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The [Rankine cycle] is the [fundamental thermodynamic underpinning] of the [steam engine]. The cycle is an arrangement of [components] as is typically used for [simple power production], and utilizes the [phase change] of [water] ([boiling water producing steam], [condensing exhaust steam], producing [liquid water])) to provide a [practical heat/power conversion system]. The [heat] is supplied [externally] to a [closed loop] with some of the heat added being converted to [work] and the [waste heat] being removed in a [condenser]. The Rankine cycle is used in [virtually all steam power production applications]. In the [1990s], Rankine steam cycles generated about [90%] of all [electric power] used throughout the world, including virtually all [solar], [biomass], [coal] and [nuclear power plants]. It is named after [William John Macquorn Rankine], a [Scottish polymath]. | The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and utilizes the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath. |
On [7 January 1943], at the age of [86], [Tesla] died alone in [room 3327] of the [New Yorker Hotel]. His body was later found by [maid Alice Monaghan] after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the "do not disturb" sign that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier. [Assistant medical examiner H.W. Wembly] examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been [coronary thrombosis]. Tesla's remains were taken to the [Frank E. Campbell Funeral Home] at [Madison Ave.] and [81st St.]. A [long-time friend and supporter of Tesla], [Hugo Gernsback], commissioned a sculptor to create a [death mask], now displayed in the [Nikola Tesla Museum]. | On 7 January 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone in room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel. His body was later found by maid Alice Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the "do not disturb" sign that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier. Assistant medical examiner H.W. Wembly examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis. Tesla's remains were taken to the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Home at Madison Ave. and 81st St. A long-time friend and supporter of Tesla, Hugo Gernsback, commissioned a sculptor to create a death mask, now displayed in the Nikola Tesla Museum. |
[There are several ways] to mitigate [the occupational hazards] of [teaching]. [Organizational interventions], like [changing teachers' schedules], [providing support networks] and [mentoring], [changing the work environment], and [offering promotions] and [bonuses], may be effective in helping to reduce [occupational stress] among [teachers]. [Individual-level interventions], including [stress-management training] and [counseling], are also used to relieve [occupational stress] among [teachers]. | There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses, may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers. Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling, are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers. |
The [Harvard Business School] and many of the [university's athletics facilities], including [Harvard Stadium], are located on a [358-acre] ([145 ha]) campus opposite the [Cambridge campus] in [Allston]. The [John W. Weeks Bridge] is a [pedestrian bridge] over the [Charles River] connecting both campuses. The [Harvard Medical School], [Harvard School of Dental Medicine], and the [Harvard School of Public Health] are located on a [21-acre] ([8.5 ha]) campus in the [Longwood Medical and Academic Area] approximately [3.3 miles] ([5.3 km]) [southwest] of downtown Boston and [3.3 miles] ([5.3 km]) [south] of the [Cambridge campus]. | The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston. The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses. The Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Harvard School of Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus. |
In [February 2010], in response to [controversies] regarding [claims] in the [Fourth Assessment Report], [five climate scientists] – all [contributing] or [lead IPCC report authors] – wrote in the journal [Nature] calling for [changes] to the [IPCC]. They suggested a range of [new organizational options], from [tightening] the [selection] of [lead authors] and [contributors], to [dumping] it in [favor] of a [small permanent body], or even turning the [whole climate science assessment process] into a [moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC]. [Other recommendations] included that the panel [employ] a [full-time staff] and [remove government oversight] from its [processes] to avoid [political interference]. | In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational options, from tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors, to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body, or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC. Other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference. |
The [Panthers] finished the [regular season] with a [15–1 record], and [quarterback] [Cam Newton] was named the [NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP)]. They defeated the [Arizona Cardinals] [49–15] in the [NFC Championship Game] and advanced to their [second Super Bowl appearance] since the [franchise] was founded in [1995]. The [Broncos] finished the [regular season] with a [12–4 record], and denied the [New England Patriots] a chance to [defend their title] from [Super Bowl XLIX] by defeating them [20–18] in the [AFC Championship Game]. They joined the [Patriots], [Dallas Cowboys], and [Pittsburgh Steelers] as one of [four teams] that have made [eight appearances] in the [Super Bowl]. | The Panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49–15 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The Broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record, and denied the New England Patriots a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX by defeating them 20–18 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. |
[Rodin] is represented by more than [20 works] in the [museum collection], making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor's work outside [France]; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in [1914], as acknowledgement of [Britain's support] of [France] in [World War I], although the statue of [St John the Baptist] had been purchased in [1902] by [public subscription]. Other [French sculptors] with work in the collection are [Hubert Le Sueur], [François Girardon], [Michel Clodion], [Jean-Antoine Houdon], [Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux] and [Jules Dalou]. | Rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection, making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor's work outside France; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in 1914, as acknowledgement of Britain's support of France in World War I, although the statue of St John the Baptist had been purchased in 1902 by public subscription. Other French sculptors with work in the collection are Hubert Le Sueur, François Girardon, Michel Clodion, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux and Jules Dalou. |
Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. [Ogedei's grandson] [Kaidu] refused to submit to [Kublai] and threatened the [western frontier] of Kublai's domain. The [hostile] but [weakened] [Song dynasty] remained an obstacle in the [south]. Kublai secured the [northeast border] in [1259] by installing the [hostage prince] [Wonjong] as the ruler of [Korea], making it a [Mongol tributary state]. Kublai was also threatened by [domestic unrest]. [Li Tan], the [son-in-law] of a [powerful official], instigated a [revolt] against [Mongol rule] in [1262]. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the [Han Chinese advisers] in his [court]. He feared that his [dependence] on [Chinese officials] left him [vulnerable] to [future revolts] and [defections] to the [Song]. | Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong as the ruler of Korea, making it a Mongol tributary state. Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han Chinese advisers in his court. He feared that his dependence on Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song. |
There are [fifteen fraternities] and [seven sororities] at the [University of Chicago], as well as one [co-ed community service fraternity], [Alpha Phi Omega]. Four of the sororities are members of the [National Panhellenic Conference], and [ten of the fraternities] form the [University of Chicago Interfraternity Council]. In [2002], the [Associate Director] of [Student Activities] estimated that [8–10 percent] of [undergraduates] were members of fraternities or sororities. The [student activities office] has used similar figures, stating that [one in ten] undergraduates participate in [Greek life]. | There are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the University of Chicago, as well as one co-ed community service fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega. Four of the sororities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference, and ten of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council. In 2002, the Associate Director of Student Activities estimated that 8–10 percent of undergraduates were members of fraternities or sororities. The student activities office has used similar figures, stating that one in ten undergraduates participate in Greek life. |
New techniques of [building construction] are being [researched], made possible by advances in [3D printing technology]. In a form of [additive building construction], similar to the [additive manufacturing techniques] for [manufactured parts], [building printing] is making it possible to [flexibly construct] [small commercial buildings] and [private habitations] in around [20 hours], with [built-in plumbing] and [electrical facilities], in [one continuous build], using [large 3D printers]. [Working versions] of [3D-printing building technology] are already [printing] [2 metres] ([6 ft 7 in]) of [building material] [per hour] as of [January 2013 update], with the [next-generation printers] capable of [3.5 metres] ([11 ft]) [per hour], sufficient to [complete] a [building] in a [week]. [Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars]'s [performative architecture] [3D-printed building] is scheduled to be built in [2014]. | New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible by advances in 3D printing technology. In a form of additive building construction, similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours, with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities, in one continuous build, using large 3D printers. Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of building material per hour as of January 2013update, with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week. Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars's performative architecture 3D-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014. |
Historically, [Victoria] has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands [Ford], [Toyota] and [Holden]; however, [closure announcements] by all three companies in the [21st century] will mean that [Australia] will no longer be a base for the [global car industry], with [Toyota's statement] in [February 2014] outlining a [closure year] of [2017]. [Holden's announcement] occurred in [May 2013], followed by [Ford's decision] in [December] of the same year ([Ford's] [Victorian plants]—in [Broadmeadows] and [Geelong]—will close in [October 2016]). | Historically, Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013, followed by Ford's decision in December of the same year (Ford's Victorian plants—in Broadmeadows and Geelong—will close in October 2016). |
In [late November 2015], [reports] surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the [halftime show]. On [December 3], the [league] confirmed that the show would be headlined by the [British rock group Coldplay]. On [January 7, 2016], [Pepsi] confirmed to the [Associated Press] that [Beyoncé], who headlined the [Super Bowl XLVII halftime show] and collaborated with [Coldplay] on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", would be making an appearance. [Bruno Mars], who headlined the [Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show], and [Mark Ronson] also performed. | In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed. |
The [principal Treaties] that form the [European Union] began with [common rules] for [coal] and [steel], and then [atomic energy], but [more complete and formal institutions] were established through the [Treaty of Rome 1957] and the [Maastricht Treaty 1992] (now: [TFEU]). [Minor amendments] were made during the [1960s] and [1970s]. [Major amending treaties] were signed to complete the development of a [single, internal market] in the [Single European Act 1986], to further the development of a [more social Europe] in the [Treaty of Amsterdam 1997], and to make [minor amendments] to the [relative power] of [member states] in the [EU institutions] in the [Treaty of Nice 2001] and the [Treaty of Lisbon 2007]. Since its establishment, [more member states] have joined through a series of [accession treaties], from the [UK], [Ireland], [Denmark] and [Norway] in [1972] (though [Norway] did not end up joining), [Greece] in [1979], [Spain] and [Portugal] [1985], [Austria], [Finland], [Norway] and [Sweden] in [1994] (though again [Norway] failed to join, because of [lack of support] in the [referendum]), the [Czech Republic], [Cyprus], [Estonia], [Hungary], [Latvia], [Lithuania], [Malta], [Poland], [Slovakia] and [Slovenia] in [2004], [Romania] and [Bulgaria] in [2007] and [Croatia] in [2013]. [Greenland] signed a [Treaty in 1985] giving it a [special status]. | The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single, internal market in the Single European Act 1986, to further the development of a more social Europe in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the EU institutions in the Treaty of Nice 2001 and the Treaty of Lisbon 2007. Since its establishment, more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties, from the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining), Greece in 1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though again Norway failed to join, because of lack of support in the referendum), the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004, Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. Greenland signed a Treaty in 1985 giving it a special status. |
The neighborhood includes [Kearney Boulevard], named after [early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney], which extends from [Fresno Street] in Southwest Fresno about [20 mi (32 km) west] to [Kerman, California]. A [small], [two-lane rural road] for [most] of its length, [Kearney Boulevard] is lined with [tall palm trees]. The [roughly half-mile stretch] of [Kearney Boulevard] between [Fresno Street] and [Thorne Ave] was at [one time] the [preferred neighborhood] for [Fresno's elite African-American families]. Another section, [Brookhaven], on the [southern edge] of the [West Side] [south] of [Jensen] and [west] of [Elm], was given the name by the [Fresno City Council] in an [effort] to [revitalize the neighborhood's image]. The [isolated subdivision] was for [years] known as the ["Dogg Pound"] in [reference] to a [local gang], and as of [late 2008] was still known for [high levels of violent crime]. | The neighborhood includes Kearney Boulevard, named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney, which extends from Fresno Street in Southwest Fresno about 20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California. A small, two-lane rural road for most of its length, Kearney Boulevard is lined with tall palm trees. The roughly half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for Fresno's elite African-American families. Another section, Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood's image. The isolated subdivision was for years known as the "Dogg Pound" in reference to a local gang, and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime. |
Politically, [Victoria] has [37 seats] in the [Australian House of Representatives] and [12 seats] in the [Australian Senate]. At [state level], the [Parliament of Victoria] consists of the [Legislative Assembly] (the lower house) and the [Legislative Council] (the upper house). Victoria is currently governed by the [Labor Party], with [Daniel Andrews] the current [Premier]. The personal representative of the [Queen of Australia] in the state is the [Governor of Victoria], currently [Linda Dessau]. [Local government] is concentrated in [79 municipal districts], including [33 cities], although a number of [unincorporated areas] still exist, which are administered directly by the state. | Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house). Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, which are administered directly by the state. |
[Steam engines] frequently possess [two independent mechanisms] for ensuring that the [pressure] in the [boiler] does not go [too high]; one may be [adjusted] by the [user], the second is typically designed as an [ultimate fail-safe]. Such [safety valves] traditionally used a [simple lever] to restrain a [plug valve] in the [top] of a [boiler]. [One end] of the [lever] carried a [weight] or [spring] that restrained the [valve] against [steam pressure]. [Early valves] could be [adjusted] by [engine drivers], leading to many [accidents] when a [driver] [fastened] the [valve] [down] to allow [greater steam pressure] and [more power] from the [engine]. The [more recent type] of [safety valve] uses an [adjustable spring-loaded valve], which is [locked] such that [operators] may not [tamper] with its [adjustment] unless a [seal] [illegally] is [broken]. This [arrangement] is [considerably safer]. [citation needed] | Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.citation needed |
[At the beginning] of [1893] [Westinghouse engineer] [Benjamin Lamme] had made [great progress] developing an [efficient version] of [Tesla's induction motor] and [Westinghouse Electric] started [branding] their [complete polyphase phase AC system] as the "[Tesla Polyphase System]", noting how they believed Tesla's [patents] gave them [patent priority] over [other AC systems]. | At the beginning of 1893 Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor and Westinghouse Electric started branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System", noting how they believed Tesla's patents gave them patent priority over other AC systems. |
The [acme] of the [horizontal engine] was the [Corliss steam engine], patented in [1849], which was a [four-valve counter flow engine] with [separate steam admission] and [exhaust valves] and [automatic variable steam cutoff]. When [Corliss] was given the [Rumford medal] the [committee] said that "no one [invention] since [Watt's time] has so enhanced the [efficiency] of the [steam engine]". In addition to using [30% less steam], it provided [more uniform speed] due to [variable steam cut off], making it [well suited] to [manufacturing], especially [cotton spinning]. | The acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine". In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. |
There are some [common misconceptions] about the [outer] and [inner] [chloroplast membranes]. The fact that [chloroplasts] are surrounded by a [double membrane] is often cited as evidence that they are the [descendants] of [endosymbiotic cyanobacteria]. This is often [interpreted] as meaning the [outer chloroplast membrane] is the [product] of the [host's cell membrane infolding] to form a [vesicle] to surround the [ancestral cyanobacterium]—which is not [true]—[both] [chloroplast membranes] are [homologous] to the [cyanobacterium's original double membranes]. | There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes. |
Elders [are called] by [God], [affirmed] by the [church], and [ordained] by a [bishop] to a ministry of [Word], [Sacrament], [Order] and [Service] within the church. They may be [appointed] to the [local church], or to [other] [valid] [extension ministries] of the church. Elders are given the [authority] to [preach] the [Word of God], [administer] the [sacraments] of the church, to provide [care] and [counseling], and to [order] the [life] of the church for [ministry] and [mission]. Elders may also be [assigned] as [District Superintendents], and they are [eligible] for [election] to the [episcopacy]. Elders serve a [term] of [2–3 years] as [provisional Elders] prior to their [ordination]. | Elders are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the local church, or to other valid extension ministries of the church. Elders are given the authority to preach the Word of God, administer the sacraments of the church, to provide care and counseling, and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission. Elders may also be assigned as District Superintendents, and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy. Elders serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional Elders prior to their ordination. |
The [United Methodist Church] opposes [conscription] as incompatible with the teaching of [Scripture]. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who [conscientiously oppose] all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the [armed forces] or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who [conscientiously choose] to serve in the [armed forces] or to accept [alternative service]. The church also states that "as Christians they are aware that neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God." | The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that "as Christians they are aware that neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God." |
[Giuga's conjecture] says that this equation is also a [sufficient condition] for [p] to be [prime]. Another [consequence] of [Fermat's little theorem] is the following: if [p] is a [prime number] other than [2] and [5], [1/p] is always a [recurring decimal], whose [period] is [p − 1] or a [divisor] of [p − 1]. The [fraction] [1/p] expressed likewise in [base q] (rather than [base 10]) has similar [effect], provided that [p] is not a [prime factor] of [q]. [Wilson's theorem] says that an [integer p > 1] is [prime] if and only if the [factorial] ([p − 1])! + 1 is [divisible] by [p]. Moreover, an [integer n > 4] is [composite] if and only if (n − 1)! is [divisible] by [n]. | Giuga's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime. Another consequence of Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1. The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10) has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial (p − 1)! + 1 is divisible by p. Moreover, an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n − 1)! is divisible by n. |
There are over [10,000 objects] made from [silver] or [gold] in the [collection], the [display] (about [15%] of the [collection]) is divided into [secular] and [sacred] covering both [Christian] ([Roman Catholic], [Anglican] and [Greek Orthodox]) and [Jewish] [liturgical vessels] and [items]. The main [silver gallery] is divided into these areas: [British silver pre-1800]; [British silver 1800 to 1900]; [modernist] to [contemporary silver]; [European silver]. The [collection] includes the [earliest known piece] of [English silver] with a [dated hallmark], a [silver gilt beaker] [dated] [1496–97]. [Silversmiths]' whose [work] is [represented] in the [collection] include [Paul de Lamerie] and [Paul Storr] whose [Castlereagh Inkstand] [dated] [1817–19] is one of his [finest works]. The main [iron work gallery] covers [European wrought and cast iron] from the [mediaeval period] to the [early 20th century]. The [master] of [wrought ironwork] [Jean Tijou] is [represented] by both [examples] of his [work] and [designs] on [paper]. One of the largest [items] is the [Hereford Screen], weighing nearly [8 tonnes], [10.5 metres high] and [11 metres wide], [designed] by [Sir George Gilbert Scott] in [1862] for the [chancel] in [Hereford Cathedral], from which it was [removed] in [1967]. It was made by [Skidmore & Company]. Its [structure] of [timber] and [cast iron] is [embellished] with [wrought iron], [burnished brass] and [copper]. Much of the [copper] and [ironwork] is [painted] in a [wide range] of [colours]. The [arches] and [columns] are [decorated] with [polished quartz] and [panels] of [mosaic]. | There are over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15% of the collection) is divided into secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels and items. The main silver gallery is divided into these areas: British silver pre-1800; British silver 1800 to 1900; modernist to contemporary silver; European silver. The collection includes the earliest known piece of English silver with a dated hallmark, a silver gilt beaker dated 1496–97. Silversmiths' whose work is represented in the collection include Paul de Lamerie and Paul Storr whose Castlereagh Inkstand dated 1817–19 is one of his finest works. The main iron work gallery covers European wrought and cast iron from the mediaeval period to the early 20th century. The master of wrought ironwork Jean Tijou is represented by both examples of his work and designs on paper. One of the largest items is the Hereford Screen, weighing nearly 8 tonnes, 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1862 for the chancel in Hereford Cathedral, from which it was removed in 1967. It was made by Skidmore & Company. Its structure of timber and cast iron is embellished with wrought iron, burnished brass and copper. Much of the copper and ironwork is painted in a wide range of colours. The arches and columns are decorated with polished quartz and panels of mosaic. |
The [plain moraine plateau] has [natural and artificial ponds] and [groups of clay pits]. The pattern of the [Vistula terraces] is [asymmetrical]. The [left side] consists mainly of [two levels]: the [highest one contains former flooded terraces] and the [lowest one the flood plain terrace]. The [contemporary flooded terrace] still has [visible valleys] and [ground depressions] with [water systems] coming from the [Vistula old-riverbed]. They consist of [still quite natural streams] and [lakes] as well as the [pattern of drainage ditches]. The [right side] of Warsaw has a [different pattern] of [geomorphological forms]. There are [several levels] of the [plain Vistula terraces] (flooded as well as former flooded once) and [only small part] and [not so visible moraine escarpment]. [Aeolian sand] with [a number of dunes] parted by [peat swamps] or [small ponds] cover the [highest terrace]. These are [mainly forested areas] ([pine forest]). | The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the Vistula old – riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the plain Vistula terraces (flooded as well as former flooded once) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment. Aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas (pine forest). |
The [variant forms] of the [name] of the [Rhine] in [modern languages] are all derived from the [Gaulish name] Rēnos, which was [adapted] in [Roman-era geography] (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), [Latin Rhenus]. The [spelling] with [Rh-] in [English Rhine] as well as in [German Rhein] and [French Rhin] is due to the [influence] of [Greek orthography], while the [vocalisation] -i- is due to the [Proto-Germanic adoption] of the [Gaulish name] as *[Rīnaz], via [Old Frankish] giving [Old English Rín], [Old High German Rīn], [Dutch Rijn] (formerly also spelled Rhijn)). The [diphthong] in [modern German Rhein] (also adopted in [Romansh Rein], [Rain]) is a [Central German development] of the [early modern period], the [Alemannic name] Rī(n) retaining the [older vocalism], as does [Ripuarian Rhing], while [Palatine] has [diphthongized Rhei], [Rhoi]. [Spanish] is with [French] in adopting the [Germanic vocalism Rin-], while [Italian], [Occitan] and [Portuguese] retain the [Latin Ren-]. | The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus.note 3 The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalisation -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *Rīnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín, Old High German Rīn, Dutch Rijn (formerly also spelled Rhijn)). The diphthong in modern German Rhein (also adopted in Romansh Rein, Rain) is a Central German development of the early modern period, the Alemannic name Rī(n) retaining the older vocalism,note 4 as does Ripuarian Rhing, while Palatine has diphthongized Rhei, Rhoi. Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren-. |
During his time at his lab, Tesla observed [unusual signals] from his [receiver] which he concluded may be [communications] from [another planet]. He mentioned them in a [letter] to reporter [Julian Hawthorne] at the [Philadelphia North American] on [8 December 1899] and in a [December 1900 letter] about [possible discoveries] in the [new century] to the [Red Cross Society] where he referred to [messages] "from another world" that read "1... 2... 3...". Reporters treated it as a [sensational story] and jumped to the conclusion Tesla was hearing [signals from Mars]. He expanded on the signals he heard in a [9 February 1901 Collier's Weekly article] "Talking With Planets" where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing "intelligently controlled signals" and that the signals could come from [Mars], [Venus], or [other planets]. It has been [hypothesized] that he may have intercepted [Marconi]'s [European experiments] in [July 1899]—Marconi may have transmitted the [letter S] (dot/dot/dot) in a [naval demonstration], the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in [Colorado]—or signals from another [experimenter] in [wireless transmission]. | During his time at his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet. He mentioned them in a letter to reporter Julian Hawthorne at the Philadelphia North American on 8 December 1899 and in a December 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society where he referred to messages "from another world" that read "1... 2... 3...". Reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion Tesla was hearing signals from Mars. He expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 February 1901 Collier's Weekly article "Talking With Planets" where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing "intelligently controlled signals" and that the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets. It has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted Marconi's European experiments in July 1899—Marconi may have transmitted the letter S (dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission. |
The [modern city] of [Jacksonville] has been inhabited for [thousands of years]. On [Black Hammock Island] in the national [Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve], a [University of North Florida team] discovered some of the [oldest remnants] of [pottery] in the [United States], [dating] to [2500 BC]. In the [16th century], the beginning of the [historical era], the region was inhabited by the [Mocama], a [coastal subgroup] of the [Timucua people]. At the [time of contact] with [Europeans], all [Mocama villages] in [present-day Jacksonville] were part of the [powerful chiefdom] known as the [Saturiwa], [centered] around the [mouth] of the [St. Johns River]. [One early map] shows a [village] called [Ossachite] at the [site] of what is now [downtown Jacksonville]; this may be the [earliest recorded name] for that area. | The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area. |
In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of [painting], [mathematics], [calligraphy], [poetry], and [theater], with many [great artists] and [writers] being famous today. Due to the coming together of [painting], [poetry], and [calligraphy] at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals, though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others. Often in terms of the further development of [landscape painting] as well as the classical joining together of the arts of [painting], [poetry], and [calligraphy], the [Song dynasty] and the [Yuan dynasty] are linked together. In the area of [Chinese painting] during the [Yuan dynasty] there were many famous [painters]. In the area of [calligraphy] many of the great [calligraphers] were from the [Yuan dynasty] era. In [Yuan poetry], the main development was the [qu], which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous [Yuan poets]. Many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the [theater] during this time, and the other way around, with people important in the [theater] becoming famous through the development of the [sanqu] type of [qu]. One of the key factors in the mix of the [zaju] variety show was the incorporation of [poetry] both classical and of the newer [qu] form. One of the important cultural developments during the [Yuan era] was the consolidation of [poetry], [painting], and [calligraphy] into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical Chinese art. Another important aspect of [Yuan times] is the increasing incorporation of the then current, vernacular Chinese into both the [qu] form of [poetry] and the [zaju] variety show. Another important consideration regarding [Yuan dynasty] arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in China, relatively to works from the [Tang dynasty] and [Song dynasty], which have often been better preserved in places such as the [Shōsōin], in Japan. | In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers being famous today. Due to the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals, though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others. Often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting, poetry, and calligraphy, the Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty are linked together. In the area of Chinese painting during the Yuan dynasty there were many famous painters. In the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the Yuan dynasty era. In Yuan poetry, the main development was the qu, which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous Yuan poets. Many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time, and the other way around, with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form. One of the important cultural developments during the Yuan era was the consolidation of poetry, painting, and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical Chinese art. Another important aspect of Yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current, vernacular Chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show. Another important consideration regarding Yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in China, relatively to works from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, which have often been better preserved in places such as the Shōsōin, in Japan. |
In [The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints] ([LDS Church]), the [teacher] is an [office] in the [Aaronic priesthood], generally conferred on [young boys] or [recent converts], and has [little] in common with the "spiritual teacher" archetype. The [role] of "spiritual teacher" may be filled by [many individuals] in the [LDS Church], often a [trusted friend], who may hold any [office], from [Elder] to [Bishop], or [no office] at all. The [emphasis] on [spiritual mentorship] in the [LDS Church] is [similar] to that in the more "low-church" [traditions] of [Protestantism], with a [stronger emphasis] placed on the [husband] and [father] of a [family] to provide [spiritual guidance] for all of his [family], ideally in [consultation] with his [wife], even if the [husband] is not a [member] of the [LDS Church], based on [interpretations] of certain [Biblical texts] which proclaim the [spiritual authority] of [husbands] in [marriage]. Even [Priesthood representatives] are expected to [defer] to the [father] of the [house] when in his [home]. [Further], [additional spiritual guidance] is offered by those holding the [office] of [Patriarch], which is [supposed] by [Latter-day Saints] to grant certain [gifts] of the [Spirit], such as the [ability] to [prophesy], to its [holders]. This [guidance] is [generally offered] during a [ceremony] called the [patriarchal blessing]. | In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood, generally conferred on young boys or recent converts, and has little in common with the "spiritual teacher" archetype. The role of "spiritual teacher" may be filled by many individuals in the LDS Church, often a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all. The emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the LDS Church is similar to that in the more "low-church" traditions of Protestantism, with a stronger emphasis placed on the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family, ideally in consultation with his wife, even if the husband is not a member of the LDS Church, based on interpretatios of certain Biblical texts which proclaim the spiritual authority of husbands in marriage. Even Priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house when in his home. Further, additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of Patriarch, which is supposed by Latter-day Saints to grant certain gifts of the Spirit, such as the ability to prophesy, to its holders. This guidance is generally offered during a ceremony called the patriarchal blessing. |
The [British failures] in [North America], combined with [other failures] in the [European theater], led to the fall from power of [Newcastle] and his [principal military advisor], the [Duke of Cumberland]. Newcastle and [Pitt] joined in an [uneasy coalition] in which Pitt dominated the [military planning]. He embarked on a [plan] for the [1758 campaign] that was largely developed by [Loudoun]. He had been replaced by [Abercrombie] as [commander in chief] after the [failures] of [1757]. Pitt's plan called for [three major offensive actions] involving [large numbers] of [regular troops], supported by the [provincial militias], aimed at capturing the [heartlands] of [New France]. Two of the [expeditions] were [successful], with [Fort Duquesne] and [Louisbourg] falling to [sizable British forces]. | The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater, led to the fall from power of Newcastle and his principal military advisor, the Duke of Cumberland. Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning. He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun. He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757. Pitt's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops, supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces. |
Colonel Monckton, in the sole British success that year, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755, cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements. [Fort Beauséjour], [British success], [French fortress], [Louisbourg], [land-based reinforcements]
To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. [vital supplies], [Louisbourg], [Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence], [deportation], [French-speaking Acadian population]
Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted, and sometimes committing atrocities. [Monckton's forces], [companies of Rogers' Rangers], [forcibly removed], [Acadians], [resisted], [atrocities]
More than any other factor, the cutting off of supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise. [cutting off of supplies], [Louisbourg], [demise]
The Acadian resistance, in concert with native allies, including the Mi'kmaq, was sometimes quite stiff, with ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others). [Acadian resistance], [native allies], [Mi'kmaq], [frontier raids], [Dartmouth], [Lunenburg]
Other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians (ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and Île Saint-Jean), the only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757. [campaigns to expel the Acadians], [Bay of Fundy], [Petitcodiac], [St. John rivers], [Île Saint-Jean], [clashes], [size], [Petitcodiac], [Bloody Creek], [Annapolis Royal] | Colonel Monckton, in the sole British success that year, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755, cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted, and sometimes committing atrocities. More than any other factor, the cutting off of supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise. The Acadian resistance, in concert with native allies, including the Mi'kmaq, was sometimes quite stiff, with ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others). Other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians (ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and Île Saint-Jean), the only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757. |
[NASA] immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in [Command Module] design, [workmanship] and [quality control]." At the insistence of NASA Administrator [Webb], [North American] removed [Harrison Storms] as [Command Module] program manager. [Webb] also reassigned [Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO)] Manager [Joseph Francis Shea], replacing him with [George Low]. | NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control." At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low. |
Luther's Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that ["the soul does not sleep" (anima non sic dormit)], but ["wakes" (sed vigilat)] and ["experiences visions"]. Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to ["the soul of a man" (homo enim)] "in this life" (in hac vita) tired from his daily labour (defatigus diurno labore) who at night ["enters his bedchamber" (sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum)] and whose ["sleep is interrupted by dreams"]. | Luther's Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that "the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man "in this life" (homo enim in hac vita) tired from his daily labour (defatigus diurno labore) who at night enters his bedchamber (sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams. |
Between [1991] and [2000], the [total area] of [forest lost] in the [Amazon] rose from [415,000] to [587,000 square kilometres] ([160,000] to [227,000 sq mi]), with [most] of the [lost forest] becoming [pasture] for [cattle]. [Seventy percent] of [formerly forested land] in the [Amazon], and [91%] of [land deforested] since [1970], is used for [livestock pasture]. [Currently], [Brazil] is the [second-largest global producer] of [soybeans] after the [United States]. [New research] however, conducted by [Leydimere Oliveira et al.], has shown that the [more rainforest] is [logged] in the [Amazon], the [less precipitation] reaches the [area] and so the [lower] the [yield per hectare] becomes. So despite the [popular perception], there has been no [economical advantage] for [Brazil] from [logging] [rainforest zones] and [converting] these to [pastoral fields]. | Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields. |
When [some species], including [Bathyctena chuni], [Euplokamis stationis] and [Eurhamphaea vexilligera], are [disturbed], they produce [secretions] (ink) that [luminesce] at [much the same] [wavelengths] as their bodies. [Juveniles] will [luminesce] [more brightly] in relation to their [body size] than [adults], whose [luminescence] is [diffused] over their bodies. [Detailed statistical investigation] has not suggested the [function] of [ctenophores]' [bioluminescence] nor produced any [correlation] between its [exact color] and any [aspect] of the [animals'] [environments], such as [depth] or whether they live in [coastal] or [mid-ocean] waters. | When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies. Juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults, whose luminescence is diffused over their bodies. Detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the function of ctenophores' bioluminescence nor produced any correlation between its exact color and any aspect of the animals' environments, such as depth or whether they live in coastal or mid-ocean waters. |
[Luther] spoke out against the [Jews] in [Saxony], [Brandenburg], and [Silesia]. [Josel of Rosheim], the [Jewish spokesman] who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in [1537], later blamed their plight on "that [priest] whose name was [Martin Luther]—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many [heretical books] in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to [perdition]." Josel asked the city of [Strasbourg] to forbid the sale of Luther's [anti-Jewish works]: they refused initially, but did so when a Lutheran [pastor] in [Hochfelden] used a [sermon] to urge his [parishioners] to murder Jews. Luther's [influence] persisted after his death. Throughout the [1580s], [riots] led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran [states]. | Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on "that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition." Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works: they refused initially, but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews. Luther's influence persisted after his death. Throughout the 1580s, riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states. |
The Museum's collections of [South and South-East Asian art] are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising nearly 60,000 objects, including about 10,000 [textiles] and 6000 [paintings], the range of the collection is immense. The [Jawaharlal Nehru gallery] of [Indian art], opened in 1991, contains art from about 500 BC to the 19th century. There is an extensive collection of [sculpture], mainly of a [religious nature], [Hindu], [Buddhist] and [Jain]. The gallery is richly endowed with art of the [Mughal Empire] and the [Marathas], including fine [portraits] of the [emperors] and other [paintings] and [drawings], [jade] [wine cups] and [gold spoons] inset with [emeralds], [diamonds] and [rubies], also from this period are parts of buildings such as a [jaali] and [pillars]. [India] was a large producer of [textiles], from [dyed cotton chintz], [muslin] to rich [embroidery work] using [gold] and [silver thread], coloured [sequins] and [beads] is displayed, as are [carpets] from [Agra] and [Lahore]. Examples of [clothing] are also displayed. | The Museum's collections of South and South-East Asian art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising nearly 60,000 objects, including about 10,000 textiles and 6000 paintings, the range of the collection is immense. The Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art, opened in 1991, contains art from about 500 BC to the 19th century. There is an extensive collection of sculpture, mainly of a religious nature, Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. The gallery is richly endowed with art of the Mughal Empire and the Marathas, including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds and rubies, also from this period are parts of buildings such as a jaali and pillars. India was a large producer of textiles, from dyed cotton chintz, muslin to rich embroidery work using gold and silver thread, coloured sequins and beads is displayed, as are carpets from Agra and Lahore. Examples of clothing are also displayed. |
Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. [Mongolian patrimonial feudalism], [traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system]
Nevertheless, socially the [educated Chinese elite] were in general not given the [degree of esteem] that they had been accorded previously under [native Chinese dynasties]. [educated Chinese elite], [degree of esteem], [native Chinese dynasties]
Although the [traditional Chinese elite] were not given their [share of power], the [Mongols] and the [Semuren] (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire) largely remained [strangers] to the [mainstream Chinese culture], and this [dichotomy] gave the [Yuan regime] a somewhat [strong "colonial" coloration]. [traditional Chinese elite], [share of power], [Mongols], [Semuren], [mainstream Chinese culture], [dichotomy], [Yuan regime], [strong "colonial" coloration]
The unequal treatment is possibly due to the [fear] of transferring power to the [ethnic Chinese] under their rule. [fear], [ethnic Chinese]
The [Mongols] and [Semuren] were given certain [advantages] in the [dynasty], and this would [last even after] the restoration of the [imperial examination] in the early [14th century]. [Mongols], [Semuren], [advantages], [dynasty], [last even after], [imperial examination], [14th century]
In general there were very [few North Chinese or Southerners] reaching the [highest-post] in the [government] compared with the [possibility] that [Persians] did so in the [Ilkhanate]. [few North Chinese or Southerners], [highest-post], [government], [possibility], [Persians], [Ilkhanate]
Later the [Yongle Emperor] of the [Ming dynasty] also mentioned the [discrimination] that existed during the [Yuan dynasty]. [Yongle Emperor], [Ming dynasty], [discrimination], [Yuan dynasty]
In response to an [objection] against the use of ["barbarians"] in his government, the [Yongle Emperor] answered: "... [Discrimination] was used by the [Mongols] during the [Yuan dynasty], who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the [cause] that brought [disaster] upon them". [objection], ["barbarians"], [Yongle Emperor], [Discrimination], [Mongols], [Yuan dynasty], [cause], [disaster] | Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream Chinese culture, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong "colonial" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and Semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate. Later the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: "... Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them". |
Throughout its history, the [United Methodist Church] has placed great emphasis on the [importance] of [education]. As such, the [United Methodist Church] established and is affiliated with around [one hundred] [colleges] and [universities] in the [United States], including [Syracuse University], [Boston University], [Emory University], [Duke University], [Drew University], [University of Denver], [University of Evansville], and [Southern Methodist University]. Most are members of the [International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities]. The church operates [three hundred sixty] [schools] and [institutions] overseas. | Throughout its history, the United Methodist Church has placed great emphasis on the importance of education. As such, the United Methodist Church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the United States, including Syracuse University, Boston University, Emory University, Duke University, Drew University, University of Denver, University of Evansville, and Southern Methodist University. Most are members of the International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities. The church operates three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas. |
[European Union] law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as [Regulations] and [Directives], which have [direct effect] or [indirect effect] on the laws of [European Union member states]. The [three sources] of European Union law are [primary law], [secondary law] and [supplementary law]. The main sources of [primary law] are the [Treaties establishing the European Union]. [Secondary sources] include [regulations] and [directives] which are based on the [Treaties]. The legislature of the [European Union] is principally composed of the [European Parliament] and the [Council of the European Union], which under the [Treaties] may establish [secondary law] to pursue the [objective] set out in the [Treaties]. | European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the Treaties. The legislature of the European Union is principally composed of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties. |
[Pathogens] can rapidly [evolve] and [adapt], and thereby avoid [detection] and [neutralization] by the [immune system]; however, [multiple defense mechanisms] have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even [simple] [unicellular organisms] such as [bacteria] possess a [rudimentary immune system], in the form of [enzymes] that protect against [bacteriophage infections]. [Other basic immune mechanisms] evolved in [ancient eukaryotes] and remain in their [modern descendants], such as [plants] and [invertebrates]. These mechanisms include [phagocytosis], [antimicrobial peptides] called [defensins], and the [complement system]. [Jawed vertebrates], including [humans], have even more [sophisticated defense mechanisms], including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. [Adaptive (or acquired) immunity] creates [immunological memory] after an [initial response] to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to [subsequent encounters] with that same pathogen. This process of [acquired immunity] is the basis of [vaccination]. | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. |
The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on [genetic evidence] derived from [Black Death victims] in the [East Smithfield burial site] in [England], [Schuenemann et al.] concluded in [2011] "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a [variant] of [Y. pestis] that may no longer exist." A [study] published in [Nature] in [October 2011] [sequenced] the [genome] of [Y. pestis] from [plague victims] and indicated that the [strain] that caused the Black Death is [ancestral] to most modern strains of the disease. | The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease. |
It was not until [the 1965–66 season] that [color] became the [dominant format] for the [three broadcast television networks]. [ABC], meanwhile, remained in [third place] and still needed [money] to grow itself into a [major competitor]. However, [ABC]'s [issues] with its [transition] to [color] became [secondary] compared to the network's [financial problems]; in [1964], the network found itself, as [Goldenson] later wrote in the [1991 book] "Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC", "in the [middle] of a [war] where the [battlefield] was [Wall Street]". [Many companies] sought to [take over] [ABC], including [Norton Simon], [General Electric], [International Telephone and Telegraph] and [Litton Industries]. | It was not until the 1965–66 season that color became the dominant format for the three broadcast television networks. ABC, meanwhile, remained in third place and still needed money to grow itself into a major competitor. However, ABC's issues with its transition to color became secondary compared to the network's financial problems; in 1964, the network found itself, as Goldenson later wrote in the 1991 book "Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC", "in the middle of a war where the battlefield was Wall Street". Many companies sought to take over ABC, including Norton Simon, General Electric, International Telephone and Telegraph and Litton Industries. |
In front of the [Presiding Officers'] desk is the [parliamentary mace], which is made from [silver] and inlaid with [gold] panned from [Scottish rivers] and inscribed with the words: [Wisdom], [Compassion], [Justice] and [Integrity]. The words [There shall be a Scottish Parliament], which are the first words of the [Scotland Act], are inscribed around the head of the mace, which has a [formal ceremonial role] in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the [authority] of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. [Presented] to the [Scottish Parliament] by the [Queen] upon its official opening in [July 1999], the mace is displayed in a [glass case] suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each [sitting] in the [chamber], the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a [full meeting] of the Parliament is taking place. | In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity. The words There shall be a Scottish Parliament, which are the first words of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the head of the mace, which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999, the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each sitting in the chamber, the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a full meeting of the Parliament is taking place. |
[Reciprocating piston type steam engines] remained the [dominant source] of [power] until the [early 20th century], when advances in the design of [electric motors] and [internal combustion engines] gradually resulted in the replacement of [reciprocating (piston) steam engines] in [commercial usage], and the [ascendancy] of [steam turbines] in [power generation]. Considering that the [great majority] of [worldwide electric generation] is produced by [turbine type steam engines], the "steam age" is continuing with [energy levels] [far beyond] those of the [turn of the 19th century]. | Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation. Considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines, the "steam age" is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century. |
The [party] that holds the [majority] of [seats] in the [Parliament] forms the [Scottish Government]. In contrast to many other [parliamentary systems], Parliament elects a [First Minister] from a number of [candidates] at the beginning of each [parliamentary term] (after a [general election]). Any [member] can put their [name] forward to be [First Minister], and a [vote] is taken by all members of Parliament. Normally, the [leader] of the [largest party] is returned as [First Minister], and [head] of the [Scottish Government]. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the [Scottish Ministers] who form the [government] of Scotland and sit in the [Scottish cabinet], but such ministers are, in practice, appointed to their roles by the [First Minister]. [Junior ministers], who do not attend cabinet, are also appointed to assist Scottish ministers in their [departments]. Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected [MSPs], with the exception of Scotland's [Chief Law Officers]: the [Lord Advocate] and the [Solicitor General]. Whilst the [First Minister] chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the [formal appointment] or [dismissal] is made by the [Sovereign]. | The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members of Parliament. Normally, the leader of the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head of the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland and sit in the Scottish cabinet, but such ministers are, in practice, appointed to their roles by the First Minister. Junior ministers, who do not attend cabinet, are also appointed to assist Scottish ministers in their departments. Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs, with the exception of Scotland's Chief Law Officers: the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General. Whilst the First Minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign. |
Immunodeficiencies occur when [one or more] of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is [diminished] in [both] the [young] and the [elderly], with immune responses beginning to [decline] at around [50 years] of age due to [immunosenescence]. In [developed countries], [obesity], [alcoholism], and [drug use] are common causes of [poor immune function]. However, [malnutrition] is the [most common] cause of [immunodeficiency] in [developing countries]. [Diets] lacking [sufficient protein] are associated with [impaired cell-mediated immunity], [complement activity], [phagocyte function], [IgA antibody concentrations], and [cytokine production]. Additionally, the [loss] of the [thymus] at an [early age] through [genetic mutation] or [surgical removal] results in [severe immunodeficiency] and a [high susceptibility] to [infection]. | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, obesity, alcoholism, and drug use are common causes of poor immune function. However, malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries. Diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte function, IgA antibody concentrations, and cytokine production. Additionally, the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection. |
[Victoria] has a written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the [United Kingdom Parliament] as the [Victoria Constitution Act 1855], which establishes the [Parliament] as the state's [law-making body] for matters coming under [state responsibility]. The [Victorian Constitution] can be [amended] by the [Parliament of Victoria], except for certain ["entrenched" provisions] that require either an [absolute majority] in both [houses], a [three-fifths majority] in both [houses], or the [approval] of the [Victorian people] in a [referendum], depending on the provision. | Victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility. The Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria, except for certain "entrenched" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision. |
As a member of the [Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body], the [Presiding Officer] is responsible for ensuring that the [Parliament] functions effectively and has the [staff], [property] and [resources] it requires to operate. Convening the [Parliamentary Bureau], which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the [Presiding Officer]. Under the [Standing Orders] of the Parliament the [Bureau] consists of the [Presiding Officer] and one representative from each [political parties] with [five or more seats] in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the [Bureau] are to agree the [timetable] of business in the chamber, establish the [number], [remit] and [membership] of [parliamentary committees] and regulate the [passage] of [legislation] ([bills]) through the Parliament. The [Presiding Officer] also represents the [Scottish Parliament] at home and abroad in an official capacity. | As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity. |
Development of the [fertilized eggs] is [direct], in other words there is [no distinctive larval form], and [juveniles] of all [groups] generally resemble [miniature cydippid adults]. In the genus [Beroe] the [juveniles], like the [adults], lack [tentacles] and [tentacle sheaths]. In most [species] the [juveniles] gradually develop the [body forms] of their [parents]. In some [groups], such as the [flat], [bottom-dwelling platyctenids], the [juveniles] behave more like [true larvae], as they live among the [plankton] and thus occupy a [different ecological niche] from their [parents] and attain the [adult form] by a more [radical metamorphosis], after [dropping to the sea-floor]. | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents. In some groups, such as the flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae, as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis, after dropping to the sea-floor. |
To classify the [computation time] (or similar [resources], such as [space consumption]), one is [interested] in [proving] [upper] and [lower bounds] on the [minimum amount] of [time] [required] by the [most efficient algorithm] solving a [given problem]. The [complexity] of an [algorithm] is usually taken to be its [worst-case complexity], unless [specified] otherwise. [Analyzing] a [particular algorithm] falls under the [field] of [analysis] of [algorithms]. To show an [upper bound] [T(n)] on the [time complexity] of a [problem], one needs to show only that there is a [particular algorithm] with [running time] at [most T(n)]. However, [proving lower bounds] is much more [difficult], since [lower bounds] make a [statement] about [all possible algorithms] that [solve] a [given problem]. The [phrase] "all possible algorithms" includes not just the [algorithms] known [today], but [any algorithm] that might be [discovered] in the [future]. To show a [lower bound] of [T(n)] for a [problem] requires showing that no [algorithm] can have [time complexity] lower than [T(n)]. | To classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem. The complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity, unless specified otherwise. Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms. To show an upper bound T(n) on the time complexity of a problem, one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most T(n). However, proving lower bounds is much more difficult, since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem. The phrase "all possible algorithms" includes not just the algorithms known today, but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future. To show a lower bound of T(n) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than T(n). |
On [Tesla]'s [75th birthday] in [1931], [Time magazine] put him on its [cover]. The [cover caption] "All the world's his [power house]" noted his [contribution] to [electrical power generation]. He received [congratulatory letters] from more than [70 pioneers] in [science] and [engineering], including [Albert Einstein]. | On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption "All the world's his power house" noted his contribution to electrical power generation. He received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein. |
Other important complexity classes include [BPP], [ZPP] and [RP], which are defined using [probabilistic Turing machines]; [AC] and [NC], which are defined using [Boolean circuits]; and [BQP] and [QMA], which are defined using [quantum Turing machines]. #[P] is an important complexity class of [counting problems] (not decision problems). Classes like [IP] and [AM] are defined using [Interactive proof systems]. [ALL] is the class of all [decision problems]. | Other important complexity classes include BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP and QMA, which are defined using quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP and AM are defined using Interactive proof systems. ALL is the class of all decision problems. |
The [show] is a significant part of [British popular culture], and elsewhere it has become a [cult television favourite]. The show has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the [series]. The [programme] originally ran from [1963] to [1989]. There was an [unsuccessful attempt] to revive [regular production] in [1996] with a [backdoor pilot], in the form of a [television film]. The programme was [relaunched] in [2005] by [Russell T Davies], who was [showrunner] and [head writer] for the [first five years] of its revival, [produced in-house] by [BBC Wales] in [Cardiff]. The [first series] of the [21st century] featured [Christopher Eccleston] in the [title role] and was produced by the [BBC]. [Doctor Who] also spawned [spin-offs] in [multiple media], including [Torchwood] ([2006–2011]) and [The Sarah Jane Adventures] ([2007–2011]), both created by [Russell T Davies]; [K-9] ([2009–2010]); and a [single pilot episode] of [K-9 and Company] ([1981]). There also have been many [spoofs] and [cultural references] to the [character] in [other media]. | The show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite. The show has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot, in the form of a television film. The programme was relaunched in 2005 by Russell T Davies, who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival, produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff. The first series of the 21st century featured Christopher Eccleston in the title role and was produced by the BBC. Doctor Who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media, including Torchwood (2006–2011) and The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007–2011), both created by Russell T Davies; K-9 (2009–2010); and a single pilot episode of K-9 and Company (1981). There also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media. |
According to [scholars] [Walter Krämer], [Götz Trenkler], [Gerhard Ritter], and [Gerhard Prause], the [story] of the [posting] on the [door], even though it has [settled] as one of the [pillars] of [history], has [little] [foundation] in [truth]. The [story] is based on [comments] made by [Philipp Melanchthon], though it is [thought] that he was not in [Wittenberg] at the [time]. | According to scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth. The story is based on comments made by Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time. |
[Southern California] is home to [Los Angeles International Airport], the [second-busiest airport] in the [United States] by [passenger volume] (see [World's busiest airports] by [passenger traffic]) and the [third] by [international passenger volume] (see [Busiest airports] in the [United States] by [international passenger traffic]); [San Diego International Airport] the [busiest single runway airport] in the [world]; [Van Nuys Airport], the [world's busiest general aviation airport]; [major commercial airports] at [Orange County], [Bakersfield], [Ontario], [Burbank] and [Long Beach]; and [numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports]. | Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports. |
[BSkyB] has no veto over the presence of [channels] on their [EPG], with [open access] being an [enforced part] of their [operating licence] from [Ofcom]. Any channel which can get [carriage] on a [suitable beam] of a [satellite] at 28° East is [entitled] to access to BSkyB's [EPG] for a [fee], ranging from £15–100,000. [Third-party channels] which [opt for encryption] receive [discounts] ranging from [reduced price] to [free EPG entries], [free carriage] on a [BSkyB leased transponder], or [actual payment] for being carried. However, even in this case, [BSkyB] does not carry any [control] over the [channel's content] or [carriage issues] such as [picture quality]. | BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality. |
One theory is that, while [disobedience] may be helpful, any [great amount] of it would [undermine] the [law] by encouraging [general disobedience] which is neither [conscientious] nor of [social benefit]. Therefore, [conscientious lawbreakers] must be [punished]. [Michael Bayles] argues that if a person [violates a law] in order to create a [test case] as to the [constitutionality] of a law, and then [wins his case], then that act did not constitute [civil disobedience]. It has also been argued that [breaking the law] for [self-gratification], as in the case of a [homosexual] or [cannabis user] who does not [direct his act] at securing the [repeal] of [amendment of the law], is not [civil disobedience]. Likewise, a [protestor] who attempts to [escape punishment] by [committing the crime covertly] and [avoiding attribution], or by [denying having committed the crime], or by [fleeing the jurisdiction], is generally viewed as not being a [civil disobedient]. | One theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers must be punished. Michael Bayles argues that if a person violates a law in order to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law, and then wins his case, then that act did not constitute civil disobedience. It has also been argued that breaking the law for self-gratification, as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law, is not civil disobedience. Likewise, a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution, or by denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction, is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient. |
His last sermon was delivered at [Eisleben], his place of birth, on [15 February 1546], [three days] before his death. It was "[entirely devoted] to the [obdurate Jews], whom it was a [matter of great urgency] to [expel] from all [German territory]," according to [Léon Poliakov]. [James Mackinnon] writes that it concluded with a "[fiery summons] to [drive] the [Jews] [bag and baggage] from their midst, unless they [desisted] from their [calumny] and their [usury] and became [Christians]." [Luther] said, "we want to [practice] [Christian love] toward them and [pray] that they [convert]," but also that they are "our [public enemies] ... and if they could [kill] us all, they would [gladly] do so. And so [often] they do." | His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546, three days before his death. It was "entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory," according to Léon Poliakov. James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a "fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians." Luther said, "we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert," but also that they are "our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do so. And so often they do." |
Fundamental rights, as in [human rights], were first recognised by the [European Court of Justice] in the [late 60s] and fundamental rights are now regarded as [integral part] of the [general principles] of [European Union law]. As such the [European Court of Justice] is [bound] to draw [inspiration] from the [constitutional traditions] common to the [member states]. Therefore, the [European Court of Justice] cannot uphold [measures] which are [incompatible] with [fundamental rights] recognised and protected in the [constitutions] of [member states]. The [European Court of Justice] also found that "[international treaties] for the protection of [human rights] on which the [member states] have collaborated or of which they are [signatories], can supply [guidelines] which should be followed within the [framework] of [Community law]." | Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions common to the member states. Therefore, the European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states. The European Court of Justice also found that "international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the member states have collaborated or of which they are signatories, can supply guidelines which should be followed within the framework of Community law." |
A [different arrangement] was recorded by [Peter Howell] for [season 18] (1980), which was in turn replaced by [Dominic Glynn]'s arrangement for the [season-long serial] [The Trial of a Time Lord] in [season 23] (1986). [Keff McCulloch] provided the [new arrangement] for the [Seventh Doctor's era] which lasted from [season 24] (1987) until the series' [suspension] in [1989]. [American composer] [John Debney] created a [new arrangement] of [Ron Grainer]'s [original theme] for [Doctor Who] in [1996]. For the [return of the series] in [2005], [Murray Gold] provided a [new arrangement] which featured [samples] from the [1963 original] with [further elements added]; in the [2005 Christmas episode] "[The Christmas Invasion]", Gold introduced a [modified closing credits arrangement] that was used up until the [conclusion] of the [2007 series].[citation needed] | A different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for the season-long serial The Trial of a Time Lord in season 23 (1986). Keff McCulloch provided the new arrangement for the Seventh Doctor's era which lasted from season 24 (1987) until the series' suspension in 1989. American composer John Debney created a new arrangement of Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996. For the return of the series in 2005, Murray Gold provided a new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added; in the 2005 Christmas episode "The Christmas Invasion", Gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series.citation needed |
Among the most important classes of [organic compounds] that contain [oxygen] are (where "R" is an [organic group]): [alcohols] (R-OH); [ethers] (R-O-R); [ketones] (R-CO-R); [aldehydes] (R-CO-H); [carboxylic acids] (R-COOH); [esters] (R-COO-R); [acid anhydrides] (R-CO-O-CO-R); and [amides] (R-C(O)-NR2). There are many important [organic solvents] that contain [oxygen], including: [acetone], [methanol], [ethanol], [isopropanol], [furan], [THF], [diethyl ether], [dioxane], [ethyl acetate], [DMF], [DMSO], [acetic acid], and [formic acid]. [Acetone] ((CH3)2CO) and [phenol] (C6H5OH) are used as [feeder materials] in the [synthesis] of many different substances. Other important [organic compounds] that contain [oxygen] are: [glycerol], [formaldehyde], [glutaraldehyde], [citric acid], [acetic anhydride], and [acetamide]. [Epoxides] are [ethers] in which the [oxygen atom] is part of a [ring] of three atoms. | Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (R-CO-R); aldehydes (R-CO-H); carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR
2). There are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen, including: acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid. Acetone ((CH
3)
2CO) and phenol (C
6H
5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide. Epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms. |
[Salaries] for [Nursery], [Primary] and [Secondary School] teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on [experience] and [extra responsibilities]. [Preschool teachers] may earn £20,980 [annually].[citation needed] [Teachers] in [state schools] must have at least a [bachelor's degree], complete an approved [teacher education program], and be [licensed]. | Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.citation needed Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed. |
[Closely related fields] in [theoretical computer science] are [analysis of algorithms] and [computability theory]. [A key distinction] between [analysis of algorithms] and [computational complexity theory] is that [the former] is devoted to [analyzing] the [amount of resources] needed by [a particular algorithm] to solve [a problem], whereas [the latter] asks [a more general question] about [all possible algorithms] that could be used to solve [the same problem]. [More precisely], it tries to [classify] [problems] that can or cannot be solved with [appropriately restricted resources]. In turn, [imposing restrictions] on [the available resources] is what distinguishes [computational complexity] from [computability theory]: [the latter theory] asks [what kind of problems] can, in principle, be solved [algorithmically]. | Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem. More precisely, it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources. In turn, imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory: the latter theory asks what kind of problems can, in principle, be solved algorithmically. |
[The legendary religious zeal] of the [Normans] was exercised in [religious wars] [long before] the [First Crusade] [carved out] a [Norman principality] in [Antioch]. They were [major foreign participants] in the [Reconquista] in [Iberia]. In [1018], [Roger de Tosny] travelled to the [Iberian Peninsula] to [carve out] a [state] for himself from [Moorish lands], but [failed]. In [1064], during the [War of Barbastro], [William of Montreuil] led the [papal army] and took a [huge booty]. | The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia. In 1018, Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands, but failed. In 1064, during the War of Barbastro, William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty. |
The rocks collected from the Moon are [extremely old] compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by [radiometric dating] techniques. They range in [age] from about [3.2 billion years] for the [basaltic samples] derived from the [lunar maria], to about [4.6 billion years] for samples derived from the [highlands crust]. As such, they represent samples from a [very early period] in the development of the [Solar System], that are largely absent on Earth. One [important rock] found during the [Apollo Program] is dubbed the [Genesis Rock], retrieved by [astronauts David Scott and James Irwin] during the [Apollo 15 mission]. This [anorthosite rock] is composed almost exclusively of the [calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite], and is believed to be representative of the [highland crust]. A [geochemical component] called [KREEP] was discovered, which has no known [terrestrial counterpart]. [KREEP] and the [anorthositic samples] have been used to infer that the [outer portion] of the Moon was once completely [molten] (see [lunar magma ocean]). | The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust. As such, they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth. One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission. This anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite, and is believed to be representative of the highland crust. A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered, which has no known terrestrial counterpart. KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten (see lunar magma ocean). |
The [original logo] used for the [First Doctor] (and briefly for the [Second Doctor]) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" during the [Eleventh Doctor]'s run. The logo used in the [television movie] featuring the [Eighth Doctor] was an updated version of the logo used for the [Third Doctor]. The [logo] from 1973–80 was used for the [Third Doctor]'s final season and for the majority of the [Fourth Doctor]'s tenure. The following logo, while most associated with the [Fifth Doctor], was also used for the [Fourth Doctor]'s final season. The [logo] used for the [Ninth Doctor] was slightly edited for the [Tenth Doctor], but it retained the same general appearance. The [logo] used for the [Eleventh Doctor] had the "DW" [TARDIS insignia] placed to the right in 2012, but the same [font] remained, albeit with a slight edit to the [texture] every episode, with the [texture] relating to some aspect of the story. The [logo] for the [Twelfth Doctor] had the "DW" [TARDIS insignia] removed and the [font] was subtly altered, as well as made slightly larger. As of 2014, the [logo] used for the [Third and Eighth Doctors] is the [primary logo] used on all [media] and [merchandise] relating to [past Doctors], and the [current Doctor Who logo] is used for all [merchandise] relating to the [current Doctor]. | The original logo used for the First Doctor (and briefly for the Second Doctor) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" during the Eleventh Doctor's run. The logo used in the television movie featuring the Eighth Doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the Third Doctor. The logo from 1973–80 was used for the Third Doctor's final season and for the majority of the Fourth Doctor's tenure. The following logo, while most associated with the Fifth Doctor, was also used for the Fourth Doctor's final season. The logo used for the Ninth Doctor was slightly edited for the Tenth Doctor, but it retained the same general appearance. The logo used for the Eleventh Doctor had the "DW" TARDIS insignia placed to the right in 2012, but the same font remained, albeit with a slight edit to the texture every episode, with the texture relating to some aspect of the story. The logo for the Twelfth Doctor had the "DW" TARDIS insignia removed and the font was subtly altered, as well as made slightly larger. As of 2014, the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past Doctors, and the current Doctor Who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor. |
Luther's [disappearance] during his [return trip] back to [Wittenberg] was [planned]. [Frederick III] had him [intercepted] on his way home in the [forest] near Wittenberg by [masked horsemen] who were made to appear as [armed highwaymen]. They [escorted] Luther to the [security] of the [Wartburg Castle] at [Eisenach]. During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my Patmos", Luther [translated] the [New Testament] from [Greek] into [German] and [poured out] [doctrinal] and [polemical writings]. These included a [renewed attack] on [Archbishop Albrecht] of [Mainz], whom he [shamed] into [halting] the [sale] of [indulgences] in his [episcopates], and a "Refutation of the Argument of [Latomus]," in which he [expounded] the [principle] of [justification] to [Jacobus Latomus], an [orthodox theologian] from [Louvain]. | Luther's disappearance during his return trip back to Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my Patmos", Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a "Refutation of the Argument of Latomus," in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus, an orthodox theologian from Louvain. |
[Building construction] is the [process] of adding [structure] to [real property] or [construction] of [buildings]. The [majority] of building construction [jobs] are [small renovations], such as [addition] of a [room], or [renovation] of a [bathroom]. [Often], the [owner] of the property acts as [laborer], [paymaster], and [design team] for the [entire project]. Although building construction projects typically include [various common elements], such as [design], [financial], [estimating] and [legal considerations], [many projects] of [varying sizes] reach [undesirable end results], such as [structural collapse], [cost overruns], and/or [litigation]. For this reason, those with [experience] in the [field] make [detailed plans] and maintain [careful oversight] during the project to ensure a [positive outcome]. | Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. Although building construction projects typically include various common elements, such as design, financial, estimating and legal considerations, many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. |
[Co-teaching] has also become a new [trend] amongst [educational institutions]. [Co-teaching] is defined as [two or more teachers] working [harmoniously] to fulfill the [needs] of every [student] in the [classroom]. [Co-teaching] [focuses] the [student] on [learning] by providing a [social networking support] that allows them to reach their [full cognitive potential]. [Co-teachers] work in [sync] with one another to create a [climate] of [learning]. | Co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning. |
Following the [Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event], the extinction of the [dinosaurs] and the [wetter climate] may have allowed the [tropical rainforest] to [spread out] across the [continent]. From [66–34 Mya], the rainforest [extended] as [far south] as [45°]. [Climate fluctuations] during the [last 34 million years] have allowed [savanna regions] to [expand] into the [tropics]. During the [Oligocene], for example, the rainforest [spanned] a [relatively narrow band]. It [expanded] again during the [Middle Miocene], then [retracted] to a mostly [inland formation] at the [last glacial maximum]. However, the rainforest still managed to [thrive] during these [glacial periods], allowing for the [survival] and [evolution] of a [broad diversity] of [species]. | Following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66–34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45°. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species. |
[The best, worst and average case complexity] refer to [three different ways] of measuring [the time complexity] (or [any other complexity measure]) of [different inputs] of [the same size]. Since [some inputs] of [size n] may be [faster to solve] than [others], we define [the following complexities]: | The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size. Since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others, we define the following complexities: |
In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like [indulgences] and [pilgrimages] to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In [On the Abrogation of the Private Mass], he condemned as [idolatry] the idea that the [mass] is a [sacrifice], asserting instead that it is a [gift], to be received with [thanksgiving] by the [whole congregation]. His essay [On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It] rejected [compulsory confession] and encouraged [private confession] and [absolution], since "every Christian is a [confessor]." In November, Luther wrote [The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows]. He assured [monks] and [nuns] that they could break their [vows] without sin, because vows were an [illegitimate] and [vain] attempt to win [salvation]. | In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution, since "every Christian is a confessor." In November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation. |
"Southern California" is not a formal geographic designation, and definitions of what constitutes southern California vary. [Geographically], [California]'s [north-south midway point] lies at exactly [37° 9' 58.23" latitude], around [11 miles] ([18 km]) [south] of [San Jose]; however, this does not coincide with [popular use] of the term. When the state is divided into [two areas] (northern and southern California), the term "southern California" usually refers to the [ten southern-most counties] of the state. This definition coincides [neatly] with the [county lines] at [35° 47′ 28″ north latitude], which form the [northern borders] of [San Luis Obispo], [Kern], and [San Bernardino counties]. Another definition for southern California uses [Point Conception] and the [Tehachapi Mountains] as the [northern boundary]. | "Southern California" is not a formal geographic designation, and definitions of what constitutes southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9' 58.23" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose; however, this does not coincide with popular use of the term. When the state is divided into two areas (northern and southern California), the term "southern California" usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state. This definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude, which form the northern borders of San Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties. Another definition for southern California uses Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains as the northern boundary. |
The [second main legislative body] is the [Council], which is composed of [different ministers] of the [member states]. The [heads of government] of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the [TEU article 15] defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities'. It meets each [six months] and its [President] (currently former [Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk]) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council does this: in effect this is the [governments of the member states], but there will be a [different minister] at each meeting, depending on the [topic] discussed (e.g. for [environmental issues], the [member states' environment ministers] attend and vote; for [foreign affairs], the [foreign ministers], etc.). The minister must have the [authority] to represent and [bind] the member states in [decisions]. When [voting] takes place it is [weighted inversely] to member state [size], so [smaller member states] are not [dominated] by [larger member states]. In [total] there are [352 votes], but for most acts there must be a [qualified majority vote], if not [consensus]. [TEU article 16(4)] and [TFEU article 238(3)] define this to mean at least [55 per cent] of the Council members (not votes) representing [65 per cent] of the [population] of the [EU]: currently this means around [74 per cent], or [260] of the [352 votes]. This is [critical] during the [legislative process]. | The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities'. It meets each six months and its President (currently former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council does this: in effect this is the governments of the member states, but there will be a different minister at each meeting, depending on the topic discussed (e.g. for environmental issues, the member states' environment ministers attend and vote; for foreign affairs, the foreign ministers, etc.). The minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions. When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states. In total there are 352 votes, but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus. TEU article 16(4) and TFEU article 238(3) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes. This is critical during the legislative process. |
Past faculty have also included [Egyptologist] [James Henry Breasted], [mathematician] [Alberto Calderón], [Nobel prize winning economist] and [classical liberalism defender] [Friedrich Hayek], [meteorologist] [Ted Fujita], [chemists] [Glenn T. Seaborg], [developer of the actinide concept] and [Nobel Prize winner] [Yuan T. Lee], [Nobel Prize winning novelist] [Saul Bellow], [political philosopher] and [author] [Allan Bloom], [cancer researchers] [Charles Brenton Huggins] and [Janet Rowley], [astronomer] [Gerard Kuiper], [one of the most important figures] in the early development of the [discipline of linguistics] [Edward Sapir], and the [founder] of [McKinsey & Co.], [James O. McKinsey]. | Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey. |
On [Carolina]'s next possession [fullback] [Mike Tolbert] lost a [fumble] while being [tackled] by [safety] [Darian Stewart], which [linebacker] [Danny Trevathan] [recovered] on the [Broncos] [40-yard line]. However, the [Panthers] soon took the ball back when [defensive end] [Kony Ealy] [tipped] a [Manning] [pass] to himself and then [intercepted] it, [returning] the ball [19 yards] to the [Panthers] [39-yard line] with [1:55 left] on the clock. The [Panthers] could not gain any yards with their possession and had to [punt]. After a [Denver] [punt], [Carolina] [drove] to the [Broncos] [45-yard line]. But with [11 seconds left], [Newton] was [sacked] by [DeMarcus Ware] as [time expired] in the [half]. | On Carolina's next possession fullback Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself and then intercepted it, returning the ball 19 yards to the Panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock. The Panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt. After a Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos 45-yard line. But with 11 seconds left, Newton was sacked by DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the half. |
[Bills] can be introduced to [Parliament] in a number of ways; the [Scottish Government] can introduce [new laws] or [amendments] to existing laws as a bill; a [committee] of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the [areas] under its [remit]; a [member] of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a [private member]; or a [private bill] can be submitted to Parliament by an [outside proposer]. Most draft laws are [government bills] introduced by [ministers] in the [governing party]. Bills pass through Parliament in a number of [stages]. | Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill; a committee of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit; a member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages: |
Forces act in a particular direction [and] have sizes dependent upon how strong [the push] [or] [pull] [is]. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quantities). For example, when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object, it is necessary to know both [the magnitude] [and] [the direction] [of both forces] to calculate the result. If [both] [of these pieces of information] are not known for [each force], [the situation] [is ambiguous]. For example, if you know that [two people] [are pulling] on [the same rope] [with known magnitudes of force] but you do not know [which direction] [either person] [is pulling], [it is impossible] to determine what [the acceleration] [of the rope] will be. [The two people] could be pulling against each other as in [tug of war] [or] [the two people] could be pulling in [the same direction]. In this simple [one-dimensional example], without knowing [the direction] [of the forces] [it is impossible] to decide whether [the net force] [is] [the result of adding] [the two force magnitudes] [or] [subtracting one from the other]. Associating forces with vectors avoids such problems. | Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quantities). For example, when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object, it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result. If both of these pieces of information are not known for each force, the situation is ambiguous. For example, if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling, it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be. The two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction. In this simple one-dimensional example, without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other. Associating forces with vectors avoids such problems. |
In [May 2013], [ABC] launched "WATCH ABC", a revamp of its traditional [multi-platform streaming services] encompassing the [network's existing streaming portal] at [ABC.com] and a [mobile app] for [smartphones] and [tablet computers]; in addition to providing [full-length episodes] of ABC programs, the service allows [live programming streams] of [local ABC affiliates] in [select markets] (the [first] such [offering] by a U.S. [broadcast network]). [Similar] to [sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service] (which [originated] the "WATCH" brand used by the [streaming services] of [Disney's television networks]), [live streams] of ABC stations are only available to [authenticated subscribers] of [participating pay television providers] in [certain markets]. [New York City O&O WABC-TV] and [Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV] were the [first stations] to offer [streams] of their [programming] on the service (with a [free preview] for [non-subscribers] through [June 2013]), with the [six remaining ABC O&Os] offering [streams] by the [start] of the [2013–14 season]. [Hearst Television] also reached a [deal] to offer [streams] of its [ABC affiliates] (including stations in [Boston], [Kansas City], [Milwaukee] and [West Palm Beach]) on the service. | In May 2013, ABC launched "WATCH ABC", a revamp of its traditional multi-platform streaming services encompassing the network's existing streaming portal at ABC.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers; in addition to providing full-length episodes of ABC programs, the service allows live programming streams of local ABC affiliates in select markets (the first such offering by a U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which originated the "WATCH" brand used by the streaming services of Disney's television networks), live streams of ABC stations are only available to authenticated subscribers of participating pay television providers in certain markets. New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service (with a free preview for non-subscribers through June 2013), with the six remaining ABC O&Os offering streams by the start of the 2013–14 season. Hearst Television also reached a deal to offer streams of its ABC affiliates (including stations in Boston, Kansas City, Milwaukee and West Palm Beach) on the service. |
[Lindisfarne] are a folk-rock group with a strong [Tyneside] connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by [Geordie] ex-footballer [Paul Gascoigne] in 1990. [Venom], reckoned by many to be the originators of [black metal] and extremely influential to the [extreme metal scene] as a whole, formed in [Newcastle] in 1979. Folk metal band [Skyclad], often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in [Newcastle] after the break-up of [Martin Walkyier thrash metal band], [Sabbat]. [Andy Taylor], former lead guitarist of [Duran Duran] was born here in 1961. [Brian Johnson] was a member of local rock band [Geordie] before becoming the lead vocalist of [AC/DC]. | Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of AC/DC. |
The [development] of [plate tectonics] provided a [physical basis] for many [observations] of the [solid Earth]. [Long linear regions] of [geologic features] could be explained as [plate boundaries]. [Mid-ocean ridges], [high regions] on the [seafloor] where [hydrothermal vents] and [volcanoes] exist, were explained as [divergent boundaries], where [two plates] move apart. [Arcs] of [volcanoes] and [earthquakes] were explained as [convergent boundaries], where [one plate] [subducts] under [another]. [Transform boundaries], such as the [San Andreas fault system], resulted in [widespread powerful earthquakes]. [Plate tectonics] also provided a [mechanism] for [Alfred Wegener's theory] of [continental drift], in which the [continents] move across the [surface] of the [Earth] over [geologic time]. They also provided a [driving force] for [crustal deformation], and a [new setting] for the [observations] of [structural geology]. The [power] of the [theory] of [plate tectonics] lies in its [ability] to combine all of these [observations] into a [single theory] of how the [lithosphere] moves over the [convecting mantle]. | The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates move apart. Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries, where one plate subducts under another. Transform boundaries, such as the San Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, in which the continents move across the surface of the Earth over geologic time. They also provided a driving force for crustal deformation, and a new setting for the observations of structural geology. The power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle. |
In [April 1191] [Richard the Lion-hearted] left [Messina] with a [large fleet] in order to reach [Acre]. But a [storm] dispersed the fleet. After some [searching], it was discovered that the [boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria] was [anchored] on the [south coast of Cyprus], together with the [wrecks] of [several other ships], including the [treasure ship]. [Survivors] of the [wrecks] had been [taken prisoner] by the [island's despot Isaac Komnenos]. On [1 May 1191], Richard's fleet arrived in the [port of Limassol] on Cyprus. He [ordered] [Isaac] to [release] the [prisoners] and the [treasure]. [Isaac] [refused], so Richard [landed his troops] and took [Limassol]. | In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Limassol on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol. |
When a person’s [capabilities] are lowered, they are in some way deprived of [earning] as much [income] as they would otherwise. An [old], [ill] man cannot earn as much as a [healthy] [young] man; [gender roles] and [customs] may prevent a [woman] from [receiving] an [education] or [working] outside the [home]. There may be an [epidemic] that causes [widespread panic], or there could be [rampant violence] in the [area] that prevents people from [going to work] for [fear] of their lives. As a result, [income] and [economic inequality] increases, and it becomes more [difficult] to [reduce] the [gap] without additional [aid]. To prevent such inequality, this approach believes it’s important to have [political freedom], [economic facilities], [social opportunities], [transparency guarantees], and [protective security] to ensure that people aren’t denied their [functionings], [capabilities], and [agency] and can thus work towards a [better] [relevant income]. | When a person’s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives. As a result, income and economic inequality increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid. To prevent such inequality, this approach believes it’s important to have political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security to ensure that people aren’t denied their functionings, capabilities, and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income. |
The [V&A] has its origins in the [Great Exhibition] of [1851], with which [Henry Cole], the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the [Museum of Manufactures], first opening in [May 1852] at [Marlborough House], but by [September] had been transferred to [Somerset House]. At this stage the collections covered both [applied art] and [science]. Several of the [exhibits] from the Exhibition were purchased to form the [nucleus] of the collection. By [February 1854] discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the [current site] and it was renamed [South Kensington Museum]. In [1855] the [German architect Gottfried Semper], at the request of [Cole], produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the [Board of Trade] as [too expensive]. The site was occupied by [Brompton Park House]; this was extended including the [first refreshment rooms] opened in [1857], the museum being the [first in the world] to provide such a facility. | The V&A has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, with which Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the Museum of Manufactures, first opening in May 1852 at Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset House. At this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection. By February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility. |
Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. [The inner plastid-dividing ring] is located in [the inner side] of [the chloroplast's inner membrane], and is formed first. [The outer plastid-dividing ring] is found wrapped around [the outer chloroplast membrane]. It consists of [filaments] about [5 nanometers] across, arranged in [rows] [6.4 nanometers apart], and [shrinks] to squeeze the chloroplast. This is when [chloroplast constriction] begins.
In a few species like [Cyanidioschyzon merolæ], [chloroplasts] have [a third plastid-dividing ring] located in [the chloroplast's intermembrane space]. | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers apart, and shrinks to squeeze the chloroplast. This is when chloroplast constriction begins.
In a few species like Cyanidioschyzon merolæ, chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space. |
In [1700] several hundred [French Huguenots] migrated from [England] to the [colony] of [Virginia], where the [English Crown] had promised them [land grants] in [Lower Norfolk County]. When they arrived, [colonial authorities] offered them instead land [20 miles] [above] the [falls] of the [James River], at the abandoned [Monacan village] known as [Manakin Town], now in [Powhatan County]. Some settlers landed in present-day [Chesterfield County]. On [12 May 1705], the [Virginia General Assembly] passed an [act] to [naturalise] the [148 Huguenots] still resident at [Manakintown]. Of the original [390 settlers] in the [isolated settlement], many had died; others lived [outside town] on [farms] in the [English style]; and others moved to different areas. [Gradually] they [intermarried] with their [English neighbors]. Through the [18th and 19th centuries], [descendants] of the [French] migrated [west] into the [Piedmont], and [across] the [Appalachian Mountains] into the [West] of what became [Kentucky], [Tennessee], [Missouri], and other [states]. In the [Manakintown area], the [Huguenot Memorial Bridge] [across] the [James River] and [Huguenot Road] were named in their honor, as were many [local features], including several [schools], including [Huguenot High School]. | In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town, now in Powhatan County. Some settlers landed in present-day Chesterfield County. On 12 May 1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. Gradually they intermarried with their English neighbors. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honor, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School. |
Since the [Peace of Westphalia], the [Upper Rhine] formed a contentious [border] between [France] and [Germany]. Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine was a [long-term goal] of [French foreign policy], since the [Middle Ages], though the [language border] was – and is – far more to the west. [French leaders], such as [Louis XIV] and [Napoleon Bonaparte], tried with varying degrees of [success] to [annex lands] [west of the Rhine]. The [Confederation of the Rhine] was established by [Napoleon], as a [French client state], in [1806] and lasted until [1814], during which time it served as a significant source of [resources] and [military manpower] for the [First French Empire]. In [1840], the [Rhine crisis], prompted by [French prime minister Adolphe Thiers]'s desire to [reinstate the Rhine] as a [natural border], led to a [diplomatic crisis] and a [wave of nationalism] in [Germany]. | Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany. Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages, though the language border was – and is – far more to the west. French leaders, such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte, tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the Rhine. The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon, as a French client state, in 1806 and lasted until 1814, during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire. In 1840, the Rhine crisis, prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers's desire to reinstate the Rhine as a natural border, led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in Germany. |
[NASA]'s [CALIPSO satellite] has measured the [amount] of [dust] transported by [wind] from the [Sahara] to the [Amazon]: an [average] [182 million tons] of [dust] are [windblown] out of the [Sahara] each year, at [15 degrees west longitude], across [1,600 miles] ([2,600 km]) over the [Atlantic Ocean] (some [dust] falls into the [Atlantic]), then at [35 degrees West longitude] at the [eastern coast] of [South America], [27.7 million tons] ([15%]) of [dust] fall over the [Amazon basin], [132 million tons] of [dust] remain in the [air], [43 million tons] of [dust] are [windblown] and falls on the [Caribbean Sea], past [75 degrees west longitude]. | NASA's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic), then at 35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin, 132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude. |
The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil [Stromatoveris], from China's [Chengjiang lagerstätte] and dated to about [515 million years ago], is very similar to [Vendobionta] of the preceding [Ediacaran period]. [De-Gan Shu], [Simon Conway Morris] et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of [cilia], used for [filter feeding]. They suggested that [Stromatoveris] was an evolutionary "aunt" of [ctenophores], and that [ctenophores] originated from [sessile animals] whose descendants became [swimmers] and changed the [cilia] from a [feeding mechanism] to a [propulsion system]. | The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter feeding. They suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary "aunt" of ctenophores, and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system. |
In contrast to [product requirements] or [other laws] that [hinder market access], the [Court of Justice] developed a [presumption] that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into [TFEU article 34], if they [applied equally] to all sellers, and [affected them] in the [same manner] in fact. In [Keck and Mithouard] two [importers] claimed that their [prosecution] under a [French competition law], which [prevented them] [selling] [Picon beer] [under wholesale price], was [unlawful]. The aim of the law was to [prevent cut throat competition], not to [hinder trade]. The [Court of Justice] held, as "in law and in fact" it was an [equally applicable] "selling arrangement" (not something that [alters a product's content]) it was [outside the scope] of [article 34], and so did not need to be [justified]. [Selling arrangements] can be held to have an [unequal effect] "in fact" particularly where [traders] from [another member state] are seeking to [break into the market], but there are [restrictions] on [advertising] and [marketing]. In [Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini] the [Court of Justice] reviewed [Swedish bans] on [advertising] to [children] [under age 12], and [misleading commercials] for [skin care products]. While the bans have remained (justifiable under [article 36] or as a [mandatory requirement]) the [Court] emphasised that [complete marketing bans] could be [disproportionate] if advertising were "the only effective form of promotion enabling a trader to [penetrate]" the market. In [Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB] the [Court] suggested that a [total ban] for [advertising] [alcohol] on the [radio], [TV] and in [magazines] could fall within [article 34] where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers' "traditional social practices and to local habits and customs" to buy their products, but again the [national courts] would decide whether it was justified under [article 36] to protect [public health]. Under the [Unfair Commercial Practices Directive], the [EU harmonised restrictions] on [restrictions] on [marketing] and [advertising], to [forbid conduct] that [distorts average consumer behaviour], is [misleading] or [aggressive], and sets out a [list of examples] that count as [unfair]. [Increasingly], [states] have to give [mutual recognition] to each other's [standards] of [regulation], while the [EU] has attempted to [harmonise minimum ideals] of [best practice]. The [attempt] to [raise standards] is hoped to avoid a regulatory "race to the bottom", while allowing [consumers access] to [goods] from around the continent. | In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In Keck and Mithouard two importers claimed that their prosecution under a French competition law, which prevented them selling Picon beer under wholesale price, was unlawful. The aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder trade. The Court of Justice held, as "in law and in fact" it was an equally applicable "selling arrangement" (not something that alters a product's content) it was outside the scope of article 34, and so did not need to be justified. Selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect "in fact" particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market, but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing. In Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini the Court of Justice reviewed Swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12, and misleading commercials for skin care products. While the bans have remained (justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement) the Court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were "the only effective form of promotion enabling a trader to penetrate" the market. In Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB the Court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio, TV and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers' "traditional social practices and to local habits and customs" to buy their products, but again the national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health. Under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising, to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour, is misleading or aggressive, and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair. Increasingly, states have to give mutual recognition to each other's standards of regulation, while the EU has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice. The attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory "race to the bottom", while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent. |
In [1893] [Richard Dean Adams], who headed up the [Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company] sought [Tesla's opinion] on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls. Over several years there had been a series of [proposals] and [open competitions] on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several [US and European companies] including [two-phase] and [three-phase AC], [high-voltage DC], and even [compressed air]. Adams pumped Tesla for [information] about the [current state] of all the competing systems. Tesla advised Adams that a [two-phased system] would be the most [reliable] and that there was a [Westinghouse system] to [light incandescent bulbs] using [two-phase alternating current]. Based on Tesla's advice and [Westinghouse's demonstration] that they could build a [complete AC system] at the [Columbian Exposition], a [contract] for building a [two-phase AC generating system] at the [Niagara Falls] was awarded to [Westinghouse Electric]. A [further contract] to build the [AC distribution system] was awarded to [General Electric]. | In 1893 Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls. Over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several US and European companies including two-phase and three-phase AC, high-voltage DC, and even compressed air. Adams pumped Tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems. Tesla advised Adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current. Based on Tesla's advice and Westinghouse's demonstration that they could build a complete AC system at the Columbian Exposition, a contract for building a two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara Falls was awarded to Westinghouse Electric. A further contract to build the AC distribution system was awarded to General Electric. |
The [jewellery collection], containing [over 6000 items] is one of the [finest] and [most comprehensive collections] of [jewellery] in the world and includes works dating from [Ancient Egypt] to the [present day], as well as [jewellery designs] on [paper]. The museum owns [pieces] by [renowned jewelers] [Cartier], [Jean Schlumberger], [Peter Carl Fabergé], [Hemmerle] and [Lalique]. Other items in the collection include [diamond dress ornaments] made for [Catherine the Great], [bracelet clasps] once belonging to [Marie Antoinette], and the [Beauharnais emerald necklace] presented by [Napoleon] to his [adopted daughter] [Hortense de Beauharnais] in [1806]. The museum also collects [international modern jewellery] by designers such as [Gijs Bakker], [Onno Boekhoudt], [Peter Chang], [Gerda Flockinger], [Lucy Sarneel], [Dorothea Prühl] and [Wendy Ramshaw], and [African] and [Asian traditional jewellery]. [Major bequests] include [Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend]'s collection of [154 gems] [bequeathed] in [1869], [Lady Cory]'s [1951 gift] of [major diamond jewellery] from the [18th and 19th centuries], and [jewellery scholar] [Dame Joan Evans]' [1977 gift] of [more than 800 jewels] dating from the [Middle Ages] to the [early 19th century]. A [new jewellery gallery], [funded] by [William and Judith Bollinger], [opened] on [24 May 2008]. | The jewellery collection, containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt to the present day, as well as jewellery designs on paper. The museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers Cartier, Jean Schlumberger, Peter Carl Fabergé, Hemmerle and Lalique. Other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for Catherine the Great, bracelet clasps once belonging to Marie Antoinette, and the Beauharnais emerald necklace presented by Napoleon to his adopted daughter Hortense de Beauharnais in 1806. The museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as Gijs Bakker, Onno Boekhoudt, Peter Chang, Gerda Flockinger, Lucy Sarneel, Dorothea Prühl and Wendy Ramshaw, and African and Asian traditional jewellery. Major bequests include Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869, Lady Cory's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries, and jewellery scholar Dame Joan Evans' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. A new jewellery gallery, funded by William and Judith Bollinger, opened on 24 May 2008. |
[Later] in life, [Tesla] made [claims] concerning a "teleforce" [weapon] after studying the [Van de Graaff generator]. The [press] variably referred to it as a "peace ray" or [death ray]. Tesla described the weapon as [capable] of being used against [ground-based infantry] or for [anti-aircraft purposes]. | Later in life, Tesla made claims concerning a "teleforce" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff generator. The press variably referred to it as a "peace ray" or death ray. Tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes. |
In the [1930s], [radio] in the [United States] was dominated by [three companies]: the [Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)], the [Mutual Broadcasting System] and the [National Broadcasting Company (NBC)]. The [last] was owned by [electronics manufacturer] [Radio Corporation of America (RCA)], which owned [two radio networks] that each ran [different varieties of programming], [NBC Blue] and [NBC Red]. The [NBC Blue Network] was created in [1927] for the [primary purpose] of [testing new programs] on [markets] of [lesser importance] than those served by [NBC Red], which served the [major cities], and to [test drama series]. | In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America (RCA), which owned two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming, NBC Blue and NBC Red. The NBC Blue Network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series. |
The principles of [imperialism] are often [generalizable] to the [policies] and [practices] of the [British Empire] "during the [last generation], and proceeds rather by [diagnosis] than by [historical description]". British imperialism often used the concept of [Terra nullius] (Latin expression which stems from [Roman law] meaning 'empty land'). The [country] of [Australia] serves as a [case study] in relation to [British settlement] and [colonial rule] of the [continent] in the [eighteenth century], as it was premised on [terra nullius], and its [settlers] considered it [unused] by its [sparse] [Aboriginal inhabitants]. | The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire "during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description". British imperialism often used the concept of Terra nullius (Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land'). The country of Australia serves as a case study in relation to British settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century, as it was premised on terra nullius, and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse Aboriginal inhabitants. |
[Rail transport] in [Victoria] is provided by several [private] and [public railway operators] who operate over [government-owned lines]. Major operators include: [Metro Trains Melbourne] which runs an [extensive], [electrified], [passenger system] throughout [Melbourne] and [suburbs]; [V/Line] which is now owned by the [Victorian Government], operates a [concentrated service] to [major regional centres], as well as [long distance services] on [other lines]; [Pacific National], [CFCL Australia] which operate [freight services]; [Great Southern Rail] which operates [The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide]; and [NSW TrainLink] which operates [XPTs Melbourne—Sydney]. | Rail transport in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line which is now owned by the Victorian Government, operates a concentrated service to major regional centres, as well as long distance services on other lines; Pacific National, CFCL Australia which operate freight services; Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink which operates XPTs Melbourne—Sydney. |
In [1854] at [Ballarat] there was an [armed rebellion] against the [government] of [Victoria] by [miners] protesting against [mining taxes] (the "Eureka Stockade"). This was [crushed] by [British troops], but the [discontents] prompted [colonial authorities] to reform the [administration] (particularly reducing the [hated mining licence fees]) and extend the [franchise]. Within a [short time], the [Imperial Parliament] granted [Victoria responsible government] with the passage of the [Colony of Victoria Act 1855]. Some of the [leaders] of the [Eureka rebellion] went on to become [members] of the [Victorian Parliament]. | In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the "Eureka Stockade"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament. |
Ranging [about 1 millimeter] (0.039 in) to [1.5 meters] (4.9 ft) in size, [ctenophores] are the [largest] [non-colonial animals] that use [cilia] ("hairs") as their [main method] of [locomotion]. [Most species] have [eight strips], called [comb rows], that run the [length] of their [bodies] and [bear comb-like bands] of [cilia], called "ctenes," [stacked] along the [comb rows] so that when the [cilia beat], those of [each comb] touch the [comb below]. The [name] "ctenophora" means "[comb-bearing]", from the [Greek] κτείς (stem-form κτεν-) meaning "[comb]" and the [Greek suffix] -φορος meaning "[carrying]". | Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called "ctenes," stacked along the comb rows so that when the cilia beat, those of each comb touch the comb below. The name "ctenophora" means "comb-bearing", from the Greek κτείς (stem-form κτεν-) meaning "comb" and the Greek suffix -φορος meaning "carrying". |
The simplest [valve gears] give events of [fixed length] during the [engine cycle] and often make the engine rotate in [only one direction]. Most however have a [reversing mechanism] which additionally can provide means for [saving steam] as [speed] and [momentum] are gained by gradually ["shortening the cutoff"] or rather, [shortening the admission event]; this in turn proportionately [lengthens the expansion period]. However, as one and the same [valve] usually controls both [steam flows], a [short cutoff] at admission adversely affects the [exhaust] and [compression periods] which should ideally always be kept [fairly constant]; if the [exhaust event] is too [brief], the [totality] of the [exhaust steam] cannot evacuate the [cylinder], [choking it] and giving [excessive compression] ("kick back"). | The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back").citation needed |
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