question stringlengths 0 2.44k | prompt listlengths 1 1 | ground_truth stringlengths 0 8.31k | category stringclasses 12
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If a soda has gone flat, why does it fizz like it isn't when you pour it out? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | So soda fizzes because of dissolved Carbon dioxide(CO2). We call a soda flat when there is less CO2 dissolved than we would like, but there is still considerable CO2 in solution - pouring agitates the gas out of solution and we get fizz as the (now gaseous) CO2 rises through the soda; the same reason you’ll get a littl... | Chemistry |
Why does heavy rain come down in "sheets"? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The sheets of rain are following the pattern of the guessing wind. As a gust passes through, it will move around the droplets of rain falling - blowing some ahead of it, and slowing down the fall of some by blowing them upwards into the air again. Once the first has passed the rain 'caught' by it will then all fall at ... | Other |
how do we know the entire universe is expanding, and not just our region of it? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Totally possible, just very unlikely from what we know now. There's no evidence that suggests that the expansion is dependent on some position, but a ton of evidence that it's everywhere that we looked so far. Nothing we "know" is absolute truth. But if a theory matches the observations every time and nobody has ever s... | Other |
how does solar panels work, and how do they generate power? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | When a light particle lands on the solar panel, it lands on an atom. The energy of the photon (light particle) is just enough to knock an electron out of the atom. The electron is then free to flow over the atoms in the solar panel, creating a current. This creates electricity. | Technology |
What creates the mushroom cloud when an atomic bomb blows up? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The air, dust, and ash caused by the explosion is *very* hot, which means it's way less dense than the cooler air around it. Like a hot air balloon, the hot mixture gets pushed up above that cooler surrounding air and rises. The atmosphere gets thinner as you go up, so even though it's cooler up there it's less dense. ... | Physics |
why have the reposted pictures less quality than the original post? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Iirc: whenever you post to, say, Facebook, the platform compresses the picture, by default. So, you take a pic with your phone and post it... Suppose its quality is defined by a value which is defined at 1'000'000. You post it and it goes to 100'000. Someone saves it, and reposts it, and it goes to 10'000. Someone else... | Technology |
If there are strong signs of an impending recession, are there actions that can be taken to fend it off? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Typically there are tools in the Fed's toolbox to do so, but Trump already has used many of them when the economy was good so there are fewer options available... typically things like lowering interest rates and tax cuts help, but interest rates are already super low so there isn't much room to drop them and tax cuts ... | Economics |
Why did China ban imports of plastic waste? Isn't recycling the plastic cheaper than making more plastic? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | China has extremely high levels of corruption and the rule of law is practically non-existent there. Once the waste is in the country, the national government is almost powerless to determine what happens to it and so it gets disposed of in the most profitable way possible. Plastic is extremely expensive to recycle and... | Economics |
What is the difference between white box and black box testing? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Black box describes a device which you can view its inputs and outputs, but not its internal workings. Therefore black box testing means testing something only by feeding it various inputs and then analysing the outputs. For example, black box testing a website works by sending it various requests and analysing the res... | Technology |
What's the problem with food stamps? Why do they cause issues in the U.S? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | There are no problems with food stamps in general. The public generally has a negative attitude to individuals in need (seeing them as lazy and undeserving) and has a gross misunderstanding of how any of these programs work or who benefits from them. The problem isn't the program, its the incorrect public perceptions a... | Economics |
What decides what type of energy something turns into? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | > What dictates what percent of the energy turns into what type of energy, etc??? There are energy thresholds that are required to be met in order for things to happen. Like.. heating up oil doesn't just cause it to combust, but if you put enough energy into it, i.e. with fire, it will. Also, the material for the react... | Physics |
How did we standardize the unit of time? Did we have a standard physical reference for defining them? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The standard was that a day or more exact a solar day is the length of time which elapses between the Sun reaching its highest point in the sky two consecutive times. The smaller units was then defined as a fraction of a day. It was good enough initially. & #x200B; When clock got better we have determined that is is no... | Other |
How do scientists cure cancer? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Good god, now THIS is a question with some serious scope. Long post, but I'm gonna try and lay the big issues out on the table. To give just a little context to the size of the effort against cancer: in JUST the US alone, tens of billions of dollars are spent towards just research alone (not counting costs of treatment... | Biology |
How do mathematical powers work? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | > Why is 1^k = 1 You're really asking 4 questions here. The first one is why is 1^k = 1 when k is an a natural number? And that's a pretty easy question, because we have 1^k = 1\*1\*1\*1\*...\*1 (k times) = 1. ----- Here is the second question: Now, what about 1^k where k is an integer? Well, for exponentiation on nega... | Mathematics |
What would be the last place(s) with water in case of a widespread (extreme) water drought? An apocalyptic scenario, but just for the sake of argument. | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The 2 biggest fresh water reservoir are located underground in South America, the biggest one is in Brazil, known as "Alter do Chão Aquifer", and is estimated to provide fresh water for world population for 250+ years in case of shortage. The second one covers Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and is known as "G... | Earth Science |
Why is it best to apply moisturizer right after a shower / face wash? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | When you use an oil cleanser like soap, it removes all the oils from your skin. This is layer is actually an important part of your skin. It’s what’s referred to as the moisture barrier. This layer of lipids (in this case natural oils), help you skin retain moisture so it doesn’t try out. It also helps protect the skin... | Chemistry |
How acid rain becomes acidic? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | As rain falls through the air, it dissolves small amounts of gases in the surrounding air. Some gases, like sulfur trioxide or nitrogen dioxide, produce acids (sulfuric acid and nitric acid respectively) when they dissolve in water. Since these gases are common by-products of human activity (both are emitted in car exh... | Chemistry |
Is there an underlying biological cause behind serial killers, mass shooters, child molesters, and violent criminals? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Kind of, kind of not. Kind of in that everything a human brain does is biological. So if you could somehow create a new human brain building neurones and neurone connections from scratch, you could theoretically create a brain that does whatever you want. You could build a brain that knows Pi to 314 decimal places. You... | Biology |
Why do songs get stuck in our heads? more specifically why do certain verses get stuck? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | I asked the google man: In order to get stuck in your head, earworms rely on brain networks that are involved in perception, emotion, memory, and spontaneous thought. ... Also, if you have a musical background, you may be more susceptible to earworms too. Certain personality features also may predispose you to being ha... | Other |
What is the difference between consumable ethyl alcohol and non-consumable isopropyl alcohol? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | All alcohols have what are called hydroxyl groups, which is an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. These are attached to some carbon atoms, which are also attached to some other hydrogens. There can be different numbers of the carbons and hydrogens, and the structure can be different, but they all have that single h... | Chemistry |
how does the LHCb experiment (if proven correct) violate the Standard Model of particle physics? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | So most people will have heard of electrons, but in the Standard Model there exists 2 additional particles very similar to the electron but with more mass (known as the muon and tau). In the Standard Model we expect them all to behave the same in processes where mass doesn't matter. The LHCb experiment is interested in... | Physics |
How is volume typically calculated on devices like iPhones, laptops, TVs, etc...? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Usually it's because of how we percieve sound, and limits on the speaker hardware. For one audio amplification doesn't directly correlate linearly to loudness. It's logarithmic, ish and if you try and use a linear scale for volume it's bad. It's a pretty big mistake so that shouldn't be the reason -too- often. Though t... | Technology |
How does the front of the plane look higher than you when it's taking off? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Because the front of the plane _is_ higher than you. It's literally tilted upwards. The are off gravity points to the center of the earth at all times and you measure yourself compared to that, not the cabin of the plane. Imagine yourself sitting on top of the plane. Just like on a teeter-totter or a swing set, unless ... | Biology |
Why does everyone say to get a lot of Vitamin C when you are sick/how does Vitamin C help the immune system? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | In a nutshell, it doesn't. This is a myth propagated by companies that sell things like orange juice or fruits. An increase of vitamins has no bearing on immune response or recovery time, and studies show that an overabundance of vitamins may actually be detrimental. Thank you for coming to my TED talk. | Biology |
Why do we lose motivation to complete a task when told to do so, whereas we would have motivation otherwise? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It's not totally known. We know that this "overjustification effect" does happen, but why is something psychologists disagree on. It could be to do with the way that you perceive a task, and the kind of activity it is, the way you perceive *yourself* doing a task, or the way things you pay attention to or expect during... | Psychology |
Knowing the discrepancy between the sound of our own voice IN OUR HEADS vs. how others hear our voice, how are we able to mimic someone else’s pitch, or any sound really, if we are matching it to our internal voice? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Pitch (the musical note) is unaffected while the color of the sound is affected. Imagine playing the same note on a violin in a closet vs playing it in a concert hall. The same note will have a different quality of sound based on the acoustics but the pitch will be the same. So we can match pitch. Likewise we can imita... | Biology |
Why password managers are considered safe? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Password reuse is a huge security issue. If it is compromised in 1 place, it is compromised everywhere. Without a password manager, many people resort to using the same password everywhere. If you have malware on your system, it is easier to compromise your browser, clipboard and log keyboard/mouse inputs than to compr... | Technology |
what causes loss of memory from drinking alcohol? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The short answer? We don't know, because we're still not *exactly* sure how short-term memory becomes long-term memory. We know it happens in an area of the brain called the hippocampus, and we know it requires REM sleep to happen. Past that, we're fuzzy on the exact biological processes involved. Now, about blackouts.... | Biology |
How do companies based on pyramid schemes such as Amway, Tupperware, and Herbalife stick around for so long? Why aren't they more widely frowned upon? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Bored housewives are always looking for a way to feel like they are contributing to their household income - so they simply trade money and feel like they are helping. Becky sells Tupperware. Susie sells Avon. Anna sells Pampered Chef. Maria sells Home Interior. Each week, one of them hosts a party and invites the othe... | Other |
How does raytracing work? Not what it does, but how it does it. | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | A fundamental theory of light and rays and reflection is that how it reflects doesn't matter which direction it travels. A beam of light fired from point A to eventually point B (bouncing off whatever) can be fired back in the opposite direction from B to A successfully along the same path. Normally we see things becau... | Technology |
How can we be sure that super colliders work the way we want them? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Well the theory of how we measure them is based upon how we think they act, so it's not like those are two completely separate problems. But in regards to this latest anomaly, my understanding is that the tests are seeing the expected byproducts of these particular collisions and those byproduct particles are reasonabl... | Physics |
Is there a difference in the performance of an aircraft in sub- trans- and supersonic flight? Why? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The properties of supersonic and subsonic flow and thus flight at those speeds is very different. In order to try to make this ELI5 I'l talk about the simplest major difference between subsonic and supersonic flow, behavior in a pipe that changes diameter (found as the inlets and nozzles of engines) which results in co... | Physics |
How do animals that swallow their prey alive (e.g. frogs, lizards etc.) ensure that their prey doesnt struggle and hurt their internal organs? Are they crushed during the swallowing process? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Feeding pet lizards worms and grubs and then having the worms or grubs erupt from the lizard later is like, a serious problem that happens to old or sick lizards. You get a big huge warning from a lot of lizard care taking stuff to stop feeding a lizard worms if they are having any sort of other issue. Because yeah, th... | Biology |
What does the military refer to by unconventional warfare? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | "Conventional warfare" basically describes wars like the World Wars*. There's defined battle lines, both sides have defined territory and clear goals. To win, destroy the enemy's means of production, demoralize their population, push into their territory and capture their leaders. Unconventional warfare is more like wh... | Other |
How do phones (and other devices) show the exact date and time even after being switched on after a while? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It has a battery-backed clock on the inside. You don't *have* to sync your time with the internet, and you don't always have an internet connection. If you don't, the phone still keeps relatively decent time while it's on. How? There's a circuit somewhere in the phone that serves as a clock. It might even be part of th... | Technology |
Why is Chiropractic considered an alternative medicine, and not something you get done in addition to receiving health care? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Chiropractors fall into two camps. One group recognizes science and uses the practice to treat things like pinched nerves and physical therapy. The other group will tell you that almost all ailments are caused by your poorly aligned skeleton, including things that are very much unrelated, like immune system disorders. ... | Biology |
Why do Canadian websites end in .ca and U.K. Websites end in .UK but United States websites don't end in .us? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Basically because the US created the internet and the US government controlled all the non-country specific Top Level Domans (TLDs) in the early days (.com, .net, .org, etc). Some of them are still controlled by the US only like .mil and .gov. Countries had more control over their specific TLDs like .ca and .uk, so wer... | Technology |
How come a person gets dehydrated when drinking certain liquids, such as beer? Shouldn't all liquids provide hydration? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Alcohol prevents the pituitary gland from secreting something called Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). ADH signals your kidneys to return water to your bloodstream instead of sending it to your bladder. Enough alcohol means that ADH isn't reaching the kidneys, so they stop returning the water they filter. So yeah, you're add... | Biology |
Genetically speaking, how can a beard have brown, blonde, and red hairs? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | I have dark brown hair but a red beard, after a haircut yesterday I actually looked this up out of curiosity. I'm no professional but from what I gathered this can happen because there is no single gene that determines our hair color or whether we have straight or curly hair. There are a number of genes that affect our... | Biology |
Cold symptoms are your bodies immune response, cold medications suppress these symptoms. Do cold medications slow down your recovery? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | I used to think this for the longest time when I was little. I would refuse basic stuff like cough syrup and tylenol because I knew it just treated symptoms not the cause. I thought if I tampered down my natural responses to infection (like coughing) I was making it easier on whatever pathogen I had. I was a dumb kid w... | Biology |
Why does sticking your finger in your ear cavity slightly open up the ear if it's clogged, but then go right back to a clogged state when you take it out? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | You're temporarily opening up your [Eustachian tubes]( URL_0 ) which connect from your middle ear to the back of your nose. If they're inflamed or gummed up, they'll quickly settle back. Swallowing can jiggle them the same way - used by divers to equalize the pressure in their ears to the water; also why if you have a ... | Biology |
Why do we like foods better in certain shapes? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Different shapes of food have different ratios of surface area to volume, which can affect how they're cooked or how they soak up sauces. For example, thin fries are crispier than thick fries because most of the potato in a thin fry is on the outside getting itself fried in hot oil. Thick fries keep a lot more of their... | Biology |
What does it mean, or what happens when an atom changes energy state? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | I'm gonna cover two different situations: 1 - Electrons in the atom can change state. Skip to point 2 if this isn't what you're asking. If an electron absorbs energy, it can jump to a higher state if there isn't a pair of electrons in that state already. These are all very particular states dictated by the atom itself.... | Physics |
Why are the gas giants so intensely radioactive? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It seems that when astronomers talk about Jupiter’s radiation, the concept tends to be misconstrued a bit because it's not really the planet that emits the deadly particles. A planet rather traps the highly energetic particles be it from the Sun or other interplanetary surroundings. Every planet with an active magnetic... | Physics |
What is the difference between the anti-inflammatory effects of chemicals like curcumin versus NSAIDs like ibuprofen? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | I think they both lead to the same thing. You can just increase your turmeric intake in your food for the same effect that you'd have in a supplement or a pill. The pill is a specific, calculated, dose whereas you don't know the exact quantity of chemical you're getting in the food. | Chemistry |
If the water cycle is a closed system, why does it matter that a pound of beef takes 1800 gallons of water to produce? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It's a matter of clean/potable water. The water used to produce beef must be potable, and ends up non-potable, so that puts an enormous strain on the availability of clean water in an area. Yes, it does go back into the water cycle, but it takes a long while for it to make its way back to a drinkable state. | Other |
Why do we need cream and moisturizers to hydrate our skin, why can't we just drink more water or just put water on our skin? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Because the outer layer of skin is actually dead skin about to be sloughed off. Drinking more water does increase moisture levels in the skin but depending on environmental conditions, sometimes this isn't enough. Think of a windy, dry day - that little extra moisture is guaranteed to be evaporated off before both feet... | Other |
why can a high speed 4g signal reach me anywhere but wifi has trouble reaching me in the next room? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | There are 2 factors to consider. First is your surroundings. Radio waves, like a 4g signal or wifi are just electromagnetic radiation, like light. They pass through some things well, but are blocked by others. Having multiple walls, or a big HVAC unit, or a metal building between you and the transmitter can block eithe... | Technology |
How can sounds from earphones sound like they are in front or behind us? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | People find it amazing that something that only has two speakers positioned over your ears can create full 3D sound, but think about it - You only have two ears and yet you can hear stuff in front of and behind you clear as day. How does that work? The answer is the part of your ear called the pinnae. That is the bit y... | Physics |
What is a re-uptake inhibitor? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Assuming you mean a "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" (SSRIs), they are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants. They work by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is one of the chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that carry signals between brain nerve cells (neurons). SSRIs block the r... | Biology |
When a Volcano erupts where does the massive amount of ash come from? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | > Volcanic ash consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter. > Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into the atmosphere. The... | Other |
Why do rockets use low specific impulse - high thrust engines to reach orbits? Why can't High specific impulse and low thrust engines be used for the same purpose in a bit longer time? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | > Please correct me if I am wrong. You are wrong. Rockets have to have a minimum thrust-to-weight ratio above 1 on the launch pad to go anywhere. That means if you have a 500,000kg rocket, you need at least 500,001 kilograms-force of thrust (although realistically you need more than that). A high specific impulse engin... | Physics |
What's the difference between cmd.exe and Windows PowerShell? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Ok the ELI5 version. Both are programs that (now this is simplified) present interfaces where the user can interact with the computer using a keyboard for input and see text as output. You type a line (some text + enter key) and program interprets what you typed as a command. This is why these interfaces are called Com... | Technology |
Why were there so many mourning posts related to New Zealand terror attacks and very few during the Sri Lankan attack? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Sri Lanka also shut down social media after the attacks. Since even the mainstream media has come to rely on social media for the confirmation of potentially newsworthy items, this means that everything slowed way, way down; and by the time it filtered out to the general public, it was literally yesterday's news. | Other |
Why is it disproportionately men who seem to hate on Greta Thunberg and what is it that makes so many people hate her? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Two words - “toxic masculinity”. They can’t handle the fact that “some teenage girl” is telling them that they shouldn’t drive their big, jacked up, coal rolling diesel trucks. And there’s probably a non-trivial number of bots/post farms that are funded by fossil fuel companies whose sole purpose is to shit on her beca... | Earth Science |
Why does wood get hard when burned for a short while, but get brittle if it is burned for too long? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | As you probably know, wood is made of a load of atoms, mainly carbon. All of these atoms are joined together by covalent bonds, which are pretty strong, but not unbreakable. To break these bonds, you need to reach this thing called an "activation energy," which breaks the bonds, and makes the wood brittle, as it is not... | Chemistry |
Why when some people chew it sounds like they're chewing nails, while other people can eat the same food and you don't hear them chewing? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | I work in dentistry, and did some work on a 12 year old. I know this child personally, and know he is a loud chewer despite lips being closed. What I recently found with his mixed dentition is a deep anterior bite, and heavy heavy occlusal wear resulting in short flat adult and baby teeth. And after some thought, I con... | Biology |
Why is an increased heart rate beneficial when it's elevated due to exercise but harmful when it's elevated by stimulants? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | When you exercise your blood vessels open up more to allow more blood/oxygen/nutrients to your body this is called [vasodilation]( URL_0 ) and it helps to lower your blood pressure and take some of the stress off of your heart muscle. Stimulants tend to be Vascoconstrictors, which means they reduce the amount of space ... | Biology |
why do jokes become less funny when you start explaining it? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Humor may be subjective, but typically most jokes are funny because they provide something new/unexpected. I've read articles that reference this as the "kick of discovery", which involves reaching a conclusion that you didn't logically come up with beforehand. If you explain a joke, then you've now formed a logical pa... | Other |
How do phone companies offer phones for ‘$0’, what’s the catch? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | They just roll the cost into your monthly fees — you’re agreeing to sign a 2 year contract with them, and a portion of the monthly fee goes toward paying down the loan on the phone. Say the phone costs $800 retail, they basically apply $33 each month toward the phone cost. | Economics |
why do people's faces look different when they sweat such as during a workout or a really hot day in the sun? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | In both cases the body is overheated and looking to cool down. There are two basic mechanisms for cooling, the first is through sweating which cools the skin via evaporation, and through radiative cooling where the blood vessels close to the skin expand increasing blood flow and allowing heat to radiate away like a hot... | Other |
- why can medication injected into your bloodstream via a shot be administered pretty much anywhere on your arm (or leg, wherever), but blood is always taken directly from a vein? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The shot you might be thinking of is actually an intramuscular shot, not an intravenous one. They usually choose the deltoid or the gluteus muscle into which to inject it. It doesn't go directly into your bloodstream, but rather sits in the muscle, which then slowly picks the medication up via its capillaries, returns ... | Biology |
What happens to money obtained in a drug bust? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The money is held in evidence until the case is disposed of. The police can then apply to the court to have the money and any other seized property forfeited as proceeds of a criminal enterprise. This is a civil proceeding, as opposed to criminal, and the burden of proof is only a preponderance of evidence, as opposed ... | Other |
If your brain can remember memories from a very long time ago out of nowhere, why is it so hard to trigger your brain to remember things from as recent as yesterday? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Our brain remembers different things very differently, and we have many different types of memory. Explicit memory is one of the two types of long-term memory that allows us to remember things like life-events and facts. This type of memory is conscious which means that you have to make a conscious effort to remember t... | Other |
Why does soda sometimes seem to freeze *after* I take it out of the freezer? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | There's kind of 2 parts to it. 1. You can supercool the liquid inside, which brings it below its normal freezing temperature, but ice crystals can't really form out of nowhere. They need a nucleation point, which is some irregularity that allows the crystals to start from, then new ice crystals can form from those crys... | Chemistry |
In retrospect, why was germany left largely unscathed from the 2008/2009 financial crisis? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The crash came from an excess of bad debt. Folks had been writing loans to people that can't pay, and eventually ran out of capital to keep writing loans when too many folks didn't make their payments. It was really a team effort. Banks shouldn't have been writing multiple mortgages to folks that work part time at McDo... | Economics |
where does money come from? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Before money, you bartered. If you made furniture and needed food, you would have to find people who make food and also need furniture. If they don’t need furniture, you don’t have anything they want to trade. Money allows for a common item that everyone can use to get what they want. The trick is that it has to be wor... | Economics |
What does over/under mean in terms of gambling, and is there a trick to understanding/calculating odds? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | An over-under bet is one where you bet whether a statistic in a game will be "over" or "under" a given statistic. For example, if the "over-under" number is, say, 4 goals for a soccer game, you bet if the total number of goals scored is over or under 4. When it comes to calculating odds, it depends. I can probably expl... | Mathematics |
How does a mail person, delivery person, etc. gain access to locked apartment buildings and locked mailboxes? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Couriers usually can't get into secured apartment buildings. Some people give them codes to get in and some apartments have an office that packages get delivered to. If they can't get in, can't get a hold of the recipient, or the office won't take the package, they leave a door tag and try again the next day. The mailm... | Other |
80's to 90's Drug Epidemic- What Happened? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It was due to more than one thing, but wide-spread drug use was certainly not new. What was new, however, was the first time the US government devoted such a massive amount of resources toward the prosecution of drug smuggling, dealing and use. Also, before crack, freebasing was really the only way to smoke cocaine and... | Other |
How does exercise improve heart health? Reverse things like high blood pressure and clogged arteries? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The heart is a muscle. In the same way that working out your arm or leg muscles makes them stronger, working out your heart makes it stronger and more efficient. Exercise also increases your levels of HDL cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol that lowers heart disease risk by flushing the artery-clogging LDL or "bad" cho... | Biology |
Why is fog transparent when you are in it but opaque when you are outside it? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Volume. Let's say one cubic meter of fog reduces the amount of light going through it by 2%, so having one meter of fog between you and, say, a rabid bear would obscure your vision of it by a little, but not a lot. Now, if the density of the fog is consistent throughout the forest you're in (forgot to mention, you're i... | Physics |
How do artists pay taxes when they have world tours? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | They owe taxes to each country they perform in. Since it is pretty easy to figure out what they made form each individual performance (since the number of tickets sold and the artist's cut are both known amounts) it is fairly straight forward to calculate their income earned at any given venue. | Economics |
what allows a hummingbird to hover and fly the way it does? Is there any type of bird capable of doing the same type of flight? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It's wings can rotate on their socket more freely than other birds, who just flap mostly up and down. Also, they flap their wings much faster and are much smaller than most birds, allowing them to achieve lift without forward momentum. The cost of this is a huge need for energy, thus they have to constantly eat to surv... | Biology |
Why is it so satisfying to rub your eyes and why is it so difficult to stop? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | As a patient of kerateconus, never ever rub your eyes. I used to agree that rubbing your eyes was heaven, but now I'm slowly going blind. When you rub your eyes you are slowly degrading the integrity of your cornea, and it will start to deform. I wish I would have known at a younger age before the damage was done. | Biology |
How long would it take for us to notice if the sun's mass suddenly became "zero"? How long does it take for Gravity to effect objects? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The sun is a balance forces, between fusion explosions and gravity. If its mass became zero, we would notice in nine or ten minutes. Solar observatories would note that the sun was rapidly expanding. Of course, a few minutes later, the rapidly expanding cloud of plasma would encompass the earth and we would all die. If... | Physics |
How come faster than light systems like the alcubierre drive are supposedly mathematically sound and physically possible, with the right tech, even though Einstein said that it was impossible to go faster than light? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Warp drive/Alcubierre drives work mathematically for a few reasons. First understand that relativity only places a speed limit on things moving through space, not how space itself moves. Relativity also tells us that space isn't some inert thing, it interacts with it environment and can be stretched. This is why galaxi... | Physics |
How did the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse? What was the cause, and what was the change for it to be stable? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Wow, I literally just did a little project on that this last semester. Basically they went with a new suspension bridge design that featured narrower trusses. Also, this type of design, while cheaper and more elegant -(most of this info can be found on the wiki) - just wasn't stiff enough (no puns plz), and would flex ... | Physics |
How do solar panels work? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | A solar panel consists of a grid of Photovoltaic cells. [Photovoltaic]( URL_2 .) simply refers to the process of converting sunlight into electric currents. The photovoltaic effect was first discovered in 1839 by [French physicist Edmond Becquere]( URL_4 ). Photovoltaic cells consist of two layers. The top layer is cal... | Technology |
Why is it Latinas were often use as spouses of black men in movies? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Casting directors and producers were generally white, and most often white males. Those people who chose actors to play those roles generally didn't find black women attractive. They were allowed to be wise old women, maids and prostitutes but never a love interest. Unfortunately due to racist views they were also unha... | Other |
Why do people with anxiety procrastinate so much and is it their fault? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The second part of your question is less psychology and more philosophy. Fault does not objectively exist in any meaningful way. I think what you're asking is "should they be held accountable for their procrastination, and if so then how?". There isn't an easy answer. To that, I can only give my opinion. I think we sho... | Psychology |
How is 32 bit able to handle 4gb of ram, if 4,294,967,296 is the number of bits? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | 32 bits is able to handle 4294967296 Bytes not Bits. The issue is being able to write down a unique address for each Byte in just 32 bit of ram. The CPU needs to address each byte in memory with a unique 'name' and it has only 32 digits to write down the name. It is a bit like writing down your street address and only ... | Technology |
Why aren't you allowed to use question marks in file names? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | There are 9 symbols that windows uses for search functions, command line codes, commands, etc. it’ll prevent you from using them in file names because windows won’t be able to differentiate it later on. It won’t know if it is part of a file name or a command/extension/etc if it allows you to use them for both. | Technology |
why does hand sanitizer kill bacteria but not skin cells? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Skin is made of several layers. The top several layers of skin cells are dead. You cant kill that which is already dead. Hand sanitizer is mostly alcohol. It works by breaking down the lipids of the cell membrane. It also does this to skin cells, if it can reach the living cells and even if it does you still have layer... | Biology |
Why are stores often in need of coins? Where do all the coins being made even go if they are not in circulation? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | I don't typically carry coins. I would imagine I am not in the minority on this. I pay for something with cash, I get coins back as change. These end up being thrown in a jar in my house until I end up taking them to the bank and exchanging them for bills to repeat the process. Stores go and get rolls of coins (Edit: f... | Economics |
How does Google Maps know the exact coordinates of roads? Where does it get this data? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Well, the United States government publishes thousands of maps every year. There is also publicly available satellite photos which can be cross referenced with those published maps. And they also have the Google Street View vehicles, which use GPS and are attempting to drive down every public street in the entire count... | Technology |
What happened in 2008? (Crisis) | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Banks make money loaning money to people and collecting more back over time. The difference is called interest. The problem is that each loan has a risk that the borrower hits a point where they just can't pay it back. One method of guaranteeing the payment is that the money is borrowed against a physical object: the m... | Economics |
how does finger print reading under the glass work and how is it so accurate? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It will work on OLED screens as they don't need a backlight to display the image like LCD screens, instead they have thousands/millions of individual pixels that can change colour. In between the pixels are tiny gaps allowing the sensor to be behind the pixels and look through at your fingerprint. | Technology |
The geometric "what comes next?" type of questions on IQ tests. | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | It's all about recognizing patterns, which is a crucial part of learning ability and thus IQ. Since you asked for a stream of consciousness on a solution, lets look at the first link for an example. I look for a pattern, the first thing I focus on (on a whim) is the circle in the middle of each image. I see that in the... | Mathematics |
Why do damp things appear darker? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | This has been asked before, but the simple answer is that when you see a thing, what you're seeing is the light reflected off of that thing. When something is wet, the water contained within the fibers of that thing absorbs some of the light that would normally be reflected back to your eye, so you see less of the refl... | Physics |
How De We Know What Dinosaurs REALLY Looked Like? Why has/is what Dinosaurs Looked like been changed/disputed ? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | We don't "know". we are making our best models based on the information we have. In the past, we had less information, so our models were likely worse. Now, we have more information, so they *should be* better. That's not to say we are certain. If new information presents itself that leads to other interpretations, the... | Earth Science |
How do viruses and colds form and where do they come from? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | First, the condition known as the "common cold" is a viral infection by any of several hundred different species of virus. The rhinoviruses (literally "nose viruses") are the most common culprit, but there are other viruses which can produce the same symptoms. Second, if you're asking where the actual viruses that infe... | Biology |
After years and years of pirating, why haven't they figured out a way to duplicate console game CDs in such a way the console can play them? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Several reasons First the basics, Each console has a developer signing key, that key is used to encrypt and mark the software you master to CD to make sure that even if you managed to copy it, it will not run becuase the copy is not signed with a valid key from the authorizing authority being the console manufacturer. ... | Technology |
Why are main disks in our computer called C: by default and not A:? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | The a: and c: nomenclature come from IBM PC and MSDOS. In those early PC, there was one or two drives: floppy drives. They were the primary persistent memory. The first floppy drive was a:. The second one was b: Later on hard drives became an option and were thought of as an accessory after the main floppy drives, thus... | Technology |
Why are libraries allowed to basically rent out books for free, and are generally well-supported by the industry, while other forms of entertainment are not (movies, music, etc.)? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Some public libraries do loan out DVDs and CDs as well as many other types of copyrighted materials like magazines and comic books in addition to just books, some even offer ebooks and audiobooks online. And don't for a minute think that public libraries are well supported by publishers, they are almost entirely taxpay... | Other |
. How does stock buy back benefit a large Corporation? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Companies are owned by their shareholders. In theory and mostly in practice, everything companies do is to benefit their shareholders whether it benefits the company or not. Stock buybacks and dividends are both methods for companies to transfer money to their owners. These actions don't benefit the company, they benef... | Economics |
What is illegal about banking offshore such as professional footballers banking in tax havens? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Wealthy people stash money in foreign accounts or fake companies to avoid paying taxes on it. The idea is to route the money out of the country before the government finds out about it, keep in in a country that doesn't require banks to share account information with authorities, then lie about how much money was earne... | Economics |
Why does bringing your knees to your chest (curling up in a ball) help you not feel sick when dealing with nausea? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Curling into a ball as an action dosent really change much but just lying down in a comfortable position reduces the natural sway of your body and makes you stationary which will help all of the fluids in your body to move less thus decrease Nausea Edit: if you try to stand straight with out moving you can tell the nat... | Biology |
why do you feel nauseous or sick after staying up too long? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | During sleep, our bodies replenish a lot of key substances which are necessary for the normal function. This is regulated by the 'circadian clock' which is just a fancy word for our bodies' sleep/wake clock. When there's sleep deprivation, we have an absence of these key substances being replenished, and that in itself... | Biology |
Why is gas sold in tenths of a cent? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.\nYour answer should follow these... | Actually it's not. 1/10 of a cent is actually called a mill and is used in accounting all the time. Your property taxes are likely calculated down to the mill and rounded off. Certain financial transactions like mutual funds are technically completed at the mill level and then rounded off. The extra decimal becomes ver... | Economics |
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