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viral shedding, severe respiratory disease, and giant cell pneumonia seen in immunosuppressed humans .Laboratory strains of hRSV replicate primarily in type I alveolar pneumocytes.However, there is extensive replication of hRSV in bronchiolar epithelial cells in mice deficient in type I IFN pathways suggesting that the... | However, there are a growing number of hRSV vaccine candidates that have been developed targeting different populations at risk of hRSV infection.Other animal models such as cotton rats, mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, hamsters, chinchillas, and neonatal lambs are also only semi-permissive for hRSV.However, the extent to w... |
the incidence and severity of respiratory disease is inversely related to the level of maternally-derived VN antibodies .The severity of infection can range from subclinical, to severe with LRTI, and death.BRSV-infected calves are also susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, although some outbreaks can be attrib... | These animal models have not only been of value in studies on mechanisms of immunity to and the pathogenesis of pneumovirus infections but have also been used to evaluate hRSV vaccine concepts.Furthermore, the similarities between the epidemiology of bRSV in calves and hRSV in infants and the high level of genetic and ... |
The six types of ecoenzymes, i.e., β-1,4-glucosidase, β-d-cellobiosidase, β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, leucine amino peptidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phosphomonoesterase are shown in Table 1.Supplementary csv file provides the raw data of the enzyme activities.The activities of BG, CBH, NAG, LAP, and PME were meas... | The data presented in this article are referred to the research article “A potential source of soil ecoenzymes: From the phylllosphere to soil via throughfall” (Mori et al., 2019).The data included the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG, EC 3.2.1.21), β-D-cellobiosidase (CBH, EC 3.2.1.91), β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminida... |
We present data covering the characterization of BCKDK gene expression interference in fibroblasts from a MSUD patient carrying missense changes in the gene encoding for the BCKDHE1α subunit of the BCKDH complex, as well as the following assessment of the bioenergetics performance of such interfered fibroblasts.The eva... | This data article contains complementary figures to the research article "Mitochondrial response to the BCKDK-deficiency: some clues to understand the positive dietary response in this form of autism" [.1].Herein we present data relative to the effect of knocking down BCKDK gene on the real time oxygen consumption rate... |
In the field of real estate appraisals often there is low transparency on market information together to stationary conditions , these aspects force the analysts to work with single and small dataset for the implementation of hedonic pricing models.Hedonic price models assume that the values of real estate properties a... | The database presented was collected to analyze the housing rental prices for a central urban area of Naples (Italy) during 2016.The data sample relates to 64 housing units located in “Santa Lucia” and “Riviera di Chiaia” neighborhoods.It provides significant information on the urban structure of these neighborhoods.Th... |
X-ray diffraction .By neither method decomposition of FeO was observed here.Using only XPS with Al Kα photon energy it would be impossible to discern between maghemite and hematite in the film.The electron mean free path is too short to probe beneath the hydroxy-groups on the surface, and an ion sputtering of the surfa... | Thin films of the iron oxide maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) grown on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) with pulsed chemical vapour deposition have been investigated with hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.It is found that even low energy sputtering induces a reduction of the surface layer into FeO.Satellite... |
conductive matrix scaffold was fabricated in situ shell.The shell-pPy scaffold could retain the subtle porous structure of the chitosan shell.The pPy incorporation could even increase the roughness on the inner wall of the pores in the shell and endow the scaffold with a suitable conductivity.Polydopamine, one of the m... | Polypyrrole (pPy), a widely-used conductive material, can create an electrophysiological condition for the exogenous cardiomyocytes (CMs) via its conductivity, biocompatibility and available processing method.Our previously developed flexible scaffold from the mussel-derived chitosan shell possessed multiscale, interco... |
both achieving χ2 = 2.97.This goodness of fit matches that obtained for carbon black, highlighting the success of the cleaning procedure for the soot samples.The four-band model utilised in this study represented the best possible fit achievable for these samples; the self-consistency of fitting parameters ensures that... | Carbon black and diesel soot both exhibit core-shell structures, comprising an amorphous core surrounded by graphene layers; only diesel soot has particles with multiple cores.In addition to such particles, GTDI soot also exhibits entirely amorphous structures, of which some contain crystalline particles only a few nan... |
snow surface, which first was blocked by the thick melt-freeze crust and probably drained to the bottom of the snowpack within the first days of May 2012.It was, however, very difficult to determine the exact date because the processing to identify and calibrate the record for the reflection originating from the board ... | Forecasting snow avalanche danger in mountainous regions is of major importance for the protection of infrastructure in avalanche run-out zones.Inexpensive measurement devices capable of measuring snow height and layer properties in avalanche starting zones may help to improve the quality of risk assessment.We present ... |
variable.In the case of matrix solute level), the temperature at the end of the complex thermal path also becomes important since the same CAP values can lead to different solute levels depending on the final temperature for a complex thermal path.However, providing the CAP is sufficiently large for coarsening to becom... | Critical to reliable performance of zirconium alloys is an understanding of the effects of processing and service on properties.To obtain this understanding, extensive experimentation is performed, but the challenge then becomes comparing test data from different conditions and using it in extrapolation.To address this... |
resonance on the enhancement factor, another model analyte R6G with well recognized vibrational characteristics was chosen, whose absorption wavelength lies very closely to one of the laser excitation sources, i.e. 514.4 nm.Fig. 12 shows the SERS spectra obtained for R6G with substrates R1 and R3.Silver nanorod substra... | We report on the improved stability and yield of silver nanorods with well controlled aspect ratios synthesized using a modified seed mediated approach conducted at room temperature.It is found that the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance of these nanoparticles can be tuned in the spectral range 400–700 nm by varyin... |
origin of this “specific-diffuse” mechanism by characterizing entropic and enthalpic contributions to the binding.We first quantified the change in conformational entropy of c-Myc402–412 upon binding to the small molecule.Since we could not observe a significant change in the conformational entropy of the peptide, our ... | Approximately one-third of the human proteome is made up of proteins that are entirely disordered or that contain extended disordered regions.Although these disordered proteins are closely linked with many major diseases, their binding mechanisms with small molecules remain poorly understood, and a major concern is whe... |
internal consistency and high inter-observer reliability for each subtest.We measured maternal depressive symptoms using the self-reporting questionnaire with good internal consistency and high inter-observer reliability.In Pakistan, an SRQ-20 score of 9 or more indicates risk of depression.25,We adjusted for clusterin... | The original trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00715936.Children who received responsive stimulation (with or without enhanced nutrition) had significantly higher cognition, language, and motor skills at 4 years of age than children who did not receive responsive stimulation.For children who receiv... |
sets that are characterized using the same phenotypic definitions as well as to allow replication of results between data sets.The surgical data collection tools presented here, in combination with the EPHect nonsurgical data collection tools, constitute the consensus of leading clinical, epidemiological, and/or basic ... | Objective: To standardize the recording of surgical phenotypic information on endometriosis and related sample collections obtained at laparoscopy, allowing large-scale collaborative research into the condition.Setting: Two workshops were conducted in 2013, bringing together 54 clinical, academic, and industry leaders ... |
with wind energy; and iv) a cluster of interpretative studies on framing or ‘boundary work’ applied to the environmental dimension of energy policy.Finally, as compared to other disciplines in the social sciences, like economics and transition studies, it appears that policy studies researchers have failed to pay atten... | With the increasing challenges the energy sector faces, energy policy strategies and instruments are becoming ever more relevant.The discipline of policy studies might offer relevant concepts to enrich multidisciplinary energy research.The main research question of this article is: How can policy studies contribute to ... |
model differs from the reference lifetime, the greater the possible error in the lifetime estimation.Therefore more comprehensive consideration of calendar ageing in the lifetime model would increase the accuracy of the model and thus should be taken into account in the future development of the model.Comparison of a h... | The use of Li-ion batteries for stationary energy storage in households represents a viable solution to mitigate climate change when compared with the reference situation of electricity supply from the grid in various countries.This study quantifies the climate change impacts of production, use, and disposal of NMC bat... |
global cognitive score in participants with diabetes than in those without diabetes.The effect sizes were larger, albeit with wide CIs, in non-white participants.Estimates for decline in the normoglycaemic group—used as a reference in the analyses—are listed in the appendix.Compared with normoglycaemic participants, th... | Findings: Compared with normoglycaemic participants, those with known diabetes had a 45% faster decline in memory (10 year difference in decline -0.13 SD, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.00; p=0.046), a 29% faster decline in reasoning (-0.10 SD, -0.19 to -0.01; p=0.026), and a 24% faster decline in the global cognitive score (-0.11... |
the importance of duration of diabetes for cognitive ageing, and suggest that interventions that aim to prevent or delay diabetes onset might have implications for cognitive health.Lifestyle interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of progression from prediabetes to diabetes.A randomised trial31 of adults at hi... | Background: Type 2 diabetes increases the risk for dementia, but whether it affects cognition before old age is unclear.We investigated whether duration of diabetes in late midlife and poor glycaemic control were associated with accelerated cognitive decline.Methods: 5653 participants from the Whitehall II cohort study... |
The infrastructure sector is associated with a large proportion of total economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions."In the United Kingdom, emissions attributed to the built environment were 349 MtCO2e in 2014, representing just over half of the UK's current emissions.These emissions include those from the construction of i... | The infrastructure sector is associated with a large proportion of total greenhouse gas emissions, including the emissions from the production of materials and the construction of infrastructure assets, as well as use phase and end of life emissions.The analysis shows that burden shifting will occur for some actions ai... |
by a decision, and therefore can result in burden shifting, i.e. impacts may be reduced within the normatively defined assessment boundary, but increase elsewhere.A notable example is bioenergy policy, which may reduce emissions from the processes directly used in the life cycle of fuels, but increase emissions elsewhe... | Largely due to the direct control the sector has over pre-use phase emissions, a number of carbon calculator tools for the sector focus exclusively on these sources.However, a recognised limitation with considering only parts of the whole life cycle is the risk of burden shifting, e.g.reducing material input emissions ... |
variation of impedance with frequency at different temperatures of the LF is shown in Fig. 8.The figure clearly shows that the impedance is rather high at low frequencies at 30 °C temperature.The impedance decreases monotonically with increasing frequency up to 25 Hz, beyond that frequency, the impedance reaches consta... | The electric and magnetic properties of a lithium ferrite (LF) synthesized using the solid state reaction technique have been reported.The XRD studies reveal the cubic nature, from which the crystallite size and the lattice constant are determined to be 16.84 nm and 2.847 Å repectively.The FESEM confirms the coarseness... |
the structural distortions during the reaction with lithium.The S-TNTs sample in the present study portrays good cycling stability, which indicates that structural distortions are not present and that the structure is therefore more stable.When we compare the results of the previous reports for the S-TNTs by Kyeremetan... | We report the synthesis and characterization of self-supported sulphurized TiO2 nanotube layers as a cathode material for Li microbatteries.Sulphurized TiO2 nanotubes were obtained by annealing of self-supported TiO2 nanotubes in sulphur atmosphere.This nanostructured electrode used as a cathode material showed high ra... |
to a mixed field of beta electrons from a Sr90 source, alpha particles from an Am241 source, and gamma photons from the same Am241 source.Typically alphas deposit energy in a cluster of pixels in a “blob” shape, beta electrons interact with a cluster of pixels in a snake-like “squiggle”, and gammas interact with single... | The Timepix2 ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) is the upgraded successor to the Timepix [1] hybrid pixel detector readout chip.Like the original, Timepix2 contains a matrix of 65k square pixels of 55 μm pitch that can be coupled to a similarly segmented semiconductor sensor, or integrated in an ionising ga... |
very similar to what has been done previously.First, the complex is considered in terms of its constituent subunits and the sizes of the interfaces that can be formed between any pair of subunits are calculated with AREAIMOL.Our model assumes that assembly will proceed via formation of the largest possible interface.Th... | The assembly of heteromeric protein complexes is an inherently stochastic process in which multiple genes are expressed separately into proteins, which must then somehow find each other within the cell.Here, we considered one of the ways by which prokaryotic organisms have attempted to maximize the efficiency of protei... |
open-source mechanical analysis software developed by EDF R&D, has been used to simulate offshore mooring dynamics.A successful application to the floating wind technology is included in the present work.After the presentation of the methodological choices, hinging on the 1D finite-element representation of slender and... | In highly dynamic and/or deep-water applications, including hydrodynamics and structural dynamics in the mooring analysis is paramount for the accurate prediction of the loading on the lines and hence their dimensioning.This article presents a new workflow based on EDF R&D's open-source, finite-element analysis tool Co... |
The regulation of translation in space and time is essential for a variety of physiological and developmental processes, such as axis specification in Drosophila and Xenopus, cell migration in fibroblasts, and synaptic plasticity in mammalian neurons.Capped and polyadenylated mRNAs are by default translationally compet... | In Drosophila oocytes, gurken/TGF-α mRNA is essential for establishing the future embryonic axes.gurken remains translationally silent during transport from its point of synthesis in nurse cells to its final destination in the oocyte, where it associates with the edge of processing bodies.Localized transcripts that det... |
synthesized, occurs by a different mechanism from that of osk and bcd mRNA in the oocyte.osk is primarily translationally regulated by binding to individually essential translational repressors, whereas bcd is translationally repressed through its inclusion in the ribosome-depleted interior of P bodies.In contrast, our... | Here we show that, in nurse cells, gurken is kept translationally silent by the lack of sufficient Orb/CPEB, its translational activator.Processing bodies in nurse cells have a similar protein complement and ultrastructure to those in the oocyte, but they markedly less Orb and do not associate with gurken mRNA.Ectopic ... |
hydraulic retention time would be greater than 60 min.However, this fine powder may present operational challenges including potential inability to shear biofilm from the very fine particles, possible poor wettability, and aggregation.At the other end of the spectrum, it was thought the velocities required by the flake... | There has been no evaluation of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification using fluidized biofilters in a recirculating aquaculture system to mitigate nitrate-nitrogen loads.The finest of the products, an elemental sulfur powder with an effective size of 0.08mm, provided greater bed specific surface area (32,300m2m-3) t... |
Unlike centrioles, the PCM displays no apparent higher-order organization when examined by electron microscopy, although proteins occupy distinct domains based on high-resolution light microscopy .This lack of organization, combined with a lack of hierarchical recruitment dependencies, has made it difficult to delineat... | Centrosomes are important regulators of microtubule organization in animal cells.Within the centrosome, microtubule nucleation and anchorage are mediated by proteins in the pericentriolar material (PCM) that accumulates around centrioles.The spatial organization of the PCM and the contribution of centrioles to its recr... |
before glass failure.This seemed to be of a similar magnitude in the cases considered.It was hypothesised that the size of this force was related to the geometric properties of the panel and hence to the maximum forces which could be resisted by the glass before shattering.The post-cracked reactions reached a distinct ... | Several blast trials on laminated glass windows have been performed in the past, using both full field 3D Digital Image Correlation and strain gauges located on the supporting structure to collect information on the glass pane behaviour.The data obtained during three blast experiments were employed to calculate reactio... |
reduction may be the impact of thermal lag and temperature gradients within the sample, which become increasingly exaggerated at higher mass.Whilst the Pb system studied showed 2.56 μg to be close to optimum mass, other metallic systems may differ.The sample’s physical size could be part of the reason for Pb2.6’s suita... | This study explores specific heat capacity (cp) measurements via fast scanning calorimetry, with a focus on correcting measured heat flow by accounting for temperature dependent heat losses.Using MultiSTAR-UFS1 sensors with the Mettler-Toledo Flash-DSC 2+, cp of Pb (99.998% purity) was measured in dependence of the sam... |
uncertainty factor of 100.The biomonitoring data described in Table 3 indicate that all systemic and external doses of glyphosate estimated from glyphosate urine concentrations are well below the established RfD and proposed ADI.Both the mean and maximum systemic doses of glyphosate calculated from Acquavella et al., 0... | The non-peer-reviewed biomonitoring report published online by Moms Across America (MAA; Honeycutt and Rowlands, 2014) does not support the conclusion that glyphosate concentrations detected in a limited number of urine samples from women, men and children, or breast milk from nursing mothers, pose a health risk to the... |
Strain-controlled block loading, low-high), periodic overloading, and variable amplitude fatigue data of Ti–6Al–4V ELI is presented in this article.H-L, L-H, and PO experiments were conducted using fully-reversed, and pulsating strain loadings with various strain amplitudes, εa.The strain ratio, Rε, is defined as Rε = ... | This article presents the strain-based experimental data for Ti–6Al–4V ELI under non-constant amplitude cyclic loading.Uniaxial strain-controlled fatigue experiments were conducted under three different loading conditions, including two-level block loading (i.e.high-low and low-high), periodic overload, and variable am... |
between HCs and those with RBD, it may prove too general when applied to individuals with various other neurological and confounding sleep disorders.Finally the effect of automated sleep staging on RBD detection is also summarised in Table 5, where the success of accurate sleep staging ensures the performances remains ... | This study proposes a fully-automated framework for RBD detection consisting of automated sleep staging followed by RBD identification.Methods: Analysis was assessed using a limited polysomnography montage from 53 participants with RBD and 53 age-matched healthy controls.Sleep stage classification was achieved using a ... |
Understanding people flow at a citywide level is critical for urban planning and commercial development.Recently, the emerging technologies for collecting and analysis huge amount mobility data have changed the way society understand human movement.Unlike previous methods that travel data was collected by active self-r... | Understanding people flow at a citywide level is critical for urban planning and commercial development.Thanks to the ubiquity of human location tracking devices, many studies on people mass movement with mobility logs have been conducted.However, high cost and severe privacy policy constraints still complicate utiliza... |
this method, as long as minimal survey was conducted, it is possible to reconstruct the entire people flow without such statistics data.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dataset on people mass movement that can be totally open to public.With fully consideration of the privacy protection, each entity in ou... | With fully consideration of the privacy protection, each entity in our dataset does not match the actual movement of any real person, so that the dataset can be totally open to public as part of data infrastructure.Because the result is shown at a disaggregate level, users can freely modify, process, and visualize the ... |
is activated by a wide variety of stresses, including hyperosmotic stress, oxidative stress, temperature stress, nutritional stress, heavy metals, and hypergravity .Our demonstration that Sty1 activation is sufficient for CRIB dispersal independent of any external stress is particularly important because each type of S... | The Rho family GTPase Cdc42 is a key regulator of eukaryotic cellular organization and cell polarity [1].In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, active Cdc42 and associated effectors and regulators (the “Cdc42 polarity module”) coordinate polarized growth at cell tips by controlling the actin cytoskeleton and e... |
a source of calcium and as porogens to assemble alginate gels with a tuned internal porosity and encapsulated molecules of interest such as proteins .The introduction of proteins and enzymes during the formation of vaterite crystals allows to achieve a high inclusion, much exceeding the inclusion when adsorbed on the s... | In this study we have investigated how to retain the bioactivity and control the release rate of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) loaded into the crystals via co-synthesis.We believe that together with a fundamental understanding of the vaterite-based protein encapsulation and protein release, this study will help... |
to imperfection of the instillation route for drugs administered, as already mentioned in the introduction, as well as the rapid SOD elimination.Undoubtedly, the use of various delivery systems would significantly simplify the treatment regimen, as well as increase its effectiveness.However, the delivery systems curren... | Mesoporous vaterite CaCO3 crystals are nowadays one of the most popular vectors for loading of fragile biomolecules like proteins due to biocompatibility, high loading capacity, cost effective and simple loading procedures.However, recent studies reported the reduction of bioactivity for protein encapsulation into the ... |
only at the negative and positive impacts of energy projects on society but also to inform energy decisions on infrastructure development based on energy justice.From a socio-technical perspective the proposed framework brings together technical aspects such as infrastructure siting, purpose of the dam and energy gener... | This paper investigates from a socio-technical and energy justice perspective the lack of coordination of international, national and local developmental priorities and inclusion of local needs in the decision making process of large dam construction in the global South.The paper argues that the analysis of energy infr... |
et al., Garcia del Valle et al., Huang et al., Thongtip and Aphornratana, and Yan and Cai.The present paper developed a thermodynamic modelling method of ejector used in ejection refrigeration system; and more importantly, the determination method of one of the key but rarely reported parameters has been developed and ... | This paper presents a detailed thermodynamic modelling method of an ejector for ejection refrigeration system.In this model, the primary flow in the ejector was assumed to fan out from the nozzle without mixing with the secondary flow in a certain downstream distance, so that a hypothetical throat was formed where the ... |
future studies for the comparison of the intercalation behaviour in stacked few layer graphene/MoS2 hybrid materials.An in situ Raman spectroscopy study of the electrochemical lithiation and sodiation into large MoS2 flakes with two different thicknesses, trilayer and multilayer, revealed a transient Raman shift during... | Lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) intercalation into molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes with layer thicknesses of 2.2 nm (3 layers) and 51 nm (ca.82 layers) was investigated in situ under potential control via a combination of Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy.A Raman frequency shift indicative of reduced strain alo... |
Pesticide self-poisoning is a major public health problem in rural Asia1,2 and a substantial burden on health services.3,A systematic review4 of data from 2006–15 showed that an estimated 89% of all global suicides from pesticide self-poisoning occurred in the Asian and Western Pacific regions.WHO recognises pesticide ... | Background Agricultural pesticide self-poisoning is a major public health problem in rural Asia.The use of safer household pesticide storage has been promoted to prevent deaths, but there is no evidence of effectiveness.20 457 household pesticide storage containers were distributed.Other approaches, particularly remova... |
by young adults, mostly from and familiar with the local area, in the local language, after training and with regular audit.Additional details of this interview process and quality control have been published elsewhere.25,27,There were no substantial changes to the protocol after the trial started.We initially planned ... | Intervention households that had farmed or had used or stored pesticide in the preceding agricultural season were given a lockable storage container.Further promotion of use of the containers was restricted to community posters and 6-monthly reminders during routine community meetings.Identification of outcome events w... |
2-week check, 19 534 containers were installed within the home compound, 41 within the home, and 738 in the field.The location of 144 containers was unknown or they had been returned.At the end of 3 years of follow-up, surveys of 6937 of 27 091 households in the intervention group showed that 4264 households were stori... | We aimed to test the effectiveness of lockable household containers for prevention of pesticide self-poisoning.Clusters of households were randomly assigned (1:1), with a sequence computer-generated by a minimisation process, to intervention or usual practice (control) groups.The primary outcome was incidence of pestic... |
Solving tasks with sparse rewards is one of the most important challenges in reinforcement learning.In the single-agent setting, this challenge has been addressed by introducing intrinsic rewards that motivate agents to explore unseen regions of their state spaces.Applying these techniques naively to the multi-agent se... | We propose several intrinsic reward functions for encouraging coordinated exploration in multi-agent problems, and introduce an approach to dynamically selecting the best exploration method for a given task, online. |
around daily husbandry routines.All staff can participate in the simple task of hand-feeding their animals, which can reduce fear and improve the welfare of large numbers of captive primates.The current supplementary feeding procedure, along with a regular human socialisation programme, therefore appears to minimise th... | Early life environment, including temporary family separation, can have a major influence on affective state.Using a battery of tests, the current study compared the performance of adult common marmosets (.Callithrix jacchus), reared as infants under 3 different conditions: family-reared twins, family-reared animals fr... |
of the early events leading to mitochondrial functional alterations.Therefore, the role of the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway in daucosterol mediated cell death was also the subject of this study.Upon incubation of MCF-7 cells with daucosterol for 24 h, the mitochondrial membrane potential was found to decrea... | Further analysis revealed a modulation of Bax, Bcl2, and PARP as well as losing mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c (Cyt c) release in breast cancer cells induced by daucosterol.The generation of ROS was about 6 to 8-fold as compared to control cells after treatment with daucosterol (20 and 40. μM) for 2... |
after 24 h treatment.Simultaneously, this excessive ROS generation led to a significant decrease of intracellular GSH, a main non-protein antioxidant in the cell, disabling cell to clear intracellular ROS.Our data indicate that daucosterol caused significant reduction of intracellular GSH on MCF-7 cells.In addition, in... | Aim of the study: Our aim was to investigate the mechanism by which daucosterol a β-sitosterol glycoside isolated from S. sahendica induced apoptosis against human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells.Methods: MCF-7 cells were treated with 5, 10, 20 and 40. μM of daucosterol for 24. h, and proliferation, cytotoxicity, and... |
attentional set had to be shifted to the previously irrelevant dimension.Similarly, more trials were needed at the reversal stages than initial acquisition or the ID stage.The different lesions affected performance overall during the task, and at different stages of the test.The interaction was further analyzed using r... | Large bilateral ibotenic acid lesions centered on the STN resulted in an increase in trials to criterion in the initial stages, but learning rate improved within the session.There was no evidence of a ‘cost’ of set-shifting – the ED stage was completed in fewer trials than the ID stage – and neither was there a cost of... |
fashion to controls, the data should reflect the cognitive processes involved in discrimination learning and set-shifting, rather than the gradual improvement in withholding the persistent digging response.While there is no significant difference between ID and ED in the STN/ZI-lesioned rats, nor between lesion and con... | Inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been shown to be effective in ameliorating the motor abnormalities associated with striatal dopamine (DA) depletion, but it is possible that STN inactivation might result in additional, perhaps attentional, deficits.This study examined the effects of: DA depletion from ... |
Between 2000 and 2015, excitement around the Millennium Development Goals galvanised more than US$500 billion in spending on prevention, care, and treatment for HIV/AIDS globally.1,Despite the subsequent decrease in overall HIV-related mortality, more than 36 million people still live with HIV/AIDS, which continues to ... | We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980–2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories.These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased preval... |
regardless of disease progression for people living with HIV in higher-income countries.We also improved our estimation of paediatric HIV burden by modelling natural disease progression and informing child ART initiation and mortality using cohort data.Additionally, previous iterations assumed the same sex distribution... | Methods: We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data.For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Proje... |
to input incidence, we ran the first stage of Spectrum using various input incidence curves and selected the option with the smallest resulting bias in mortality estimates.We ran a second stage of Spectrum using adjusted incidence to produce age-sex-specific incidence and prevalence estimates."In countries with high-qu... | For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification.We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital regis... |
with HIV in 1990 to 36·8 million in 2017, of whom 40·5% were not on ART.In both 2007 and 2017, younger adults comprised a high percentage of all HIV deaths compared with all other age groups.Our estimates highlight differences in HIV burden between males and females.Females aged 30–34 years had the highest percentage o... | Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65.7% in Lesotho to 85.7% in eSwatini.With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. |
by stimulating their GTPase activity .Strikingly, dimer formation is stimulated by ParB, which is localised at the cell poles with the origin .Consequently, MipZ dimers emanate outwards from the cell poles on DNA such that their lowest concentration is towards mid-cell .Nevertheless, since cell division apparently init... | Division site selection presents a fundamental challenge to all organisms.Bacterial cells are small and the chromosome (nucleoid) often fills most of the cell volume.Thus, in order to maximise fitness and avoid damaging the genetic material, cell division must be tightly co-ordinated with chromosome replication and seg... |
1 contains the number of statistically significant retail outlet clusters; 28 clusters for all outlets combined, 20 for alcohol outlets, 16 for fast food outlets, 15 for tobacco outlets and 5 for gambling outlets.Clusters are distributed across a range of areas in terms of the most and least deprived but skewed towards... | This study utilised an innovative application of spatial cluster analysis to examine the socio-spatial patterning of outlets selling potentially health-damaging goods/services, such as alcohol, fast food, tobacco and gambling, within Glasgow City, Scotland.For all categories of outlets combined, numbers of clusters inc... |
can be problematic due to the ‘modifiable areal unit problem’, i.e. when arbitrarily classified units such as postal/zip codes or census tracts are used to report spatial patterning resulting in potential statistical bias.The method used here is less restricted by pre-defined boundaries as it locates clusters of outlet... | This type of research could influence interventions to tackle the co-occurrence of unhealthy behaviours and contribute to policies tackling higher numbers of ‘environmental bads’ within deprived areas. |
other commonly screened receptors or enzyme binding sites tested, including a wide array of receptors of neurotransmitter systems such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine, opioid, N-methyl-d-aspartate, hypocretin, and cannabinoid; this finding supports the observation that tasimelteon did not pr... | Hetlioz® (tasimelteon) is the first approved treatment in the United States for Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24).We present here data on the in vitro binding affinity of tasimelteon for both human melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, as well as the extended screen of other receptors and enzymes.Results indicate tha... |
The primary cause of Parkinson's disease is typically accredited to the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and progressive loss of dopaminergic cells within the substantia nigra.Moreover, PD is clinically characterized by a broad range of motor symptoms including bradykinesia, asymmetric rigidity, rest tremor, postural in... | Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy – Richardson's syndrome (PSP-RS) are often represented by similar clinical symptoms, which may challenge diagnostic accuracy.The objective of this study was to investigate and compare regional cerebral diffusion properties in PD and PSP-RS subjects... |
age as a covariate, and the class as a fixed factor revealed a statistical significant difference between PSP-RS and PD subjects.Table 2 shows the statistical analysis of the top 17 brain regions, which were found to lead to the best classification results.Generally, PSP-RS subjects exhibited reduced FA, and increased ... | Material and methods: Diffusion-tensor MRI datasets from 52 PD and 21 PSP-RS subjects were employed for this study.Results: According to RELIEFF, the top 17 diffusion values consisting of deep gray matter structures, the brainstem, and frontal cortex were found to be especially informative for an automatic classificati... |
or by a large number of impact overlaps;,The FEM analysis of surface stress distribution, and surface stress gradients, which has never been extensively considered in the past.The critical point to address concerning this model came from the XRD validation of numerical simulations which provided us with integrated valu... | Laser shock processing is a recently developed surface treatment designed to improve the mechanical properties and fatigue performance of materials, by inducing a deep compressive residual stress field.The purpose of this work is to investigate the residual stress distribution induced by laser shock processing in a 205... |
women, a gradient in purchasing psychotropic medication by living arrangements was observed.The percentage of men and women with psychotropic medication purchases was lowest for those married, slightly higher for those cohabiting and approximately double for those living alone.This difference between married and cohabi... | This difference between cohabiting and married individuals disappeared after controlling for time-varying covariates (percent difference [% diff] for men: 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.0, 0.6; % diff for women: -0.2, 95% CI: -0.6, 0.2).The excess purchases of psychotropic medication among individuals living alo... |
and unobserved time-invariant factors strongly attenuated the difference in purchasing psychotropic medication between cohabiting individuals and those living alone.This finding indicated that even after controlling for some selection by accounting for unobserved time-invariant factors, the disadvantage of individuals ... | Marriage is associated with better mental health.We assessed whether the mental health of cohabiters is comparable to that of married individuals or those living alone using longitudinal data on psychotropic medication purchases.Ordinary least squares (OLS) models were applied to disentangle the relation between cohabi... |
Recently, plastic films have attracted attention as a potential substitute for glass as a display material.Plastic films have mechanical advantages such as thinness and breakage resistance compared with glass.The properties generally desired for plastic films include high heat resistance, transparency, and chemical res... | Thus, multiple materials are often combined to achieve a desired function using methods such as the addition of a filler or lamination.However, when materials are mixed using a filler, the transparency of the polymer decreases.In this study, we focused on using the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) as a predictor of tr... |
was observed transmittance and Ra.Figure 5b presents a plot of the particle size and light transmittance in a solvent.No correlation was observed between the particle size and transmittance.Figure 6 presents a plot of the difference in of each solvent and particles and the light transmittance.The correlation coefficien... | In the preparation of polymer-based functional materials, it is often difficult to express the desired function using a single substance.Therefore, a prediction indicator for transparency is needed.The value of δd, which is the dispersion force term of the solubility parameter, is considered to be related to the refrac... |
The data represents whole genome sequencing of 5 extra pulmonary isolates from 3 different sites.All five clinical isolates sequenced in this data set belonged to East-African-Indian lineage.A scientific interpretation of this data set was performed by Sharma et al. .Data analysis led to the identification of 15 SNVs i... | This article describes the whole genome sequencing data from 5 extrapulmonary tuberculosis clinical isolates.The whole genome sequencing was carried out on Illumina MiSeq platform to identify single nucleotide variations (SNVs) associated with drug resistance.A total of 214 SNVs in the coding and promoter regions were ... |
their citizens during times of drought.In many areas that are not as familiar with droughts, there are few if any contiguous and ongoing policies for drought preparation and response.Finally, and perhaps most importantly, in many regions there can be rapid shifts from extreme droughts to extreme flooding, and thus, it ... | Large portions of Brazil's Northeast have experienced an intense and prolonged drought for the majority of 2010-2013.This drought, along with other droughts that have hit the South in recent years, has sparked a new round of discussions to improve drought policy and management at the federal and state levels.To assist ... |
photographs is that we assume the same person who took the photograph was also describing it through tags.The tags are thus more than a description of the photograph itself, as they encapsulate the place-based experiences of the photographers.Compared to photograph-ratings in surveys, Flickr is thus a unique dataset th... | People living in increasingly urbanised areas are seeking restorative environments for recreation.Consequently, the need arises to identify and map such tranquil spaces.However, collecting in situ data across large areas about where people experience tranquillity is usually cost-prohibitive.In this study, we use social... |
sufficient time to flow out of the sample.The rate-dependent behaviour of the material also has manifestations on the change in volume of the sample during deformation and hence on the contact area of the specimen.The contact area is plotted versus applied strain as a function of strain rate in Fig. 16.At slow strain r... | Similar to other reported literature, it was observed that the fracture stress and strain of the gels were strongly strain rate dependent whereas the strain rate effect was insignificant on the deformation/stiffness properties.For higher values of test rate, Gc increased such that the log Gc versus log cutting rate dat... |
the “network” command21.The Bayesian analyses were conducted in WinBUGs software using methods supplied by the NICE Decision Support Unit22.The results of the literature search and reasons for exclusion from this meta-analysis are illustrated in Fig. 1.Topical NSAIDs were compared to placebo in 32 RCTs.Data were not av... | Design: A systematic literature search was conducted for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining any topical NSAID or capsaicin in OA.Analysis was conducted for all trials and for trials using drugs listed as licensed for OA in the British National Formulary (BNF).Results: The trial network comprised 28 RCTs (737... |
components.Pain descriptors indicative of neuropathic pain, such as “burning” and “shooting” pain are used by subsets of individuals with OA63.In fact, almost 15% of people with knee pain report neuropathic-like pain64.This subgroup is of importance as true neuropathic pain is often difficult to manage and commonly doe... | Objective: To compare the efficacy of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with topical capsaicin for pain relief in osteoarthritis (OA).Frequentist and Bayesian effect size (ES) estimates were in agreement.Conclusions: Current evidence indicates that topical NSAIDs and capsaicin in licensed doses may... |
the extraction of lithium from seawater becomes economic.For all practical purposes, seawater is an infinite source of supply.So, at these costs, their curves become horizontal and extend to the right far beyond the cumulative quantities shown in the figure.This means that, should the demand for lithium increase at unp... | A widespread and pessimistic view of the availability of mineral commodities calls for strong government initiatives to ensure adequate future supplies.This article provides a more market oriented and optimistic perspective, one that focuses on production costs and prices rather than physical availability.It sees short... |
to the public divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000.100%TripAdvisorMost comprehensive data available at the moment of data collection201620163."Cinema seatsNumber of cinema seats in the city divided by the total population and then multiplied by 1000.57%Eurostat's Urban AuditOfficial statistics... | How can we measure culture in urban areas?Can empirical metrics on culture function as an urban planning tool for cities' well-being?This paper fits into the research path examining the role of culture as a resource for development, with a specific focus on empirical measurement aspects.A novel dataset (The Cultural an... |
a total volume of 500 μL of medium, with 0.2 MBq of compound.Cell treatment was staggered to allow time-points to be processed together.Following incubation, cells were pelleted by centrifugation and the medium was aspirated and retained.Cells were then washed twice with 500 μL and 250 μL PBS, and the washes combined w... | The expression of telomerase in approximately 85% of cancers and its absence in the majority of normal cells makes it an attractive target for cancer therapy.However the lag period between initiation of telomerase inhibition and growth arrest makes direct inhibition alone an insufficient method of treatment.To investig... |
have 64.41% and 65.52% saturation, respectively, as they are predicted to have strong anion/cation synthons broken at their respective surfaces.Due to the higher degree of unsaturation, it can be expected, from a formulation design perspective, that the edges of the crystals will have cohesively higher binding affinity... | Single crystals of salmeterol xinafoate (form I), prepared from slow cooled supersaturated propan-2-ol solutions, crystallize in a triclinic P1¯ symmetry with 2 closely related independent salt pairs within the asymmetric unit, with an approximately double-unit cell volume compared with the previously published crystal... |
We present a novel architecture of GAN for a disentangled representation learning.The new model architecture is inspired by Information Bottleneck theory thereby named IB-GAN.IB-GAN objective is similar to that of InfoGAN but has a crucial difference; a capacity regularization for mutual information is adopted, thanks ... | Inspired by Information Bottleneck theory, we propose a new architecture of GAN for a disentangled representation learning |
houses, but they also exhibit a similar suite of traits to other commensals to maintain dependency on this niche .By contrast, urban foxes are generally considered facultative scavengers, but they also hunt other commensal taxa and, as previously demonstrated, might also be considered anthrodependants .Commensal relati... | Commensalism within anthropogenic environments has not been extensively discussed, despite its impact on humans, and there is no formal framework for assessing this ecological relationship in its varied forms.Here, we examine commensalism in anthropogenic environments in detail, considering both ecological and evolutio... |
authors concluded that the CDGF coating with a lower density facing the blast reduces the first pressure peak but not the total impulse.Total impulse can be reduced by using a large density gradient but the lower densities may enter densification much earlier reducing the total energy absorption capability.The results ... | The experiments performed in this study aimed to identify whether alterations to the composite skins or core of a sandwich panel can yield improved blast resilience both in air and underwater.Furthermore, the skin material affects the extent of panel deflection and damage, the lower strain to failure of carbon-fibre re... |
the control of the authors due to a simultaneous experiment being performed at the test site.Therefore, the air blast experiments were far-field to ensure expensive camera equipment situated behind the panels, for DIC, was not damaged.The underwater blast panels, however, could be tested against a greater explosive pre... | The tailorable mechanical properties and high strength-to-weight ratios of composite sandwich panels make them of interest to the commercial marine and naval sector, however, further investigation into their blast resilience is required.Future modelling of these experiments will aid the design process and should aim to... |
Primary male genital melanomas are very rare; among them, scrotal melanoma is the least common, and only 23 cases have been reported so far in medical literature.1,Genitourinary melanomas can arise from cutaneous or mucosal surfaces.Primary GU melanomas has been estimated to represent less than 1% of all melanomas.2,Un... | Primary male genital melanomas are very rare; they are associated with high mortality and late detection.Scrotal melanoma is the least common presentation and only 23 cases have been reported.Herein, the authors present a 30-year-old patient with stage IIIC (T4b, N2a, M0) scrotal melanoma in order to report the charact... |
capability of equipment manufacturing was enhanced, and welding seams on the primary system were significantly reduced to ensure the integrity of the primary system and to simplify the in-service inspection.The main coolant pipes and the upper head of the RPV were integrally forged.The neutron shielding pad was elimina... | Developed from China's nuclear R&D system and manufacturing capability, as well as AP1000 technology introduction and assimilation, CAP1400 is an advanced large passive nuclear power plant with independent intellectual property rights.By discussing the top design principle, main performance objectives, general paramete... |
How do you find a very small needle in a very large haystack?,This proverbial problem is often used in conjunction with accomplishing a nearly impossible feat, and usually with a negative connotation to discourage attempts to such an endeavor.In vitro selection, a revolutionary approach developed in the 90s, solved thi... | Through iterative cycles of selection, amplification, and mutagenesis, in vitro selection provides the ability to isolate molecules of desired properties and function from large pools (libraries) of random molecules with as many as 1016 distinct species.This review, in recognition of a quarter of century of scientific ... |
catalytic science, and this work indicates how a structural component of a widely utilized heterogeneous catalyst may influence selectivity profiles in stepwise hydrogenation reactions.Finally, it is noted that the catalysts examined in this work represent an extreme set of structural parameters.Namely, one catalyst po... | The gas phase hydrogenation of 3-butyne-2-one, an alkynic ketone, over two alumina-supported palladium catalysts is investigated using infrared spectroscopy in a batch reactor at 373 K. The mean particle size of the palladium crystallites of the two catalysts are comparable (2.4 ± 0.1 nm).One catalyst (Pd(NO3)2/Al2O3) ... |
sector, public debt under the alternative investment path would reach a higher level than without adverse events in outer years, signaling a high risk of debt distress.The buildup of sovereign wealth fund would be far delayed if more aggressive investment is adopted with adverse events.Meanwhile, for robustness checks,... | Many resource-rich developing countries are in the process of harnessing immense mining resources towards inclusive growth and prosperity.The often-large infrastructure gap in developing countries calls for public investment to unlock the long-term growth potential.This paper utilizes a structural model-based approach ... |
Although genome-wide association studies frequently have identified statistically significant associations within non-coding regions of the genome, the underlying causal variant has been elucidated in only a few instances.GWASs of chronic lymphocytic leukemia have identified 31 risk loci, with the signal annotating B c... | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an adult B cell malignancy.Genome-wide association studies show that variation at 15q15.1 influences CLL risk.We deciphered the causal variant at 15q15.1 and the mechanism by which it influences tumorigenesis.We imputed all possible genotypes across the locus and then mapped highly... |
to spaceflight and hardware.Among these proteins is a glutathione S-transferase PHI 2 which has a camalexin binding site.Camalexin biosynthesis was more than 13-fold enriched in the GO enrichment analysis of differentially abundant genes, and the role of camalexin in stress response has already been discussed in Sectio... | The Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware has been used to house many biology experiments on both the Space Transport System (STS, commonly known as the space shuttle) and the International Space Station (ISS).However, microscopic examination of Arabidopsis seedlings by Johnson et al.(2015) indicated the har... |
Exaggerated beta activity in the local field potential activity recorded in the basal ganglia is related to the motor symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease.Physiologically, beta activity appears as relatively short-lived phasic bursts in basal ganglia-cortical motor circuits.To better understand the characteris... | Here, we test the hypothesis that beta bursts not only indicate local synchronisation within the STN, but also phasic coupling across the motor network and hence entail an even greater restriction of information coding capacity in patients with PD.Local field potentials from the subthalamic nucleus and EEG over the mot... |
the STN, given there is little evidence of lateral connectivity within the STN,As we focused on measures of coupling between sites it is important to consider the extent to which our results might have been confounded by volume conduction.To militate against this we used only bipolar electrodes, and, at least when deri... | Exaggerated activity in the beta band (13–35 Hz) is a hallmark of basal ganglia signals in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).Beta activity however is not constantly elevated, but comes in bursts.In previous work we showed that the longer beta bursts are maintained, the more the oscillatory synchronisation within t... |
NO portable generator can be adequate for being used in humans since it can deliver clinical concentrations of NO without toxic contaminants.The use of the TAS + PLUS system has many advantages like producing a continuous flow of NO in situ and avoiding the need of a complex and costly equipment supply.The small size o... | Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a complex pathology resulting from a failure of the post-natal reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypoxemia.The standard therapy is inhaled Nitric Oxide (NO) improving oxygenation but its availability is limited, especially in hospitals with ... |
or injection protocol is superior.Traditional male circumcision in Malawi performed by the Yao ethnic group is a practice that has existed for decades.From what was described in the case report, we can deduce that traditional circumcision is likely to be at risk of various complications.The technique is non-sterile and... | Introduction: Only few cases of penile keloids have been reported in the literature.There have been no published reports on penile keloids following traditional circumcision in Africa.Case report: We present a case of a 13-year-old boy with penile keloids following traditional circumcision.The patient was successfully ... |
Otitis media with effusion is a common chronic condition and usually asymptomatic in children.OME is a risk factor for acute otitis media and for sleep disorders, loss of appetite and ear pain and has psychosocial impacts, which, in the long term, may result in behavioral,1 speech and language development disorders.2,I... | Objective To determine the prevalence of otitis media with effusion in children younger than 1 year and its association with the season of the year, artificial feeding, environmental and perinatal factors.Methods Retrospective study of 184 randomly included medical records from a total of 982 healthy infants evaluated ... |
with effusion is the most common cause of hearing loss in childhood; it occurs more often during the period of language development and can affect it.1,There have been many studies on OME; however, they mostly omit infants or newborns.This condition is a common cause of false positive result in the newborn hearing scre... | The multivariate analysis showed that artificial feeding is the factor most often associated to otitis media with effusion.Conclusions Otitis media with effusion was found in about one third of children younger than 1 year and was mainly associated with artificial feeding. |
template a monomer of talin-H1-H4 derived from the pdb entry 1sj8 lacking residues 515 to 538.A clear solution was obtained Refinement was done with autoBUSTER using NCS and alternating with manual building in Coot.One TLS group per chain was used at the end of the refinement.Final structure is deposited on ProteinData... | The Shigella type III effector IpaA contains three binding sites for the focal adhesion protein vinculin (VBSs), which are involved in bacterial invasion of host cells.Here, we report that IpaA VBS3 unexpectedly binds to talin.The 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of IpaA VBS3 in complex with the talin H1–H4 helices s... |
electrodeposition .These materials showed a dramatically increased specific capacitance using galvanostatic charge and discharge for about 1300 cycles.In this material, the rGO sheets can move to adjust to the different electrolyte ions, and the long time charging and discharging may also help the ions access all the g... | The outstanding properties of two-dimensional materials such as graphene offer the possibility to produce novel hybrid materials with boosted functionality for use in catalysis and electrochemical energy storage.The hydrogen evolution reaction and interfacial capacitance performance of monolayer graphene sheets decorat... |
or CBP are inhibited by cercosporin, baicalein and ICG-001, respectively.Unfortunately, with further research on antagonists, a series of side effects have been discovered, which severely restrict their use.For example, R-Spondins inhibitor causes differentiation of colon tumour cells and loss of stem cell function.Lon... | The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved developmental signaling event that plays a critical role in regulating tissue development and maintaining homeostasis, the dysregulation of which contributes to various diseases.Natural products have been widely recognized as a treasure trove of novel d... |
There are significant concerns in relation to emergency cardiac surgery, especially in respect to high morbidity and mortality within thoracic aneurysm repair and re-repair .There is still uncertainty in such areas as to the best approaches to manage emergency cases and emergent research is essential to develop evidenc... | Methods: Thomas Reuters Web of Science was searched using terms [Emergency AND Card* AND Surg*].Regression analysis was used to determine a link between impact factor and scientific impact.Results: 3823 papers were identified.Median citations for the top 100 was 88.The Annals of Thoracic Surgery published most papers (... |
of ECS.This study suggests that the greater a journals impact factor is, it the greater the number of average citations an article is likely to receive and thus a reflection of an articles greater influence within the scientific community.However it is interesting to note that journal impact factor was not always repre... | Background: Emergency Cardiac Surgery (ECS)is a component of cardiothoracic training.Citations are considered to represent a papers influence.Bibliometric analyses allow us to identify the most influential work, and future research.We aim to highlight the key research themes within ECS and determine their potential imp... |
The lack of specific policies on how many children must be present at a vaccinating location before a healthcare worker can open a measles-containing vaccine – referred to as the vial-opening threshold – has led to variable and inconsistent practices within and between countries .Due to the complexity of vaccine supply... | Introduction: The lack of specific policies on how many children must be present at a vaccinating location before a healthcare worker can open a measles-containing vaccine (MCV) – i.e.the vial-opening threshold – has led to inconsistent practices, which can have wide-ranging systems effects.Methods: Using HERMES-genera... |
30% vial-opening policy.And in Mozambique, introducing a large number of 5-dose vials into the system with existing constraints results in an increase in cold chain constraints and a decrease in both total and MCV availability compared to baseline.Introducing a 60% vial-opening threshold policy across each supply chain... | Results: The vial-opening threshold that maximizes vaccine availability while minimizing costs varies between individual countries.In Benin (median session size = 5), implementing a 30% vial-opening threshold and tailoring distribution of 10-dose and 5-dose MCVs to clinics based on session size is the most cost-effecti... |
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