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The [Rhine] (Romansh: [Rein], German: [Rhein], French: [le Rhin], Dutch: [Rijn]) is a European [river] that begins in the [Swiss] [canton] of [Graubünden] in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the [Swiss-Austrian], [Swiss-Liechtenstein] [border], [Swiss-German] and then the [Franco-German] [border], then flows through the [Rhineland] and eventually empties into the [North Sea] in the [Netherlands]. The [biggest city] on the river Rhine is [Cologne], [Germany] with a [population] of more than [1,050,000] [people]. It is the [second-longest river] in [Central and Western Europe] (after the [Danube]), at about [1,230 km] ([760 mi]), [note 2] [note 1] with an [average discharge] of about [2,900 m3/s] ([100,000 cu ft/s]). | The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. The biggest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about 1,230 km (760 mi),note 2note 1 with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s (100,000 cu ft/s). |
Victoria is the centre of [dairy farming] in [Australia]. It is home to [60%] of Australia's [3 million] [dairy cattle] and produces nearly [two-thirds] of the nation's [milk], almost [6.4 billion litres]. The state also has [2.4 million] [beef cattle], with more than [2.2 million] cattle and calves [slaughtered] each year. In [2003–04], [Victorian] [commercial fishing crews] and [aquaculture industry] produced [11,634 tonnes] of [seafood] valued at nearly [A$109 million]. [Blacklipped abalone] is the [mainstay] of the [catch], bringing in [A$46 million], followed by [southern rock lobster] worth [A$13.7 million]. Most abalone and rock lobster is [exported] to [Asia]. | Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation's milk, almost 6.4 billion litres. The state also has 2.4 million beef cattle, with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year. In 2003–04, Victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly A$109 million. Blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch, bringing in A$46 million, followed by southern rock lobster worth A$13.7 million. Most abalone and rock lobster is exported to Asia. |
[Neutrophils] and [macrophages] are [phagocytes] that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading [pathogens]. [Neutrophils] are normally found in the [bloodstream] and are the most abundant type of [phagocyte], normally representing [50% to 60%] of the total circulating [leukocytes]. During the [acute phase] of [inflammation], particularly as a result of [bacterial infection], [neutrophils] migrate toward the [site of inflammation] in a process called [chemotaxis], and are usually the [first cells] to arrive at the [scene of infection]. [Macrophages] are versatile cells that reside within [tissues] and produce a wide array of [chemicals] including [enzymes], [complement proteins], and [regulatory factors] such as [interleukin 1]. [Macrophages] also act as [scavengers], ridding the body of [worn-out cells] and other [debris], and as [antigen-presenting cells] that activate the [adaptive immune system]. | Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection. Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes, complement proteins, and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1. Macrophages also act as scavengers, ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris, and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system. |
[Founded] by the [American Baptist Education Society] with a [donation] from [oil magnate] and [wealthiest man in history] [John D. Rockefeller], the [University of Chicago] was [incorporated] in [1890]; [William Rainey Harper] became the university's [first president] in [1891], and the [first classes] were held in [1892]. Both Harper and [future president] [Robert Maynard Hutchins] advocated for [Chicago's curriculum] to be based upon [theoretical] and [perennial issues] rather than on [applied sciences] and [commercial utility]. With Harper's [vision] in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the [14 founding members] of the [Association of American Universities], an [international organization] of [leading research universities], in [1900]. | Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900. |
The [biodiversity] of [plant species] is the [highest] on Earth with [one 2001 study] finding a [quarter square kilometer] (62 acres) of [Ecuadorian rainforest] [supports] more than [1,100 tree species]. A [study in 1999] found [one square kilometer] (247 acres) of [Amazon rainforest] can contain about [90,790 tonnes] of [living plants]. The [average plant biomass] is [estimated] at [356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare]. To [date], an [estimated 438,000 species] of [plants] of [economic] and [social interest] have been [registered] in the [region] with [many more] remaining to be [discovered] or [catalogued]. The [total number] of [tree species] in the [region] is [estimated] at [16,000]. | The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued. The total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000. |
In the immediate [post-war years] there was little [money] available for [other than essential repairs]. The [1950s] and [early 1960s] saw little in the way of [building work]; the first [major work] was the creation of new [storage space] for [books] in the [Art Library] in [1966] and [1967]. This involved [flooring] over [Aston Webb]'s [main hall] to form the [book stacks], with a new [medieval gallery] on the [ground floor] (now the [shop], [opened] in [2006]). Then the [lower ground-floor galleries] in the [south-west part] of the museum were [redesigned], [opening] in [1978] to form the new [galleries] covering [Continental art] [1600–1800] (late [Renaissance], [Baroque] through [Rococo] and [neo-Classical]). In [1974] the museum had [acquired] what is now the [Henry Cole wing] from the [Royal College of Science]. In order to [adapt] the building as [galleries], all the [Victorian interiors] except for the [staircase] were [recast] during the [remodelling]. To [link] this to the [rest of the museum], a new [entrance building] was [constructed] on the [site] of the former [boiler house], the [intended site] of the [Spiral], between [1978] and [1982]. This [building] is of [concrete] and very [functional], the [only embellishment] being the [iron gates] by [Christopher Hay] and [Douglas Coyne] of the [Royal College of Art]. These are set in the [columned screen wall] designed by [Aston Webb] that forms the [façade]. | In the immediate post-war years there was little money available for other than essential repairs. The 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work; the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library in 1966 and 1967. This involved flooring over Aston Webb's main hall to form the book stacks, with a new medieval gallery on the ground floor (now the shop, opened in 2006). Then the lower ground-floor galleries in the south-west part of the museum were redesigned, opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering Continental art 1600–1800 (late Renaissance, Baroque through Rococo and neo-Classical). In 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the Henry Cole wing from the Royal College of Science. In order to adapt the building as galleries, all the Victorian interiors except for the staircase were recast during the remodelling. To link this to the rest of the museum, a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house, the intended site of the Spiral, between 1978 and 1982. This building is of concrete and very functional, the only embellishment being the iron gates by Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne of the Royal College of Art. These are set in the columned screen wall designed by Aston Webb that forms the façade. |
The [IPCC] concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant [WMO Executive Council] and [UNEP Governing Council] resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the [UNFCCC process]. While the preparation of the [assessment reports] is a major [IPCC function], it also supports other activities, such as the [Data Distribution Centre] and the [National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme], required under the [UNFCCC]. This involves publishing [default emission factors], which are factors used to derive [emissions estimates] based on the levels of [fuel consumption], [industrial production] and so on. | The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities, such as the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, required under the UNFCCC. This involves publishing default emission factors, which are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on. |
In [1939], c. [1,300,000] people lived in [Warsaw], but in [1945] – only [420,000]. During the [first years] after the [war], the [population growth] was c. [6%], so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of [flats] and of [areas] for [new houses]. The [first remedial measure] was the [Warsaw area enlargement] ([1951]) – but the [city authorities] were still forced to introduce [residency registration limitations]: only the [spouses] and [children] of the [permanent residents] as well as [some persons of public importance] (like [renowned specialists]) were allowed to get the [registration], hence [halving] the [population growth] in the [following years]. It also bolstered [some kind] of [conviction] among [Poles] that [Varsovians] thought of themselves as [better] only because they lived in the [capital]. [Unfortunately] this [belief] still lives on in [Poland] (although [not as much] as it used to be) – even though since [1990] there are no [limitations] to [residency registration] [anymore]. | In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore. |
In most [jurisdictions] (such as the [United States]), [pharmacists] are regulated [separately] from [physicians]. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only [pharmacists] may supply [scheduled pharmaceuticals] to the [public], and that [pharmacists] cannot form [business partnerships] with [physicians] or give them ["kickback" payments]. However, the [American Medical Association (AMA)] [Code of Ethics] provides that [physicians] may [dispense drugs] within their [office practices] as long as there is no [patient exploitation] and patients have the [right] to a [written prescription] that can be filled [elsewhere]. [7 to 10 percent] of [American physicians] [practices] reportedly dispense drugs on their own. | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own. |
The [plugs-out test] began on the [morning] of [January 27], [1967], and immediately was plagued with [problems]. First the crew noticed a [strange odor] in their [spacesuits], which delayed the sealing of the [hatch]. Then, [communications problems] frustrated the astronauts and forced a [hold] in the [simulated countdown]. During this [hold], an [electrical fire] began in the [cabin], and spread quickly in the [high pressure], [100% oxygen] [atmosphere]. [Pressure] rose [high enough] from the [fire] that the [cabin burst] and the [fire erupted] onto the [pad area], frustrating attempts to [rescue] the [crew]. The [astronauts] were [asphyxiated] before the [hatch] could be opened. | The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967, and immediately was plagued with problems. First the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown. During this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere. Pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area, frustrating attempts to rescue the crew. The astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened. |
An [Islamist movement] influenced by [Salafism] and the [jihad in Afghanistan], as well as the [Muslim Brotherhood], was the [FIS] or [Front Islamique de Salut] (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria. Founded as a [broad Islamist coalition] in [1989] it was led by [Abbassi Madani], and a [charismatic Islamist young preacher], [Ali Belhadj]. Taking advantage of [economic failure] and [unpopular social liberalization] and [secularization] by the ruling [leftist-nationalist FLN government], it used its [preaching] to advocate the [establishment of a legal system] following [Sharia law], [economic liberalization] and [development program], [education in Arabic] rather than [French], and [gender segregation], with women staying home to alleviate the [high rate of unemployment] among young Algerian men. The FIS won [sweeping victories] in [local elections] and it was going to win [national elections] in [1991] when voting was canceled by a [military coup d'état]. | An Islamist movement influenced by Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria. Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by Abbassi Madani, and a charismatic Islamist young preacher, Ali Belhadj. Taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist FLN government, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men. The FIS won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état. |
As opposed to broadcasts of primetime series, [CBS] broadcast [special episodes] of its [late night talk shows] as its [lead-out programs] for [Super Bowl 50], beginning with a [special episode] of [The Late Show with Stephen Colbert] following the game. Following a break for [late local programming], CBS also aired a [special episode] of [The Late Late Show with James Corden]. | As opposed to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming, CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden. |
All the [incidental music] for the [2005 revived series] has been [composed] by [Murray Gold] and [Ben Foster] and has been [performed] by the [BBC National Orchestra of Wales] from the [2005 Christmas episode] "The Christmas Invasion" onwards. A [concert] featuring the orchestra [performing music] from the [first two series] took place on [19 November 2006] to [raise money] for [Children in Need]. [David Tennant] hosted the event, [introducing] the [different sections] of the concert. [Murray Gold] and [Russell T Davies] answered questions during the [interval] and [Daleks] and [Cybermen] appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert [aired] on [BBCi] on [Christmas Day 2006]. A [Doctor Who Prom] was celebrated on [27 July 2008] in the [Royal Albert Hall] as part of the [annual BBC Proms]. The [BBC Philharmonic] and the [London Philharmonic Choir] performed [Murray Gold's compositions] for the series, [conducted] by [Ben Foster], as well as a [selection of classics] based on the theme of [space] and [time]. The event was presented by [Freema Agyeman] and [guest-presented] by [various other stars] of the show with [numerous monsters] participating in the proceedings. It also featured the [specially filmed mini-episode] "Music of the Spheres", [written] by [Russell T Davies] and [starring] [David Tennant]. | All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode "The Christmas Invasion" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Daleks and Cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on BBCi on Christmas Day 2006. A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms. The BBC Philharmonic and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema Agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode "Music of the Spheres", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant. |
Warsaw remained the capital of the [Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth] until [1796], when it was annexed by the [Kingdom of Prussia] to become the capital of the [province] of [South Prussia]. [Liberated] by [Napoleon's army] in [1806], Warsaw was made the capital of the [newly created Duchy of Warsaw]. Following the [Congress of Vienna] of [1815], Warsaw became the [centre] of the [Congress Poland], a [constitutional monarchy] under a [personal union] with [Imperial Russia]. The [Royal University of Warsaw] was established in [1816]. | Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of the Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816. |
The problems with [North American] were severe enough in late [1965] to cause [Manned Space Flight Administrator] [George Mueller] to appoint program director [Samuel Phillips] to head a "tiger team" to investigate [North American's] problems and identify corrections. [Phillips] documented his findings in a [December 19] letter to [NAA president] [Lee Atwood], with a strongly worded letter by [Mueller], and also gave a presentation of the results to [Mueller] and [Deputy Administrator] [Robert Seamans]. Meanwhile, [Grumman] was also encountering problems with the [Lunar Module], eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in [1967], not long after the first manned [CSM] flights. | The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a "tiger team" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood, with a strongly worded letter by Mueller, and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967, not long after the first manned CSM flights. |
[Writers], [Charles Dickens], [Beatrix Potter], [Illuminated manuscripts], [library], [12th to 16th centuries], [Eadwine Psalter], [Canterbury], [Pocket Book of Hours], [Reims], [Missal], [Royal Abbey of Saint Denis], [Paris], [Simon Marmion Book of Hours], [Bruges], [1524 Charter], [Lucas Horenbout], [London], [Armagnac manuscript], [trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc], [Rouen], [Victorian period], [William Morris] | Writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter. Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include: the Eadwine Psaltercitation needed, Canterbury; Pocket Book of Hours, Reims; Missal from the Royal Abbey of Saint Denis, Paris; the Simon Marmion Book of Hours, Bruges; 1524 Charter illuminated by Lucas Horenbout, London; the Armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen. also the Victorian period is represented by William Morris. |
One of the oldest depictions of [civil disobedience] is in [Sophocles]' play [Antigone], in which [Antigone], one of the daughters of former King of [Thebes], [Oedipus], defies [Creon], the current King of [Thebes], who is trying to stop her from giving her brother [Polynices] a proper burial. She gives a [stirring speech] in which she tells him that she must obey her [conscience] rather than [human law]. She is not at all afraid of the [death] he threatens her with (and eventually carries out), but she is afraid of how her [conscience] will [smite] her if she does not do this. | One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone, in which Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law. She is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with (and eventually carries out), but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this. |
[Datanet 1], [public switched data network], [Dutch PTT Telecom], [KPN], [network], [connected users], [leased lines], [X.121 DNIC 2041], [public PAD service Telepad], [DNIC 2049], [Videotex service], [modified PAD devices], [infrastructure], [services], [people], [department], [confusion] | Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well. Although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion. |
Some [civil disobedients] feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the [validity] of the [social contract], which is held to bind all to obey the [laws] that a [government] meeting certain [standards] of [legitimacy] has established, or else suffer the [penalties] set out in the [law]. Other civil disobedients who favor the existence of [government] still don't believe in the [legitimacy] of their particular government, or don't believe in the [legitimacy] of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients, being [anarchists], don't believe in the [legitimacy] of any government, and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a [violation] of [criminal law] that does not infringe the [rights] of others. | Some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties set out in the law. Other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients, being anarchists, don't believe in the legitimacy of any government, and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others. |
[Archbishop Albrecht] of [Mainz] and [Magdeburg] did not reply to [Luther]'s letter containing the [95 Theses]. He had the theses checked for [heresy] and in [December 1517] forwarded them to [Rome]. He needed the revenue from the [indulgences] to pay off a [papal dispensation] for his tenure of more than one [bishopric]. As [Luther] later noted, "the [pope] had a finger in the pie as well, because one half was to go to the building of [St Peter's Church] in [Rome]". | Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome. He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric. As Luther later noted, "the pope had a finger in the pie as well, because one half was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome". |
The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the "core" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). [The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions], [which frame policies of the European Union institutions] and [determine the division of competences between the European Union and its member states]. The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to [the metropolitan territories] of the member states, as well as [certain islands and overseas territories], including [Madeira], [the Canary Islands], and [the French overseas departments]. [European Union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations], for example [Gibraltar] and [the Åland islands]. The TEU allows the European Council to make specific provisions for regions, as for example done for [customs matters] in [Gibraltar] and [Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]. The TEU specifically excludes [certain regions], for example [the Faroe Islands], from the jurisdiction of European Union law. Treaties apply [as soon as they enter into force], [unless stated otherwise], and are generally concluded [for an unlimited period]. The TEU provides that [commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply]. All EU member states are regarded as [subject to the general obligation] of [the principle of cooperation], as stated in the TEU, whereby member states are obliged [not to take measure which could jeopardize the attainment of the TEU objectives]. [The Court of Justice of the European Union] can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity, [which is subject to international law]. Individuals may rely on [primary law] in [the Court of Justice of the European Union] if [the Treaty provisions have a direct effect] and they are [sufficiently clear], [precise], and [unconditional]. | The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the "core" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine the division of competences between the European Union and its member states. The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states, as well as certain islands and overseas territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands and the French overseas departments. European Union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar and the Åland islands. The TEU allows the European Council to make specific provisions for regions, as for example done for customs matters in Gibraltar and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands, from the jurisdiction of European Union law. Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period. The TEU provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply.vague All EU member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation, as stated in the TEU, whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the TEU objectives. The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity, which is subject to international law. Individuals may rely on primary law in the Court of Justice of the European Union if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional. |
In many countries, there is a [Gender pay gap] in favor of [males] in the [labor market]. Several [factors] other than [discrimination] may contribute to this gap. On average, [women] are more likely than [men] to consider [factors other than pay] when looking for [work], and may be less willing to [travel] or [relocate]. [Thomas Sowell], in his book [Knowledge and Decisions], claims that this [difference] is due to [women] not taking [jobs] due to [marriage] or [pregnancy], but [income studies] show that that does not explain the [entire difference]. A [U.S. Census]'s report stated that in [US] once other factors are accounted for there is still a [difference] in [earnings] between [women] and [men]. The [income gap] in [other countries] ranges from [53%] in [Botswana] to [-40%] in [Bahrain]. | In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate. Thomas Sowell, in his book Knowledge and Decisions, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy, but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men. The income gap in other countries ranges from 53% in Botswana to -40% in Bahrain. |
Clearly, [some tumors] evade the [immune system] and go on to become [cancers]. [Tumor cells] often have a [reduced number] of [MHC class I molecules] on their [surface], thus avoiding [detection] by [killer T cells]. [Some tumor cells] also release [products] that [inhibit] the [immune response]; for example by [secreting] the [cytokine TGF-β], which [suppresses] the [activity] of [macrophages] and [lymphocytes]. In addition, [immunological tolerance] may develop against [tumor antigens], so the [immune system] no longer [attacks] the [tumor cells]. | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition, immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens, so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells. |
To avoid interference with existing [VHF television stations] in the [San Francisco Bay Area] and those planned for [Chico], [Sacramento], [Salinas], and [Stockton], the [Federal Communications Commission] decided that [Fresno] would only have [UHF television stations]. The very first [Fresno television station] to begin broadcasting was [KMJ-TV], which debuted on [June 1, 1953]. KMJ is now known as [NBC affiliate KSEE]. Other [Fresno stations] include [ABC O&O KFSN], [CBS affiliate KGPE], [CW affiliate KFRE], [FOX affiliate KMPH], [MNTV affiliate KAIL], [PBS affiliate KVPT], [Telemundo O&O KNSO], [Univision O&O KFTV], and [MundoFox and Azteca affiliate KGMC-DT]. | To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and those planned for Chico, Sacramento, Salinas, and Stockton, the Federal Communications Commission decided that Fresno would only have UHF television stations. The very first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953. KMJ is now known as NBC affiliate KSEE. Other Fresno stations include ABC O&O KFSN, CBS affiliate KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE, FOX affiliate KMPH, MNTV affiliate KAIL, PBS affiliate KVPT, Telemundo O&O KNSO, Univision O&O KFTV, and MundoFox and Azteca affiliate KGMC-DT. |
Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. [Some remote sensing scientists] have proposed using [the measurement] of [the radiance] coming from [vegetation canopies] in [those bands] to [characterize plant health status] from [a satellite platform]. This approach exploits [the fact] that in [those bands] it is possible to [discriminate] [the vegetation's reflectance] from [its fluorescence], which is [much weaker]. [The measurement] is [technically difficult] owing to [the low signal-to-noise ratio] and [the physical structure] of [vegetation]; but it has been [proposed] as [a possible method] of [monitoring] [the carbon cycle] from [satellites] on [a global scale]. | Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale. |
A controversial aspect of [imperialism] is the [defense] and [justification] of [empire-building] based on seemingly [rational grounds]. J. A. Hobson identifies this [justification] on [general grounds] as: "It is [desirable] that the [earth] should be [peopled], [governed], and [developed], as far as [possible], by the [races] which can do this [work] [best], i.e. by the [races] of highest '[social efficiency]'". Many [others] argued that [imperialism] is [justified] for several different [reasons]. Friedrich Ratzel believed that in order for a [state] to [survive], [imperialism] was needed. Halford Mackinder felt that [Great Britain] needed to be one of the greatest [imperialists] and therefore [justified] [imperialism]. The purportedly [scientific nature] of "Social Darwinism" and a [theory] of [races] formed a supposedly [rational justification] for [imperialism]. The [rhetoric] of [colonizers] being [racially superior] appears to have achieved its [purpose], for [example] throughout [Latin America] "whiteness" is still [prized] [today] and various forms of [blanqueamiento] ([whitening]) are [common]. | A controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. J. A. Hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as: "It is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest 'social efficiency'". Many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons. Friedrich Ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive, imperialism was needed. Halford Mackinder felt that Great Britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific nature of "Social Darwinism" and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism. The rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose, for example throughout Latin America "whiteness" is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento (whitening) are common. |
In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked [Warsaw] as the [32nd most liveable city] in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in [Central Europe]. Today [Warsaw] is considered an "[Alpha–]" [global city], a [major international tourist destination] and a [significant cultural], [political] and [economic hub]. [Warsaw's economy], by a wide variety of industries, is characterised by [FMCG manufacturing], [metal processing], [steel] and [electronic manufacturing] and [food processing]. The city is a [significant centre of research and development], [BPO], [ITO], as well as of the [Polish media industry]. The [Warsaw Stock Exchange] is one of the [largest] and [most important] in [Central and Eastern Europe]. [Frontex], the [European Union agency for external border security], has its headquarters in [Warsaw]. It has been said that [Warsaw], together with [Frankfurt], [London], [Paris] and [Barcelona] is one of the cities with the [highest number of skyscrapers] in the [European Union]. [Warsaw] has also been called "[Eastern Europe’s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants]". | In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an "Alpha–" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Warsaw's economy, by a wide variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union. Warsaw has also been called "Eastern Europe’s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants". |
Versions of the "Doctor Who Theme" have also been released as pop music over the years. [In the early 1970s], [Jon Pertwee], who had played the [Third Doctor], recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with [spoken lyrics], titled, "Who Is the Doctor".note 6 [In 1978] a [disco version] of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia by the group [Mankind], which reached [number 24] in the UK charts. [In 1988] the band [The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu] (later known as [The KLF]) released the [single] "Doctorin' the Tardis" under the name The Timelords, which reached [No. 1] in the UK and [No. 2] in Australia; this version incorporated several other songs, including "Rock and Roll Part 2" by [Gary Glitter] (who recorded [vocals] for some of the CD-single remix versions of "Doctorin' the Tardis"). [Others] who have [covered or reinterpreted] the theme include [Orbital], [Pink Floyd], the Australian string ensemble [Fourplay], New Zealand punk band [Blam Blam Blam], [The Pogues], [Thin Lizzy], [Dub Syndicate], and the comedians [Bill Bailey] and [Mitch Benn]. Both the theme and [obsessive fans] were [satirised] on [The Chaser's War on Everything]. The theme tune has also appeared on many [compilation CDs], and has made its way into [mobile-phone ringtones]. Fans have also [produced and distributed] their own [remixes] of the theme. [In January 2011] the [Mankind version] was released as a [digital download] on the album [Gallifrey And Beyond]. | Versions of the "Doctor Who Theme" have also been released as pop music over the years. In the early 1970s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with spoken lyrics, titled, "Who Is the Doctor".note 6 In 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia by the group Mankind, which reached number 24 in the UK charts. In 1988 the band The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (later known as The KLF) released the single "Doctorin' the Tardis" under the name The Timelords, which reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in Australia; this version incorporated several other songs, including "Rock and Roll Part 2" by Gary Glitter (who recorded vocals for some of the CD-single remix versions of "Doctorin' the Tardis"). Others who have covered or reinterpreted the theme include Orbital, Pink Floyd, the Australian string ensemble Fourplay, New Zealand punk band Blam Blam Blam, The Pogues, Thin Lizzy, Dub Syndicate, and the comedians Bill Bailey and Mitch Benn. Both the theme and obsessive fans were satirised on The Chaser's War on Everything. The theme tune has also appeared on many compilation CDs, and has made its way into mobile-phone ringtones. Fans have also produced and distributed their own remixes of the theme. In January 2011 the Mankind version was released as a digital download on the album Gallifrey And Beyond. |
In [modern particle physics], [forces] and the [acceleration] of particles are explained as a [mathematical by-product] of [exchange] of [momentum-carrying gauge bosons]. With the [development] of [quantum field theory] and [general relativity], it was [realized] that [force] is a [redundant concept] arising from [conservation] of [momentum] ([4-momentum] in [relativity] and [momentum] of [virtual particles] in [quantum electrodynamics]). The [conservation] of [momentum] can be [directly derived] from the [homogeneity] or [symmetry] of [space] and so is usually considered more [fundamental] than the concept of a [force]. Thus the currently known [fundamental forces] are considered more accurately to be "[fundamental interactions]".:199–128 When [particle A] [emits] ([creates]) or [absorbs] ([annihilates]) [virtual particle B], a [momentum conservation] results in [recoil] of [particle A] making [impression] of [repulsion] or [attraction] between [particles A A'] [exchanging] by [B]. This [description] applies to all [forces] arising from [fundamental interactions]. While [sophisticated mathematical descriptions] are needed to [predict], in [full detail], the [accurate result] of such interactions, there is a [conceptually simple way] to describe such interactions through the use of [Feynman diagrams]. In a [Feynman diagram], each [matter particle] is [represented] as a [straight line] (see [world line]) [traveling] through [time], which normally [increases] up or to the right in the [diagram]. [Matter] and [anti-matter particles] are [identical] except for their [direction] of [propagation] through the [Feynman diagram]. [World lines] of [particles] [intersect] at [interaction vertices], and the [Feynman diagram] represents any [force] arising from an [interaction] as [occurring] at the [vertex] with an [associated instantaneous change] in the [direction] of the [particle world lines]. [Gauge bosons] are [emitted] away from the [vertex] as [wavy lines] and, in the case of [virtual particle exchange], are [absorbed] at an [adjacent vertex]. | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex. |
[Lobates] have [eight comb-rows], originating at the [aboral pole] and usually not extending beyond the body to the [lobes]; in species with [(four) auricles], the [cilia] edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in [four of the comb rows]. Most lobates are [quite passive] when moving through the water, using the [cilia] on their comb rows for [propulsion], although [Leucothea] has [long and active auricles] whose movements also contribute to propulsion. Members of the lobate genera [Bathocyroe] and [Ocyropsis] can [escape from danger] by [clapping their lobes], so that the [jet of expelled water] drives them [backwards] very quickly. Unlike [cydippids], the movements of lobates' [combs] are coordinated by [nerves] rather than by [water disturbances] created by the cilia, yet combs on the same row beat in the same [Mexican wave style] as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are [less egg-like]. | Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with (four) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water, using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion, although Leucothea has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion. Members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly. Unlike cydippids, the movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia, yet combs on the same row beat in the same Mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like. |
[Apollo] set several [major] [human spaceflight] [milestones]. It stands alone in sending [manned missions] beyond [low Earth orbit]. [Apollo 8] was the [first] [manned spacecraft] to [orbit] [another celestial body], while the [final] [Apollo 17 mission] marked the [sixth Moon landing] and the [ninth manned mission] beyond [low Earth orbit]. The [program] returned [842 pounds] (382 kg) of [lunar rocks] and [soil] to [Earth], greatly contributing to the [understanding] of the [Moon's composition] and [geological history]. The [program] laid the [foundation] for [NASA's current human spaceflight capability], and [funded] [construction] of its [Johnson Space Center] and [Kennedy Space Center]. [Apollo] also [spurred advances] in many areas of [technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight], including [avionics], [telecommunications], and [computers]. | Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers. |
Both [before] and [after] the [1708 passage] of the [Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act], an estimated [50,000 Protestant Walloons] and [Huguenots] fled to [England], with many moving [on to Ireland] and [elsewhere]. In [relative terms], this was [one of the largest waves] of [immigration] [ever] of a [single ethnic community] to [Britain]. [Andrew Lortie] (born [André Lortie]), a leading [Huguenot theologian] and [writer] who led the [exiled community] in [London], became known for articulating their [criticism] of the [Pope] and the [doctrine of transubstantiation] during [Mass]. | Both before and after the 1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act, an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere. In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain. Andrew Lortie (born André Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, became known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during Mass. |
Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of [foreign-born] inhabitants. In addition to the [Polish majority], there was a significant [Jewish minority] in Warsaw. According to [Russian census] of 1897, out of the total population of [638,000], Jews constituted [219,000] (around [34% percent]). Warsaw's [prewar Jewish population] of more than [350,000] constituted about [30 percent] of the city's [total population]. In [1933], out of [1,178,914] inhabitants [833,500] were of [Polish mother tongue]. [World War II] changed the [demographics] of the city, and to this day there is much less [ethnic diversity] than in the previous [300 years] of Warsaw's [history]. Most of the modern day [population growth] is based on [internal migration] and [urbanisation]. | Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent). Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city's total population. In 1933, out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of Polish mother tongue. World War II changed the demographics of the city, and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of Warsaw's history. Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. |
The [Master] is the Doctor's [archenemy], a [renegade Time Lord] who desires to [rule] the [universe]. Conceived as "Professor [Moriarty] to the Doctor's [Sherlock Holmes]", the character first appeared in [1971]. As with the Doctor, the [role] has been [portrayed] by several [actors], since the Master is a [Time Lord] as well and able to [regenerate]; the first of these actors was [Roger Delgado], who continued in the role until his death in [1973]. The Master was briefly played by [Peter Pratt] and [Geoffrey Beevers] until [Anthony Ainley] took over and continued to play the character until [Doctor Who's hiatus] in [1989]. The Master returned in the [1996 television movie] of Doctor Who, and was played by [American actor] [Eric Roberts]. | The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as "Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes", the character first appeared in 1971. As with the Doctor, the role has been portrayed by several actors, since the Master is a Time Lord as well and able to regenerate; the first of these actors was Roger Delgado, who continued in the role until his death in 1973. The Master was briefly played by Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley took over and continued to play the character until Doctor Who's hiatus in 1989. The Master returned in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who, and was played by American actor Eric Roberts. |
In [Ireland], [private schools] (Irish: [scoil phríobháideach]) are [unusual] because a [certain number] of [teacher's salaries] are [paid] by the [State]. If the [school] [wishes] to [employ] [extra teachers] they are [paid for] with [school fees], which tend to be [relatively low] in [Ireland] compared to the [rest of the world]. There is, however, a [limited element] of [state assessment] of [private schools], because of the [requirement] that the [state ensure] that [children] receive a [certain minimum education]; [Irish private schools] must still [work towards] the [Junior Certificate] and the [Leaving Certificate], for example. [Many private schools] in [Ireland] also [double] as [boarding schools]. The [average fee] is around €5,000 [annually] for [most schools], but some of these schools also provide [boarding] and the [fees] may then [rise] up to €25,000 [per year]. The [fee-paying schools] are usually [run] by a [religious order], i.e., the [Society of Jesus] or [Congregation of Christian Brothers], etc. | In Ireland, private schools (Irish: scoil phríobháideach) are unusual because a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State. If the school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland compared to the rest of the world. There is, however, a limited element of state assessment of private schools, because of the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education; Irish private schools must still work towards the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate, for example. Many private schools in Ireland also double as boarding schools. The average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools, but some of these schools also provide boarding and the fees may then rise up to €25,000 per year. The fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order, i.e., the Society of Jesus or Congregation of Christian Brothers, etc. |
In [the early years] the College trained many [Puritan ministers].[citation needed] (A [1643 publication] said the school's purpose was "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an [illiterate ministry] to the [churches] when our present ministers shall lie in the dust".) It offered a [classic curriculum] on the [English university model]—many leaders in the [colony] had attended the [University of Cambridge]—but conformed [Puritanism]. It was never affiliated with any particular [denomination], but many of its earliest graduates went on to become [clergymen] in [Congregational] and [Unitarian churches]. | In the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.citation needed (A 1643 publication said the school's purpose was "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust".) It offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches. |
As far as [programming] is concerned, four of [ABC]'s [marquee shows] of the [1970s] ended their runs during the [mid-1980s]: [Laverne & Shirley] ended its run in [1983], [Happy Days] and [Three's Company] ended in [1984] (with the latter producing a [short-lived spinoff] that year), while [The Love Boat] ended its run in [1986]. After nearly a decade of [ratings trouble], [NBC] had regained the [ratings lead] among the [Big Three networks] in [1984] on the success of series such as [The Cosby Show], [Cheers] and [Miami Vice]. To counteract [NBC], [ABC] decided to [refocus itself] on [comedies] and [family-oriented series] beginning in the [mid-1980s] including [Mr. Belvedere], [Roseanne], [Who's the Boss?], [Just the Ten of Us], [The Wonder Years], [Full House] and [Perfect Strangers]. | As far as programming is concerned, four of ABC's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s: Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983, Happy Days and Three's Company ended in 1984 (with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year), while The Love Boat ended its run in 1986. After nearly a decade of ratings trouble, NBC had regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus itself on comedies and family-oriented series beginning in the mid-1980s including Mr. Belvedere, Roseanne, Who's the Boss?, Just the Ten of Us, The Wonder Years, Full House and Perfect Strangers. |
These [studies] were widely presented as demonstrating that the [current warming period] is exceptional in comparison to [temperatures] between [1000 and 1900], and the [MBH99 based graph] featured in [publicity]. Even at the [draft stage], this [finding] was [disputed] by [contrarians]: in [May 2000] [Fred Singer]'s [Science and Environmental Policy Project] held a [press event] on [Capitol Hill], [Washington, D.C.], featuring [comments] on the [graph] [Wibjörn Karlén] and [Singer] argued against the [graph] at a [United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing] on [18 July 2000]. [Contrarian] [John Lawrence Daly] featured a [modified version] of the [IPCC 1990 schematic], which he [mis-identified] as appearing in the [IPCC 1995 report], and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report". [Criticism] of the [MBH99 reconstruction] in a [review paper], which was quickly [discredited] in the [Soon and Baliunas controversy], was picked up by the [Bush administration], and a [Senate speech] by US [Republican senator James Inhofe] alleged that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people". The [data] and [methodology] used to produce the "hockey stick graph" was criticized in [papers] by [Stephen McIntyre] and [Ross McKitrick], and in turn the [criticisms] in these [papers] were examined by [other studies] and comprehensively [refuted] by [Wahl & Ammann 2007], which showed [errors] in the [methods] used by [McIntyre] and [McKitrick]. | These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project held a press event on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C., featuring comments on the graph Wibjörn Karlén and Singer argued against the graph at a United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing on 18 July 2000. Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report". Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people". The data and methodology used to produce the "hockey stick graph" was criticized in papers by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by Wahl & Ammann 2007, which showed errors in the methods used by McIntyre and McKitrick. |
Firstly, [certain costs] are [difficult to avoid] and are [shared by everyone], such as the [costs of housing], [pensions], [education] and [health care]. If the [state] does not provide these [services], then for those on [lower incomes], the [costs] must be [borrowed] and often those on [lower incomes] are those who are [worse equipped] to [manage their finances]. Secondly, [aspirational consumption] describes the [process] of [middle income earners] [aspiring] to achieve the [standards of living] enjoyed by their [wealthier counterparts] and one [method] of achieving this [aspiration] is by [taking on debt]. The [result] leads to even [greater inequality] and [potential economic instability]. | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances. Secondly, aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt. The result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability. |
Many faults are able to produce a [magnitude 6.7+] earthquake, such as the [San Andreas Fault], which can produce a [magnitude 8.0] event. Other faults include the [San Jacinto Fault], the [Puente Hills Fault], and the [Elsinore Fault Zone]. The [USGS] has released a [California Earthquake forecast] which models [Earthquake occurrence] in [California]. | Many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake, such as the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event. Other faults include the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone. The USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California. |
Maududi also believed that [Muslim society] could not be [Islamic] without [Sharia], and [Islam] required the establishment of an [Islamic state]. This state should be a "theo-democracy," based on the principles of: [tawhid] (unity of God), [risala] (prophethood) and [khilafa] (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about [Islamic revolution], by "revolution" he meant not the [violence] or [populist policies] of the [Iranian Revolution], but the gradual changing the [hearts and minds] of [individuals] from the [top of society downward] through an [educational process] or [da'wah]. | Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a "theo-democracy," based on the principles of: tawhid (unity of God), risala (prophethood) and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution, by "revolution" he meant not the violence or populist policies of the Iranian Revolution, but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah. |
[Subordinate] to the [General Conference] are the [jurisdictional] and [central conferences] which also meet every [four years]. The [United States] is divided into [five jurisdictions]: [Northeastern], [Southeastern], [North Central], [South Central] and [Western]. Outside the United States the church is divided into [seven central conferences]: [Africa], [Congo], [West Africa], [Central & Southern Europe], [Germany], [Northern Europe] and the [Philippines]. The main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to [elect] and [appoint bishops], the [chief administrators] of the church. Bishops thus elected serve [Episcopal Areas], which consist of [one or more Annual Conferences]. | Subordinate to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences: Africa, Congo, West Africa, Central & Southern Europe, Germany, Northern Europe and the Philippines. The main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators of the church. Bishops thus elected serve Episcopal Areas, which consist of one or more Annual Conferences. |
[A further type] of [committee] is normally set up to [scrutinise] [private bills] submitted to the [Scottish Parliament] by an [outside party] or [promoter] who is not a [member] of the [Scottish Parliament] or [Scottish Government]. [Private bills] normally relate to [large-scale development projects] such as [infrastructure projects] that require the use of [land] or [property]. [Private Bill Committees] have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the [Edinburgh Tram Network], the [Glasgow Airport Rail Link], the [Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link] and [extensions] to the [National Gallery of Scotland]. | A further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property. Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland. |
About [61.1%] of [Victorians] describe themselves as [Christian]. [Roman Catholics] form the single largest religious group in the state with [26.7%] of the Victorian population, followed by [Anglicans] and members of the [Uniting Church]. [Buddhism] is the state's largest [non-Christian religion], with [168,637] members as of the most recent [census]. Victoria is also home of [152,775 Muslims] and [45,150 Jews]. [Hinduism] is the [fastest growing religion]. Around [20%] of Victorians claim [no religion]. Amongst those who declare a [religious affiliation], [church attendance] is low. | About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church. Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion, with 168,637 members as of the most recent census. Victoria is also home of 152,775 Muslims and 45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20% of Victorians claim no religion. Amongst those who declare a religious affiliation, church attendance is low. |
One of the more notable applications of [printing technology] was the [chao], the [paper money] of the [Yuan]. [Chao] were made from the [bark] of [mulberry trees]. The [Yuan government] used [woodblocks] to print [paper money], but switched to [bronze plates] in [1275]. The [Mongols] experimented with establishing the [Chinese-style paper monetary system] in [Mongol-controlled territories] outside of [China]. The [Yuan minister Bolad] was sent to [Iran], where he explained [Yuan paper money] to the [Il-khanate court] of [Gaykhatu]. The [Il-khanate government] issued [paper money] in [1294], but [public distrust] of the [exotic new currency] doomed the experiment. | One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment. |
A computational problem can be viewed as an [infinite collection] of [instances] together with a [solution] for every [instance]. The [input string] for a [computational problem] is referred to as a [problem instance], and should not be confused with the [problem] itself. In [computational complexity theory], a [problem] refers to the [abstract question] to be solved. In [contrast], an [instance] of this [problem] is a rather [concrete utterance], which can serve as the [input] for a [decision problem]. For example, consider the [problem] of [primality testing]. The [instance] is a [number] (e.g. 15) and the [solution] is "yes" if the [number] is [prime] and "no" otherwise (in this case "no"). Stated another way, the [instance] is a [particular input] to the [problem], and the [solution] is the [output] corresponding to the [given input]. | A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance. The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance, and should not be confused with the problem itself. In computational complexity theory, a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved. In contrast, an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem. For example, consider the problem of primality testing. The instance is a number (e.g. 15) and the solution is "yes" if the number is prime and "no" otherwise (in this case "no"). Stated another way, the instance is a particular input to the problem, and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input. |
Luther [prolific] [hymn-writer], authoring hymns such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), based on Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come"), based on Luke 2:11–12. Luther connected [high art] and [folk music], also [all classes], [clergy] and [laity], [men], [women] and [children]. His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of [German hymns] in connection with [worship], [school], [home], and the [public arena]. He often accompanied the sung hymns with a [lute], later recreated as the [waldzither] that became a [national instrument] of [Germany] in the [20th century]. | Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), based on Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come"), based on Luke 2:11–12. Luther connected high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children. His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute, later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century. |
In terms of [housing stock], the [authority] is one of [few authorities] to see the proportion of [detached homes] rise in the [2010 Census] (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in [flats] and [waterside apartments] to 25.6%, and the proportion of [converted] or [shared houses] in [2011] renders this [dwelling type] within the highest of the [five colour-coded brackets] at 5.9%, and on a par with [Oxford] and [Reading], greater than [Manchester] and [Liverpool] and below a handful of [historic] [densely occupied], [arguably overinflated markets] in the local authorities: [Harrogate], [Cheltenham], [Bath], [inner London], [Hastings], [Brighton] and [Tunbridge Wells]. | In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Tunbridge Wells. |
If a problem [X] is in [C] and hard for [C], then [X] is said to be [complete] for [C]. This means that [X] is the [hardest] problem in [C]. (Since many problems could be [equally hard], one might say that [X] is one of the [hardest problems] in [C].) Thus the class of [NP-complete problems] contains the [most difficult problems] in [NP], in the sense that they are the ones most likely not to be in [P]. Because the problem [P = NP] is not solved, being able to [reduce] a known [NP-complete problem], [Π2], to another problem, [Π1], would indicate that there is no known [polynomial-time solution] for [Π1]. This is because a [polynomial-time solution] to [Π1] would yield a [polynomial-time solution] to [Π2]. Similarly, because all [NP problems] can be reduced to the set, finding an [NP-complete problem] that can be [solved] in [polynomial time] would mean that [P = NP]. | If a problem X is in C and hard for C, then X is said to be complete for C. This means that X is the hardest problem in C. (Since many problems could be equally hard, one might say that X is one of the hardest problems in C.) Thus the class of NP-complete problems contains the most difficult problems in NP, in the sense that they are the ones most likely not to be in P. Because the problem P = NP is not solved, being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, Π2, to another problem, Π1, would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for Π1. This is because a polynomial-time solution to Π1 would yield a polynomial-time solution to Π2. Similarly, because all NP problems can be reduced to the set, finding an NP-complete problem that can be solved in polynomial time would mean that P = NP. |
A wide selection of [serials] are available from [BBC Video] on [DVD], on sale in the [United Kingdom], [Australia], [Canada] and the [United States]. Every fully extant serial has been released on [VHS], and [BBC Worldwide] continues to regularly release serials on [DVD]. The [2005 series] is also available in its entirety on [UMD] for the [PlayStation Portable]. Eight original series serials have been released on [Laserdisc] and many have also been released on [Betamax tape] and [Video 2000]. One episode of [Doctor Who] ([The Infinite Quest]) was released on [VCD]. Only the series from [2009 onwards] are available on [Blu-ray], except for the [1970 story Spearhead from Space], released in [July 2013]. Many early releases have been re-released as [special editions], with more [bonus features]. | A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS, and BBC Worldwide continues to regularly release serials on DVD. The 2005 series is also available in its entirety on UMD for the PlayStation Portable. Eight original series serials have been released on Laserdisc and many have also been released on Betamax tape and Video 2000. One episode of Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest) was released on VCD. Only the series from 2009 onwards are available on Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013. Many early releases have been re-released as special editions, with more bonus features. |
[At the beginning] of the [20th century], [important advancement] in [geological science] was facilitated by the ability to obtain [accurate absolute dates] to [geologic events] using [radioactive isotopes] and [other methods]. This changed the [understanding] of [geologic time]. [Previously], [geologists] could only use [fossils] and [stratigraphic correlation] to date [sections of rock] relative to one another. With [isotopic dates] it became possible to assign [absolute ages] to [rock units], and these [absolute dates] could be applied to [fossil sequences] in which there was [datable material], converting the [old relative ages] into [new absolute ages]. | At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages. |
[Luther] objected to a saying attributed to [Johann Tetzel] that "As soon as the [coin] in the [coffer] rings, the [soul] from [purgatory] (also attested as 'into [heaven]') springs." | Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs." |
In [1900], the [Los Angeles Times] defined [southern California] as including "the seven counties of [Los Angeles], [San Bernardino], [Orange], [Riverside], [San Diego], [Ventura] and [Santa Barbara]." In [1999], the Times added a newer county—[Imperial]—to that list. | In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including "the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara." In 1999, the Times added a newer county—Imperial—to that list. |
Aristotle provided a [philosophical discussion] of the concept of a [force] as an integral part of [Aristotelian cosmology]. In Aristotle's view, the [terrestrial sphere] contained [four elements] that come to rest at different "natural places" therein. Aristotle believed that [motionless objects] on [Earth], those composed mostly of the [elements earth and water], to be in their [natural place] on the ground and that they will stay that way if [left alone]. He distinguished between the [innate tendency] of objects to find their "natural place" (e.g., for [heavy bodies] to fall), which led to "natural motion", and [unnatural or forced motion], which required continued [application] of a force. This theory, based on the [everyday experience] of how objects move, such as the [constant application] of a force needed to keep a [cart moving], had [conceptual trouble] accounting for the behavior of [projectiles], such as the [flight] of [arrows]. The [place] where the [archer] moves the projectile was at the [start] of the flight, and while the projectile sailed through the air, no [discernible efficient cause] acts on it. Aristotle was aware of this [problem] and proposed that the [air displaced] through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target. This explanation demands a [continuum] like air for [change of place] in general. | Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology. In Aristotle's view, the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different "natural places" therein. Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone. He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to "natural motion", and unnatural or forced motion, which required continued application of a force. This theory, based on the everyday experience of how objects move, such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving, had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles, such as the flight of arrows. The place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight, and while the projectile sailed through the air, no discernible efficient cause acts on it. Aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target. This explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general. |
[Huguenot] numbers [peaked] [near] an [estimated] [two million] [by] [1562], [concentrated] [mainly] [in] [the southern] [and] [central parts] [of] [France], [about] [one-eighth] [the number] [of] [French Catholics]. [As] [Huguenots] [gained] [influence] [and] [more openly displayed] [their faith], [Catholic hostility] [grew], [in spite of] [increasingly] [liberal political concessions] [and] [edicts of toleration] [from] [the French crown]. [A series] [of] [religious conflicts] [followed], [known as] [the Wars of Religion], [fought] [intermittently] [from] [1562] [to] [1598]. [The wars] [finally ended] [with] [the granting] [of] [the Edict of Nantes], [which granted] [the Huguenots] [substantial religious, political] [and] [military autonomy]. | Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy. |
On [June 4], [2014], the [NFL] announced that the practice of branding [Super Bowl] games with [Roman numerals], a practice established at [Super Bowl V], would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using [Arabic numerals] as [Super Bowl 50] as opposed to [Super Bowl L]. The use of [Roman numerals] will be reinstated for [Super Bowl LI]. [Jaime Weston], the [league]'s [vice president] of [brand] and [creative], explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at [Super Bowl XLV]. The logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals, colored in gold, behind the [Vince Lombardi Trophy], instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo. | On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI. Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV. The logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo. |
On [July 31, 1995], The Walt Disney Company announced an [agreement] to [merge] with [Capital Cities/ABC] for $19 billion. Disney [shareholders] approved the merger at a [special conference] in [New York City] on [January 4, 1996], with the [acquisition] of Capital Cities/ABC being completed on [February 9]; following the [sale], Disney [renamed] its new [subsidiary] ABC Inc. In addition to the ABC [network], the Disney acquisition integrated ABC's [ten owned-and-operated television] and [21 radio stations]; its [80% interest] in ESPN, [ownership interests] in The History Channel, A&E Television Networks, and Lifetime Entertainment; and Capital Cities/ABC's [magazine] and [newspaper properties] into the [company]. As [FCC ownership rules] forbade the company from keeping both it and [KABC-TV], Disney sold [Los Angeles] independent station [KCAL-TV] to [Young Broadcasting] for $387 million. On [April 4], Disney sold the [four newspapers] that ABC had controlled under Capital Cities to [Knight Ridder] for $1.65 billion. Following the merger, [Thomas S. Murphy] left ABC with [Robert Iger] taking his place as [president] and [CEO]. Around the time of the merger, Disney's television production units had already produced series for the network such as [Home Improvement] and [Boy Meets World], while the deal also allowed ABC access to Disney's children's programming library for its [Saturday morning block]. In [1998], ABC premiered the [Aaron Sorkin]-created sitcom [Sports Night], centering on the [travails] of the [staff] of a [SportsCenter]-style sports news program; despite earning [critical praise] and multiple [Emmy Awards], the series was [cancelled] in [2000] after [two seasons]. | On July 31, 1995, The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion. Disney shareholders approved the merger at a special conference in New York City on January 4, 1996, with the acquisition of Capital Cities/ABC being completed on February 9; following the sale, Disney renamed its new subsidiary ABC Inc. In addition to the ABC network, the Disney acquisition integrated ABC's ten owned-and-operated television and 21 radio stations; its 80% interest in ESPN, ownership interests in The History Channel, A&E Television Networks, and Lifetime Entertainment; and Capital Cities/ABC's magazine and newspaper properties into the company. As FCC ownership rules forbade the company from keeping both it and KABC-TV, Disney sold Los Angeles independent station KCAL-TV to Young Broadcasting for $387 million. On April 4, Disney sold the four newspapers that ABC had controlled under Capital Cities to Knight Ridder for $1.65 billion. Following the merger, Thomas S. Murphy left ABC with Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO. Around the time of the merger, Disney's television production units had already produced series for the network such as Home Improvement and Boy Meets World, while the deal also allowed ABC access to Disney's children's programming library for its Saturday morning block. In 1998, ABC premiered the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom Sports Night, centering on the travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style sports news program; despite earning critical praise and multiple Emmy Awards, the series was cancelled in 2000 after two seasons. |
[Newcastle Mela], held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an [annual] [two-day] [multicultural event], blending [drama], [music] and [food] from [Punjabi], [Pakistani], [Bengali] and [Hindu] [cultures]. [NewcastleGateshead] also holds an [annual] [International Arts Fair]. The [2009] event will be in the [Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre] in September. In October, there is the [Design Event festival]—an [annual festival] providing the [public] with an [opportunity] to see work by [regional], [national] and [international] [designers]. The [SAMA Festival], an [East Asian cultural festival] is also held in early October. | Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October. |
[Tesla] later approached [Morgan] to ask for more [funds] to build a more [powerful] [transmitter]. When asked where all the [money] had gone, Tesla responded by saying that he was affected by the [Panic of 1901], which he (Morgan) had caused. Morgan was shocked by the reminder of his [part] in the [stock market crash] and by Tesla's [breach of contract] by asking for more [funds]. Tesla wrote another [plea] to Morgan, but it was also [fruitless]. Morgan still owed Tesla [money] on the [original agreement], and Tesla had been facing [foreclosure] even before [construction] of the [tower] began. | Tesla later approached Morgan to ask for more funds to build a more powerful transmitter. When asked where all the money had gone, Tesla responded by saying that he was affected by the Panic of 1901, which he (Morgan) had caused. Morgan was shocked by the reminder of his part in the stock market crash and by Tesla's breach of contract by asking for more funds. Tesla wrote another plea to Morgan, but it was also fruitless. Morgan still owed Tesla money on the original agreement, and Tesla had been facing foreclosure even before construction of the tower began. |
Following the [Peterloo massacre] of [1819], poet [Percy Shelley] wrote the political poem [The Mask of Anarchy] later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the [unjust forms of authority] of his time—and then imagines the [stirrings of a new form of social action]. It is perhaps the [first modern]vague statement of the principle of [nonviolent protest]. A version was taken up by the author [Henry David Thoreau] in his essay [Civil Disobedience], and later by [Gandhi] in his doctrine of [Satyagraha]. Gandhi's Satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by Shelley's [nonviolence in protest] and [political action]. In particular, it is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley's [Masque of Anarchy] to [vast audiences] during the [campaign for a free India]. | Following the Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action. It is perhaps the first modernvague statement of the principle of nonviolent protest. A version was taken up by the author Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience, and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by Shelley's nonviolence in protest and political action. In particular, it is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India. |
[Neoclassical economics] views [inequalities] in the [distribution] of [income] as arising from [differences] in [value added] by [labor], [capital] and [land]. Within [labor income distribution] is due to differences in [value added] by different [classifications] of [workers]. In this [perspective], [wages] and [profits] are determined by the [marginal value added] of each [economic actor] (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a [market economy], [inequality] is a reflection of the [productivity gap] between [highly-paid professions] and [lower-paid professions]. | Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions. |
[Fossils] found in [Kenya] suggest that [primates] roamed the area [more than 20 million years ago]. [Recent findings] near [Lake Turkana] indicate that [hominids] such as [Homo habilis] (1.8 and 2.5 million years ago) and [Homo erectus] (1.8 million to 350,000 years ago) are possible [direct ancestors] of [modern Homo sapiens], and lived in Kenya in the [Pleistocene epoch]. During [excavations] at [Lake Turkana] in 1984, [paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey] assisted by [Kamoya Kimeu] discovered the [Turkana Boy], a 1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to [Homo erectus]. [Previous research] on [early hominids] is particularly identified with [Mary Leakey] and [Louis Leakey], who were responsible for the [preliminary archaeological research] at [Olorgesailie] and [Hyrax Hill]. [Later work] at the [former site] was undertaken by [Glynn Isaac]. | Fossils found in Kenya suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis (1.8 and 2.5 million years ago) and Homo erectus (1.8 million to 350,000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens, and lived in Kenya in the Pleistocene epoch. During excavations at Lake Turkana in 1984, paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey assisted by Kamoya Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy, a 1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to Homo erectus. Previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey, who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Olorgesailie and Hyrax Hill. Later work at the former site was undertaken by Glynn Isaac. |
The following four [timelines] show the [geologic time scale]. The [first] shows the entire time from the [formation] of the [Earth] to the [present], but this [compresses] the most recent [eon]. Therefore, the [second scale] shows the most recent eon with an [expanded scale]. The second scale [compresses] the most recent [era], so the most recent era is [expanded] in the [third scale]. Since the [Quaternary] is a [very short period] with [short epochs], it is [further expanded] in the [fourth scale]. The [second], [third], and [fourth timelines] are therefore each [subsections] of their [preceding timeline] as indicated by [asterisks]. The [Holocene] (the [latest epoch]) is too [small] to be [shown] [clearly] on the [third timeline] on the [right], another [reason] for expanding the [fourth scale]. The [Pleistocene] (P) [epoch]. Q stands for the [Quaternary] [period]. | The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale. Since the Quaternary is a very short period with short epochs, it is further expanded in the fourth scale. The second, third, and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks. The Holocene (the latest epoch) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right, another reason for expanding the fourth scale. The Pleistocene (P) epoch. Q stands for the Quaternary period. |
Egyptian President [Anwar Sadat] – whose policies included [opening Egypt to Western investment] ([infitah]); [transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States]; and [making peace with Israel] – [released Islamists from prison] and [welcomed home exiles] in [tacit exchange] for [political support] in his [struggle against leftists]. His [encouraging] of the [emergence of the Islamist movement] was said to have been [imitated] by [many other Muslim leaders] in the [years] that followed. This ["gentlemen's agreement"] between Sadat and Islamists [broke down] in [1975] but not before Islamists came to [completely dominate] [university student unions]. Sadat was later [assassinated] and a [formidable insurgency] was formed in Egypt in the [1990s]. The [French government] has also been [reported] to have [promoted Islamist preachers] "in the [hope] of [channeling] [Muslim energies] into [zones of piety and charity]." | Egyptian President Anwar Sadat – whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and making peace with Israel – released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed." This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity." |
For exercise, [Tesla] walked between [8] to [10] [miles] per [day]. He squished his [toes] [one hundred times] for [each foot] [every night], saying that it stimulated his [brain cells]. | For exercise, Tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day. He squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells. |
Around [1800] [Richard Trevithick] and, separately, [Oliver Evans] in [1801] introduced [engines] using [high-pressure steam]; [Trevithick] obtained his [high-pressure engine] [patent] in [1802]. These were much [more powerful] for a given [cylinder size] than previous engines and could be made [small enough] for [transport applications]. Thereafter, [technological developments] and [improvements] in [manufacturing techniques] (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a [power source]) resulted in the design of [more efficient engines] that could be [smaller], [faster], or [more powerful], depending on the [intended application]. | Around 1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application. |
In 2006, a [toxic waste spill] off the coast of [Côte d'Ivoire], from a [European ship], prompted the [Commission] to look into [legislation] against [toxic waste]. [Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas] stated that "Such [highly toxic waste] should never have left the [European Union]". With countries such as [Spain] not even having a [crime against shipping toxic waste], [Franco Frattini], the [Justice, Freedom and Security Commissioner], proposed with [Dimas] to create [criminal sentences] for "ecological crimes". The [competence] for the [Union] to do this was contested in 2005 at the [Court of Justice] resulting in a victory for the [Commission]. That ruling set a [precedent] that the [Commission], on a [supranational basis], may legislate in [criminal law] – something never done before. So far, the only other proposal has been the [draft intellectual property rights directive]. [Motions] were tabled in the [European Parliament] against that legislation on the basis that [criminal law] should not be an [EU competence], but was rejected at vote. However, in October 2007, the [Court of Justice] ruled that the [Commission] could not propose what the [criminal sanctions] could be, only that there must be some. | In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste, Franco Frattini, the Justice, Freedom and Security Commissioner, proposed with Dimas to create criminal sentences for "ecological crimes". The competence for the Union to do this was contested in 2005 at the Court of Justice resulting in a victory for the Commission. That ruling set a precedent that the Commission, on a supranational basis, may legislate in criminal law – something never done before. So far, the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive. Motions were tabled in the European Parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an EU competence, but was rejected at vote. However, in October 2007, the Court of Justice ruled that the Commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be, only that there must be some. |
[IPCC] author [Richard Lindzen] has made a number of criticisms of the [TAR]. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the [WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM)] does not faithfully summarize the full [WGI report]. For example, Lindzen states that the [SPM] understates the uncertainty associated with [climate models]. [John Houghton], who was a co-chair of [TAR WGI], has responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the [SPM]. Houghton has stressed that the [SPM] is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world's governments, and that any changes to the [SPM] must be supported by [scientific evidence]. | IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Houghton, who was a co-chair of TAR WGI, has responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM. Houghton has stressed that the SPM is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world's governments, and that any changes to the SPM must be supported by scientific evidence. |
[ARPANET] and [SITA HLN] became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of [X.25] in 1973, about [twenty different network technologies] had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the [division of functions] and [tasks] between the [hosts] at the [edge of the network] and the [network core]. In the [datagram system], the hosts have the [responsibility] to ensure [orderly delivery] of [packets]. The [User Datagram Protocol (UDP)] is an example of a [datagram protocol]. In the [virtual call system], the network guarantees [sequenced delivery] of [data] to the [host]. This results in a [simpler host interface] with [less functionality] than in the [datagram model]. The [X.25 protocol suite] uses this [network type]. | ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type. |
Under the terms of the [Scotland Act 1978], an [elected assembly] would be set up in [Edinburgh] provided that the majority of the [Scottish electorate] voted for it in a [referendum] to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least [40%] of the [total electorate]. The [1979 Scottish devolution referendum] to establish a [devolved Scottish Assembly] failed. Although the [vote] was [51.6%] in [favour] of a [Scottish Assembly], this figure did not equal the [40%] of the [total electorate] threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure, as [32.9%] of the [eligible voting population] did not, or had been unable to, vote. | Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate. The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed. Although the vote was 51.6% in favour of a Scottish Assembly, this figure did not equal the 40% of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure, as 32.9% of the eligible voting population did not, or had been unable to, vote. |
Doctor Who [first appeared] on [BBC TV] at [17:16:20 GMT], [eighty seconds] after the [scheduled programme time], [5:15 pm], on [Saturday], [23 November 1963]. It was to be a [regular weekly programme], each episode [25 minutes] of [transmission length]. [Discussions] and [plans] for the programme had been [in progress] for [a year]. The [head of drama], [Canadian Sydney Newman], was [mainly responsible] for [developing] the programme, with the [first format document] for the series being written by [Newman] along with the [head of the script department] (later [head of serials]) [Donald Wilson] and [staff writer] [C. E. Webber]. Writer [Anthony Coburn], [story editor] [David Whitaker] and [initial producer] [Verity Lambert] also [heavily contributed] to the development of the series.[note 1] The programme was originally intended to [appeal] to a [family audience], as an [educational programme] using [time travel] as a [means] to [explore scientific ideas] and [famous moments] in history. On [31 July 1963] [Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation] to write a [story] under the [title] [The Mutants]. As [originally written], the [Daleks] and [Thals] were the [victims] of an [alien neutron bomb attack] but [Nation] later dropped the aliens and made the [Daleks] the [aggressors]. When the [script] was presented to [Newman] and [Wilson] it was [immediately rejected] as the programme was not permitted to contain any ["bug-eyed monsters"]. The [first serial] had been [completed] and the [BBC] believed it was [crucial] that the [next one] be a [success], but [The Mutants] was the only script ready to go, so the show had [little choice] but to use it. According to producer [Verity Lambert]; "We didn't have a [lot] of [choice] — we only had the [Dalek serial] to go ... We had a bit of a [crisis of confidence] because [Donald Wilson] was so [adamant] that we shouldn't make it. Had we had anything else ready we would have made that." [Nation's script] became the [second Doctor Who serial] – [The Daleks] (a.k.a. [The Mutants]). The serial [introduced] the [eponymous aliens] that would become the [series' most popular monsters], and was [responsible] for the [BBC's first merchandising boom]. | Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17:16:20 GMT, eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time, 5:15 pm, on Saturday, 23 November 1963. It was to be a regular weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year. The head of drama, Canadian Sydney Newman, was mainly responsible for developing the programme, with the first format document for the series being written by Newman along with the head of the script department (later head of serials) Donald Wilson and staff writer C. E. Webber. Writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series.note 1 The programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience, as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history. On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation to write a story under the title The Mutants. As originally written, the Daleks and Thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but Nation later dropped the aliens and made the Daleks the aggressors. When the script was presented to Newman and Wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters". The first serial had been completed and the BBC believed it was crucial that the next one be a success, but The Mutants was the only script ready to go, so the show had little choice but to use it. According to producer Verity Lambert; "We didn't have a lot of choice — we only had the Dalek serial to go ... We had a bit of a crisis of confidence because Donald Wilson was so adamant that we shouldn't make it. Had we had anything else ready we would have made that." Nation's script became the second Doctor Who serial – The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants). The serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series' most popular monsters, and was responsible for the BBC's first merchandising boom. |
Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. [According to the 1901 census], out of [711,988 inhabitants] [56.2%] were [Catholics], [35.7%] [Jews], [5%] [Greek orthodox Christians] and [2.8%] [Protestants]. [Eight years later], in [1909], there were [281,754 Jews] ([36.9%]), [18,189 Protestants] ([2.4%]) and [2,818 Mariavites] ([0.4%]). This led to construction of [hundreds] of [places of religious worship] in all [parts] of the [town]. [Most] of them were [destroyed] in the [aftermath] of the [Warsaw Uprising] of [1944]. [After the war], the [new communist authorities] of [Poland] [discouraged] [church construction] and only a [small number] were [rebuilt]. | Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt. |
In addition, there are [$2 million] worth of [other ancillary events], including [a week-long event] at the [Santa Clara Convention Center], [a beer, wine and food festival] at [Bellomy Field] at [Santa Clara University], and [a pep rally]. [A professional fundraiser] will aid in [finding business sponsors] and [individual donors], but still may need [the city council] to help fund [the event]. [Additional funding] will be provided by [the city council], which has announced plans to set aside [seed funding] for [the event]. | In addition, there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council to help fund the event. Additional funding will be provided by the city council, which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event. |
[Johann Eck], [speaking] on behalf of the [Empire] as [assistant] of the [Archbishop] of [Trier], presented [Luther] with [copies] of his [writings] laid out on a [table] and asked him if the [books] were his, and whether he [stood] by their [contents]. [Luther] [confirmed] he was their [author], but [requested] [time] to think about the [answer] to the [second question]. He [prayed], [consulted] [friends], and gave his [response] the [next day]. | Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier, presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day: |
The [G mission] was achieved on [Apollo 11] in [July 1969] by an [all-Gemini veteran crew] consisting of [Neil Armstrong], [Michael Collins] and [Buzz Aldrin]. [Armstrong] and [Aldrin] performed the [first landing] at the [Sea of Tranquility] at [20:17:40 UTC] on [July 20, 1969]. They spent a total of [21 hours, 36 minutes] on the [surface], and spent [2 hours, 31 minutes] [outside the spacecraft], [walking] on the [surface], [taking photographs], [collecting material samples], and [deploying automated scientific instruments], while [continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth]. The [astronauts] returned [safely] on [July 24]. | The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by an all-Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility at 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969. They spent a total of 21 hours, 36 minutes on the surface, and spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24. |
LeGrande writes that "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. [In reviewing] the [voluminous literature] on the subject, the [student] of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a [maze] of [semantical problems] and [grammatical niceties]. Like [Alice in Wonderland], he often finds that specific terminology has no more (or no less) [meaning] than the individual [orator] intends it to have." He encourages a [distinction] between [lawful protest demonstration], [nonviolent civil disobedience], and [violent civil disobedience]. | LeGrande writes that "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties. Like Alice in Wonderland, he often finds that specific terminology has no more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have." He encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience. |
[Newcastle International Airport] is located approximately [6 miles] ([9.7 km]) from the [city centre] on the [northern outskirts] of the city near [Ponteland] and is the [larger] of the two main airports serving the [North East]. It is connected to the city via the [Metro Light Rail system] and a [journey] into [Newcastle city centre] takes approximately [20 minutes]. The airport handles over [five million passengers] per year, and is the [tenth largest], and the [fastest growing regional airport] in the [UK], expecting to reach [10 million passengers] by [2016], and [15 million] by [2030]. As of [2007update], over [90 destinations] are available worldwide. | Newcastle International Airport is located approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the North East. It is connected to the city via the Metro Light Rail system and a journey into Newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes. The airport handles over five million passengers per year, and is the tenth largest, and the fastest growing regional airport in the UK, expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016, and 15 million by 2030. As of 2007update, over 90 destinations are available worldwide. |
[After a punt] from both teams, [Carolina] got on track with a 9-play, 73-yard [scoring drive]. [Newton] completed [4 of 4 passes] for [51 yards] and rushed [twice] for [25 yards], while [Jonathan Stewart] finished the drive with a [1-yard touchdown run], cutting the score to [10–7] with [11:28 left] in the [second quarter]. Later on, [Broncos receiver Jordan Norwood] received [Brad Nortman]'s short [28-yard punt] surrounded by [Panthers players], but [none of them] attempted to make a tackle, apparently thinking Norwood had called a [fair catch]. Norwood had not done so, and with [no resistance] around him, he took off for a [Super Bowl record] [61-yard return] before [Mario Addison] dragged him down on the [Panthers 14-yard line]. Despite [Denver]'s [excellent field position], they could not get the ball into the [end zone], so [McManus] kicked a [33-yard field goal] that increased their lead to [13–7]. | After a punt from both teams, Carolina got on track with a 9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter. Later on, Broncos receiver Jordan Norwood received Brad Nortman's short 28-yard punt surrounded by Panthers players, but none of them attempted to make a tackle, apparently thinking Norwood had called a fair catch. Norwood had not done so, and with no resistance around him, he took off for a Super Bowl record 61-yard return before Mario Addison dragged him down on the Panthers 14-yard line. Despite Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end zone, so McManus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7. |
The [centre-left] [Australian Labor Party (ALP)], the [centre-right] [Liberal Party of Australia], the [rural-based] [National Party of Australia], and the [environmentalist] [Australian Greens] are Victoria's [main political parties]. Traditionally, [Labor] is [strongest] in Melbourne's [working class] [western] and [northern suburbs], and the [regional cities] of [Ballarat], [Bendigo] and [Geelong]. The [Liberals'] [main support] lies in Melbourne's [more affluent] [eastern] and [outer suburbs], and [some rural] and [regional centres]. The [Nationals] are [strongest] in Victoria's [North Western] and [Eastern rural regional areas]. The [Greens], who won their [first lower house seats] in [2014], are [strongest] in [inner Melbourne]. | The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens are Victoria's main political parties. Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong. The Liberals' main support lies in Melbourne's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs, and some rural and regional centres. The Nationals are strongest in Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens, who won their first lower house seats in 2014, are strongest in inner Melbourne. |
Currently, [New Jersey], [Rhode Island] and [Delaware] are the only [U.S. states] where [ABC] does not have a locally licensed [affiliate] (New Jersey is served by [New York City] O&O [WABC-TV] and [Philadelphia] O&O [WPVI-TV]; Rhode Island is served by [New Bedford], [Massachusetts]-licensed [WLNE]; and Delaware is served by [WPVI] and [Salisbury], [Maryland] affiliate [WMDT]). ABC maintains [affiliations] with [low-power stations] (broadcasting either in [analog] or [digital]) in a few [markets], such as [Birmingham], [Alabama] ([WBMA-LD]), [Lima], [Ohio] ([WLQP-LP]) and [South Bend], [Indiana] ([WBND-LD]). In some markets, including the former two mentioned, these stations also maintain [digital simulcasts] on a [subchannel] of a [co-owned/co-managed full-power television station]. | Currently, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware are the only U.S. states where ABC does not have a locally licensed affiliate (New Jersey is served by New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV; Rhode Island is served by New Bedford, Massachusetts-licensed WLNE; and Delaware is served by WPVI and Salisbury, Maryland affiliate WMDT). ABC maintains affiliations with low-power stations (broadcasting either in analog or digital) in a few markets, such as Birmingham, Alabama (WBMA-LD), Lima, Ohio (WLQP-LP) and South Bend, Indiana (WBND-LD). In some markets, including the former two mentioned, these stations also maintain digital simulcasts on a subchannel of a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station. |
Long-term [active memory] is acquired following [infection] by activation of [B and T cells]. [Active immunity] can also be generated artificially, through [vaccination]. The [principle] behind [vaccination] (also called [immunization]) is to introduce an [antigen] from a [pathogen] in order to stimulate the [immune system] and develop [specific immunity] against that particular [pathogen] without causing [disease] associated with that [organism]. This deliberate [induction] of an [immune response] is successful because it exploits the [natural specificity] of the [immune system], as well as its [inducibility]. With [infectious disease] remaining one of the leading causes of [death] in the [human population], [vaccination] represents the most [effective manipulation] of the [immune system] mankind has developed. | Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen without causing disease associated with that organism. This deliberate induction of an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system, as well as its inducibility. With infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population, vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed. |
Pattern recognition receptors [are proteins] used by [nearly all organisms] to identify molecules associated with pathogens. [Antimicrobial peptides] called [defensins] are [an evolutionarily conserved component] of the [innate immune response] found in [all animals and plants], and represent the [main form] of [invertebrate systemic immunity]. The [complement system] and [phagocytic cells] are also used by [most forms] of [invertebrate life]. [Ribonucleases] and [the RNA interference pathway] are [conserved] across [all eukaryotes], and are [thought to play] a [role] in the [immune response] to [viruses]. | Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. The complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life. Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes, and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses. |
While [primary chloroplasts] have a [double membrane] from their [cyanobacterial ancestor], [secondary chloroplasts] have [additional membranes] [outside] of the [original two], as a result of the [secondary endosymbiotic event], when a [nonphotosynthetic eukaryote] [engulfed] a [chloroplast-containing alga] but [failed] to [digest] it—[much like] the [cyanobacterium] at the [beginning] of this [story]. The [engulfed alga] was [broken down], [leaving] only its [chloroplast], and [sometimes] its [cell membrane] and [nucleus], [forming] a [chloroplast] with [three or four membranes]—the [two cyanobacterial membranes], [sometimes] the [eaten alga's cell membrane], and the [phagosomal vacuole] from the [host's cell membrane]. | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story. The engulfed alga was broken down, leaving only its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus, forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes—the two cyanobacterial membranes, sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane. |
In the laboratory, [stratigraphers] analyze [samples] of [stratigraphic sections] that can be [returned] from the [field], such as those from [drill cores]. [Stratigraphers] also analyze [data] from [geophysical surveys] that show the [locations] of [stratigraphic units] in the [subsurface]. [Geophysical data] and [well logs] can be combined to produce a [better view] of the [subsurface], and [stratigraphers] often use [computer programs] to do this in [three dimensions]. [Stratigraphers] can then use these [data] to [reconstruct] [ancient processes] occurring on the [surface] of the [Earth], [interpret] [past environments], and [locate areas] for [water], [coal], and [hydrocarbon extraction]. | In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface, and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions. Stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction. |
Since [7500 yr ago], a situation with [tides] and [currents], very [similar] to [present] has existed. Rates of [sea-level rise] had dropped so [far], that [natural sedimentation] by the [Rhine] and [coastal processes] together, could compensate the [transgression] by the [sea]; in the [last 7000 years], the [coast line] was roughly at the [same location]. In the [southern North Sea], due to ongoing [tectonic subsidence], the [sea level] is still rising, at the rate of about [1–3 cm] (0.39–1.18 in) per [century] ([1 metre] or [39 inches] in [last 3000 years]). | Since 7500 yr ago, a situation with tides and currents, very similar to present has existed. Rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea; in the last 7000 years, the coast line was roughly at the same location. In the southern North Sea, due to ongoing tectonic subsidence, the sea level is still rising, at the rate of about 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century (1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years). |
Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties. [citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas. | Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.citation needed. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas. |
An ambitious scheme of [decoration] was developed for these new areas: a series of [mosaic figures] depicting [famous European artists] of the [Medieval] and [Renaissance period]. These have now been [removed] to other areas of the [museum]. Also started were a series of [frescoes] by [Lord Leighton]: [Industrial Arts] as Applied to [War] 1878–1880 and [Industrial Arts] Applied to [Peace], which was [started] but [never finished]. To the [east] of this were additional [galleries], the decoration of which was the work of another [designer] [Owen Jones], these were the [Oriental Courts] (covering [India], [China] and [Japan]) [completed] in 1863, none of this [decoration] [survives], part of these [galleries] became the new [galleries] covering the [19th century], [opened] in December 2006. The last work by [Fowke] was the [design] for the range of buildings on the [north] and [west] sides of the [garden], this includes the [refreshment rooms], reinstated as the [Museum Café] in 2006, with the [silver gallery] above, (at the time the [ceramics gallery]), the [top floor] has a [splendid lecture theatre] although this is [seldom open] to the [general public]. The [ceramic staircase] in the [northwest corner] of this range of buildings was designed by [F. W. Moody] and has [architectural details] of [moulded] and [coloured pottery]. All the work on the [north range] was designed and built in 1864–69. The style adopted for this part of the museum was [Italian Renaissance], much use was made of [terracotta], [brick] and [mosaic], this [north façade] was intended as the [main entrance] to the museum with its [bronze doors] designed by [James Gamble] & [Reuben Townroe] having six [panels] depicting: [Humphry Davy] (chemistry); [Isaac Newton] (astronomy); [James Watt] (mechanics); [Bramante] (architecture); [Michelangelo] (sculpture); [Titian] (painting); thus representing the range of the museums [collections], [Godfrey Sykes] also designed the [terracotta embellishments] and the [mosaic] in the [pediment] of the [North Façade] commemorating the [Great Exhibition] the [profits] from which helped to fund the museum, this is [flanked] by [terracotta statue groups] by [Percival Ball]. This building replaced [Brompton Park House], which could then be [demolished] to make way for the [south range]. | An ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas: a series of mosaic figures depicting famous European artists of the Medieval and Renaissance period. These have now been removed to other areas of the museum. Also started were a series of frescoes by Lord Leighton: Industrial Arts as Applied to War 1878–1880 and Industrial Arts Applied to Peace, which was started but never finished. To the east of this were additional galleries, the decoration of which was the work of another designer Owen Jones, these were the Oriental Courts (covering India, China and Japan) completed in 1863, none of this decoration survives, part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century, opened in December 2006. The last work by Fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden, this includes the refreshment rooms, reinstated as the Museum Café in 2006, with the silver gallery above, (at the time the ceramics gallery), the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public. The ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by F. W. Moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery. All the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69. The style adopted for this part of the museum was Italian Renaissance, much use was made of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton (astronomy); James Watt (mechanics); Bramante (architecture); Michelangelo (sculpture); Titian (painting); thus representing the range of the museums collections, Godfrey Sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the North Façade commemorating the Great Exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum, this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by Percival Ball. This building replaced Brompton Park House, which could then be demolished to make way for the south range. |
With [two-cylinder compounds] used in [railway work], the [pistons] are connected to the [cranks] as with a [two-cylinder simple] at [90° out of phase] with each other (quartered). When the [double expansion group] is duplicated, producing a [4-cylinder compound], the [individual pistons] within the group are usually [balanced] at [180°], the groups being set at [90°] to each other. In one case (the [first type] of [Vauclain compound]), the pistons worked in the [same phase] driving a [common crosshead] and [crank], again set at [90°] as for a [two-cylinder engine]. With the [3-cylinder compound arrangement], the [LP cranks] were either set at [90°] with the [HP one] at [135°] to the other two, or in some cases all three cranks were set at [120°].[citation needed] | With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (quartered). When the double expansion group is duplicated, producing a 4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of Vauclain compound), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the 3-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases all three cranks were set at 120°.citation needed |
[One] of the [most dramatic] [parts] of the [museum] is the [Cast Courts] in the [sculpture wing], comprising [two] [large], [skylighted rooms] [two storeys high] [housing] [hundreds] of [plaster casts] of [sculptures], [friezes] and [tombs]. [One] of these is [dominated] by a [full-scale replica] of [Trajan's Column], [cut in half] in order to [fit] [under] the [ceiling]. [The other] [includes reproductions] of [various works] of [Italian Renaissance sculpture] and [architecture], [including] a [full-size replica] of [Michelangelo's David]. [Replicas] of [two earlier Davids] by [Donatello's David] and [Verrocchio's David], are also [included], although for [conservation reasons] the [Verrocchio replica] is [displayed] in a [glass case]. | One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast Courts in the sculpture wing, comprising two large, skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs. One of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of Trajan's Column, cut in half in order to fit under the ceiling. The other includes reproductions of various works of Italian Renaissance sculpture and architecture, including a full-size replica of Michelangelo's David. Replicas of two earlier Davids by Donatello's David and Verrocchio's David, are also included, although for conservation reasons the Verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case. |
Some [dinophytes], like [Kryptoperidinium] and [Durinskia] have a [diatom] ([heterokontophyte]) derived [chloroplast]. These chloroplasts are bounded by up to [five membranes], (depending on whether you count the entire diatom [endosymbiont] as the chloroplast, or just the [red algal] derived chloroplast inside it). The diatom endosymbiont has been [reduced] relatively [little]—it still retains its [original mitochondria], and has [endoplasmic reticulum], [ribosomes], a [nucleus], and of course, red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a [complete cell], all inside the host's endoplasmic reticulum [lumen]. However the diatom endosymbiont can't store its own [food]—its [starch] is found in [granules] in the dinophyte host's [cytoplasm] instead. The diatom endosymbiont's [nucleus] is present, but it probably can't be called a [nucleomorph] because it shows no sign of [genome reduction], and might have even been [expanded]. [Diatoms] have been [engulfed] by [dinoflagellates] at least [three times]. | Some dinophytes, like Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast. These chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes, (depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast, or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it). The diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria, and has endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, a nucleus, and of course, red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell, all inside the host's endoplasmic reticulum lumen. However the diatom endosymbiont can't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm instead. The diatom endosymbiont's nucleus is present, but it probably can't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction, and might have even been expanded. Diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times. |
From here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. [Two thirds] of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows [farther west], through the Waal and then, [via] the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), [merging] with the Meuse, [through] the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet [estuaries], [into] the North Sea. The Beneden Merwede [branches off], near Hardinxveld-Giessendam and continues as the Noord, [to join] the Lek, near the village of Kinderdijk, [to form] the Nieuwe Maas; then [flows past] Rotterdam and continues [via] Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg, [to] the North Sea. The Oude Maas [branches off], near Dordrecht, [farther down] [rejoining] the Nieuwe Maas [to form] Het Scheur. | From here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet estuaries, into the North Sea. The Beneden Merwede branches off, near Hardinxveld-Giessendam and continues as the Noord, to join the Lek, near the village of Kinderdijk, to form the Nieuwe Maas; then flows past Rotterdam and continues via Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur. |
Research shows that [student motivation] and [attitudes towards school] are closely linked to [student-teacher relationships]. [Enthusiastic teachers] are particularly good at creating [beneficial relations] with their students. Their ability to create [effective learning environments] that foster [student achievement] depends on the [kind of relationship] they build with their students. [Useful teacher-to-student interactions] are crucial in linking [academic success] with [personal achievement]. Here, [personal success] is a [student's internal goal] of improving himself, whereas [academic success] includes the [goals] he receives from his [superior]. A [teacher] must guide his student in [aligning his personal goals] with his [academic goals]. Students who receive this [positive influence] show [stronger self-confidence] and [greater personal] and [academic success] than those without these [teacher interactions]. | Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement. Here, personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior. A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions. |
[Pharmacists] are [healthcare professionals] with [specialised education] and [training] who perform various [roles] to ensure [optimal health outcomes] for their [patients] through the [quality use of medicines]. [Pharmacists] may also be [small-business proprietors], owning the [pharmacy] in which they practice. Since [pharmacists] know about the [mode of action] of a particular [drug], and its [metabolism] and [physiological effects] on the [human body] in [great detail], they play an [important role] in [optimisation] of a [drug treatment] for an [individual]. | Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual. |
Subsequently, [Californios] (dissatisfied with [inequitable taxes] and [land laws]) and [pro-slavery southerners] in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of [southern California] attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a [separate statehood] or [territorial status] separate from [Northern California]. The last attempt, the [Pico Act] of 1859, was passed by the [California State Legislature] and signed by the State governor [John B. Weller]. It was approved overwhelmingly by nearly [75%] of voters in the proposed [Territory of Colorado]. This territory was to include all the [counties] up to the then much larger [Tulare County] (that included what is now [Kings], most of [Kern], and part of [Inyo counties]) and [San Luis Obispo County]. The proposal was sent to [Washington, D.C.] with a strong advocate in Senator [Milton Latham]. However, the [secession crisis] following the election of [Abraham Lincoln] in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote. | Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature and signed by the State governor John B. Weller. It was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75% of voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado. This territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger Tulare County (that included what is now Kings, most of Kern, and part of Inyo counties) and San Luis Obispo County. The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote. |
With [4:51] left in regulation, [Carolina] got the [ball] on their own [24-yard line] with a chance to mount a [game-winning drive], and soon faced [3rd-and-9]. On the [next play], [Miller] [stripped] the ball away from [Newton], and after several players [dove] for it, it took a [long bounce] [backwards] and was [recovered] by [Ward], who [returned] it [five yards] to the [Panthers 4-yard line]. Although several players [dove] into the [pile] to attempt to [recover] it, [Newton] did not and his [lack of aggression] later earned him [heavy criticism]. Meanwhile, [Denver]'s [offense] was kept out of the [end zone] for [three plays], but a [holding penalty] on [cornerback Josh Norman] gave the [Broncos] a [new set of downs]. Then [Anderson] [scored] on a [2-yard touchdown run] and [Manning] [completed] a [pass] to [Bennie Fowler] for a [2-point conversion], giving [Denver] a [24–10 lead] with [3:08 left] and essentially putting the [game] away. [Carolina] had [two more drives], but [failed] to get a [first down] on each one. | With 4:51 left in regulation, Carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward, who returned it five yards to the Panthers 4-yard line. Although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it, Newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism. Meanwhile, Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays, but a holding penalty on cornerback Josh Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs. Then Anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler for a 2-point conversion, giving Denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away. Carolina had two more drives, but failed to get a first down on each one. |
The [Mongol military] was also successful in [siege warfare], cutting off [resources] for [cities] and [towns] by diverting certain [rivers], taking [enemy prisoners] and driving them in front of the [army], and adopting [new ideas], [techniques] and [tools] from the [people] they [conquered], particularly in employing [Muslim] and [Chinese siege engines] and [engineers] to aid the [Mongol cavalry] in capturing cities. Another [standard tactic] of the [Mongol military] was the commonly practiced [feigned retreat] to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and [defended position] for [ambush] and [counterattack]. | The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities. Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack. |
The [centrifugal governor] was adopted by [James Watt] for use on a [steam engine] in [1788] after Watt's partner [Boulton] saw one at a [flour mill] [Boulton & Watt] were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to [load changes]. The governor was able to handle [smaller variations] such as those caused by [fluctuating heat load] to the [boiler]. Also, there was a [tendency for oscillation] whenever there was a [speed change]. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring [constant speed], such as [cotton spinning]. The governor was improved over time and coupled with [variable steam cut off], [good speed control] in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the [19th century]. | The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt’s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century. |
Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct [photosynthesis], where the [photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll] captures the [energy] from [sunlight] and converts it and stores it in the [energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH] while freeing [oxygen] from [water]. They then use the [ATP and NADPH] to make [organic molecules] from [carbon dioxide] in a process known as the [Calvin cycle]. [Chloroplasts] carry out a number of other functions, including [fatty acid synthesis], [amino acid synthesis], and the [immune response] in [plants]. The number of [chloroplasts per cell] varies from 1 in [algae] up to 100 in plants like [Arabidopsis] and [wheat]. | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat. |
The question of whether [P equals NP] is one of the [most important] [open questions] in [theoretical computer science] because of the [wide implications] of a solution. If the answer is [yes], [many] [important problems] can be shown to have [more efficient solutions]. These include [various types] of [integer programming problems] in [operations research], [many problems] in [logistics], [protein structure prediction] in [biology], and the ability to find [formal proofs] of [pure mathematics theorems]. The [P versus NP problem] is one of the [Millennium Prize Problems] proposed by the [Clay Mathematics Institute]. There is a [US$1,000,000 prize] for [resolving] the problem. | The question of whether P equals NP is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution. If the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions. These include various types of integer programming problems in operations research, many problems in logistics, protein structure prediction in biology, and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems. The P versus NP problem is one of the Millennium Prize Problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics Institute. There is a US$1,000,000 prize for resolving the problem. |
The [flora] of the city may be considered [very rich] in [species]. The [species richness] is mainly due to the [location] of Warsaw within the [border region] of several [big floral regions] comprising [substantial proportions] of [close-to-wilderness areas] ([natural forests], [wetlands] along the Vistula) as well as [arable land], [meadows] and [forests]. [Bielany Forest], located within the [borders] of Warsaw, is the [remaining part] of the [Masovian Primeval Forest]. Bielany Forest [nature reserve] is [connected] with [Kampinos Forest]. It is [home] to [rich fauna] and [flora]. Within the forest there are [three cycling and walking trails]. Other [big forest area] is [Kabaty Forest] by the [southern city border]. Warsaw has also [two botanic gardens]: by the Łazienki park (a [didactic-research unit] of the [University of Warsaw]) as well as by the Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin (a [unit] of the [Polish Academy of Science]). | The flora of the city may be considered very rich in species. The species richness is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as arable land, meadows and forests. Bielany Forest, located within the borders of Warsaw, is the remaining part of the Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected with Kampinos Forest. It is home to rich fauna and flora. Within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails. Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest by the southern city border. Warsaw has also two botanic gardens: by the Łazienki park (a didactic-research unit of the University of Warsaw) as well as by the Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin (a unit of the Polish Academy of Science). |
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