clad ruins romantic popular sites region formed trend visited future queen_victoria festival painted castle stones reused build nearby gave commissioners works carried large scale restoration programme stripping vegetation digging moat repairing stonework castle considered authorities outstanding medieval castles wales designated grade listed building highest grade listing protecting buildings exceptional usually national interest declared castles king edward site considering finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe 21st century managed agency historic monuments tourist attraction visitors financial year castle requires ongoing maintenance repairs cost financial year architecture fully built completed probably closely resembled castles concentric plan walls walls regular design described britain perfect example symmetrical concentric planning years castle regarded pinnacle military engineering edward reign evolutionary interpretation disputed historians royal palace symbol english power straightforward defensive fortification nonetheless castle praised unique artistic achievement way combines characteristic 13th century double wall structures central plan beauty proportions masonry built sea level till sediments form local coastline constructed local stone miles site stones brought coast ship example limestone stone mixture limestone sandstone green fairly randomly walls towers use ceased pause building work result limited lower levels walls castle design formed inner outer ward surrounded turn moat partially filled main entrance castle gate sea castle tidal dock allowed supplied directly sea dock protected wall later named firing platform housed siege engine medieval period gate sea led outer protected arrow slits murder holes leading outer ward outer ward consisted sided curtain wall turrets area approximately feet gateway led gate sea gate led north castle defences originally equipped firing positions including arrow slits slits close ground level blocked prevent exploited attackers early 15th century civil war walls inner ward substantial outer ward foot high foot thick huge towers large acre area inner ward intended hold accommodation domestic buildings castle ranges buildings stretching west east sides ward remains buildings seen stonework uncertain ranges actually built constructed later demolished civil war finished castle able host substantial households followers example king queen king queen prince wife shaped north gatehouse inner ward intended storeys high sets large windows floor actually completed included large hall floor feet feet divided separate heating south gatehouse designed replica north building work progressed far finishing stonework removed gatehouse reducing height walls inner ward contain extensive floor similar castle intended allow members castle towers sleeping chambers castle designed drained special system water moat system appear worked practice towers intended storeys high contained castle chapel built towers king family wider garrison | Beaumaris Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
23054_HaapsaluCastle | castle castle cathedral estonia founded thirteenth century seat according legend august image maiden white lady appears inner wall chapel history albert formed new diocese consisting designated abbot monastery bishop created state october papal fixed borders permanently residence located help sword stronghold built stone attempt avoid conflicts influential order bishop transferred diocese residence burned years later new center diocese chosen episcopal stronghold cathedral started building castle went centuries castle construction widening reconstruction stronghold went centuries architecture changing according development weapons stronghold achieved final dimensions area square metres thickness wall meters maximum height metres reign western castle houses metre dating 13th century later bell tower walls later raised metres inner trenches built cannons shelter bombing date war war stronghold severely damaged walls small castle outer fortification left partly destroyed 17th century castle longer defensive building ruled course great northern war estonia fell russian rule walls partially demolished command peter russia turning castle effect ruins cathedral cathedral main church throne official chair bishop situated chapter worked biggest single church baltic countries metre area written record church charter bishop founder town wrote ones having established cathedral having provided appropriate dwellings income determined certain site town everybody chosen place living gather find shelter needed able defend church means disposal built church belongs transition period gothic architecture characterized plant capital second thee star portal originally round arch niche figure patron saint inner walls covered paintings floor consisting distinguished unique round chapel built second half 14th century war estonia lutheran swedish kingdom church lutheran congregation called swedish king sold town castle nearby land property count jacob planned turn dilapidated stronghold modern castle known sculptor master builder invited consultant march sheet copper roof church destroyed fire church restored relatively quickly storm destroyed roof decreased congregation afford renovation moved town church 19th century reconstruction ruins romantic castle park started church renovated rebuilt ruined style portal replaced pseudo gothic stepped portal extant fragments wall paintings covered taken church october service dedicated held soviet occupation led closing church world war services continued spring broke church destroyed altar organ chairs windows congregation asked soviet government list cathedral protected historical monument failed raise interest church years time storing grain plans turning swimming pool mother day mother altar commemorate mothers killed soviet occupation consecrated statue virgin child sculptor legend white lady moon nights august image maiden white lady said appear inner wall chapel reign canon supposed lead life according rules monastery access women forbidden threat death legend tells canon fell love girl brought secretly maiden castle hid dressing remained secret long time bishop visited young singer caught attention ordered investigation singer gender finding girl bishop summoned council decided girl wall chapel canon prison death builders left cavity wall poor girl piece bread water walled time cries help heard soul find peace result appears window beloved man centuries prove love white lady days music festival held time august moon | Haapsalu Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
23064_YarmouthCastle | castle artillery fort built henry_viii protect threat french attack feet square castle initially equipped artillery guns garrison men featured arrow head different style earlier circular device forts built henry kind constructed england 16th 17th centuries castle continued maintained modified half castle turned solid gun platform additional accommodation built fort gunners built east castle additional gun battery placed town west english civil war held parliament following restoration charles_ii fortification remained use 18th 19th centuries albeit smaller garrison fewer guns finally withdrawn short period coast guard signalling post castle brought military use second world wars 21st century heritage organisation english_heritage operates castle tourist attraction history 16th century construction built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking small role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope long standing marriage wife catherine resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraged countries attack england henry responded ordering construction fortifications vulnerable parts coast instruction called device immediate threat passed resurfaced france threatening invasion channel backed allies scotland henry issued device improve country defences particularly south coast town attacked french raid probably encouraged construction castle second wave fort functioned alongside existing defences protected main crossing west island mainland square artillery fort built central courtyard angular arrow head protecting initially equipped cannons smaller guns firing line castle garrisoned small team soldiers consisting master gunner porter soldiers commanded castle captain lived castle soldiers resided local town castle constructed direction captain island land belonging crown possibly site church destroyed events henry dissolved monasteries england years stone local probably reused construction castle finished mills paid work discharge soldiers guarding site project initial use roman catholic queen mary succeeded throne changes leadership castle dismissed favour roman catholic executed role conspiracy overthrow queen protestant elizabeth came throne peace france military attention shifted spanish threat england elizabeth post carried extensive redevelopment castle filled half castle courtyard produce solid artillery platform able hold heavy guns field fire sea probably constructed master gunner house castle nonetheless inspection showed fortification poor condition work costing including erection earth alongside castle mount additional guns year saw attempted invasion england spanish repairs carried castle crown informed castle considered important defence needed expensive repairs 17th century continued important military fortification fortress transport hub stores depot repairs recommended carried years 17th century invested nearby castle including adding angular buttresses walls facing sea survey castle captain reported garrison comprised gunners captain buildings state defences need repair similar concerns raised suggestions half moon battery added defences progressed raised height long room stores constructed castle stone reused nearby walls destroyed sea stone appears taken local monasteries civil war broke followers king charles parliament initially captain relative john ardent royalist held castle behalf king tiny garrison negotiated surrender terms including initially allowed remain castle armed protection castle remained control parliament rest war early decided increase size garrison castle soldiers concerns potential royalist attack island jersey soldiers lived outside castle annual cost force garrison smaller reduce costs charles_ii returned throne existing army following year garrison given days notice leave castle king announced castle artillery sent town agreed financial responsibility running site town declined charles repeated offer time taken action appointing soldiers garrison town assign officer command apparently repairs dilapidated castle crown took castle new captain isle guns brought castle site new battery placed adjacent older earthworks demolished moat filled holmes built mansion alongside castle occasions hosted king charles brother faced widespread revolt potential invasion england william orange holmes supporter james intended control monarch behalf local inhabitants garrison sided william preventing openly siding king 18th 21st centuries continued records equipped pound pound guns castle platforms respectively period probably staffed captain gunners supported local militia early 18th century holmes mansion rebuilt forming current appearance 18th century gradually destroyed industrial developments reducing value anchorage design castle outdated napoleonic wars work carried alter design war sparked fresh invasion scare south coast england underwent considerable repairs year naval guns traversing rails installed castle platform regular county army unit place garrison fort proposal forward entire fortification rejected garrison guns withdrawn began castle signalling station passed castle parts castle leased pier hotel incorporated mansion pier hotel eventually george hotel occupies old castle moat took control castle carrying programme repairs military second world wars finally retired military use 1950s 21st century run heritage organisation english_heritage tourist attraction receiving visitors protected law grade listed building scheduled monument architecture square fortification nearly feet arrow head protecting north west walls face sea protected angular buttresses metre wide moat originally protected south east filled castle 16th century originally covered area west pier street north street battery destroyed walls castle mainly built stone red brick south walls pierced small number including ears overlooked moat built interior castle formed sequence buildings courtyard southern half castle filled shortly produce solid gun platform able support heavy guns later raised 17th century current height covered turf 19th century rounded corners platform rails naval guns traversed dating small lodging room built platform stairs destroyed arrow head design castle reflected new ideas defensive fortifications spreading italy 16th century earlier castles older european style semi circular avoid presenting weak spots stonework arrow headed design enabled defenders provide effective supporting fire attacking force fortifications europe england adopt design accommodation facilities south castle ground floor entrance castle leads courtyard linked barrel vaulted rooms south west corner originally 17th century garrison chambers converted use magazines fittings remains place south east corner master gunner house comprising hall kitchen ground floor chamber attic floors hall originally separated screen chamber subdivided floor small chamber supported arches courtyard lodging second floor runs barrel vaulted chambers massive original roof intact | Yarmouth Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
24713_DunstaffnageCastle | castle castle partially ruined castle western scotland lies miles situated platform rock south west entrance surrounded sides sea castle dates 13th century making scotland oldest stone castles local group includes guarding strategic location built lords held 15th century day hereditary captain longer reside castle maintained open public 16th century gatehouse retained private property captain prefix means fort rest derives norse staff history construction castle location stronghold known early 7th century recorded stone destiny kept brought ireland moved considered likely given known connections kings records stone kept traditionally identified writer identified castle built second quarter 13th century seat lord grandson duncan unsuccessfully attacked norwegian backed brother later died attack castle norse forces travelled rome founder nearby duncan son inherited father title expanded influence king isles probable built round towers castle constructed enlarged hall inside following norse influence backed scottish monarchy son alexander supported wars scottish independence broke years later defeated clan battle pass brief siege took control castle royal fortress crown property controlled series keepers james seized castle following enemies hiding inside 9th earl douglas stayed way treat lord isles followed attack douglas power led signing treaty westminster later keeper rival stabbed supporters way marriage survived long vows took castle ousted granted 1st earl appointed captains oversee readiness behalf changes buildings particularly gatehouse rebuilt time loyal allies royal house base government expeditions isles 15th 16th centuries visited occasions saw action civil war holding army castle burned royalist troops following failure rising 9th earl catholic james vii castle occupied government troops helped escape scotland briefly imprisoned route imprisonment london decline restoration continued add castle building new house old west range rest castle decaying accidental fire castle captains ceased live moving south east burned tenants lived house castle restoration work undertaken duke castle owner followed court case ruled 20th hereditary captain right residence notwithstanding duke ownership works delayed world war planned total restoration completed 21st captain duke agreed hand castle state care remains property castle chapel category listed buildings scheduled ancient monuments description walls irregular structure great strength rounded towers angles measures approximately metres metres walls rubble sandstone stand high including bedrock platform walls thick strong defence highly strategic location guarding entrance pass today commanding splendid view walk followed walls partially restored new stone flags original gone arrow slits later converted openings brass cannon recovered wrecked vessels spanish mounted walls round towers soon construction castle walls round towers built north east west towers north tower largest comprising storeys originally probably housed lord private apartments west tower internal barely projecting rounded corner curtain wall entered walk basement level contains pit prison accessed east tower completely rebuilt late 15th century gatehouse tower probably topped conical roof gatehouse gatehouse built late 15th century replacing earlier round tower east corner takes form storey tower house entrance passage running half vaulted basement half forming guard rooms arrow slits facing gate present approach gate stone replacing earlier tower 18th century provide reception rooms private suite windows capped house bear date campbell arms initials 11th captain wife moved restoration works internal ranges east range located north east towers foundations remain principal range buildings contained large hall vaulted hall double windows decorated carved patterns later blocked outlines seen east curtain wall second range stood north west wall connected hall range tower ground floor housed kitchen range storey house accessed stone topped windows form gatehouse original large stone surround 19th century date chapel ruined 13th century chapel lies metres south west castle built private chapel features detailed stonework outstanding quality chapel metres timber roof windows carry dog tooth carving fine wide arches internally chapel burial aisle built east end serve resting place captains families captain traditionally officer called responsible castle defence office exists retain title military significance incumbent required spend nights year castle responsibilities privileges attach post castle ghost ghost known maid said castle type ghost appearances said associated events lives hereditary keepers | Dunstaffnage Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
25049_DacreCastle | castle castle tower house village miles south west constructed century probably background threat scottish invasion raids held family 17th century tower house feet tall built local sandstone topped turrets protruding central block includes ornate main hall renovated 1960s periods disrepair castle private home history castle probably built wife middle 14th century family risen prominence 12th early 13th centuries father acquired licence property close future site castle married margaret extremely wealth result received permission found margaret built castle point death intention creating fortified home tower houses built region period response threat scottish raids invasions older building site possibly uncertain margaret death castle continued owned family death passed briefly crown castle derelict restored lord new entrance castle constructed square 17th century windows installed thomas death castle sold condition castle deteriorated 18th century dilapidated 19th century family farmhouse castle leased years cost property required extensive structural repairs renovations order undertook years construction work cost financial support provided exchange castle opened public years new oak doors castle fitted iron originally nearby castle castle visited princess daughter official trip 21st century castle owned family rented private home protected law grade listed building architecture castle lies valley overlooking stream fields comprises tower house surrounded sided moat creating enclosed courtyard east metres metres moat metres metres wide metres deep protective bank south west sides originally wall surrounded outside courtyard courtyard originally held buildings possibly stables offices tower house designed operate independently need attached facilities design resembles tower house north east corner enclosure takes form square central block large turrets smaller turrets resembling angular buttresses large blocks local sandstone roof central block feet feet inside feet tall feet thick walls building originally entered south west turret ground floor 17th century entrance way directly central block exterior staircase ground floor central block contains vaulted chambers floor forms hall containing ornate smaller chambers turrets second floor similarly forms single large chamber feet high rooms adjacent turrets traditionally called room kings legend described william 14th century large chambers subdivided smaller rooms renovations 1960s uncovered possible priest hole fireplace room kings feet feet chamber sealed avoid cost restoring | Dacre Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
25533_TantallonCastle | semi ruined century fortress located kilometres east scotland sits atop opposite bass rock looking medieval curtain wall castle constructed scotland comprises single wall blocking sides naturally protected sea cliffs built mid 14th century 1st earl douglas passed illegitimate son later created despite remained property descendants history besieged king successor extensive damage saw action invasion scotland severely damaged sold douglas lord ruin today care construction singular construction scotland defences comprising single large wall securing coastal south east north east north west approaches naturally defended steep sea cliffs protected relatively small defensive walls south west massive curtain wall blocks end forms inner courtyard curtain wall built local red sandstone tower end heavily fortified gatehouse centre provided residential accommodation north range buildings containing hall completed main castle courtyard metres total buildings castle provided square metres accommodation form follows 12th century castles castle curtain wall castle type built scotland smaller tower house increasingly popular example built time cousin modest tower similarities courtyard castles dates late 14th century entered passage beneath strong tower curtain wall curtain wall metres high metres thick metres long small chambers walls stairs arched ceilings walk walk beneath 16th century curtain wall connects towers northwest tower known douglas tower circular plan metres west collapsed seven storeys high tower formed lord containing private accommodation connecting hall north range lowest storey pit prison timber chambers square vaulted plan curved face metres originally consisting storeys reduced siege stone large gun ports added basement time floor tower designed access south east wall wall built central gatehouse tower square metres metres high contained storeys chambers internal walls floors missing main entrance ran passage protected pairs doors holes ceiling enabling defenders drop missiles corner turrets facing courtyard 16th century spiral gives access head curtain wall entrance originally pointed arched gateway flanked round towers defensive outer gate added early 14th century destroyed siege fragments seen siege facade gatehouse rebuilt gun ports ground level gateway corridor narrowed rebuilding covered remains earlier round towers narrowed main gate gave tower rounded corners additional strength inner court north range buildings metres connected douglas tower western section dates 14th century comprises remains great hall lord low hall labourers later divided form marks hall pitched roof seen inside wall douglas tower 16th century eastern section contained private chambers partially collapsed sea small section walls remains east contains gate giving access sea cliffs metres deep excavated 19th century outer court alongside curtain wall deep rock cut ditch larger second ditch metres away defining outer court castle outer ditch suggests conceal 16th century defensive positions allowing covering fire trench notes sir king master works noted military engineer built scotland known present king siege worked stone fronted mound ran outside ditch metre section outer wall survives south end terminating storey round tower tower gun ports built prior siege inspired new artillery defences nearby castle 17th century type house building outer court outer ditch 17th century triangular artillery defence remains smaller ditch history map area dated shows site possibly corruption din high fronted fortress including possession time early history nephew companion sir returned scotland france claim inheritance chief douglas murdering godfather sir william undisputed head created earl douglas clear douglas came possess correspondence refers castle douglas tenant isabella appears built present castle shortly shortly elevation reflect new found status intended status symbol followed medieval curtain wall type time superseded tower house continued hold lands tenants earl resigned title favour son home sister law mistress angus mother illegitimate son earl close friend bass constable castle office held 2nd earl douglas died claimed lands confirmed right live attempts agreement parliament april recognised earl angus mother heir north surrounding stayed despite earl claim castle passed outright douglas family inherited illegitimate son earl douglas inherited mother start division grim head main line known black married mary daughter king isabella widow executed royal enemy alexander lord isles held reconciliation king james years later main residence rebellion death raided lands leading retaliation months death king granted 4th earl brother led royal force defeated battle person bell cat 5th earl turned royal house angus struck deal england scotland october besieged guns sent edinburgh primitive type hand gun angus submitted castle suffer extensive damage angus favour chancellor scotland siege 6th earl angus married widow daughter regent scotland infant son couple unsuccessfully young sparking civil war regency handed duke albany seized returned following year angus peace angus support henry_viii england staged virtual coup état taking custody young king chancellor sixteen year old escaped joining mother pronounced angus north angus instead retreated england castle seized king angus managed return stronghold october king james laid siege defended angus servant angus remained borrowed guns castle held french garrison according guns supplied captain partner great double quarter powder gunners bullets james left hostages pledge guns castle bombarded cannon days king guns brought close walls substantive damage deep outer ditch king lifted siege returned edinburgh point angus captured king artillery principal gunner killed angus fled england leaving castle james having received supplies reinforcements angus terms surrendered castle retained royal fortress death angus returned recovered repair damage sustained siege king set rebuilding strengthening castle sir king secretary keeper organised strengthening repair works castle given king eldest illegitimate son james soon installed captain surviving accounts period record master mason carrying repairs direction king master works gatehouse rebuilt strengthened wide gun holes punched walls tower added curtain wall strengthen great curtain wall chambers passages filled masonry seen today described operation king caused come war left waste passages passages maid work later 16th century angus return contact henry_viii allowed sir english ambassador scotland reside attempts negotiate marriage infant mary queen scots edward prince wales claimed earl invaded scotland ensuing war rough bypassed english army earl english sympathies castle listed places burnt returning english army contemporary sources left angus finally imprisoned castle changed sides support scottish cause gunners rewarded august firing english ships engagement angus died january castle seized queen regent mary guise given repairs carried following year keeper garrison seven horsemen soldiers 4th earl took control behalf nephew young 8th earl angus following year mary queen scots gave bass son younger bass appointment followed surrender sir charged murder queen mary favourite march mary visited november record captain castle following death 8th earl lived little castle 17th century period peace saw military action douglas family remained catholic wrath opposed charles attempts interfere captured william newly created douglas edinburgh english civil war forces invaded scotland taking control south country victory september february found lines communication attack small group based group led comprised men despite retaliation send troops general artillery scotland lay siege charles_ii kingston february siege days bombardment cannon breach douglas tower defenders compelled surrender quarter granted recognition bravery siege left ruins repaired inhabited siege interesting commonwealth land forces supported later history 12th earl angus forced gambling debts father consolidate estates ruins sold sir president owned bass properties area allowed castle decay certain extent stone sir described castle length epic poem restoration carried late 19th century castle handed descendant sir care category listed building scheduled ancient monument | Tantallon Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
26037_UrquhartCastle | castle castle listen sits highlands scotland castle road kilometres south west kilometres east village present ruins date 13th 16th centuries built site early medieval fortification founded 13th century played role wars scottish independence 14th century subsequently held royal castle raided occasions ross castle granted clan grant conflict continued despite series raids castle strengthened largely abandoned middle 17th century partially destroyed prevent use forces subsequently decayed 20th century placed state care opened public visited castles scotland castle situated overlooking largest scotland area approached west defended ditch buildings castle laid main shore northern enclosure includes intact structures including gatehouse storey north end castle southern enclosure sited higher ground comprises remains earlier buildings history early middle ages derives 7th century form mix air old welsh wood pieces stone subjected intense heat characteristic early medieval fortification discovered early 20th century speculation fortress son king northern led professor undertake excavations records visited time little geographical detail given relates visit converted nobleman named deathbed son household place called excavations supported dating indicated rocky south west corner castle site extensive fort 5th 11th centuries findings led professor conclude likely site residence likely based site castle west early castle sources state royal castle 12th century professor finds evidence 12th 13th centuries staged series rebellions david successors rebellions maintain order granted usher door ward death years later passed son considered likely original castle built soon time centred south west site death king granted lord documentary record castle occurs captured edward invasion marked beginning wars scottish independence intermittently edward appointed sir william constable hold castle english ambushed sir returning subsequently laid siege castle launching unsuccessful night attack english soon controlled scots sir failed hold english assault time edward installed governor brother john family sided english following murder bruce completed defeat marched great taking castles time royal castle held crown series sir constable castle fighting battle hill scots defeated returned hold threatened english invasion recorded castles scotland held scots time spent summer hunting king stayed years great raided frequently isles powerful rulers semi independent kingdom western scotland claim ross seized castle crown managed retain years marched king supporters battle subsequently lost initiative crown soon control son alexander earl ross raided castle royal funds granted shore castle defences alexander son john succeeded father aged led raid great seizing subsequently obtained grant lands castle life john agreement england scottish king known james john stripped titles turned ally earl grants brought sir restore order area castle son given year lease estate castle estates granted condition repair rebuild castle grants maintained ownership castle raids west continued following disaster sir attempted gain disarray scotland claiming isles occupying castle grant regained castle driven cattle sheep looting castle provisions grant unsuccessfully attempted claim damages succeeded father involved feud culminated retaliation allies attacked captured known great raid time succeeded taking cattle hundreds animals stripped castle furniture cannon gates grant regained castle awarded cameron lands great raid proved raid historian wrote close 16th century rebuilt grants powerful force highlands repairs continued late castle longer favoured residence mob presbyterian broke castle staying turning adherence inventory taken shows castle virtually invaded scotland disregarded favour building forts end great deposed revolution sided garrisoned castle soldiers lacking weapons force supporters exiled james laid siege garrison able hold defeat main force soldiers finally left blew gatehouse prevent castle large blocks collapsed masonry visible remains gatehouse parliament ordered compensation paid grant repairs undertaken subsequent stonework materials use locals reduced ruins grant tower partially collapsed following storm later history castle regarded romantic ruin 19th century painters visitors highlands castle came control caroline widow 7th earl death son 8th earl death instructed castle entrusted state care october responsibility castle transferred commissioners majesty successor continues maintain castle category listed building scheduled monument recognition national significance historic scotland proposed construction new visitor centre car park alleviate problems parking main road strong local opposition led public inquiry approved proposals new building sunk embankment road provision parking roof structure visitor centre includes display history site including series medieval period cinema restaurant shop castle open year host wedding ceremonies people visited castle making visited site castles edinburgh description castle sited triangular north western shore commands route great entrance castle close water level low cliffs north east sides considerable room muster inland castle service buildings originally stood gardens 17th century area ground rises north west visitor centre dry moat metres widest defends approach possibly excavated early middle ages stone built causeway provides access crossing gap centre castle causeway walled forming enclosed space similar largest castles scotland area walled portion castle shaped roughly like aligned northeast southwest bank metres forming bailey north upper bailey south curtain walls date largely 14th century augmented later building particularly north remaining structures located 16th century gatehouse inland comprises twin plan towers flanking arched entrance passage passage defended double set doors guard rooms entrance series rooms served accommodation castle keeper collapsed masonry surrounds gatehouse dating destruction main focus activity castle anchored northern tip grant tower main tower house tower measures metres walls metres thick tower rests 14th century foundations largely result 16th century rebuilding originally storeys remains tallest portion castle despite southern wall collapsing storm early 18th century standing parts corners tower topped turrets main door west east narrow slots objects dropped attackers western door protected ditch accessed inner close separated main bailey gate surviving interior sections accessed circular staircase built east wall tower interior comprised hall floor rooms floors attic chambers turrets rooms main floors large 16th century windows small pistol holes allow defence south tower range buildings built thick 14th century curtain wall great hall occupied central range lord private apartments great chamber solar block north south foundations rectangular building stand rocky mound tentatively identified chapel upper bailey focused rocky mound south west corner castle highest mound site earliest defences material characteristic early medieval fortification discovered slopes mound indicating site early medieval fortification identified professor 13th century mound original castle built surviving walls represent shell hollow enclosure date ruins indicate towers north south shell 16th century water gate eastern wall gives access shore adjacent buildings housed stables south opposite base house remains 13th century buildings possibly great hall recently | Urquhart Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
26243_CowesCastle | castle castle known west castle device fort originally built henry_viii protect england threat invasion france comprised circular flanking wings housed pieces artillery companion fortification castle overlooked entrance important anchorage invasion threat passed fortification continued use middle 19th century briefly seeing action english civil war decommissioned castle leased later bought outright form new squadron employed architect rebuild large parts headquarters day invasion force second world war remained use squadron distinctive landmark yacht races history 16th century castle built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast augmented impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope long standing marriage wife catherine catherine aunt took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain response henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline stretch water gave access ports southampton portsmouth considered vulnerable attack castles built west east sides entrance principal harbour adjacent intended attack enemy ships approach castles took names traditional term location constructed western fortification known west castle shaped round storey rear low buildings mounted artillery guns protected ditch metres wide stone wall metres wide built limestone stone recycled demolition nearby abbey consequence henry recent dissolution monasteries settlements grew castles east castle rapidly abandoned ultimately destroyed coastal erosion result today west castle simply referred castle showed iron brass artillery pieces fort nonetheless continued use fortification original invasion scare ended staffed garrison captain porter gunners queen elizabeth reign 17th 19th centuries castle house important visitors prison captain castle responsibilities managing arrival foreign vessels english civil war broke supporters charles parliament castle initially held king captain august tensions rival factions island increased personally fired castle guns nearby parliamentary naval vessel lion unidentified scottish naval captain came ashore august captured landing men taking castle parliament held rest war castle continued prison charles housed castle route imprisonment parliament castle facility stayed local instead royalist sir imprisoned writing poem incarcerated coastal erosion proved particular problem fortification inspection reported walls cracked risk collapse antiquarian observed castle strongly piles prevent erosion sea course 18th century fashionable location visitors located castle early 19th century town noted resort castle partially rebuilt accommodation demolished rebuilt new windows turret spiral staircase erected new storey residential wings added garden created defences writer noted garrison consisted captain porter soldiers master gunner regular gunners wages coming year castle remained use napoleonic wars equipped pound guns warner complained castle utterly useless military terms echoed judgement describing useless place defence duty lord captain castle regular military appointment spent year castle making lavish improvements interiors member established operated time prestigious local event painter sailing castle visited died government decommissioned castle leased property initially son law lord squadron architect expert adapting medieval buildings employed squadron building enlarged house altered profile built new tower platform gatehouse service wing ballroom accommodation members cost prince albert edward prince wales visited castle formally reopened work received mixed reviews local newspaper result discipline establishment major centre destruction miniature frigate brass cannons donated castle 20th 21st centuries castle bought outright crown development work carried property 1920s ballroom adjacent hotel purchased use female members important staging location allied efforts invade france second world war october castle occupied british admiralty senior officer headquarters naval commander force landing craft base known force vessels docked nearby took day landings castle damaged german bombing raids island war architect carried substantial additions castle including western range provide female accommodation stone second east castle 18th 19th century home demolished previous year extension followed new pavilion designed sir added archaeological excavations winter rediscovered remains old castle wall ditch artefacts removed storage isle county museum castle distinctive landmark events particularly start finish local races protected law listed building | Cowes Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
26362_DolbadarnCastle | fortification built welsh prince great early 13th century base pass castle important militarily symbol power authority castle features large stone historian considers finest surviving example welsh round tower taken edward removed build new castle castle manor house years falling ruin 18th 19th century popular destination painters interested sublime picturesque landscapes owned managed tourist attraction protected grade listed building history built base pass overlooking lake traditionally welsh princes constructed castles instead palaces called courts late 11th century onwards advanced wales taking lands north establishing band occupied territory south called 12th century timber castles began built small numbers initially controlled grew powerful course reign extending influence wales early years 13th century faced challenges including dealing threat kings england maintaining authority native welsh strategy built innovative stone welsh castle shortly began phases constructing initial stone fortifications site including square stone towers location castle important controlled important mountain pass possibly claimed authority lord mountains coasts wales castles appear located political symbolism mind possible built castle remains previous fortification constructed king 6th century remains found strategy dealing lords married eldest son isabella daughter powerful lord lords adopted style stone castle included circular keeps integrated system curtain walls following marriage appears started second phase building probably adding elements existing castle prince probably aiming incorporate latest military technology create castle equal prestige new allies south traditionally surrounding district run town role transferred following death power declined eastern lands taken england grandson took power imprisoned brother extending power wales eventually released historical debate castle held wrote famous poem describing long imprisonment round tower historians believe refers conflict welsh princes english kings continued reign fought final campaign edward ending prince death near december brother assumed power forced south government based edward deployed troops finally captured executed october occupied norman forces edward determined prevent rebellion set building sequence new castles walled towns replacing old welsh administrative system new governed longer relevant years timber castle construction practical symbolic action demonstrating norman power important possessions welsh princes 14th 21st centuries remaining parts castle continued manor house 14th century 18th century ruined onwards popular topic painters interested fashionable landscape styles sublime picturesque typically castle painted middle ground allowing viewer eye contrast ruined outline lakes mountains frequently landscape artist create striking dramatic effect work depicted lit castle landscape particularly famous paintings castle represent important artistic works period castle given state sir maintained protected grade listed building scheduled monument light welsh political changes history similar welsh castles increasing prominent response noted intend increased priority communicating history castles welsh princes architecture comprises courtyard surrounded number towers round castle built purple green slate stone mainly constructed dry stone fashion mortar exception courtyard follows natural shape hill protected curtain wall originally feet high feet high castle buildings remains significant height today feet high modelled early 13th century english round towers built south welsh constructed towers entrance storey ground level originally protected porch drawn past window second storey tower castle long disappeared interior staircase upper storey climbed second storey formed main chamber large fireplace originally destroyed considers finest surviving example welsh round tower rectangular west tower relatively short defensive structure designed protect vulnerable western slope ridge similar tower south entrance castle north end castle hall stretching courtyard east corner additional building probably built english end 13th century hall relatively large feet buildings follow simpler design current england time combination hall chamber service block castles common | Dolbadarn Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
27261_BerkhamstedCastle | castle norman bailey castle castle built obtain control key route london norman conquest england 11th century robert william half brother probably responsible managing construction castle owner castle surrounded protective earthworks deer park hunting castle new administrative centre anglo saxon settlement reorganised subsequent kings granted castle castle substantially expanded century probably castle besieged civil war king john rebellious barons supported france successfully captured future attacked siege engines days forcing garrison surrender royal forces subsequent year given richard earl cornwall beginning long association later richard redeveloped castle residence centre administration developed castle 14th century gave son edward black prince expanded hunting grounds castle hold royal prisoners including france rival english throne late 15th century castle increasingly fell decline century ruins unsuitable royal use stone taken castle build houses buildings town castle destroyed construction london birmingham railway 1830s result building britain receive statutory protection parliament castle passed government control maintained tourist attraction english_heritage history castle built norman conquest england defeated battle hastings advanced coast north suggest surrendered william william probably ordered construction castle proceeding south london strategically significant lay key route london actual construction work probably overseen william half brother robert owned time writing book castle located slightly away main road additional space earthworks involved positioned benefit natural springs running hill bailey design foot high bailey foot foot acres acres double bank ditch ran castle sets ditches filled water total wider earthworks occupy acres specialised ditch recorded employed maintained castle large deer park owned crown established castle provide hunting grounds castle carefully positioned park overlooked maintained alongside castle old anglo saxon centre moved site result anglo saxon settlement shifted area called castle mills essential grinding flour present robert son william rebelled henry castle confiscated henry granted chancellor travelling castle henry chancellor rode nearby hill overly excited view ahead fell horse dying injuries castle subsequently given henry_ii thomas chancellor extended castle accommodate large household fell favour castle confiscated king henry_ii liked subsequently extensively century castle rebuilt stone probably shell outer stone wall bailey divided wall form inner outer bailey gatehouse led town meeting henry_ii officially recognised surrounding settlement town king john castle lands forming second wife isabella john entrusted castle rebuilt town died castle passed son political tensions england began rise potential conflict king john alliance rebel barons opposed rule began look likely early king john installed trusted german mercenary called charge reviewed defensive arrangements april civil war broke later year initially rebels hampered lack equipment particular siege engines future crossed joined rebel cause bringing heavy siege equipment king john died october december louis besieged castle prince deployed siege engines probably attacked castle repeatedly days throwing termed stones defenders 13th century set earthworks built outside walls firing platforms having strong defence garrison allowed surrender leave weapons armour forces loyal young defeated rebels following year castle returned royal hands subsequent years closely associated cornwall brother richard earl cornwall inherited castle mother isabella permanent richard favourite castle partially close london richard impressive storey tower built property restored rest castle nearby complained building works required carry timber local trade goods badly affected castle central administration richard submit annual financial reports town rich result growing wool trade richard died castle passed son castle passed edward found castle apparently poor condition second wife margaret gave royal favourite earl cornwall married edward attendance fell power john edward second son took possession new earl cornwall john died reclaimed survey showed need substantial repairs edward improved windsor castle main property investing considerable sums son edward black prince created duke cornwall extensive use castle formed new black prince took advantage aftermath extend castle park acres including woodland pasture stretching eventually producing park covering acres castle hold france taken prisoner black prince fell ill following campaigning france retired died inherited castle initially use given favourite fall power exile lived castle deposed richard property rival applicants throne period later famous oversaw renovation work castle role clerk owned castle making use overthrow confiscated came power wars roses late 15th century castle occupied mother castle increasingly abandoned death time antiquarian visited century unsuitable royal use estate including ruins park leased elizabeth sir nominal rent red rose year stone castle build local school buildings late 16th century castle park reached acres size broken decades acres english civil war largely passed castle apparently playing conflict wider estate castle separated leased duke remained direct control surrounding estates park sold altogether agreed rent castle nominal rent 1830s plans drawn build new london birmingham railway engineering perspective ideal route railway ran site castle concerns need protect ancient monuments buildings growing years local estate keen protect local view buildings castle ultimately specifically protected act sanctioned railway forcing track route valley floor building britain receive statutory protection development way nonetheless route required track pass outer fortifications castle major engineering operation carried destroying castle gatehouse process 20th 21st centuries acquired cornwall inner ditch subsequently drained water 1950s 21st century operated tourist attraction english_heritage historian considers best surviving bailey castles england castle protected law ancient monument | Berkhamsted Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
27494_RaglanCastle | late medieval castle located north village county south east wales modern castle dates 15th early 17th centuries successive ruling families created luxurious fortified castle complete large known great tower yellow tower surrounded water gardens castle considered contemporaries equal england wales english civil war castle held behalf charles taken parliamentary forces aftermath castle deliberately military use restoration charles_ii declined restore castle source local building materials romantic ruin modern tourist attraction history early history castle following norman invasion wales area village granted earl historians suspect early bailey castle built site period location strategic importance archaeologists discovered remains possible bailey ditch site local manor held family late 12th century late 14th century family built manor house site period surrounded park late medieval period site surrounded large deer parks enclosed end period 15th 16th centuries current begun sir william thomas lesser son minor welsh family rose ranks century politics benefits local offices held william married elizabeth wealthy thomas prove powerful regional figure right william purchased manor staying tenant marks commenced programme building work established basic shape castle seen today exception great tower later built william son dropped welsh version calling continued rise prominence supporting war roses fighting years war france making fortune wine trade closely associated welsh politics status earl described contemporary poets national achieve welsh independence william increasing wealth scale symbolism castle architecture reflected welsh family roots historian suggested towers possibly designed imitate castle architecture carries numerous allusions eventual return roman emperor wales resulting castle historian described formidable displays medieval defensive architecture important link surrounding particular suggests basis views castle time structured nature parks contrasted wilderness mountain peaks framing scene making important statement nature castle lord 15th century extensive fish ponds surrounding castle favourably commented contemporaries executed supporter building work stopped period son called late castle passed daughter married sir passing castle new family line sir politically successful henry_viii earl worcester son died shortly lead reclaimed help building work castle dissolution monasteries son grandson proved describes wealthy brilliant men william rebuilt including hall adding developing gardens new renaissance style somerset family owned key castles region appeared figured prominently important status symbols paintings owned family 17th century minor improvements interior castle start 17th century focused primarily exterior expanding developing gardens building moat walk great tower resulting gardens considered equal kingdom time 5th earl worcester continued live grand lifestyle castle host staff including steward master horse master interior walls hung rich france inventory taken recorded large number silver plate kept great tower including basket consumption luxury items wales popular drink castle contemporaries described castle particular sober respectful community henry developed entrance route castle including building red gate son edward lord famous building water commanding machine great tower steam pump huge water high air moat civil war broke rival royalist supporters king charles parliament held henry elderly man supported son lord men firm king charles sent son fund raising tour friendly regions starting october following henry promoted worcester tensions grew immediate region partially driven religious tensions protestant local people occasions local group attempted search castle reportedly driven away sudden noise lord steam engine defences improved modern built castle powder mill created garrison men established cost heavier cannon installed lighter pieces placed castle towers lord left castle join campaign parliament returning intervals acquire funds war charles visited castle twice june battle enjoyed playing castle green royalist cause close military collapse started send including oak plaster ceiling pictures brother nearby safe keeping lord captured ireland attack appeared imminent expectation siege castle garrison increased soldiers avenue trees outside castle gates cut neighbouring buildings destroyed avoid parliamentary forces large amounts food brought support growing castle community included number wider family regional royalist leaders sought shelter parliamentary army arrived early june command colonel morgan sir calls castle surrender siege ensued lasting summer months august additional parliamentary forces general arrived calls castle surrender renewed men began dig trenches castle mortars forward probably including famous bringing interior castle artillery range facing hopeless situation surrendered castle august relatively generous terms garrison arrested sent died shortly ordered castle totally destroyed supervision descendant william thomas fortifications proved strong walls destroyed describes event having atmosphere community festival local people castle moat search treasure emptied valuable castle library including important collection welsh documents books stolen destroyed despite immediate siege time restoration charles_ii somerset family managed recover possessions including decided rebuilding houses property sent away safety war salvaged 18th 21st centuries half 18th century castle continued deteriorate somerset family allowing quarry stone castle repair estate buildings particular estate surveyor called known grand number chimneys window frames removed castle 5th duke finally end practice castle tourist attraction popular tour seats fences bridges installed site published early 19th century great hall temporarily 1820s castle grand entertainment employed 10th duke gave commissioner works castle permanent tourist attraction today castle classed grade listed building scheduled monument administered architecture built phases initial work occurring major phase alterations additions end 16th century castle built stone initially pale sandstone later old red sandstone detailed features like similar properties period castle certainly designed approached entered particular way aesthetic political value fortification design highlighted great tower typical senior visitor ride tower rest castle appear suddenly slight rise hill visitor needed circle great tower moat coming gatehouse edge communal hall reaching previously hidden refined inner privileged guest able enter great tower overlooking family chambers senior visitors servants entered far seeing external elements castle having impressed outside great tower arrived discussion academics extent influenced contemporary french designs school thought suggests heavily influenced designs popular south france oppose school thought argue insufficient evidence draw conclusion line debate nature castle defences particular castles built time appear built concern defences past military features symbolic real numerous castle defences ill placed intention use conflict barely traditionally evolutionary explanation given early period later surpassed castles recent explanations emphasis prestigious symbolism family built castle impossible use notes better sited time owner date symbolism suggests poor placing aesthetic purposes actually conversation point visitors experience fighting france correct placing defences gatehouse storey gatehouse dates approached stone bridge restored characterised extensive gatehouse originally twin set intention design partially defensive intended provide dramatic impressive entrance senior visitors castle upper gatehouse provided chambers constable castle immediately west gatehouse castle library famous collection welsh literature east gatehouse storey designed integral gatehouse contained original castle treasury accessible constable closet tower partly altered later years possibly allow basement magazine english civil war forms north east corner castle provided centre castle services servants takes late tudor pitched stones east court office wing 16th century construction destroyed siege castle north containing large storage facilities food supplies floors buildings included chambers senior servants north west corner store serve beer wine south west court hall 16th century design incorporating earlier hall site feet metres wide hall originally feet metres high roof irish oak lit middle large window lit end hall occupied dinner worcester time built larger formal occasions originally hall fitted carved wooden gallery lies west named marble fountain stood centre featuring white horse black marble base complete flow running water fountain probably installed somewhat initial construction court dating instead late 16th century horse edward prestigious role master horse built provide luxurious accommodation family guests 15th century important able provide private chambers visitors court hold distinct groups visitors comfort marked described extremely fine elegant delicate stonework castle chapel runs alongside east court feet metres long originally laid bright yellow tiles decorated gold silver stretches east floor ruined piece wealth power gallery feet metres long tudor period wood lined paintings intended allow family guests relax inside admire gardens water gardens deer park north castle decoration lost statues seen walls modelled work french artist west comprises apartments number bay windows window seats facing west north park divides apartments restored staircase originally substantial porch similar survives centre piece apartments west staircase complex designed create somewhat greater privacy overlooked gardens west castle south court original entrance castle prior reconstruction fan vaulted gatehouse closely resembles contemporary 16th century converted entrance bowling green terrace south east court 16th century floor dining room feet intended provide rooms private main hall public personal chamber ruined originally decorated carved elaborate carved chimney pieces alongside rooms overlooking great tower private rooms lord family higher quality accommodation castle carved shields external walls state apartments remain intact hall popular contemporary feature 15th century great castles created similar effect great tower great tower called yellow tower sits outside rest castle protected moat linked bridge fortification representative trend 15th 16th centuries british castle building tower keeps large solid buildings designed private accommodation probably inspired france started appear 14th century 15th century fashion spread creation french influenced castles featuring complex tower keeps expensive buildings construct built unique design historian suggested designed allow rich men live luxury great tower probably begun possibly previous castle tower today lost walls upper structure originally storeys high probably additional similar gatehouse designed self contained fortification water food supplies luxurious quarters lit large windows upper floors originally tower reached usually considered drawn contemporary french designs designed parts wide heavy bridge raised lowered family residence thinner bridge easier lift designed use servants times bridge badge seen carved window designs castle replaced stone bridge probably cost apron wall turrets added tower time original moat tower simple design redesigned provide walkway outside great tower walls walkway 17th century origin originally held classical statues walkway provided way great tower likely fish bred moat landscape gardens 16th 17th century gardens visible form long north castle overlooking lower ground created second half 16th century originally included number knot gardens probably sculpture carved stone gardens peak probably resembled palace interest royal keepers valley retains signs drainage ditches formed water gardens flooded site original water north west castle water garden south extensive gardens south west castle longer visible castle bowling green survives terrace entrance castle parks reverted agricultural use 19th century surrounded fields | Raglan Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
28034_LochLevenCastle | ruined castle island perth local authority area scotland possibly built castle location military action wars scottish independence 14th century castle granted uncle 1st earl douglas remained douglas hands years mary queen scots imprisoned forced queen escaping help family queen inherited title earl moved away castle bought sir castle focal point garden residence today remains castle protected category listed building care accessible summer public ferry history early history castle constructed year old king alexander iii scotland forcibly brought war scottish independence invading english army held castle named lies strategically important position towns edinburgh perth parts present fortification curtain wall date time built occupying english castle captured scots end 13th century possibly forces english forces laid siege garrison relieved year siege broken sir king reigned known visited castle following bruce death english invaded laid siege support according 14th century chronicle john english attempted flood castle building dam outflow water level rose month captain english force sir left attend festival scotland defenders took opportunity come castle night damaged dam causing collapse flood english camp story doubted later historians strengthened 14th early 15th century addition storey tower house according 14th century making oldest tower houses scotland substantially survives king reigned granted castle sir husband niece 14th century castle served state prison prior king held 5th earl douglas half 15th century archbishop died captivity castle 16th century mary queen scots reigned visited guest sir held interview preacher mary returned prisoner june escape battle june mary surrendered opposed marriage taken given custody sir spending captivity living early 16th century tower south east corner castle aside sir william household included mother mother mary half brother brother young orphaned relative mary fell ill arrival july twins conceived days later forced queen scots favour infant son james mary recovered autumn winter gradually won cause contemporary wrote george fantasy love night escape stole keys let mary dressed servant castle rowed lake awaited fled castle scotland said haunted mary spirit english earl northumberland held fleeing scotland following failure north captured earl confined sent england execution sir succeeded 6th earl title inherited properties including castle frequently sir son built house shore known replaced island castle legal centre estate estate bought sir royal architect scotland bruce built nearby house lake shore principal axis house garden distant castle finally demolished north bruce site buildings classical style erected scotland longer dwelling preserved bruce picturesque focus gardens recent years fallen ruin 18th century ruins rubbish removed estate passed graham family 18th century 19th century occupy given state care managed today castle reached person ferry operated summer months remains castle protected scheduled ancient monument category listed building highest level protection historic building scotland description castle outer enclosure little trace remains originally took entire area present wooded considerably larger island formed early 19th century outflow enters town led substantial lowering water level castle comprises rectangular courtyard surrounded curtain wall tower house corner round tower projecting opposite corner foundations demolished ranges buildings remain sides courtyard outer court earth bank shows position walls remains visible structures tower house tower house west corner enclosure measures feet feet originally storeys roof timber floors gone lowest level vaulted basement vaulted kitchen hall floor chambers linked spiral tower tower round tower added south east corner ancient curtain wall 16th century tower vaulted basement defended gun hole small rooms lower room window archaeological findings minor excavation found steps stone provided access great hall tower 16th century pottery animal bones found metres debris near | Loch Leven Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
28181_StCatherine'sCastle | castle castle castle cornwall built approximately response fears invasion england france shaped stone fortification equipped gun ports cannon overlooked mouth cornwall protected curtain wall surrounding cliffs castle remained use years closed end napoleonic wars brought service war fitted new artillery positions soon obsolete abandoned second world war castle house battery naval guns protecting coast threat german attack end conflict castle restored previous condition managed english_heritage tourist attraction history construction castle built consequence international tensions england france final years reign king henry viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities taking modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke order long standing marriage catherine catherine aunt took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain henry began improve coastal defences response situation small shaped stone fortification built protect cornwall important centre trade harbour reached estuary local town protected previous century positioned river edge boom chain new castle replaced located high overlooking entrance estuary point took construction work began castle point direction member local gentry map local defences described castle half antiquarian visited described hosted recorded construction funded partly partly local town later use castle remained use years english civil war held royalist supporters king charles parliament local reported fortification state antiquarian visited castle noted fortification maintained expense local town praised picturesque romantic position concluded building little importance antiquity architecture time castle equipped cannons continued battery end napoleonic wars war broke fresh concerns invasion raised coastline castle redeveloped work new gun positions built old castle equipped pound rifled muzzle loading artillery pieces supported volunteer forces training purposes weaponry obsolete site fallen use end century castle brought use second world war defend coast german attack june equipped gun battery observation post additional concrete defences laid position inch naval guns installed 19th century firing positions new gun position built metres west castle supplemented french millimetre gun old control minefield estuary guns manned battery battery retired active operations november entire fort decommissioned newer defences removed 21st century castle operated heritage organisation english_heritage tourist attraction protected law grade listed building scheduled monument architecture 16th century storey shaped design metres internally walls slate rubble metres thick resting platform cut bedrock ground floor originally semi circular gun ports overlooking sea estuary blocked floor gun ports filled smaller windows smaller gunpowder weapons building fireplace chimney small guard chamber entrance topped walk sea estuary position rocky surrounded cliffs curtain wall semi circular area square metres size incorporating slits firing muskets rectangular metres internally metres thick walls protects rear original blocked later work current steps building 19th century origin flat magazine cut rock 19th century gun platform circular gun carriage rails constructed protected granite curtain wall reworked period marked plaques labelled marks additional defences second war seen places gun platform | St Catherine's Castle | Warfare | Weapons, equipment, and buildings | Castles |
1009_MagnusCarlsen | norwegian born november norwegian chess current world chess champion chess age years days youngest history november defeating world chess championship rating list reached peak rating highest history successfully defended title november defeating year won holding world championship titles won inaugural series featuring best chess world known attacking style teenager developed universal player rely opening preparation players plays variety openings order difficult opponents prepare mastery prowess drawn comparisons world champions childhood born norway november engineers profession family spent year brussels belgium returned norway settled later moved showed intellectual challenges young age years solve piece puzzles enjoyed assembling sets instructions intended children aged father taught play chess age initially showed little interest game chess book read find plan book openings complete dragon developed early chess skills playing hours time moving pieces searching combinations games positions shown father extreme memory claiming able recall areas population numbers flags capitals countries world age later areas population numbers coat arms administrative centres virtually norwegian municipalities participated tournament youngest division norwegian chess championship age years months scoring later coached country player turn cites norwegian football manager key inspiration coaching strategy introduced international master norwegian junior champion served year alternative civilian service programme college course year rating rose june breakthrough occurred norwegian junior teams championship september scored junior players country performance rating apart chess studied hours day favourite included football skiing reading comics practiced ski jumping age personal best metres autumn end played rated tournament games blitz tournaments participated minor events october placed sixth european championship following month tied place world championship placing second obtained norms relatively quick succession january score second june tournament stockholm final norm obtained july cup copenhagen officially awarded title august finishing primary school took year participate international chess tournaments held europe fall season returning complete secondary education sports school year away school finished tie european championship placed ninth world championship events won chess career headlines victory group chess tournament obtained score losing game highest rated player group result victory earned norm achieved particularly notable win penultimate round sacrificed material mate moves moves game played game madrid ended draw board novelty immediately led winning position victory group qualified play group led writing washington_post title chess said excellent memory played unusually wide range openings prowess caught attention microsoft sponsor obtained second norm moscow open february march blitz chess tournament iceland defeated blitz tournament preliminary event leading rapid knockout tournament beginning day event paired rated player world achieved draw game lost second knocked tournament sixth open chess championship held april obtained final norm caused world youngest time youngest history earned title age years months played world chess championship youngest player participate knocked round july reigning norwegian champion tied scoring game match arranged decide title games drawn left champion superior tournament chess masters event defeated ranked world winner tournament semifinals rapid chess tournament june played game match ranked world time won world rapid chess championship won finished shared place time mentor playoff played november time better rule giving title player better scores event draw revoked previously match closely fought won game second match went series game rapid matches winner won rapid game second followed draws won championship title victory sixth rapid game end participated russia knockout tournament upset 44th ranked round proceeded defeat reach round lost won losing finished tenth place youngest player official october took place arnold memorial score qualified place group place finish group shared place qualified play group traditional international tournament shared place won evaluation regarded elite tournament win clear close winning norwegian chess championship outright round loss dropped tie place prevented beating record youngest norwegian champion nonetheless playoff held september won draws standard time controls won rapid games round securing norwegian championship win won iceland achieved win semifinals achieved score finals scored 37th achieved finished second placed second beating tournament winner twice held amsterdam august participated experience rising stars team match rising stars won match achieving best individual score rising stars team winning right participate melody amber tournament score placed 8th participants israel rapid chess tournament cap france reached semifinal losing november achieved shared 8th place participants memorial moscow losses seven draws finished ninth group participants associated blitz tournament won playing group chess tournament time placed draws losses scoring prestigious chess tournament played following rated players despite rated significantly lower finished second place having scored wins seven draws losses achieving played time blind rapid chess tournament march rounds achieved draws losses games wins seven draws loss rapid games resulted shared ninth place shared second place rapid shared eighth place overall tournament june participated candidates tournament facing game match standard time controls drew coming twice game rapid playoff drawn winning game stay match eventually eliminated tournament winning blitz games july august won tournament record score matched played match break tie drawing rapid blitz games won armageddon game immediately tournament entered open fourth place result slight terms rating round surprisingly conceded draw classmate rated having lost position point game attracted attention sixth round win father reached semifinal round december defeating round semifinal eliminated eventual winner scoring group chess tournament scored achieving won games lost drew sharing place chess tournament scoring finished sole second place point winner world champion march played second time blind rapid chess tournament held nice time rounds achieved wins draws losses wins losses draws rapid resulted shared fifth place shared place rapid shared second place overall tournament players tournament grand prix tournament finished way tie place later withdrew cycle despite initial success criticizing changing rules dramatically middle world championship cycle won rapid match held hungary scoring june won annual chess tournament finishing undefeated category field achieving best point career playing category tournament finished finished second place losing final defending champion qualification round scoring category tied second playing group chess tournament tied fifth chess tournament finished tied second place category tournament bulgaria lost eventual winner final game dropping won category pearl spring tournament points ahead second place finisher world highest rated player time scored undefeated winning game white winning black rating performance greatest results history chess declared best tournament performances time best chess performance time teenager memorial played november started seven straight draws finished wins world champion result shared second place equal memorial won played november moscow russia score wins draws losses left points ahead finished second place entered london chess classic seed field including defeated round went win tournament points awarded win draw classical scoring finished point ahead victory propelled rating list surpassing based average ranking july january lists qualified determine challenger world chess championship november announced withdrawing described cycle sufficiently modern fair wrote reigning champion privileges long year span cycle changes cycle resulting new format candidates ranking criteria shallow match match concept satisfactory opinion early engaged personal trainer september partnership revealed public norwegian newspapers responding question interview time magazine december computers studying chess explained use chess set studying won chess tournament played january points ninth round loss ended streak rated games undefeated appeared struggle round saved draw leaving half point ahead march announced split longer use trainer different context interview german magazine stated remain contact continue attend training sessions said thanks began understand class positions better gave great deal practical help asked learnt working answered complex positions important thing shared place alongside amber rapid tournament scoring rapid accumulated possible points revealed helped prepare challenger won retain title helped prepare played kings tournament romania june tournament double round robin involving finished winning tournament points ahead played rapid tournament august tournament norway field featured female world preliminary round robin scored qualify final second final defeated win championship following event suffered setbacks tournaments 39th september october scored losing games losses black pieces year team norway finished 51st teams tournament october qualified automatically winning previous year chess events pearl spring finals consisted highest preliminary stage held shanghai september average participants time making strongest chess tournament history round lost black second consecutive loss placed hold world ranking jeopardy second round lost white pieces loss white january recovered somewhat tournament achieving win finishing tournament won finished tournament rating points temporarily ended reign world setbacks called question activities outside chess modelling distracting performing said believe direct connection tournament pearl spring chess tournament october china tournament feature time players world tournament history feature players rated early wins white took early lead extending winning streak white streak halted draw round seven penultimate round secured place defeating black second victory tournament world final score point ahead runner held moscow november attempted defend title score finished place winner tournament played private game blitz match winning score won london chess classic december field comprising british players adams rocky start losing games rounds winning white adams rounds joined lead win round managed stay lead following draw round defeating short round tournament played points win score ahead scored traditional points win system yielded way tie having better games black played times black competed group called january attempt defend title field included despite losing games white reigning russian champion finished including victories tournament winner performance raised rating score elevated rating making world march rating list tournament victory year came kings tournament double round robin played romania june finished equal better score won white games drew rest games held double round robin players september october october slow start including loss ranked finished equal finish equal points win won blitz players tournament victory achieved memorial moscow november round robin players won games drew rest finished equal points placed ahead determined number black games black games london chess classic played december streak tournament victories ended finished won games drew win tournament gained rating points rising new personal record held january finished shared second place equal defeated lost blitz chess tournament memorial held moscow june shared place main event category player round robin won games drew seven finished place ahead went finish second tournament points point scoring system memorial earlier managed finish tournament losses defeated winner individual games exhibition blitz tournament tournament eliminated round deprived win classical tournament holding draw final round won classical tournament traditional scoring system held double round robin players started loss wins second round finished equal ahead won tournament winning games november took chess festival mexico_city took online audience dubbed world white pieces won took knockout exhibition event beat qualifying final turn beat lost game won second defeated won london chess classic december wins adams draws win time won tournament past years increased rating new record breaking year record rating performance best results history played 75th january round tournament scored points winning clear points ahead second place finisher february danish joined team assistants helped prepare march nielsen team played candidates tournament took place london march april finished won tournament result earned right challenge title played edition tournament finished second scoring half point played memorial june june finished second half point ended tournament losing beating later month played game friendly rapid match won cup held september finished scoring point ahead world chess championship faced world chess championship india november won match winning games drawing remainder new world chess champion january february played winning preliminary blitz event classical event performed rapid event counted overall standings retained lead win tournament players event played game club final team match promotion norwegian premier league march win helped team win won played april played group started tournament beating drew lose games row time years losing black white second half tournament scored beating securing tournament victory beating final round finishing played exhibition game oslo city people norway assisted panel consisting panel members proposed public vote proposed moves panel member allowed chances let chess engine propose game norway moves executed disguised red suit occasion game drawn forced perpetual check placed second second edition player round robin june june players event won world rapid championships held june june went claim championships days later player simultaneously hold title rated time controls played games norway 41st chess scoring wins draws losses placed second cup player double round robin missouri august september billed strongest chess tournament held remaining players event lost round defeated rounds respectively finished tournament second place world chess championship faced match title november qualified winning candidates tournament rematch held november russia games led defending title january won played mainly january poor start tournament draws loss round left tenth place fourteen players string wins row thrust clear place drawing final games sufficient win tournament points half point ahead february won 3rd chess classic game finished equal beating losing classical encounter tournament victory meant began winning tournaments continued streak april winning score beating going performance rating best tournament result performance london poor result norway chess event june round obtained winning position pressing long lose time mistakenly thought receive minutes extra time second round missed win round lost round won round drew rounds defeated round lost round leaving tied seventh eighth place finished 2nd place cup points point tournament winner defeated cup winner french wild card lost october successfully defended title world rapid championships held berlin world rapid champion history going reached highest live rapid rating history tournament point ranked disciplines simultaneously quickly lost blitz spot weak second day causing lose title november participated playing norwegian team started poorly scoring points games losing drawing losing finished tournament strongly scoring victories lost earlier year performance earn team medal lost rating points event december participated final leg london chess classic scored event defeating inflicting 12th classical loss way seed meaning faced winner game match eventually won match classic overall inaugural earning london chess classic grand chess tour bonus prizes late december won place 2nd edition defeating tie break players finished score concluded final tournament year january participated held netherlands won tournament scoring points earning 5th title world chess championship new_york_city face match place november april 29th won 4th edition scoring final round victory july won 9th edition scoring points games wins awarded points draw point losses points honours won chess oscar conducted russian chess magazine awarded year best player according worldwide poll leading chess critics writers journalists norwegian tabloid awarded year twice named year year won people choice award newspaper given peer prize norwegian honour prize awarded annually person institution achieved distinction society following year repeated winner time magazine named influential people world playing style aggressive style play youth according play characterised fearless readiness offer material activity found matured risky playing style suited world elite started playing tournaments struggling players trouble getting opening progress style universal capable handling sorts positions opens occasion making harder opponents prepare criticised opening play claiming interview scientific approach preparation future doesn look promising coached said style similar past world champions tactical style according preferences playing style said combination fischer gets positions lets bulldog bite exhausting opponents stated follows traditions fischer mentions player chess similar said majority ideas occur absolutely naturally flexible knows structures play position literally expressed similar sentiments ability correctly evaluate position interview attributed success players excellent physical shape ability avoid psychological enables maintain high standard play long games end tournaments energy levels dropped gave point view playing style demonstrating feared qualities use term coined purpose computer analysis measure players cause opponents mistakes highest score metric creative moves pressure player open lot room mistakes contrast player plays high percentage accurate moves course strong moves way likely induce mistakes response prowess described greatest history london classic particular wins adams described calls effect combined force skill important reputation drives opponents errors plays importantly fear calculating outright mistakes good proportion best moves makes monster makes opponents rating rating achievements january list age years days attained rating youngest person surpass record broken july list age years days attained rating youngest person surpass record broken age years months september winning round grand slam chess championship years days old briefly unofficial live ratings list september october victory pearl tournament raised rating making age years days youngest player break youngest age achieved rating memorial november unofficial live chess rating list new peak rating point ranked player rankings january took account games played memorial london chess classic raise rating meant started age years days youngest world player western nation reach rating list press coverage feat included interview article time magazine march rating list showed new peak rating figure time january rating list reached surpassing record july list achieved time high record head head record versus selected rapid blitz games included listed wins losses draws players undisputed notable games links section lead external site queen declined age years winning chances rapid game ranked world time considered greatest chess player time masters defense general win player defense quiet variation defense israeli player future world championship challenger creates seemingly decisive invasion white rank threats called interesting games played recent times london chess classic italian game classical variation facing american player black structure defense canal attack playing world champion game considers best career sacrifices leave black cramped position leading resignation complete chess game collection downloaded chess modelled autumn winter advertising campaign actress campaign shot dutch film director photographer campaign coordinated new_york event played online team global chess players voted moves suggested playing white won moves film director offered role movie star trek darkness chess player future decline unable work permit time shooting featured minutes segment appeared guest report interviewed rainn_wilson selected sexiest men cosmopolitan august ambassador active chess professional time manager brother trainer master twice member norwegian team began working agent late work consisted initially finding sponsors negotiating media contacts taken management tasks performed father reportedly earned roughly million bulk october started majority owned company based oslo norway play product ios app allows user play tuned chess engine different ages ages chess engine created database thousands recorded games age goal use platform encourage people play chess session asked form spectrum disorder replied isn obvious december interview norwegian tabloid clarified meant obviously said considers normal social skills functioning normally february appeared spring summer campaign actress model books films isbn film directed world best chess player isbn adrian fighting chess progress chess edition isbn beat record chess isbn assault throne quality chess isbn directed | Magnus Carlsen | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
4173_Enpassant | french passing chess special capture occur immediately moves ranks forward starting position enemy captured moved square forward note capturing fifth rank prior executing maneuver opponent captures moved passes square resulting position moved square forward enemy captured normally capture turn right lost occasion chess piece captured replaced square capturing piece like capture legal available capture common theme chess compositions capture rule added 15th century rule gave initial double step introduced prevents square advance pass adjacent enemy risk captured fifth rank capture enemy adjacent file moved squares single moved square conditions capturing fifth rank captured adjacent file moved squares single double step capture immediately opposing makes double step right capture lost unique privilege pieces capture occasion chess capturing piece replace captured piece square examples opening examples chess openings line capture sixth example occurs french defense advocated black responds white capture likewise white answer example game unusual examples black moved game white capture instead played note bishop effects check discovered check results capture discovered checks place black white help white bishop capture way double check delivered checking pieces moving position largest known number captures game shared games captures player earliest known example game chess compositions captures theme chess compositions produce striking effects opening closing lines composition key introduces threat black capture ways capture shifts file preventing capture white plays stop threatened mate black advance allows white play decisive opening file black plays white exploits newly opened diagonal example showing effect captures composition key threatens black simultaneously pinned illegal removes black king access allowing historical context allowing capture introduction square major rule changes european chess occurred relatively recent rule changes unlimited range queens bishops spanish master gives rule book liberal del del change rules promotion places rule adopted time allowing squares universally accepted italian rules changed motivation prevent newly added square allowing evade capture enemy asian chess variants separation european chess prior period feature moves descriptive chess captures denoted similar required capturing written captured advanced square example example repetition stalemate possibility capture relevant claims draw repetition positions pieces squares player purpose considered different opportunity capture position course opportunity longer exists second time configuration pieces occurs book chess organization rules international wrote frequently asked capture legal point debated 19th century arguing right capture privilege compelled exercise book wrote capture mandatory instance rules chess amended clear today settled player resign true capture check | En passant | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
4504_EmanuelLasker | december january german chess player mathematician philosopher years prime dominant champions generally regarded strongest players contemporaries psychological approach game deliberately played inferior moves confuse opponents recent analysis indicates ahead time flexible approach contemporaries knew contemporary analyses openings disagreed published chess magazines chess books later players commentators found difficult draw lessons methods contributions development games class contract bridge player wrote bridge games including invention books games presented problem considered notable mathematical analysis card games research mathematician known contributions included proving primary ideals rings hand philosophical works drama authored received little attention life career early years born december poland son jewish age sent berlin study mathematics lived brother years senior taught play chess according website world players early 1890s supplement income played chess card games small stakes especially café shot chess rankings won café annual winter tournament second division tournament sixth congress held winning earned title master candidates divided groups group competed final won section points nearest rival scores reset final rounds trailed leader amateur points won final games lost penultimate round moves position reconstructed incorrectly following drew round players tied won playoff garnered master title enabled play master level tournaments launched chess career finished second international tournament amsterdam ahead known masters including assessed second strongest player world time finished shared prize brother tournament berlin spring won tournaments london second stronger losing game won thirteen games times chess history player achieved perfect score significant tournament record matches equally impressive berlin drew short play match brother won matches class opponents ranked 9th best player world time ranked 11th years old ranked 29th ranked 18th losing game aged 9th world 22nd 29th world strongest player beginning recorded career founded chess magazines published august july second quarter gap weeks issues allegedly problems printer shortly issue traveled usa spent years challenged won consecutive strong international tournaments manchester dresden match declined stating prove attempting win major international events chess competition matches rebuffed challenged reigning match title initially wanted play match agreed stakes agreed series reductions found difficult raise money final figure earlier matches final combined stake worth values publicly praised act desperately needed money match played venues new_york philadelphia montreal previously declared win doubt came shock won game responded winning second maintained balance sixth won games seventh eleventh asked week rest match resumed looked better shape won 13th 14th games struck 15th 16th compensate losses middle match won convincingly wins losses draws second formally recognized confirmed title beating convincingly match wins losses draws tournament successes influential players journalists match took place difficulty getting backing caused hostile pre match comments long bitter enemy complaints played members rejected challenge publicly telling win international tournament match commentators notably said won mainly old answered criticisms creating impressive playing record world war broke setbacks place hastings suffering effects fever tie second cambridge springs tie memorial won prizes strong tournaments london paris overcame deficit finish ahead rising stars later world champions decades chess writers reported russia conferred title chess finalists marshall chess historian questioned stating earliest known sources supporting story published matches marshall match record impressive match won normal matches convincing defenses title faced marshall despite aggressive style marshall win single game losing drawing seven final score played world chess championship munich firmly believed game chess governed precise set principles strength chess logic efficiency principles considered player won games thanks dubious tricks mocked arrogance opinion opening ceremony refused talk saying words check mate gave brilliant answer winning games playing type chess understand example second game moves arose situation left bad bishop doubled point appeared winning moves later forced resign eventually won wins draws losses claimed wet weather cause defeat matches drew short match wins losses attacking polish months later played longer match paris chess historians debate understanding style chose defend attacks soon left vulnerable easily won match seven wins draws loss victory convincing asked revenge match accepted played world chess championship match berlin november december crushed opponent winning wins draws losses understand moves losses declared plays look thinks afraid good match match matches arranged january february modest gentleman generally unlikely win major chess tournaments peaceful lack willingness accept draw offers opponents games finished draw conditions match debated chess historians accepted play unfavourable conditions notably need finish points ahead declared winner match need win revenge match declared match originally meant consist games obvious insufficient funds demanded fee marks game played number games reduced making margin points difficult beginning tried attack difficulty defending games finished draws fifth game big advantage committed cost game middle match point ahead games drawn despite fierce play players sixth managed draw game seventh nearly lost beautiful exchange sacrifice ninth allowed draw lost ending score game tenth game tried win took big advantage missed clear win 35th continued increasing risks finished losing match draw remained abandoned challenges received challenge world title match rising star unwilling play traditional win games type match semi tropical conditions havana especially drawn games frequent match months counter proposal player lead games end match considered draw match limited best thirty games counting draws player won games led games thirty games completed declared winner champion decide venue stakes exclusive right publish games challenger deposit equivalent values time limit moves hour play limited sessions hours day days week objected time limit short playing times thirty game limit especially requirement win games claim title regarded unfair took offence terms criticized game lead condition broke negotiations speaking terms tournament proposed set rules conduct world championship matches accepted leading players including late entered negotiations world title match tournament record previous years par little ahead players agreed play match raise funds rich friends match played situation demonstrated flaws inherent championship system start world war summer end hopes play world championship near future world war played chess events convincingly won non title match september october shortly armistice won player tournament half point ahead academic activities despite superb playing results chess interest parents recognized intellectual talents especially mathematics sent adolescent study berlin found talent chess gained high school graduation certificate der polish town named prussia studied mathematics philosophy universities berlin doctoral advisors published mathematical articles nature advice registered doctoral studies presented doctoral thesis der series convergence boundaries year published awarded doctorate mathematics significant mathematical article published developed form regarded fundamental importance modern geometry held short term positions mathematics lecturer new_orleans manchester parents current unable secure longer term position pursued scholarly interests independently published booklet titled struggle attempted create general theory competitive activities including chess business war produced books generally categorized philosophy der world sic philosophy activities published book common sense chess based lectures given london played game match sponsored wealthy lawyer industrialist order test rice narrowly lost match years later secretary founded rice order promote rice quoted approval rice views convergence chess military strategy november founded ran short time interested strategy game soon returned chess introduced game namesake wrote successful book age july married née rich widow year older grandmother lived berlin wrote popular stories pseudonym world war invested savings german war bonds germany lost war lost money war wrote book claimed civilization danger germany lost war match january signed agreement play match noting free play delay insisted final clause allowed play championship contract lost title match stipulated resigned title previously included agreement world war play title similar clause resigned title report american chess bulletin july august issue said resigned world title favor conditions match unpopular chess world american chess bulletin speculated conditions sufficiently unpopular warrant resignation title real concern financial backing justify months match resigned title favor unaware enthusiasts havana raised fund match provided played learned resignation went netherlands living time inform havana finance match august agreed play havana insisted challenger champion signed agreement accepted point soon published letter confirming stated beat resign title younger masters compete match played march april draws fifth game saw black equal ending solid style allowed easily draw games taking risks tenth game white played position isolated queen failed create necessary activity reached superior ending duly won eleventh fourteenth games won resigned match attributed mysteriously poor form hand thought played match fascinating fight game explained years younger slightly stronger player recent competitive practice end life time nearly years old played match match short exhibition lost winning new_york chess tournament points ahead finishing second moscow points point ahead effectively retired chess moscow chess tournament received telegram informing drama written brother die history mankind accepted performance theatre berlin distracted news lost badly day play success wrote wrote english wrote books games mental skill encyclopedia games das means sensible card play english translation year posed problem mathematical analysis card games der board games nations includes pages section game invented special correspondent dutch german newspapers reporting bridge match registered teacher system expert bridge player representing germany international events early 1930s wrote game bridge october brother died spring adolf_hitler started campaign discrimination intimidation jews property citizenship wife martha jewish forced leave germany year short stay england invited live ussr justice responsible moscow trials capacity sports minister enthusiastic supporter chess ussr renounced german citizenship received soviet citizenship took permanent residence moscow given post moscow post trainer ussr national team returned competitive chess money finishing fifth moscow undefeated point ahead soviet masters sixth moscow seventh equal nottingham performance moscow age hailed biological miracle started time arrived ussr august martha decided leave soviet_union moved netherlands united_states chicago new_york october following year patron tried support giving chess bridge lectures exhibitions old competition published book community future proposed solutions political problems including anti unemployment died kidney infection new_york january age charity patient mount hospital buried cemetery queens new_york survived wife martha sister assessment playing strength style considered psychological method play considered qualities opponent addition objective requirements position board published lengthy analysis play concluded deliberately played inferior moves knew opponent uncomfortable commented easy matter reply correctly bad moves denied claim deliberately played bad moves modern writers agree according international master features play mysterious contemporaries appear regularly modern play spike attack dragon sacrifices gain advantage playing practical trying find best game disadvantage world champion said realized different types advantage tactical edge converted strategic advantage vice versa contemporaries theories codified opined real reason success exceptional defensive technique defensive chess demonstrated examples games passive defence active defence famous win needed order retain chance catching offered evidence psychological approach describes choice opening psychologically potent analysis use variation career concludes excellent results white class opponents win situations writes choice presented opponent dilemma point lead wanted play safe structure gives white advantage black use bishop pair aggressively middle game opinion play game demonstrated deep understanding psychology fine paid little attention openings thought knew openings disagreed lot contemporary opening analysis fact world title match studied openings thoroughly especially favorite lines opinion player surpassed ability assess position quickly accurately terms better prospects winning strategy adopt wrote played definite style defender efficient finisher attacks high level great player instead epic tactical skills solely mating schemes attack importantly defense way universal player odd times like great players play type position classic course game small concession opponent exchange minor pieces play game manoeuvre necessarily stand better position balanced opponent maintain balance pressing playing famed defence equally brutal treatment opponents played followed principles demonstrated completely different chess romantic mentality thanks players gradually common stand created new school chess thought talents far harder masses grasp school addition enormous chess skill said excellent competitive temperament rival said occasionally loses game loses head enjoyed need adapt varying styles shifting fortunes tournaments strong matches stronger tournaments years finished ahead younger new_york moscow moscow years match finish ahead magazine published article future world champion bobby fischer listed greatest players history fischer include list coffee house player knew openings didn understand chess poll world leading players taken time fischer list appeared said greatest player stated fischer later said great player statistical ranking systems place high greatest players time book warriors mind places sixth fischer book rating past present gave retrospective ratings players based performance best year span career concluded joint second strongest player surveyed tied date system sensitive length periods compared ranks fifth second strongest time peak periods ranging length years author concluded surpassed long term dominance game number player different months total years rank june december span years considers strongest year old history december age years months rating number world second place rating age number world march influence chess founded school players played similar style world champion prolific writer chess lifetime score said possible learn stand wonder pragmatic approach great influence soviet players like chess openings including defense queen defense evans effectively ended use tournament play revival 1990s french defense famous games amsterdam sacrificed bishops maneuver later repeated number games similar sacrifices played cecil valentine major events probably seen shocked poverty died intend die similar circumstances notorious demanding high fees playing matches tournaments argued players copyright games let publishers profits demands initially angered editors players helped way rise time chess professionals earn living playing writing teaching copyright chess games contentious far vigorously asserted players copyright wrote copyright clauses match contracts demands raise large prevented delayed awaited world championship matches example challenged match world championship raise stakes demanded problem continued reign successor controversial conditions insisted championship matches led attempt twice publish rules matches players readily agreed work fields mathematician article introduced theory primary ideals influence theory rings rings having primary property called rings honor attempt create general theory competitive activities followed consistent efforts von game theory later writings card games presented significant issue mathematical analysis card games dramatic philosophical works highly regarded friends relatives good friend wrote introduction posthumous biography life chess master preface express satisfaction having met writing undoubtedly interesting people came know later years penned story life succeeding generations men warm interest great human problems time kept personality uniquely independent sister law born prussia german american chess master engineer author claimed related played great new_york chess tournament publications chess london chess common sense chess abstract lectures delivered london audience play chess elementary text book new easy comprehensive method famous chess circles philosophical tone content des english version published chess games encyclopedia games das sensible card play english translation published year der includes sections game bridge mathematics august relations plane spaces nature october certain class space nature retrieved der series convergence boundaries philosophical transactions thesis der und math ann philosophy struggle der world die des sic philosophy die history mankind play written brother community future popular culture fiction alternate history mystery novel murdered man born 1960s chess uses alias reference clearly understood protagonist studied chess quotations lies survive long creative combination lays bare lie fact culminating education chess education independent thinking judgement chess simply important memory valuable stocked pit players perfect technique avoid weaknesses left sorry caricature chess find good look better attributed actually dates earlier easy matter reply correctly bad moves chess hero greatest champions course notable games amsterdam earliest known game successful bishops sacrifice combination known combination sacrifice brilliant sacrifice seventeenth leads victorious attack london old champion new world championship match game attack insufficient quick win trades quickly ties marshall knots match game great game saved losing world title needed win surprisingly quiet opening allowing game early debate approach represented subtle psychology deep understanding year old beats future sacrificing queen turn defense attack tournament results following table gives scores tournaments score column gives number points total possible second score column indicates number won games number losses number draws match results results matches score column gives number points total possible second score column indicates number won games number losses number draws | Emanuel Lasker | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
8238_AdolfAnderssen | july march german chess master considered world leading chess player 1850s 1860s defeated toured europe retired chess soon considered leading player defeat successful tournament player europe winning half events entered including chess tournament strongest tournaments era achieved successes age famous today brilliant attacking play particularly immortal game game important figure development chess problems driving forward transition problem composition complexity modern compositions chess masters elder statesman game turned advice arbitration background early life born called lived life sharing house supporting widowed mother unmarried sister married graduated public gymnasium high school attended university studied mathematics philosophy graduating age took position gymnasium instructor later professor mathematics lived quiet stable responsible respectable middle class life career teaching mathematics hobby passion playing chess years old father taught play chess said boy learned strategy game copy book games chess career steps came attention chess world published task chess players collection chess problems continued publish problems years magazines second collection brought attention group included strongest players time played matches development player relatively slow largely spare time money play matches strong players able good fight member und der world strongest player time editor magazine der later called founder berlin died held post london drew match professional player basis match general chess reputation invited represent german chess international chess tournament held london reluctant accept invitation travel costs tournament principal organizer offered pay travel expenses pocket necessary fail win tournament prize accepted generous offer preparations london international tournament produced surge playing strength played games early strong opponents including international tournament knock event pairs competitors played short matches won beating margins games case prize thirds total prize fund equivalent money found play agreed won tournament receive prize appear considered way chess books regard true world champion organizers london international tournament said contest world chess champion fact described world champion tournament established world leading chess player time meaning fallen colleagues organized tournament played month later included players competed international tournament result won match opportunities tournament play remained rare reluctant travel far expense recorded tournament game round knock tournament manchester eliminated second round late beaten american champion famous match held paris france wins draws seven losses knew attack understood better attack prepare attack recently scored equally convincing wins matches class players returned usa soon announced retirement chess strongest active player played curious opening games match broke loss draw win opening referred opening popular competition games shortly london international tournament played famous games casual encounters won combinations involved sacrifices black moving london international tournament called immortal game sacrificed bishop finally queen second played berlin white called game total sacrifice modest exceeded queen minor piece match played matches leading players time later wealthy banker patron chess drew match narrowly won won drew lost ahead half way stage london won london chess tournament international round robin tournament participant plays game score wins thirteen games lost game finished points ahead best playing record early 1860s retired chess time generally regarded world leading active player known competitive chess drawn match wins losses draws strong player respected chess writer match lost close match year old wins losses draws won games known approach chess demonstrating superiority match played attack costs style 1850s 1860s generally seen point succeeded world leading active player ideas contest world championship floating 1840s match defined world championship opposed claim title retired chess alive furthermore remained dominant tournaments personal matches time tournaments frequent round robin format adopted time losing match dedicated chess particularly studying play result early fifties playing finest chess career result compiled successful tournament record late stages career places second places places sixth place final year life health failing places ahead strong players chess tournament regarded strongest tournaments despite super tournaments places strong vienna tournament half tournament successes came championships different regional open competitors usually beat matches dominance came end came leipzig tournament came second organized commemorate 50th anniversary learning chess moves initiative sprang tournament organized commemorate competitor leipzig lost match tournament winner wins draw losses matches relative weakness match win period year old wins draw losses assessment playing strength style successful european tournaments early taking prize half events played recorded tournament failures game round knock event sixth place paris health failing year live match record weaker played won drew lost inventor rating system calculated ratings history estimated player rating ranks players period shortly death rated greatest attacking players time learn conduct king attack learnt regarded member heroic attacking school favor aggression example said pieces worst plight satisfy derive immediate advantage attack principle recently labelled rule according fine approach development totally failed understand won home town proud awarded honorary doctorate influence chess heroic attacking school play belonged eclipsed approach generally acknowledged way beat apply principles enduring influence chess problem composition started composing years compositions fairly similar realistic board positions featured spectacular key moves multiple sacrifices variations composers time work forms early stage transition period early 1860s basic problem ideas discovered requirement game like positions abandoned introduction composing competitions forced judges decide features desirable problem outside field chess problems prolific author edited magazine der later called editor personality wrote honest honourable core fear favour gave opinion sincere patent word usually sufficient quell disputes given decision favour rival hand 20th century player wrote curious contrast board brilliance safety attitude everyday affairs death died march hometown noted death nineteen page obituary bombing raids world war damaged grave war city poland known polish decided bury new grave cemetery notable games immortal game sacrifices queen order win adolf berlin italian game evans pierce defense game short game sacrifices ending nice bishops match paris beats opening italian game evans black resigned allowing finish combination tournament results sources match results sources | Adolf Anderssen | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
11049_BobbyFischer | march january american chess eleventh world chess champion consider greatest chess player time captured ussr match held iceland publicized cold war confrontation attracted worldwide interest chess championship fischer refused defend title agreement reached game international governing body conditions match allowed soviet won qualifying candidates cycle new world champion default rules fischer showed skill early age age won known game century starting age fischer played united states championships winning point margin age fischer youngest time youngest candidate world championship age fischer won championship perfect score history tournament book memorable games published icon american chess literature regarded fischer won tournament record margin won consecutive games including unprecedented sweeps candidates matches july official number rated player losing title fischer erratic disappearing competitive chess public eye win unofficial rematch held yugoslavia united_nations time participation led conflict government sought income tax fischer match ultimately issued warrant arrest lived life 1990s fischer patented modified chess timing system added time standard practice tournament match play invented new variant chess named fischer additional contributions chess early years born chicago illinois march birth certificate listed father known german mother citizen regina born switzerland jewish parents poland russia raised missouri regina teacher registered nurse later physician graduating college teens regina traveled germany visit brother met future nobel prize winner persuaded regina moscow study medicine enrolled moscow met married november regina daughter anti prompted regina joan paris france regina english teacher threat german invasion led joan united_states attempted follow pair german citizenship barred entering united_states regina separated moscow officially divorce time son birth regina homeless different jobs schools country support family engaged political activism raised bobby joan single parent family moved brooklyn new_york studied master degree nursing subsequently began working field fischer father sources implying hungarian jewish physicist expert fluid applied mechanics fischer biological father public investigation philadelphia_inquirer 1950s fbi investigated regina circle alleged communist sympathies previous life moscow fbi files identify biological father showing fischer entered united_states having refused admission immigration officials alleged communist sympathies regina reported affair monthly child support payments regina paid bobby schooling death lodged complaints social workers saying concerned way regina raising bobby point occasion broke tears later bobby told hungarian chess player family brooklyn apartment died regina fischer wrote letter son peter asking paul left money bobby bobby sick days fever sore throat course doctor medicine question don think paul wanted leave bobby way ask let know paul left bobby occasion regina told social worker time seen years bobby born occasion told social worker traveled mexico june bobby conceived meeting according brother law married bobby half sister joan years regina concealed fact bobby father wanted avoid stigma birth chess beginnings impoverished childhood march year old bobby sister joan learned play chess instructions set bought candy store joan lost interest chess regina time play left fischer play games family long_island summer bobby found book old chess games studied intensely fischer biographer describes family manhattan brooklyn fall regina moved family manhattan bridge brooklyn rented inexpensive apartment near intersection union franklin streets temporary trying closer better neighborhood robbed medical degree russia war determined acquire nursing diploma soon enrolled fischer family citizens moved tenth transit years month bedroom flat lincoln place brooklyn family resided apartment small basic apartment fischer soon game regina feared spending time result november regina sent newspaper seeking place children bobby age interested playing chess paper rejected figure classify inquiry dean american chess told master scottish champion giving simultaneous exhibition january fischer played exhibition held minutes drawing crowd eventually lost chess master spectators president american chess expert near master strength instructor impressed fischer play introduced club began teaching fischer noted time possibly best player world good teacher meeting probably decisive factor going ahead chess hosted fischer chess tournament home summer fischer years old joined strongest chess club country fischer relationship lasted moved away introduced fischer future starting september began coaching fischer private spent hours sessions simply playing quality games said tried bobby secret rise based game played agreed draw offer moves told fischer accept draw offers ambitious talented player accepting draw death result opponents fear opponent mistakes act advise copy played key fischer fischer aide analyzed fischer games bobby second analyzed fischer helped fischer match june fischer began attending based master home years believed collins fischer teacher coach collins stated teach fischer believed collins fischer mentor teacher coach mentor friend fischer played thousands blitz games collins strong players studied books collins large chess library ate home future mentor young bobby taking watch play hockey madison square garden bobby enjoyed treats forgot lifelong friends young champion fischer experienced rise playing strength tenth national rating list published fischer rating points rated march new_jersey took fischer tour cuba gave board simultaneous exhibition havana winning games drawing tour club played series matches clubs fischer played second board international master fischer leading club scoring points games july fischer won scoring philadelphia youngest junior champion age open chess championship bobby scored tie 8th places winning canadian open chess championship montreal bobby scored tie 12th places winning november fischer played eastern states open championship washington tying second taking half point fischer accepted invitation play trophy tournament new_york_city premier tournament limited players considered best country fischer rating country received entry special consideration playing opposition year old fischer score tying 9th place bobby won prize immortal game international master bobby sacrificed queen attack called game century following game stunning masterpiece combination play performed boy formidable opponent matches finest record history chess game century talked analyzed admired years probably canon chess years come reflecting game occurred bobby modest moves thought best lucky fischer played game match world champion max new_york losing eleventh national rating list published fischer rated points higher rating year country youngest chess master point july bobby successfully defended junior title scoring san_francisco result strong tournament results fischer rating went making active players country august fischer scored open chess championship cleveland winning tie breaking points bobby youngest bobby won scoring defeated young filipino master new_york match sponsored wins title based fischer rating strong results invited play championship tournament included time champion defending champion august won perfect score history event predicted fischer finish slightly center mark despite predictions contrary fischer scored wins draws win tournament point margin months shy 15th birthday fischer youngest championship year fischer victory earned title international master fischer victory sent rating making second highest rated player united_states qualified participate step challenging candidate author bobby wanted moscow pleading regina wrote directly soviet leader requesting invitation bobby participate reply came late regina money pay following year fischer invited game got secret thanks regina efforts producers arranged round trip tickets russia russia fischer invited soviet_union moscow international master serve guide bobby sister joan arrival fischer immediately demanded taken played speed chess young soviet masters winning game chess author writes impression fischer gave played blitz soviet masters saw tall angular year old youth blitz games crushed crossed path exception losing games play young american fantastic self confidence amazing chess simply brilliant play arriving home said admiration wife future world champion fischer demanded play reigning told impossible fischer asked play finally semi official basis summoned club played speed games fischer winning majority bobby discovered wasn going play formal games went silent rage saying fed russian pigs angered soviets saw fischer honored guest chess officials offered fischer joan early guests fischer took offer arriving yugoslavia play short training matches masters fischer drew games defeated belgrade finishers qualify observers doubted year old international experience finish fischer told journalist draw half dozen tournament beat despite road problematic start fischer succeeded plan strong finish ended tie 6th soviet observed struggle board youth child showed fledged fighter demonstrating amazing precise calculation especially struck extensive opening knowledge seek new paths fischer play enormous talent noticeable addition enormous work study chess soviet said fischer time interesting observe fischer long time couldn understand year old boy played chess fischer youngest person qualify candidates youngest years months day knew genius hands candidates tournament fischer won championship scoring tied del scoring half point tied 6th scoring international tournament spring fischer finished point future world champion half point recalled fischer style game oldest competitor hungarian fischer advantage wishing let opponent peace played game times contestants score sheets kings left board fischer moves draw stunned onslaught barely chair bobby suggested let look game beginning began pleading look wife children going support event death fischer ended formal education age dropping hall high school brooklyn subsequently taught foreign languages read foreign chess periodicals according chess master match commitment fischer chess recalling conversation tournament tell bobby continued think playing style cautious girl games appeal left literally open looked thousands games occurred study games women players find time bobby turns found time late fischer dressed champion appearing august distinguished national international events director banned fischer properly forcing reinstated encouraged dress fischer began buying suits world hand tailored order told journalist hand tailored suits shirts shoes age fischer finished equal fifth non soviet player belgrade yugoslavia scoring tournament winner won individual games year fischer released book collected games games chess published drops school bobby interest chess important point time reached fourth grade schools regina got bobby scholarship based chess talent high fischer later attended hall high school time student council awarded gold medal chess achievements year fischer dropped high school turned age earliest legally later explained don learn school fischer mother moved apartment pursue medical training friend met regina communists living moscow 1930s believes fischer resented mother absent mother communist activist admirer soviet_union led hatred soviet_union letters fischer mother states desire pursue obsession training medicine writes son live brooklyn apartment sounds terrible leave year old devices probably way apartment edge neighborhood highest homicide general crime rates new_york_city despite son regina protested practices staged hour protest white_house urging president send american team year chess set leipzig iron curtain help support team financially championships fischer played championships winning point margin results fischer missed championship preparing event chess championships fischer lost games event consecutive rounds championship culminating total score wins draws losses fischer refused play demand play board ahead rejected sources claim year old fischer unable arrange leave attending high school fischer later represent united_states board winning individual silver individual bronze medals scored fischer narrowly missed individual gold medal scoring world champion played games faced opposition won gold accepted draw offer declining suffering loss fischer predicted defeat moves fischer actually player beat tournament ironically lost game whilst employing opening variation named fischer planned play backed saw poor playing conditions world champion international master leader american team year felt fischer justified participating according fischer non participation refusal yield board fischer tied place soviet star strong argentina winning point margin scoring ahead fischer lost start lifelong friendship fischer experienced failure competitive career finishing far winners according fischer sexual experience girl evans introduced tournament says fischer tournament got caught women sex fischer said mix women chess kept promise fischer concluded winning small tournament defeating exhibition game fischer started game match split new_york los_angeles years fischer senior considered favorite far match experience lost set match games tie score wins apiece seven draws match ended prematurely scheduling dispute fischer match organizer sponsor declared winner default received winner share prize fund fischer second super class field fischer defeated head time individual game scored soviet contingent finished unbeaten player success setback accusations fischer won stockholm margin going undefeated non soviet player win instituted tournament russian said fischer discussed fischer play experienced tournament old surprised fischer expertise young player good attacking combinations technique age rare recall player age equally fischer victory favorite candidates tournament despite result fischer finished fourth far fell ill tournament withdraw completion fischer friend contestant visited hospital accuses soviets following failure candidates fischer asserted august sports illustrated article entitled russians fixed world chess soviet players agreement quickly draw games order conserve energy playing fischer generally thought accusation correct fischer stated participate candidates tournament format combined alleged impossible non soviet player win following fischer article late voted implement radical reform playoff system replacing candidates tournament format knockout matches format fischer dominate fischer defeated summer exhibition game copenhagen danish later year fischer beat team match poland warsaw championship fischer experienced single game loss round excellent form fischer caught end tied met final round stood handing fischer fifth consecutive championship semi retirement mid-1960s influenced ill aborted match fischer declined invitation play cup tournament los_angeles world class field instead played michigan won august september fischer won perfect score ahead fischer achieved second perfect score time ranked chess players country tournament stuff legend fact fischer won sixth title surprise way spectacular fischer opposition cut field demonstrate convincingly opposition class result brought fischer heightened fame including profile life magazine sports_illustrated games article amazing victory streak bobby fischer extensive chess coverage groundbreaking american sports magazine win championship perfect score history tournament perfect scores high level chess tournaments called remarkable achievement kind fischer recalls motivated result congratulated runner winning tournament congratulated winning exhibition international master recalled round encounter undefeated fischer going final game certainly expect upset fischer hardly knew opening played simply went scenario opting knight bishop minimal edge corridor evans said good children saw way force draw sealed different wrong lost rest history chess publications world wrote achievement fischer unimpressed fischer playing children fischer eligible decided participation taking world championship cycle changed format player round robin series knockout matches eliminated possibility instead fischer embarked tour united_states canada february playing simultaneous exhibition giving lecture cities winning percentage games best achieved fischer declined invitation play successful return fischer wanted play havana august september refused endorse fischer passport valid visiting cuba proposed tournament officials players accepted unique arrangement fischer played moves room transmitted cuba observed fischer handicapped longer playing session resulting time wasted moves reason lost chief rivals tournament ordeal fischer endure hour hour playing sessions despite handicap fischer tied second fourth places fischer defeated individual game tournament received extensive media coverage december fischer won seventh championship score despite losing eighth ninth rounds fischer reconciled accepting invitation strong second cup tournament fischer began rounds tied staged sensational comeback history chess scoring rounds end world chess championship finalist edged half point scoring fischer aged fischer win match tournament completed rest life fischer won eighth final time draws march april august september fischer won strong tournaments philippines fischer played exhibition games master opponents scoring withdrawal leading fischer win qualified world championship cycle held tunisia fischer scored points games lead field seventh day honored organizers deprived fischer rest days led scheduling dispute causing fischer games protest later withdraw eliminating world championship cycle communications difficulties highly inexperienced local organizers significant factor fischer knew french organizers limited english chess previous experience running event stature fischer completed half scheduled games results meaning players played fischer games cancelled scores official tournament record second semi retirement fischer won tournaments large margins fischer stopped playing months win team match year fischer assisted released second book collected games memorable games published book immediate success fischer began new effort dramatic march title household chess page news time won title years later road world championship championship finishers advancing fischer sat disagreements tournament format prize fund agreed spot order fischer shot world championship suggested fischer considering gesture based large sum money paid bobby replied berth money matter honor line right participate step aside like play answered fischer chance fischer dominated contemporaries extent seen march april world best players competed ussr rest world match belgrade yugoslavia referred match century surprise fischer decided participate fischer played competitive chess eighteen months thought return general surprise delight agreed participate soviet_union rest world belgrade evans second fischer flew belgrade intention playing board rest world danish recent tournament victories demanded play board instead fischer fischer higher rating surprise fischer agreed ussr team victory boards soviets managed win game possible sixteen high scorer team score wins draws fischer left doubt mind temporary break tournament circuit good use games time collected pressing opponent draw games game set ussr versus rest world match unofficial world championship lightning chess minute games held russians figured teaching fischer lesson bringing considered favorites fischer overwhelmed super class field far ahead fischer lost game player achieve score double round robin tournament fischer crushed blitz kings clean score entire tournament didn leave single players knights bishops played blitz games fischer fischer margin victory came pleasant surprise april fischer won point margin ahead july august fischer crushed field buenos_aires winning margin scoring fischer played board 19th won individual silver medal scoring loss world champion right fischer defeated exhibition game swedish newspaper fischer taken game new level fischer won held november december far ahead fischer finished tournament seven consecutive wins setting aside fischer withdrew leading fischer victory gave string consecutive prizes tournaments world champion impressed fischer results stating fischer declared genius agree order declared genius chess defeat equal opponents big margin despite remarks fischer began year history chess candidates matches fischer set play soviet concert pianist quarter finals match begin vancouver canada beautiful campus analysts players alike predicted fischer win candidates struggle predicted fischer win fischer saw firm favorite match press mind insisted win dismissing fischer mere computer reason confident backed firm guidance thoroughly analysed fischer record talks play fischer match couple years earlier fischer defeated second game match asked fischer managed come fischer replied idea come monograph soviet master said expert missed theoretically significant idea fischer uncovered book foreign language score fischer favor fifth game sight explains scene came vancouver seconds fischer thought sight seconds funniest thing seen seconds sit hands flying pocket sets waving air variations place sat confused look face resuming play fifth game seconds giving minute advice poor entered playing room sat confront fischer head conflicting left immediately resigned fischer beat score record books showed comparable achievement score win era primitive defensive technique imagined challenger match decided perfect score participants ranked strongest players world difficult portray non chess players magnitude shutout typical result matched players wins draws later recalled grand masters play logic opponent moves moves powerful able stop plan moves clear fischer moves sense losing final game match shoulders saying sadly fischer music result performance thrown ussr team forbidden travel years banned writing articles deprived monthly authorities prohibited performing concert platform crushing loss virtually ended chess career fischer scheduled play danish predicted tight struggle little stronger spirit match told soviet television audience hard match end clear easy victory vancouver given fischer think unpleasant surprises store fischer having dealt fischer want impossible fischer beat score writes certain extent grasp match kind curiosity freak strange chess occurrence occur loss question explain bobby win games row genius game year played board rest world team ahead fischer handed fischer loss later wrote player shown superiority rivals comparable fischer incredible score matches chess concludes victory gave fischer highest single match performance rating august preparing candidates match world champion fischer played winning strong field despite fischer results upcoming match task soviet government concerned fischer reporters asked match games possible win earlier replied stated fischer nineteen consecutive wins impress great chess player genius played strong theoretical novelty game gaining advantage fischer eventually won game gave fischer run consecutive wins world players candidates matches winning streak topped straight wins won second game finally snapping fischer streak consecutive draws fischer swept games win match sports_illustrated ran article match highlighting fischer domination outdated system preparation fischer recent record raises distinct possibility breakthrough modern chess theory response plotted 11th game example russian experts worked variation weeks thrown fischer suddenly faced consequences won applying simple classic principles completion match remarked sixth game fischer genius hand breakdown tired happened games longer chess experts kept insisting form plus score end sixth game fischer replied people playing strength years fischer match results hard talk fischer matches time playing begun played like fischer played like strong began making mistakes fischer transformed genius fischer gained far higher rating player history time july rating list rating points world rating results cover life magazine allowed challenge world champion beaten match fischer career long match tournament conditions seen run match possible sites fischer choice belgrade yugoslavia iceland time appeared dispute resolved splitting match locations arrangement failed issue resolved fischer refused appear iceland prize fund increased london donated additional bringing prize fund unprecedented equivalent fischer finally agreed play match fischer paid special attention physical training fitness relatively novel approach chess players time developed tennis skills good level played frequently days arranged exclusive use hotel swimming pool specified hours swam extended periods usually late night according soviet fischer paying great attention sport swimming boxing match took place july september receive american broadcast prime time fischer lost games strange fashion played risky grab drawn second refused play game dispute playing conditions fischer likely entire match wanting win default yielded fischer demands game room away cameras presence upset fischer game match moved stage proceeded incident fischer won seven games losing drawing win match 11th world chess champion cold war match media sensation called match century received page media coverage united_states world fischer win american victory field soviet players dominated previous quarter century players closely identified soviet state remarked fischer fits context cold war era lone american genius challenges soviet chess machine defeats dutch calls fischer victory story lonely hero entire empire fischer sister observed bobby country totally chess culture cleared tennis court snow gone win world championship fischer return new_york bobby fischer day held offered numerous product endorsement offers worth million declined appeared cover sports_illustrated swimming champion fischer appearance bob hope special membership doubled peaked american chess years commonly referred fischer won chess oscar award started given best chess player determined votes chess media leading players match attracted worldwide interest chess championship title fischer scheduled defend title emerged challenger fischer played competitive games match laid proposal match september consultation official principal non demands match continues player wins games draws counting limit total number games played case score champion fischer retains title prize fund split equally congress held delegates voted favor fischer win proposal rejected proposals limited number games match response ruling fischer sent cable june clear telegram delegates match conditions proposed non informs rules winner player win games draws counting unlimited number games wins match drawn champion regaining title prize fund split equally rejected delegates decided participation world chess championship resign world chess championship title delegates responded prior decisions accept fischer resignation requested reconsider observers considered fischer requested clause unfair require challenger win games called clause considered clause reasonable continued efforts officials special congress held march bergen netherlands accepted match unlimited duration clause rejected narrow margin votes set deadline april fischer confirm participation match reply received fischer april default officially autobiography professed regret match taken place claimed lost opportunity challenge fischer held chess development met fischer times friendly ultimately unsuccessful attempts arrange match agree play opined wall_street_journal fischer victory left prove someday beat interested risk losing fischer refusal recognize peers allowed paranoia flower world championship won view chess player influences world descended considered kind madness felt fischer right play match conditions stated fischer right demanding world title protected point handicap challenger considered winner score champion retain title event draw yes natural champion deserves mention fact play win event score short lottery winner case claim won convincing victory soviet felt decision fischer demands rested sober view capable years later match fischer said refused play conditions sudden obscurity world chess championship fischer play competitive game public nearly years cambridge massachusetts played games computer program winning walking fischer arrested police allegedly fischer matched description man committed bank robbery area fischer alleged slightly injured arrest said held days subjected assault types released bail fischer published page pamphlet detailing alleged experiences saying arrest frame set fischer stayed home period months beat seventeen times series speed games interview sports_illustrated reporter assessed fischer play good use playing wasn interesting getting beaten wasn clear wasn like mistake mistake like gradually start wasn taking time think depressing thing wasn getting middle game don remember honestly believes play worthy played rematch fischer emerged years isolation play tied rating list revenge match 20th century match took place belgrade yugoslavia spite united_nations included sanctions commercial activities fischer demanded organizers bill match world chess championship recognized world champion fischer insisted true world champion games sanctioned world championship matches involving outcomes purse rematch million million purse winner according match games fairly high quality particularly compared championship matches example games reminded fans place fischer playing openings previous generation strong player world didn trust computers wasn surrounded seconds fischer won match wins losses draws stated bobby playing maybe strength wouldn close believed match proved fischer playing strength world fischer gave press conferences match attended match met fischer occasions analyzed match games personal discourse later wrote september threw read bobby head sheer garbage bobby misunderstood celebrity walking face earth wrote fischer camera shy laughed easily fine wit wholly enjoyable treasury warned fischer start match participation illegal violate president executive order imposing sanctions engaging economic activities yugoslavia response scheduled press conference september international press fischer order saying reply violation order led officials initiate warrant arrest completion match citing title executive order prior rematch fischer won training match wins loss draws life match fischer fugitive slid relative obscurity taking residence hungary allegedly having relationship young hungarian chess master fischer claimed standard chess played blitz games chess variants visited family analyzed games fischer lived philippines residing compound filipino close friend acted second match introduced fischer year old woman named gave birth daughter named mother claimed fischer daughter citing evidence birth certificates photographs transaction record dated december bank dna blood samples hand friend fischer said certain fischer girl father august reported dna test revealed daughter anti semitic statements fischer numerous anti jewish statements professed general hatred jews early 1960s wrote time hitler read lay hands championed brand anti thought mind completely cut reality took fischer war museum left great impression fischer evil person restrained remarks fischer described mother jewish interview later denied jewish ancestry fischer denied jew letter insisting remove accusing jew promote religion 1980s fischer comments jews major theme public private remarks openly denied holocaust called united_states controlled dirty hook jew fischer primary means communicating public radio interviews participated broadcasts radio stations philippines hungary iceland colombia russia gave radio interview station hungary described victim international jewish conspiracy radio interview fischer said clear reading jewish agencies targeting fischer sudden apparently triggered belongings stored california storage unit sold landlord claimed response rent fischer library contained anti semitic racist literature elders white man bible nature eternal religion founder written fischer contains sentiments death jews kill time start randomly killing jews despite views fischer remained good terms jewish chess players anti american anti israel statements shortly midnight september philippines local time approximately hours september attacks fischer interviewed live station network fischer stated happy attacks happened expressing view israeli foreign policy saying act look gets israel years said horrible behavior committing world shows goes comes united_states fischer referenced movie seven days said hoped military coup état hope country taken military close arrest jews execute hundreds thousands jewish response fischer statements passed motion cancel right membership organization fischer right member reinstated detention japan fischer lived time japan july acting response letter officials arrested japanese immigration authorities international airport near tokyo allegedly revoked passport trying board flight manila philippines fischer resisted arrest claiming sustained cuts broken tooth process time fischer passport originally issued updated add pages according officials revoked november outstanding arrest warrant yugoslavia sanctions violation despite outstanding arrest warrant fischer said believed passport valid authorities held fischer custody center days transferring facility fischer claimed cell seen light day period staff ignored complaints constant tobacco smoke cell tokyo based canadian journalist consultant set meeting fischer airport offering assist wrote letter president asking mercy charity possible cell chess set reported fischer president reportedly living wanted legally married reported fischer living philippines period fischer applied german citizenship grounds father german fischer stated wanted renounce citizenship appealed secretary state help effect japan justice minister rejected fischer request asylum ordered deported asylum iceland seeking ways evade united_states fischer wrote letter government iceland early january requesting citizenship sympathetic fischer plight reluctant grant benefits citizenship authorities granted alien passport proved insufficient japanese authorities parliament behest agreed unanimously grant fischer citizenship late march humanitarian reasons felt treated japanese governments recognition match iceland map arriving fischer gave press conference fischer lived life iceland avoiding approached proposals fischer moved apartment building close friend spokesman wife nurse later looked fischer ill patient children especially son close fischer fischer developed friendship psychiatrist chess player later recalled long discussions fischer wide variety subjects december fischer television station pointed winning combination missed players commentators fischer belongings auctioned fischer claimed belongings worth millions dollars personal life fischer eccentric large number demands playing conditions world championship match erratic years losing world championship title religious affiliation fischer mother jewish fischer having jewish roots interview january issue harper fischer quoted saying read book says religion dull senses people agree fischer joined mid-1960s church prescribed saturday forbade work competitive chess according friend colleague fischer felt world coming end money publishing memorable games fischer thought coming soon mid 1970s fischer contributed significant money journalist stated fischer religion chess champion credited faith greatly improving chess went church revelations series sex scandals involving garner armstrong fischer eventually left church accusing vigorously attacking methods leadership death estate dispute january fischer died failure originally tract refused surgery reported fischer words healing human touch january fischer buried small christian cemetery church outside town kilometres southeast catholic funeral presided diocese accordance fischer wishes family present fischer estate estimated million million million usd quickly object legal battle involving claims parties ultimately remained fischer estate government claims parties fischer apparent japanese wife alleged filipino daughter mother american alexander father government claiming unpaid taxes according press release issued attorney representing ruled december claim marriage fischer failure present original copy alleged marriage certificate june court ruled favor petition behalf remains performed july presence doctor priest officials dna sample taken fischer body august court announced based dna sample determined fischer father march district court ruled fischer married september fischer widow heir entitled inherit fischer estate fischer ordered pay legal costs amounting million approximately psychology fischer views behavior attracted widespread comment psychologist chess player met fischer times said bobby behavior strange unpredictable odd bizarre ardent hard time explaining makes described troubled human obvious personal problems advisor specialist rehabilitation believed bobby suffered psychologist second hand sources concludes bobby meet necessary criteria reach evidence stronger paranoid personality disorder contributions chess opening theory career fischer predictable use openings variations openings despite disadvantage difficult opponents exploit limitation fischer knowledge openings variations extensive black fischer usually play king indian defense rarely indian white fischer exclusively played career fischer master playing defense common defense fischer fischer good record fischer worst record especially fischer maintained exposed black view black trading good bishop later fischer said forced admit sound doubt defense anti fischer renowned opening preparation numerous contributions chess opening theory foremost experts line called successfully resurrected fischer lifetime score tournament match games wins draws losses fischer recognized expert black king indian defense win celebrated games played theoretical novelty reigning prepared analysis board indian defense line beginning named fischer established viability called bold queen sortie expense development considered dubious fischer succeeded proving tournament match games black poisoned fischer scored winning drawing losing 11th game match following fischer use respected line utilized world leading players white fischer advances theory line beginning named prompted loss year fischer wrote article entitled bust king issue american chess quarterly stated opinion loses force fischer recommended known fischer later played king white tournament games winning fischer excellent technique international master listed best players calling fischer master bishop endings bishop knight called fischer wins fischer bishop including fischer clock fischer filed patent new type chess clock gave player fixed period start game added small completed rematch fischer fischer clock soon standard major chess tournaments chess fischer heavily chess currently played highest levels result june buenos_aires argentina fischer announced advocated variant chess called later known goal ensure game players contest chess abilities opening lines prepare opening strategies radio interview fischer explained reasons advocating chess chess depends opening theory champions century know players opening theory brought dead wouldn bad openings compare playing strength talk natural ability enormously powerful kid fourteen today younger opening advantage especially players previous century like maybe able young kid today maybe opening advantage opening advantage know play examples position don like chess legacy calls fischer figure chess leading players fischer biographers ranked greatest player lived writers said arguably greatest player reaching definitive conclusion wrote experts place second best probably ahead compared fischer play computer player noticeable weaknesses international ratings introduced website uses rank performances uniformly chess history determined fischer peak rating october highest history year peak average highest time year peak average january december second highest fischer ranked number player world total different months running february july fischer great rival praised greatest genius descended chess heavens american wrote people sphere accorded called legend time world champion stated fischer time chess entire soviet team biographers wrote faced fischer extraordinary opponents sic assurance begin fischer looked weak deep master plan mere right labeled phenomenon fischer fear suits sweat panic nervous systems errors calculations talk fischer opponents undermined intellectual powers dark mystic force wrote fischer new chess ideas revolutionary revolution progress january reigning described greatest chess player lived serbian called fischer man didn divide east west brought admiration german wrote fischer taken highest crown mighty invincible soviet chess empire shook world chess world core started chess boom united_states western hemisphere worldwide teaching chess playing chess career truly respectable profession bobby game simply fischer charter washington routing fischer achieved record rating beating score match rating dropped philanthropist offered fischer memorial prize player win games chess championship fifth day championship participants ineligible prize having drawn lost game head head record versus selected rapid blitz games included listed wins losses draws players world champions internet theory wrote sunday telegraph chess column believed secretly playing fischer speed chess matches fischer denied ownership account mitchell claimed played fischer mitchell providing alleged conversation supposed fischer study concluded user likely hoax real popular culture musical chess lyrics music tells story chess champions referred american russian musical loosely based world championship match fischer fischer match soviet wrote ironic song cycle honor chess crown song rank file soviet worker preparation match fischer second game expressions songs russian culture referred chorus song australian hip hop band australian band released song album song invasion album sings drops face earth bobby hero reference fischer program portrayed season episode film film searching bobby fischer uses fischer title film life chess outside united_states released title refers search fischer successor disappearance competitive chess author feels son successor fischer saw film complained invasion privacy permission fischer received compensation film calling monumental april film years old friend gets jail japan helps settle iceland premiered iceland film produced music october biographical film released directing starring fischer documentary film maker released explores life fischer interviews september american biographical film released starring fischer writings games chess simon new_york isbn early collection lightly games including game century bust american chess quarterly vol summer russians fixed world chess sports_illustrated magazine august controversial article fischer asserted soviet players tournament prevent fischer winning tournament history vol january february article fischer named greatest players time fischer criteria inclusion list appreciation games achievements column december december boys life later assumed memorable games simon new_york london studied young age classic objective analysis includes losses tortured self published essay fourteen page booklet fischer time jail booked fischer numerous books list fischer author book authored tournament match tournaments matches team events notable games new_york game century chess magazine called game great depth fischer king indian defense orthodox variation classical system lines fischer neo symmetrical position fischer beats strong moves game immediately recognized time classic fischer havana spanish game exchange fischer revived tournament later events important opening theory fischer final 4th match game defense fischer patient accurate handling bishop knight minor piece exchanged staple literature fischer final 7th match game defense game includes fischer famous cited today fischer world chess championship 6th match game queen declined analysis match page called game finest artistic achievement match fischer world chess championship 13th match game defense modern analysis match page called game highest creative achievement fischer resolved opposite colored bishops sacrificing bishop trapping passed struggled white similar seen chess fischer 1st match game spanish game defense defense analysis match page | Bobby Fischer | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
11484_WorldChessChampionship1972 | world chess championship match challenger united_states defending champion soviet_union match took place arena iceland dubbed match century fischer american born united_states win world title second american overall world champion american citizen fischer win ended short time years soviet domination world championship game played july game began august moves resigned day resuming play fischer won match eleventh undisputed commented global significance match saying think reason look matches probably chess factor political element inevitable soviet_union chess treated soviet authorities important useful ideological tool demonstrate intellectual superiority soviet communist regime west defeat treated people sides atlantic crushing moment midst cold war background match played cold war period increasing long held monopoly game highest level latest chain soviet world chess champions stretching championship fischer eccentric year old american vocal critic soviet domination chess believed soviet players gained unfair advantage agreeing short draws tournaments august sports_illustrated october german magazine published famous article fischer russians fixed world chess view fischer rarely agreed early draws unclear positions expectations enormous soviets chess political system fischer famously critical home country americans want don want open book carried burden expectation political significance match american achieved world championship champion american citizen excitement surrounding match called match century term applied ussr rest world match years champion lost world championship match won matches win right challenge title time winning said universal style involving ability play varied types positions notes childhood clearly leaning sharp attacking play possessed splendid feel initiative match fischer played games draws winning candidates matches route challenger fischer demolished world class perfect score feat accomplished candidates match fischer split games match world champion closed match winning games bare statement conveys magnitude impact results fischer devastation seven rounds game fischer won consecutive games nearly fischer higher rating july rating list record points ahead number player rating fischer recent results record rating pre match favorite observers noted fischer won game seconds match fischer second entourage included lawyer play significant role events surrounding match representative match referee time doubtful match played shortly match fischer demanded players receive addition agreed prize fund winner loser proceeds television film rights box office receipts failed arrive iceland opening ceremony july fischer behavior seemingly contradictions career finally flew iceland agreed play day match president surprise doubling prize fund british investment banker including phone fischer commentators particularly ussr suggested continuing demands fischer plan fischer supporters winning world championship mission life simply wanted setting perfect took stage behavior world class match play series games opponents involves players preparing openings deeply playing repeatedly match preparation match involves analysis opening lines known played opponent fischer famous unusually narrow opening repertoire example invariably playing white playing defence black surprised repeatedly switching openings playing openings rarely played white defence black openings fischer played match continually variations previously played repeating line twice match tournament tournament held spain november december players shown bold table qualified originally play event participated championship reserve gave spot president allowed fischer participate instead compensation paid occur contested game playoff yugoslavia early reserve position match ended declared winner better tie break score main tournament candidates tournament loser championship match runner previous candidates final seeded directly tournament joined fischer victory earned right challenge reigning champion title world championship match schedule results match played best games wins counting point draws counting point end players scored points match ended tie defending champion retain title time control moves hours games week scheduled player entitled medical reasons match games scheduled start sunday tuesday thursday game continued day saturday rest day fischer insisted chess set london remade fischer request match covered world fischer worldwide celebrity described hitler chess hotel received dozens calls day women attracted fischer enjoyed reading numerous letters arrived criticisms excitement grew match postponed people questioned fischer appear previously come airport surrounded reporters left combination play american versus russian created excitement world games game fischer indian opening game series piece exchanges position reached appeared dead drawn ending remotely surprised players agreed draw fischer played players consider light obvious trapping bishop exchange lost bishop black able obtain chess piece relative value commentators suggested fischer having planned overlooking keeps bishop trapped suggested afraid fischer wanted draw white pieces fischer wanted game headed draw owing unusual features position fischer good drawing chances despite having bishop position hopeless bad took place fischer drawn game correct 39th 40th resigned fischer game game fischer following loss fischer demands organizers including cameras removed refused appear game giving default win appeal rejected speculates game actually fischer designed specifically upset score favor observers believed match fischer leave iceland fischer looked board plane iceland second decision stay match attributed phone fischer owing sporting spirit respect sympathy fischer agreed play game small room backstage sight spectators according concession psychological mistake game fischer modern game proved turning point match fischer demonstrated acute intuitive feel position seemingly allowing white black structure fischer assessment attack created significant proved correct surprised fischer novelty react best way instead possible prevent particular 18th weakening light squares mistake game resigned day seeing fischer sealed best win fischer win fischer game classical main line game fischer fischer white played attack defence sacrificed slight advantage developed strong attack failed convert win game ending draw fischer game attack game fischer indian indian time variation fischer rebuffed attempt attack game fischer obtained blocked position weak bishop pair prospects moves faced position resigned fischer black dual threats decide alternatively wins fischer game fischer drawn level score rules stipulated champion retained title games match ended tie game fischer hinted surprise store game game fischer match began soviet team training debated fischer play opening different usual question raised expected fischer replied let bother nonsense play defence achieve fischer played instead time game game surprising seen fischer play white opening fact previously openly condemned played defense favorite choice tournaments line lost introduced moscow responded previously shown later beat apparently forgot fischer upper hand white crushing attack fischer game queen declined defense game joined audience fischer win fischer called opponent true bobby played steady fluent game watched moves met player bobby genius caliber fights piece board doesn agree draws like russian shock according alexander game notable things fischer played queen time life game second played perfection game casting doubt black opening system win gave fischer lead time match game fischer played time match fischer defended aggressively favorite upper hand consolidated extra reached winning played allowing salvage draw final position fischer extra execute draw perpetual check order escape knight fischer game variation game fischer english symmetrical fischer played game remained english opening opening game game gave exchange little compensation way advantage unclear sacrifice fischer won putting ahead fischer game english opening symmetrical defense game fischer game delayed took time pleading illness opening semi defense queen declined fischer played theoretical novelty ninth game game ended quiet draw moves fischer game queen declined semi defense game fischer fischer played opening great expert gives better chance fischer obtained upper hand initiating dangerous attack king suddenly placing black critical situation sacrificed exchange reaching sharp connected passed gave sufficient compensation fischer small material advantage drawing chances played fischer won game precise play fischer game game fischer game dramatic win games game fischer favorite surprised startling given time retreating knight starting position later analysis showed sufficient equality black responded correctly fischer black game unclear inferior defense fischer trapped fischer queen handed defeat black poisoned fischer game variation game fischer orthodox quiet queen declined fischer slight advantage game game ended opposite colored bishops draw moves fischer game queen declined orthodox defence game fischer defence fischer avoided lost game instead preferring black slightly better fischer upper hand game swung way finally fischer having edge sharp position clear win soviet team analysis convinced position drawn fischer stayed following morning analyzing resumption found win managed set traps fell lost seconds stunned refused leave board long time game unable believe result remarked strange lose opponent locked completely noted shock resigned fischer car remained seat sympathetic came shifted pieces demonstrating mistakes left wondering bobby win position night competent analysis renowned soviet team showed guaranteed draw world champion said game particularly strong impression called highest creative achievement fischer resolved opposite colored bishops sacrificing bishop trapping passed struggled white similar seen chess said games match 13th appeals play game grasp motive plan individual like imagination fischer game fischer shook hands audience thought agreed draw thinking draws wins wins black seven games games drawn fischer unable initiative choosing lines fischer unable break point lead fischer content inch title resigned fate board antics continued including lawsuit fischer damages filming rights match fischer objected said noticeable camera noises hosts reluctantly share film revenues contestants removed television cameras fischer demand remove seven rows spectators eventually rows cleared soviet claims fischer electronic chemical devices control resulting police sweep hall game fischer game postponed request fischer white queen declined fischer keeps slight advantage upper hand fischer played lost game settled draw fischer game queen declined game fischer fischer returned played main line lost game fischer sacrificed accepted upper hand game took second allowed fischer strong attack brink disaster found replies time pressure fischer able achieve draw repetition moves years later yugoslav improved play piece sacrifice winning crushing victory nice black turn later improved fischer fischer game line game fischer fischer played favorite line game equal defended tactical ended nominal advantage extra ending known easy book draw draw agreed symbolic material advantage little psychological torture game agreeing draw fischer game exchange variation game fischer defence fischer played defence time career game unclear game ended draw repetition rule fischer game game fischer game opened attack game equal like game game ended draw repetition fischer game attack game fischer second defence match game ended draw moves commented situation arisen tactical possibilities sides position unclear alexander wrote miracle piece sacrifices white counter sacrifice black players reached completely equal chances fischer game game fischer game equal fischer unable progress got better position fischer headed twice avoided draw repetition moves fischer incorrect claim repetition agreed draw repetition fischer versus fischer game attack game fischer game turned game fischer line played black surprised novelty game equal played badly game big advantage fischer fischer 40th best played actual 40th sealed preventing drawing chances allowed black win followed pushing september day scheduled resumption game informed fischer audience resigned game telephone making fischer winner match expressed disappointment arrived playing hall fischer person fischer game final score favor fischer making eleventh world champion won games including game fischer won seven games draws popular culture musical chess lyrics music tells story chess champions referred american russian musical loosely based world championship match fischer fischer match soviet wrote ironic song cycle honor chess crown song rank file soviet worker preparation match fischer second game expressions songs russian culture film sacrifice tells story fischer attempts defeat russian film directed stars fischer sixth episode season comedian recounts world championship match fisher games drunk history season episode october comedy central | World Chess Championship 1972 | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
11496_WilhelmSteinitz | later william august austrian later american chess master player undisputed world chess champion highly influential writer chess discussing chess history 1850s onwards commentators debated effectively considered champion earlier time early lost title lost rematch statistical rating systems low ranking world champions mainly took long breaks competitive play analysis based rating systems shows dominant players history game unbeaten match play years world number winning attacking style common 1860s unveiled new style play demonstrated superior previous style new style controversial branded games showed set attacks ferocious old school prolific writer chess defended new ideas vigorously debate bitter abusive known ink war target anti semitic abuse moved united_states escape early 1890s approach widely accepted generation players acknowledged debt notably successor world champion result ink war traditional accounts character depict ill tempered aggressive recent research shows long friendly relationships players chess organizations notably operated project define rules governing conduct future world championships managing money lived poverty life early stages chess career born jewish prague capital czech_republic hardware retailer thirteen sons learned play chess age began playing chess twenties leaving prague study mathematics vienna spent years university improved rapidly chess late 1850s progressing place championship score period nicknamed austrian achievement meant strongest player austria international debut sent represent austria london chess tournament placed sixth win awarded tournament prize immediately challenged fifth placed contestant strong veteran italian master match won wins draw losses encouraged turn professional took residence london scored crushing win match went world years started playing chess years earlier beat leading players matches charge rankings price march apologized letter loan beating taken clients provided main source income match successes established world players able arrange match london regarded world strongest active player won london international tournaments superior retired competitive chess won wins losses draws hard fight games scores level won games result match victory generally regarded world best player prize money match winner loser winner prize large sum standards times equivalent money continued match play success won match played inclusive wide margins years following victory beat seven wins losses draws comfortably beat seven wins draws loss proved elite beating large margin gradually improves tournament results took longer reach tournament play years took place paris second place won chess tournament ahead strong players victory strong tournament london ahead tournament finished ahead vienna years old changes style introduces school successes inclusive achieved attack costs romantic style exemplified vienna chess tournament unveiled new style play basis modern chess tied place ahead won play start won games main tournament including results plus play games start game winning streak competition hiatus competitive chess played tournaments match win games period simultaneous exhibitions contributed important professional chess player income days example paid simultaneous exhibitions exhibition hosted equivalent values chess journalist instead concentrated work chess journalist notably field britain leading sports magazine commentaries aroused heated debates notably founded ink war escalated sharply criticized games berlin congress won ahead eager settle debates second match play provoked comments consistently strong player challenged match accused insisted issue settled responded inviting mason sufficiently high stake match player equivalent money mason unwilling stake mason later agreed play match stake player soon postponed match circumstances having arisen highly proceed rivalry long lay caused commentators suggest scored notable tournament victories regarded world chess champion comeback success returned competitive chess vienna chess tournament described strongest chess tournament time point despite start took equal place ahead drew play match victim anti semitic attacks playing vienna sending weekly reports tournament field plot england end tournament field published anti semitic article praised efforts english players english origin vienna victory jews stopped working field replaced close friend bitter enemy sources differ exactly faction took chess columns field london tournament gap tenure visited usa mainly philadelphia area december given enthusiastic reception played exhibitions casual games match stakes wealthy amateur won matches professionals won cuban champion match abandoned leading wins draw loss hosts arranged visit new_orleans lived return london later took second place extremely strong london chess tournament brilliant start faded end finished points ahead finished points ahead placed competitor victory led commentators suggest regarded world chess champion said issue resolved match usa shortly london tournament decided leave england moved new_york lived rest life end ink war enemies persuaded american press publish anti articles founded edited magazine chronicled lengthy negotiations match managed find supporters sections american press including turf field farm reported offer fees expenses share stake match benefit performance solely profit match eventually agreed play match new_york new_orleans victor player won games insistence contract said championship world games played new_york led end won decisively wins draws losses collapse won games described reversal fortune history world championship play officially american citizen wanted united_states flag placed match citizen november having resided years new_york changed william started work drawing regulations future conduct world championship contests actively supported endeavor thought old remain world champion wrote magazine know fit champion likely bear title offered sponsor match select worthy opponent nominated russian condition invitation presented challenge doubt intended match world championship letters publicity material match avoided phrase proposed match maximum games said fixed length matches unsuitable world championship contests player lead play draws time supporting world championship project status match played havana january february won wins draw losses tournament final proposal winner tournament held new_york regarded world champion time prepared face challenge second placed competitor month wrote play tournament challenge winner second placed competitors failed tournament duly played outcome planned tied place play resulted draws wanted work conceding title prize winner prepared play title match played havana ended tie match considered world championship encounter experiment repeated matches private arrangements players wins rematch saint chess society offered organize match world championship played havana won narrowly wins draws losses german turned opportunity challenge world championship match demands medical practice loses title time publicly spoke retiring changed mind years younger comparatively level challenged earlier year refused non title challenge fellow german time world dominant tournament player initially wanted play match agreed stakes agreed series reductions found difficult raise money final figure earlier matches final combined stake worth values publicly praised act desperately needed money match played venues new_york philadelphia montreal year age difference combatants largest history world championship play remains today previously declared win doubt came shock won game responded winning second able maintain balance sixth won games seventh 11th asked week rest match resumed looked better shape won 13th 14th games struck 15th 16th unable compensate losses middle match won wins losses draws commentators thought habit playing experimental moves competition major factor downfall increased tournament activity losing title played tournaments frequently previously won new_york fifth hastings winning prize game saint super strong player multi round robin event took second place later results began decline 6th 5th cologne 10th london early defeated russian match winning games drawing losing rematch november january played return match moscow won games drawing losing world chess championship match years shortly match mental breakdown confined days moscow played chess inmates questions beginning reign long running debate chess writers reign began beat beat based april described holding chess championship world years evidence claimed title 1880s claimed champion win suggested claim alive defeated far wider margin retired chess competition soon returned usa died match explicitly described world championship unofficially described world chess champion middle 19th century fact organizers london international tournament said contest world chess champion wrote letter von und der suggesting organize world championship tournament germany commentators described champion years following match victory late 1870s early 1880s regarded champion supported match regarded creating title resolving conflicting claims title hand hailed world champion win berlin tournament having won chess championship world champions world following win place regarded personal life lived lady named born 1860s daughter flora born flora died age caroline died married second wife years later children dedicated pamphlet memory wife daughter february new_york_times prematurely reported death new_york mental asylum authors claim contracted cause mental suffered years months prior death spent time institutions result failing mental health chess activities yielded great financial rewards died heart attack august buried cemetery brooklyn new_york second wife young children alive death writings main chess correspondent field london present ideas chess strategy founded new_york edited addition game commentaries blow blow accounts negotiations leading match world championship project wrote long series articles died wrote book new_york tournament commented games published textbook modern chess instructor allegedly wrote pamphlet entitled charity confined river crest new_york final months life assessment book hastings chess tournament written collectively players described follows stands high writer powerful pen chooses use expressive english evidently fair friends foes alike appears fail like respect possessed fine intellect extremely fond game lose sight considerations people business alike chess life soul thing lives influence game play including similar contemporaries sharp aggressive play style world number beating confirmed position beating winning london international tournament claimed rank number beating play suddenly changed giving priority called elements chess structure space outposts knights advantage bishops etc accepted difficult defensive positions order demonstrate superiority theories showed methods provide platform crushing attacks successor world champion summed new style beginning game ignore search combinations violent moves aim small advantages accumulate having attained ends search combination power intellect combination exist deeply hidden play changed abruptly said thinking lines years games saw play london congress gave stronger start modification opinions developed began recognize chess genius confined deep brilliant finishing strokes original balance power position overthrown requires exercise extraordinary powers different kind maintain balance respectively proper time favor year tournament play later career chess writings present theories wrote field moving new_york founded chief editor edited book great tournament won compete tournament designed produce successor writers found new approach boring example said points pistol breast pick pocket steals wins game contested world championship match evident playing level equal spectacular attacking play fairly simply use principles time match commentators showed understanding appreciation theories shortly match new_york_times earlier published attacks play character paid tribute playing record importance theories agreeing difficult match career despite previous intention retiring end career highly player comments book hastings chess tournament focus theories writings explicit worthy seat halls university player world believed temperament impossible conquered player result play writings considered chess commentators founder modern chess took championship wrote great achievement theories find justice avenge suffered emphasizes importance pioneer field chess theory realise chess despite complicated game common principles happens time try founder chess theory pointed chess laws considered playing strength style statistical rating systems warriors mind gives ranking 47th obscure soviet places 15th time list players play opportunities competitive chess best years long competitive play author wrote article examined ways comparing strength world number players data provided found ahead contemporaries 1870s peak period highest total number years world player placed 7th comparison long players ranked world victory loss won normal matches wide margins worst tournament performance year period place paris lost handicap matches match telegraph allowed choose openings games won initially played attacking style contemporaries like changed style dominated competitive chess 1870s 1880s wrote aimed positions clear cut features theory best applicable retained capacity brilliant attacks right end career example hastings tournament spectacular game closing stages deliberately exposed pieces attack simultaneously king course significant weaknesses habits playing experimental moves getting difficult defensive positions class competitive games personality traditional accounts describe having sharp tongue violent temper partly short stature barely feet admitted like duke hold sword hand olive branch severe abusive published articles aware tendencies said early career induce charge chess column fair blame praise sure offence enemies embarked chess journalism brutally frank review proved right counts personal correspondence articles party articles long friendly relationships people groups chess world including earliest sponsors cuban russian chess communities operated project regulate future contests world title earned objective writings chess competitions games example attributed sheer bad luck poor tournament score considered friend generous praise great play bitter enemies fun rhetoric example remarked die america live england added lose match america win england having carefully considered subject come conclusion mean die lose match joint simultaneous display russia time saint_petersburg tournament formed impromptu comedy double act strong sense honour debts poor managing finances let competitor clients offered play world title match free died poverty leaving widow survive running small shop notable games london awarded prize london international tournament 13th match game london regarded prepared attack precursor approach later advocated 9th game match queen declined vienna quiet variation exchanges powerful centre create weak hanging white creates strong pressure eventually tries way trouble wins sharp counter attack 2nd game match gains superior mobility forces promotion aid little combination 4th game match spanish game general preparation creates opportunity swift attack leading mate 29th hastings italian game classical variation great attacking combination old 1860s style white 22nd white pieces black lost game won prize tournament tournament results sources match results sources | Wilhelm Steinitz | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
12156_BudapestGambit | chess opening begins moves despite early debut received attention leading players win black enjoyed rise popularity early 1920s rarely played level experiences lower percentage draws main lines lower overall performance black black try variation rapid development pieces common main possibilities white variation sees white seeking spatial advantage centre pieces notably important square variation gives white important spatial advantage strong centre variation leads important choice white reply brings game white enjoys bishop pair tries break keeps material advantage cost weakening white structure black usually looks aggressive game lines shock opponents know theory white structure contains specific strategic themes battle white extra black typically attacks white defends variation game evolve black attacking white manoeuvres lifts white attacking black push case black centre numerous variations allows white gain space open prospects light square bishop black check allows rapid development history feature article showed origins opening entirely known game played game featured key aspects active play black pieces white making typical mistake moving queen early player white pieces strong player new opening went unnoticed apart local experts witnessed game hungarians developed opening played dutch surgeon small tournament austrian player played vienna published optimistic analysis use opening world class player berlin april double round robin tournament players play black round ranked fourth best player world style loss play sought advice friend showed main ideas hungarian players found followed advice beat convincingly moves victory went win tournament defeat lost game drew opening tournament finally began taken seriously players like started play published monograph die des considered book opening reached peak popularity thousand games played white players adopted order avoid leading started look reliable showed white strong attack games hastings weeks later theme tournament held result black favor tournament year saw losing pet line white line mixed reputation plans developed white showed white small advantage assessment valid today possibility considered attractive structural weaknesses valued material advantage days end 1920s despite invention highly original variation considered theoretically dubious assessment left unchanged decades players highest level information games lesser players easily found time responses developed line included invented developed masters master showed white succeeded plan meant black worse tendencies sacrifices introduced variation line based pushes quick attack saw short lived revival included games previous years played high level competition won black white players found reinforcements invented line 21st century despite successful efforts line appears highest level black defeated opening round steel chess competition performance database website scores black wins white wins draws percentage draws especially low compared mainstream alternatives draws draws opening gives chance win opponents percentage black wins lower alternative main line percentage black wins falls lower main lines widely black times period best players world scored points times eighth best player world including tournament bad scored point world class opposition ranked number world ranked number ranked number seven number world win defeats played twice years number scoring points ranked number ranked number recently twice scoring win players times number scored points wins world champion ranked number games took place rapid blitz events modern assessment old opening seldom champions having fallen disgrace white methods small advantage defence strategically sound black gets good structure possibilities attack problems generally come white pressure column lack space manoeuvre pieces writes respectable opening doubt lines white manages extra black lot play strategic tactical themes white builds imposing centre variation white try defend material advantage instead building imposing centre brings good prospects space advantage serve basis future attack extended centre explains white invest valuable protecting structure allows black seize best squares minor pieces excellent prospects white centre variation black lets white build centre undermine later playing philosophy espoused teachings school strategic themes similar ones found openings like attack manoeuvre introduced black develops aggressively sixth rank moves lift example happen variation sequence support piece attack white king black easily pieces white king notably queen knight queen arrival square facilitated absence white knight square cover square black knight square block way black queen white tries defend allow sacrificed order open file particularly useful attack makes difficult white play chase away black knight furthermore attack intensified major pieces doubling file recycled diagonal apply pressure stay diagonal pressure white pushes stage innovation 1980s gave new life arise delaying order allow lift light square bishop wait long time develop attack potentially annoying black means closing sixth rank abandoning active diagonal blocking deployed addition risk king knight fork single black plan fall direct attack repelled old lines instead king developed queen retained placed file opens result black exchanged recaptured advantages variations black opportunity play depends white possible answers white blocks check black capture knight white forced isolated doubled advantage black fully loss bishop pair immunity attacks square black stronghold pieces piece exchanges good black hope exploit crippled structure ending hand white recapture piece trade typically bishop pair insufficient compensation white compelled play concession makes harder knight reach ideal square black later compelled exchange white gains bishop pair situations finally white play black exchange bishops white forced recapture recapture allow reach square example variation right good white good reply apart loses causes white great problems attacked results double attack black answer simultaneously attacking pressure square variation white moved backward open file black apply pressure file general square particular typical moves plan include manoeuvre followed putting heavy pieces file right placed pressure depending circumstances involved cases assert control central square plan viable certain conditions met square available later transfer white able easily advance adequately defended possible finally white time launch quick attack black position thrust breakthrough push main lines push brings gains white variation right white gets bishop pair space advantage order build potential advantages common plan perform minority attack goal performing advance favourable conditions push yield advantages white prospects light square bishop creates half open file attack creates isolated backward exchange example right natural mistaken white immediately realise strategic goal black accepts temporary sacrifice white gets created weak black declines difficulties developing example followed weak black generally tries hinder push moves like creates hidden similarly variation white doubled limit scope bishop pair push free light squared bishop disrupt black position variation white good reasons push close diagonal harder black develop pushes like answered respectively creating weak black prospects enhanced named game vienna occurs variation attacked black moment instead regains sets trap right white win piece falling allow mate exchange threat mate remains indirectly defends capture rare variant occurred miniature variation moves white trying save queen fell mate variation variation named game played tournament white ready return order develop pieces best squares square square diagonal black try minor line delays development dark square bishop develop diagonal instead diagonal depending circumstances main line attack forcing blocking white bishop white pieces protect long run placing bishop square points explains sight bishop lacks prospects held bay insecure view threat exchange reality posting bishop deep strategic significance holds advance assuming white bishop future knight outpost turn activity white bishops exchanging threat bishop retreat cases remain support important theoretical decision white choose play protects square threatens advance encourages black lift puts long ago obvious intention expanding standard black responds logical apparent tournament practice inclusion moves fact black favour gives queen access play square line opinion gradually shifted main continuation possible continuation present status considered mistake threat push taken seriously black typically answers 1980s discovered push actually useful black allows developed sixth rank push useful white able easily push puts point fits plan attacking white little way defending white find clear way good use turn critical waste tempo moves black regained invested white space advantage centre initiate pressure pushes like possibly supported knight square white king lacks defenders black start pieces driven attack lift section stem game continued black won moves avoid unfavourable development white players changed order original square long possible help defence typical order met immediately attacking black usually manoeuvre considers situation favourable white thinks black lot possibilities lift struggle lies ahead line advance white tries gain tempo lines previous section making difficult black initiate lifts moves white tried different plans older sees white attack centre moves like white gets important space advantage centre black attack lifts white try capture point retreat lock black played thinks right importance diagonal black bishop white obvious path minute advantage black simply react loss bishop pair compensated semi open file improved control central squares considers exchange black better position main continuation keeping knight jumps later common plan black lift plan tried commented game berlin open black duly won game continuation authors agree advantage consider white advantage recommending instead dangerous threats writes true bishop pair looks bit lined rank way stop breaking later second plan white unveiled aims moves like original game black white idea black pieces ill placed counter white attack plan black react centre specifically targeting backward square black succeeded white expansion black fine order white searching new path prefers white white immediate extremely dangerous black offered white gets fierce attack free variation sequence called variation reference famous game berlin employed authors consider dangerous black aims answer blocking contrary happens variation point variation white faces risk strong attack section variation seldom case placed protect white hand early development bishop means white vulnerable check defended rare cases subject attack apart main line continues players developing pieces white important choice moves leading extremely different play white breakup return material advantage bishop pair active play centre white gives healthy structure acquire bishop pair white generally plays force immediate exchange bishop knight gaining bishop pair spatial advantage chances minority attack white try win tempo variation end exchange favourable circumstances exists regarded end 20th century squares particularly covered white try exploit weaknesses manoeuvres pressure diagonal pressure squares open file nonetheless line found new supporters recent years thanks black wins years reaction considered retreat black provocative fourth points bishop danger staying play long time later found effective black capturing white tries advantage weakening black typical moves considers best try sacrificing weaken black control square expose black king white tried quickly open file black succeeds keeping file closed alternative place bishop wide open diagonal white expect safe advantage according delaying recapture correct white gain advantage immediate better time considered black problems dealing threats correct way black found good black white efforts switched open file black avoid leave advantage white example black loss line white advantage consisting ability install knight strong square attack weakened black advance better black continue fail black try instead line important line black ensured regaining sacrificed black best immediately exchange white gets small advantage simply avoiding doubled section advantages black pressure white possibility white threatens ease pressure force unfavourable square black possibilities sustain initiative line puts pressure white pressure later intensified black queen gains access square puts pressure diagonal aimed white king reach position famous game later lost better correct method black target thinks inappropriate gives black excellent prefers black switch mode line black want queen prefers concentrate active piece play centre possible queen developed exposed exposed considers main respectable option considers inaccurate black try create attacking weak cases key possibility knight attacks weak controls square supports thrust line way till attacked black play allow trap mate section trap white forced exchange pair knights white win piece usually plays order protect mating threat black obliged bishop lose bishop black usually plays explains opening assess position favourable white basis bishop pair considering closed nature position white faces substantial difficulties nominal advantage black lot things proud targets white camp lot resistance thanks small assets black strongly attacks moving natural squares exchanging knight appealing white mean losing advantage bishop pair better counterpart makes good squares remains restricted explains natural plans sides white try minority attack order increase space advantage create weaknesses black isolated backward white try use advances good conditions supported queen file file hand black try position closed importantly keeping order bay achieved moves like manoeuvre black white plays gets clear advantage immediately example loses bad white winning international master suggested alternative black regards inferior arguing strong black bishop traded knight white gets long term advantage bishops semi open game taylor instead advocates black stands wins wins material battle push white try tried supports aforementioned plan particular white choose wants start active operations immediately wants finish development immediate possible sacrifice order open bishops points black knight lost support tactical motifs based carefully checked white gets powerful attack decisive idea tried preparatory white reminded finished development counter attack playing black chose different path opponent sacrificed chose destroy structure activate pieces use file popular white delays play achieved gives black time organise defence line variation white tries avoid order gain tempo variation standard moves followed black chance exchange game entirely different structure depending black gives bishop pair tries thinks strategies black gives bishop pair exchanging mistake like strategy retreat recommends strategy retreat bishop maintain position help advance black gives bishop pair black runs risk end tempo variation soon unable meet white threats white avoid push continue standard plans variation bad black implement plan white concentrate development turns attention means black time organise play variation notably attempt blockade square white immediate pressure black position black compelled castle rapidly king centre longer time castle note white wasted time fact easy extra tempo possibility black develop light square bishop rapidly moves game continued position better white suggests improvement game norwegian team championship black introduced highly original plan avoiding natural advance instead blocked white push playing game continued deeply impressed plan white fun allowed advance restricted easily removed weakness worry protected necessary black keeps bishop pair black avoid immediate exchange ways resurrected elaborated exchange achieved loses piece white possibilities play advantage advanced development space advantage possibility install knight good square taylor considers black best line stating black given white bishop pair weakened structure able gradually possibility black long possible exchanging white knight favourable circumstances couple attempts mind subtle variations moves mundane white continue right play exposed knight ideal square idea immediate square bishop push possible advance white knight moves game bad black kept bishop dynamic play right black wants open diagonal queen white react attack ways best develop piece protect helps guarding threat winning exchange answered white repel black attack instead black play recommends black open diagonal black tries advantage fact white moved dark squared bishop away leaving protection correct plan white shown played open diagonal weakened precisely useful support push exchange knight black dark squared bishop possible forcing retreat puts doubt black satisfactory answer white play game variation variation named thanks wins games hastings white try material advantage establishing strong center space advantage controversial point typical black manoeuvre black white doubled white centre thinks considering bad good main line black important choice retreat considered best retreat probably playable taylor considers inferior recommending instead rarely played idea taylor point allow taylor suggests meeting quick development lost considers main line good play black line knight safer placed general strategy control central dark squares knight white difficulties short plan exchange dark squared bishops met muddy waters points white longer castle usually way slow gives black time try undermine white centre end comes order pin white knight white queen note black wait opponent wasted tempo main continuation controls diagonal considered best reply black wants contest square try games continue best reply white controversial diagonal weakened black develops square queen square placed pressure black pieces continuing pushes like probably weakening demonstrated game black best attack pieces possibly setup case considers knight avoided black respond capture white considers avoided continuation gives white black queen better recommends introduction intermediate change opinion bishop placed black experienced difficulties developing mention game cited black played advance restrict white advance achieved equality instead recommends development game deserves attention white movements restricted black knight able settle square kicked thematic appear reached position elaborated previous games tempo black committed bishop later drop square instead heading white knight actively placed fact fully black slight loss time line knight puts pressure embarrassed later thrust attempt deny squares continuing achieve goal black superior structure positioned gives advantage leaves white choice controls square order prepare push unlike white fear encounters difficulties black knight danger lost instead black react quickly adopt normal setup act threatening point favour black queen prevents white short placed white castles long takes diagonal black lines prepare long castle mandatory white opt avoid having doubled prepared sacrifice piece activity deficit normal defence runs attacked white need bother doubled peaceful black player choose quiet followed normal development instead adventurous black player choose indicated recent book thinks game black player peaceful aggressive proposes alternative black king safe shall easy white meet main responses allow black promising chances respectively variation variation said origins chess circles leipzig important game tournament variation black makes immediate effort regain preferring concentrate active piece play tactical tricks allows white avoid annoying bishop check annoying knight jump prepares undermine black knight consider white best assessing leading large advantage white considers best answer point effective lines met gives black bishops placed squares recommends instead continues large advantage white develops piece covers sensitive square black easily confused order natural position white try strong initiative white retain bishop recommends difficult play black certain gain avoid possibilities advises order mention possibility white answering possible improvement black compensation lines line immediately attacks retreat black effectively surrender temporary lead development compensation sacrificed black continue develop trying square means easy thinks gives black problems solve agree stating reply followed ensures black rapid development plenty reason danger list reply right white pieces deciding white reply lose bishop pair black easily regain knight block black open game favourable circumstances best white black regained white bishop pair possibilities attack possibilities line apart main lines significant fourth continue order white knight starts journey reach ideal square idea favorite leading soviet coach writer wrote book soviet chess line shown strong correspondence player black tried prevent white idea suitably strange looking taking square white develop active possibility store knight central position black ignore white intentions concentrate play placing order pressure square position black knights secured black position similar variation played white reason abandon diagonal black try game white gained minimal edge fourth moves lines tried outcome varying immediate equality clear advantage black cooling avoids complications heads equal black loss right castle great importance queens traded black wants avoid early try exchange queens plus black white isolated doubled weak white development diagonal black immediately exploit threatens fork white black later push open centre black good squares pieces white delayed reasonable looking protects attacks problem white natural moves lead disaster best black natural error winning queen white develop quietly moves like allowing black find active positions pieces preparing ideas excellent attacking possibilities similar white seize opportunity return calm waters line try black lead development declining declining seen master play promises white equality best white prematurely blocked central position giving diagonal black bishop variation black play plan like plan like shy line french defence black develop rapidly black gains crushing attack game continued assess position favourable black game paris continued white problems developing potential weakness games singapore following game played chinese white armenian black singapore preparing manoeuvre calls advance soul new played stronger white played writes shows like aggression white defended white repeat moves try black time increase pressure winning queen black force mate moves thrill play board | Budapest Gambit | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
13155_Rulesofchess | rules chess rules chess known laws chess rules governing play game chess exact origins chess unclear modern rules took form middle ages rules continued slightly modified early 19th century reached essentially current form rules varied somewhat place place today chess international governing body des sets standard rules slight modifications national organizations purposes variations rules fast chess correspondence chess online chess chess variants chess game played people sixteen pieces types player type piece moves distinct way goal game threaten opponent king inevitable capture games necessarily end players resign believe lose addition ways game end draw basic movement pieces rules govern equipment time control conduct ethics players accommodations physically challenged players recording moves chess provide procedures resolving irregularities occur game initial setup chess played square board divided squares alternating color similar matter actual colors board lighter colored squares called light white darker colored squares called dark black sixteen white sixteen black pieces placed board beginning game board placed white square player near right corner horizontal rows called ranks vertical rows called files player controls sixteen pieces beginning game pieces arranged shown king queen bishops knights pieces placed square follows placed outside corners right left edge knights placed immediately inside bishops placed immediately inside knights queen placed central square color player white queen white square black queen black square king takes vacant spot queen placed square pieces popular remember setup queen color white right refers setting board square closest player right white gameplay player controlling white pieces named white player controlling black pieces named black white moves players alternate moves making required legal skip having detrimental play continues king player draw declared explained addition game played time control players exceed time limit lose game official chess rules include procedure determining plays white instead decision left open tournament specific rules swiss system tournament round robin tournament case non competitive play mutual agreement case kind random choice employed common method player conceal piece usually color hand player chooses hand open reveal color play white movement basic moves type chess piece method movement piece moves vacant square capturing opponent piece knight pieces jump pieces piece captured taken attacking enemy piece replaces square exception captured piece permanently removed game king check captured king moves exactly square horizontally vertically special king known allowed player game moves number vacant squares horizontal vertical direction moved bishop moves number vacant squares diagonal direction queen moves number vacant squares horizontal vertical diagonal direction knight moves nearest square rank file diagonal thought moving squares horizontally square vertically moving square horizontally squares vertically pattern knight blocked pieces jumps new location complex rules movement moves straight forward square square vacant moved option moving squares straight forward provided squares vacant backwards pieces capture differently capture enemy piece squares squares vacant involved special moves promotion consists moving king squares placing king adjacent following conditions hold king involved previously moved pieces king king currently check king pass end square attack enemy piece permitted attack pass attacked square king rank advances squares original square ends turn adjacent opponent rank captured opponent moved square forward capture legal opponent immediately following advance right demonstrate instance white moves black capture moving white removed board promotion player advances eighth rank promoted converted queen bishop knight color choice player queen usually chosen choice limited previously captured pieces theoretically possible player queens bishops knights promoted desired piece available player provide piece check king check attack enemy piece piece unable place king check pinned king deliver check opposing player player places leaves king check possible ways check king square threatened capture threatening piece possibly king block check placing piece king opponent threatening piece possible check king game section informal games customary announce check making puts opponent king check formal competitions check rarely announced competition rules rules apply games played board special rules correspondence chess blitz chess computer chess handicapped players act moving pieces movement pieces hand hand taken piece moving retracted illegal player king hand hand case promotion player releases eighth rank player promote moved player touch piece board promotion finalized new piece released promotion square touch rule play player having touches piece having intention moving player legally moved long hand left piece new square legal piece player touches opponent pieces piece captured legal touched pieces moved captured penalty king piece touched player touches time touching king player castle legal player completes square king touching player correct accordingly direction legal player starts castle illegally legal king possible including player moves eighth rank substituted different player stopped touching complete promoted piece released square player wishes touch piece intention adjusting position square player alert opponent intention saying adjust game started player touch pieces board timing tournament games played time constraints called time controls chess clock player moves time control game different types time controls cases player certain time certain number moves cases player limited time moves player gain small additional time small added clock delaying small time time started opponent player delivers game player wins matter subsequently noticed time clock player calls attention player time player time sequence legal moves leads player wins automatically player possibility game draw rule different rule defines insufficient material win time lone king king plus knight king plus bishop king plus knights opposed forced win final position win time material rule requires win forced position rule merely requires win possible rules appeal women world chess championship famous instance rule player time calls attention opponent running time sudden death time control game continues time control period game played sudden death time control established player ran time game lost player game drawn player believes opponent attempting win game time normal means sudden death time control player minutes remaining player stop claim draw declare game draw postpone decision opponent extra minutes recording moves square identified unique pair letter number vertical files labeled white left white right similarly horizontal ranks numbered starting nearest white board square board uniquely identified file letter rank number white king example starts game square black knight formal competition player obliged record played chess order settle disputes illegal positions time control making claims draws rule repetition position chess accepted standard recording games today systems international correspondence chess obsolete descriptive chess current rule board written paper recorded electronic device players indicate offers draw writing time player minutes left complete moves required record moves delay thirty seconds available times player respond opponent writing chess irregularities illegal player makes illegal legal piece possible touch rule applies illegal attempt castle touch rule applies king adjust time clock according best evidence mistake noticed later game restarted position error occurred regional organizations different rules blitz chess played players small limited time minutes rule varies player correct illegal player pressed clock player pressed clock opponent claim win hasn moved opponent moves illegal accepted penalty according laws chess completed illegal awarding opponent additional minutes clock second completed illegal player results loss game position impossible opponent win series legal moves opponent bare king case game drawn completed player pressed clock rapid chess blitz chess completed illegal results loss illegal position discovered game starting position incorrect game restarted discovered game board oriented incorrectly game continued pieces transferred correctly oriented board game starts colors pieces reversed game continues rules regional organizations different rules player knocks pieces responsibility restore correct position time discovered illegal pieces displaced game restored position position determined game restored known correct position conduct players use notes outside sources information including computers advice people analysis board permitted record objective facts game time clock draw offers players leave competition area permission high standards ethics expected players shake hands game generally player speak game offer draw resign attention announcement check amateur games officially sanctioned games player distract player means including repeatedly offering draw increasing concerns use chess engines outside communication banned mobile phones playing area chess competitions penalty game expulsion tournament rules allow rigid enforcement amateur events equipment size squares approximately times diameter base king squares approximately inches normally suited pieces kings preferred size range darker squares usually brown green lighter squares white buff pieces chess set design standard usually wood plastic black white colors like dark wood red dark pieces called white black pieces white black chess height king millimetres inches height approximately inches preferred players diameter king height size pieces proportion king pieces balanced games subject time control chess clock consisting adjacent buttons stop clock starting component run simultaneously clock analog digital digital clock highly preferred tournaments include time delay countdown clock starts add extra time added prior time controls start game decides playing black chess clock placed end game player king placed check legal player escape check king said game ends player loses unlike pieces king actually captured removed board ends game shows example position white king threatened black queen square king threatened capture queen check resigning player resign time opponent wins game normally happens player believes likely lose game player resign saying verbally indicating ways writing result game writing black white king indicates resignation frequently distinguished accidentally knocking king stopping indication resigning stopped offer necessarily resignation player think agreeing draw draws game ends draw conditions occur game automatically draw player check legal situation called stalemate example position shown right game immediately drawn possibility series legal moves draw insufficient material including king king king king bishop king king knight king bishop king bishop bishops squares color unusual mates players agree draw players makes offer player having claim draw declaring following conditions exists declaring intention bring conditions rule capture moves player repetition board position occurred times player pieces having rights including right castle capture claim proven true game drawn time player able check opposing king continually perpetual check player indicated intention game drawn rule longer effect players usually agree draw situation rule repetition rule eventually applicable time control game played time control end loss player uses allotted time opponent possibly timing section different types time control players fixed time entire game certain number moves specified time small time added history rules chess evolved centuries early chess like games played india 6th century time rules varied area area modern rules took form italy 13th century giving mobility pieces previously restricted movement queen bishop modified rules entered accepted form late 15th century early 16th century basic moves king knight unchanged originally option moving squares promoted queen reached eighth rank queen originally square direction european chess able leap squares forwards backwards left right area gave right newly promoted persian arabic game bishop persian arabic meaning elephant moved squares jump middle ages promoted equivalent queen time weakest piece reached eighth rank 12th century squares board alternated colors standard 13th century word laws emerged drastically altered game requirement win player win capturing opponent pieces stalemate added outcome changed times history stalemate rule gained option moving squares rule natural consequence new option king acquired right castle variations history different versions rule queen bishop acquired current moves stronger pieces changes accepted game essentially modern form rules promotion changed times stated originally promoted queen time weak piece queen acquired current powerful piece promoted queen bishop knight 18th century rules allowed promotion piece captured rules published 19th century restriction lifted allowed player queen rules new rules concerning draws introduced changed years repetition rule added times required exact conditions specified clearly repetition history rule added times number moves required different years 20th century standard moves extended moves specific rule history group new laws included touch rule accompanying adjust rule white moves orientation board procedure illegal procedure king left check moves issues behavior players spectators chess set introduced standard style pieces size pieces squares board standardized laws history middle 19th century chess games played time limit match took time hours suggested time limit action taken london tournament blamed loss match williams slow play game day moves year match limit minutes use modern style time limit match known publication chess rules book shortly movement queen bishop changed modern form 16th 17th centuries differences opinion concerning rules promotion stalemate differences existed 19th century gave rules chess book liberal del del chess clubs arose tournaments common need rules wrote set rules widely rules later writers rules rules 19th century major clubs published rules including london paris called proposals und der published published rules new proposals published generally accepted english speaking countries german speaking countries usually writings chess authority published formed took task rules tried establish universal set rules translations languages differed slightly rules international competition control countries continued use rules internally created known published new edition rules official edition laws published editions rules published french official version published english version rules based authorized translation edition english official language rules edition published time laws handed frequent interpretations published amendments rewrote laws incorporate interpretations amendments abandoned idea universal set laws rules standard high level play edition implemented year changes rules editions issued rules national based rules slight variations published popular united_states starting continues publish use tournaments sanctions added variant appendix laws chess uses random initial set main pieces conditions king placed bishops opposite color squares rules extended cover positions rule mobile phones brought conduct variations case minor extra rule added particular match drawing resigning moves london chess classic december london | Rules of chess | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
15545_AlexanderAlekhine | russian pronounced october october march russian french chess player fourth world chess champion widely considered greatest chess players age strongest chess players world 1920s won tournaments played left soviet russia emigrated france represented fourth world chess champion defeating early 1930s dominated tournament play won class tournaments large margins played board france chess winning individual prizes medals prize offered rematch demanding terms set negotiations dragged years making progress defended title ease defeated regained crown rematch tournament record remained uneven rising young stars like threatened title negotiations title match halted outbreak world war europe negotiations world title match proceeding died portugal unclear circumstances world chess champion die holding title known fierce imaginative attacking style combined great skill highly regarded chess writer producing innovations wide range chess openings giving opening variations composed studies biography early life born wealthy family moscow russia october father landowner conservative legislative fourth mother born daughter rich industrialist introduced chess mother older brother older sister barbara early chess career known game correspondence chess tournament began december years old participated correspondence tournaments sponsored chess magazine chess review played board tournament moscow chess club later year tied 11th 13th club older brother tied 4th 6th place alexander won club age won russian amateur tournament saint_petersburg years played increasingly stronger tournaments outside russia mixed results age established russia players played board friendly team matches moscow drew end moved entered nobles strongest chess player march won winter tournament april won 1st category tournament january won major russian tournament tied place russian masters tournament drew mini match prize won game played matches period results showed pattern mixed later consistently good level april major chess tournament held capital russian_empire took place accounts conferred title chess finalists chess historian questioned stating earliest known sources supporting story article june issue new_yorker marshall autobiography years chess surprising success contender title formally awarded thanks performance right eyes audience july tied marshall paris world war post revolutionary russia july august leading international tournament 19th germany wins draw loss world war broke prize marks worth terms purchasing power today declaration war russia russian players interned germany september freed allowed return home way russia switzerland italy london sweden finland end october fifth player released sixth allowed return warsaw returned russia helped raise money aid russian chess players remained interned germany giving simultaneous exhibitions december won april won mini match wins loss summer served austrian september played people display russian military hospital won triangular tournament moscow june following year russians forced german army retreat ukraine charged links white counter intelligence briefly imprisoned death cell rumors appeared west killed conditions russia settled proved russia strongest players example january swept moscow city chess championship declared moscow champion resident city october won russian championship moscow tournament defined ussr championship brother took place tournament march married divorced year short time worked interpreter appointed secretary capacity met swiss journalist delegate thirteen years older married march shortly given permission leave russia visit west wife returned june abandoned second wife paris went berlin played seven mini matches won moscow drew won berlin won paris madrid won paris won shared prize thirds tournaments played successful efforts tie place vienna place new_york chess tournament champion world champion ahead technically play better competitors lacked confidence playing major rivals main goal period arrange match thought greatest obstacle play requirement london rules insistence challenger raise purse equivalent defending champion receive half defeated november challenged unable raise raising money preliminary objective went tour playing simultaneous exhibitions modest fees day day new_york april broke world record simultaneous play played opponents previous record set winning sixteen games losing drawing hours play broke world record february playing games simultaneously paris winning drawing losing applied time residence privilege france french citizenship pursuing studies faculty law obtain phd sources differ completed studies known 1930s thesis chinese prison system received degree law saint_petersburg practiced french citizenship application postponed frequent travels abroad play chess reported april shortly arrival france charged soviets special mission france later asked intervene favor lead french team nation tournament held london july wait new law published august decree granting french citizenship hundreds citizens signed november published official gazette french republic november playing world title buenos_aires october won buenos_aires december january beat max match married wife née older woman widow russian general reign title match challenge backed group argentine businessmen president argentina guaranteed funds organized buenos_aires world chess championship match played september november buenos_aires won title scoring longest formal match contest victory surprised entire chess world previously won single game death expressed surprise victory think superior suggested entered match technical physical preparation got good physical condition thoroughly studied play according research uncovered small occurred unwilling concentrate intensely commented contest easy wins rematch offered finalized immediately winning match announced willing return match terms required champion challenger provide stake half defending champion defeated negotiations dragged years breaking agreement sight relationship bitter demanded higher appearance fees tournaments played rematch took place death wrote demand stake attempt avoid challenges wrote consciously sought lesser opponents subsequent championship matches chance twice title matches agreed terms rematch played world title matches official challenger winning times held berlin amsterdam september november retained title scoring april june faced title match held german cities defeating games years old past peak anti statements controversy world championship match returned paris spoke president published official memorandum stating regarded enemy soviets broke contact end 1930s older brother close relationship publicly anti soviet shortly little choice decision august murdered russia probably open support nazis dominates rivals dominated chess mid-1930s famous tournament victories chess tournament points ahead chess tournament points ahead won tournaments outright shared place tournament placed lower hastings shared second place point swept exhibition match san_juan managed draw match paris played board france chess winning prize hamburg gold medals board prague silver medal board warsaw loss master prague loss chess event winning world championship early 1930s travelled world giving simultaneous exhibitions including hawaii tokyo manila singapore shanghai hong_kong dutch_east_indies july played thirty people simultaneously new world record chicago winning nineteen drawing losing games married fourth wife née sixteen years senior american born widow british tea ceylon retained british citizenship end life remained wife death noticed drinking increasing amounts alcohol wrote drank heavily tournament drank heavily match loss world title challenged championship match early 1930s regarded credible accepted challenge october earlier year dutch radio sports journalist han asked views forthcoming match rare archival film footage speak replies game bluff game clear straightforward game strong respects evenly balanced gives assessment dutch explaining feelings alternated optimism previous years score evenly matched october world championship match began netherlands took early lead game thirteen onwards won twice games challenger new champion december wins thirteen draws losses world championship match officially seconds services win major upset wrote drank alcohol half match later took glass games assisted thought caused problems alcohol match previously said win easily later world champions analyzed match benefit concluded deserved win standard play worthy world championship according alcohol altogether years match eighteen months losing title played tournaments uneven results tied bad place dresden june second july sixth nottingham august fine amsterdam october tied amsterdam october won hastings new year tournament ahead fine place nice march fine april tied fourth june july tied second july second reign quick arrange return match unable obtain won world title regained title december large margin match held netherlands fine match real contest initially collapsed near end losing games fine attributed collapse nervous tension possibly aggravated attempts maintain calm appearance played title matches held title death began won chess tournament march april tied sir plymouth september november tied 4th 6th ahead tournament netherlands tournament played dutch cities days time surprising rising stars took places older players found travel immediately tournament finished place challenged match world championship agreed prize fund thirds going winner match place moscow invited months advance play tournament ready match details agreed world war interrupted negotiations players resumed war won tournament fine challenged world championship match negotiations proceeding disrupted world war war home country estonia invaded ussr germany ussr end war soviet government prevented continuing negotiations grounds collaborated germans occupation estonia soviet standards representing france board 8th world war broke europe assembly team captains leading roles played poland germany plus president decided won individual silver medal wins losses seven draws results finals separately sections counted best individual scores shortly swept tournaments end august wrote possible world championship rematch spoke rematch virtual certainty stating cuban remaining buenos_aires came referred length financial burden aftermath supported latin american financial challenged world title match november tentative plans actually backed deposit required purse gold led virtual agreement play buenos_aires argentina beginning april world war unlike participants returned europe january short stay portugal enlisted french army officer fall france june fled tried america traveling lisbon applying american october sought permission enter cuba promising play match request denied protect wife french assets castle near nazis looted agreed cooperate nazis took chess tournaments munich prague organised chief executive nazi controlled greater germany chess federation strong masters nazi occupied europe played events tied second munich chess tournament september won shared 2nd general government october won madrid december following year won chess tournament june munich september nazis named means european championship later won warsaw 3rd october tied prague december drew mini match warsaw march won prague april tied june late spending time spain portugal german representative chess events allowed away soviet invasion eastern europe narrowly won match april won july following year won madrid march tied second place july event won won august tied august won september took second autumn match near lisbon portugal january won games lost drew took interest development chess devoted section book played aged achieved draw champion final year death world war invited chess tournaments outside alleged nazi affiliation original invitation london tournament withdrawn competitors protested planning match died aged hotel room portugal march circumstances death matter debate usually attributed heart attack letter magazine witness autopsy stated meat actual cause death autopsy inch long piece meat discovered blocking speculated murdered french death squad years later son said hand moscow reached father canadian lived portugal late 1980s thoroughly investigated death favors possibility makes case manipulation crime scene autopsy portuguese secret police believes murdered outside hotel room probably soviets burial sponsored remains transferred paris france assessment playing strength style statistical ranking systems differ sharply views warriors mind rates 18th strongest player time comments victories players strong basis time ranking website ranks fourth eighth best time depending lengths peak periods compared concludes absolute peak little stronger little weaker author website rates sixth highest peak strength relative players era time basis comparable ratings victory tournament sixth best performance tournaments book rating past present gave retrospective ratings players based performance best year span career concluded joint fifth strongest player surveyed tied peak period early 1930s won tournament played huge margins afterward play declined won class tournament regained world title new contenders greatest attacking players apparently produce combinations set apart attacking players ability potential attack prepare positions saw master produced said combinations positions said poet creates work art hardly inspire man send home picture post card explanation offered beats opponents simple apparently harmless sequences moves order time end original possibility difficult hidden commented special ability provoke complications taking excessive risks called supreme genius complicated position combinations complex modern champions contenders disagree analyses said attacking play based solid foundations went saying versatile chess equally home style play phases game contender world championship late 1930s wrote 1950s collection best games beautiful knew equally impressed games higher percentage wins drawn games average longest champions desire win extended formal chess competition fine beat casual games demanded match small stake table tennis played enthusiastically badly crush ball lost article ranked greatest players history fischer famous clarity play wrote hero cared style play light breezy worked scarcely work played gigantic outrageous unprecedented ideas great imagination deeply situation player chess history complicated positions found concepts style profound influence said having greatest influence like approach game chess ideas sure future belongs chess said considers greatest chess player time influence game openings opening variations named addition known defence orthodox variation variations vienna game variation french defense queen accepted defense queen game different lines bear commented openings consist games variations composed studies shown right miniature study maximum seven pieces wrote books chess editions games major match tournament plus collections best games unlike wrote books explained ideas game showed improve play books appeal expert players contain long analyses variations critical positions exceptions rules declared enemy soviet_union statement gradually soviet chess elite following death research games career culminating biography led soviet series tournaments moscow won jointly book devoted chapter called russia greatest player praised capacity seizing initiative concrete tactical play opening wrote chess learned fighting qualities capacity self criticism vision written success chess required firstly self knowledge secondly firm opponent strength weakness higher aim artistic scientific accomplishments accord chess equal rank arts accusations improving games wrote allegedly games fictitious opponents came victor games published chess magazines recent book lists improvements famous example game queens moscow actual game playing black beat moscow tournament books presented queens variation starting rejected black original game actual game won white player moscow book version tournament position right arose real play claimed white wins complicated play black goes queen recent analyses suggest case white plays black play white mating attack later computer assisted analysis concludes white force win sequence queens chess historian investigated game allegedly won moves queen sacrifice photos game progress discovered showed players game based position chess pieces taken photo game taken course stated published version raised suspicions published version published version fake doubt defeat opponent actual game evidence source famous win authenticity doubted accusations world war played tournaments held germany german occupied territory strong players occupied neutral countries march series articles appeared german language newspaper published paris occupying german forces things articles said jews great talent exploiting chess showed signs chess described theories cheap bluff self publicity majority anglo jewish pseudo intellectuals described match triumph jewish conspiracy reported making statements interviews spanish newspapers september said chess aggressive chess hand semitic concept admitted idea pure defence immediately liberation paris publicly stated write chess articles germans granted exit articles claims purely scientific rewritten germans published treat chess racial viewpoint wrote open letter organizer london tournament posthumous book differently extensive investigations yielded conclusive evidence authenticity articles chess writer claimed issue europe saw found exact text article appeared march book parties games written known articles manipulated editor british chess historian notes articles names famous chess masters interpreted evidence attempts signal forced write things believe simply errors easy read articles contained probably incorrect claims english polish polish jew probably polish jewish winter concludes things stand difficult construct defence discovery articles settle matter doubt current french copyright law enter public domain january evidence personal chess relationships jews june arrested imprisoned sentenced death jewish master saved sending telegram chairman knew ordered release accepted apparently chess analysis world championship match jewish master lived new_york visited return new_york defeating played short match favour financial second match master dutch jew american jewish wrote found friendly chess settings taking consultation games productive analysis sessions wrote treated younger time virtually dinner occasions new_york 1930s economy weak great depression added early 1930s opined american jewish challenger fact occur gave chess lessons year old german jew paris spring married american woman jewish ancestry fourth wife women champion paris notable chess games london queen declined orthodox defense attack king joins hastings called greatest games played incredibly deep variations black prepares queen queen declined orthodox defense makes obvious mistakes slow build lets initiative start board desperately tries free position crushed series sacrifices forces win piece hungarian opening reversed complex game combination wins knight world championship match buenos_aires queen declined game ends position queens board shortest games ending 26th black strategically lost good moves game spawned term gun formation queen lines hamburg variation 1st best game prize queen declined line short game ending queen sacrifice tournament said attacking genius equal history game world championship match game russian variation sacrifices traps king centre wins queen finishes writings wrote books chess best known alexander best games chess dover isbn originally published volumes best games chess best games chess alexander book hastings international masters chess tournament dover isbn alexander book new york international chess tournament dover isbn alexander book nottingham international chess tournament dover isbn alexander world chess championship dover isbn games analysis published edited published book alexander great chess battles dover isbn summary results competitions tournament results scores tournaments score games won games lost games drawn match results results matches score games won games lost games drawn results results played board france events score games won games lost games drawn information town portugal street named alexander near died book best games chess featured classic film matter life death named honor | Alexander Alekhine | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
15900_ChessinArmenia | chess armenia chess played armenia early middle ages early soviet period highly popular armenia today chess gained widespread recognition 1960s soviet armenian country million people armenia considered strongest chess nations today countries armenia chess capita country independence armenian men chess team won women team victory european championship february armenia ranks seventh world average rating players armenia best chess player currently world rankings candidate times school year chess lessons curriculum public school armenia making country world chess mandatory schools compared popularity chess armenia popularity football soccer latin_america early 20th century chess known armenian middle persian today term pronounced western armenian spoken armenian modern eastern armenian variation armenian chess known derived russian derivative persian literally meaning king loss history early history book chess suggest chess known armenia 9th century armenia arab rule according game brought armenia arabs india game believed originated 6th century chess figures found citadel medieval armenian capital chess mentioned manuscripts 12th century 13th century kept including 13th century manuscript mid-20th century villagers near chess figures similar medieval ones soviet period chess armenia establishment soviet rule initiative chemist sections chess started appearing armenian newspapers contributed chess armenia giving lectures translated books armenian chess competitions held founded chess players armenia competed championship armenian chess championship held winner later years won championship times titled armenian chess player national championship wins women championship held year shared champion title armenian chess club founded chess clubs founded 1950s chess particularly popular unprecedented success 1960s born current capital armenia neighbor georgia started ascent armenia victory national championship won soviet champion title times defeating soviet representative victory popularized game chess led patriotic smallest soviet republic moment chess national obsession couples named sons years won times soviet team chess players instructors judges number chess players increased including late soviet period soviet champions won soviet team twice born armenian mother russian jewish father represented armenia half armenian sources preferred armenian partly form mother armenian armenia gained independence soviet_union armenian chess players opportunity represent major chess tournaments taken place independent armenia 32nd held world team chess championship european individual chess championship held armenia earned medal finishing armenia won bronze medals armenian team breakthrough sensational victory chess won chess record similarly outstanding finishing winning european championships team performed somewhat poorly placing second teaching chess schools armenia chess primary school curriculum standards math history children age chess compulsory second fourth million spent program inclusion chess schools generally received positively public parents claimed children school program complicated argues bringing chess schools best way build future decision widely reported international media journalists chess experts officials countries praised program advised adoption respective countries visit armenia stated think armenia experience teaching chess schools great example world institutions national governing body chess founded president elected president defence minister reelected known enthusiastically supporting armenian chess players occasion stated don want people know armenia earthquake genocide famous chess armenian government provides salaries leading chess teaching institutions country founded initiative supported prime minister academy organized international national chess tournaments national championship armenian championship occurred championships held sporadically armenian annual event practice continued independent armenia won times times followed times times times woman championship took place held till notable women champions include times times times media magazine chess armenia founded published monthly weekly magazine originally named started aired armenia hosted longest lived program series channel history recently created aired news individual statistics lists active armenian woman international masters woman international masters men armenian listed currently world rankings won women women armenian chess players listed team records chess world team championships european team championships club championships city club won men tournament club won women tournament | Chess in Armenia | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
16470_HowardStaunton | june english chess master generally regarded having world strongest player largely result victory promoted chess set clearly distinguishable pieces shape pattern style required competitions principal international chess tournament england world leading chess centre caused recognised world strongest player onwards leading chess commentator won matches players 1840s entered parallel career scholar ill health writing careers led competitive chess attempts organise match failed alleged deliberately trying avoid match possible chances getting physically fit making time available match modern commentators consider understanding play far ahead contemporaries attacking player attacked preparations complete chess articles books widely read encouraged development chess united_kingdom reference decades chess openings english opening named advocacy controversial figure time chess writings hand maintained good working relationships strong players influential chess enthusiasts demonstrated excellent management skills life information early life based claims record birth baptism found chess historian summarised information sources born natural son fifth neglected youth receiving little education spent time oxford member university came age inherited thousand pounds soon later life tell played merchant venice famous english actor playing steps chess came london took subscription games chess actually played london late apparently took interest chess said time strongest players saw london easily given odds played games captain evans inventor lost match german chess writer improved sufficiently win match german master slow cautious player great defensive skill december edited chess column chess editor magazine chess column developed separate magazine owned edited early 1850s competitive peak early prevailed long series games strong player chess treats games incorrectly match fact series matches lists best performance little later year lost short match london visiting french player generally regarded world strongest active player challenged longer match played paris stake equivalent money prepared new opening lines especially beginning known english opening match took paris assistants known case seconds match gained seven game lead struggled winning match wins draws losses december wanted match initially unwilling developed heart second match von der later suggested faded second match long difficult negotiation reported went paris intending start match october caught pneumonia travelling died match postponed took place modern commentators regard facto world champion match victory title formally exist defeat arose continue french supremacy chess established contemporary english commentators mainly later writers hailed world champion response enthusiastic europe england writers suggested players notably von der stronger chess writer promoter began chess column influential chess column world continued rest life articles focused board play significant number featured correspondence chess followed enthusiasm progress promising including produced weekly articles chess match electric telegraph took place washington baltimore april captain kennedy travelled play games telegraph group london took long term interest solution difficulties travel reported telegraph games illustrated london news report match sydney adelaide calculated moves longest game travelled total miles distance earth moon published famous work print contained pages opening analysis pages analysis handbook based von der des published enhanced variations analyses book chess player companion followed found time matches comfortably beating professionals fourteen wins draws seven losses match set unusual way seven games gave odds moves won lost seven games gave lost won seven odds won seven marriage design chess set july married children previous marriage registered chess set design london obtained manufacturing rights advertised new set illustrated london news chess column pointing pieces easily identifiable stable good looking box signed received royalty set sold design popular standard professional amateur chess players wrote vote taken chess players pieces enjoyed playing win overwhelming margin proposed took lead organising international tournament thought great exhibition presented unique opportunity difficulties international participation greatly reduced motivated reports years earlier proposed organise international tournament germany winner recognised world champion colleagues ambitious objectives tournament including chess parliament complete rules procedures competitive chess writing chess proposed production showing known chess openings table tournament started captain kennedy missouri wrote winner regarded world chess champion organisers obtained financial contributions europe asia enabling committee set prize fund equivalent money despite generally enthusiastic response major players unable participate including von der travel costs accepted invitation offered pay travel expenses pocket necessary committee organised tournament british players promoted play international tournament obtain right number players knock tournament tournament success disappointing personally second round knocked won tournament convincingly play place narrowly beaten defeat williams suggests stretched acting competitor secretary organising committee fallen colleagues organised tournament played month later multi national set players competed tournament result won published book chess tournament recounted detail efforts required london international tournament happen presented games comments play unfortunately comments book illustrated london news disappointed placing achieved final stages playing career shakespeare publication immediately london international tournament challenged match games accepted challenge match arranged physically unfit immediate contest return work arrived late tournament convincingly won match soon seven wins draw losses later played match won play place london international tournament won games wins draws losses lost match given williams game start trying arrange match met von der brussels began match abandon middle thirteenth game von der leading wins losses draws unfit continue heart affected second match von der opinion chance health good contest onwards obtained contract publishers edit text shakespeare edition appeared parts work praised experts busy shakespeare edition received letter inviting city play won recent replied honor implied selection opponent champion pointing competed years working days week editing shakespeare possibly travel atlantic match wrote compelled literary occupation abandon practice chess occasional game skill entertain admiration win spurs chess europe advantage visit year meet country france germany russia champions ready test honor prowess chess historian wrote letter article interpreted refusal offer interpreted differently main reasons visit europe hope playing match chess historians disagree murray interpretation response offer play electric telegraph technology progress uses chess reported enthusiastically offer arrived left europe fortunate newly laid cable broke month replaced arriving england june promptly challenged match declined offer saying challenge came late negotiations urging play early july agreed provided given time practice openings provided manage breaking publication contract work early august wrote asking match occur asked delay weeks competed tournament started august birmingham knock tournament eliminated second round playing total games public chess competition wrote damaged health trying ahead schedule shakespeare project play competitive chess left london birmingham old enemy published article accusing trying delay match indefinitely received letter pressing date match met socially birmingham tense discussion agreed play early november tournament letter signed anti book appeared column illustrated london news alleging actually money share stakes letter widely thought written written immediately reading walker article letter immediately leaving birmingham time wrote friends asking obtain stake money match family refused contribute allow play money match money sent went paris play continental masters september printed complimentary page article complimentary mention chess column october wrote open letter circulated publications complained conduct replied october stating difficulties faced giving reasons cancel match october published entire reply partial copy open letter reference anti book letter chess columns printed anonymous letters took wrote lord president explaining efforts bring match accusing avoiding match means short admitting wish play complaining representation facts illustrated london news demanding shall declare world fault match taken place replied reasonable decline match opinion letter america instead given impression soon ready start match later life continued writing chess column illustrated london news death new developments enthusiasm published supplement work new book devoted pages presenting games praised american play years later published main subject history major english public schools presented progressive ideas learning place successfully active interest student engaged corporal punishment avoided abolished later life occupied writing shakespeare including reproduction shakespeare papers published death works highly regarded time died suddenly heart disease june desk writing papers time working chess book chess theory practice published posthumously memorial plaque hangs old residence road london memorial stone bearing chess knight raised grave london previously unmarked neglected assessment controversial figure time words chess journalist represents unique challenge chess history players immediately associate match extremely unfair focus relatively minor controversial incident ignores significant achievements chess historian writes issue national bias unfortunately require consideration affair chess historian makes similar point american perspective fact british thing accept treatment knew damned decent showing match critics british world champion biggest fans american controversy chess historians trace 20th century animosity books sergeant turn use book edge accompanied europe secretary personal assistant returned january months opinions edge value historical source vary widely american chess journalist reviewing edge book commented connection way manner afford reader half hour entertainment sergeant books sorrow extensive use edge book note edge strong bias suggests seen manuscript edge book disliked treatment affair objected edge treatment matters chess historians described edge unreliable having extreme bias wrote word applied edge small number english notably authors precise basis anti sign prejudice matter clear edge letters edge regarded lazy helpless immortal wanted negotiations edge insisted making public possible wrote response initial challenge article illustrated london news interpreted refusal offer interpreted differently main reasons visit europe hope playing match murray commented affair little fact kept open possibility match long good deal urged justification course followed noted sides playing tactical games public comments players respective supporters response complaints lord president said reasonable decline match opinion letter america instead given impression soon ready start match von der later wrote specifically affair thought chance health good contest onwards potter wrote obituary concerning utterly means getting engagement declined good grace asked released said heard distinguished enemy man weak backbone curved fear 20th century commentators critical known chess writers including israel criticised chess historians lack accuracy general specifically concerned writes non playing historian publish analysis useful similarly players indifferent chess history touch wrote non match sadly man considerable harm reputation later generations chess player wrote playing match greatest player century youth fame tragedy chess contest young champion old said play playing strength style famous story described author bad games chess historian traced book published author said seen copy written bad games title page winter unable trace copy time death said commented strongest player time great ability judgement positions lacked imagination required deliberately create opportunities combinations twentieth century opinions play varied enormously condemned hand wrote remarkable feature play number ultra modern ideas familiar restricted centre development work theory local engagement etc called opening considered early 1840s superior rivals opined profound opening analyst time theorist player nonetheless strongest player day addition understood concepts modern players hold dear considered modern player website ranks world number august july june january early 1840s successfully odds based player including eventually exceptions gave lost match losses draws win won games lost match given williams game start according match records collected players successful receiving odds won match london lost second longer match paris year eliminated london international tournament beat play place tournament relative health fragile competition late 1840s commentators wrote stronger von der regarded world best play von der forced ill health abandon match time regarded belonging closed category chess players example heroic category included instead seeking immediate combat deferred ready closed english opening got frequent use especially noted accuracy combinations personality virtues defects large scale world champion commented founded edited magazine wrote chess column studied opening theory published remarkable books endorsed famous pieces organized international chess tournament history british international master wrote achievements weight arrogant nature scarcely matched history game contemporaries sympathetic admitted response unexpected defeats proposals arguments considered ill founded highly volatile relationship founder dedicated chess earliest supporters enemies gave good got chess journalism business days involved involved fair share chess disputes suggested frequent wars words originated leading players commentators jealousy unexpected rise early 1840s disdain humble possibly illegitimate birth wrote hardly blamed struggles youth character jealous suspicious man hand criticized description germany second best player won london international tournament reasonable basis known von der skill objective chess commentator large percentage book chess devoted games praised highly criticised play presented losses showed excellent management skills building team organise london international tournament determination overcoming difficulties getting competitors maintained good working relationships important players enthusiasts example helped prepare second match captain evans agreed seconds match later helped organise match contributed help finance addition principal officers largest personal contributions corresponded von der years met letter von der november expressed sorrow deaths masters enthusiasts including especially conversation charming witty despite disappointing way playing career ended continued write enthusiasm progress new technologies players developments chess theory time death book chess theory practice sufficiently complete published posthumously described date fourteen years death influence chess proposed principal international chess tournament proved events possible produced clear consensus world strongest player subsequent international tournaments took place great_britain paris contemporaries including regarded writings chess openings best time immediately leading english language chess textbook went spawned remained print revised edition 1940s chess theory practice published posthumously regarded modern respects growing need date analysis openings obituary said literary basis stands play little influence players day explains chess understanding far ahead time deep living era shallow tactics rule contemporaries style openings accompanied eclipsed directly aggressive styles dominated chess unveiled approach little evidence direct influence modern chess introduced english opening called twentieth century invention fully respectable future world champion began playing 1930s similarly early champion today popular opening successful response little influence played today regarded safe defensive line treated vigorous slightly risky counter attack hand wrote revived old forgotten ideas introduced feared attacking line favour thought offer white equality best analysed different approach dutch followed world leading players successfully introduced line class competition later authorities concluded black gets good game advocated opening called opening rarely played today allows black choose sharp counter attack safe line usually leads draw writings edition shakespeare plays respected memorial tournament howard memorial tournament held simpson strand london restaurant regularly visited 19th century play discuss chess coffee house known simpson tournament strongest held london notable games john match london focuses attack shows opponent attack simply exposed white king match london starts apparently threatening attack development sacrifices piece counterattack leads decisive material advantage match paris develops faster opponent creates threats launches mating attack match develops pieces effectively closed position mistakenly opens position produces combination gives easily won match london game english opening uses modern looking formation bishops gains superior space mobility opponent wins attack adolf manchester team adopts formation opens center start attack uses couple small combinations halt attack gain decisive material advantage tournament results sources match results sources notes cases known won score books articles players games odds gave odds usually successfully matches based players matches played way means means moves second column scores shows games won shows losses shows draws | Howard Staunton | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
16538_AshotNadanian | armenian born september armenian chess international master chess chess coach highest achievements opening theory coaching opening variations named queen opening began coaching age brought coached national teams kuwait singapore awarded titles honoured coach armenia trainer permanent second strong player competed narrowly failed qualify world chess championship fulfilled potential according possesses enormous chess potential able find time work professionally chess said situation armenia able display tenth playing talent imaginative attacking style described brilliant eccentric armenian half brother sixth chapter book genius background devoted early years born september soviet_union taught play chess father seven early coach took pupil article old man chess tournaments young players play seniors went park near house play chess older chess lovers remembers park battles played mysterious silent stranger turned highly respected chess champion won sixteen championship beginning war family forced leave flee armenia chess career played armenian chess championships 7th 8th places 32nd 13th tournament shared 7th 11th places participants world rapid blitz championships playing board helped team silver medal performances playing strength style reached best rating july points best single performance moscow open scored possible points exceeding norm half point second norm came moscow scored points performance rating imaginative adventurous style playing mistakes according contain elements creativity likes create fresh positions straight opening employing bizarre maneuvers achieve goals uncommon chess openings repertoire magazine called brilliant eccentric devoted chapter book genius background jokingly called half brother coached similarities playing styles particular emphasizes ability implement effective ideas edge board influence common chess father example flank advances versus solid centre book chess strategy action brings attention game calls satire rule breaking white thirteen moves moves central black position extremely difficult world cup winner said passion beauty devotion romantic chess school inspiring noted positive qualities like subtle understanding dynamic positions good sense initiative quick thinking play negative like weak opening repertoire bad defence psychological element game chess contributions opening theory variations named defence moves queen opening moves variation strong second enjoyed popularity flight players described inventive creator number notable innovations including played novelty won said game second invented contributed analysis chess publications world including new chess chess columnist website written website chess coach second graduated chess trainer youngest honoured coach armenia students occasionally helped december august worked awarded title trainer english breakfast website refers friend second unable accompany tournament maintained daily contact online entire month february team held training camp helping prepare cycle conference noted lots players involved team absolutely work manages process planning training sessions referred permanent assistant said interview joyful events life ending student olympic champion armenian team student won bronze team dresden story repeated won team gold medal won team bronze personal life chess activities reading watching classical piano performances writing chess composition puzzle appeared time composed studies puzzles considers good particularly attracted problems final position white wins king knights whilst knights force lone king exceptional cases defender pieces idea clearly embodied highly original problem seven knights december published puzzles knights theme calling chess composer chess book collector private library thousand volumes plays correspondence chess family lives married daughter born moscow son born singapore asked interview father negatively affects chess career replied know true sorry important chess achievements relationships interview said perfect relations virtually armenian players stressing closest said open friend joked ate cat food named daughter replied told notable games game played white russian champion black internet chess club genius background book washington_post january white preventing threatening mistake correct opens diagonal queen reach file writes shocking allowing white queen join attack white wins writes truly ferocious shot black defense particularly striking example showcase brilliant attacking play singapore following game played member china team white black singapore known plan position introduced black develops sixth rank manoeuvre calls advance soul new played stronger white played writes shows like aggression white defended white repeat moves try black time increase pressure winning queen thrill play board books chess russian isbn | Ashot Nadanian | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
21255_Bughousechess | chess chess known exchange chess chess tandem chess transfer chess double cross chess swap chess simply bug popular chess variant played players teams normal chess rules apply captured pieces board passed teammate board option putting pieces board game usually played fast time control passing dropping pieces game look chaotic random casual slang mental hospital game traditionally played diversion regular chess board online yearly dedicated tournaments organised national international level rules chess variant played players teams team member faces opponent team partners sit player black white player plays opponent standard chess game exception rules specified captured pieces player capturing piece immediately passes piece capturing player partner partner keeps pieces reserve instead playing regular place pieces board pieces reserve deck placed vacant square including squares piece delivers check dropped rank dropped promote promoted convert captured play board promoted indicate promotion placed second rank squares player reserve stock pieces table board visible players game clock completion chess usually played chess prevent players waiting indefinitely piece placed outside player start game players black pieces start simultaneously usually played clock allows touching pieces completed clock pressed touch practiced lesser extent applies pieces reserve considered dropped contact square played clock usually rule preventing player waiting pieces sitting indefinitely rule states players delay time takes partner moves end game match ends games boards ends game won player gets time illegal caught match drawn agreement players run time simultaneously depending local rules repetition applies case reserve pieces taken account alternatively board finishes play continue board case pieces reserve dropped new pieces coming outcome match decided adding score boards communication partners normally allowed talk game instance ask specific piece trades ask hold piece suggest moves ask partner stall shouts like knight mates pieces common lead seemingly absurd captures board partners allowed physically act board player player variations possible play game players team having player boards simultaneous chess way playing game referred simultaneous played clock playing boards specific order pressing clock variation suitable play mail played boards game played exactly way normal boards placed alternating colours players clock board capturing piece player decide player team piece board chess middle player key gets material boards decide divide captured pieces middle board commonly cramped having twice number pieces available strategy material chess minor material advantage important material gets exchanged relative advantage larger new pieces come play material important common sacrifice pieces attacking defending hunting certain piece partner requires scoring system evaluate material add piece values material board chess equals unit bishop knight worth queen values consequence difference mobility pieces piece values differ pieces reserve essentially mobility dropped vacant square relatively gains importance chess limited mobility handicap reserve instance dropped block non contact checks dropped seventh rank step away promotion adds importance long range pieces like queen lose relative value constantly changing structure likely system suggested player applied bishop knight queen coordination captured pieces passed happens board influences happens board natural team members communicate game play common request attacking player trades good players trouble ask partner hold trades trades bad equally player request piece knight wins queen ask hold piece mates common situation boards player moving called sitting happen anticipation certain piece request partner suppose player heavy attack additional mate partner prevent giving sitting strategy course perfectly logical attacker sit waiting come situation diagonal opponents sit time known literally sitting war german pun difference time diagonal opponents eventually force party diagonal time advantage important difference clock opponents board apart active communication good player tries coordinate keeping eye board adapting moves accordingly mean little board trading queens playing opening adapted board attack defense attacking king mean checking opponent controlling vital squares king essential gameplay player perspective attacking king important advantages opposed defending attempting win material possibility dropping pieces attacks quickly lead attacking player initiative controls board opponent left react important consequences board easier attack defend defending mistake bigger consequences attacking mistake defender needs precise turn lead time advantage attacker common sacrifice material build sustain attack characteristic attacks called piece storm player drops piece piece check contact checks knight checks force king opposed dropping pieces especially important drive king open away defenders prevent opponent putting new material board partner communication essential good defense partner attack partner aware pieces hurt sitting strategies necessary important play defense fast accepting sacrifice lethal hand results attacker having piece play defender partner having piece sacrifices partner defender opportunity initiative opening significantly fewer openings chess openings chess openings create weaknesses easily exploited instance recommended openings generally geared dominating vital squares fast development captured pieces available moves important develop stage time later development helps defend early piece drop attacks sample game chess chess record moves games different piece drops possible internet chess internet chess club use sign knight drop queen drop check drop fast pace game played games rarely recorded games played board arrival online chess possible systematically record games format portable game extension chess software viewer replay games example game format event rated match site chess date result play board little known history developed early 1960s popular diversion regular chess local chess clubs europe known play game strongest matches record took place following cup teaming chess players world time absence international federation board competitive infancy world championship countries organize tournaments national chess federation examples include yearly international chess festival czech open july features czech republic championship yearly tournaments national junior high championship tournaments organized privately largest international tournaments yearly tournament berlin going sixth edition popular players took edition tournament took second place teammate annual tournament geneva attracting best european players online played online chess currently active attracting world best players like game played online way board aspects unique online games board communication heard players online usually private messages partners makes communication powerful weapon easier coordinate second board visible screen board time aspect altered existence influence diagonal time difference significantly good restart game difference gets large compatible particularly suitable include thief ability display boards time store played observed games partner communication buttons indicator compatible engines written support examples faster humans lack understanding especially coordination communication essential skill team game relationship chess chess controversial chess teachers instructors find beneficial learning outcomes consider positive effect especially chess players according children want play fun remember chess positive value chess fact absolutely recommend tournament arguments supporting negative view include typical chess pattern recognition heavily emphasizes tactical play expense strategy shares criticisms speed chess general potentially encouraging habit moving fast playing expectation opponent moving quickly view beneficial players know chess started play bug master level think good imagination develop new ideas trains players pay closer attention squares board | Bughouse chess | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
21820_StuartMilner-Barry | stuart barry sir barry september march british chess player chess writer world war civil servant represented england chess world war worked park world war head section responsible messages machine leading petition prime minister winston_churchill directly resources work war worked treasury later administered british honours system chess represented england international tournaments lent opening variations early life education born london second children died wife talented chess player won british boys championship pupil won scholarship cambridge obtained classics moral sciences represented cambridge chess cambridge befriended chess player hugh alexander composed number chess puzzles city unhappy work chess correspondent times succeeded early chess contributions debut international class chess strong london tournament world champion alexander won barry best results international competition achieved straight years tournaments hastings events finished middle strong fields performance ratings calculated places solid international master standard received title reached high world june august according ranks historical chess performances modern represented england chess played international chess tournament held buenos_aires argentina coincided britain declaration war germany september barry teammates included time british chess champion abandoned tournament unfinished returned britain results listed later article park return soon joined government code park barry recruited mathematician contemporary turn recruited arriving early joined section task solve machine german_army air_force wrote day claim fully understood machine worked let involved problems breaking reading nonetheless knowledge german language study found contained patterns forms address exploited reliable plain language message matched given piece text finding reliable critical task broken primarily aid large machines automatically searched parts correct settings reliant suitable order succeed autumn charge room alexander working counterpart working close friendship let easily resolve competing needs sections limited available time october deputy head time experiencing shortage clerical staff delaying work management appeared unable obtain resources needed affected run mathematician deputy alexander bypassed chain command wrote memorandum directly prime minister winston_churchill outlining difficulties fell deliver message downing street person october day churchill responded action day sure want extreme priority report month needs met autumn barry took head time grown staff having appointed assistant director park remained charge end war presiding number technical challenges presented introduction extra security devices including entry notes increasingly felt verge losing ability held end war small gifted leadership official history written immediately end world war comments early vital technical achievement finding administrative diplomatic talents later role head section world war barry joined treasury grade principal married son daughters year promoted assistant secretary secretary apart stint remained treasury aged reached normal retirement age civil service persuaded instead carry ceremonial officer honours system role supported barry eventually retired appointed work world war later chess contributions continued play chess competing trip moscow risky britain ussr allies world war locked cold war wartime knowledge great interest soviets fact britain broken german codes massive scale kept secret book ultra secret published placed second hastings finishing score best result british championships president competed british championship late competing club county level tournaments matches 80s obituary independent recalled effective attacking style perfection series friendly games old rival wrote style pleasing spectators looking dangerous found associated chess opening variations indian defence french defence barry variation results barry detailed results competing england chess follows stockholm board buenos_aires board board moscow board overall scored cent final years fiercely defended reputation come posthumous criticism publishing details wartime work echoing wartime visit downing street member party delivered petition prime minister calling government help preserve threat demolition died march london memorial service held june | Stuart Milner-Barry | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
23735_Endgametablebase | database contains analysis chess positions typically computer chess engine play human computer game played contains game theoretical value win loss draw possible possible position moves achieve result perfect play acts providing optimal moves typically database records possible position certain pieces remaining board best moves white black generated analysis working backwards position chess positions pieces including kings solved august solved chess position seven pieces positions lone king versus king pieces omitted considered solutions profoundly advanced chess community understanding theory positions humans analyzed draws proven analysis find mate moves far horizon humans capability computer play reason called question rule positions seen exist win drawn rule enhanced competitive play facilitated composition studies provide powerful tool board games like chess variants exist game specified assumed chess background physical limitations computer hardware aside principle possible solve game condition complete state known random chance strong solutions produce perfect play position known simple games crosses draw perfect play connect player wins weak solutions exist somewhat complex games perfect play sides game known draw known position created perfect play perfect games chess starting position solved game complexity vast computers evaluate possible positions reduce game complexity researchers modified complex games reducing size board number pieces computer chess oldest domains artificial intelligence having begun early 1930s proposed formal criteria evaluating chess moves designed primitive chess playing program assigned values material mobility program played chess based manual calculations competent chess programs began develop exhibited weakness playing programmers added specific example king center board comprehensive solution needed proposed creation database solve chess analysis instead analyzing forward position currently board database analyze backward positions player chess computer longer need analyze positions game solved longer mistakes played best possible published doctoral thesis analysis following classes thompson database match versus helped extend cover piece including particular published thesis research piece recent contributors included following people popular named adapted concept program called academic published extensively collaborated analyze seven pieces board constructed specialized seven piece versus world online match completed endings including july named set endings including completed august high speed generating named size seven man pieces available free download web external links requires storage space generating depth conversion depth mate creating programmer choose metric words define point player won game position defined distance number moves desired generally depth mate way win game depth conversion stronger win capturing material converting simpler example conversion occurs white captures black discussed depth depth rule count zero rule mate capture support rule april man generated generation code available download difference understood analyzing right white proceed depends metric according metric white capture leads immediately position certainly win moves actually contrast according metric white mates moves difference typical usually smaller metric leads quickest exceptions occur weaker king unusual knights versus defending material capture capturing material good capturing defending results draw step generating possible positions metric chosen step generate positions given material example generate king queen versus king computer describe approximately unique legal positions levy newborn explain number derives symmetry argument black king placed squares square position considered equivalent symmetry rotation reflection difference black king corner resides number legal remaining squares placing white king squares white queen product positions illegal impossible symmetrical reflections actual number somewhat smaller position situation separately white black assuming white queen positions white wins forced moves positions draws stalemate loss queen additional piece added number unique positions factor approximate number squares occupied pieces increase complexity symmetry argument reduced forward sideways rotation vertical reflection board produces fundamental change nature position best calculation symmetry achieved limiting squares pieces located squares respect complexity times number pieces step evaluating positions analysis explains process generating follows idea database possible positions given material note preceding section positions black white mate black stop white giving mate white reach position black stop giving mate away mate positions connected mate found positions linked mate shortest path database means apart optimal moves moves path perfect white leads quickest mate black leads slowest mate analysis necessary positions positions need worked position reached position draw figure illustrates idea analysis white mates moves leading position figure mate mate figure figure white second defined mate figure white mate regardless black plays finally initial position figure mate moves leads directly figure defined mate process links current position position existed earlier continue indefinitely position evaluated win loss certain number moves end analysis positions designated wins losses necessarily draws step generated position evaluated result verified independently purpose check self consistency results example figure program sees evaluation mate looks position figure sees evaluation mate consistent evaluation figure inconsistent figure need corrected captures promotion special moves piece rely piece result piece captured similarly containing able rely deal new set material promotion queen piece analysis program account possibility capture promotion previous assume possible reasons practical assumption correct allowed convention composed problems studies second king original squares allowed ambiguity necessary separate states possible ambiguity exists capture possibility depends opponent previous practical applications occur frequently account possibility positions sides information according method described allow possibility given piece occupy squares positions possible restrict search space affecting result saves resources enables searches impossible early analysis type published black bishop moves dark squares example position right position following assumptions piece captured look resulting position corresponding pieces example black captured look newly created position white stays capture moves handled 1st rule black stays capture moves handled 1st rule result instead searching locations reducing search space factor quicker calculation designed commercial program called allows users build new existing information program produce positions seven pieces blocked seven pieces generally available applications correspondence chess correspondence chess player consult chess computer assistance provided competition allows piece analyze occurred correspondence game versus world players analyze board play game competitive players need know ignore rule according rule moves passed capture player claim draw changed rules times starting allow moves moves insufficient win allowed seventy moves seventh rank uncovered positions requiring moves win canceled exceptions restored rule original standing identify position won lost fact drawn rule changed rules correspondence chess tournaments starting player claim win draw based man case rule applied number moves mate taken consideration designed produces results consistent rule search theoretical limits forced mate requires moves computer chess knowledge contained computer tremendous advantage computers play perfectly winning position complicated purpose programs use game theoretical value positions number moves conversion mate reveal position won lost draw data compressed reveals position won making difference lost drawn game example program type fits piece mere fraction require computer chess experts observed practical use addition ignoring rule computer difficult position avoid losing ending opponent practically win knowing adverse effect premature resignation inferior line play loses resistance play offer require lot memory store thousands positions use advanced compression techniques require hard disk space piece endings piece endings require approximately estimated seven piece require storage space computers play better overall memory devoted instead ordinary search evaluation function modern engines analyze far ahead conventionally handle elementary needing suffering horizon effect complicated significant effect engine performance developed released april form use chess program search variety consists tables smaller table win draw loss contains knowledge rule larger table distance zero capture tables designed small fit solid state drive quick access search form use root position choose game theoretically quickest win instead performing search available piece endings piece endings supported engines including theory contexts rule ignored answered longstanding questions certain combinations material wins draws following interesting results emerged proposed black draw entering defensive fortress demonstrated general win maximum maximum chess maximum moves knights win percent positions maximum moves despite equality material player wins positions maximum maximum player check usually wins analyzed 1900s won strongest cases respectively revealed lengthy wins longest win moves shown amazing position right white wins starting reported moves later found moves years position held record longest computer generated forced mate composed mate moves problem albeit illegal starting position discovered position astonishing moves twice long maximum moves previous record position wrote big surprise great tribute complexity chess later similar position shown august released preliminary results analysis following seven piece positions sight appear non example position win black moves white eighty moves position white optimal defense black studies composed studies deal positions exist checked studies cooked proved composer solution work equally effective alternative composer consider way cook studies change evaluation instance queen bishop versus thought draw proved win queen bishop studies based example composed study right white play win intended main line discovered wins white moves black capture best case capturing black loses moves loses moves incidentally recognize composer solution includes cooked studies assisted creation studies composers search interesting positions method called data mining piece piece complete list mutual published controversy allow studies composed assistance composing composer expert summarized debate opinions widely frequently adhered strongly extreme view certain computer pointless attempt distinction simply evaluate study content reference origins extreme view mouse lift interesting position ready computer generated list sense composing outlaw position agrees approach continues thing clear distinction classical composing computer composing preserved long possible associated study claim authorship international master chess trainer author took stance commenting study published reached position right introductory moves drawing white based mutual occur moves later comments touch delicate question sure unique position discovered help famous computer database flaw diminishing composer achievement yes computer database instrument available doubt probably extract unique positions chess composers regularly standard evaluation result achieved based complex computer analysis content sharp ideas probably interest certain play chess god website maintains link data headline reads play chess god long wins struck similar note wouldn better learned chess yesterday sort chess chess chess imagined computers moves awesome scary know truth god like revealed meaning life don understand word nomenclature originally called data base database appeared journal starting 1970s today according journal word connection chess according source contains complete set information database lack information prefers term table articles authored term database magazine nonetheless mainstream chess community adopted common books written books based detailed analysis john secrets endings isbn john secrets endings 2nd isbn john secrets endings 2nd isbn tables | Endgame tablebase | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
25332_StuartMilner-Barry | stuart barry sir barry september march british chess player chess writer world war civil servant represented england chess world war worked park world war head section responsible messages machine leading petition prime minister winston_churchill directly resources work war worked treasury later administered british honours system chess represented england international tournaments lent opening variations early life education born london second children died wife talented chess player won british boys championship pupil won scholarship cambridge obtained classics moral sciences represented cambridge chess cambridge befriended chess player hugh alexander composed number chess puzzles city unhappy work chess correspondent times succeeded early chess contributions debut international class chess strong london tournament world champion alexander won barry best results international competition achieved straight years tournaments hastings events finished middle strong fields performance ratings calculated places solid international master standard received title reached high world june august according ranks historical chess performances modern represented england chess played international chess tournament held buenos_aires argentina coincided britain declaration war germany september barry teammates included time british chess champion abandoned tournament unfinished returned britain results listed later article park return soon joined government code park barry recruited mathematician contemporary turn recruited arriving early joined section task solve machine german_army air_force wrote day claim fully understood machine worked let involved problems breaking reading nonetheless knowledge german language study found contained patterns forms address exploited reliable plain language message matched given piece text finding reliable critical task broken primarily aid large machines automatically searched parts correct settings reliant suitable order succeed autumn charge room alexander working counterpart working close friendship let easily resolve competing needs sections limited available time october deputy head time experiencing shortage clerical staff delaying work management appeared unable obtain resources needed affected run mathematician deputy alexander bypassed chain command wrote memorandum directly prime minister winston_churchill outlining difficulties fell deliver message downing street person october day churchill responded action day sure want extreme priority report month needs met autumn barry took head time grown staff having appointed assistant director park remained charge end war presiding number technical challenges presented introduction extra security devices including entry notes increasingly felt verge losing ability held end war small gifted leadership official history written immediately end world war comments early vital technical achievement finding administrative diplomatic talents later role head section world war barry joined treasury grade principal married son daughters year promoted assistant secretary secretary apart stint remained treasury aged reached normal retirement age civil service persuaded instead carry ceremonial officer honours system role supported barry eventually retired appointed work world war later chess contributions continued play chess competing trip moscow risky britain ussr allies world war locked cold war wartime knowledge great interest soviets fact britain broken german codes massive scale kept secret book ultra secret published placed second hastings finishing score best result british championships president competed british championship late competing club county level tournaments matches 80s obituary independent recalled effective attacking style perfection series friendly games old rival wrote style pleasing spectators looking dangerous found associated chess opening variations indian defence french defence barry variation results barry detailed results competing england chess follows stockholm board buenos_aires board board moscow board overall scored cent final years fiercely defended reputation come posthumous criticism publishing details wartime work echoing wartime visit downing street member party delivered petition prime minister calling government help preserve threat demolition died march london memorial service held june | Stuart Milner-Barry | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
25720_ModernBenoni | chess opening begins moves classified codes initial moves black proceeds capture creating majority black support advance king bishop usually features differentiate black setup defences king indian defence openings common invented experiments opening went largely ignored years 1950s system players soviet_union chief subsequent adoption players similarly aggressive style established opening reputation black dynamic responses suffered theoretical crisis 1980s 1990s players black encountered great difficulties meeting 21st century opening reputation theoretical standing recovery notably choice needed win black penultimate game world championship initial moves standard order black enter possible white avoid respectable alternatives include typically line english opening taking hardly seen black easily recovers followed long considered white challenging gains space centre possible black avoid time play moves delaying white plays gives white extra option fashion white central majority maintains white spatial advantage denies black associated possession majority players seeking typical structure associated tend prefer immediate followed alternative orders possible common black second moves reversed white allows order especially popular 1980s allows black reach gives black additional option meeting players use order choose different defence indian frequent occurs white invites opening black responds white responds black play common alternative leads independent positions black try reach order complete white prefers play takes away useful square white knight lines king indian defence variations black plays followed white history invented new_york chess tournament played twice gaining draw losing played knight tour received special prize tournament game labelled marshall opening unfortunate result lay virtually abandoned decades experiments 1930s occasionally featured moves resulting 1950s interest system revived king gained popularity soviet players investigations branched related opening systems inherent structure counter chances implied black appealed aggressive players israeli master employed frequently younger generation soviet players regularly 1950s 1960s player primarily responsible status major opening took opening seeing games tactical positions led perfect fit gifts crushed opponents brilliant style famous examples include game ussr championship win tournament following year player use world championship match playing twice opening authority acknowledged contribution opening naming system opening encyclopedia developments unnoticed outside soviet_union modern appeared print 1960s began employing system frequently onwards included repertoire albeit secondary weapon fischer responsible famous games played opening world championship match answered game scored momentum changing victory successes fischer inspired new generation players 1970s 1980s including young defence arsenal win considered highlight tournament remains famous games played opening favoured weapon players needing win example defeat penultimate round ussr championship catching lead ultimately sharing place early 1980s white scored crushing victories high profile tournaments aggressive caused players question fundamental black opening end decade emerged dangerous weapon white compounded black troubles result opening declined popularity number gave altogether continued play chose order white early development knight rules gives black opportunities avoid modern main line theoretical crisis remained unpopular 1990s level player play regularly generally preferred order beginning new millennium published regarded survey opening contributed opening revival ideas recommended versus modern main line grew popularity publication opening regained needing win black played second game world championship achieve winning position point game ended draw highest levels competition opening notable proponent strongest player willing use original order defend black cause strategy black active defences exchange white black leaves white majority centre black suggests white try play centre black seek simplistic hold cases depending pieces arranged able fight flank theoretically weaker creation pronounced structural early game implies black aims counterattack opening acquired reputation risky wrote definitely opening white central superiority typically constitutes advantage black frequently resort tactical play material sacrifices order forced black play game classic demonstration power black advance backed bishop black white unable exchange queens fork actual game long set motion created passed forced resignation white save stop black according spent hours game minutes white play central majority white main advantage space allows white develop initiative board important tool white arsenal advance open lines squares white pieces result creation passed black answers famous example break leading attack occurred game leipzig following white managed install powerful knight black pieces soon crashed file scored stunning upset reigning world champion classic examples central breakthrough include estonia finland match ussr championship black play black half open file grants certain degree influence puts pressure white advancing tactics involving uncommon games ussr championship known examples black initiate activity playing followed prevents white driving away knight sets possibility black bringing knight space gaining advances possible route winning ussr championship provided brilliant example black dark square control lead attack championship moscow double sacrifice mate point mate white unable defend black threats resigned game tournament lead rounds remaining white play black prepares break white usually tries hinder playing advance square black expansion white moves knight knight black break met followed arrival white knight severely disrupt black position knight attacks black backward white increase pressure playing strength white knight black exchange typical ways followed black succeed enforcing break white halt advance simply playing black opportunity establish passed blockading manner allow white pursue play centre advance relinquish black control square occupied good effect white knight bishop successful demonstration idea occurred game white answered black black unable open left white central game black play ground halt later won advance variations initial moves moves reach positions discussed previously ineffective black gains half open file chance centre instead white popular preparing support mentioned black delay capture white gain option black generally plays immediately following recapture black eccentric option snake players prefer stops white advancing black control central dark squares augmented bishop white decide play gains space centre gives black target attack half open file white deny black target time playing critical lines modern occur point historically white popular intending complete development castle theory divides major branches classical main line attempt black avoid modern main line apart white important alternatives including leads leads way white reach modern main line recommended white idea develop classical main line advent sequence frequently contested line black choice main plans begin attacking black dynamic plan prepare play followed plan popular 1970s fischer alternatives remains black best option game alternatively black try older intending bring knight prepare break white commonly responds white follow black position remains solid offers fewer active possibilities madrid international tournament demonstrated considered black reliable path equality played innovation prepares keeping defended exchange black bishop white knight black slightly cramped position force white break late 1980s plan exchanging light squared bishop proven reliable white entering classical main line altogether desire prevent led development black continues manner classical main line white appears maintain advantage originally thought temporary sacrifice easy black seemingly regains sacrificed piece trouble usa white went win judged important theoretical novelty volume later discovered immediate better way recovering complicated game capture subjected extensive analysis testing led conclusion sequence forced resulting positions black found difficult generate winning chances finding equality simple task fact know lot theory secure draw rendered entire variation beginning black point view appears best black sought methods modern main line sharp variation received significant attention mid-1990s black demonstrate clear equality published detailed analysis stops white playing allows black follow unclear ultimately black retains significant black avoids white success spurred black search ways white stops immediate runs threatening white advantage black plays threatening black play likely line example instead white try exploit black early black maintain material equality try cut black idea white resorted allowing black acceptable position white entered standard order white dodge avoiding immediate starting instead moves leave black little choice enter lines white stakes space centre threatens overrun black position quick white main line king indian defence option attack black far popular continuation white analyzed strength variation fully appreciated early 1980s point check allow advantage white knight longer retreat strongest popular preparing meet crushing high profile victories white world junior chess championship showed dangerous black having advantage determining bishop retreat square time white success idea led question original order concluded analysis words black badly needs new idea business years later given opening altogether players resorted order playing response avoid choosing entirely different opening damage variation opening reputation led flick knife attack 21st century players analysts begin revive black chances line watson showed check playable point white longer able bring bishop squares assist white attack later players showed queen check mandatory black retains good chances line taking advantage outpost variation white enter allowing black attempts play early prelude variation championed white plan play attack beginning moves famous demonstration white attack game leipzig development knight rules manoeuvre black able quick ideas like followed variation published dense analysis bears gave half variation positions leads reached prevents white continue retreat bishop harassed black knight notable past practitioners line included position arises particularly frequently point white classical common alternatives knight attempt white enter allowing early order black prevent immediate loses knight stops white playing variation considered particularly dangerous black meet white setup black position immediate pressure offers black obvious target attack bishop covers protects white king bishop longer covers diagonal white typically plays help defend black expansion preparatory moves white able push forward centre noted proponents included strong players recommendation influential theorist line play typically proceeds common continuation sees black developing standard fashion white manoeuvres king knight black challenge white knight white try develop quickly order strengthen threat idea early effective variations black example idea playing frequently seen reached openings instance position reached king indian knight tour variation immediately sends knight attacks pressure increased moves like black counter plan intending lead major variation white having avoided black alternative plan black obliged allow playable black alternatives played world championship white carries original intention black defend sacrifice similar spirit white hopes black quick attack white attacks black careful drift passive position commonly black prefers rule white queen check incidentally threatens expand white ignore aiming quickly overrun black centre advance popular continuation white aim possibility gives bishop retreat square case delays expansion centre white development complete number opening books recommended variation white early 21st century black appears able maintain balance line variation named played times 1960s employed world championship match pinning knight white aims favourable lines occur prevent black break pin immediately developing point runs sacrifice white dangerous attack late 1970s line thought refuted later realized black prevent bishop check way white allows black expand reach satisfactory position | Modern Benoni | Sports and recreation | Recreation | Chess |
1014_Jekyll(TVseries) | series british television drama serial produced productions bbc series received funding wrote episodes directing episodes series described creators sequel strange case adaptation robert louis tale serving backstory series stars modern day descendant recently begun transforming version played aided psychiatric nurse played appears claire tom wife filming took place locations southern england late series transmitted bbc june july receiving mainly positive reviews plot doctor married father abandoned family explanation live heavily fortified basement flat hires psychiatric nurse help unusual case explaining set elaborate security procedures secured metal chair undergoes psychological transformation observes alter ego exhibits rage heightened senses greatly superior strength speed playful manner assures persona secrets keeps asks guarantees harm informed strange case alter ego takes agree form uneasy truce share body remembers dominant use micro cassette recorder leave messages began transforming violent recently fearing family safety chose bring cut contact visits wife claire visit assumes control learns family detective employed claire learns informs fiction fictionalized version actual events shows picture real doctor lived edinburgh scotland 19th century looks exactly like died current age speculates descendant original doctor fact doctor died children private security team led american named benjamin unbeknownst team works employers firm directed friend benjamin team puts children risk asserts killing benjamin men hospital approached elderly woman claims mother question disappears confronts attempts drug appear claire hostage claire argues need find cure condition insists cure long time captured locked inside metal coffin confront claiming know truth access technology clone denies orders taken away killed reveals claire treatment undergoing stabilize persona kept research order turned original free home box opened dominant flashback triggered genetic memory vision meeting author strange case agrees write fictional version case reveals knows truth instead transformed love alice maid household flashbacks life fully seaside holiday claire pair enraged threats family escapes ruthless american woman head takes claire sons hostage private estate locking twins miniature versions coffin father tom alleged mother appears premises helps claire escape locked bedroom tells claire tried clone doctor unsuccessful claire meets failed attempts lowest basement building near state explains descendant doctor died virgin chance perfect natural genetic duplicate perfect throwback chance million discovered surveillance entire life months old order trigger transformation created clone alice maid loved clone claire tries rescue family killing personnel end stand claire sons held hostage personality apparently killed shot multiple bullets manages avoid sharing damage taking wounds allowing assume undamaged healthy form leaving doctor personality months later tracked woman claimed mother questions father reveals descendant inherited family curse watches horrified powerless tired grey haired transforms version persona feral red headed episodes production development idea modern version strange case mid-1990s attempted produced united_states times attempts fell reasons returned england west coast united_states joined scouting ideas supernatural thriller cameron approached script series commissioned bbc november signed provide production funding march producers regularly met sessions cameron assistant took notes conversations look notes start process producers invited write intention cutting material later reluctant cut material saw page episode starts knowing alter ego plot begins story developed characters says feels like second series explicitly describes series sequel adaptation stating original story existed modern day descendant dealing problems known phrase series eventually deciding word carries final episode replaces title producer says word title gives series modern feel initially named character found constantly explain book written alternate universe instead chose version book exists changed cameron felt character appear stupid realising happening turning scene tom expanded slightly sixth episode relationship active facilitate second series episodes commissioned august interview told alan_sepinwall star-ledger sequel written miniseries bbc interested following writer casting agent attended meeting late series murphy law conclusion meeting offered script suggesting like role took script role way putting distance previous work casting publicised december filming scheduled begin september increasing anticipation play roles writer said dual role required skilled actor known actor necessary expensive produce production team decided characters mainly differentiated change performance extensive wanted able walk public attracting attention known long running role soap opera revealed tabloid newspaper sun cast sultry assistant august ryan believed young aspect written character prepare consulted ryan dyed hair red role help differentiate wife cast actor consulted post graduate son information job initially doubted role associated character played sitcom imagine character beautiful audition good revised vision character originally auditioned role producers wanted younger play role said talked role arguing age gap claire avoid threat wife approached role claire caught tom mid life crisis angle impressed producers attracted role private detective thought humour fresh second filming block briefly joined cast playing small important role flashback scenes episode roles included production series filmed blocks episodes directed second episodes took hour day turn lowered added chin nose ear wore black contact lenses debates producers decided imminent arrival indicated flash black eye eye imagery evolved filming appear script filming began september zoo sequence second episode benjamin team set tom force placing son eddie lion den writing sequence late stage production wanted compare natural instinct kill lion shot location private zoo run firm training animals cinema television norman foster designed building housed video game designer publisher large country estate near thames scenes whilst run flashbacks disused boys school gloucestershire street episode filming concluded december schedule tight complex production production team days shoot episode director says biggest challenge project required material shot episodes extra minutes material filmed episode director recalls team struggled cut extra material whilst maintaining integrity episode credits precious material editing process points willingness cut material means taken seriously argues retained music composed orchestra featured approximately pieces cues featured vocals importance female voice broadcast reception broadcast bbc saturday nights week break occurred fourth episodes live earth benefit concert broadcast timeslot july series began airing august supernatural saturday programming strand australia broadcasting sundays march double episode week canada broadcasting showcase beginning end august march hong_kong wednesday february pearl netherlands broadcast summer certain edits united_kingdom broadcasts order remove language unsuitable saturday night bbc audiences example line spoken episode changed fuck hell times rated episode stars calling performance dozen doctor villains sense menace boot conspiracy plot praised storyline distinguishes series adaptations daily_telegraph criticised script hammer horror humour cheesy criticised gravity model newspaper called episode combination good nicely thoughtful touches series review statement episodes minutes single wasted year finest television event commenting series line said classic horror tale given modern leave edge seat begging outstanding new nominated actor mini series motion picture television roles received mention nominations screen nation awards home release rated episodes certificate june season released region july includes uncut episodes including restoration swearing cut bbc broadcasts dvd verdict says uncut version language violence bit bloody sex disc contains audio commentaries episodes producer writer block director comment episode executive producer second block director actress comment sixth episode set contains documentaries anatomy scene focuses production zoo sequence episode tale covers evolution series region release occurred united_states september region canadian release delayed october following canadian broadcast series showcase commenced end august | Jekyll (TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
1811_GreenWing | award winning british sitcom set fictional created team sketch pony led stars set hospital uses medical storylines action produced series soap opera style twists turns personal lives characters proceed series absurd sketch like scenes sequences film slowed sped emphasizing body language characters writers series thames production company channel_4 series ran september episode filmed second series shown minute long special january shown australia belgium december separate series sketch comic relief screened march performed live secret policeman ball october synopsis plot revolves lives staff fictional hospital staff ranging slightly unusual completely surreal series begins new arrival surgical caroline suffers constant embarrassment bad luck crisis mixture general caroline works alongside doctors guy arrogant half swiss mac fashionable surgeon long caroline begins develop feelings unsure truly loves series clear mac true love range prevent relationship people caroline meets include friendly house officer constantly failing exams mother bullied guy martin soon develops feelings caroline begins fall love seemingly perfect irritating senior appears mean caroline stand despite best efforts avoid angela ends caroline caroline main rival mac affections scottish staff liaison officer employed listen respond problems staff sue suited person job mean spirited controlling vain office place impossible tends happen enters normally treated mixture verbal abuse psychological torture thinking upset visitor person treats affection mac loves point madness mac like tries best avoid attempts involved mac treated contempt hatred sue particular caroline sue attempts times murder eccentric member staff eccentric consultant everyday actions regularly border insanity desperately love year old head human resources increasingly attitude relationship open secret student doctor weapon bullying constantly human resources staff use particular bad attitude people meets earned nickname love sex staff include mother trapped unhappy marriage divides time office work trying attract martin affections bullied kim rachel creation writers crew devised created produced casting director writers involved editing filming post production described sketch meets comedy drama meets soap continuation previous pony crew worked unusually british sitcom normally writers writers pile husband pile writers initially battery packs represent characters moving desk develop scenarios decision characters doctors came later pile recalls mentioned hospital setting work subsequently reported channel_4 enthusiastic hospital location settled matter later plot developed wall charts mark story arcs directed edited pile sketches sped slowed create comic effect body language create humour editing occurred filming said corpse frequently episodes written minimize contact characters found difficult laugh acting alongside music plays prominently written won production following success pony channel gave pile fairly free hand project requirement narrative thread sitcom sketch half hour pilot aired scenes pilot episode caroline day spotted characters appearance notably pilot allowed writers experiment different filming techniques pilot played meant play original series left pregnant script fully written actors allowed jokes frequently adding written normally workshops allow actors material example improvised material idea guy falling love howe speaking parts notably playing hospital ceo crew appearances extras example pile assistant guy named appears end scene episode henry appears background martin exam episode tests filming hospitals middlesex presented problem work real life hospital actual doctors patients emergency situations scene final episode series guy hitting balls nearly hit patient scenes sue offices filmed studio title said come small plastic green man wings executive producer pocket fell pile desk claimed pile kept plastic man appears end credits unused storylines plot lines unused storylines included having eighty year old wife step grandchildren old guy suffering pile originally wanted cover entire hospital doctors car park kitchen staff eventually decided material main doctors human resources workers endings created special alternative ending included dvd release deleted scenes episode alternative ending planned series going commissioned ending ambiguous known actors wanted alternative ending debate shown series series caroline arrives day work begins work soon develops feelings believing loves guy day realising mac truly loves time martin begins fall love angela caroline hospital try hide relationship rest staff unsuccessfully attracted hospital head jealous sue jealous caroline starts fall mac best try stop point attempted murder caroline having problems form mac current girlfriend emily martin having problems exams avoiding letting know mother busy mocking having relationship kim relationship falling apart christian mainly attractive chaplain soon tells finds disturbing puts end new found christian beliefs mac decides sheffield better job taking emily leaves mac guy sleep guy accepts bet takes home martin discovered shocking news tries best stop having sex distracted karen affections caroline best break relationship mac emily emily breaks mac caroline accused emily fake proved wrong mac found amusing emily mac tells caroline felt things accused girlfriend impressed instead saying thing kisses guy sex martin arrives tell guy mother met guy father whilst exchange student switzerland guy stabs martin legs act revenge martin taken ambulance caroline helps guy punches mac drunken rage steals ambulance mac tries stop gets ambulance drives away guy drives ambulance wales mac martin whilst mac tries phone police guy drives field goes cliff series ends martin edge literal cliffhanger ending discussion like comic relief sketch mac sue advances saying allow touch raise comic relief sue proceeds try ask martin guy money eventually manages raise mac runs hold series weeks incident ambulance mac coma guy suspended job caroline spending time mac sue opinion tries stop seeing coma sue steals mac pregnant mac comes coma suffering memory loss remember new found love caroline angela soon leaves hospital order career television angela gone guy caroline new having problems martin karen getting martin decides leave karen tries pull avoids saying dating date feels uncomfortable relationship leaves soon husband having affair caroline thinks managed win mac girlfriend holly returns hospital replace angela things worse discovered abortion cause mac holly breakup years ago mac son caroline distances mac guy starts fall love caroline feelings guy takes actions hands throws swiss army knife jake head sue discovers holly lying mac son father holly leaves hospital caroline jake tries impress mac unusually happy winning internet competition plans upset dwarf cousin big plans scare plan scared beats cousin death stuffed throw body paranoid discovered learns death viewed suicide thinking law death patient known man offers wise advice guy mac martin decide propose caroline rejects martin considers offer guy mac appears unable form proposal caroline learns mac wants meet train station arrives guy turns mac hospital learns going die caroline accepts guy proposal marriage department karen sitting fear whilst sitting rachel opens window causes karen fall notice police arrive hospital believe arrested help escape hospital escape van increasingly unstable discovered martin riding drives field nearly drives van cliff martin end series ball sketch sketch performed ball performances appeared sketches announcer ball asks doctor house mac puts hand caroline embarrassment things embarrassing guy volunteers asks caroline sitting mac guy fiancée unconscious patient lies operating table guy touches breasts takes pictures naked body blanket kisses caroline patient guy appears claiming patient stalking mac repeating assertion patient special episode begins funeral angela departed second series killed according guy mac month leave discovers happened caroline guy hurt makes attempt interfere guy learning mac terminal illness tells caroline marry mac instead run rescued martin calls whilst journey accidentally kill people mechanic shop assistant policeman soon decide transport money employment option suicide seen naked walking hand hand sea karen returns work fall changed drastically confident developed better dress sense ends missing replacement turns horrible gone office girls start run riot lord flies form tribe hostile enters department mac caroline finally marry despite mac terminal illness exact nature disclosed mac tell guy sue gets obsession mac finds love new man feelings episode concludes caroline carried air mass filled balloons wedding reception dvd extras shows alternate ending guy mac grab caroline taken sky alternative ending ends mac saying caroline meaning tell signature jokes contains running jokes include sport invented guy public school somewhat confusing rules basic object game throw ball basket attached helmet game played green wing convention signature joke frequent visits main characters office characters expect sue act kind psychiatric thwarted sue peculiar behaviour guy says things inappropriate sexually inappropriate noticing reaction person speaking follows comment let finish trying teach martin method episode guy regularly attempts pick women series talking phone saying attempt sound jet series running jokes hair notable cracks mac hair sue lending hair tie hair clips goes interview character karen getting hair trapped printer episode mac referred characters guy hair gradually series goes rachel hair blonde series recurring jokes include practical jokes bizarre games played human resources staff surgery scenes caroline guy mac mess performing operations cast main characters hunter olivia white naughty recurring characters charles oliver emmy joseph jones critical reaction received generally positive reviews evening standard said comedy physically verbally sharp guardian said channel hospital sitcom innovative comedy office review television observer voted programmes year broadcast magazine second series voted joint second best comedy series south_africa broadcast bbc prime voted best programme composer wrote soundtrack innovative soundtracks recent years famous fans include novelist comedian criticisms include methods filming overall length episodes claiming hour long episodes long won comedy awards worst critical seen decline quality second series began independent sunday said sadly fan report episode second series flat fair couple laugh loud moments head falling thing didn stop making bad jokes funny hope opener sign going pan similar comments series broadcast praised cast characters commented negatively filming style dramatic qualities said funny innovative comedies years humour based character situation story lines catch phrases surreal way hadn seen cast actors funny inside characterization stand comics cartoon persona gags subsequently gill attacked episode series particular use dream sequence beginning episode wrote year old knows dream sequences lowest form plotting solution lower unexplained ability stop time invisible lower magic better minutes destroyed lost assured grip cliff comedy abyss embarrassing pointless repetition looked brilliant looked like drama school lack plot coherent narrative previously blessed freedom revealed free brilliant performances silly mannerisms seen year disappointed sharply second series pointed step separates sublime ridiculous rest series received praise article gill writing current comedy output time said funny indigenous comedy series past years media dvds books series scripts released complete series scripts paperback october isbn book contains bonus material exclusively book previously unseen photos soundtrack soundtrack entitled original television soundtrack released october contains tracks best created online viewing series available series available available complete series instant streaming service run amazon united_kingdom awards nominations won bafta pioneer bafta award voted general public won rose best female comedy performance won award best comedy performance won best original score won number times awards including comedy year award possible spin cast crew writers shown interest creating series scheduling difficulties new projects undertaken creators having big budget creator mentioned interview radio_times spin saying hoping channel comedy possibly starring cast hopefully kind spin pile writing team created sitcom pilot set university entitled campus features similar concepts including improvisation motto university wings reference pilot broadcast channel_4 series began cancelled series impact cocktail called green wing served cloudy apple juice sparkling mineral water convention called organised raise money took place january brook green hotel dvd convention released special appearance cast january pile appeared writers audience event hosted appeared episode bbc documentary series imagine entitled funny thing happened way studio funeral scenes special shown presenter appeared | Green Wing | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
1841_WhatIt'sLikeBeingAlone | like like canadian television program aired black comedy created combines clay animation voice work having debuted june series lasted september year storylines thirteen episodes aired center attempts fictional children living adopted princess grey fat orphan main character plot begins arrival critics regarded series unusual received notably poor ratings commentators considered ratings reflect generally poor performance programming characters storylines like revolve residents fictional dark run building described columnist victorian set canadian island newfoundland eldest tall depressed gothic obsessed death carries black umbrella spends time writing depressing poetry actually cares letting voiced boy limbs left arm falls uses arm happy hopeful despite obvious handicap voiced incredibly intelligent year old boy brains eyes seen things superiority voice provided blue baby heads constantly teased demonic head acid nearly impossible credited voicing character charlie somewhat homosexual boy fire tries harm people ends burning like orphan characters charlie story beginning specifically inspired jokes like like sunset fire charlie voiced princess short fat grey girl believes princess ego centric crude long like tongue carries firmly believes parents princess voiced said favourite character resembles swamp monster outside tank running head rude especially drunk love isabella stone decoration depressed voiced year old boy mouth giant eye expresses emotions violin variety signs word phrase written expresses panic hand gestures credited voicing character speaks characters leaves welfare children hands credited voicing character plot pilot pilot series aired anticipation columnist written suspect highlight evening noting series described humorous episode titled features princess falling sky killing rabbits getting seeing princess believes found castle royal family instead surprised find building devastated learn orphan tries escape finds way blocked lake monster dangerous forest things eventually woman agrees adopt woman probably provide best home intervene ultimately decides belongs ideal castle series series continued episodes themes explored include social issues pop culture references humour having visual appearance children television series episode preceded content warning stating intended adult audience parental discretion advised dream electric parents second episode robots making parents find robots want divorce episode life princess seeks best friend causes decide best friend clones clones prove troublesome love ultimately problem clones critic remarked particularly disturbing scene series fourth episode called perfect lesson sees trying perform play impress visiting prospective parents episode title derived play repeatedly refers like followed episode aired july poster child corporation attempts adopt use advertisements witch curse accept shallow adoption die episode fire reverend religious speaker visits charlie real son later emerge charlie finds mistaken evil son trying shed perception good eventually charlie saves day son leave seventh episode entitled red white order exploit plans world domination followed episode taking shock therapy ninth episode tale sadness declining morale exploration dangerous forest alternate names tenth episode got know hold princess cleaned wins nearly loses process episode loves cigarettes sees taking smoking according second episode season finale aired day september twelfth second episode called flu care ailing witch final episode silver screen sweet success making short films impress prospective parent ends adopting leaving production created newfoundland explained identified freak growing motivated try celebrating flawed characters work employed stereotypical views series previously black comedy short film called evil dead girl declined shoot major film instead turned like described genesis series friend depressed went house started drawing little book liked said try sell sold like dollars book turned like explained writing saying comes emotional place writers previously written canadian film producers chose type animation personal interest later claimed day work lead seconds worth material factory needed teams animators having previously worked film characters plastic foam additionally animation computers character figure number add lips express sounds eyes adjusted frequently production figures surface moved portray movement remarked hardest thing timing pacing liked emphasize series cost money produce airing series stalled year difficulties adopt series showed company commercial logo blood remarking way long waited logo covered blood said like meant attract university high school students audience felt people watch looking original material enthusiastic series stand canadian television productions producer later rose staff critic believed promotion reason adopted series reception critics generally found series unusual critic commented like arguably surreal opening sequence history shift view black white canadian flag orphan characters questioned indicated adopted family values said comedy television critic briefly said like weird simply advised individual viewers relate critic added order commented combining feel usually expect elements street like probably appeal fully demographic despite originality additionally felt princess said hoped amusing terms ratings series toronto star described prime time dogs audience people executive blamed popular city hall wonderland room shows general man ball series making september series finale viewers perceived shocking low ratings received year low ratings documentary series hockey people history mini series quebec premier | What It's Like Being Alone | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
3519_BritneyandKevin:Chaotic | britney kevin chaotic britney american reality television series created starring american recording artist britney_spears husband episode series aired upn june series chronicles couple relationship courtship engagement wedding majority footage originally shot spears reality series document european leg spring spears fell injured left knee shooting music video outrageous causing remainder tour series cancelled britney heavily criticized critics considered series career suicide spears critics noted spears excessive criticized themes series explicit dvd release britney included spears extended play background mtv_news announced april spears planning reality television series document backstage life european leg pitched footage week leg compiled episode series episode selling million reality programs spears shoot footage dancers planned completed early summer june spears shooting music video outrageous manhattan fell injured left knee taken immediately local hospital underwent surgery day forced remain weeks thigh followed weeks rehabilitation caused future concerts canceled result scrapped july spears announced engagement american dancer met months recently ended relationship actress pregnant second child engagement subject extensive media coverage held wedding ceremony september legally married weeks later october delay couple agreement october singer announced taking career break start family development fierce bidding war april announced spears signed deal upn air reality television series documenting relationship series air episodes revealed chronicle relationship earliest stages courtship engagement ultimately aisle statement series spears stated day kevin met constant rumors inaccurate speculation lives feel year ran life excited showing fans happened stories journalists past mentioned going expressing personal life art series initially titled britney kevin handle truth title changed britney handle truth tagline majority footage shot britney according spears series helped couple know saying didn know kevin got camera feel better weird like tension nervous shy camera hand feel outspoken critical response britney heavily criticized critics considered series insult common sense commenting britney ridiculous behavior chaotic confirms obvious transparency status celebrity product calculated nature success noted music critics easily open new creative ways discuss offense pop culture attempts dvd talk reviewed series absolute disaster highest order writing absolutely train wreck series slant_magazine writer noted extreme shooting style makes especially hard pop singer stated views spears expresses series suggest believes person face earth entertainment_weekly felt britney spears career suicide commenting truth self obsessed dangerous degree noted intersecting things wrong britney possibly variety perceived series visual assault camera angles likely upset viewer jam gave final episode series mixed review saying tear moments episode stupid jokes behaviour britney thoughts life commenting spears wedding scenes looked emotional touching event butler wondered feel served purpose television ratings episode series seen million viewers making upn watched piece regularly scheduled programming tuesday timeslot march second episode garnered million viewers finishing eighty timeslot week fourth episode viewed million viewers final aired hour earlier eastern standard time drew million viewers month britney lost million viewers episodes home media released september united_states dvd contains series episodes unreleased footage music videos someday understand included photo gallery couple wedding ceremony spears extended play included bonus dvd release presentation offered aspect ratio japan dvd peaked number oricon dvd chart staying chart weeks | Britney and Kevin: Chaotic | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
3843_Iris(TVseries) | iris series iris south korean espionage television drama series starring big bang aired october december episodes budget excess billion won million usd spin goddess war share record expensive korean dramas produced series critical commercial success average viewership addition ranking program consistently week debut series took home highest honors drama awards including winning recognition nominations lee named best screen couples plot revolves brothers recruited secret south korean black agency known pair recruit begins uncover evidence past irrelevant joining secret organization friends find tested forge new unlikely alliances journey takes home country hungary japan china find center international conspiracy success series led feature film spin sequel series plot brothers training south korean army scouted duo independently scouted beautiful agent didn realize fallen woman continued win love unaware scouted secretly captured subjected simulated torture test duo passed test worthy agents completing test introduced director explained secret organization tasked foreign threats protecting country interests operations including assassination threat south korean national security founding rule agency existence remained state secret including president entering pair learned undercover scout agent duo surprised somewhat hurt angered felt heart team celebration dinner confronted embraced passion maintained secret romantic relationship knowledge took opportunity secretly fly romantic winter escape saving life president seized opportunity reveal president gain support couple befriended young teen sight vacation cut short recalled life changing mission recovering head nuclear scientist catches extract learned romantic relationship pretended happy unfortunately killed iris agent secretly iris agent tricked having assassinate north korean minister successfully killed minister run agents young hunted escaped wounded escaped capture tried help betrayed manipulating silence escaped capture reunited couple agreed run away thought killed enemy car bomb crashed plane failure capture agent stripped title jailed survived ordeal rescued friend deceased parents revealed murdered refused accept death convinced dead warned war organization known iris force long existed create political turmoil profit country strife counter agency opposes willing help stranger escaped investigate intelligence later found lives gave final chance kill redemption failed captured gave mercy offered life completes quest vengeance believed eventually integrated family time falls love eventually way korea unfortunate lead family death defects black team revenge long manipulated working iris found resources track died activated video feed record final moments cell phone video video meant evidence clue continue mission clue led meet president private meeting finally chance explain story double agent sides stop nuclear plot iris happening time young discovered commanding officer coup iris start civil war control sides korea unified control teams black team charge south_korea trusted helped team infiltrate attack steal special equipment complete building actions wasn earn team trust team went ahead plans time finally reunited learned happened including actions time learned iris wasn time explain things agents confronts truth told forgive actions allowing iris act president head execute hostile takeover arrested conspiracy later president official announcement searched hidden time young successfully rooted iris agents north korean ranks arrested confessions reported duo iris targeted searching seoul realized notes found earlier corresponded particular bus route figured moving tour bus black teammates tried stop massive lead deaths saved day enemy forces killed president thanked efforts earned complete faith peace finally come took time took time bid farewell got presidential permission allow live love declined returned wanted retire agent quickly return young realized profile discovered iris personnel database wanted warn potential danger went island vacation left notice couldn find called seoul iris later confess met tried recruit iris explained helped raise like daughter didn want talk personal conflicts hunt found killed death clues left suggests iris hidden private golf club house attacked golf club house team arrest escaped finally meet demanded ask forgiveness couldn help laugh matter tempted kill arrested later iris agents attacked local mall hostages blackmail sides korean government release iris agents president announce political stand unite president hostages release appeal conscience iris agents conflicting commands forced team kill iris agents gun fight mortally wounded dying friends apologized died things process gone peace talks resumed summit president personally requested concurrently agents realized presumed dead iris agents mall crisis actually hostages true iris agents escaped summit kill delegates iris agents killed replaced security agents massacre unfortunately failed interference pretended iris agent confusion stop created mass panic iris agents stand security forces ultimately president forces survived assault saved day aftermath left normal life waited lighthouse driving meet propose drive head iris agent ray iris life death later classified sent black prison iris years regained strength world cast iris featured ensemble cast split characters north korean south korean descent series explores tension mentality sides conflict north south perspectives shown length plot focuses cast overcoming manipulation face international level occasionally attempting reconcile differences fight evil greater acknowledged making way scenarios stressed test soldier south korean special forces floated life little attention details possessing photographic memory athletic ability proficiency firearms little difficulty distinguishing member assuming operations frequently paired brother colleague team leader expert assisted second command recruiting directly admired beauty universally liked organization remains close fellow member friend grown alongside level headed responsible members found fierce competitions joining find competing affection accordance known park young seasoned supporter head north korean security team responsible escorting protecting heads state diplomatic missions encounters caught political hungary leaves park entire team mercy superiors resolve situation quickly favor despite females achieve status gained trust colleagues north korean security forces subordinate young ranking officer security outfit great admiration superior deep resentment south mysterious assassin working mysterious organization answers man known black apparent korean descent actual origins unknown english korean responsible eliminating political targets destroying sensitive information behest superiors supporting cast headed standing deputy director title man responsible recruiting named director comes goes change power presidency deputy director oversees organization motivations actions mysterious occasionally outright inconsistent general national interests existence organization kept secret enjoys state personal protection oversees organization acting chief director general supervisor runs daily operations fabricated understanding failures concerned personally dealing agent field assignments watches commands missions set domestically agents close personal ties floor supervisor head security resources exception viewed authority figure remains close friend colleague south line defense foreign threats houses technology unavailable sister intelligence agencies primary tech agents responsible ensuring field agents required missions meet expected conventions involved national intelligence given sense fashion general interests contemporary associates stands status korea sung remains instrumental success number operations scientific investigations section headed eccentric eldest general staff exhibits relationship agents including overarching plot series involving disputes inherent foreign relations north south primary staff featured prominently candidate wins election assumes office eventual president south_korea administration begins undertaking grand task talks north south witnessing grim reality struggle nations strong ambitions leads diplomatic north expected candidate early term president chief advisor head cabinet president feels trust information matter sensitive later series reliable president influence sabotage originating inside outside secretary president tends find odds head chief advisor rarely speaks mind freely appears apparent given wide range countries characters find story number recurring characters arise countries outside korea early series encounter young japanese family operates tourist traps nearby exhibits affection attempts find company possible later needs family help needs finds political web japan crosses paths min japanese woman country national intelligence agency charged investigating foreign threats find japanese soil production development based general concept film iris revealed production company attracted wide attention record budget star power director involved initially developing project television later directed written series began pre production backing korean broadcaster attempt spark bidding war potential april announced cast lead role lee television role year hiatus focus film roles including film joe filming time announcement lee salary highest history korean television dramas amounting million usd episode times greater korean industry salary inclusive overhead deal billion won million usd guarantees namesake drawing potential investors particularly japan opportunities overseas markets production company announced june member starring alongside lee assassin recurring antagonist series announced october known roles heaven cast female lead series like lee worked television years working film prior accepting role pre production continued iris drew increasing attention korea japan lee involvement cast head north korean security team lifelong friend respectively large budget notable talent project difficult production company secure directors willing series causing begin brief stir media attention shortly announced search series simultaneously announced south korean broadcaster later month february cast north korean agent filming promotion filmed scenes iris shot japan march popularity japan caused series production gain immediate country lee filming fans beginning thousands airport arrival pivotal moments series filmed soon experienced surge korean tourists going tours tailored followers crew went shoot japan weeks left country march unprecedented budget iris able pioneer korean television dramas particularly large scale action sequences filming actors responsible filming stunts action sequences including jumping meter tall dam prepare demanding physical requirements series members primary cast including underwent special training lend authenticity action break filming appeared cannes film festival support production press conference held later month entire finalized cast series following international shoot commence june hungary shot filming lasted month cast crew returned korea late july announced iris air premiere october filming continued year october production press conference held korean world media week prior series premiere filming continue premiere series november filming crew took section plaza seoul hours film lengthy scenes lanes plaza center performing arts closed traffic filming marks time granted permission blocked traffic plaza filming government plans promote city major tourist attractions broadcast reception iris premiered october strong ratings went critically commercially successful series year earning numerous awards actors production series ended initial run december announced iris special aired following week december special contained extensive scenes footage filming hungary japan korea numerous interviews cast crew january reported distribution rights japanese market purchased record million million usd station began airing japanese dubbed version primetime south korean produced drama series country april numerous acting talents providing including hour premiere drew highest ratings day doubled station usual average timeslot airing preceded promotional blitz stars appearing numerous japanese programs addition billboards posters placed tokyo publicity iris japan strong premiere late set concert events billed dramatic live stage shows drew sold crowds amounted attendees concerts combination live interviews primary cast pivotal scenes series performances musical acts featured soundtrack broadcaster revealed june series satellite offerings broken records daily doubling ratings previous programs influence series flights seoul nearing result mounting tourist interest commerce generated result iris having filmed local governments japan began competing interest producers order tourists future installments series producer production company iris quoted saying negotiations series american television broadcast major network episode count reduced original deal mark time south korean produced drama program aired major television network united_states ratings international broadcast media music iris original soundtrack released track album november music composed soundtrack contained number vocal themes series including december limited edition released disc set page disc contained vocal themes second half series included original release second disc collected backdrops run including previous collection week preceding premiere iris japanese television announced big bang contributing new ballad inserted titled tell goodbye song released single country june available dvd edition coinciding initial broadcast series japan deluxe soundtrack box set released inc addition featuring thirteen vocal themes nineteen discs release includes page adapted previous korean release dvd music videos promote series featured don forget love iris novelization graphic novel volume novelization published prior initial run written volume published october days prior premiere second volume published exactly month later november unlike predecessor follow eventual plot television series july confirmed iris graphic novel works fall release reports project features date august prior series airing launching japan later korea graphic novel retained relationship male female leads scenarios featured original story home video iris released region dvd south_korea february disc set complete english subtitles pressing included page previously unpublished photographs production series earlier november minute making documentary titled released japanese market documenting filming series hungary japan korea series set released uncut dvd box sets japan announced july release usd second following september august volume released blu ray second set follow october priced usd included replica cards set bonus disc page data booklet addition scenes production diary box sets began issued japan beginning june follows cast filming hungary second tracks work korea released september awards recognition iris rated program initial run received strong ratings culminating nearly south korean viewing audience tuning finale series actors won numerous awards drama awards including receiving portrayal given excellence award actress awarded excellence award actor work series named given popularity award pair win best couple award addition lee honored award actor 46th annual lee won series awarded august series cast member lead producer hand appreciation ceremony held japan governor presented iris award expression gratitude encouraging tourism awareness area later september named recipient honored seoul tourism award portraying beauty lively aspects seoul work series october lee cited award japanese ministry land infrastructure transport tourism series international drama festival tokyo named asia appearance series iris acknowledged best foreign production ceremony spin spin series begin filming premiered later year announced following success iris starring series goddess war filmed location number overseas locations including italy new_zealand japan united_states production head confirmed interview iris set universe allowing characters franchises filming projected months production commencing korea june moving italy july series premiered december saw finale february shortly series ended head production quoted expressing interest producing sequels continue connect entries franchise sequel true sequel series tentatively titled originally announced october time announcement pre production underway reports estimated filming sequel expected commence march representatives stated april expected original stars cast sequel later prior finale broadcast lead producer confirmed anticipated iris production time fall premiere concurrently reported proposed series remained pre production process crafting story revealed casting decisions writing staff preparing potential versions series result featuring original cast return select leads original series officially confirmed ultimately reprising roles sequel august september announced veteran film television actor offered lead iris confirmed september eyed female lead series reunite star work 2010s award winning historical series addition confirming leads september additions cast confirmed series signed reprise role north korean agent previously featured iris set return come villain original series including south korean pop group boy band discussed roles american actor iris premiered february feature film iris movie feature length edit episode series cinemas featuring differing story additional scenes shot expanded original storyline including new extended ending film saw premiere 34th international film festival later screened potential international buyers cannes film festival minutes movie released content distribution company korea november announced launching cable networks online websites title distributors include japan cable entertainment hong_kong singapore movie saw theatrical premiere japan january title iris | Iris (TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
5210_MyGymPartner'saMonkey | gym partner monkey gym partner monkey american animated television series created produced premiered december story revolves adam human clerical error listed surname lion forced transfer school local anthropomorphic zoo animals partnered gym quickly best friends series aired episodes special feature film run series ended season run november april series returned revived block dvd volumes released season recently shows original format second season screen format monkey ratings success gaining millions viewers series met generally positive reviews critics nominated won emmy award overview boy named adam transferred middle school established anthropomorphic zoo animals spelling error making surname lion befriended eccentric spider monkey named jake title series sassy named named adam intelligent wise windsor slips spite usual kindness fondness friends adam banished control previous human middle school usually episodes focused adam experiences inability fit anthropomorphic challenges face presumed peers subjects use animals introductions new students odd dangerous fictional species school adam common effects experienced zoo animals characters voiced year old human boy transferred accidental lion series title suggests gym class adam paired best friends jake plans getting involved situations end adam trouble adam physically weak preyed animal students personality animal school reputation complaining daily experiences school adam arrogant strong times outside school seen human girl named secret crush efforts impress end adam embarrassment middle series adam borderline series big fan favorite superhero captain despite time didn captain action figure birthday making wish star little hopes attend clown based summer day camp college choice seen resume episode feral voiced implies spider monkey quickly adam best friend adam hates having regularly jake emotional goofy takes heart adam comments actions leading overly dramatic exaggerated reactions lazy selfish time fairly sensible running gag series obsession butt grow large blocked sun episode majority animal students jake lives close school lives jake depicted jake older brother looks like taller stretched version jake voiced highly intelligent western lowland serves anti bully school gives confusing wisdom people speaks soft spoken nearly manner technical words matter normal speech talks mouth closest camera moves rest mouth remains closed usually seen slips generally shown leader windsor tends relate adam troubles better rest school having good grasp human animal worlds occasionally gives animal instincts windsor older brother high school plays school football team voiced easy going street talking green tree excessive allows believe hears makes constant source snake limbs wears shirt explained slips older sister high school despite girl looks like older version slips deep voice usually seen best friend windsor voiced female keel billed loud dominating considers mild tempered low maintenance best friend dominates loves popular culture celebrities fashion fond clumsy celebrity despite said later biggest fans like milk speaks somewhat exaggerated fake dialect known issues involving sees overly large elder sister high school boyfriend named seen episode love voiced female tallest student height adds feelings tries desperately blend background seen neck going heading screen exaggerated long seen neck best friend gives advice basically runs friendship crush unaware actively frightened advances considered weakest group voiced implies frog principal strict fair administrator runs tight ship somewhat remarkable considering easily students rest faculty instance forced watch practice ended crushed foot weight entire team principal lawsuits terrified lawyers scared school sued shown talks similarly windsor moving mouth voice adam asks frog principal help revealed mother voiced assistant filing ironically works completely fed job employer air complete voice identical nurse voiced female serves school nurse blond hair blue eyes claims brain size tiny dry interesting note tell mirror reflection animal looking mirror difference slightly similar identical animals surprisingly adam jake created nasty clones able differentiate nurse injection voiced bull shark enjoys beating smaller kids stealing intimidating presence offset high pitched voice impact verbal threats despite bully soft humane usually realize revealing bull water creature wears water filled gills help breathe talks stop gills suck water loud noise bull big sister graduated prior beginning left lasting impression school fact caused bull develop complex mere mention despite fact half bull size feminine instead physical abuse voiced speaks thick southern voiced female school tiny deep voiced health teacher instructs students inside adam perform fellow students adam trade roles day experiencing trouble later reconciled mentioned times series friends crush athletic individual plans succeed principal careers ironically fish apparently swim miss voiced female drama instructor art teacher expected drama teacher drama queen speaks overly stereotypical horror music playing scene blend surroundings turn invisible reality popular holds class located warming lamp voiced australian american sugar successful career writer school greatest class catch phrase hello trousers elephant voiced jamaican american african elephant voiced african american girl attending adam secret crush broadcast history pilot airing december series began regular run episode premiere block february monkey based television film big field trip aired january season special episode aired mini series aired specials different series series ended season run november episode thanksgiving carol series shown revived block april latin_america currently airs reception gym partner monkey ratings success series cartoon network block episode premiere episode seen million second million children ages according preliminary data nielsen_media_research telecast ranked telecast television broadcast cable boys boys time period series went block ratings gaining millions viewers monkey received generally positive reviews critics gave king jungle dvd positive review awarding score saying original dare unique premise gym partner monkey makes somewhat refreshing change super heroes cut animation style far novel impressive cartoon seen cute fairly amusing older common sense media awarded series stars saying difficult tell age group producers aiming animation style appeal mainly grade jokes life lessons definitely aimed set sly humor adults occasional laugh loud moment overall gym partner monkey effort include subtle message episode younger viewers probably find jake annoying amusing definitely find story lines entertaining awards nominations dvd releases dvd volumes series released region monkey king jungle featuring episodes total minutes released april second monkey monkey business featuring episodes total minutes january available purchase volumes released seasons available purchase itunes store india channel | My Gym Partner's a Monkey | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
5584_BadGirlsClub | bad girls club bad girls club abbreviated american reality television series created oxygen network united_states focuses physical confrontations seven highly aggressive women women tend psychological problems sexual moments captured women seven women different backgrounds personalities introduced based capacity charismatic tough chick cast deemed bad girls enjoy luxurious lifestyle fine mansion months obey specified rules lives inside outside house chronicled recorded production team bad girls club airs nations united_states netherlands sweden licensed format broadcaster nation local version series format changed earlier seasons cast member production rules evicted early season replaced new cast member fourth season considered series breakthrough season oxygen series average million viewers episode spin offs including bad girls road trip gets married love games bad girls need love past cast members seek true love bad girls star battle contestants season successful country singer season later hosted oxygen subsequent seasons love games bad girls need love thomas dubbed contestants series entitled gets married bad girls club premiere september format lasting final day kicked leaving reason treated impressive feat series level violence hostility cast members engage violence break rules evicted policy enforced producers security guards apparently live house scenes jump camera shot break violent break series common occurrence violence combat reasons premature exits cast members bullying rest problems home court proceedings occasions multiple bad girls wish leave happened seasons bad girl departs early season replacement introduced episodes replacement commonly treated prejudice girls typically form create havoc book parties night clubs engage sexual antics attempting maintain personal lives bullying abuse multiple cast members cast member fewer number cast members regular occurrences program girls deemed bad girls come different backgrounds different walks life earlier series try cope change rebellious behavior role models young women cast members try accomplish specific goals bad girls adapt frequent mood behavior changes girls undergo interviews reality allowed contact families friends computer connected large screen television cast prohibited watching nationally locally televised programming mobile phones creed introduced season seasons format season different subsequent seasons age range season use nicknames introduced season season multiple replacement bad girls entered differences season current rules applied subsequent seasons feature continued season way opened viewers shown biggest intense physical altercation season program went time happened fight usually gives idea going girls house altercation draws viewers keeps wondering happen second season format changed drastically maximum age dropped cast season given mandatory non profit jobs help build work ethic experience effect example commitment equip success later life job failure attend resulted mandatory removal girls given jobs planning decision making building cooperation season season air minute episodes live shows august episode combined facebook twitter live broadcast fans submitted opinions comments cast aired hour january oxygen released online talk hosted bad girls season broadcast season debuted oxygen focused cast season occasionally bringing bad girls earlier seasons thomas asked girls questions prompt rumors confessions seasons reception caught attention media outlets stated hazardous female wrote like teens try emulate rappers dress behavior true bad girls commented gives distorted picture live good life calling cast sleeping mansion pay mitchell believes people know cast living lifestyle message disturbing emulated received negative criticism african american viewers believing black woman objected programs devoted acting mean possible bad girls club new_york_daily_news suggested equivalent professional wrestling buddytv described crude rude pointless sort addictive people variety thought producers wrong decision created believed cast auditioned minutes fame said bad girls club arrived little late game channel lacking kind exposure public qualify stuff guilty pleasures believed loses oxygen attracts viewers generally drunk bars scene suggested maybe time bag bad attitude girls beat hasty retreat real world new_york_times referred great argument bringing programming actors believed average emotional age appeared contrast girls real ages stated unpleasant villains cancel actually commenting behavior bad gates concluded suggesting location equivalent jerry stated fun watch controversies season wall episode fourth season told night club wanted attend asked anderson fan anderson said domestic violence case brown involved defended brown saying cares rihanna punk bitch got ass beat reason called rihanna crazy bitch claimed know unlike anderson episode aired brown reportedly stated know questioned reunion claiming brown said cast revealed host reunion asked rihanna confronted comments answered yes stating argued dinner party new_york_city reunion claimed brown shortly end reunion said domestic violence apologized comment enraged fans people victims season episode wicked witch key west stranger bar offered buy drinks drinks pills claimed suffered body man grabbed handled roughly reported producers want identify man television fear lawsuit blamed drug hitting cast member face leading fight season wrapped sentenced jail possession concealed weapon illegal use drugs season season production residents los_angeles complained noise levels swearing inappropriate children listen night residents called local law enforcement agencies times deal late night disturbances resident complained year old son didn want listen swearing set petition calling ban production companies hills location managers production crew declined discuss neighbors complaints permit required entire production minimum outdoor activity noise rule local residents claimed noise levels house season rented month owner said allow type production rent home future season april cast member complained duty police officer outside bad girls house conduct fellow cast member claimed placed personal belongings garbage bag telling needed leave house incident escalated fight issued police disturbing peace conduct released statement saying don think right gay fans season twelfth season sparked debate illinois filmed chicago area previous concerns raised cast spin offs bad girls road trip bad girls road trip premiered june featured season cast members touring respective search casting opportunities second season series visited love games bad girls need love love games bad girls need love premiered march follows past bad girls search true love season fourth season season concluded april oxygen renewed second run season host season season season season competed true love second season consisted hour episodes aired april june season aired december thomas host cast members season season season aired november thomas host marked time host series season featured season girls victor cast members looking love bad girls club gets married bad girls club gets married hour special centers season cast member traditional wedding pregnancy aired oxygen february watched viewers gets married documentary series titled premiered follows season cast member prepares wedding preparations wedding order issues arise soon husband family drama occurs bad girls featured series include season plus amber season appeared series shows issues turn violent shows actions effect series produced productions executive producer bad girls star battle bad girls star battle features bad girls competing title bad girl time series girls divided teams test week array physical mental challenges hosted singer star battle premiered season alumni won competition season alumni runner second season premiered january season alumni won competition season alumni runner | Bad Girls Club | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
6523_Survivor:Borneo | survivor borneo survivor borneo season american cbs competitive reality television series survivor originally broadcast survivor official title changed survivor distinguish subsequent installments series changed survivor borneo filmed march april premiered hosted consisted days gameplay competitors set remote malaysian island state miles north coast borneo malaysia sixteen contestants initially separated tribes named represented names beaches players remained contestants merged tribe named names picked producers named contestants large wood island days competition corporate trainer named defeating guide jury vote august survivor borneo finale received highest ratings survivor episode date average million viewers nielsen reported million people watched finale season released dvd revealed hatch failed declare earnings tax return sentenced months imprisonment production cbs offered chance present idea reality producers october cbs held casting new reality concept idea survivor sixteen people stuck island miles away mainland borneo main cameras set island film day days held voted island island win million people applied interviewed sixteen cities people chosen background checks psychological producers final sixteen contestants picked survivors awaited game start survivor crews prepared island reward immunity challenges removing harmful items checking harmful animals specific locations building set camera crews sent island weeks advance testing opposite island tribes headquarters set producers crew live island facility included traditional trailers running water phone line set built yards crew facility set feet walls platform middle set fire lava pit providing fire represented life game march contestants flown los_angeles city malaysian borneo taken boat island contestants allowed speak got boat headed beaches tribes shared island divided miles forest surrounded wildlife monitor white sea eagles set air summer contestants sixteen contestants overall divided tribes contestants eliminated tribes combined merged form tribe seven contestants jury ultimately decided win game million grand prize future appearances returned survivor survivor stars respectively placing 17th 14th 13th 3rd returned survivor blood water alongside niece placed 3rd returned survivor placed 11th outside survivor borneo cast appearances programs film notably appeared lead role film animal opposite actor hatch later competed eleventh season apprentice known fourth season celebrity apprentice fired week finished 11th place hatch later appear seventeenth season biggest loser finished 13th place season summary sixteen contestants divided tribes tribes fared equally challenges differed organizational structure dominated younger members contestants kelly richard susan formed alliance choosing vote voting ensure safety players remained tribe tribes merged named alliance strategy proved successful took advantage contestants lack voting strategy gain dominance alliance kelly deemed won consecutive immunity challenges ineligible elimination alliance members remained vote initially ended draw close allies richard voted susan susan kelly voted richard kelly decided switch vote susan eliminated winning final immunity challenge kelly decided eliminate believed better chance richard final susan kelly switching vote proclaimed support richard richard strategic prowess leadership valued kelly impressive challenge performances jury awarded title vote case multiple tribes win reward immunity listed order finish team effort won invited episodes voting history reception ratings second week gained million viewers beating abc wants millionaire ratings season finale carter said survivor built week run expected night biggest single television audience assembled summer television series far eclipsed expectation network acquired rights year president said beaten expectations double finale survivor watched million viewers second highest viewership american television episode decade 21st century exceeded finale friends finale higher ratings world series nba finals ncaa men basketball finals grammy awards year cbs able cost commercial season finale survivor surprise summer hit season garnering average million viewers share market week run achieved second highest ranking second highest average viewers entire series australian addition highest finale viewers garnered highest reunion viewers million critical reception survivor borneo initially received mixed reactions media writer new_york_times stated survivor clearly begun emerge wider culture news discussion widespread television radio talk shows coverage increasing newspapers late david_letterman david_letterman began segment titled things thrown season usa_today held coverage sporting event listing participant voted usa_today held poll viewers voted percent won poll effect game sue 4th place cbs early held interview contestant day episode voted aired survivor borneo criticized people ethical treatment animals response footage showing contestants trapping rats island initially fish bait later human consumption snakes rats speech given final cited greatest memorable speeches history despite initially mixed reception time borneo undergone significant critical later years considered best seasons entire series host consistently ranks favorite girlfriend entertainment_weekly columnist ranks borneo tied survivor saying borneo dated comparison biggest game past years television ask important season obviously borneo borneo ranked greatest season series zap2it ranked second survivor heroes villains wire survivor fan site survivor consistently ranked borneo annual polls ranking seasons series 5th 6th 8th prominent survivor fan site purple rock ranked borneo 10th best season years later official issue commemorating 15th anniversary 30th season survivor borneo ranked 7th greatest season series viewer poll poll magazine hatch win end season voted viewers memorable moment series noted 5th episode pulling weight season influential segments episode alliance led hatch secretly worked vote island surprising remaining contestants shocked discover alliance murray noted sentiment alliances time controversial spirit formed basis future survivor series reality television general highlighted lengths players reality television shows form ultimately win game dvd release dvd release season released completed broadcast television episode season dvd release features bonus material including commentary interviews scenes controversy early borneo contestant sued cbs claiming executive producer arranged exit orchestrated outcome page lawsuit alleged fellow persuaded change vote year old sought lost prize money plus representing pocket expenses damages cbs denied allegations supported admitted talking told usa_today vote wasn influenced said vote conscience counter sued eventually case settled court | Survivor: Borneo | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
7184_Starved | television situation comedy aired season seven episodes series friends suffer eating disorders met shame based support group called characters included eating disorder created writing starring directing based struggle eating disorders addition life experiences drew experiences members principal cast coincidentally struggled food issues lead hour long comedy block sunny philadelphia executives wanted use series begin building comedy programming network demographic series debuted august poor critical reviews cancelled october picked sunny renewal characters sam trader suffers interests quickly turn despite different women series secretly love issues alcohol abuse bisexual raised gay fathers original impetus eating disorders moderately known singer songwriter novelist married person main characters worries weight lead wife leave continually schedules bypass surgery police officer abuses authority food restaurants delivery people eventually costs job leader leads support group friends attend sarcastic constantly friends failed attempts dealing food issues following leads group chant support group slogan production series star created recovery alcohol drug addiction describes having thinking drew experiences eating disorders experiences people knew creating scenarios series cast members struggled food issues spent years fighting danced broadway weighed pounds time filming contributed stories life series including scene character weighs postal scale heavy conventional bathroom scale brown heavy child describes haunted kid mentality producers discovered principal cast members food issues casting process completed sunny philadelphia developed auspices president sought expand network viewership providing wider variety programming shows network attempts following short lived series lucky time known primarily edgy dramatic series executive vice president outlined strategy kind unique space dramas different everybody natural evolution comedy space network ordered seven episodes series shot spring new_york_city single camera setup laugh track sunny shows produced episodes reception generated controversy premiere number specialists treatment eating disorders expressed concern program light eating disorders felt focus attention eating disorders medical condition called boycott claimed makers agreed pull advertising responded controversy saying difficult stuff watch know spirit intention good premiered audience million viewers scoring rating share adults network target demographic reviews unfavorable variety echoed slogan belt dismissing series noting series edgy content variety allows pushing envelope terms standards good assuming series earn right says earn right series stabs feel forced emotional standpoint seldom note washington_post concurred assessment describing premise hey happens characters eating disorders inventive laughs language sexuality described exceptionally coarse outrageous cable television later night worse issues post felt neglected develop characters favor coming contrived situations failure build understanding sour know new_york_times credited series bold premise noted provided insight eating disorders offering flashes clever dialogue satire ultimately times found relies heavily sight gags gross los_angeles_times found assured shallow accomplished acted review singles character sam especially points roles creator producer writer director object lesson wisdom system checks noting experiences addiction reviewer writes experience doesn mean interesting able articulate interesting thing called best probably watched nbc clip second episode outrageous moments canceled october president told variety lot fans tough choose sunny philadelphia ultimately felt position spread resources launched dramas time launching comedies like summer didn work | Starved | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
8054_TheRealHousewivesofAtlanta | atlanta real atlanta abbreviated american reality television series premiered october developed installment franchise following new_york_city aired seasons focuses personal professional lives women residing atlanta georgia series originally focused eighth season lineup consists original snow respectively left second fourth seasons stopped filming production fifth season left seventh remaining joined later seasons second bailey parks moore williams fifth friend seventh fields past include season atlanta received moderately favorable reviews critics recognized guilty pleasure media outlets series criticized appearing portions storyline february highest rated installment franchise watched series airing success resulted spin offs featuring don featuring dream wedding featuring wedding ski trip featuring overview casting real atlanta announced installment franchise intending capitalize successes predecessors new_york_city television network stated series planned storyline focused balancing demanding careers fast paced social calendar run real atlanta led seasons seasons exception season seven season credited names distinguished real franchise introduction installment predominantly black cast original main snow departed program season alleged producers considered human circus replaced second season season saw departure addition main lineup remained unchanged fourth season joined friend exited series conclusion fourth season replaced fifth season departed program middle fifth season replaced sixth season departure remaining original cast member season commented interested returning series seventh season williams friend alongside new cast member introduced main housewife june network announced atlanta renewed season departing departure series franchise retain original cast members time participants september announced assigned time housewife newcomer actress network announced housewife new cast member join series supporting capacity cast members jordan making guest appearances april announced series renewed ninth season revealed returning season capacity timeline episodes storylines series premiere real atlanta introduced snow midst personal conflict escalated excluded divorce party revealed dating publicly unknown boyfriend nicknamed big later decided pursue aspirations country music singer friendship deteriorated established ended sarcastic remarks music career snow additionally looked establish prominence jewelry designer respectively attempted launch fashion line organize lunch women reconcile ventures proved unsuccessful finale season second season saw introduction recently engaged boyfriend expressed interest reviving music career attempted reconciliation failed come fruition feud developed friends helped record single party attempted launch wig line engaged launched clothing collections season saw introduction bailey parks reconciled contemplated husband began lesbian relationship parks middle pregnancy clashed husband differing opinions gave birth later season continued recording music clashed creative differences bailey later engaged boyfriend set affections football player conflict later ensued women embark promotional concert tour advice mother sister bailey married thomas season finale fourth season began middle pregnancy boyfriend later gave birth son continued divorce proceedings found financial difficulties husband failed pay child support bailey opened modeling agency parks looked launch family operated funeral home new friendship caused tension women escalated group vacation south_africa remained home children upset negative comments bailey group vacation season closed began reconsider divorce fifth season introduced miss usa moore football player wife williams reconciled possibility forced mansion attempted purchase year earlier began question moore seemingly behavior boyfriend walter group trip began feud williams moore moore wished marry walter relationship begun deteriorate parks moore created competing dvds plans project joint venture proved unsuccessful end season williams attempted revive failing marriage stewart sessions williams came realization marriage sixth season commenced upset moore later went girl code communicating moore moved rental property evicted returned atlanta time television series new normal canceled struggled manage conflict estranged mother longtime boyfriend attempted reconcile couple engaged began planning later attempt salvage relationships women hosted couples party group women continued clash later spa gathering failed resolve tension moore williams attempted launch career actress cast musical critical reception real atlanta moderately received critics writing common sense media spoke favorably series emphasis successful powerful segment african american community appears frequently neglected popular television commented general reality television particularly describing utterly ridiculous admitted dynamic conflict women addition wealthy lifestyles led somewhat entertaining mixed review new_york_times joked portrayal wealth served best choice time capsule decade noting economic united_states experienced time series premiered seriously stated looks viable zap2it shared similar sentiment criticizing elite rampant women regularly display touch given economic elaborated program means boring mood watch real atlanta recognized guilty pleasure media outlets writing commented self absorbed nature irritating viewers noted series drama addictive staff entertainment_weekly joked party felt atlanta map additionally credited slow train making local stops helping establish franchise ages writer essence mentioned couldn ladies program recognized best reality year writing today commented real franchise general rose prominence depiction foul self promoting women stated dominate water cooler discussions showcasing times worst female behavior real atlanta criticized appearing portions storyline source speculation arose fifth season allegedly requested pretend boyfriend series producers reportedly unaware said arrangement moore commented claims completely false urged viewers stay tuned truth come light moore criticized alleging financially stable reportedly joined series source income offset difficulties lawsuits creditors allegedly staged divorce secure position series reportedly feared jeopardy december williams received additional criticism comments episode aired sixth season indicated believed actual railroad line television ratings season real atlanta maintained average million weekly viewers announced series program network crack million viewer mark adults premiere episode second season watched million people setting record highest rated real premiere episode franchise history time season averaged weekly viewership million people fourth fifth seasons premiered million million viewers respectively sixth season premiere watched million people million viewers classified adults demographic highest rated episode target demographic february atlanta highest rated installment real franchise additionally watched series airing premiere episode seventh season attracted million viewers initial broadcast november including million viewers demographic nielsen ratings marked watched season premiere air broadcast history real atlanta airs regularly united_states episodes approximately hour length broadcast standard definition high definition premiere series alternated airing monday tuesday thursday sunday evenings frequently shifted season real atlanta included seven episodes reunion special aired october november second season consisted fourteen episodes reunion special deleted scenes special premiered july concluded november season commenced airing october airing sixteen episodes reunion special ended january fourth season aired november april included episodes reunion special fifth season premiered november concluded april broadcasting episodes reunion special sixth season commenced airing november ended included reunion special secrets revealed special time history husbands revealed special atlanta renewed seventh season april season premiered november concluded reunion eighth season premiered november spin offs received spin atlanta titled don wedding documented preparations premiered april renewed second season april time title shortened don returned season july subsequent seasons follow daily lives kim husband tries professional career personal life kim deals growing family originally planned time television special factory launched second spin atlanta followed record producers attempted launch music careers artists confirmed series canceled airing season husband received spin series dream wedding documented preparations second wedding premiered september announced tucker wedding spin april series premiered june concluded july wedding brought high ratings topped previous spin offs march renewed don fourth season announced spin kim road starring network later decided forward network later announced series titled ski trip starring special premiered conclusion seventh season real atlanta | The Real Housewives of Atlanta | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
8857_Chartjackers | british documentary series produced commissioned documents lives teenage video course weeks attempt write record release pop song charity goal sell estimated singles achieve dream number single premiered september bbc ran single series weekly episodes broadcast programme ran real time episodes documented events previous seven days final episode extended compilation summarised weeks single written entirely song title lyrics melody singers band production cover art music video global online community took format posting videos dedicated youtube channel named invited viewers suggest ideas final song receiving advice industry experts david completed single entitled got released itunes store end week period november track received mainly negative reviews music critics sold approximately copies earning peak position number singles chart garnered viewing figures peak half million final episode critically panned reviewers commentators felt programme concept ridiculous doomed start felt series showed contempt music general public critics questioned point project raise money charity promote nominated broadcast digital award best multi platform project category lost operation surgery live production concept devised british production company commissioned television brand featured season multi platform content intended appeal teenagers billed youtube factor main focus direct link annual appeal british charity children need profits sales completed single donated charity produced digital department head previously worked similar cross platform projects incorporated television online media video youtube based series zombie movie digital agency fish bottle commissioned provide creative content online platforms youtube channel twitter account casting cross platform project incorporated youtube important video cast leading team large fanbase chosen combined youtube total selected familiarity young viewers act teen audience vocalists sang completed single cast halfway programme series audition process featured remainder episodes filming locations filmed london gathering music venue feet east episode music video got episode seven locations featured series vocalist auditions episode took place working men club single recorded newport episode team visited bath somerset series overview documented lives day hill attempted write record release charity single series shown real time episodes detailing events previous seven days september week programme episode aired group announced youtube channel intention release number single week time frame different task undertaken week end project song completed episode documented events week project explained ultimate goal generate potential lyrics viewers asked post line comment video posted comments selected winning lines lyrics posted internet following episode chorus having composed youtube user repeated phrase got chosen song title viewers asked create melody lyrics submit video response selected single total melodies sent winning entry chosen episode revealed band perform single potential members apply submitting video auditions episode documented hundreds auditions sent group reviewed auditions selected favourites finalists finalists performed boys episode year old pair year old musician essex selected sing official release episode got recorded newport record producer group received advice video director film official music video taking hardy advice music video got filmed seventh episode begin promoting release team petitioned capital bbc_radio_1 try radio coverage single received airplay boys feared song chart episode urged viewers twitter feeds radio play single shows episode gathering took place feet east london november single performed live time tenth episode got released online charts placed single number sales increased comedian provides youtube videos convinced promote twitter profile episode final compilation episode revealed got reached number singles chart disappointed boys celebrity guests course series figures music entertainment industry appearance usually offer advice encouragement boys celebrity feature pop star remarked felt team experience actually pull aim reaching number fourth episode vocal coaches david offered advice group criteria use judging submitted video auditions indie rock band young knives sent video message wishing team success following episode explained boys differences releasing music major independent labels episode team met spoke chart success hardy advised ways music video filmed episode group received advice celebrity stylist suggested styled video entertainment journalist discussed airplay got publicity stunts reception critical reception critical reaction overwhelmingly negative radio stations newspapers magazines largely ignored mainstream media received generally negative reviews article times website boys new boy band bbc_radio_1 said project showed basic contempt music public large yahoo music called failure charting mention weekly chart twitter feeds episode impressed way team tried attention similarly negative reviews came music week said decision release single management ridiculous campaign doomed pocket described car crash week single release irish television personality questioned twitter profile main motivation project charity british comedian agreed project quickly overshadowed similar successful campaign killing american metal band singles chart christmas awards received nomination broadcast digital awards british awards event commemorating success creativity digital television submitted best multi platform project category beaten operation surgery live nominated awards distribution distributed television online ran single series episodes episodes lasted minutes final compilation episode running half hour gaining viewership peak half million premiered bbc september channel hour long segment uploaded youtube channel day practice broadcasting episode bbc channel day continued series episodes streamed online residents seven days initial broadcast broadcast outside september available dvd got completed single released worldwide exclusively itunes store midnight november copy sold copies downloaded giving got chart placing number singles chart song sold approximately copies worldwide singles chart country like series originated got poorly received critics called effort bad predicted unlikely impact music video got featured footage singing song london park actor dressed children need mascot footage clips viewers song construct final music video single edited got performed live twice occasion feet east gathering november promotion single release gathering featured performances youtube users headlined second occurrence days later awards organised apollo performance got opened event | Chartjackers | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
10845_TerryPratchett'sTheColourofMagic | colour magic colour magic television adaptation novels colour magic light fantastic fantasy film produced mob small british studio starring voice death jean adapted screenplay original novels served director colour magic broadcast sky high definition sky easter sunday march march drew audiences million second attracting million viewers film received fans drew mixed reviews critics generally praised acting talent star cast criticised film script direction production second adaptation novels live action film following successful release sky christmas adaptation followed planned future plot plot adaptation largely follows novels colour magic light fantastic story follows exploits wizard expelled spending years failing learn basic magic fact head holds spells powerful unable learn afraid head spell forced act local guide property insurance salesman tourist visiting run legs misunderstanding insurance policy causes owner inn staying commit arson pair flee city proceed disc encountering variety mythical creatures lead near death experiences fortunately spell head actually dying resulting comic encounters death significant power struggle occurring narrator explains competitive world way dead men shoes power hungry wizard plans faculty members thwarted incumbent superior magical knowledge knows point learns control growing increasingly restless spell head moves away greater danger eventually washed kingdom lies rim disc taken prisoner years attempted determine sex great verge launching space vehicle carry pair new mission rim disc unaware place escape spacecraft accidentally launch rim prospect losing eighth spell fashion prompts act causing perform barrel roll recapture landing pair near centre disc watching reveals intention use rite ask death large red star recently appeared sky knowing needs throws tower art place red star grows steadily larger worried people mob appear unable save disc learns death spells said save disc destruction great flying red star purpose death says dispatches group mercenaries led capture retrieve eighth spell force encounter years old retired rescues human sacrifice ritual battle leaves coma rescues death door turn rescues mercenaries ferry populace rioting star larger disc sun senior university orders release steals locks chamber releases follow tower art afraid attempt spells destroy mind rest world says seven spells successfully gains near ultimate power turns stone fights eventually killed returning spells eighth spell head completing set reads entire red star finally revealed world turtle breeding ground spells prompt eggs star hatch juvenile follow great returns deep space narrator loose ends eaten able learn new spells departure 8th spell head decide married despite year age difference celebrating commissioning teeth pure diamond presents dozen gold coins wedding gift comes continent gold extremely common considers small sum comments dozen gold coins buy small kingdom returns home ship returns unseen happily following differences original texts film generally remains true original novels scenes characters removed merged bring script reasonable length noting wasn time producers cut completely scene temple associated plotline significance number director defended decision saying gone went instead time constraints gone way went scenes shortened simplified reducing character cameo losing characters completely inter wizard rivalry contrast expanded spread film novels sequences short mainly found established easily antagonist avoid necessity explaining detail film simply causes roll recapture novel complicated change spell returns disc creatures invade reality end light fantastic fight completely omitted simply driven mad reading spells end film version killed film version books killed accidentally instead furthermore spotted film attempted jump book spotted sitting production adaptation produced mob credited producers continued involvement film director adaptation colour magic second live action adaptation series following highly successful broadcast christmas audience million success easily persuaded release rights colour magic light fantastic jean employed adapt literary works hour screenplay given turn wanted happy liberal interpretation works speaking said emotional baggage riding colour magic light fantastic book suddenly started selling incredibly jean main challenge plot remove irrelevant highly amusing iconic feature work destroying appeal books jean said real danger story strip fight pleased final script saying wasn slaughter job thought managed soul book filming filming took place interior scenes room exterior shots broken drum exterior water tank largest europe employed scenes washed edge world sequences challenging film physically exhausting cast background shots taken digitally merged film shot location shots taken river wales cgi sequences digitally combining material believable fashion according jean toughest week shoot digital effects cgi film provided small digital effects group based jean adapted directed keen return locations film provide continuity scenes great hall filmed victorian country home death house seen time jean able film extensive shots location thanks colour magic larger budget filming locations included exterior shots gloucester docks docks effects fight sequences film jean sought maintain atmosphere humour creating exciting action sequence jean explained tone fights tone kind chaos set pieces chaos humour fight sequences carefully controlled safety choreographed fighter given style variety humour liz noted contrast ferry fight sequence saying way fight winning mistake sort fun deliberate inverted fight contrast choreographed sequence film addition need add cgi backdrops shot hanging upside wires whilst fighting proved described experience sequence filmed short bursts actors stunt people manage minutes wanted played pulled stomach muscles filming jason described experience like hung upside like chicken wouldn hurry casting actor cast production desire play film adaptation colour magic jason mentioned interview years previously parts available character jason describes wizard amusing endearing character kept idea head day play jason appointment role announced april drew mixed reactions comments ranging terrible choice brilliant common criticism jason old play character according books middle aged day jason cast rumours began fly major american actor cast alongside bolster film international appeal july revealed world famous lord rings film trilogy signed role filming started sean ask agent left video store large bags catalogue watch casting voice death revealed time choice criticised fans anticipated tourist oriental responded criticism open letter noted described foreign choice lee replace voiced death widely accepted lee previously voiced animated adaptations sisters revealed premiere colour magic billed guest star revealed played role small number fans invited participate extras mob scenes end film bar fight drum members cast previously roles sky previous adaptation novel including albert cameo previously contributed voice computer games missing presumed principal cast failed wizard main protagonist tourist power hungry senior wizard voice death lord famous retired sacrifice falls love incumbent unseen university turned events film liz mercenary employed capture arch leader enchanted sword broken drum heads orders appears cameo role playing opening closing scenes film director programming sky appears release reception teaser trailer released late february featured principal cast members including arch attempting describe colour magic teaser concludes film tagline pigment imagination trailers released march containing complete synopsis narration trailers formed dollar advertising campaign partnership addition conventional national newspapers banner ads sites including yahoo sky launched viral marketing campaign established victoria station london fans download video clips mobile phones film premiered cinema london march event covered major newspapers somewhat got wrong mistake departing premiere film released parts breaking roughly place literary versions colour magic light fantastic scenes murder moved break dramatic effect concluding falling edge disk spaceship broadcast easter sunday march sky second broadcast channels following day easter monday viewing audience reached million viewing total second film attracted average audience peaking million minute block film generally received critics times believing better sky previous adaptation admitted good looking production proper fans probably appreciated criticised film far long direction script times agreed saying looked good glossy kind way budget looked stretched said pleased casting production film admitted seeing literary work adapted screen bad like wandering inside head film released dvd november united_states canada color magic channel north american dvd released july considerably shorter min british version min version available original british presentation | Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
11070_PhilippineIdol | philippine idol philippine idol version idol series philippines 35th country world air local idol adaptation sixth asia franchise awarded abc like premise original pop idol philippine idol aims find best singer country defined national singer local television personality hosted program musical composer singer known asia queen songs rapper producer judges auditioned program chosen program producers actress heart hosted daily updates program philippine idol exclusive composer musical director aspiring singer defeated contenders finale philippine idol subsequently awarded franchise version program named recognize results abc franchise production abc started negotiating order acquire philippine franchise idol filipino american placed american idol season reportedly cost millions dollars program development stage notable personalities music recording industries tried idol judges including vocalist singer actress talent manager chosen judges addressed according agreed nicknames called called launched skepticism local entertainment press philippine idol singing contests common local television recent ones branded idol filipino culture noted tend shy away direct criticism especially cameras promotion began season reads hindi star hindi superstar star superstar philippine idol reference singing contests held time search star million pop superstar initially program scheduled begin july abc moved july premiere philippine idol registered rating according independent survey contrast abc officials overwhelmed results considering giant networks noted ratings philippine idol increased final minutes episode early reviews compared shown locally abc entertainment writers said local idol franchise glossy american counterpart able succeed promising elements human interest talent proper casting judges host reviews finale mixed commenting performance final failed rise challenge instead played safe results stretched number noticed sound blamed faulty equipment personnel contrast wrote impressed flow song choices pacing camera shots noted finale melodrama lingering shots sake effects auditions main auditions held cities representing major island group advertised manila june june july fast track screenings held located june screenings held cities mall applicants asked fill necessary forms perform songs set judges usually local radio music industries successful applicants given pass main auditions abc media partners provided free transportation food lodging eligible auditions fast tracks yielded contestant arriving audition venue auditions starting main auditions composed stages passing stages gave participant blue form allowing face idol judges week later idol judges overwhelmed talent presented difficult pass standards stated auditions admitted angry times felt like anti hero intense reactions rejects viewed competition ticket poverty judges allowed candidates sing redemption songs saying time seeing auditions supervising producer said amazed abundance musical talent philippines touching human stories theater round held august august cultural center philippines total competitors received gold pass main judges metro manila showed backed allegedly join rival talent search park hotel outside arrived class trip super ferry contenders picked selected contestants divided groups members contestant performed cappella judges selected home advance round contestants chosen proceed group performance group having members list trimmed contestants sang solo piano accompaniment eventually judges selected contestants compete semi final round officially announced august semifinal round semi finalists divided gender groups performing alternately stage built specifically live shows viewers voted favorites toll free telephone number sending sms possible end following day contestants group received highest number votes entered finals remaining semi finalists performed round contestants highest number votes completing finalists candidates announced second semi finals results shown television day later philippine idol exclusive final round final round started september finalist sang songs specified theme received comments judges viewers continued vote favorites following day shortened hours finalist lowest number votes eliminated results week special circumstances result results votes carried week eventually eliminated finalists finalists recorded compilation album entitled philippine idol final consisting original songs performed finals week remaining contenders competed finale instead usual contestants idol shows held december december weekly themes september songs dedicated special october soul october songs october contemporary filipino rock october personal theme songs november dance music november radio hits november movie themes broadway tunes november big band december personal choice judges musical director choice record company choice guest judges guest judge enlisted week weeks beginning october resident judge away tour europe additionally sixth guest judge supplemented panel week return guest judge generally expertise relating week theme october interpreter winning song song festival october songwriter man october solo artist vocalist november professional dancer personality november radio talk host november singer musical theatre performer notable events finals week contestants eliminated disrupted telephone mobile phone services areas caused typhoon results finalists went familiar elimination routine called contestants area dubbed hot spot revealing eliminated votes carried succeeding week official results announced according sources network votes counted time director stated finalists hot spot necessarily said allowed announce votes carried week affect voting people knew result contenders eliminated following week non elimination occurred fourth finals week reports disrupted voting sun cellular smart subscribers votes amassed week carried week rest results night judges picked finalist encore performance picked chose picked schedules changed starting fifth finals week performances held sundays elimination nights opposed previous arrangement saturday performances sunday voting time shortened hours explained change adopted partly public voting period american idol eliminated non elimination previous week seventh finals week finalist sang song chosen fellow idol based assigned night performances guest judge said eliminated night work dress week prediction proved wrong eliminated following night mini concert remaining finalists performed song numbers short audience following week featured special segments final contenders finale philippine idol held performance night finale december dubbed big big dome remaining contenders performed songs personally chosen contestant judges hosted performance night joined night song performed mega band night venue star results held headlined rest final included performances resident judges performed compositions joining finalists piano accompaniment regarded climax final resident judges performed medley songs composed including original finalist entitled voted philippine idol vote vote contested runners earning votes revealed runner garnered percentage received aside title earned contract management contract agency choice non exclusive contract abc cash prize elimination chart power network problems elimination held october votes cast week carried following contestants eliminated week lieu non elimination week network problems contestant eliminated votes week carried following week serves philippine idol second non elimination contestants eliminated week lieu non elimination week marks monday elimination performance nights moved sundays moved special episode philippine idol held september week named interactive reality singing competition consisting notable pass failed semifinals program named different kind idol seven contestants impact viewers finalists present night performed beginning end likewise took seat appearing clips taking times taking jury duties night comedic performers tuesday event served voting active involving viewers picking performer proclaimed night finalists judges present center agent chosen viewers philippine idol exclusive philippine idol exclusive originally philippine idol exclusive thirty minute daily program features updates news scene premiere august male voice talent voices abc programs program appearances production associate philippine idol actress heart took september accordingly philippine idol exclusive renamed love philippine idol exclusive heart shape reflecting new host controversies auditions fast track audition held canceled leading complaints parents hours waiting representative abc arrived relocated frustrated applicants scheduled screening living reacted negatively judges said low gold pass turnout main auditions saying place look idol good ones later clarified said statement low turnout auditions lower gold pass output added best talents probably auditioned earlier manila talent piracy abc confirmed gold later identified official website philippine franchise sources said representatives approached judge let contestants came news wanted produce philippine idol abc denied sent letter published said report denying allegations network added successfully staged competitions taking contestants contests fully respect contestant choice competition join auditions held theater abc sent formal letter complaint alleging gold philippine idol contestants comment letter talents questioned finalist vote announcement male finalists viewers negative reactions format shocked disappointed left complaining contestants favored judges based performances failed cut instead bad reviews took spots viewers critical program concluded popularity contest singing competition mentioned people contestants status advised voting favorites uncertainty criticism reflected women semi finals talent critics believed contenders failed cut finalists critics noted viewers judges remarks performance stated article results philippine revealed viewers objective pick idol pointed compromised voting based campaigns semi finalists later commented contestant popularity determination deep pockets supporters supported report published manila bulletin contestants buy way expect way people voted trend continue coming weeks admitted campaigns game looks talent results jokingly said philippine idol singing contest beauty contest received applause laughter especially statement interpreted ways way voting process means later finals later interview philippine idol exclusive said mean later apologized remarks finale post results press conference judges scored viewers constant comments contestants lose weight especially admitted getting hurt comments called physical flaws adding entered singing contest dancing competition said avoids commenting singer physical attributes losing cool shown signs frustration results shows best performers previous night got eliminated finally expressed disgust results elimination calling appeared surrendered prospect finding best singer contest predicting lightweight competition contestants singing nursery rhymes transition idol previously announced abc produce second season stated abc incurred large losses producing season lower expected advertising revenue september officially announced idol franchise given idol representative said fortunate find new partner senior vice president entertainment added parties agreed network experience resources people mount talent search programs reports said planning treat idol completely different referring philippine idol season recognizing winner reprise roles new idol appeared second season article published idol premiere gave philippine idol hoped idol replicate effective hosting style somewhat scripted wise comments | Philippine Idol | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
11694_FridayNightLights(TVseries) | friday night lights series friday night lights american drama television series high school football team fictional town texas developed executive produced based book adapted film series primary setting small close community rural texas team coach family grace featured uses small town backdrop address issues facing contemporary american culture including family values school funding racism drugs abortion lack economic opportunities produced friday night lights premiered october aired seasons nbc garnered critical acclaim passionate fans series suffered low ratings danger cancellation second season save series nbc struck deal produce seasons subsequent season premiered nbc months later series ended run february seasons friday night lights garnered sizable audience critical success lauded realistic portrayal deep exploration central characters appeared number best lists awarded award technical primetime emmy awards nominated scored multiple nominations outstanding lead actor actress awards drama series executive producer nominated drama series won emmy production inspiration friday night lights inspired buzz non fiction book friday night lights town team dream film based book explores season high school football team texas factual work documentary journalism people featured renamed book film stars directed second cousin based characters residents conception filming movie completed began explore adapting story television later said regretted having topics book time constraints feature film creating series particularly based fictional characters allowed address elements depth decided set series fictional town texas characteristics football team given deliberately carried elements film series particularly pilot closely related film cast wife head coach major businessman football roles similar played film production filming pilot began february austin texas said required filming pilot eventually texas deal breaker order agree participate weekly project features texas heritage pilot featured football coach brown fictional compare coach brown pilot referred surrounding area scenes football scenes filmed complex football team coaches uniforms based uniforms scenes filmed observation local high school students preparing film movie inspired development characters example character promising football career ended spinal injury pilot inspired local event football player san_antonio madison high paralyzed november game game accident occurred profoundly affected edwards injury overturned life set similar incident pilot performances relying script week producers decided outset allow cast said decisions affect delivery lines blocking scene actors felt character mode delivery didn work free change provided hit vital plot points freedom complemented filming rehearsal extensive blocking camera operators trained follow actors having actors stand place cameras fixed actors knew filming work executive producer described method rehearsal blocking cameras shoot working fashion profoundly influenced involved series star said look life going wow executive producer changed life executive producer head writer echoed sentiment saying came set thought interesting imagined filmmaking saw filmmaking filming seasons friday night lights filmed austin yielding roughly million year revenue states courted production company state texas failed pay promised producers texas legislature authorized funding match offers states production company preferred stay near austin remained texas friday night lights unusual actual locations stage sets sound stage factors reliance filming hundreds locals extras gives series authentic feel look producers documentary style filming technique cameras shoot entire scenes shot contrast productions film scene angle typically repeat scene times lighting accommodate shot takes usually final cut filming scene producers tried create environment actors organic allowed best performances series borrowed uniforms fans stadium producers shot games game footage series football provided screen commentary football game sequences facilities colors texas setting creative inspiration fictional features fictional field named head coach scenes filmed outside texas june scenes filmed portray fictional episode senior year high school filmed boston area scenes fictional filmed austin marketing initially targeted youth market emphasized football element nbc teamed social networking site create site allowed students video photos create local football teams students participated eligible scholarships nbc negotiated network series promotion network youth oriented sites including complement promotion nbc sent school spirit kits high schools country kits included posters mini cameras bearing logo kits contained copies pilot episode dvd network repeated promotion second season promotion teamed send party kits contained advance copies season opener promotional material nbc paired toyota create hometown students earn cash grants school athletic program open high school students ages designed draw people official web site download aol icons students registered download free movie theater passes special early screenings pilot episode movie theater screenings took place cities nationwide ran week premiered nbc later season nbc chose switch course pursue female demographic network designed strategy based personal elements giving tagline life president stressed goal ensure viewers family relationships athletics network ran second spots movie theaters featured cast members fans interviewed cast characters community texas friday night lights ensemble cast features football coach balance work family status community personal ambitions family wife guidance counselor turned principal high teenage daughter central coach taylor characters appear episode outside taylor family explores lives high school football players pilot coach taylor star quarterback jason street suffers spinal injury ends football career faces life street struggles disabilities life gradually new reality kelly girlfriend undergoes changes making transition cheerleader christian youth leader street injury sophomore quiet reserved starting quarterback eventually dates coach daughter viewers learn father serving soldier iraq sole grandmother receives little help best friend clarke eventual live nurse love interest star running brian smash williams charles works college football scholarship struggles alcoholism complicated family problems brother legal guardian serves tim stars town wants leave better life involved eventually develops complicated relationship plot season season revolves main events coach beginning head coach injury star quarterback jason street game season coach taylor career depends ability state championship despite loss street team suffers losing streak knows family longer welcome wife begins work guidance counselor local high school course season support mentor students position plays pivotal role season finale struggle extremely difficult conditions street learn live disability town athletics face new challenges lead athlete street friendship rehab roommate wheelchair rugby teammate grows stronger independence quiet matt seldom plays football new role calls different cares grandmother father fighting iraq matt falls love coach taylor daughter texas small town life football falls matt relationship slowly season explored pressure driven brian smash williams easily promising player roster works hard achieve excellence sees future career instrumental gaining better life family father killed car accident mother taken multiple jobs family afloat smash decides performance enhancing drugs ensure gain college football scholarship struggling alcoholism parents prospects high school portrayed loyal friend good heart comes broken home mother suffers abusive relationships men begins season girlfriend thanks counselor clarke school math geek best friend starts hope break cycle women family undergoes significant changes faced jason injury begins seeing comfort jason begins growing closer woman learns father affairs begins establish independence season season begins coach taylor living working austin assistant coach fictional wife remains daughter newborn baby struggling demands new baby rebellious behavior new coach creates friction smash matt showing blatant smash drives tim hard passes practice hospitalized assistant coach jason street manner president barring team practices smash matt actually come blows field crucial game won smash buddy engineers firing new coach persuades taylor team family suffering absence taylor agrees return continues act ends romantic relationship matt sees turning replica father pursues older man works local pool finds interest relationship begins friendship young teacher mother feels inappropriate confronts teacher school students conversation spread rumors furious mother coach taylor attempts win games faces number issues tim kicked team missing week practice leaves spur moment jason street mexico look treatment jason returning tim finds neighbor woman brief affair seeing brother billy moved house tim moves trouble finding place live ultimately returns coach taylor allows rejoin team shows practice initiative apologizes team lack commitment increasingly involved organization young christians religious outreach program befriends young convict released juvenile detention shortly meet gets job father buddy car buddy encourages try football noticing superior speed coordination taylor expresses interest boy discovered legal guardian left town adult life buddy agrees legal responsibility smash courted number college makes clear priority quick route nfl leading tension mother insists priority getting education smash accepts scholarship prestigious smash punches white teenager sexually sister movies turns blown proportion racial incident smash deemed character issues scholarship revoked later commits smaller historically black college highly regarded academics athletic programs football coach strong relationship coach taylor scouting smash middle school matt begins relationship cheerleader leaving grandmother new live nurse additionally early season follows arc kills hides body man attempted rape leading romance eventually guilt builds confesses charges pressed tension remains woman supposed night stand end season jason pleads woman child promises care season ends cliffhanger writers strike head writer executive producer stated episode way viewed season finale leading end season normal circumstances likely brought story coach family strong football element said seven episodes nbc ordered season weren season season began coach taylor failing lead state championship year creating new pressure position threatened arrival freshman amazing natural talent comes rich family father joe matt moves wide receiver taylor names starting quarterback starts dating cowboy named cash leading complications relationship tim start dating principal fights allocation funds injured knee previous year playoffs love game billy tim jason decide flip house profit matt reconcile romance smash gets succeeds winning spot team helps tim pursue college football scholarship tim initially puts concerned trying turn encouraging pursue college sees looking best interests buddy loses money college fund bad business deal strip club wants attend buddy loses money considers going school gives tim scholarship moves tim father fight gets engaged older sister pregnant time engagement eventually finds job sports agency new_york_city visiting player playing professionally moves northeast close girlfriend newborn baby matt pushed football role playoffs making visit possible recruit moved town coach learns plot replaced head coach learn wants taylor replaced personal coach school administration meets decide gets coaching job offered job taylor offered job coaching recently reopened billy wedding ends season season season kicks struggling east high coach team field conditions complete change privileged sparkling conditions west coach begins putting new lion team realizes players try desirable coach gets lucky break couple new faces student gotten trouble law times given chance plays football prior football experience natural talent team star quarterback second break comes lions reveals address file new running lot luke faced struggle principal new character introduced trailer mother property love tim luke shopping convenience store allows luke drive home sex pregnant student seeks help situation discusses options decides abortion mother goes procedure parents find led luke mother seek taylor dismissal principal refuses apologize followed procedure leave decides return role guidance counselor football season focused growth sense lion pride culmination hard work tested game season play led amazing east lions defeat playoff chances season struggles staying living turned art school chicago instead studying art local technical college returning hunting trip finds father killed iraq episode son shows matt going stages grief comes accept death father man claims hate episode garnered buzz online resulted failed campaign emmy nomination guest actor category episode emmy nomination drama series emotionally charged episode matt abruptly moves chicago saying goodbye girlfriend best friend returns briefly finale makes ends flying chicago matt character developed time moody alcoholic young man character reflected ability wrong choices right reasons usually involve brother proven ability help correct choices unfortunately tim season irresponsible brother tim wrong choice convincing tim way money transforming newly opened garage shop finally end business tim payment large land dreaming police arrest garage police officers recognize tim number giving tim chance deny shop true character makes decision rap allows brother new wife child season ends tim walks jail season season final season opens summer wrapping joins special teams coach new guidance counselor faced challenge particularly difficult student named departing months jail experiences turmoil living situation moves billy develops family developing closer relationship luke leading lions new recruit rest team standing strong strong hopes team state past comes team deal struggles field troubles cause relationship hit college experience like imagined experiences difficulty situation involving history forced good look wants father developed problems california sent help father pleased son lions football player looks support parents old boyfriend living chicago attending art school drives spend time leaves confused future tim parole help coach taylor approved early release buddy gives job bar tim angry brother billy threatens alaska work pipeline comes visit tells needs repair relationship billy spend night asks tim land episode closes asking alaska tim tim guilty smile episode east wins state championship coach taylor share moment respect coach taylor moves wife philadelphia accepts job dean prestigious school ends showing living happily tim talk dreams potential future new home site engaged matt lives chicago quarterback east west joined hastings living dallas helping student coach team following dreams billy expecting twins seen bus depot departing army second scene tim billy taking break putting frame tim new house sit crack open beer billy responds series ends coaching new high school team philadelphia noticeably smaller stadium texas practice phrase clear eyes hearts getting normal response lose says deal later shows walk field lights turn reception critical response series high viewership met critical acclaim strong fan base review aggregator website metacritic season received score based reviews virginia wrote new_york_times season like pilot new drama high school football great television great great way poem painting washington_post similarly praised series extraordinary way columnist readers column september issue watch calling greatest sports related positive reviews came usa_today san_francisco_chronicle international sources guardian calling pilot beautifully shot metro awarding stars inaugural season online journalists praise guide dedicated columns calling episodes season entertaining zap2it asked readers promise watch episodes friday night lights pilot receive negative reviews philadelphia_inquirer review particularly harsh calling standard high school sports soap opera season reviews considerably positive murder plot particularly panned critics los_angeles_times said lost innocence boston_globe said event real life tone positive variety saying faith shown showrunner writer new_york_times said hold friday night lights measure realism miss essentially pleasures time magazine included series list best shows stating thought tribute values turn avant garde music random close ups said dialogue phenomenal football drama time magazine james_poniewozik named returning series ranking aol ranked friday night lights fifth best school time year placed entertainment_weekly new classics list alan_sepinwall placed best best dramas wrote shows willing directly confront emotions characters aided central performances realistic loving couples named 16th best series 2000s online ranked number list series past years friday night lights final season lauded critics based reviews season obtained score metacritic indicating universal acclaim included numerous best lists ranked list series saying final season drama came expect final dramatic game real action stands ranked final episode episodes list paste named best shows slant_magazine ranked friday night lights list concluding true concerns obsession class family articulated beautifully quiet familiar relationships town team coach wife list series ranked friday night lights explaining seasons friday night lights simplest complex felt like real life real life complicated guide named praising fact friday night lights left fans best portrait marriage included huffington_post online ranked friday night lights best written series time awards accolades friday night lights won award afi awards emmy award outstanding casting drama series ace eddie award editing image award outstanding directing earned multiple writers guild america nominations leading actors received emmy nominations performances executive producer won prize awards writing concluding run honored emmy nominations won award outstanding lead actor drama series won drama series fan base friday night lights enjoys nbc president called passionate vocal fanbase fan dedication shown expressing support news outlets getting massive amounts support mail running positive pieces statements nbc entertainment head future fact point friday night lights wouldn return writers strike fans campaigns raised money send contributions charity foundations related raised total charity worth dvds troops stationed overseas television ratings ratings critically acclaimed friday night lights enjoyed high ratings seasons averaged roughly million viewers ratings dropped subsequent seasons season averaging million viewers fourth season million fifth season million international ratings pilot aired february watched viewers attributed program aired opposite football game knockout round champions league ratings december nielsen_media_research reported results having time monitored viewers use recorder record shows later viewing ratings called live plus seven include viewers use record watch week initial airing according nielsen numbers viewers increased friday night lights ratings overall december nielsen monitored viewers april increase went week ending april affluent viewers march reported friday night lights popular shows affluent viewers little experience playing football determined report turn analysis nielsen_media_research study determined yearly income study friday night lights tied 11th watched affluent viewers according study viewers median household income year distribution online episodes streaming videos cast interviews episode previous week available series inception december nbc expanded selection include episode season offer episode select shows represents marketing push nbc addition free support offerings episode friday night lights available download itunes_store february episode special promotion pilot initially offered free download series available syndication acquired syndication rights seasons began airing september pulled october low ratings july announced espn classic acquired rights seasons started airing series beginning july attempt bolster series ratings nbc air sister network weeks leading season finale nbc episodes aired schedule hour friday hours saturday known audience largely female line new strategy nbc president fox selling questioned strategy admitted having regrets initially marketing incorrectly saying clear marketing ended confusing people terms public thought supposed said felt core women wish marketing reflected greater extent television season ended nbc planned air summer hopes gaining new viewers summer hiatus despite rising ratings nbc abruptly pulled network schedule june nbc resumed airing late august early september timed season dvd release acquired rights began airing series chronological order april week long event episodes aired nightly writers guild america strike decision release season dvd produced episodes comments nbc chief led speculation canceled march confirmed nbc picked series season cost sharing partnership nbc struck agreement run episodes airing exclusively episodes aired nbc later date season premiered exclusively channel episodes nbc beginning january march nbc announced renewed series seasons home media releases dvd season released dvd region august region october special features include deleted scenes episodes titled lights creating season friday night lights second season released dvd region april region february special features include deleted scenes episodes audio commentaries days summer ready friday night goes neighborhood titled friday night lights cast producers festival season released dvd region region march special features include deleted scenes episode audio commentary tomorrow blues fourth season released dvd region august region special features include deleted scenes episodes audio commentary east scenes fifth season released dvd region april region august special features include deleted scenes episodes audio commentaries don titled lights photo gallery complete series box set containing episodes material individual season sets released region october march announced acquired rights series region release seasons dvd september soundtracks soundtracks music featured released friday night lights released included music killers explosions sky produced score film second soundtrack friday night lights vol released included main friday night lights theme score film television background music instrumental music performed explosions sky potential film sequel july revealed creator executive producer interested continuing series feature film august said panel friday night lights film development quoted saying trying adding script currently written imagine television produce film set return executive producer confirmed continued development film december confirmed film moving forward | Friday Night Lights (TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
11787_North&South(TVserial) | serial british television drama serial produced bbc originally broadcast episodes bbc november december follows story young woman southern england north father decides leave clergy family struggles adjust industrial town customs especially meeting proud family cotton mill owners social story explores issues class gender margaret sympathy town mill workers clashes growing attraction serial based victorian novel adapted television directed plot parents richard fictional industrial town north england father clergyman decides leave church_of_england thanks friend bell able find house gains employment private tutor pupils local mill owner gets bad start margaret witnesses beating worker caught smoking mill workers gradually margaret gets mother hannah sister believing alien customs north meantime margaret attempts charitable work working classes comes contact daughter contracted exposure cotton mills ill father moved mill working environment better meeting fellow mill owners says wheel ventilation installed rooms factory despite fact costs great deal money refused install wheel expense margaret mother falling ill desires son frederick dies frederick naval officer involved mutiny return england life telling father margaret writes brother spain tell mother dying margaret calls borrow water mother trapped mill workers riot strike angry mob threatens john safety confronts margaret margaret defends injured thrown stone margaret recovers returns home telling happened mill mainly protect health mother proposes day thinking believes superior difference financial circumstances denies tells love insists actions personal dies stops coming lessons distraction margaret visits great exhibition aunt cousin husband margaret meets exhibition discussing machinery group gentlemen listening great respect admiration simple good sense margaret embarrassed meet soon rejection defends brother law admirer margaret tries trade henry reliance fashionable wit compares honesty margaret sees margaret returns home mother taken turn worse margaret brother arrives time mother death bed frederick house comes visit friend allowed case sees fred interprets margaret refusing family servant sees member frederick crew town decided frederick leave discovered arrested margaret seen railway station thinks margaret lover gives employment death master hand surprisingly despite differences come plan feed workers communal kitchen comes greater understanding workers share ideas strike business trouble forced close mill margaret father dies oxford leaves north stay relatives london godfather bell makes fortune finds terminal illness chooses argentina better climate margaret owner landlord having discovered truth fred goes south margaret home town way meets returning visit north proposes business deal factory reopened share kiss final scene takes place railway station platform going home cast richard richard henry emma aunt houston production origins started adapting making changes emphasise industrial landscape story story example begins ends main character travelling train starting ending point novel describes travelling south north train main characters visit great exhibition changes believed time complained pressure complete novel editor summer brought project producer week period pre production started beginning february casting originally auditioned role sure participating project producers looking right margaret long time energy charm chemistry star proved decisive actor read role performance impressed producer casting director possible weeks casting begun decided auditions realising perfect filming filming took place end april july fictional town loosely based manchester producers decided shoot town scenes edinburgh maintains visual architectural heritage industrial victorian era main locations cotton mill filmed scenes inside mill shot queen outskirts lancashire london main location interior scenes shot west london scene shot palace locations town scottish borders lancashire sussex final beginning scenes shot additional railway sequences filmed yorkshire carriages provided costume drama required substantial work art department serial production designer received nomination music composed score short piano tune played series different rhythms music especially loud clear turning point relationship margaret reception bbc low expectations series publicised went unnoticed critics audiences receptive hours episode aired november message board programme website crashed number visitors site receiving forcing host shut sudden interest serial attributed relatively unknown actor portrayal emotionally restrained drew parallels portrayal bbc mini series pride prejudice reception later received claims series success industrial landscape attention series gives working classes way develop reaction series surprise bbc decided release dvd april voted best drama bbc drama website annual poll voted desirable drama star best actor voted best actress came different scenes voted year favourite moments final scene winning number spot | North & South (TV serial) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
11812_YouAretheOne(ArgentineTVseries) | argentine series spanish lit life argentine romantic comedy television series directed broadcast january january second starring lead actors production included location world cup germany guest stars plot follows love story affluent businessman struggling female boxer personal assistant broadcast overall rating averaged points critically acclaimed won awards awards sold countries remakes mexico poland portugal premise produced based premise formulated nearly months premiere discussion partner premise involves rich businessman formula racing driver falls love poor woman looking work requested scripts authors honor respectively program directed produced filming studio neighborhood outdoor scenes unconventional genre features appeared successful lead actors relationship professional spontaneously offered guest appearance russian series starring actors agreed appear condition worked result program design decided confirmed leading roles delayed filming proposals israel spain recording fourth music album join project narrative revolves wealthy poor woman unlike program concentrate characters single narrative context contexts rich poor characteristic locations supporting characters plays female boxer nicknamed inspired singer outline character personality main location neighborhood lives characters adoptive mother lives natural son childhood boyfriend writers drafted general outlines defined personality including relationship halfway engagement brotherhood complex mother trains boxer neighbourhood gymnasium wrestling gimmick commander ray main characters series actress known character establishes context wealthy characters businessman formula driver presented selfish soap operas locations associated office presided home office characters chief adviser secretary mercedes cousin serves vice president lawyer girlfriend cousin included lives grandson tony adopted orphan siblings recurring site apartment house needed plot story begins boxing match nicknamed sustained hand injury manager continue fighting despite pain injury economic situation boxing provides income adoptive family mother loves like daughter pressures marry neighbor suggests apply job works secretary mercedes rejects violent manners dressing style president company sees crying street hires personal assistant meets orphan siblings resisted adopted different families takes home starts legal proceedings adopt begins like girlfriend cold manipulative woman wary tell relations instead pretending sister tell boxer begin relationship unknown characters breaks relationship sees goodbye kiss realizes lying breakup resumes romance eventually proposes marriage order improve chances winning custody siblings judge thought bad influence children gives adoption instead forcing marry marriage proves difficult demanding adopted siblings hate finally breaks pretends blind children custody battle delays divorce wants efforts cousin lawyer martin gradually loses fortune business house moves works taxi driver eventually recovers new character temporarily joins love triangle gets pregnant tries pass son fails finally marries family adopted children moves production program directed produced filming occurred headquarters neighborhood took risks creative production fields successful choice background formula driver required area large infrastructure represent realistic races realism plot scenes set outside buenos_aires actually filmed outside city significant press coverage location shooting germany took place world cup played characters arena stadium argentina serbia montenegro match result match argentine victory benefited filming episode received rating points location shooting occurred tourist ski resort simulated aircraft crash left characters jungle filmed park park performances female boxer look realistic trained regularly renowned boxer coach taught stand ring types strokes underwent weight training commented mastered basic techniques quickly training temporarily gave vegetarian diet plot required characters fly airplane emergency landing risky filming use stunt doubles scene kind daily argentine required professional pilots special effects experts additional aircraft filming main aircraft outside advised pilot program opening theme spanish sung produced producer late fan chose song homage mark 10th anniversary death considered including music record guest actors program featured guest stars appeared secondary support roles episodes guest stars singers played fiction program song background song romantic settings appeared twice playing match character appearance actress nominated best cameo fiction category prize given delayed projects program narration program expanded usual conventions genre types referencing actors nature program example plot program program characters based main characters actors characters occasionally referenced plots place similar contexts older convent habit similar character wore wore clothes similar character wore actors played minor characters main roles played brother character characters involved love triangle cast lost sister dressed woman speaks russian took role russian princess played criminal role unlike scenes use special effects character filmed separately characters sharing screen hero marries villain contrary genre usual convention wedding interrupted canceled moment cast reception ratings program broadcast january month low television activity argentina summer highly successful competitor channel aired teen comedy rescheduled low ratings replaced second season con programs similar ratings end con august average rating points ended watched argentine television fiction far displaced received rating points awards program awarded best comedy ceremony prevailing con received award best lead actor comedy prevailing won award best lead actress comedy prevailing received nominations supporting comedy actor awards won similarly nominations supporting comedy actress went award went con program unsuccessfully nominated best theme song best guest appearance nominated awards nominations proved controversial program lasted week second season actors took work received award nominations won newly created award best dressed actress night official awards awards ceremony late program awarded best comedy prevailing con won award best actor nominated best female actor award given unlike awards distinguish lead supporting actors awarded best comedy actor nominated award given critical reception newspaper attributes success program actors performances production initiatives original treatment stories work supporting cast praised including newspaper praised mix sitcom humor drama dramatic episodes works renowned authors program criticized length time nearly months lead couple kiss criticized badly performed act filming world cup filmed plaza san pretending germany program scheduled broadcast time channel delayed broadcast minutes led conflicts channels institution argentine television episode lasted half hour followed premiere new said final episode lasted hour remakes program initially aired argentina prime time following success initial run sold internationally english countries concept program sold countries remade local actors mexican version starred characters renamed character retained polish version starred portuguese version starred | You Are the One (Argentine TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
12617_Graduados | english graduates argentine broadcast march december plot concerns group people graduated high school reunite years later main character discovers pregnant married thought child father resulting parental dispute love triangle main characters 1980s nostalgia frequent plot elements story arcs related school bullying lgbt rights featured frequent flashbacks characters high school days use actors playing teenagers series written produced underground offered lead character role cast turned joined cast months later character featured cameos guest appearances argentine rock musicians celebrities widely successful prevailing ratings blockbuster competitive dance program received golden award seven awards including program year plans theatrical film abandoned proposed second season renamed cast similar storylines local versions series chile colombia greece plot group high school students graduates girlfriend school bully sees having sex bathroom girl graduation party leaves party accompanies sex car pregnant father owner successful dog food company orders marry unaware encounter episode makes works company stable job works dog walker hires chance remembers encounter dna test confirms father son events series basic plot tries adjust newly discovered intrusion tries stay good terms begins romance wife secretary pregnant claims son father family jewish parents sister works love maintains friendship high school classmates runs radio station plays 1980s argentine rock music keeps touch best friend high school psychiatrist single woman looking couple child classmate takes job comes meeting graduates wife unknown everybody classmate school lost weight changed face secret slowly revealed characters learns true identity series finale stay leave city victoria son open shop marries neighbor series ends party hosted school graduates similar graduation party episode cast production refers frequently 1980s decade main characters attended high school 1980s argentine slang flashbacks evoke nostalgia series uses 1980s music particular argentine rock argentine musicians cameo appearances trend argentine television nostalgia according argentine consumer trends consultant 80s far close laugh earlier versions oneself psychologist consumer trends consultant suggested structure invited viewers compare lives plans younger scripts written primarily comedy dramatic approach lgbt rights school bullying praised transitions dramatic comic scenes acting scripts characters profiles creation cast created working title spanish dog walker planned miniseries character group friends writers gradually expanded storyline incorporating characters story arcs turned starring role work cameo appearances episodes later regular character offered lead protagonist lead antagonist roles declined relative unknown finally selected play cast secondary character played recast character initially written actress turned role initially cast replaced victoria played stage actress santo turned roles series characters played respectively played grandfather time career unlike usual grandfather secondary character character prominent role story arcs years old series said active personal life played character according experiences korean argentine played said proud character conform stereotypes asian people father daughter accepted role series knowing father cast asked respect space played characters similar ages rarely joint scenes said common character series appeared television drama time said normally appear comedies followed wife suggestion played villains including took role past identity intended secret episodes insisted mystery maintained longer time read victims school bullying inform character declined work year stay focused series emotionally attached character recurring elements drama series includes homosexual character came early episodes later married partner ceremony featuring guest appearances fictional sex marriage argentine television reflected growing acceptance sexual freedom argentina character girl victim school bullying heavily appear flashbacks initially villain bullying motivation inflicting revenge classmates episode reveals true identity received flashbacks high school years main characters depicted flashbacks recurring element comic effect flashbacks filmed actors played adult characters instead younger actors episode includes 1980s game domingo appearance host episode features guest appearance later joined regular cast episode flashback set argentine theme park closed rides production moved shoot scenes episode includes flashback san location graduation trip argentine tradition guest appearance trip coordinator fans selected internet competition join trip extras flashback features fast food restaurant guest appearance sportswriter flashbacks focused 1980s high school events character shotgun wedding 15th birthday music program uses 1980s music usually argentine rock extensively argentine musicians decade invited cameo appearances appears episode discussing lyrics song collective unconscious characters appears flashback meeting sound check asking opinion new song resurrected 1980s look differs slightly current appearance brother producer appeared patient similar plots episodes guest stars appearing character psychologist famous clients soccer player tennis player model soccer agent performing members family cameos series singer cameo appearance spring day episode played ritual banana ritual banana hit left band maintain good relationship sent cease letter production team complained twitter episode dismissed reaction jealousy spring day episode included cameo played hit student scene filmed included cameo holidays holidays spring day plot episode aired day holiday fell weekend jewish family jewish holidays included july bombing destroyed terrorist attack mentioned said attend annual protest case handling minor jewish characters relatives friends returned jewish new year celebration jewish characters number argentine latin american israel helped obtain good ratings israel reception episode ratings success scoring nearly points subsequent episodes continued receive high ratings main rival prime time ratings competed moving blockbuster program earlier opposite unsuccessful highly rated change returned original time slot aired new series opposite premiere episode according disappointment target rating points maintained lead ratings rest season multi target success audience limited viewers focus 1980s nostalgia indicated countered contemporary trend series television target specific audience demographic plots include characters situations ages series general tone family friendly includes number flashbacks scripts limit actors 1980s viewpoint according consultant reflects modern realities men showing emotions women having greater autonomy lives shows 1980s series finale broadcast theater ceremony attended fans obtained tickets website cast country attended performance watching episode room theater appearing stage episode ended thank audience attendance actors musicians guest appearances year including singer february cast agreed produce season year begun negotiations bring series project new employ similar themes cast left project replacing female lead awards received nominations november including special award television program year nominated daily serial fiction production actress daily serial arts images fiction program soundtrack winning categories nominations new actor actor daily serial supporting actor daily serial supporting actress daily serial shared new actor award nominees winner nominated actor daily drama award won nominated received daily serial award best supporting actress daily serial fellow nominees series nominated best fiction director script awards won producer refused attend ceremony avoid ongoing dispute total awards successful production ceremony followed argentina awards series received nominations won including golden award won awards best daily serial production writing opening theme nominated best direction won nominated best lead actor daily serial won best supporting actress daily serial nominated nominated best lead actress daily serial expected cast won new actor guest appearance supporting actor daily drama received nominations internet use television new argentina programs limited interaction social networks august higher number despite trailing ratings october argentine program highest number averaging episode second average episode october september day greatest number single episode september analysis found argentine television program frequently mentioned popular characters unofficial twitter accounts created fans modeled characters best known supposed account followers media producers released compilation album music series features theme song composed 1980s argentine rock hits background music musicians appearing album virus went gold argentina encouraging release second soft songs international artists artists second europe dover bad english series wound considered theatrical version summer season similar version producers cast commitments asked series creator film negotiations confirmed producer said underground produces television series produce stage plays films produced chilean version series graduates unforgettable stories remake produced station starred soundtrack features chilean bands argentine bands successful chile virus production tries reflect 1980s chilean life broad appeal audiences version debuted september low ratings greek version airs mexico bought rights local version production november original aired panama el_salvador nicaragua | Graduados | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
12713_12oz.Mouse | mouse mouse american animated television series created adult swim series revolves mouse nicknamed voiced alcoholic mouse performs odd jobs buy beer companion begins recover suppressed memories wife child vanished leads seek answers past forces manipulating world producing series designed characters cost cutting measure series animated intended series lack continuity starting pilot established serial format starting second episode constructed ending series detailed map characters series finale concluded differently planned cast people office characters starring protagonist pound hammer vocalist voice band performs opening theme pilot episode mouse hired premiered june series regular staple lineup october ended december critical reception mixed praised series experimental nature felt premise revolves mouse named voiced nicknamed fond beer caught world espionage love odd jobs employs serial format ongoing storyline developed comedy include mystery thriller elements begins recover suppressed memories wife child vanished leads seek answers past forces manipulating world suspects sinister conspiracy appears revolve fields sic pills beneath city shark clock attempts control nature time reality receive help liquor engage gun battles blow things try understand cryptic hints contains surreal images flash screen key plot moments including snake people screaming series concludes revelation kidnapped placed simulation figure killed shark rectangular businessman true forms outside simulation rescued true form nurse works simulation chamber kill shark unknown truly dead simulation takes place probably taking place simulation purposes simulation seen extract information conclusion episode ambiguous actually end series aspects plot remain unresolved golden joe says thought replies thought guess development production according series pitched table read network jokingly stated accepted claiming production costs total dollars paper sitting borrowed inspiration films intended series lack continuity starting pilot established serial format starting work second episode constructed ending series detailed map characters series finale concluded differently planned radical axis provided animation series described animation designed characters cost cutting measure exception armed monster summoned season episode drawn animated studio shark borrowed space ghost coast coast episode kentucky nightmare scenes clip explained series grab nearby sheet copy paper draw scan followed sending file animator character series drawn script page perfect hair forever scan paper revealed contents decided leave cast cast people office voice characters provides voice protagonist originally gave scratch dialogue character production pilot episode chose voice mouse regularly hearing lines assembled final cut chosen voice sort smooth arrogance voice making perfect fit selected voice liquor looking light situation according provides voice portrays annoying woman green voices picked stated stand quality delivery voices eye plays shark vocalist pound hammer scott voices band composed opening theme song series voiced hearing character explained left unable write lines proceeded provide basic structure lines script instructing rest title sequence music spent weeks working putting set opening title sequence set filmed motion control camera inserted miniature explosives smoke bombs special effect composed opening theme song sought song representing lifestyle mouse things like drive drunk film shoot guns plays electric guitar free time composed song featured episode wrote working coast episodes pilot episode mouse hired premiered june regular series adult swim lineup october shown sixth installment claimed additional episodes produced viewers complained couldn understand presentation december marathon series aired episodes followed premiere unfinished seventh episode adventure mouse second season aired monday est september december 21st episode entitled enter premiered reception ratings season episodes meat warrior respectively seen viewers broadcast addition episodes ranked thirteenth twelfth watched episodes aired network week october respectively critical reception series received mixed critical reception gave series stars opining series adult swim experimental cheap simple trying cool way found crude animation refreshing joked series kill viewers slow pace writing regarded drawn adult swim shows complex terms story contrasted williams street productions finding instead slowly revealing little bit underneath surface questions pitchfork_media called block crude style atlanta magazine opined animation art look like students common sense media rated star criticizing qualities ultimately stated parents teens interested watching preview episode letting tune gave dvd release stating left watching noted video transfer decidedly deliberately rough weird sic frequently appearances hip hop duo produced song inspired mouse entitled hymn song uses audio clips episode line corn dogs recited doom scene episode visible theaters home release dvd release complete series released february exclusively williams street shop dvd cover depicts supper series characters replacing christ black light cover depicts skeletons characters letters symbols email address series presented single continuous movie newly produced footage gaps episodes features production footage new music episode entirety collected fan art | 12 oz. Mouse | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
13366_Underbelly(series1) | series series australian crime television drama series thirteen series originally aired february network loosely based real events war melbourne depicts key players melbourne criminal underworld including rival series based book inside australia underworld journalists successful true crime anthology book series authored rule alternative significantly updated tie novel war released 13th book series series produced association executive producers lead involved heavy marketing campaign covered radio print billboards increased online presence including use social networking tools reported cost marketing investment potentially millions dollars advertising revenue claimed risk injunction series expected attract million viewers victoria injunction place ensure upcoming criminal trials unfair accused series contained disputed events began screening february network states territories victoria edited version series premiered victoria september injunction partially lifted episodes shown injunction partially lifted series screened uncut included scenes original dvd release significant changes current including newly recorded final characters previously uncredited ending related trials previously named characters final episode unable named resulting continued banning sale video release victoria critical ratings success described australia best crime drama despite critical success series target controversy depiction crime violence opening double episodes aired february attracted average viewers nationally minus victoria episode series soon available download range sites network saying considering legal action legal dvd released day final episode aired television legal suppression release able distributed retail rental outlets victoria internet ban remains place legal issues involving final episode continuing series later followed tale cities razor sequel series television films released files synopsis overview account events melbourne war lasted episode crime syndicate introduced comprising stand man simon retired bank drug dealing siblings jason les hill father lewis seemingly harmless half driver introduced police characters prominent members task force self styled black prince street kills man party small debt jason assistance innocent people trial murdered jason killing goes brothers buy press employ produce drugs secretly begins making supply forms alliance rival police jason discovers double cross shoots stomach jason arrested takes drug business selling corrupt officer drug squad kills mark assistance drug dealer establish hires avenge believing killer kills offers services bodyguard eventually jailed wife stewart forced run business begins affair released jail given special parole conditions allow london rival russian don liability murdered jason returns london concerned lewis offers run business arrested bust constant police observation asks murder jason executed children orders hit small time dealer turns friend tony blames small time dealer crime asks kill shoot marshall immediately arrested police unable prove involvement crime murdered agrees end violence asks murder instead kills arrested later acquitted new named uncut broadcast offers team real motive days later kills crowded bar consumed revenge death friend convicted killer decides kill surviving member double crossed murdered bodyguard arrested agree act undercover agent record ordering hit jailed associates testify series final episode task force owen arrest family voice performed police officer reveals eventually acquitted killing killed awaiting trial attempted murder charges final voice production razor preparation airing victoria include information murder arrest cheap wig greece series real events war pointed deliberate presented series portrayal real laws victoria allow real police officers including previously served sacked portrayed actors media result characters presented entirely fictional characters based real officers leading major differences series suggesting senior officer died heart attack fact occurred episode pulls hands license momentarily birth date card shows birth year time scene years old second episode outdoor scene funeral stop sign seen style design signage wasn introduced 2000s shot series shooting takes place botanical gardens real shooting occurred shoreline seen seventh episode murdered home following episode murdered outside home murders occurred series timeline incorrect murdered murdered october execution victor episode portrayed taking place car home shot dead parked opposite supermarket bay street murder alleged drug dealer portrayed episode thompson shot leaving martial arts class broad daylight thompson shot dead murder occurred road melbourne suburb began drive car directly outside entrance martial arts centre fiction portrayed murder late hours night fact ambushed residential street company late afternoon episodes showing melbourne skyline shown building actually completed years events depicted series heard frequency change frequency cast characters features regular cast members actors series main cast detective detective stewart wife recurring cast includes production development based book inside australia underworld age journalists network interested creating local world class television decided invest drama series told story melbourne killings drama stated network percent committed bringing small screen executive producer called series exciting challenging drama projects shot australia script took months write beginning june main writers putting entire episode scripts edited head drama felt challenge writing team capture essential truth extraordinary events compelling coherent manner filmed melbourne locations city real life events occurred filming took days july october inner urban locations utilised locations surveyed making series close life possible parts series filmed area near houses schools associated underworld scenes filmed primarily street filming jail visit sequences filmed dressing rooms dome marketing network spent million dollars producing promoting lead resulted heavy marketing campaign covered radio print billboards increased online presence including use social networking tools ceo network noted need online presence embrace social networking valuable marketing tool official website launched original website launched january minute trailer site features launched february announced episode available download site february days television option unavailable supreme court suppression case intention follows similar strategy launch site biggest detailed website network hosted far including features scenes footage profiles visitor use social networking tools court injunction network ordered remove character profiles official website victoria according marketing uses framework war gangs bigger moral war gangs explore complex array individual stories relationships touching incredible breathtaking mini series examines nature loyalty love revenge pride normal identifiable emotions human attachment moved context social social franchise series prequel tale cities revolves organised crime groups stemmed based trade series follows lives late infamous drug lords clark portrayed respectively filming took place sydney melbourne march sydney locations richmond portray 1970s writers admitted nudity sex original prequel premiered february million viewers making highest rated non sporting program history australian television ratings second prequel titled began airing april trilogy known files aired early man got away tell fourth series razor began airing august concerned telling story 1920s criminal prequel original series new_zealand version titled land long green cloud aired fifth series tells story modern sydney underworld figure aired august current production set air late biography taylor impact critical reception episode series screened privately media january prior media treated extracts trailers promoting series january sydney morning herald critic declared series blue murder time referring critically acclaimed drama considered finest crime drama produced australia review blog january stated awarded commented criticisms found shots away period melbourne actually shot watching thrive power disdain hard think behaviour television executives recent history aside looks set highlights television year review appeared january critic quoted followed melbourne war fair chance blown away coming series slick violent sexually charged backed soundtrack article appearing january daily_telegraph editor said viewing episodes quality maintained perfect equal better australia best crime dramas phoenix series reaction february publicly outraged screening reach children clips series leaked internet clips highlighted use extreme scenes violent cold murder sexual encounter network defended timeslot classification saying clips leaked network production department series final cut network set classification accepted rules threatened matter communications minister content near promotional clip leaked production department ratings opening double episodes aired february attracted average viewers nationally minus victoria making watched night victoria series expected attract million viewers figures million mark replacement movie victoria redemption managed viewers episode aired february managed hold viewers premiere attracting viewers nationally decline viewers fourth episode aired february managed hold nearly viewers previous episode attracting viewers nationally decline viewers leaked copies episodes available online continued attract huge television audiences averaged million viewers episodes awards nominated awards afi awards winning awards won best drama series best director episode best lead actor best lead actress stewart episode episode series nominated episode screen music awards composer won awards best television theme best music television series nominated awards won awards nominations outstanding drama series outstanding actor drama series outstanding actress drama series stewart nominations categories outstanding actor outstanding new talent popular drama series popular actor popular actress stewart legal issues supreme_court writ threat high profile lawyer criminal charges dropped prosecution evidence disrupted lead series launch threatened network supreme_court writ january said portrayed engaged melbourne specialist saying attempt depict lawyer low behaviour met legal proceedings instituted lawyers regard depiction wars particular role lawyer acting parties pure watching closely network subsequently said direct reference despite earlier publicity network said lawyer called said noting advertised case dropped lack evidence supreme_court suppression screening victoria jeopardy minute legal proceedings instituted secured urgent viewing series decided seek injunction stopping broadcast victoria supreme_court judge called prosecutors defence lawyers concerns raised prejudice jury trial pleaded guilty killing named series concerns hurt chance fair trial supreme_court hearing took place february days series premiere network ordered hand tapes episodes outlines story lines date network refused voluntarily hand tapes saying incomplete network lawyers closely supervising production willing comply court order took matter seriously network adamant series makes guilt accused killer hearing took place justice gave prosecution defence lawyers hours view series return court following day decide potential affect forthcoming trial justice king issued suppression order february banning network broadcasting series state victoria internet murder trial completed network offered air heavily edited version victoria offer rejected initially planned alternative program special announcement discussing subject matter series air victoria instead series premiere idea scrapped movie redemption aired victoria instead network declared intention appeal decision network lawyers stated exercise legal options injunction affected national audiences receiving network affiliate single national satellite distribution signal parts victoria alternative programming shown restriction lifted appeal began february network lawyers argued network allowed broadcast episodes series arguing justice king decision suppress series viewed version final edited cut shown audiences network believed episodes depicted events beginning underworld war potential prejudice trial murder trial begin march judges overseeing appeal retired decide verdict march decision march upheld ruling series broadcast distributed victoria appeal network proposed screen episodes immediately successful appeal court seven days written notice intention episodes believed prejudice murder trial dismissed network application appeal network compelled comply suppression order issued trial complete ban expired week ending conviction murder paving way begin screening episodes wrote book series based says seen victoria soon saying problem australia ready stand trial charges effectively prevent series screened victoria trial held time sure years years legally shown victoria september court ruled network air episodes supreme_court justice gave network permission air specially edited episodes said screening sixth episode prejudice upcoming trials accused criminal edited versions scenes cut face reactions viewers favourable mainly seen entire series uncut suppression order partially lifted trial april series broadcast victoria timeslot allowed airing uncut edition based episodes appeared dvd blu ray release alterations update significantly outdated summary current events final voice series episode production razor include events occurred including murder arrest minute longer original voice summary episodes contained significant changes original voice indicating keith fully credited episodes starred explanation given characters named time production named end related trials unnamed dialog episode allowed sold dvd blu ray victoria character episode named original broadcast dvd blu ray release allowed named time pending court case subsequently edited dvd blu ray release based original broadcast uncut broadcast allowed sold victoria suppression order fully lifted alternative version released sequel confirmed august series production beginning august branded changes funding acts direct sequel series cast playing characters exceptions based series covers lasted months dismantled drug empire filmed greece aired february distribution international distribution began airing new_zealand sunday network series hiatus episodes performing expected time slot public outcry reversed decision hours later saying pressure angry fans reinstated series old timeslot rescheduled tuesday evenings weeks later senior publicist said failed win new viewers sunday slot inundated fans took air didn rate second showing series brought primetime july sequel series performed new_zealand beginning episode series currently playing thursday april network signed international distribution deal series broadcast scandinavia canada france italy balkans korea portugal russia south_africa turkey germany said pleased delighted series gain international audiences global recognition scottish commercial broadcaster signed broadcast series series broadcasting good reception series satellite service broadcast entire trilogy beginning february channel season airs free air channel thursday september series available illegal distribution despite ban broadcasting series victoria able access episodes illegal online distribution episode available sites minutes concluding new_south_wales network reportedly obtained address person network lawyers considering legal action investigating matter expected list recommendations fears inside leaks aroused advance versions episodes posted online episode series soon available download range sites reported users attempting download episode seven late afternoon february network said considering legal action looking copies got hands underworld figures victoria including wife copies entire series available public people offered disc dvd set public places building sites episodes commercial free came introductory station suggesting major leak inside network production department network employees questioned network matter denied distributing copies series dvds containing episodes seized raid police business melbourne western suburbs march year old man arrested faced charges copyright infringement breaking court order banning broadcast program victoria dvds dvds uncovered new dvd group contained members arrested offences months prior merchandise legal dvd released day final episode aired television accordance legal suppression release distributed retail rental outlets victoria internet confirmed box sets point sale displays carry stamp reminding buyers series sale distribution exhibition victoria legal experts said bought box set interstate watched home likely fall foul law showed widely charged contempt dvd sold copies australia september limited edition dvd released containing numbered steel case extra disc documentary entitled day soundtrack released march online features elements score addition music tracks featured series released blu ray august | Underbelly (series 1) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
13567_MobileSuitGundamSEED | japanese hepburn anime series developed sunrise directed ninth installment franchise seed takes place future calendar era case era mankind developed subspecies reside earth genetically enhanced humans capable amazing feats intellect man colonies escape persecution natural humans story revolves young coordinator involved war races neutral faction space colony invaded television series broadcast japan networks beginning broadcast partnership franchise series spawned compilations films adapted manga light novels sequel series followed merchandise released including models soundtracks video games seed licensed broadcast north_america began airing united_states canada respectively films sequel licensed manga light novels spin series licensed video games released north_america widely popular public japan winning numerous awards high sales series dvd music character development animation gained praise similarities previous series drawn comparisons criticism fans plot series franchise set mankind divided normal earth dwelling humans known genetically altered super humans known primary conflict story plot derives jealous hatred abilities leading hate crimes eventually emigration flee space live lives giant space colonies called plants design war eventually breaks earth plants earth divided major factions formed natural born human nations primarily natural human group known slogan preservation blue pure world unified alliance exist nation states second major earth nation politically neutral nation located small pacific_ocean islands ruled hereditary monarchy contains coordinator citizens major events story known bloody valentine tragedy initiated war plants plant space stations destroyed nuclear bomb second event counterattack plants deep earth crust nuclear reactions long range radar radio causing areas earth electricity communication requiring mobile suits rely batteries plants technological power house developing new technologies equal power earth despite small population invention mobile suits military edge beginning war story begins neutral owned space colony secret development advanced mobile suits war effort exchange technical data shared neutral military additionally unique carrier battleship base mobile suits colony attacked forces military objective stealing new units union student coordinator named seeing friends danger pilots strike mobile suit fend invaders colony critically damaged ensuing fight survivors board begin journey alliance base alaska journey earth pilots strike counter series attacks seemingly killed childhood friend soldier battles nearly killed survives attack taken blind priest plant space colonies home recover arrives alaska launches scale attack base enemies goes alaska freedom highly advanced nuclear powered proof mobile suit stolen plant pop star coordinator daughter president freedom ends battle armies alaska base subsequently destroyed flees neutral country new ship ship leave earth space join rebel faction stolen battleship eternal meant carry freedom justice mobile form common goal ending war midst conflict learns survived searches orders recover given equally powerful prototype learning father radical militant faction leader plan commit genocide joins final battle nuclear weapons equipped technology copied stolen data freedom justice power systems earth forces intend destroy plant space colonies stopped genesis super weapon microwave laser designed commit genocide defeat genesis ending battle war ultimately ends peace treaty signed development directed gear fighter music series announced june trailer available september series official website total writers charge series characters designed mechanical designs planning manager stated staff making seed new young team continue working following series work anime based original series stated seed initially told point view deeper series point view shift characters main focus series entertain audience pointing drama develop series similar vein previous series worked plot followed action sequences stating human characters important combat sequences retrospect said wish fight forced stemming desire protect friends considered actions based japanese thoughts media anime series premiered japan terrestrial networks occupied saturday timeslot replacing aired october september episode streamed internet day broadcast users telephone services real format series sold japan thirteen dvd volumes released march march march minute epilogue called phase valley stars released thirteenth final dvd japanese release dvd box set series released february episode sequel titled destiny aired japan october october airing stations seed seed destiny takes place years original series follows focusing mainly involvement new war edition series confirmed august stated leaked information official information come following days november announced release series blu ray compilations march december version streamed website december aired japan january november licensed animation seed february began airing united_states canada respectively english adaptation produced association english language dub recorded vancouver canada series released dvds bilingual format august epilogue released dvd release licensed sunrise released final european dvd release published series dvds june march box set called released january march set containing dvds october new york comic con panel sunrise announced releasing franchise including seed north_america distribution beginning spring films film compilation television series released compilation film minutes long story seed additional altered scenes series followed formula compilation movies seed destiny special edition released august october dvd format films released alongside films seed destiny february seed special edition licensed north_america released dvds english july november dvd box films released november title mobile suit seed complete feature collection soundtracks music series composed cds published notable artists sang opening ending themes series include fourteen years old opening theme revolution provided voice character original soundtracks released december december include background music insert themes opening ending themes collaboration album music released containing total tracks compilation dvd featuring music videos released title songs character cds themes performed japanese voice actors released march july compilation albums released released november featuring thirteen tracks seed destiny best bridge songs destiny compilation ending themes insert character songs seed seed destiny songs seed seed destiny collected titled released march limited edition version includes dvd music videos anime series singles released featuring new theme songs seed manga manga series written based events anime series published volumes march january english version published north_america licensed january titles released april august spin series written illustrated focused mobile suit prototypes respective pilots organizations published volumes april february english release announced december volumes released november volume manga titled featuring suit featuring suit written released january released new manga series titled manga events television series currently collected volumes stories titled created replaced illustrator reprised role follows adventures pilot associates events original series spanned volumes published march august english volumes published released february november failed experiment program searching successful defeat prove failure volumes published series october published volumes october february photo novel story titled illustrated single volume series published august follows fellow tail mercenaries series titled club parodies events seed seed destiny comics joint venture sunrise official seed fan club magazine released publications august light novels light novel adaptation series authored originally supplement illustrations stories eventually published volumes march fifth january released light novels north_america october light novels volumes spin series authored published september july video games video games released based anime series federation arcades lit friends foes game boy advance federation ending tomorrow destiny generation federation playstation playstation portable game released title federation mobile phone game developed playstation game battle destiny battle destiny released june game covers events seed seed destiny characters seed featured crossover games include series games series dynasty warriors dynasty warriors crossover games featuring games series century episode century episode merchandise released seed july official released japan july focus respectively year series label official file released japan titled published april featuring extensive analysis storyline characters detailed perfect archive series featuring articles characters technology universe published march titled illustrations released july reception popular series japan enjoying high television ratings dvd sales april announced million copies seed dvd sold japan volume having sold copies cds sales high single series ending theme selling cds japan july million plastic seed models sold worldwide month marketing manager stated response seed highly positive having broken rating records aired japan added reaction united_states enthusiastic received years according analyst seed series widely successful fans hardcore mainstream casual japanese viewers seed eighth winner winner won fifth anime grand prix award winner characters topping male female anime categories respectively topped charts magazine reader poll received older japanese fans february sunrise president stated seed incorporated elements popular live action television dramas hand reported april seed wide audience including young older viewers seed praised stand long line series calling best alternative stands best titles story praised battle sequences character driven scenes reviewed emphasis series noted pace early episodes main characters development began progress political themes appealed audiences early series regard progress characters relationships relationship earned praise resulted entertaining action scenes mobile suits later reviews speculation arose allies climax praised bringing unexpected war revelations characters roles common comment writers seed blended elements previous series displayed fast paced way making enjoyable younger fans engaging older fans familiar previous series dvd verdict writer noted elements anime series drew quickly soon found wrapped proceedings stated seed adapted original series modern audience way adapt site stated caused appearance hardcore criticized series traits entertaining watch anime fans step quality animation led far best series date additionally soundtrack popular bringing popular pop artists perform theme songs casting talented voice actors provided emotional depth scenes required english dub reviewed favorably comparisons english original japanese dubbing revealed weaknesses portrayal characters controversy sixteenth episode seed features scene seen dressing getting bed teenage girl lies sleeping naked suggesting sexual relationship reported viewers filed complaints scene aired children watching replied mentioning given careful consideration episode airing scene extended compilation films noting expanded screen scene shots | Mobile Suit Gundam SEED | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
13608_BetterOffTed | american satirical situation comedy series created known television series universe short lived life stick served executive producer series ran abc network march january focuses protagonist single father respected beloved head research development department fictional narrates series events regularly breaking fourth wall directly addressing audience camera narrator supporting characters include supervisor worker love interest daughter laboratory scientists series received critical acclaim particular praise going witty satirical humor second season holds score metacritic despite positive feedback debut drew million viewers continued extremely low ratings expressed skepticism return renewed second season abc officially canceled series low viewing figures episodes united_states available view xbox live marketplace itunes conception origin creator cited new parent inspiration interview npr discussed having kid interest develop person public personal lives parents teach kids moral work giant corporations according single father daughter serves moral compass stated worked giant companies didn base specific corporation based idea person better essentially average person wants stated wasn fan title hadn spoken changing casting casting crew team worked fairly quickly don lot time cast unfortunately important thing think says good casting mediocre material best material world mediocre casting casting think got lucky regulars approached previously worked sitcom universe playing role fan work thought great role previously enjoyed class cast roles respectively met role assessed meeting completely convinced role perfect born play thought nailed role cast asked drew role replied attracted strong women went kind throw told played character similar qualities work driven strong slightly convince play character play character nature person met trying cast liked decided people casting role weeks cast plot revolves employees evil company company experiments employees twists truth stop achieve goals mentioned presidential elections created killer robots governments left world powerful promoted rarely focus storylines frequent references futuristic technologies killer robots computers etc places partially science fiction genre characters fully aware nature try manipulate system order stop bad things happening evil effects projects susceptible potential rewards company offer despite consequences actions company attempt hire mother company introduction light known flaws comedy comes characters navigation morally ambiguous areas plays serves main character camera narrator breaks fourth wall speaks directly viewers offering inside information observations action continues plot element involves use mock commercials thematically related individual episodes placed end beginning actual commercial breaks couple episodes cast crisp titular character narrator senior vice president department respected loved employees members difficult upper management desire maintain position company feeling demonstrate moral center daughter sexual relations immediate supervisor remains emotionally distant interest new hire launch series boss immediate supervisor maintains fierce workplace demeanor employees deep fear cold calculating clear respect recognizes moral action necessary maintain balance workplace ongoing subplot touched sporadically season frequently second sees mentor lesser degree rose departments finds attracted maintains relationships reminds repeatedly rejected idea workplace romance bit outsider corporate culture demands consider horrible company policies activities relationship scientists strained rejection weird things science despite finds increasingly looking mentor series progresses philip laboratory scientists usually working hanging works project generally accepted avoid conflicts married makes frequent references wife hate season episode beating dead workforce learn member laboratory scientists best friends lab partner works project conflict willing roll abuse company offer grew shadow mother renowned scientist rose daughter attends program available prefers stay home according mom ran africa save world voice reason talks work points terrible choices company makes helps focus needs set things straight attends reception critical response critics praised witty satirical humour cast according metacritic assigns normalized rating reviews mainstream critics season holds score indicating generally favorable reviews based reviews chicago_sun-times wrote favorably comparing characters highly acclaimed new_york_post gave half stars cast simply referring funny comedy ken_tucker entertainment_weekly gave stating better certainly original sitcom come usa today referred cast reasonably entertaining returning second season acclaimed considered critics vast improvement metacritic holds score indicating universal acclaim based reviews new_york_post gave second season perfect score calling hilarious funnier year san_francisco_chronicle gave second season perfect score praising return saying means finally good funny tuesday nights ken_tucker entertainment_weekly gave return stating thank goodness returned intact love star delivery straight man lines wasp posture critiques corporate capitalism ratings pilot episode averaged total million viewers abc lowest rated comedy debut season continued experience drop mild ratings taking million finale renewed second season premiered low million viewers awards accolades editorial assistant included website list writer ranked series second list nominated award best comedy series cancellation series officially canceled abc interview creator asked thought didn catch responded think people knew wasn like lot people watch didn come think building slowly way works spend lot money advertising promoting let stay place long period time audience slowly comes don think got added feel audience know people liked liked lot time cancellation episodes broadcast abc network announced air episodes june contingent requiring seventh game ultimately seventh game needed abc air final episodes series episodes dvd release initially announced blu ray edition released season occur music video reunion series star released single revenge alternate performance verbal official music video song released june reunited major cast members reprised original series characters appear high school cheerleader respectively series creator appears video recording included soundtrack final episode dog | Better Off Ted | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
14261_PlanetRelief | planet relief planet relief proposed bbc television special dealing issue global warming originally scheduled broadcast january programme development months meant similar previous bbc programmes cancelled broadcast allegedly bbc concerned biased promoting responses based acceptance mainstream climate change science concept original idea planet relief increase awareness climate change unlike previous bbc specials planned charity event increase awareness similar mainly inspired live planet relief seen climate change counterpart programme involved electric power station shut night bbc spent year negotiating urging viewers turn unnecessary lights electric evening people reported involved included entertainment personality head bbc comedy environmental expert years experience ecology planet conservation helped professional guidance campaign concept cancellation bbc scrapped idea planet relief september editor said absolutely bbc job save planet head bbc television news said bbc job lead opinion subject concerns power station parts electricity distribution network bbc cancelled bias stating bbc committed programmes climate change live earth audiences looking programmes documentary factual nature explain complex subject right wing commentators opposed idea planet relief including said daily_mail cancelled idea developing hope gets lost heaven knows comic relief imagine cosmic relief fact calling planet relief note warn readers nervous disposition avoid enterprise containing word planet going like complaints programme came climate said thing bbc position decides going adopt climate change moral purpose got lot trouble don think role bbc spend money moral purpose climate change activists attacked bbc programme author said decision shows real poverty understanding senior bbc executives gravity situation face reason issue small group climate lobbying taking action bbc like refusing consistent stance critic friends earth executive director said disappointing decision considering huge potential bbc helping quickly shift low carbon society science climate change clear approached right way taking issue compromise bbc | Planet Relief | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
15155_LeadBalloon | lead balloon british television series produced open bbc series created written comedian stars cynical comedian life plagued petty star series episodes broadcast bbc episode achieving highest ratings comedy channel repeats series run bbc bbc bringing larger audience second series episodes aired bbc november series aired november final series aired july comparisons critics successful american comedy curb enthusiasm positive comments characters particularly eastern european series released dvd november theme tune cover version way road written performed production development genesis series came end recording series apollo speculated experiences interviews turned television programme following meeting agent turned lead role series began writing character focused writing domestic life professional highlight clash pilot commissioned bbc recorded december received positive feedback led series minute episodes ordered january broadcast later year writing frequent collaborator joined write pilot script worked weeks developing characters forming storylines prepared writing series proper commissioned strongly influenced writing shift office natural conversation funny studio audience present cites early films curb enthusiasm cultural influences helped set tone series controller bbc stated series curb autobiographical comes expression like lead balloon meaning received badly audience filming broadcast pilot features scene dry cleaner reused fifth episode location filming series particularly house michael cafe series hugo restaurant road queen park london shots series filmed scenes separated person writing ideas comedy material writing pad characters character born stand comedian living london struggles decent makes ends meet hosting corporate events based character hated performed alongside early years stand incompetent attempts practical tasks attempt avoid paying professionals partner talent agent everyday people getting minutes fame serves highlight failing career calm personality contrasts strongly american writer writes majority material working home michael café tries moderate desperate behaviour quietly frustrated interests michael owns runs café frequently visit escape chaos home socially awkward possibly extent having mental disorder actually high flying city banker suffered burn father turns gay later series michael negatively daughter sam attends sixth form college regularly extracts money father expressing sympathy money pounds possibly purchase recreational drugs sam boyfriend goes numerous jobs interests series taking circus skills course short lived shelf job apparent jobs require recurring pounds gained sam pleas fact purchase recreational drugs meaning jobs interests exist eastern european british attitudes language view willing worker generally suffers selfish silence john single scene series larger episode second series series prominent character concerned elderly mother delicate problems losing cat having teenagers throwing rubbish wall episodes reception immediately following commission series reviewers compared curb enthusiasm story independent ran headline writes bbc answer curb enthusiasm stage called curious called comparisons curb inevitable times obsessed similarities curb singled performances described characterisation turning endearing sunday_times praised style humour reaction provoked viewers sunday called comedy everyday embarrassment unfortunately shows awkward joints curb enthusiasm invisible reviewer cited good man driven behaviour independent named series best new comedy appearing panel comedy judges edinburgh international television festival response vicar catherine voted best comedies public poll called best sitcom comedy circuit obviously hoping shit skinner starred failed sitcom shane episode broke bbc audience record comedy series viewers despite dropping episode won multi channel slot rubbish bbc repeat received million viewers seeing bbc final episode series received million bbc repeat series nominated british comedy award nominated best comedy actor series information broadcast history series aired bbc october november timeslot ratings success episodes led series having repeat run bbc starting october second series episodes commissioned controller bbc following conclusion series series began november fourth series premiered comedy series broadcast bbc high definition service repeat run beginning december episodes available streaming downloads series run announced interview fourth series works shooting finished autumn series began broadcast run australia series aired tuesday february april network shifted remaining episodes later slot seasons repeated lower rated channel uploaded abc catch service series air australia sweden series aired ninth july series aired autumn year dvd releases series released dvd november second november fourth series released june july respectively series released dvd july | Lead Balloon | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
15558_Bedsitcom | british reality television hoax series broadcast channel_4 december pitched sitcom reality documented lives young people living flat london hook audience aware participants named paul actually actors directed trio writers garage ground floor commissioned produced producers auditioned thousands people genuine contestants selected young adults live flat actors contestants told starring new reality series called making friends featured time period weeks programme ran single series episodes featured storylines involving dead dealings mothers telephone received largely negative feedback television reviewers criticised premise deeply offensive idea received viewership peak million final episode giving audience share cent recommissioned second series currently available dvd channel_4 demand service production concept created conceived parody reality television traditional sitcom combined elements featuring members public placed extraordinary situations actors directed writers commissioned channel_4 produced objective productions pitched sitcom reality promoted entirely new genre television programme title words british term referring form rented accommodation consisting single room shared bathroom sitcom title technically accommodation bedroom sitting area separate casting jones selected actors feature jones previously portrayed drama played lead role link series stone cold avoid breaking character real names living flat went weeks rehearsals connor described entire process exhausting find suitable candidates live actors producers auditioned roughly people told taking new reality television programme london called making friends members public named bob dave david selected feature writing filming plots devised team writers led producer located garage ground floor apartment building contestants staying writers appear screen explain audience intention episode communicated ash jones ringing mobile phones calling speak person occasionally change plans episode worst case scenario example writers altered storyline having bring animals flat having group kill night team writers created channel sitcom connor earlier year plus filming began lasted approximately weeks filmed hours day footage edited roughly minutes week filming episodes documented lives young adults living flat london episodes total created divided distinct halves episodes centred lives paul actors lived flat bob dave unaware members public believed taking genuine reality bob dave learnt true nature end episode moved replaced new members public named david new cast members remained final episodes reception critical reception reviewers gave generally negative feedback critical storylines devised writers calling critical premise describing deeply offensive manipulative morally actors particularly jones received criticism acting abilities daily record called funny sharing flat german branded intensely irritating times called recommend whatsoever watching episode daily star simply stated isn funny critics review spoke harshly programme calling piece television describing incredibly dull slightly positive review came times suggested format works world said terrible programme funny lines editor collective similarly wrote end results amusing tackle interesting storylines project lazy cruel television interview series creator spoke critical reaction received said felt premise great idea great television remarked didn cast right public didn series ratings awards given level exposure promotion granted channel disappointed ratings pilot shown december generated million viewers figure fallen december ratings rose million viewers fourth episode ends average series attracted audience share cent final episode gained viewership million market share cent highest audience series nominated single award rose festival european awards commemorates achievement entertainment television programme submitted category beaten distribution distributed broadcast eponymous channel premiered december episodes stripped weeks broadcast nightly december remaining shown night december currently plans revive series available dvd channel demand service | Bedsitcom | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
15648_SonofGod(TVseries) | son god series son god known jesus complete story jesus real story award winning british documentary series chronicles life jesus christ scientific contemporary historical evidence presented episode premiered united_kingdom april executive producer directed took total months produce cost million symphonic score composed son god featured interviews historians biblical experts live action life jesus lead role computer generated images locations jesus time looked like images created design team praised critics received outstanding achievement award royal television society north awards son god ran single series episodes focused different stage jesus life episode real man looked historical evidence existence jesus documented life birth episode mission discussed jesus popular jews greeks area seen threat final hours final episode son god looked jesus presented ideas traditional views conflict occurred episode concluded construction computer generated animation jesus appeared critical reaction series mixed reviewers praised programme worthy publicity focusing history spirituality remarked went strange reliability facial reconstruction questioned son god aired bbc april received viewership million audience share united_states series shown jesus complete story single hour programme weeks broadcast licensed countries including france denmark new_zealand production son god devised produced joint sponsored association france directed previous bbc work included documentary series executive producer worked documentaries channel_4 promotion described son god complete biography jesus middle_east correspondent chosen present programme broadcast despite religious drawn programme use scientific historical information presenting narrated scripted large portions series stated brought degree episode aired admitted think version son god broadcast discovery channel retitled jesus complete story footage edited narration american actor released format jesus real story narration son god took months produce cost approximately million featured million season new television programming bbc spring british conductor commissioned write complete symphonic score series performed completed programme featured hour half music subsequently seminal themes orchestral score basis popular choral work son god mass soprano saxophone choir organ computer graphic images created design group employed techniques similar ones bbc series walking speaking september spokesman stated involvement son god incredibly successful promotional campaigns british american broadcasts series focused technology science programme special effects created particular facial reconstruction final episode showing jesus looked like garnered significant media attention lead episode newspapers including daily_mail guardian ran stories computer generated image true face jesus british television listings magazine radio_times featured reconstructed face cover march issue headline face jesus cover headline received criticism commentators misleading episodes son god consists single series episodes episode lasts approximately minutes documents different stage jesus life episodes format visiting significant locations life jesus talking head interviews historians biblical experts jesus life featuring israeli actor locations jesus time recreated archaeologists evidence buildings street plans computer graphics real man episode son god real man documents jesus life details historical evidence existence visits jerusalem calls jesus death best attested facts ancient history cites jewish historian sources confirms jesus existed describes wise man surprising feats won followers jews greeks accused jewish leaders condemned interviews princeton_university discovery dead sea travels visit structure built series century caves speculates jesus born cave inn traditional image archaeologist confirms saying greek word usually translated english upper room inn real man looks story star states astronomical phenomenon according time believed kingdom lands controlled year scholars jesus born rare alignment meant saturn sun moon appeared looks jesus born historian asserts jewish pagan christian sources confirm jesus born matthew luke canonical agree city jesus grew archaeologist proposes jesus interest religion politics sparked family visit headquarters jewish faith episode ends spending night mount jesus traditionally believed spent days nights tempted devil mission episode mission discusses jesus popular seen potential threat visits dome rock site jerusalem temple discusses jesus went sea recruit disciples speaks led excavation suggests boat similar owned travels visits speaks archaeologist states century greek graffiti house suggests house belonged peter visits tomb century scholar miracle worker named ben contrasts life jesus example jesus executed mission looks jesus viewed religious leaders time canonical report cases jesus healing performing making clean jesus told usually excluded claimed forgive sins going ordinary channels jesus met ate disabled prostitutes fulfilled prophecy riding golden gate concludes reasons meant time seen threatening final hours final hours episode son god details jesus days alive claims supper held guest room house jerusalem writings suggest supper took place guest honour jesus end table john centre proposed familiar depictions supper looks jesus blood leaving middle_east time travels new_york_city meets forensic columbia_university states jesus suffering medical condition brought stress knowing die says seen similar symptoms sailors men given death sentences experiments volunteers vermont measuring blood pressure crosses arms level shoulders concludes traditional view jesus nails cross driven hands possible feet supported discovery skeleton century man death supports theory questions disciple truly double cross jesus historian jerusalem greek word simply handed jesus romans betrayed final hours ends facial reconstruction suggesting jesus looked like century jewish forensic science department israel clay model created forensic retired medical artist face suggests jesus broad face large nose differs significantly traditional depictions renaissance art additional information jesus skin colour hair provided century images earliest pictures jewish people proposes jesus skin olive coloured darker traditional western image suggests jesus short hair short beard reception critical reception critical reaction son god mixed series received praise commentators new statesman history spirituality time contrasted lives jesus similar series december remarking flash lives jesus far acclaimed series saying worthy publicity placed role presenter graphics created received daily record described computer imagery stunning guardian noted series visually treat commented programme interesting contained slightly odd slightly irrelevant review critical nature came writing guardian questioned facial reconstruction episode suggested dismissive imply jesus truly appeared speaking study bennett remarked hope future bbc controllers dig skull ask real face writing questioned reliability reconstruction branded series programme received criticism theological scholars following broadcast episode production series felt jesus mission wright claimed bbc elected portray jesus simply politically correct social worker reviews american broadcast jesus complete story mixed reviewers described fascinating negative writing orlando sentinel agreed computer imaging spectacular rest went strange daily_news stated relied heavily sloppy facts described uneven vivid ratings awards episode son god shown gained million viewers audience share considered high religious documentary american broadcast discovery channel series watched million repeated march following year gained figure million viewers episode series nominated awards computer generated images created graphics team nominated leaf awards won outstanding achievement award royal television society north awards distribution son god distributed bbc broadcast bbc premiered april ran single series episodes episode shown weekly sunday nights shown son god licensed new_zealand seven european territories including france denmark united_states aired jesus complete story single hour special april weeks broadcast repeated christmas day march year broadcast accompanying book written released book titled son god tie documentary series featured introduction december son god available dvd available bbc demand service vhs box set jesus complete story produced released united_states set region dvd august moses following success son god similar single episode documentary commissioned bbc july programme entitled moses documented life moses style akin son god reunited presented directed produced respectively like son god moses featured live action computer generated images period interviews historians scholars broadcast december | Son of God (TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
16755_TheCity(2008TVseries) | series city american reality television series originally aired mtv december july developed spin hills series aired seasons focused personal professional lives young women residing new_york_city new_york premise conceived served executive producers series originally focused whitney port appeared predecessor began employment additionally placed emphasis workplace rival port boyfriend roommate friend replaced port roommate enemy second half season city received generally mixed reviews critics proved successful hills like predecessor series criticized tending narrative format commonly seen scripted genres including soap operas appearing storyline distributed seasons dvd conception reality television series premiered mtv program created documented lives students attending high school completed secondary education series proved network successful programming entire original cast left second season replaced group teenagers following season television producer developed spin program hills follow predecessor original cast members moved los_angeles pursue career fashion industry hills similarly successful developed city conclusion parent series fourth season saw primary cast members whitney port new_york_city begin employment series synopsis overview casting city chronicles lives young women living new_york_city new_york installment voice narrative series lead whitney port theme episode season concludes finale typically involving major event progressing relationship departure cast member installments revolve women everyday lives intention balancing coverage personal professional endeavors city live occasionally aired following broadcast episode program followed format mtv programs including hills served hosts audience commented episode run series led season season primary cast members credited names original main cast members port lucas replaced beginning second half season aforementioned women storylines largely developed number supporting cast members credited adam girlfriend labeled whitney friend featured owner firm employer port credited boss storylines series premiere city introduces whitney port moved los_angeles california new_york_city new_york begin employment fashion designer reunited friend love interest befriended worker companions advice port irritated feelings girlfriend commit relationship eventually severed ties girlfriend ultimately ruined friendship relationship strained rumors alleged infidelity lucas long distance boyfriend lived toronto canada broke lucas discovering friendly boyfriend port dissolved growing tensions workplace prior production second half season lucas departed series port left position resumed working previous employer firm season resumed port friend introduced new main cast member hired left position clashed worker new main cast member guidance port begins designing fashion line increasingly displeased performance port began dating friend dismayed learn girlfriend season finale port presented whitney eve decided collection fashion beginning second season attempted salvage relationship work strategy proved unsuccessful women continue clash begins friendship photographer port lack inexperience industry damage port reputation performance ultimately strained friendship culminated moving apartment friend samantha season finale sees promoted new face successful business trip japan port leaving clash development fashion line reception critical response city received generally mixed reviews critics common sense media criticized program featuring near identical plotline predecessor hills similarly shown pursue career fashion industry addressing difficulties friends new_york_times suggested series purposely produced sub par parent series commenting advertisement new_york hills shot opening credit sequence los_angeles editor village_voice questioned port interesting lead spin series describing personality featuring scripting allegations city criticized appearing storyline instance workers reportedly angered port doesn work hardly office series producers normal work operations allowing employees items offices port love interest commented network asked cast editing followed portrayed additional source suspicion arose second half season allegedly purchased accessories work assignment non nature transaction led speculation scene staged segment commented disappointed villainous manner portrayed program added super friendly port work series depicted strained relationship added character opining time television ridiculous television ratings series opening city premiered million viewers significantly million viewers attracted fourth season finale hills second half season premiered million viewers increase debut remainder season maintained average million viewers finale peaking million conclusion second season july rumors widespread city cancelled october port commented doesn look like anymore mtv later adding series renewed season broadcast history distribution city season commenced airing december week fourth season finale hills series continued air monday evenings midseason finale march point aired thirteen episodes ordering official second season mtv included additional episodes season extension premiered september moved tuesday night timeslot concluded december second season premiered april sixth season premiere hills programs held tuesday evening timeslot concluded episodes july city episodes aired regularly mtv united_states episodes approximately thirty minutes broadcast standard definition series episodes available download itunes store episodes previously available viewing official mtv website unavailable series conclusion debut paramount_pictures released seasons city dvd regions product includes episodes respective season addition deleted scenes interviews series personnel | The City (2008 TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
19462_Survivors(2008TVseries) | survivors series survivors british science fiction television series produced bbc depicts lives group people survived unknown strain wiped human species according producers series remake 1970s bbc television series survivors created loosely based novel nation wrote following series 1970s programme series produced new series ran bbc bbc november december series ran january february ending cliffhanger bbc announced april poor viewing figures considerations survivors cancelled series premiered south_africa september france channel january united_states february australia channel march synopsis set present day series focuses group ordinary people survive aftermath devastating viral referred european flu kills world population causing storms body immune system series sees characters struggling terrible dangers world society police law led facto group production executive producer bbc inspired remake survivors following recent increase concerns future diseases decided imagining 1970s material external production company bbc pursued rights survivors estate series revived agreement signed took months negotiations legal reasons new series billed based nation material episodes 1970s series series worked avoid criticisms 1970s series felt important new version cultural class mix represented country meet needs created new characters writers claimed new series retained spirit 1970s concentrated hope humanity said attempt depressing watch city scenes series filmed manchester city scenes second series filmed birmingham help create world people scenes shot early sunday morning including sequence drives car speed city centre producer said approach reduced computer generated imagery required allowed budget spent effects city starts flood fires burn locations included house near lancashire doubled survivors main base disused village near jaguar cars test track stood deserted series shot film warren said chosen high definition cameras low light levels experienced filming world electricity autumn filming period super high definition transmission requirements series received mixed critical reception reviewers concerned derivative predictable positive producers happy started survived ratings middle ended upward curve weeks audience indicate higher proportion younger viewers tuning survivors shows second season survivors delayed real life flu epidemic broadcast cast characters main cast protagonist moral compass group determined find missing son peter insists series survived maintain peace welcome new arrivals peter found characters survived virus pre existing immunity makes paramount importance consortium companies released virus seeking cure serving long prison sentence prison virus struck escapes killing sole remaining guard makes way home discover mother died price violent streak provide element friction group proven right darker human nature largely relationship tom loyal group close second series programme tom aboard consortium bound parts unknown encounters motorway original wish self sufficient convinces survivors come decides remain group shown better prepared survive post virus world having immediately assembled range kill wife left civil servant told visiting boston point children vanished later discovered wife possibly knew virus outbreak escaped doctor busy city hospital virus struck watched hundreds patients die virus including friend lover treating badly wounded tom road joins group privately face faith practicing medicine deeply shaken initially sought kill later regain confidence successfully deliver breech birth infant son immensely wealthy man lived life leisure difficulty adapting life modern finds city soon develops paternal relationship boy close relationship sarah grows dies strain virus near end second series volunteers experimental survives year old muslim boy awakens mosque find entire congregation including parents dead meets pair joins group relatives doesn know survived shown friendly child adopted group ease forms especially close bonds virus sarah manipulating men supporting joined group meeting eventually began relationship elderly couple new strain virus infected died supporting cast characters emphasised bbc promotional material appeared episode viral samantha main antagonists series samantha junior minister responsible government media response virus sole governmental official remaining moves small seeks establish provisional government restore order notes samantha methods harsh ultimately corrupt example samantha killing woman found guilty invading steal food jury finding innocence giving prisoner slave labour eventually forms doomed alliance violent gang leader threatening community vicious group initially encounters foraging supplies claims grocery stores later warehouses turf later joins samantha provisional government seeking eventually assume leadership cold ruthless killed tom samantha promised opportunity escape return eliminating threat power served main antagonist second series leading research cure virus safety secure research development facility research begins require increasingly practices lies struggle maintain loyalty colleagues unbeknownst workers lost loved ones wife portrayed young son facility violating protocol true motives suspect answers called satellite video link death stolen anti virus produced blood keeping died virus got lab infected wife end second series accidentally shot killed sniper employ oxford professor found new career managing forced slave labour old coal near country manor taken residence seen begging mercy beaten death workers released escaped slave tom driver kidnaps people befriends road work slaves coal exchange food fuel tied left woods tom subsequently freed children transporting truck pack actor appeared version appeared 1970s series played series episode 1970s programme titled lights london company research pair meet occasionally satellite video link discuss group following details mysterious finds admits virus genetically engineered attempt discover universal cure known forms failed escaped populace creating plans place established months offered newly created alternative end series heading place young son unseen series set free billy group children age billy finds takes uses find cure virus inherited mother ability fight infection reunited mother cliffhanger ending close second series young primary school teacher lived good friends virus dies shortly discovering true power disease appears episode series husband peter father contracts virus collapses david cares believes succumbed virus awakens days later discovers david died flu claimed life kate tom helicopter flying encounter family isolated onset virus family daughter kate reaches risks appears episode series episodes series series second series episodes commissioned began airing january returned oversee project returned roles series cliffhanger quickly resolved story lab plays series allowing backstory virus lab direct connection production team intention spend time exploring gritty survival post virus world characters filming took place locations birmingham including exterior studios interior standing fictional hospital series dvd extras easter egg making character profiles effects reel easter egg disc easter egg revealed going main menu highlighting episode selection grey appears press reveals minutes scenes footage media tie broadcast series terry nation released new edition series credited based novel web site launched tie series entitled survivors interactive included interviews actors clips programme original character pieces camera interactive component based visitors selecting characters answering dilemma based questions type survivor travel post plague environment series released dvd january includes special features easter egg new world making survivors documentary character profiles survivors special effects added platform highest watched program consequently contact bbc discussions continuing program heard published book worlds apart unofficial guide bbc remake survivors march written shortly transmission second series completes book incorporates depth reviews episodes series insights making series examination similarities differences new series 1970s series photographic guide filming locations exclusive production shots differences source material credits imagined series said based novel number differences series source material novel survives counterpart series means child years falls love book eventually dies tom price 1970s series welsh witnessed climactic accidental killing son peter television series escaped convict joined community television characters direct counterparts book appear book television characterisation incorporates parallels personality leadership ambitions book character ruthless trade union leader establishes paramilitary organisation called responsible community eventual decision leave britain mediterranean chapters end book joined nomadic gang feral accidentally shoots kills seen years end current incarnation survivors series peter shoots doesn kill tom finally reunited peter accidental death television portrayal probably closest character portrayal book companion named bob 1970s series named fate revealed novelization death television series bob survives initial abandonment 1970s series anne sarah version leaves episode version dies version virus | Survivors (2008 TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
19634_LastExile | exile exile japanese animated television series created featured production team led director character designer production designer previously worked anime series exile aired tokyo april september sequel series exile silver aired october march film adaptation series exile silver wishes released february story set fictional world inhabitants use aerial vehicles known means transportation world divided eternal conflict nations sky deliver girl holds key uniting factions representation earth features technology reminiscent nineteenth century europe dawn industrial revolution designs inspired germany technological advances interwar period exile received north_america series licensed english language june months episode aired japan began licensing series ceased production titles later licensing sequel series licensed english releases united_kingdom originally closure licensed australia published media included soundtracks manga setting exile set fictional world nations separated turbulent region sky known engaged eternal conflict according code warfare superior faction known guild rules provides nations technology unknown intentions preserve status quo enforce dominance sides story set future technology employed differs typical space opera instead retro futuristic setting resembles nineteenth century europe height industrial revolution inhabitants operate aerial vehicles known world golden age aviation noted technology primitive aerial vehicles use form developed guild lighter air methods flight use wings scenes series existing tension upper lower classes nobility military officers generally believe understand codes hand lower class aristocracy monopoly resources tension extends accessibility clean water varies price according purity grades larger story advanced guild society portrayed lazy people creative series introduces viewers wide range naval military vocabulary primitive navigational methods dead instruments series plot exile story revolves year old pilot navigator fly sky nation usually missions relatively low difficulty day asked complete mission dying mission rated seven stars deliver young girl named hamilton mysterious battleship despite fears deliver battleship decide remain aboard safe initially treated eventually crew learn guild intends capture reasons unknown battle guild forces guild member takes interest flying skills signature turn wanting learn willingly allows captured reveals captain existence act key known exile executive officer revealed emperor daughter heir returns request prime minister assumes throne emperor killed surprise attack capital nation pleads alliance order capture exile end guild control reveals linked preparations assault captured guild guild reveals exile colony ship settled world intends use control escape guild stronghold reunited alliance fleet attacks fleet follows exile past enters able destroy forces exile reveals starship carry people old home world exile travelers manga set right events exile silver wing travelers continues story left settled earth ancestors home world new home pursued exile silver wing taking place years events exile exile silver wing set earth original home world colonists new story focuses pilots work capturing selling battleships living adventure sky pirates rescue younger sister kingdom mighty federation led premier war nations descended immigrants came earth exile ships nation stay earth state chaos ruin believes exile immigrants right return earth ancestors abandoned earth chaos return earth viable live force original inhabitants earth lands form nations return lands original inhabitants leads conquer immigrant nations destroy armies kidnaps ability control exile summons exile destroy capital killing soldiers king leading surrender cared lost given refuge promises help regain kingdom production exile created celebration company 10th anniversary featured production team led director character designer production designer previously worked create blue submarine anime series art design conceptual designs created given complete freedom create setting began drawing detailed sketches machines everyday objects daily newspaper research given constraints exception production initially intended exile shown space setting producers want characters wear sterile space suits instead final product described ugly world bolts lots blues believed design took course story laid character included great time spent costume design wanting portray character personality fully tried draw kind material creating clothes try represent connecting fabric contrast battleship wear modern uniforms characters wear traditionally aristocratic attire high attention given character animation animators especially experienced difficulties hair flowing cape production exile relied heavily computer animation shots episode included computer generated animation comparison previous work average computer generated shots episode animation supplemented victorian era order combine hand drawn animation computer generated ones production team technique non rendering stylistic conflict anime expo worked production castle sky commented exile advanced incorporate historical references real world historical designs adapted fictional world flying battleships nations included components japanese dreadnoughts commission turn twentieth century uniform designs based army american_civil_war soldiers hand fur coats provided basis uniforms inspiration creators came silent film depicted aircraft ufo like silver design contrast traditional buildings imagery reproduced series producers selected specific historical time frame serve point reference image germany beginning twentieth century thought germany interwar period interesting characteristics people think dark negative rise things appeared time like rapid growth cities industrial technology chemistry scientific discoveries design appears example think germany produced time extreme unique characters named historical figures father derived leading commander forces war father talented general named led months year emperors media anime exile premiered japan april aired tokyo airing final episode september total dvd compilations released july july complete seven disc boxed set released november deluxe edition set included model red short story fictional unpublished articles series illustrations character designer receiving respectable attention united_states later licensed series june months episode aired japan compilation dvd released november premiered series english language programming block march thirteen episodes aired nightly march remaining episodes premiered december channel merged new episodes airing series concluded december episodes aired marathon broadcast christmas day broadcast series ceased distribution licensed titles north_america rights series transferred disc boxed set released june anime classics line originally owned license series english release united_kingdom parent company licensed distribution rights australia new_zealand owned exile licensed regional language release france germany sweden russia taiwan hosted streaming media website february revealed new exile anime planned titled exile silver described new series exile new story main characters mechanical designs returned direct score anime respectively series aired japan october march day asia asia making fifth anime time japanese premiere channel tears brotherhood licensed series streaming home video release series aired film adaptation series titled exile silver wishes released theaters february film events television series newly animated shots footage soundtracks pieces theme music series cloud age symphony performed opening theme episodes released maxi single remained oricon music charts weeks peaked 52nd position sky ending theme music trio includes produced soundtracks series exile released june remained oricon music charts seven weeks peaked 52nd position includes theme songs additional instrumental tracks second soundtrack exile released september remained oricon music charts weeks peaked 55th position includes alternate version ending theme song additional instrumental tracks licensed soundtracks release north_america soundtrack released february second released april soundtracks print north_america ceased production licensed titles art book page art book titled published february discontinued published japanese translated english language release book contains detailed character sketches descriptions technical aircraft appeared series includes exclusive interviews members production staff manga currently manga manga adaptation exile silver wing written illustrated serialized magazine published second titled tells happened friends events exile events exile silver wing manga written illustrated original animators exile anime exile travelers serialized published live action film february report mentioned possible live action exile film based blog post writer author books japanese pop culture anime noted attending tokyo international anime fair employee suggested unnamed producer interested adapting series live action production july concept art image leaked internet removed request filmmakers new news live action film suggesting canceled reception receiving respectable attention united_states series licensed later entertainment june months episode aired japan compilation dvds released reviewers ign praised despite use digital audio mix mix separation taken care voices music sound effects leveled japanese english audio tracks interview director given july surprised find series reached great level popularity fans united_states exile likened classic work valley wind early novel trilogy received numerous praises artwork production placing best work integrating music sounds european theme soundtrack contributed series unique flavor rated series anime fans complex storyline tested viewers patience mysteries pile answers start forth second half series despite complaint exile action sequences compelled viewers wait mysteries resolved vice president stated exile universal appeal types anime shown network contained lots references recognizable hard core fans series premiered network new_york_times recommended younger viewers headline anime marathon adults network moved programming block prime time advantage quality series eventually launching position nielsen anime survey middle selected exile blood count promotional campaign targeting audiences ages streamed series europe latin_america parts asia mobile phone services | Last Exile | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
20076_StaticShock | static shock static shock american animated television series based superhero static premiered september kids block programming static shock ran seasons half hour episodes total revolves african american boy uses secret identity static exposure gas gang fight gave electromagnetic powers animated universe series produced crew composed people company past shows involvement comic creators static shock alterations original comic book oriented pre teen audience approached social issues positively received television critics static shock nominated numerous awards including daytime emmy criticism directed jokes said similar style animation said unnatural series produced related merchandise sold poorly cited low sales main factors series cancellation spite popularity revived interest original milestone comic inserted animation industry plot fourteen year old african american lives older sister widowed father robert attends high school best friend crush girl named dispute bully named francis nicknamed stop gang leader named wade recently helped hoping recruit hesitant knows mother died exchange gunfire gangs wade eventually leads restricted area fight stop crew interrupted police helicopters dispute police chemical containers explode releasing gas causes people vicinity event later known big bang result ability create generate absorb control electricity takes alter ego static gas gives area powers people humans known bang babies apparently spread people characters static high school student result accidental exposure experimental event known gained ability control manipulate uses powers superhero named static countless exposed gained wide variety abilities static spends time dealing bang babies use abilities selfish harmful criminal ways richard gear voiced best friend merely provides support friend making helping cover protect secret identity season revealed passive exposure gave enhanced intelligence enabled easily rocket powered boots highly intelligent device worn capable surveillance semi independent activity equipment adopted superhero identity gear static time partner crime fighting social worker runs head counselor single father teenagers gangs destructive attitudes work community center motivated desire counteract bad influence young people older sister attends college lives home volunteers hospital young people argue frequently care quick come defense danger mother died took act woman house comes brother cooking according good rubber band man voiced human body structure consists rubber younger brother static rubber band man appears tragic villain goes record producer stole songs subsequently breaks prison decides pursue criminal career eventually start dating helping adam turn new leaf initially clash comes accept adam relationship sister allies crime fighting adam like older brother figure voiced head large group called breed series main villain unusually powerful strong human living shadow inter dimensional portal able hide control manipulate pure darkness shadows transport locations choice production series produced based character static supervising producer main producer executive production production team composed people involved batman animated series superman animated series included static creator hired comic series creator story editor writer direct involvement development static shock idea static cartoon emerged editor chief time working milestone proposed adapt milestone comics hired write pilot episode series milestone called producing milestone projects static eventually series went time milestone drafted contract distributing milestone comics characters separate fictional static shock animated series suggested established animated universe having multiple dimensions stressed remains loyal spirit tone comic book changes timeslot target audience pre teens example guns appeared frequently portrayed homosexual instead younger animated series costumes use powers different original mother dead despite alive comics change producers intention focus strong complex relationship african american father son concerned change originally intended oppose stereotype black people having complete nuclear family said worked okay crew use absence mother create couple great stories father robert purposes new character social worker goes described different characters original comic villains reused static comics brought milestone series hardware group created series season saw biggest changes addition superhero powers new opening static changed costume stated change clothes feel comic book said represented growth passing maturation possible explore darker places world varied conflicts villains mature described natural new look change followed second season premiere big leagues static meets batman robin said everybody went let direction writer commented course lean dramatic old light hearted static spirit gains superhero powers hard fit story producers wanted chemistry voice actors positive response children focus groups answer pretty obvious series music director composers action sequences wolf wanted use real adrenaline pumping beat beats minute hip hop music usually reached beats predominant score electronica hip hop type type vocals classic hip hop melodies depending scenes character specific theme wolf composed opening theme seasons starting season new opening theme written master romeo performed broadcast release static shock aired kids programming block september african american superhero centered television series ran total episodes series shown starting december disney february episodes released dvd september single dvd volume entitled new kid complete season available download itunes july static shock episodes handle variety issues including gangs gun violence bullying racism mental illness drugs episodes featured subject christmas celebrations series marked crossover episodes characters animated universe like superman batman cast episodes featured guest voice actors including like tracy musicians romeo boys guest crew featured including cartoonist storyboard artist writers static shock extremely popular granting new renewal second season month debut december highest rated pre teen years networks timeslot best kids lineup debut july secured second post boys aged years ratings increased character obtained superhero powers affirmed secured renewal new season season popular second best rated saturday morning program boys aged years male aged february april ratings regularly performed stake public aged years reached mark static shock season surpassed children anime surpassed adult animated sitcom static shock program watched kids shows week october best rated program channel kids week january best rated block march season 18th watched saturday morning children networks static shock ultimately cancelled low production associated merchandising products reception accolades static shock episode big leagues earned director outstanding achievement directing animated television production annie awards episode nominated golden reel award best sound editing television animation year episode jimmy awarded prize 30th daytime emmy awards nominated special class animated program nominated 31st daytime emmy awards animated series wolf nominated categories time wolf won award reviews superhero book praised static shock approach lauded encouraging diversity declared static shock provides solid entertainment role model promotion diversity african american viewers audiences colors ages writing entertainment weekly praised series positive depiction african american superhero african country jones commended series incorporated social issues easily way having los_angeles_times commented isn typical saturday morning cartoon series praising themes episode jimmy gun violence example writing asserted series best confronts issue actually facing kids jones commended portrayal teenager appreciated character positive fact usually counted dialogues going action action praised dvd talk said animated heroes think applauded surprising depth character follow gang use powers good addition describing surprising rewarding success considered kid oriented animated universe franchise shows october issue wizard listed best cartoon shows selected readers ranked number entertainment_weekly article included best comics based animated series asserted static shock didn recognition debuted proved stand alongside ranked list best science fiction fantasy shows commented amidst superhero cartoons memorable praised bright visuals notch animated series considered animation little called fun series overall considered jokes little dvd verdict generally disappointed called voice acting standard said artwork animation times criticized lines invites like elements series comparison opinion come bad impression lots things wrong compared original comic book entertainment_weekly ken_tucker questioned based cancelled poorly sold comic criticized tired lines professed nancy said believable relationship family including strong father figure pacing wrote new_york_daily_news characters conservative annoying sister criticized new_york_post called formulaic appealing ultimately dubbed lame legacy popularity led new demand milestone static comics issues reissued static shock trial fire miniseries static shock rebirth cool released january september announced production video game based game boy advance displayed game later cancelled period starting july released series toys based series offered united_states canada september published tie children books written work static shock placed circles animated series writer producer shows like ben alien force responsible animated universe including black female characters credits writers giving depth complexity group lacking 1970s future older version appeared episode future thing time january | Static Shock | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
21084_24(TVseries) | series american television series produced fox network created starring agent season comprising episodes covers hours life real time method narration november spanned episodes seasons series finale broadcast addition television film redemption broadcast seasons seven november returned episode series titled live day aired july legacy spin series featuring new characters scheduled premiere february super bowl series begins working los_angeles based highly proficient agent ends justify means approach regardless perceived morality actions series main plot elements like political thriller typical plot racing clock attempts multiple terrorist plots including presidential assassination attempts weapons mass destruction attacks deal government corporate corruption garnered critical acclaim winning numerous awards seasons including golden globe awards outstanding drama series primetime emmy awards conclusion eighth season longest running espionage themed television drama surpassing mission impossible synopsis premise serial drama stars focusing efforts fictional efforts protect america terrorism plots episode typically follows officials government conspirators events day simultaneously episodes place course hour depicting events happen real time emphasize real world flow events clock prominently displayed screen regular use split screens technique depict multiple scenes occurring time overview season begins midnight day california presidential primary protocol protect senator assassination plot rescue family responsible plot seek retribution jack involvement covert american mission balkans season set months later begins jack stop nuclear bomb los_angeles assist president proving responsible threat necessary avoid war countries season set years later begins jack infiltrate mexican drug seize deadly virus marketed underground attempts devoid political scandal cost presidency later jack cooperate terrorist eventually gains possession virus stop releasing american cities season set months later begins jack save lives new boss secretary defense daughter jack romantically involved kidnapped terrorists uses disguise launch attacks america jack forced use unorthodox methods stop results long term consequences jack united_states season set months begins jack believed dead closest friends forced friends murdered framed terrorists connections american government acquisition nerve gas protect oil interests asia jack discovers conspiracy trying stop responsible season set months later begins jack released detained chinese prison following events season terrorists hold jack plot set nuclear devices america secure later jack forced choose loves national security chinese set sights sensitive trigger war russia redemption set half years later begins jack finds caught military coup fictional african nation provided assistance officials united_states sworn office president writers strike season seven delayed year bridge half year gap seasons redemption produced television film aired november season set days end redemption begins jack assisted fbi covert america federal computer infrastructure breached people responsible conflict jack uncover corrupted president taylor administration allowed raid white_house capture taylor later fictional private military company attempt release biological weapons soil jack attacks conspirators fail cement power government level season set months later begins jack brought uncover russian plot assassinate islamic leader peace negotiations president taylor russia plan involves engineering dirty bomb islamic threaten detonate handed jack seeks retribution personal losses suffered convinces taylor cover crimes protect peace agreement jack fugitive russian american governments disappears live day set years later begins finds fugitive jack london trying stop assassination attempt president terrorist later jack prevent old enemy russian diplomat sparking war china production conception idea series came executive producer initially idea episodes season episode hour long taking place course single day discussed idea phone producer initial response forget worst idea heard work hard met day los_angeles discuss idea action espionage series format real time create dramatic tension race clock pilot pitched fox immediately bought saying felt idea series form television forward episode million budget filming march set initially office set reproduced series picked season series supposed filmed toronto canadian weather los_angeles chosen filming location pilot series received critics signed initial thirteen episodes production began july premiere planned october september attacks delayed november episodes fox remaining filmed episodes following win fox ordered second half season design embraced concept real time idea started producer thought idea episodes season episode lasting hour decided idea real time race clock episode takes place course hour time continuing commercial breaks exact time denoted digital clock display beginning end segment protocol mundane events travel occur commercial breaks events largely unseen story time viewing time episodes broadcast commercial breaks set duration inserted points prescribed episode line depiction events real time use slow motion techniques series use flashbacks season finale watched continuously advertisements season run approximately hours result timing nature series number visual cues projected screen idea use split screens born number phone calls element real time trace parallel adventures different characters aid connecting characters producers point audience pay attention secondary stories place outside main plot idea boxes came later shooting flexible shot inside box idea split screens artistic element came series major concept series idea running clock initially came wanted audience know time fictional timeline screen digital clock appears commercial breaks smaller clock appears points narrative time shown universe time story running clock shown screen alternating noise like kind seen time bomb second usually heard rare occasions silent clock usually follows death major character dramatic event setting seasons based los_angeles nearby california locations real fictional locations featured washington parts fourth sixth seventh seasons eighth season took place new_york_city film redemption filmed south_africa set mainly fictional african nation main setting fictional office consists main departments involves confronting suspects communications intelligence assists work offices established cities units reporting divisions divisions reporting district fictional agency entities similar names duties like emerged debut television set initially filmed office set recreated old pencil factory set seasons redesigned start fourth season start eighth season sets constructed presidential retreat shown seasons white_house bunker shown seasons series conclusion march statement issued fox explained season conclude original series gave statement executive producer showrunner decision quoted saying chairman entertainment said drama genre created admired action icons television history president entertainment added extremely proud groundbreaking series forever producers cast crew years truly amazing unforgettable days final episode season aired relation productions immediately prior series creators executive produced entire year run series deal anti terrorist operations lead characters series placed situations tragic choice order serve greater good numerous screen creative connections actors portrayed similar roles number story concepts revisited creative personnel worked role similar film air force featured president personal jet air force air force featured seasons air force carrying vice president president featured season actors featured appeared film air force 25th amendment deals succession presidency establishes procedures filling vacancy office vice president responding presidential disabilities shared theme film television series air force set television series west wing feature film development feature film adaptation originally planned hiatus sixth seventh seasons series creators set write script showrunner working story filming going place london prague morocco plans film later hold explained impossible ask writers work come amazing film shoot break seasons later decided film begin conclusion eighth final season set shot location europe going executive producers film going write screenplay shooting planned start late early april said interview bafta event london script finished reading return united_states said film hour representation hour time frame described film production exciting going hour representation hour day going restrained real time aspect june reported plans create film titled die hard serve crossover die hard franchise reprise role alongside plans came fruition studio instead opting create film good day die hard november executive producer revealed work progress screenplay read fox film green light fixed schedule december revealed fox turned script saying wasn strong compelling time gordon longer involved project stated director pitch idea involvement ending scott death august executive producer tweeted april film planned release press tour showrunner stated conversations definitely happening film looking right script moving forward september indicated script complete small script alterations screenwriter filming announced begin spring available april march 20th century fox stopped production filming begin budgetary issues remained unresolved narrow time frame filming cited reasons halting production july assured film plans begin filming summer film eventually suspended announcement return limited series said january film ongoing situation live day received highly positive reception new idea feature film surfaced september spearheaded january stated idea movie happen end finding way episode day ending reference concluding character story arc feature film spin series legacy executive producer live day reported fox considering limited run event series based concept failed efforts produce feature film cancellation series touch following week fox officially announced live day limited run series episodes feature return fox ceo said series essentially represent important hours typical season jumps forward hours needed rest fox push event programming production said big scope talent marketing budgets june announced signed executive produce direct multiple episodes live day including executive producers writers announced return returning music composer series announced second official cast member august reprising role brian october confirmed reprise roles respectively new actors joining cast included adrian infamous cia agents respectively head cia operations tracking london brilliant cia field operative london british prime minister october confirmed series set filmed london england live day premiered fox series set years events season original real time concept main plot set episode corresponding hour concluding episode final features hour time jump enabling join hour period legacy january installment franchise pitched executive producers revolve stable supporting characters lead role january fox announced ordered pilot spin series titled legacy feature new cast returning characters series retains real time format consists episodes time jumps cover events single day directed original pilot season episodes directed legacy pilot play lead characters military hero returning home head pilot officially ordered series april scheduled premiere february media significant additional media relating series created including internet distributed spin series rookie conspiracy video game media includes action figures main characters soundtracks series video game number novels covering different events covered series additionally number universe books created scenes books containing information series created cast appearances makes major changes main cast season regular cast member seasons actor appear episodes television film redemption plays appearances seven seasons plays brian appeared seven seasons moved guest star main cast member mid season notable recurring characters features number recurring characters season order appearance recurring characters appeared episodes impact reception reaction run frequently cited critics best shows television fifth season critically acclaimed season scoring universally positive reviews critics seasons receiving generally favorable reviews called groundbreaking innovative time stating took trend serial story arcs began 80s dramas like hill street blues continues level critic saying feels like seen production quality series frequently called better films series compared old fashioned film like quality acting particularly celebrated critics today described series great sung performance commanding performance hailed critics believing character helped campaign barack_obama new_york_times praised portrayal president comparing character president richard_nixon new_york_times characterized logan administration projection worst fears government portrayal fifth season equally acclaimed character opening scene head sink called memorable character debut history critics disappointed series reliance poor specifically amnesia season storyline season storyline season later seasons criticized increasingly repetitive deaths key cast members finale season seen critics best episodes series frequently cited best television season time death end finale voted guide second shocking death television history middle run series attracted significant criticism depictions torture negative portrayal muslims frequent use time bomb scenarios storylines main character portraying torture normal effective acceptable glamorous criticized human rights activists military officials experts questioning interrogation concerns raised junior soldiers imitating techniques shown series response concerns members military met creators partly result discussions military appeal creators tone scenes torture having impact troops reduction torture subsequent seasons series issue torture series discussed president bill_clinton stated feel place policy torture jack person prepared consequences supreme_court justice discussion terrorism torture law took offense canadian judge remark canada consider setting policy reportedly responded defense arguing law enforcement officials deserve latitude times great crisis jury convict types situations use torture negative portrayal muslims affected decisions actors intended join series portrayed series initially turned role way series depicted torture later took role saying unemployed wanted work stance portrayed initially reservations taking role initially felt taking role muslim terrorist people support activist spent years iran advocating women rights fought muslim americans took role felt people understand fiction interview new television series homeland executive producer addressed impact series describing stunning rush bill_clinton talk knew fans guess people propaganda ideas know justice mentioned feel uncomfortable topic torture series gordon said think thing felt confident vigorous scenes debate point loyal good storytelling level hold things like promoting torture policy certain things needed portray order feel thrilling real discussing regrets referred advertisement fourth season mistakenly quoted advertisement second season saying actually regrets particular moment promotion season story involved muslim american family father mother son party terror plot sort purple way maybe year half freeway giant electronic billboard think line door writers producers party campaign quickly end realized dangerous potentially think awareness changed way approached series guess regret series finale los_angeles_times characterized series epic poem role means needed fighting monsters essentially decent people bad decision critic went villain jack fought long political corruption reviewer buddytv said remember legacy action drama serialized television provided shocking twists turns way biggest real impact american foreign policy new_york_times said live possibly feature film surely classrooms textbooks series country political discourse way partly brought life time bomb threat haunted faction american government years declared sixth highest rated years pro ratings seasonal rankings based average total viewers episode fox network television seasons start mid september end late completion sweeps aired february sweeps periods seasons november sweeps period seasons beginning fourth season began season january aired new episodes non stop awards nominations nominated won television awards including emmy awards series breaking bad homeland won emmy award satellite award best drama series nominated categories acting directing writing editing sound music score stunt coordination american_film_institute included list television programs year series received emmy nominations wins received nominations won award received nominations redemption won won drama series pilot episode received nominations nominated season redemption won series fifth season successful awards earning emmy nominations wins including outstanding drama series outstanding lead actor drama nominated year previous won outstanding directing drama series received drama series nominations won outstanding supporting actress drama series received nominations wins received nominations best drama series golden winning received nominations golden redemption winning received nomination series received nominations wins nominated outstanding performance ensemble drama series nominated winning series won outstanding performance stunt ensemble series empire magazine ranked sixth greatest television time series listed list best written series distribution distributed globe attributed strong support fox early success viewership decreased significantly bbc lost rights subscription channel second season release dvd significant impact success television series interview ign revealed success phenomenal biggest bbc number dvd knocking lord rings television dvd actually knock feature dvd available showed commercials sales season dvds increased audience size season special edition season released new set includes seventh disc bonus features discs contain episodes deleted scenes audio commentaries extended episodes set packaged steel box television film redemption released dvd region november region december dvd contains broadcast version extended version optional audio commentary making child soldiers africa season minutes season premiere episode seventh season season released blu ray format eighth season blu ray released simultaneously complete series set dvd seasons redemption available purchase rental itunes marketplace series pulled april series available indian adaptation november purchased rights indian adaptation series played season original series playing lead role adaptation based producing series series debuted india television channel colors october | 24 (TV series) | Media and drama | Television | Other television series, 2000s debuts |
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