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bilibili_data_13902630_BV1Pb411e7LX_p117_BV1Pb411e7LX_p117_m4-dialogue_0165796
[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, Aman. [S2] Hello. [S1] Uh, today we're going to be talking about four sets of frequently confused words. And the one that I wanna begin with is advice and advise. How do we keep these two words straight? Well, first of all, advice with a C is a noun and advise with an S
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bilibili_data_13902630_BV1Pb411e7LX_p118_BV1Pb411e7LX_p118_m4-dialogue_0372724
[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, Rosie. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So, uh, you've caught me mid-scribble in the greatest challenge of my career. Will I be able to write the word onomatopoeia? [S2] You can do it. [S1] I get it? [S2] You did it. [S1] Yeah.
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[S1] Alliteration is when a series of words all start with the same consonant. [S2] So what's a good example of that? [S1] Robert Park swam swiftly, surely, and straight ahead.
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[S1] So you can see that all these pink words here, swam, swiftly, surely, straight ahead, all begin with S. [S2] Right. [S1] And so this is why we call this alliteration because S is a consonant and all of these things share a similar consonant sound. Now I want to contrast that with assonance, which is what, Rosie?
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[S1] ... abolished all anguish. [S2] And onomatopoeia, where you make a word that sounds like what the word's effect is. So the bees buzzed, the pudding cup went splat, the, the, uh, the boxing bell fell to the floor with a clang, the firework went off with a bang, uh, a flight of bats whooshed past my head. [S1] [LAUGHS] [S2] And the robot, the little baby robot beeped at me insistently.
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[S1] How can a robot be a baby? [S2] I think it's just the size, right? [S1] Okay, sure. [S2] Not the age? [S1] Yeah, that's legitimate. [S2] [LAUGHS] [S1] So, okay, so I guess the question is, now you know what these things are, but Rosie, why would a person want to use these techniques in language, whether written or spoken? [S2] That's a great question. Writers can use some of these techniques to basically use the sound to get across
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[S1] ... a pattern. [S2] Mm-hmm. [S1] Like if you're, if you're gonna use words that all sound the same at the beginning with a bunch of S's, that kind of could potentially build some momentum to your sentence. Like it kinda makes the reader sit up and pay attention too. It's like, "Oh, this is an interesting pattern." So that could be one reason why a writer might use, for example, alliteration.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, Rosie. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So we're going to be talking about what we call the spectrum of formality today in the context of language style. So balancing your style between formal and informal language when it's appropriate is just a general life skill, but it's also something that's tested on the SAT. [S2] And you can check out Khan Academy.org/SAT to find out more about that.
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[S1] ... that we're applying the adjective esteemed to Gary, and that we're, we're giving him this highfalutin title, Chairman of the Board. And so probably in this situation we wouldn't wanna say, we wouldn't wanna use this kind of slang-y informal language. Pretty decent, dude. [S2] Right. There's a level of respect that we're conveying with this esteemed Chairman of the Board. [S1] So instead, I, I don't know. Rosie, what's a, what's another thing we could put in there?
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[S1] But what we just showed you was an example of being insufficiently formal. Here's what it looks like if you're too formal. [S2] Please join us for little Philip's first birthday celebration. This festive occasion will include an abundance of delightful diversions in which you can partake. [S1] So this is a little boy's birthday party. [S2] [LAUGHS] Let's get a hold of ourselves. [S1] Let's, you know, this is not a steak dinner.
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[S1] Maybe reel it in. You have to tailor the content of what you're trying to write to its context, right? [S2] Right. [S1] Like how, how fancy is the first birthday party of a little boy going to be? Rosie, have you been to a child's first birthday party? As an adult? [S2] I have. I have. It was not this fancy. [S1] No. [S2] But it wasn't, you know, the prince of a country or something. [S1] Right. Like, okay,
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[S1] I might even go so far as to say, "Hello, Philip." [S2] Oh, I like it. [S1] Maybe throw in an exclamation point because we're excited. This, this just seems, this language seems a little stuffy. Even though we're describing a party, it seems very emotionally removed from partiness. [S2] Oh, that's much better.
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[S1] You know, so, so we're, we're taking this, this content, you know, there's abundance of delightful diversions, which I suppose at a first birthday party would probably just, again, be cake and games. There's not, there's not really that much that a one-year-old can do at a party. [S2] It's true. [S1] And so, so we're, we're taking this, this high register, this formal register language, and then just kinda dialing it back a couple of notches.
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[S1] Yeah, I mean, I think, I think the, the other side of the profanity is potentially more respectful depending on who you're speaking with. [S2] Mm-hmm. [S1] So you might address someone, you know, you might address someone as sir. [S2] Formal language generally means a more respectful form of address. So if I were to say, like, on the informal side, "Yo, buddy," it's extremely informal, uh, as opposed to, "Excuse me, sir."
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[S1] The way, uh, our colleague Grant described it to me is this. It's, it's useful to have a tuxedo in your closet, but you wouldn't wear it to a beach party. [S2] Exactly. [S1] You know? Um, so, so reserve your formal and informal language for context when it is necessary. Just like you wouldn't wear formal shoes to the beach, neither would you show up, you know, in flip-flops before a joint session of Congress.
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[S1] Exactly. [S2] Whether you're writing or speaking, always consider your context, consider your audience. Uh, and from that, consider the way that you deploy language. You can learn anything. David out. [S1] Rosie out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, David. [S2] Hello, Rosie. [S1] So today we're going to talk about understatement and overstatement. [S2] And I could not be more excited. This is like the coolest thing that's happened to me all week. [S1] Oh my gosh. Really? [S2] Uh, no. I mean, I'm excited. This is a really interesting topic, but I was deliberately overstating. [S1] [LAUGHS]
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[S1] Sure. So you kidnapped my dog, drove to New Orleans without telling anyone, and ate the last cookie that I was saving? Yeah, I'm like, vaguely unhappy. [S2] This is a horrible thing that just happened. So when you said, "Yeah, I'm like, vaguely unhappy," after this huge list of horrible things- [S1] Mm-hmm. [S2] ... that this supposed friend has done, you know, it's clear that, that you're more than just a little, vaguely unhappy.
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[S1] ... to be clear, grammarians, Rosie did not do any of these things. [S2] [LAUGHS] Thank you, David. I- [S1] This is a, this sentence is a work of fiction. [S2] [LAUGHS] Thank you for letting me off the hook there. [S1] You're welcome. So what, what we're, what we're trying to express in this sentence, uh, is that this is something that should make the speaker or the writer quite unhappy. Um, but what we're doing here is deliberately understating the case to further drive home the point that this is actually quite serious.
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[S1] Yeah, exactly. I mean, you, you could hear somebody say, "Yeah, I think I'm, I'm pretty upset about that." And they're kinda laughing, but they're upset. [S2] You can see the glorious subtlety of these language techniques. And, and I understand this, this can make English a minefield for people trying to learn the language because the subtext of what you're saying, uh, with overstatement and understatement is more important than the text itself. [S1] Exactly.
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[S1] And I suspect that if you listen and you study, I have this sneaking minute suspicion that you can learn anything. David out. [S2] Rosie out. [S1] That was awesome.
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[S1] Hey, grammarians. Hey, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] Hey.
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[S1] So Paige, I went to the grocery store yesterday. [S2] Mm-hmm. [S1] And I got this apple. [S2] Okay. [S1] And I put it in the fridge. Uh, and this morning, when I opened the fridge, the apple was all, like, gross and sticky and mushy, and I really want to write a letter to the grocery store and say, "Hey, you sold me a gross apple." [S2] Yeah. [S1] Uh, but I'm stuck. [S2] Okay. [S1] Um, I don't, I feel like I ought to put a comma in here. So if I, if I'm, so here's the sentence I've got so far. "You sold me a mushy, sticky apple."
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[S1] Gross. Unacceptable. [S2] Totally. [S1] So I would like my $1.38 back. [S2] [LAUGHS] [S1] But in another draft of the letter, I wrote, "You sold me a mushy green apple." [S2] Okay, so mushy sticky or mushy green. [S1] Yeah, and I feel like, and I don't know how to put this into words yet, but we're gonna put it into words 'cause that's our job. Whether or not there should be a comma in between mushy and green or mushy and sticky. [S2] Yeah. [S1] 'Cause these feel different to me.
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[S1] Right, right. Um, yeah, so there's actually a couple tests that you can do on these sentences to see if you need a comma between the adjectives or not. [S2] So Paige, what distinguishes a pair like mushy and sticky from mushy and green? [S1] There's this sort of hierarchy or like order that you put adjectives in when you have multiple of them in a sentence and it is called Dosa-Scomp.
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[S1] Dosescomb. [S2] All together now. [S1] D. [S2] Determiner. [S1] O. [S2] Opinion. [S1] S. [S2] Size. [S1] A. [S2] Age. [S1] S again. [S2] Shape. [S1] C. [S2] Color. [S1] O. [S2] Origin. [S1] M. [S2] Material. [S1] And P. [S2] Purpose. [S1] Oh, okay, so mushy and sticky are both opinion adjectives.
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[S1] So these are kinda in the same class, whereas mushy and green, that's, that's an opinion and a color. [S2] Yeah, they're in two different classes. [S1] Right. So dosiscomp helps determine adjective order, right? [S2] Yeah. [S1] So it's the order in which you would use if, which you were stacking these adjectives, you would use them in this dosiscomp order.
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[S1] Looks good to me. Sticky, mushy, mushy, sticky. [S2] Same thing. [S1] Um, okay. So, so if we're trying to determine whether or not we have coordinate adjectives, I guess the first thing we would do is consult DOSA-Scomp. [S2] Yeah. [S1] Right? So that's step one. [S2] Yep. [S1] And what is a DOSA page? [S2] Oh, it's like a pancake, right? [S1] Yeah, it's like a South Indian pancake. [S2] That's pretty cool. [S1] And to scomp is a word we made up that means "to eat." [S2] Sure. Eat some pancakes. [S1] Scomp on 'em. Uh, so that's step one. Step two, try the reversal method.
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[S1] Right, and that's like changing it from mushy sticky to sticky mushy. [S2] Uh, and step three is stick an and in there. [S1] Mm-hmm. If you can reverse the order of the adjectives and you can put and in between the two of them, then they're coordinate adjectives. [S2] And if they're coordinate adjectives, you need to separate them with a comma.
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[S1] Exactly. And that's why in the case of the second sentence with mushy green apple, you don't put a comma between them. They're in different categories in dosis comp, and so they must stay in that order, and there's no need for a comma. [S2] Thanks, Paige. I'm going to get back to drafting my angry letter. [S1] [LAUGHS] [S2] You can learn anything. David out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians, and hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So today we're gonna talk about the three different ways to end a sentence. This is what we call a terminal punctuation of English. Um, Paige, what are those three ways?
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[S1] So that's just sort of a straight up regular old sentence. [S2] Yeah. [S1] Just a standard declaration of a fact. [S2] Exactly. [S1] This is a thing that is true. My mom ate a cookie. [S2] Yes. [S1] Cool. And then we just put this, this period there to say, "That's the end of the thought." End of line. So then what, what is, what is, uh, an exclamation point for? Like, what would we use that for?
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[S1] Yeah, so an exclamation point is pretty much if someone is excited about what they're saying. [S2] Okay. [S1] I think. So if I were to say, "I'm gonna eat so much candy when I get home," I think that was probably an exclamation. [S2] Sure. [S1] And ends in an exclamation point. [S2] But it's not just like good excitement either. [S1] Right. [S2] Right? It's not just like, "Woo, this is awesome." [S1] Totally. There can be, you know, anger, like, "Go to your room." [S2] Right. [S1] Or like fear, if you said.
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[S1] Well, I think that was a perfect example of what that thing is used for. That is a question mark, which goes at the end of a question. So, it basically just signifies, I don't, I don't know the answer to this thing, and I would like an answer to it, please. [S2] So, okay, so Paige, what's an example question that we could throw out using, using a question mark? [S1] How about, "Is this edible?" [S2] That's the eternal question. [S1] [LAUGHS] I ask myself that every day. [S2] [LAUGHS]
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[S1] Okay, so we have, we have periods, just statement of facts, exclamations, expressions of strong emotion, or question marks, which ask a question, I guess? [S2] [LAUGHS] Yeah. [S1] Cool. Thanks, Paige. [S2] Thank you for having me. [S1] You can learn anything. David out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Today, Paige and I are going to teach you all about your new best friend, the comma. Uh, it is a piece of punctuation that has many, many, many functions. Um, and we're just going to broadly overview them today. The, the comma is an extremely powerful piece of punctuation. It can do a whole bunch of stuff. So, Paige, what is, like, the most pertinent or important thing that the comma does? [S2] I would probably say that it is separating sentence elements. [S1] Okay.
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[S1] So, okay, so how is the comma going to save the day today? How's it going to make our sentences make sense? What are some of the things that it separates? [S2] Uh, so it can separate, um, elements of lists. [S1] Mm-hmm. [S2] Um. [S1] What's, so like, for lunch I had tofu, comma, spam, comma, and seaweed.
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[S1] Sorry, Hawaiian lunch. [S2] Mm-hmm. Delicious. [S1] Um, so that's, that's some, that's a way in which we can, so it's separating these elements of this list. Um, I guess commas can also separate, uh, dates. [S2] That's right. [S1] Uh, dates and times. So for example, here in the United States, uh, National Blueberry Muffin Day is July 11th.
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[S1] And if we wanted to refer to a historical Blueberry Muffin Day, let's say July 11th, 1981. [S2] Wow. [S1] It was the best muffin day ever. [S2] That, I wish I could have been around then. [S1] Yeah. Okay, so, so a comma can separate lists and it can be used for dates and we can also, like, set off things at the beginning of sentences. Like, basically, everything is great.
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[S1] So Paige, what are some things that commas can't do? [S2] That's a great question. So commas can't go at the end of a sentence. [S1] Okay. So I couldn't be like, "I want to go swimming," comma, and that would, that couldn't, like, I couldn't end a sentence that way. [S2] Right. You need to say something after the comma.
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[S1] So this is, this is no good. [S2] No. [S1] Or, or you have to keep going. [S2] Right. [S1] I want to go swimming and then sailing. And end it with a period like that. [S2] Yes. [S1] Okay, so that would be fine. That's totally fine usage for a comma if it's in the middle of a sentence but not at the end of a sentence. [S2] Right. [S1] Okay, so commas only go in the middle.
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[S1] So, comma separates stuff, which therefore means it has to be on, it has to be in between something. [S2] Right. There has to be something to the left and something to the right. [S1] Cool. All right. That's, that's a comma. [S2] Yeah. [S1] Would you say? [S2] I think we have successfully met the comma. [S1] Cool. You can learn anything. David out.
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[S1] Hey Paige. [S2] What's up, David? [S1] Is, is this right? Okay, so I'm, I'm about to go to the grocery store and it looks like it says I need to get squid pickles and chocolate at the grocery store. [S2] Yeah. [S1] Did you want squid pickles? [S2] No, I, I wanted squid and pickles.
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[S1] I must have written it down wrong. Okay, so I think the, what we need to do in order to fix this list, uh, and avoid confusion like this in the future is, is, is using commas to punctuate a list. 'Cause right now, this just looks like, like squid pickles, which, I mean, probably delicious. Pickled squid. [S2] Yeah. [S1] Probably delicious. [S2] Sure. [S1] Um, but not what we were looking to get today. [S2] Right. [S1] So, okay, so if we don't, if we don't wanna get pickled squid today,
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[S1] ... then we have to put commas in between the elements of the list. [S2] Right. [S1] Right? 'Cause this is what commas do. They separate elements of everything. So, let's put in those dividers. I need to get squid, comma, pickles, comma, and chocolate at the grocery store. [S2] Exactly. [S1] Okay. So we can punctuate a list by separating out nouns. And I see from this second sentence here, uh, Paige, could you give me a read for that?
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[S1] I'm gonna go for a run, read a chapter of my book, and go see the new Colonel Justice movie. [S2] Oh, I hear. That's good. Um, so right now it says that, but it could also just be, I'm going to go for a run read, a chapter of my book, and go see the, you know, like there's no... [S1] It's a little confusing. [S2] It's a little confusing. Like, there could be such a thing as a run read. [S1] There probably is. [S2] Uh, you know, like where you go for a jog while holding a book. [S1] [LAUGHS] Sounds difficult.
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[S1] So we can also use commas in lists to separate not just nouns like in this first one, but also verb phrases. So I'm going to go for a run, comma, read a chapter of my book, comma, and go see the new Colonel Justice movie. [S2] Perfect. [S1] Cool. So that's how you punctuate a list with commas. [S2] Yeah, you got it. [S1] You can learn anything. David out. [S2] Paige out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians, and hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] Today, we're going to be talking about commas in correspondence. And what that means is, is how to use commas in letter writing, uh, so saying hello and saying goodbye. When you start writing a letter or an email to somebody, you use commas. Um, so let me, let me show you an example. So if you're writing a letter to someone, you open it with something like this. "Dear Prudence," comma, "I received the plum jam you sent me." And you can see we have this little comma here.
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which is like a saying, "Hail." I think "Wale" in Latin means "Hail." I think "Salud" is "Hello," and "Wale" or "Wale" is "Goodbye." And so, this is really just like a hello-ing and a goodbye saying. So, if you're saying, "Hello," in a letter or an email, you use a comma. If you're saying, "Goodbye," in a letter or an email- [S1] Use a comma. [S2] You can learn anything. David out. [S1] Paige out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So, today we're going to be talking about commas in space and time because commas have basically one function, which is... [S2] Separating parts of sentences.
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[S1] ... 2010, comma, I ate a cricket. So as you can see, we've separated the day of the week- [S2] Mm-hmm. [S1] ... from the day of the month- [S2] Right. [S1] ... October 5th, from the year, 2010, and then separated all that from the rest of the sentence, "I ate a cricket."
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[S1] Because all of this is like a prepositional phrase that is modifying the word ate. [S2] True. [S1] So we want to make sure that all of it is separated out from the rest of the sentence. And we separate it out using our friend, the comma.
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[S1] Of course. [S2] So if you want to express a kind of complicated relationship in time or in space, you want to deliver, you want to make sure a letter gets to a very specific place, you want to talk about a very specific city in a very specific country, you use commas. You want to talk about a very specific time, you use commas. That's commas in space and time. Micromarians, you can learn anything. David out. [S1] Paige out.
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[S1] Of course. [S2] Okay. [S1] [LAUGHS] [S2] Because we're leading with a dependent clause, and that means that this thing can't stand on its own, right? It's like, it's like the ladder up against the tree. Because an independent clause in green can stand on its own, a dependent clause cannot. So, um, we need to differentiate it from the rest of the sentence by putting the comma there. So this is a dependent clause,
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[S1] And this is an independent clause. So if you start a sentence with a dependent clause, you're going to need to put the comma in the middle before you proceed to the independent clause, which is the part that makes it an actual functioning sentence. [S2] Right. [S1] If you have it the other way around, though, if it's just, "Please take off your shoes when you come in," no need for a comma. I'll show you.
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[S1] So Paige, what, what is a sentence adverb? How does it work? [S2] So we've been talking about, you know, starting sentences with clauses, but that doesn't always have to be the case. You can start a sentence with an adverb. Like, let's say, "Initially, I was afraid." [S1] So what is "initially" doing in this sentence here, in this expression? [S2] Basically, it's modifying, like, the whole rest of the sentence. [S1] Oh, man. [S2] It's modifying the "I was afraid."
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[S1] So we're going to put a comma here to separate it from the rest of that expression. That's why we call it a sentence adverb, 'cause it's not, this is not the same as saying, "I was initially afraid." This is kind of, like you said, modifying the entire expression. Let's, let's look at another example. [S2] Basically, you're the greatest. [S1] Aww, thanks, Paige.
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[S1] Thanks, Paige. So we've got this word basically, and basically is modifying the entire expression. It's kind of qualifying the whole thing. [S2] Right. [S1] So we're gonna put a comma between this sentence adverb and the sentence itself. [S2] Exactly. [S1] Cool. So initially, Paige, this seemed pretty complicated to me. [S2] Right. But basically, I think we got it down. [S1] All right. We think that essentially, you can learn anything. David out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians, and hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] Paige, I have a question for you. [S2] What's up? [S1] You like cheese, don't you? [S2] Why, yes, I do. [S1] So, Paige, what I've just asked you is an example of what's called a tag question. So I'm, I'm, I'm making an assertion, uh, and then I'm actually looking for confirmation. So I'm sort of, I'm making a statement and then consumed by doubt, I have to turn, comma, and ask you for confirmation. So I say, "You like cheese," comma,
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[S1] don't you? Uh, and so what's, what's cool about tag questions is that they kind of follow this positive/negative flow. [S2] Mm-hmm. [S1] Um, so it begins with a positive assertion, like, "Here is a thing that is true," and then the doubt, so you then negate it to ask the question. [S2] Right. [S1] Um, you can also do this backwards, uh, and begin with a negative assertion and ask a positive question, like, "This won't hurt, will it?" And we're using the comma to perform its separating function because that's what commas
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[S1] ... do, uh, and, and separate between the, uh, the, the, the assertion and the doubt question. And that's what tag questions are. So that's one of the things that we're, sorry to just like launch into it. So today we're gonna talk about tag questions, direct address, and using commas in the context of yes and no. [S2] Right. [S1] So Paige, how are you? [S2] Why, why are you asking me this? [S1] Because
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[S1] Because it's an example of direct address. So if I start off an utterance, uh, by directly addressing you, you know, um, there's, there follows a pause, I would say, "Page," comma, "How are you?" [S2] I see. That makes sense. [S1] But also I'm interested in your well-being. [S2] Oh, well, thank you. I'm good.
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[S1] Good. So if you're directly addressing a person, uh, it doesn't have to be just Paige. It could also be me. It could also be Sal, whoever. You know, you would, you would say the name followed by a comma, then the question, or whatever the sentence was going to be. Like, "Paige, I'm going to the grocery store later. Do you want some cheese?" [S2] Right. I do, definitely. [S1] Oh, okay. [S2] I want some cheese.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians, and hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So we're gonna talk about using commas in dialogue. So I've got these two sentences here that I have removed all the punctuation from, uh, because I recognize that figuring out where to put commas when you are reporting someone else's speech, you know, for a newspaper article or a piece of fiction or whatever it is, uh, can be quite confusing.
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[S1] You would use a question mark. Or if it were an exclamation, you would use an exclamation point. But if it were going to just be a period, you wouldn't do this. You wouldn't say, "They're probably pirates, period, Roxanne said." You would say, "They're probably pirates, comma, Roxanne said." [S2] Yeah. [S1] I know that's kind of confusing. [S2] [LAUGHS] [S1] But that is the style that we abide by in English.
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[S1] Right. So as you said, a comma with dialogue is pretty much acting as a runway. [S2] Okay. [S1] So with the first sentence, Guillermo said, comma, and then- [S2] So this is kind of like take off. [S1] Right. You're getting like, ramped up into the dialogue. [S2] Mm-hmm. [S1] And then with the second one, it's like the plane is landing and they're probably pirates. And then the dialogue ends. [S2] Cool. [S1] But there has to be a comma in there to end it.
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[S1] So if the statement, "We're going to end with a period," we'd use a comma in reported dialogue when the tag follows the reported speech. [S2] That's right. [S1] Otherwise, we'd use all the other relevant punctuation marks. [S2] Yeah. [S1] Okay. Cool. So this is like the only time ever when you can end a sentence with a comma. [S2] Yeah, pretty much. [S1] Whoa. That's awesome. [S2] Yeah. [S1] So that's how you use commas in dialogue. You can learn anything. David out. [S2] Paige out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians, and hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So, today we're going to be talking about the appositive, which is just a monster of a word. [S2] Right. [S1] Right? Uh, and I, I can tell you that from my limited study of Latin, right, it comes from ad positio, which is like putting, putting on, which doesn't really necessarily help. What is this thing? [S2] [LAUGHS] [S1] Like, what is, what is this device? How do we use it? And what does it have to do with commas?
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[S1] And an antecedent is just something that comes before. So what we're doing here with Griselda, uh, is we are redefining or clarifying who my older sister is. [S2] Mm-hmm. [S1] Uh, and so in order to do that, we're putting it between these commas, like so, voop, voop, and we're just saying it again. My older sister Griselda is going to college in the fall. [S2] Right. [S1] Uh, but th- it doesn't always have to be in the middle like this, right?
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[S1] That's true. It can be, say, at the end. So, they stopped selling my favorite snack, the Cookie Cat. [S2] I'm so sorry. [S1] I know. It's so sad. [S2] So we've got, we've got this apposition then at the end of the sentence. [S1] Right. [S2] So, my favorite snack is being redefined or clarified by Cookie Cat. [S1] Yeah. Exactly. [S2] Or rather, Cookie Cat is clarifying or redefying my, redefining my favorite snack.
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[S1] Right. I could just say, "They stopped selling my favorite snack." [S2] And that would just, that could just be its own sentence, right? [S1] Totally. [S2] "They stopped selling my, uh, my favorite snack. My older sister is going to college in the fall." Like, this stuff isn't essential to the understanding of the sentence. [S1] Right. But if you, you know, don't know what my favorite snack is, then it's kinda helpful to say, or it's helpful for me to say, "The Cookie Cat."
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[S1] So you can use them as in the first sentence, "My older sister, Griselda, is going to college in the fall." Or you can use it as in the second sentence, "They stopped selling my favorite snack, the cookie cat, period." [S2] Right. [S1] Okay. [S2] You don't need another comma. [S1] Right. [S2] At the end. [S1] Let's change that back into a comma. So this is just another illustration of the separating power of the comma, 'cause we're using it to set off this explanatory, clarifying element in the middle or at the end of these sentences.
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[S1] Yeah, exactly. That's what the comma does. Man, it seems like commas can do, like, anything. [S2] Yeah, it's pretty incredible. You know what else can do anything? [S1] What? [S2] The viewer. You, the viewer. You can learn anything. That's the appositive and how it relates to commas. David out. [S1] Paige out.
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[S1] Hey, grammarians. Hey, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So-
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[S1] You know, we're, we're trying to tell you about the language as it is and the way people use it. And what we do at Khan Academy is we do, we use the Oxford comma. So parents, comma, Mahatma Gandhi, comma, and my pet hamster. Or Elvis, comma, a tiny Norwegian harpist, comma, and Frida Kahlo. [S2] Yeah. [S1] You have to find a style guide and stick with it. And sometimes, you know, that depends on, um, if you're writing for a newspaper or that uses a particular style guide, or if your English teacher has a particular style guide that they want you to abide by, that's,
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] Hello, apostrophe. Today we're going to start talking about a, a different piece of punctuation, and that piece of punctuation is the apostrophe. Kinda looks like a comma, but it's one that floats in the air. Here's the ground, here's the word ground. [S2] [LAUGHS] [S1] Uh, and if we say, I don't know, pages
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[S1] Dog, Addy. [S2] [LAUGHS] [S1] Um, we're, we're using the apostrophe, not shown to scale, obviously, uh, in one of its three different applications. So the apostrophe can do three things. Thing number one, it can stand in for missing letters. [S2] So when an apostrophe stands in for missing letters, that's called a contraction.
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[S1] Shoop. [S2] So the second thing that an apostrophe can do is show that something belongs to someone. This is what we call possession. [S1] So you can use an apostrophe to say something like, "That's David's cursed skull." [S2] Okay. It's true. It's been in my family for generations. But what, what is, what's going on here? What is, what is this doing the same work as?
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[S1] Okay. 'Cause I was always taught never to use apostrophes to pluralize stuff. Like the plural of book is books, not books. That's, that's wrong. [S2] Yeah. So there's a- [S1] Like, this is the plural and this is like something belonging to the book.
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[S1] Right. The books, pages. [S2] Right. [S1] Yeah. Right. So there's, there's really only one case where you want to use an apostrophe to make something plural. [S2] What is that case? [S1] That case is when you're trying to make the plural of a lowercase letter. [S2] Like, I'm really bad at drawing S's. [S1] Right. If you didn't have that apostrophe there, it might kinda just look like s-
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[S1] You would say that is David's cursed skull. [S2] Exactly. [S1] And that's an overview of the three powers of the apostrophe. You can learn anything. David out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, David. [S2] Hello, Paige. [S1] So today we're going to talk about contractions, which are another use for our friend the apostrophe. So David, what is a contraction?
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[S1] So that's kind of a fancy way of saying people like to be lazy. [S2] Sure. [S1] Which is, you know, tends to be accurate across language. So, you know, we can say something like, "I will," but honestly that kind of takes a lot of effort to say, right? [S2] You kind of have to
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[S1] Yeah. That's pretty amazing. I mean, this tiny apostrophe stands in the place of all of these letters. [S2] Yeah, it's doing a lot of work. Uh, have I got a deal for you, Paige. How would you like three letters for the price of four with, um, 'cause you can shorten, you know, something like he is to he's. [S1] Right. Yeah. I mean, that's what the principle you were talking about is all about. Like, he is, isn't that hard to say, but he's is a lot easier.
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[S1] So, I will goes to I'll, she would becomes she'd, he is becomes he's, and will not becomes won't. So that's contractions. You can learn anything. [S2] David out. [S1] Paige out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, David. [S2] Hello, Paige. [S1] So today we're going to talk about apostrophes and plurals. And we talked about this a little bit in our introduction to the apostrophe video. This is a very, very rare case where we use an apostrophe to show that something is plural and it almost never happens, but we will explain when it does.
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[S1] Right. And you need to remember to always dot your is, doesn't make any sense. [S2] Right. [S1] So, right. So this apostrophe can look like it's making the letter I possessive, but it's really just there to make it clear that this is a plural I and not is.
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- [S1] So this is the only case. If it were uppercase letters, you wouldn't do this, right? So if you were saying, you know, David's capital A's look like trees, it's less likely that you're going to confuse capital A lowercase s in the middle of a sentence for the word as. - [S2] Right, 'cause you wouldn't just capitalize the word as in the middle of a sentence. - [S1] Right.
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[S1] So this is for only lowercase letters. So the little ones, the inside voice. [S2] [LAUGHS] [S1] I mean, but that's, like, page, that's it, right? [S2] Yeah. [S1] Like, that's the only exception. That's the only time you use apostrophes to form the plural. No other time. Uh, so if you're talking about, doesn't matter, if you're talking about, like, CDs,
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[S1] or DVDs or MP3s or whatever you kids are listening to these days. Like it doesn't, it doesn't matter. There's no need for an apostrophe in any of these places. [S2] Right, 'cause that's pretty clear. [S1] You just, you just use a lowercase s. But if you're trying to talk about multiple lowercase letters, then you use an apostrophe.
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[S1] Yeah. So if you're trying to figure out how to make something plural, and you're like, "Do I use an apostrophe?" No, unless it's a lowercase letter. You can learn anything. [S2] David out. [S1] Paige out.
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[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] In the driver's seat. So, Paige, today, uh, it is my understanding that we are gonna talk about the possessive. [S2] That's right. [S1] Um, what, what even is the possessive in English? What does that mean when, when we say that? Like, what does it mean to possess something? [S2] Right. So that means to own something or to have something.
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[S1] So what's a simpler way of saying, "The carrot that belonged to the rabbit was delicious." [S2] You can say something like, "The rabbit's carrot was delicious." [S1] Oh, interesting. So you're, you're actually containing, there's like a lot of information that's contained within the, the rabbits, that, that little thing. 'Cause you're expressing the relationship between the rabbit and the carrot, just with that little apostrophe-S that contains so much information in it.
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[S1] Yeah, that, the whole idea of the rabbit owning the carrot comes from that apostrophe S. [S2] That's super cool. [S1] Yeah, it's a pretty big deal. [S2] So this doesn't just apply to like common nouns like rabbits, this can also apply to proper nouns like people or countries or businesses or whatever. [S1] Totally. [S2] Or movies. [S1] Yeah, anything, I think.
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[S1] cases though? [S2] Well, okay, not always. [S1] Okay. So there's a wrinkle. [S2] Of course, there's always a wrinkle. [S1] Introduce for us this wrinkle page. [S2] So there's an exception to this rule of using apostrophe S for possession when you're using a pronoun. [S1] Ah. [S2] Right? So Rabbit and Alexander Hamilton are both nouns, but there are pronouns like it or he or she where you, you don't use an apostrophe to show possessive. [S1] So
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[S1] So if I wanted to say, "That surfboard is his," there's no apostrophe in there, right? [S2] Right. [S1] Or, or we could just as easily say, "His surfboard." And I think that's, I mean, that's the same as saying, "That surfboard is Alexander Hamilton's." Uh, and, and you can see that there's this real, it, it makes sense to want to put a possessive apostrophe, an S, in there, right? But that's not,
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- [S1] That's not what you do. This is this one kind of obnoxious exception to the rule. So for possessive pronouns, they don't, they just, they never take apostrophes. - [S2] That's right. - [S1] So, okay, so the possessive in English usually formed with apostrophe S. The rabbit's carrot was delicious. Alexander Hamilton's surfboard. But when we're talking about possessive pronouns like his or hers or ours or theirs or my or its,
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bilibili_data_13902630_BV1Pb411e7LX_p78_BV1Pb411e7LX_p78_m4-dialogue_0338581
[S1] No apostrophes are needed. Possessive pronouns never take apostrophes. [S2] You got it. [S1] Sweet. Thanks, Paige. [S2] Thank you. [S1] You can learn anything. David out.
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bilibili_data_13902630_BV1Pb411e7LX_p79_BV1Pb411e7LX_p79_m4-dialogue_0338582
[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, Paige. [S2] Hi, David. [S1] So we're talking about possession for names or words ending in the letter S. So there's some confusion, I think, about what to do if you've got to make someone's name possessive if their name ends in an S. Like, for example,
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bilibili_data_13902630_BV1Pb411e7LX_p80_BV1Pb411e7LX_p80_m4-dialogue_0857463
[S1] Hello, grammarians. Hello, David. [S2] Hello, Paige. [S1] So today we're going to talk about plural possession, meaning when more than one person or thing or animal owns something else. And this, like most other types of possession, tends to involve apostrophes. [S2] Make sense? [S1] Yeah. [S2] Check that out. [S1] Yeah, cool. Um- [S2] So it's just apostrophe-esque, right? Like, I mean, why are we even making this video? [S1] Well, no.
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